Wikipedia:Kofan al'umma

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== Neman Ra’ayi kan Sabon Proposal: Inganta Hausa Wikiquote ==

Assalamu alaikum al’ummar Hausa Wikipedia, Ina so na sanar da ku cewa na gabatar da wani proposal a shirin tallafin (Nigeria National Funding Program) domin inganta aikin Hausa Wikiquote wanda yake a Incubator tun a shekarar 2022 amma har yanzu ba a amince da shi a matsayin cikakken Wikimedia project ba.
[[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|talk]]) 18:26, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

===Support===


== Buƙatar Sake Amincewa da Ni a Matsayin Admin ==


Assalamu alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh.  

Bayan cikar wa’adin watanni shida na hidimatawa a matsayin Admin na Hausa Wikimedians User Group kamar yadda tsarin ƙungiya ya tanada,  ina miƙa buƙatata ga al’umma domin a sake duba yiwuwar ba ni wannan dama na wani sabon zango.
 
Ina da ƙuduri da niyyar ci gaba da ba da gudummawata domin bunƙasa Hausa Wikipedia tare da kiyaye gaskiya,  adalci da haɗin kai. 
Ina roƙon al’umma da su sake ba ni amincewa domin ci gaba da hidima. 
Na gode da lokacinku da kulawarku.

[[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|talk]]) 13:29, 2 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] na amince sosai tare da goyan baya akan wannan kudiri me kyau [[User:Hauwau sulaiman|Hauwau sulaiman]] ([[User talk:Hauwau sulaiman|talk]]) 20:51, 24 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)


=== Support ===
:@[[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]]na amince domin kawo cigaba a wikipedia [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 15:03, 2 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)
:na amince don ka cigaba da muhimmiyar aiki da ka faro wata shida da suka wuce. Allah ya kara basira da kwarin gwiwa  [[User:Umar2z|Umar2z]] ([[User talk:Umar2z|talk]]) 17:07, 2 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

*Ina goyon baya sosai, hakan ƙarin ci gaba ne a Hausa Wikipedia.[[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 13:41, 2 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)
* Ina goyon baya sosai akan hakan. Wannan cigaba ne ga Hausa Wikipedia gaba ɗaya 
[[User:Hauwau sulaiman|Hauwau sulaiman]] ([[User talk:Hauwau sulaiman|talk]]) 13:52, 2 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)
* Ina goyon bata dari bisa dari [[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 20:56, 2 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)
*Ina goyon baya saboda wannan edita ya sake zama admin saboda ya cancanta kuma sake ba shi wannan damar zai ƙara haɓaka maƙalolin Hausa Wikipedia [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 20:26, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Sanarwa da Neman Goyon Baya ==


Barka da wannan lokaci

Ina fatan kuna lafiya, zanyi amfani da wannan damar domin in sanar daku cewa muna shirin gudanar da campaign mai take &quot;Wikipedia Pages Every Wikipedia should have&quot;, idan Allah ya yarda. Dan haka muke sanar daku tare da neman shawarar ku. Wannan campaign din zai kawo cigaba a ɓangaren ƙirƙira tare da inganta muƙalu da ake buƙata a Hausa Wikipedia. Nagode

[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 05:43, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

*'''Support''' Allah ya bada nasara ya kuma sa a cimma manufa [[User:Muhdavdullahi|Muhdavdullahi]] ([[User talk:Muhdavdullahi|talk]]) 07:11, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

:Support Hakan na da Karanci dan haka wannan abu me kyau ne kwarai kuma muna goyon bayan Allah ya bada saa  [[Musamman:Contributions/105.112.206.75|105.112.206.75]] 09:18, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)
:* support Allah ya bada saa muna goyon baya
:[[User:Manaf205|Manaf205]] ([[User talk:Manaf205|talk]]) 09:20, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)
:Enah goyan bayanka [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] domin wanan campaign din zai kawo mana cigaba a Hausa Wikipedia [[User:Smshika|Smshika]] ([[User talk:Smshika|talk]]) 10:47, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

'''Support''' Hakika wannan wani ci gaba be muna goyan baya dari Bisa dari domin cigaban al'uumar wikipedia Baki daya [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 07:38, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

'''Support''' hakan yayi kuma yana da kyau, Allah ya bada sa'a da nasara akai [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 08:25, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)
[[User:Mahmud maby|Mahmud maby]] ([[User talk:Mahmud maby|talk]])
Support Hakika wannan wani ci gaba be muna goyan baya dari Bisa dari domin cigaan al'uumar wikipedia Baki daya mahmud maby (talk) 12:05 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

*'''Support''' Ina goyon bayan haka dari bisa dari domin zai kawo ci gaba sosae a Wikipedia [[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 13:31, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

''' Support'''
Ina goyon bayan yin hakan Allah ya tabbatar da alkhari.
[[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|talk]]) 15:06, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

*'''Support''' Ina goyon bayan wannan fatan Allah ya ba da Nasara [[User:Mamman Ali|Mamman Ali]] ([[User talk:Mamman Ali|talk]]) 21:23, 24 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)
~~Ina goyan bayan hakan Allah ytabbatar da Alkairi~~

== Hausa Community Streets vox pop campaign==
 Barkan kuda wannan lokacin. 
 Ina mai farin cikin sanar daku cewa. muna shishirye shiryen kawo muku campaign Wanda zaiyi hira da mutanen arewacin nigeria akan yadda suka san Wikipedia da kuma yadda suma zasu fara gyara a cikinta. inda zaayi vidiyo din interview din a watsa a duniyar yanar gizo domin kowa ya gani kuma ya iya anfani dashi. a matsayina na content creator mai tasowa wannan damace sosai gamu hausawa baki daya. muna goyan bayanku zuwa wannan lokaci. mungode.
 [[User:Musa Vacho77|Musa Vacho77]] ([[User talk:Musa Vacho77|talk]]) 08:04, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)
#[[User:Khalifah123|Khalifah123]] ([[User talk:Khalifah123|talk]]) 11:36, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

:Muna goyon bayan wannan kamfe saboda shine na farko a wannan manhaja ta Hausa, hakika zai kawo cigaba ga jama'a. [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller&gt;&gt;]] 07:39, 29 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

Sanarwa da Neman Goyan baya  [[User:Khalifah123|Khalifah123]] ([[User talk:Khalifah123|talk]]) 11:50, 27 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

== WikiAcademics - Fadada Wikimedia a Jami'o'in Arewacin Najeriya ==

Assalamu alaikum,  

Kungiyar Hadaka Open Learning Network tana jagorantar wani aikin tallafi na Wikimedia Community Fund mai taken '''WikiAcademics''': Fadada Wikimedia a Jami’o’in Arewacin Najeriya&quot;.  

Manufar aikin:  
* Ƙarfafa ɗalibai da malaman jami’o’i su shiga aikin Wikipedia.  
* Samar da horo da koyarwa domin bunkasa rubuce-rubuce a Hausa Wikipedia.  

Cikakken bayani da aikace-aikace [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Programs/Wikimedia_Community_Fund/Rapid_Fund/WikiAcademics:Expanding_Wikimedia_in_Northern_Nigerian_Universities_(ID:_23544402) Na Nan].

Ku shiga, ku bada ra’ayi, ku taimaka wajen bunƙasa ilimi!  

'''Hadaka Open Learning Network'''

== Hausa Vital Articles III – Sabon Shiri don Inganta Hausa Wikipedia ==

Sannunku masu ba da gudunmawa.

Ina farin cikin sanar da al’ummar Hausa Wikipedia cewa, mun miƙa ƙarin wani shiri mai taken &quot;Hausa Vital Articles III&quot; ga Nigeria National Funding Program. 
Wannan shiri ne na cigaba daga inda muka tsaya a ayyukanmu na baya, wanda manufarsa ita ce mu ci gaba da haɓaka da kuma inganta muƙaloli (articles) masu matuƙar muhimmanci a cikin Hausa Wikipedia. Manufarmu ita ce mu tabbatar da cewa Hausa Wikipedia ta samu matsayin da ya kamata ta hanyar samar da ingantattun bayanai ga masu karatu.

[[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|talk]]) 11:30, 8 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

=== Sanarwa da neman goyon baya ===
Assalamu alaikum yan uwa da abokan arziki editoci na Hausa Wikipedia.
Ina mai farin cikin sanar da ku tare da neman goyon baya da shawarwari game da wani Rapid Grant mai taken '''Preserving Bauchi’s History and Culture Through Reliable Knowledge Creation on Wikimedia.''' da nake nema.
Manufar wannan aiki ita ce tattara da rubuta tarihi da al'adu game da abinda ya shafi Bauchi da ta hanyar inganta tsofaffin muƙaloli da ƙirƙirar sabbin, bayanai, da hotuna a kan dandalan Wikimedia. Wannan zai taimaka wajen tabbatar da cewa tarihi da al’adun Bauchi sun samu tsari kuma sun kasance a bude ga kowa a duniya. [[User:Ibrahim Sani Mustapha|Ibrahim Sani Mustapha]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim Sani Mustapha|talk]]) 06:58, 28 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

== Wiki Green in Northern Nigeria: Documenting Hausa Native Plants On Wikimedia Commons Through Photo Walks  ==

Assalamualaikum Ina maku Barka da wannan lokaci ƴan uwa editors da kuma shuwagabannin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikimedis tare da fatan kowa yana lafiya amin. Bayan haka, ina mai farin cikin sanar da ku cewa zamu shirya wani proposal mai taken:'''Wiki Green in Northern Nigeria: Documenting Hausa Native Plants On Wikimedia Commons Through Photo Walks''' da fatan zamu samu shawarwarin ku da kuma goyon bayan ku, harda ma gyare-gyaren ku. @[[User:M Bash Ne|M Bash Ne]] ([[User talk:M Bash Ne|talk]]) 08:19, 30 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

==Hausa Wiktionary Harmonization and Community Initiative Activities==

Barkan mu,ina mai farin cikin gayyatarku zuwa wurin shirin dazamu gudanar na cigaban aikin mu dan habaka Hausa Wiktionary ta hanyar inganta kalmomi wanda ya kunshi daura hoto,daura Audio da wasu sabbin ayyuka ma kamar su Synonym da Anagrams.[[User:Abubakr1111|Abubakr1111]] ([[User talk:Abubakr1111|talk]]) 23:20, 30 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

:@[[User:Abubakr1111|Abubakr1111]] An fidda lokaci da wuri? [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 09:40, 3 Satumba 2025 (UTC)
::Yanzu hakadai project din yana under review,kome ake ciki zamu sanar daku nan gaba. [[User:Abubakr1111|Abubakr1111]] ([[User talk:Abubakr1111|talk]]) 13:36, 3 Satumba 2025 (UTC)
:::Ok nayi zatan har funding anyi, naji kace &quot;gayyata&quot;. Na fahimta yanzu. Kamar neman goyon baya kenan ko? To Allah ya tabbatar da hakan ina goyon baya. [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 13:40, 3 Satumba 2025 (UTC)
::::Ga link din discussion page domin nuna goyon baya:https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grants_talk:Programs/Wikimedia_Community_Fund/Rapid_Fund/Hausa_Wiktionary_Harmonization_and_Community_Initiative_Activities_(ID:_23550226)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1. Nagode [[User:Abubakr1111|Abubakr1111]] ([[User talk:Abubakr1111|talk]]) 12:20, 4 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

== Sanarwa akan biki zagayowar shekara ta wikidata ==

Barkan mu da war haka.

Ina mai farin chikin sanar da jama'ar wannan tafiya ta wikipedia Hausa cewa muna kokarin kaddamar da bukata na neman tallafi don gudanar da wayar da kai akan wikidata a Adamawa da kuma Nasarawa dafatan Allah ya bamu nasara Amin. [[User:Umar2z|Umar2z]] ([[User talk:Umar2z|talk]]) 01:48, 31 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

== Wikipedia Voice For All ==
Barkan ku da wannan lokacin. 
Inama editocin Hausa fatan Alkhairi. nazo na sanar daku cewa muna shirye shiryen kawo muku campaign na mata a Wikipedia Hausa saboda haryanzu mun rasa kwararrun editoci mata a shafin mu, wanda idan muka duba wasu shafin Wikipedia zamuga yadda mata suke taka rawar gani sosai. da fatan wannan taro namu me taken Wikipedia Voice For All zai kawo cigaba ga matan mu editors. nagode [[User:Galdiz|Galdiz]] ([[User talk:Galdiz|talk]]) 22:59, 3 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

*'''Support'''
Ina goyon bayan wannan shirin saboda karfafa mata akan ayyukan Wikipedia da kuma samun kwararrun editoci mata da masu wakilci ta bangaren mata. Allah ya bada Sa'a.
[[User:Jidda3711|Jidda3711]] ([[User talk:Jidda3711|talk]]) 21:06, 6 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

'''Support'''
Ina goyon bayan wannan yunƙuri na karfafa muradin mata da bayyana tarihin su a Wikipedia.
Na jima da ganin yadda gudummawar mata ke ƙaranci a cikin babbar kundin ilimi na duniya. Lokaci ya yi da za a gyara hakan.
Allah ya Bada sa'a [[User:Saudarh2|Saudarh2]] ([[User talk:Saudarh2|talk]]) 21:03, 6 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

== Global discussion on Welcome messages ==

&lt;div lang{{=}}&quot;en&quot; dir{{=}}&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Sorry that this message is in English. {{int:please-translate}}. There is a request for comment at [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Requests for comment/Welcoming policy]] on a proposal to forbid sending [[:m:welcome messages|welcome messages]] to users who have not made an edit, which is currently in practice at your wiki. Your comment on this matter would be appreciated.&lt;/div&gt;
[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:38, 13 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

:Thank you for reaching out,  the welcome messags sent by new user have Tutorials on it, for new users it's better for them know how to edit on our Wiki first before practicing it in order to avoid violations.
:Thank you @[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] for reaching out. The welcome messages sent to new users contain tutorials. For new users, it's better for them to learn how to edit on our wiki first before practicing, in order to avoid violations. [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 09:29, 13 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

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== Murnar zagayowar Shakarar Wikidata a Gombe Network ==

Assalamu alaikum

Muna farin cikin sanar da ku cewa Gombe Network zata yi murnar zagayowar shekarar wikidata ta goma sha uku, kuma muna so mu yi amfani da wanna rana don fassara abubuwan wikidata zuwa yaren Hausa. Muna neman fatan alkhairi da kuma shwawarwari daga wannan alummah mai albarka. mun gode [[User:Umar2z|Umar2z]] ([[User talk:Umar2z|talk]]) 17:00, 15 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

== Mai sauya uwar garken - Za a karanta wiki-kawai na ɗan gajeren lokaci nan ba da daɗewa ba ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Karanta wannan saƙon a wani yaren]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

[[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] za'a gwada chanji tsakanin cibiyoyin bayanai na farko dana sakandare. Wannan zai tabbatar da cewa Wikipedia da sauran wikis na wikimedia na iya tsayuwa akan yanar gizo koda bayan wata ruɗani

Duk zirga-zirga za su kunna '''{{#time:j xg|2025-09-24|ha}}'''. Gwajin zai fara daga karfe '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-09-24T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-09-24T15:00}}]'''.

Abin takaici, saboda wasu iyakoki na cikin [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], dole a dakata da duk gyararraki dole ne a yayin da muke yin sauyin. Muna neman afuwa game da wannan tsaiko, kuma muna aiki don raguwarsa nan gaba. 

Za a nuna wata tuta a kowace wikis mintina 30 kafin wannan aikin ya faru. &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.&lt;/span&gt; 
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'''Zaka iya karantawa, amma banda gyara, a duka wikis na wani ɗan ƙanƙanin lokaci.'''

*Ba za ku iya yin wani gyara ba har na tsawon awa ɗaya a ranar {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-09-24|ha}}.
*Idan kayi ƙoƙarin gyara ko ajiyewa awannan lokacin, zaku ga saƙon kuskure. Muna fatan cewa babu gyara da za ayi asara awannan lokacin, amma ba za mu iya tabbatar muku ba. Idan ka ga sakon kuskuren, to don Allah a jira har komai ya koma daidai. Sannan ne zaku samu damar adana gyaran ku. Amma, muna ba da shawara cewa ku kwafe canje-canjen ku tun daga farko, idan da hali.

''Wasu sakamakon'':

*Ayyukan bango zasu Kasance a hankalu kuma wasu za'a iya ajiye su. Tana iya kasancewa hanyoyin hadin masu kalar-ja ba zasu  dawo ba da sauri kamar yadda aka saba. Idan ka kirkiri labarin da aka riga aka danganta shi a wani wuri, hanyar hadi zata zauna a kalar-ja fiye da yadda aka saba. Dole ne a tsaida duk wasu rubutuka masu daɗewa
* Muna sa ran tura lambar za ta faru kamar kowane mako. Koyaya, wasu daskarewar lamba-by-case na iya faruwa akan lokaci idan aikin ya buƙaci su daga baya.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] ba zai kasance ba na kusan mintuna 90.

Ana iya jinkirta wannan aikin dangane  da yadda hali ya bada Za ka iya karanta tsarin a [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Za a sanar da duk wanu canji na wannan jadawalin. 

'''Ayi kokarin yadda wannan bayanin tare ga jama'ar ku.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot; /&gt;

&lt;span dir=ltr&gt;[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])&lt;/span&gt; 15:41, 18 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

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== Neman Ci Gaba Da Zama Mai Gudanarwa ==

Assalamu alaikum yan’uwa masu bada gudunmawa a shafin Hausa Wikipedia.  
Hakika ina daga cikin masu gudanarwa (administrators) a shafin Hausa Wikipedia, kuma ga shi wa'adin gudanarwata yana dab da ƙarewa, hakan ta sanya make fatan ci gaba da wannan aiki domin kula da tsari, tsafta, da kuma kare wannan shafi daga duk wani abin da zai iya kawo cikas ga ci gabansa.  
Saboda haka nake neman goyon bayan ku da amincewar ku domin in ci gaba da zama mai gudanarwa (administrator). Goyon bayan ku da shawarwarin ku suna da matuƙar muhimmanci a gare ni da kuma al’ummar Hausa Wikipedia gaba ɗaya. Na gode. [[User:A Sulaiman Z|A Sulaiman Z]] ([[User talk:A Sulaiman Z|talk]]) 22:42, 26 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

* :Ina bada goyon baya dari bisa dari [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 05:35, 27 Satumba 2025 (UTC)
* :'''Support''' Ina mai bayyana goyon bayana a bisa ci gaba da kasancewrsa admin a Hausa Wikipedia. [[User:A&amp;#39;isha A Ibrahim|A&amp;#39;isha A Ibrahim]] ([[User talk:A&amp;#39;isha A Ibrahim|talk]]) 13:40, 27 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

* '''Support''' hakika ka kasa ce edita mai bada gudummawa sosai a Hausa Wikipedia, dan haka sake baka wannan damar wata babbar nasara ce ga shafin Hausa Wikipedia na bunƙasa shi, dan haka ina goyon baya [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 04:54, 27 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

* '''Support''' Tabbas Ina goyon bayan ka sake kasancewa Admin a karo na biyu. [[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|talk]]) 07:52, 27 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

* '''Support''' Ina goyon baya sosai domin cigaba da kula da ayyukan editici da kuma kawo cigaba wajan gyara ayyukan da suka saɓa ƙa'ida. [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 12:11, 27 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

* '''Support''' Ina matukar goyon bayan wannan shawara ta sake zama Admin a Hausa Wikipedia,sabi da ka kasance cikakken mai bada gudunmawa a Wikimedia baki daya don haka ina goyon bayan.[[User:Ibrahim Sani Mustapha|Ibrahim Sani Mustapha]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim Sani Mustapha|talk]]) 13:16, 27 Satumba 2025 (UTC)

* Lallai wannan edita jajirtaccen ne wurin bada gudunmawa a wannan shafi na Wikipedia da sauran ƴan uwanta, ina goyon bayan ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai gudanarwa a wannan shafi '''Support''' [[User:Hamza DK|Hamza DK]] ([[User talk:Hamza DK|talk]])
* Ina goyan bayan samun wannan dama a karo na biyu. Hakan karin jawo cigaba ne ga Hausawa Wikipedia. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]])

* '''Support''' ina goyan bayan ka dan sake zama Admin saboda irin gudummawar da kake bayarwa.[[User:Galdiz|Galdiz]] ([[User talk:Galdiz|talk]]) 05:20, 3 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
*:Ina bada goyan baya akan ka zama mai gudanarwa saboda irin jajircewa da kuma gudunmawa da kake badawa a manhajar Wikipedia musamman a bangaren yaren Hausa.  [[User:Captain1044|Captain1044]] ([[User talk:Captain1044|talk]]) 11:46, 4 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

== Neman Goyon Bayan Zama Mai Gudanarwa (Administrator) ==
Salam, Dafatan kuna lafiya Yan uwa.
ina mai neman goyon bayanku. na kasance mai gyara gyare a Wikipedia musan man ta Hausa tun 2019. inada sha'awar gyare gyare musan man akan abunda ya shafi ka'idojin rubutu, gaba dake tsakanin rubutu, saka manazarta da kuma gyara fassarori zuwa ga tabbacciyar ingantaciyar rubutu wanda za'a iya karantawa. Ina neman goyon bayanku. 
nagode. 
[[User:Musa Vacho77|Musa Vacho77]] ([[User talk:Musa Vacho77|talk]]) 13:15, 2 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

:* '''Strongly Support SS ''' [[User:Omoty77|Omoty77]] ([[User talk:Omoty77|talk]]) 04:09, 3 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
:*:Gaskiya enah goyon bayan [[User:Musa Vacho77|Musa Vacho77]] kazama Admin sabo da ɗadewan da kayi kana bada gudunmawa a Hausa Wikipedia [[User:Smshika|Smshika]] ([[User talk:Smshika|talk]]) 07:05, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
:* '''Support''', ƙwararren edita ne kuma yana da kishi. Ina goyon bayan zaman sa admin.
:[[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 18:53, 3 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
:Walaikumus Salam ɗan uwa. Ni [[User:Umar-askira| Umar-askira]] ina goyon bayan wannan editan ya zama admin a Hausa Wikipedia. Fatan alkhairi [[User:Umar-askira|Umar-askira]] ([[User talk:Umar-askira|talk]]) 13:34, 4 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
*'''Support''' Ina go yan baya dari bisa dari. Saboda mun yaba da yanda yake jajircewa wajen wayan ma sababbin editors Kai da kuma basu gudun mawa wajen basu Illumin da yakamata wajen yin ingan tacen editing yada yakamata.
([[User:Abubakar Yusuf Gusau|Abubakar Yusuf Gusau]] ([[User talk:Abubakar Yusuf Gusau|talk]]) 20:33, 2 Oktoba 2025 (UTC))

* '''Support''' Gaskiya ina goyon bayan ka dan zama Admin dari bisa dari domin gudummawar da kake badawa a wikipedia.[[User:Galdiz|Galdiz]] ([[User talk:Galdiz|talk]]) 04:25, 3 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

* '''Support''' Tabbas wannan babban edita ya cancanci ya zama edita domin ya daɗe yana bada gudummawa a shafin Hausa Wikipedia, sannan yana da gurin bunƙasa maƙalolin shafin Hausa Wikipedia, bashi wannan damar wata babbar nasara ce gare mu baki ɗaya na cigaba da bunƙasa shafin Hausa Wikipedia, dan Haka ina goyon baya [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 05:41, 3 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

*'''Support''' ƙwararren edita ne da ya daɗe yana bada gudummowa. Ina goyon bayan zaman sa admin.[[User:Abubakr1111|Abubakr1111]] ([[User talk:Abubakr1111|talk]]) 11:00, 4 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

* {{s}} Tabbas Hausa Wikipedia na bukatan kwararrun editoci wanda suka dade suna bada gudummawa da jajircewa wajen kawo cigaba a wannan shafi. Saboda haka ina goyon bayan haka.[[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller&gt;&gt;]] 11:21, 4 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
*:* ''' Support''' Ina goyan bayan bama wannan editan admin ganin dacewar shi da kuma dadewar shi yana bada gudunmawa
*:[[User:Sadauki11|Sadauki11]] ([[User talk:Sadauki11|talk]]) 14:20, 6 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

== Neman Zama Admin karo na biyu ==

Assalam, da fatan kuna lafiya. Ina mai neman goyon bayanku akan sabunta wa'adin zama Admin a karo na biyu domin kula da nagartaccin ayyuka da kuma tankaɗe ayyuka masu kyau. Nagode..  Bissalam.

[[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 13:36, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

:Support ina mai goyon bayan haka 100% duba da irin koqsrin dakake na ganin an inganta muqalu da jajircewa gurin koyarda sabbin editors  [[User:Muhdavdullahi|Muhdavdullahi]] ([[User talk:Muhdavdullahi|talk]]) 05:24, 8 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
:*'''Support''' Ina goyon bayan hakan sosai domin inganta hausa Wikipedia. Tabbas hakan zai kawo ci gaba [[User:Najeebbabi|Najeebbabi]] ([[User talk:Najeebbabi|talk]]) 13:42, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
*'''Support''' Ina goyon baya 100% domin jajirtaccen aikin da kakeyi a matsayin mai gudanarwa. [[User:Moherhh|Moherhh]] ([[User talk:Moherhh|talk]]) 13:47, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
*'''Support''' Ina goyon baya saboda jajircewa da kwazo na wannan edita.
*Support [[User:Aisha Yahuza|Aisha Yahuza]] ([[User talk:Aisha Yahuza|talk]]) 15:19, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)Ina goyon bayan hakan saboda kwazo da jajircewa wannan editan
*'''Support''' Ina goyon bayan hakan dari bisa dari
*'''Support'''' Ina goyon baya [[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|talk]]) 15:51, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
*’’’Support’’’ Ina Goyan bayan hakan Dari bisa dari saboda hazaka da jajircewar wannan editan
*'''Support''': Tabbas ina goyon bayan sake kasancewarka mai gudanarwa saboda irin jajircewarka wajen ganin an tsaftace shafin Hausa Wikipedia daga dukkan wani koma baya. [[User:A Sulaiman Z|A Sulaiman Z]] ([[User talk:A Sulaiman Z|talk]]) 19:33, 7 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

:*'''Support''' support 100% [[User:Manaf205|Manaf205]] ([[User talk:Manaf205|talk]]) 09:53, 8 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
*'''Support''' ina goyan bayan sosai, domin cigaba da ciyar da Hausa Wikipedia gaba. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]])

== Ku fadi ra'ayinku: zaben 2025 Kwamitin Amintattu ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Barkan mu,

Lokacin jefa ƙuri'a na [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|2025 Zaɓen Kwamitin Amintattu]] ya buɗe. 'Yan takara na neman kujeru biyu (2) a Kwamitin.

Don duba cancantar masu jefa ƙuri'a, da fatan za a ziyarci [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Voter eligibility guidelines|shafin cancantar masu jefa ƙuri'a]].

Ƙara koyo game da su ta [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidates|karanta bayanan aikace-aikacen su da kallon bidiyon takararsu]].

Lokacin da kun shirya, ku je zuwa [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/405|shafin zabe na SecurePoll don kada kuri'a]].

'''Za a buɗe zaɓe daga 8 ga Oktoba a 00:00 UTC zuwa Oktoba 22 a 23:59 UTC.'''

Gaisuwa mafi kyau,

Abhishek Suryawanshi&lt;br /&gt;Shugaba, Kwamitin Zabe&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 04:48, 9 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;function1&quot;/&gt;
{{int:Hello}}. Please help pick a name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. This project will be a wiki that will enable users to combine functions from [[:f:|Wikifunctions]] and data from Wikidata in order to generate natural language sentences in any supported languages. These sentences can then be used by any Wikipedia (or elsewhere).

There will be two rounds of voting, each followed by legal review of candidates, with votes beginning on 20 October and 17 November 2025. Our goal is to have a final project name selected on mid-December 2025. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki.
{{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
&lt;section end=&quot;function1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:42, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

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== Sanarwa tare da neman goyon baya ==

Ƴan'uwa masu daraja dafatan kuna lafiya, inaso nayi amfani da wannan damar domin na shaida maku muna shirin gudanar da taron Wiki Loves Africa 2026 In Kebbi and Niger insha Allah,  muna neman goyon bayan ku tare da haɗin kai da kuma shawarwarin da kuke ganin ya dace nagode. [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 04:55, 21 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

== Kakaranta muƙalar da ƙyau kafin ka wallafa ta ==

Assallamu'alaikum malam [[User:Mahmud maby|Mahmud maby]] Sannu da ƙokari kalura da abin da kake fassarawa kafin ka wallafa, wanan muƙalan mai suna [[Labarin inganci abinci na Tarayyar Turai: Tarihin sauye-sauyen]] bata da Ma'ana ko ƙadan kaje ka inganta ta dan Allah in koma baga inganta ta ba zan gogeta nan da kwana biyu nagode [[User:Smshika|Smshika]] ([[User talk:Smshika|talk]]) 14:00, 22 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Wikifunctions will be deployed on your wiki on 2025-11-05&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;Message&quot;/&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Wikifunctions deployment|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Abstract Wikipedia/Wikifunctions deployment}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Hi all, we want to let you know that [[:f:|Wikifunctions]] is coming to your project soon! When enabled, you will be able to call functions from your project, and integrate them in your articles.

A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output. Think of adding up two numbers, or converting miles into metres, or calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. This is usually done with templates that are complicated to create or to import. With Wikifunctions, you will be able to do this with just a couple of clicks!

Please check out [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|these tutorials]] for more details. You’re also invited to [[:f:Special:CreateObject|create functions]] that you find useful, or [[:f:Wikifunctions:Suggest a function|ask for help from the Wikifunctions community]].

We would like to invite you to contribute to Wikifunctions, by translating the existing functions labels into your language, so that more users in your community can more easily reuse them on the project. You can also translate the messages for the Wikifunctions interface on TranslateWiki ([https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-wikilambda-ve&amp;filter=%21translated&amp;action=translate here for VisualEditor messages], and [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-wikilambda-user&amp;filter=%21translated&amp;action=translate here for the Wikifunctions interface proper]).

Of course, we are happy to help in case there are questions or difficulties, and we are ready to listen to your feedback. Please ping me directly in case of necessity or reach out to me [[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|on my talk page]].
&lt;section end=&quot;Message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

--[[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:22, 29 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

:Hi all, unfortunately due to a technical problem we couldn't deploy Wikifunctions on your project. We will keep you updated about the next date of deployment. Thanks for your comprehension! [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:57, 6 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC)

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== Neman masu sa kai don shiga da dama daga cikin kwamitocin motsi. ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Kowace shekara, yawanci daga Oktoba zuwa Disamba, da yawa daga cikin kwamitocin motsi suna neman sabbin masu sa kai. 

Kara karantawa game da kwamitocin akan shafukansu na Meta-wiki:
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Kwamitin Alaƙa (AffCom)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds commission|Hukumar Ombuds (OC)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Kwamitin Binciken Harka (CRC)]]

Aikace-aikacen kwamitocin suna buɗe 30 Oktoba 2025. Aikace-aikace don Kwamitin Alaƙa, da kuma aikace-aikacen Hukumar Ombuds kuma Kwamitin Binciken Harka ya rufe 11 Disamba 2025. Koyi yadda ake nema ta [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Committee appointments|ziyartar shafin alƙawari akan Meta-wiki]]. Aika zuwa shafin magana ko imel cst[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org tare da kowace tambaya da kuke da ita.

Ga Tawagar Taimakon Kwamitin,
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

-[[m:User:MKaur (WMF)| MKaur (WMF)]] 14:12, 30 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

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== Sanarwa da neman goyon baya ko shawara ==

Assalamu Alaikum,

Yan'uwa editocin Wikipedia, dafatan kuna lafiya, ina amfani da wannan damar domin na sanar da ku shirin mu na Wikipedia birthday @ 25 karkashin Kaduna Network, shirin zai taimaka wajen bunƙasa wasu daga cikin makalolin Hausa Wikipedia da sauran su, dafatan zaku bamu goyon baya da haɗin kai [[User:Halima Waziri|Halima Waziri]] ([[User talk:Halima Waziri|talk]]) 19:10, 30 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

== Duplicate articles ==

Hello, this would be entirely in English as I do not speak or understand Hausa. 
These two articles are about the same topic, and I think they could be merged together: [[Ganuwar Benin]] and [[Benin Moat]]. I will suggest merging the contents of [[Ganuwar Benin]] into [[Benin Moat]] or whichever works best.
Pinging editors who I think could handle this, anyone else could: {{ping|Uncle Bash007|Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Gwanki|Pharouqenr}}

Thank you, and happy editing! [[User:Vanderwaalforces|Vanderwaalforces]] ([[User talk:Vanderwaalforces|talk]]) 07:18, 31 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

:Thank you @[[User:Vanderwaalforces|Vanderwaalforces]] i have noticed it, and [[Ganuwar Benin]] is more reliable than [[Benin Moat]]. So i have deleted [[Benin Moat]] now. And thank you for reaching out and wishing you all the best. 
:&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 07:30, 31 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)
::@[[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] You could redirect [[Benin Moat]] to [[Ganuwar Benin]], since it is more or less the English name, instead of nuking it entirely. 
::Happy editing! [[User:Vanderwaalforces|Vanderwaalforces]] ([[User talk:Vanderwaalforces|talk]]) 07:31, 31 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

== Sanarwa, akan Zamar Karshen shekara a Gombe Network ==

Muna sanar da jama'ar mu chewa Wikimedia User Group Nigeria, Gombe Network, tana kokarin neman tallafi na gudanar da zaman karshen shekara don kara sanayya da fihimta game da shiryeshiryen mu na shekara mai zuwa [[User:Umar2z|Umar2z]] ([[User talk:Umar2z|talk]]) 21:36, 14 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC)

== Neman admin akaro na biyu ==
{{Atop|Akwai goyon baya –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 20:21, 22 Disamba 2025 (UTC)}}
Ina neman goyon bayanku domkn kasancewa admin akaro na biyu domin cigaba da tabbatar da ayyuka na gari da kuma bada gudumuwa ta hanyar taimakon editoci. [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 10:52, 2 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC)

===Support===
#'''Support''' Tabbas ina goyon baya sosai. Hakan zai kawo cigaba sosai a Wikipedia [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 11:07, 2 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC)
#'''Support''' Haƙiƙa wannan edita ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin editocin dake ƙoƙarin bunƙasa shafukan Hausa Wikipedia, tabbas sake ba shi wannan damar wata babbar nasara ce ta cigaba da tsaftace maƙalolin dake Hausa Wikipedia tare da inganta su dan haka ina goyon baya. [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 11:15, 2 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC)
#'''Goyan baya''' Ina mai goyan bayan ba ka damar mai gudanarwa a karo na biyu, duba da hakan zai taimaka wajen kara kawo cigaba da ma tsaftace Hausa Wikipedia. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]])
# Ina Goyan bayan hakan Dari bisa Dari domin cigaban Wikipedia [[User:Khalifah123|Khalifah123]] ([[User talk:Khalifah123|talk]]) 23:27, 2 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC)
{{Abot}}

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Reminder: Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;function2&quot;/&gt;
{{int:Hello}}. Reminder: Please help to choose name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. The finalist vote starts today. The finalists for the name are: &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Abstract Wikipedia, Multilingual Wikipedia, Wikiabstracts, Wikigenerator, Proto-Wiki&lt;/span&gt;. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki.
{{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
&lt;section end=&quot;function2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:22, 20 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC)

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== Neman Zama Admin Ƙaro Na Biyu  ==
{{Archive top|Akwai goyon baya. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 20:48, 15 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)}}
Assalamu alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh.
Ina fatan kuna cikin ƙushien  lafiya. Enah Wannan rubutu nawa ne domin sake gabatar da buƙatata karo na biyu na samun damar zama Admin a Hausa Wikipedia. A baya na riga na gabatar da irin wannan buƙata, kuma a wannan karo ina ƙara jaddada sha’awata da ƙudirin da nake da shi na ci gaba da yi wa Hausa Wikipedia hidima.
Na dade ina ba da gudunmawa ta hanyar ƙirƙira, gyarawa da inganta muƙaloli, tare da taimakawa sababbin masu gyara su fahimci ka’idoji da tsarin aikin Wikipedia. Ina da cikakken shiri da niyyar ɗaukar nauyin da ke tattare da matsayin Admin, musamman wajen kula da muƙaloli, da dakile masu lalata muƙala, da tabbatar da ingancin bayanai a Hausa Wikipedia.
Ina roƙon Editors din Hausa Wikipedia da su sake duba wannan buƙata ta tare da ni, tare da ba ni wannan dama idan sun ga na cancanta. Zan yi farin cikin karɓar duk wata shawara ko gyara da za ta taimaka wajen inganta aikina
Nagode. [[User:Smshika|Smshika]] ([[User talk:Smshika|talk]]) 09:46, 29 Disamba 2025 (UTC)

:Ni [[User:Umar-askira| Umar-askira]] ina mai goyon bayan ka domin zama admin a Hausa Wikipedia saboda jajurcewar ka wajen inganta rubutan Hausa a manhajar Hausa Wikipedia. Fatan Allah ya bada nasara ameen. [[User:Umar-askira|Umar-askira]] ([[User talk:Umar-askira|talk]]) 17:23, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

===Support===
#ina goyon baya ɗari bisa ɗari domin zai kawo cigaba sosai a Wikipedia [[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 20:42, 29 Disamba 2025 (UTC)
#Ina goyon baya sosai... hakan zai kawo cigaba [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 20:49, 29 Disamba 2025 (UTC)
# enah goyan bayan kazama Admin karo nabiyi sabo da jajir cewanka [[User:Hauwa&amp;#39;u lawal ardo|Hauwa&amp;#39;u lawal ardo]] ([[User talk:Hauwa&amp;#39;u lawal ardo|talk]]) 21:06, 29 Disamba 2025 (UTC)
#Kasancewar ka edita mai bada gudummawa a kusan koda yaushe, ina goyon baya domin sake baka damar zai ƙara bunƙasa maƙalolin Hausa Wikipedia [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 22:07, 29 Disamba 2025 (UTC)
# Ina goyon Bayan ka sake Zama admin a karo na biyu saboda jajircewar ka Hakan Zai Kara kawo cigaba sosae[[User:Aisha Yahuza|Aisha Yahuza]] ([[User talk:Aisha Yahuza|talk]]) 22:14, 29 Disamba 2025 
# ina goyon baya ɗari bisa ɗari domin zai kawo cigaba sosai a Wikipedia domin yana kawo wa [[User:Umar A Muhammad|Umar A Muhammad]] ([[User talk:Umar A Muhammad|talk]]) 05:16, 30 Disamba 2025 (UTC)
# enah goyan bayanka kazama Admin karo na biyu sabo da ƙoƙarin da kake yi [[User:Asma,u Khamis hussaini|Asma,u Khamis hussaini]] ([[User talk:Asma,u Khamis hussaini|talk]]) 17:20, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# enah goyon bayan kazama Admin [[User:Ifteehern|Ifteehern]] ([[User talk:Ifteehern|talk]]) 17:25, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
#[[User:Abdulrahman tahir shika|Abdulrahman tahir shika]] ([[User talk:Abdulrahman tahir shika|talk]]) 17:29, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)ina goyon baya sosai sabida zaikawo muna cigaba sosai [[User:Abdulrahman tahir shika|Abdulrahman tahir shika]] ([[User talk:Abdulrahman tahir shika|talk]]) 17:29, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
#Ina goyon baya, Allah ya bada Sa'a [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 17:30, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# ina goyan bayan kazama admin a karo na biyu saboda jajir cewarka [[User:Fateemah usman|Fateemah usman]] ([[User talk:Fateemah usman|talk]]) 17:42, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyan bayan kasancewar ka a matsayin mai gudanarwa a karo na biyu a sakamakon irin jajircewa da gudummawar da kake bayarwa domin tsaftace shafin Hausa Wikipedia. [[User:A Sulaiman Z|A Sulaiman Z]] ([[User talk:A Sulaiman Z|talk]]) 18:22, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon bayan sake dawowar ka... Allah ya taimaka. [[User:Jidda3711|Jidda3711]] ([[User talk:Jidda3711|talk]]) 18:30, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
{{Abot}}

== Neman Admin a karo na biyu ==
{{Archive top|Akwai goyon baya –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 20:47, 15 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)}}
Assslamu Alaikum, ina neman goyon bayanku domin kasancewa mai gudanarwa a karo na biyu domin tantance ayyuka, da kuma bada tallafi ga sabbin editoci. [[User:Saifullahi AS|Saifullahi AS]] ([[User talk:Saifullahi AS|talk]]) 10:00, 6 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

=== Support ===
#Ina goyon byan hakan domin zai kawo cigaba a wikipedia [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 18:13, 6 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
#ina mai goyon  bayen hakan domin hakan zai kawo cigaba gaba sosai a wikipedia [[User:Mahmud maby|Mahmud maby]] ([[User talk:Mahmud maby|talk]]) 21:11, 6 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
#[[User:Abusule dankofa|Abusule dankofa]] ([[User talk:Abusule dankofa|talk]]) 22:03, 6 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)ina Mai goyan bayan hakan
#ina gonyon baya dari bisa dari dan zai kawo kawo cigaba a Wikipedia [[User:Muhdavdullahi|Muhdavdullahi]] ([[User talk:Muhdavdullahi|talk]]) 22:06, 6 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# ina mai bada goyon baya dari bisa dari akan wannan domin zai kawo cigaba sosai. [[User:Abdoulmerlic|Abdoulmerlic]] ([[User talk:Abdoulmerlic|talk]])
#'''Support''', duba da irin gudunmawarka a ko yaushe, hakan zai kawo cigaba wajen ciyar da Hausa Wikipedia gaba. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]])
# Ina goyon baya Dari bisa Dari [[User:Sardeeq|Sardeeq]] ([[User talk:Sardeeq|talk]]) 11:49, 7 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon baya sosai.... [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 12:35, 7 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon bayan ɗari bisa ɗari [[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 12:41, 7 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) 
# [[User:Khalifah123|Khalifah123]] ([[User talk:Khalifah123|talk]]) Ina Goyan bayan hakan domin zaya kawo cigaba a Wikipedia [[User:Khalifah123|Khalifah123]] ([[User talk:Khalifah123|talk]])
#[[User:Abdulrahman tahir shika|Abdulrahman tahir shika]] ([[User talk:Abdulrahman tahir shika|talk]]) 17:24, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)ina goyon baya Dari bisa dari zaikawo muna cigaba sosai [[User:Abdulrahman tahir shika|Abdulrahman tahir shika]] ([[User talk:Abdulrahman tahir shika|talk]]) 17:24, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# ina gonyan baya dari bisa Dari kazamu admin Dan kawo cigaba a Wikipedia [[User:Fateemah usman|Fateemah usman]] ([[User talk:Fateemah usman|talk]]) 17:33, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon baya –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 08:49, 9 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
#'''SUPPORT'''...Ina goyon bayan wannan Kuduri [[User:Ibkt|Ibkt]] ([[User talk:Ibkt|talk]]) 13:45, 11 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
{{Abot}}

== Sanarwa ==
Muna sanar da al’ummar Hausa Wikipedia game da shirin '''Celebrating International Women’s Day Through The Wikimedia Projects 2026''', wanda ke da nufin ƙarfafa wakilcin mata da haɓaka gudunmawar su a ayyukan Wikimedia, musamman a harshen Hausa. Muna maraba da ra’ayoyi da shawarwari daga al’umma. [[User:Sirjat|Sirjat]] ([[User talk:Sirjat|talk]]) 11:20, 8 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

==

==Logo don murnar cikar Wikipedia shekaru 25==
{{Atop|Akwai goyon baya. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 16:18, 22 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)}}
[[File:WP25 potential birthday logo-ha.svg|link=|thumb|right|280px|Logon murnar cikar Wikipedia shekaru 25]]

A cikin wannan watan Wikipedia ke cika shekaru ashirin da biyar da kafuwa. Inason yin amfani da wannan lokaci domin taya daukacin editocin Hausa Wikipedia murnar cikar wannan shekaru. Wannan babbar nasara ce garemu baki daya.

Saboda murnar wannan lokacin, ina son mu canza logon mu domin taya Wikipedia murna.

A nan gefe zaku iya ganin sabon hoton logon murnar, wanda aka fassara da Hausa daga logon Turanci wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta bada saboda murnar zagayowar lokacin.

Idan kuna goyon bayan haka sai ku rubuta a nan ƙasa. [[User:Saifullahi AS|Saifullahi AS]] ([[User talk:Saifullahi AS|talk]]) 09:03, 10 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

=== Support ===
# Ina goyon baya sosai domin taya Wikipedia murnar cika shekaru 25. [[User:Nassmart1|Nassmart1]] ([[User talk:Nassmart1|talk]]) 18:49, 10 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon baya. Fatan nasara [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 08:49, 11 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Yayi kyau, ina goyon baya. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 09:00, 11 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
#'''Support''' ina goyon baya [[User:Ibkt|Ibkt]] ([[User talk:Ibkt|talk]]) 13:49, 11 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon baya sosai, ina kuma taya Wikipedia murnar cika shekaru 25. [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 05:41, 15 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
#Ina goyon Baya domin taya Wikipedia murnar cika shekara 25[[User:Muhdavdullahi|Muhdavdullahi]] ([[User talk:Muhdavdullahi|talk]]) 13:33, 18 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
{{Abot}}

== SANARWA TARE DA NEMAN GOYON BAYA ==

Assalamu alailum, inaso nayi amfani da wannan damar domin na shaida maku muna shirin gudanar da taron Wikipedia a jihar Niger insha Allah, wanda shirin zai bunƙasa shafukan Wikipedia da kuma yan'uwanta, sannan shirin zai bunƙasa samar da sabbin esitoci a Hausa Wikipedia. Allah ya bamu sa'a da nasara [[User:Umar A Muhammad|Umar A Muhammad]] ([[User talk:Umar A Muhammad|talk]]) 12:26, 11 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Neman Zama Admin A Hausa Wikipedia ==

Assalamu Alaikum editoci masu albarka,fatan muna cikin koshin lafiya Allah yasa haka ne amin. Ina mai amfani da wannan damar domin sanar daku da neman goyon bayanku game da kasancewa na admin a manhajar Hausa Wikipedia. In a fatan mu cigaba da kasancewa lafiya amin ya Rabbal alamin. Bissalam. [[User:Umar-askira|Umar-askira]] ([[User talk:Umar-askira|talk]]) 10:52, 13 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

=== Support ===
# Ina goyon baya.. Allah ya bada Sa'a [[User:Jidda3711|Jidda3711]] ([[User talk:Jidda3711|talk]]) 16:05, 14 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon baya. I support  [[User:Anasysmart|Anasysmart]] ([[User talk:Anasysmart|talk]]) 07:12, 15 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyan baya 100% ..Allah ya taimaka [[User:Saudarh2|Saudarh2]] ([[User talk:Saudarh2|talk]]) 09:59, 15 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)
# enah goyon bayanka kazama Admin sbd jajircewanka a Hausa Wikipedia [[User:Smshika|Smshika]] ([[User talk:Smshika|talk]]) 10:14, 15 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Sanarwa  ==

assalamualaikum Barka da wannan lokaci shuwagabanni da ƴan uwa na editors, Ina sanar da ku cewa zan rubuta proposal game da '''Local Health Knowledge for All: Building Hausa Medical Content on Wikipedia Hausaal Local Health Knowledge for All: Building Hausa Medical Content on Wikipedia Hausa'''. Idan akwai shawarwari ko ƙarin bayani a shirye nake da yin amfani da su. Nagode sosai. @[[User:M Bash Ne|M Bash Ne]] ([[User talk:M Bash Ne|talk]]) 20:22, 15 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

muna goyan bayan sa saboda jajir ciwar shi [[User:Musa650|Musa650]] ([[User talk:Musa650|talk]]) 07:19, 16 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 ==

Dear Wikimedia communities,

We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year.

''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.''

In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects.

We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community.

📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]]

If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs:  
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]]
* [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]]

''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]'''''

''Stay connected and receive updates:''  
* [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel]  
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list]

We look forward to collaborating with you and your community.


'''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 19:44, 16 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Sanarwa da neman goyon baya ==

Barkann mu da wannan lokacin yan'uwana editoci, muna shirin gudanar da wani taro nan bada jimawa ba a jihar Plateau, dan haka nake sanar da ku tare da neman shawarwarin ku da kuma goyon bayan ku, Nagode [[User:Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu|Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu]] ([[User talk:Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu|talk]]) 20:25, 17 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&quot;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
::&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 

Dear Wiki Community,

We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia.

The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects.

;About the Campaign 
'''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices.

;What Can Participants Write About? 
Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to:

* Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations  
* Folk dances, music, and traditional performances  
* Women and queer figures in folklore  
* Women in mythology and oral traditions  
* Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives  
* Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends  
* Folk games, sports, and cultural practices  

Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools.

;How to Sign Up as an Organizer 
Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community:

# Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] 
# Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool  
# Prepare a local article list and clearly mention:
#* Campaign timeline  
#* Local and international prizes  
# Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]]  
# Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]'''

;Campaign Tools

The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants:

* '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats.
* '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore.

Both tools are now available for use in the campaign.  '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]'''

;Learn More &amp; Get Support
For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''.

If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via:
* '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]'''
* Email us using details on the contact page.

;Join Us 
We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia.

Thank you and best wishes,
  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]'''

----

''Stay connected:''  
[[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp;
[[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]
Hello everyone,

We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe.

;About Wiki Loves Folklore 

'''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight:
* Folk traditions and rituals  
* Cultural festivals and celebrations  
* Traditional attire and crafts 
* Performing arts, music, and dance  
* Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage  

Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world.

[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] 

; Host a Local Edition 

As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to:
* Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture  
* Engage new contributors in your community  
* Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content  

'''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:'''  

If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know.

If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region.

;Get in Touch 
If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via:

* The project Talk pages  
* Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org'''

We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail.

Warm regards,  

'''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team'''
&lt;/div&gt;
[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 13:21, 18 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Bitar shekara-shekara na Universal Code of Conduct da Ka’idojin Aiwatarwa ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Ina rubuto maka ne domin sanar da kai cewa an buɗe lokacin bitar shekara-shekara na Universal Code of Conduct da Ka’idojin Aiwtarwa. Kana iya ba da shawarwari kan sauye-sauye har zuwa 9 ga Fabrairu, 2026. Wannan shi ne mataki na farko cikin jerin matakai da za a ɗauka domin bitar shekara-shekara. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Karanta ƙarin bayani kuma ka samu tattaunawa da za ka shiga a shafin UCoC a Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Kwamitin Daidaita Aiwatar da Universal Code of Conduct]] (U4C) wata ƙungiya ce ta duniya da ta sadaukar da kai wajen tabbatar da adalci da daidaitaccen aiwatar da UCoC. Wannan bitar shekara-shekara an tsara ta kuma an aiwatar da ita ne ta hannun U4C. Don samun ƙarin bayani da kuma fahimtar nauyin da ke kan U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|kana iya duba Kundin Tsarin U4C]].

Da fatan za a raba wannan bayanin zuwa ga wasu mambobi a cikin al'ummarku inda ya dace.

-- A cikin haɗin gwiwa da U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|tattaunawa]])&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

21:01, 19 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Sanarwa game da shirin kaddamar da project na WikiFemme Learning Lab in Bauchi  ==

Assalamu alaikum,

Muna sanar da fara aikin WikiFemme Learning Lab In Bauchi, wani aikin Rapid Fund daga Wikimedia Community Fund da ke nufin ƙarfafa mata su shiga cikin ayyukan Wikimedia, musamman Wikipedia. Aikin zai ba da horo da tallafi don mata su koyi gyara da ƙirƙirar abubuwan ilimi, tare da rage gibi a wakilcin mata a cikin abun da ke kan Wikipedia.

Muna gayyatar al’umma su ba da shawarwari da goyon baya domin tabbatar da nasarar wannan aiki da ƙara tasirinsa a Bauchi da kewaye.

Na gode. [[User:Santa MMD|Santa MMD]] ([[User talk:Santa MMD|talk]]) 22:02, 27 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Saving the Knowledge of Endangered Hausa Expressions and Idioms Through Wikimedia Projects ==

Ina farin cikin sanar da ku cewa da shuwagabanni da ƴan uwa Editors na wannan manhajar cewa, zamu rubuta proposal game da &quot;'''Saving the Knowledge of Endangered Hausa Expressions and Idioms Through Wikimedia Projects'''&quot; muna neman goyon baya da kuma shawarwarin ku, Nagode sosai.@[[User:M Bash Ne|M Bash Ne]] ([[User talk:M Bash Ne|talk]]) 22:19, 29 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Lafiyar mata a shafin Hausa Wikipedia ==

Assalamu Alaikum sanunku da warhaka, ina shirya neman Wikimedia Rapid Fund don aiki a kan inganta **bayanan lafiyar mata a shafin Hausa Wikipedia**. Aikin, *&quot;Bridging Women’s Health Knowledge in Hausa,&quot;* zai ƙunshi fassara labarai masu kyau daga Wikipedia ta Ingilishi zuwa Hausa, wanda ya shafi batutuwa kamar lafiyar uwa, lafiyar haila, lafiyar haihuwa, da cututtukan da ke shafar mata. Muna kuma shirin ɗaukar nauyin  horo ta hanyar intanet da kuma aikin editing don tallafawa sabbin editoci da ƙwararru wajen koyon yadda ake fassara da inganta abubuwan lafiya ta amfani da nassoshi masu inganci.

Wannan shiri zai faɗaɗa samun ingantattun bayanai game da lafiya a cikin Hausa Wikipedia musamman ga mata, sa' anan zai rage gibin ilimi da ke da alaƙa da lafiyar mata, da kuma ƙarfafa janyo sabin edtoci zuwa shiga cikin al'ummar Hausa Wikimedia. Muna maraba da ra'ayoyin al'umma kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci, sha'awar shiga a matsayin edita ko mai ba da shawara, da duk wani shawarwari da za su iya taimakawa wajen inganta wannan aiki. Ra'ayoyinku za su taimaka wajen tabbatar da cewa aikin ya cika buƙatun al'umma kuma yana da tasiri mai ma'ana. [[User:Umabruka|Umabruka]] ([[User talk:Umabruka|talk]]) 20:54, 1 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Shirye shiryen taron Women and Culture Awareness in Nigeria 2026 ==

Assalamu Alaikum ina farin cikin sanar daku cewa muna shirye shiryen gudanar da gasa da kuma taro akan wayar da kai game da Mata da kuma al'adu a Najeriya. [[User:Nassmart1|Nassmart1]] ([[User talk:Nassmart1|talk]]) 11:26, 7 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Neman Zama Admin A Hausa Wikipedia  ==

Assalamu Alaikum, ina neman goyon bayanku domin kasancewa mai gudanarwa domin tantance ayyuka, da kuma bada tallafi ga sabbin editoci a wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikipedia.[[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 22:49, 7 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

===Support===
#Ina goyon baya sosai. Fatan nasara [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 23:05, 7 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)
# enah goyon bayan kazama Admin [[User:Smshika|Smshika]] ([[User talk:Smshika|talk]]) 04:45, 8 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)
#:ina Mai goyon Baya Dari bisa Dari[[User:Muhdavdullahi|Muhdavdullahi]] ([[User talk:Muhdavdullahi|talk]]) 05:08, 8 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)
#Ina goyon bayan zaman wannan ƙwararren edita ya zama admin a Hausa Wikipedia, domin ina da tabbacin zai taimaka da ƙara bunƙasa maƙalolin da ke Hausa Wikipedia tare da samar da sabbin maƙaƙolin, dan haka ina hoyon baya [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 05:11, 8 ga Faburairu, 2026
# Ina Matugar Nuna goyon baya akan hakan [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-85864-0|&amp;#126;2026-85864-0]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-85864-0|talk]]) &lt;span style=&quot; color:Green ; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Muktee1494&lt;/span&gt;
# ina goyon baya  don inganta wikipedia[[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 06:31, 8 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon baya don kwazo day jajircewar wannan edita[[User:Aisha Yahuza|Aisha Yahuza]] ([[User talk:Aisha Yahuza|talk]]) 08:19, 8 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)
#inagoyon baya dari bisa dari Allah yataimaka[[User:Sardeeq|Sardeeq]] ([[User talk:Sardeeq|talk]]) 21:36, 9 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Wikimedia knowledge sharing in America University of Nigeria ==
Assalamu alaikum jama,a naxo ne  domin in sanar da ku cewa na shirya wani aiki da zai wayar da kan jama'a game da harkar Wikimedia a Jami'ar Amurka ta Najeriya. Dake garin Adamawa Aikin yana da nufin wayar da kan jama'a game da ayyukan Wikimedia da horar da sabbin editoci kan yadda za su ba da gudummawa ga ayyukan Wikimedia. Ina neman goyon bayanku da shawarwarinku  domin samun nasarar aikin. na gode. [[User:Baby juuu|Baby juuu]] ([[User talk:Baby juuu|talk]]) 15:16, 9 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

:Sannu da kokari, amma babu cikakken bayani game da aikin dan haka bamu san wacce irin shawara zamu bayar ba. Nagode [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 13:19, 15 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Campaign in Diseases and Public Health in Nigeria ==

assalamu alaikum muna sanar maku da fara shirye shiryen campaign  mai suna Diseases and Public Health in Nigeria [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 11:00, 10 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

:Wa'alaika Assalam @[[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]], Ko zamu iya samun ƙarin bayani game da gangamin? Yana da kyau a rinka saka cikakken bayani saboda kada a samu hadaka wajen gudanar da irin wannan aikin. Nagode [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 13:21, 15 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Gwanki|Gwanki]] An dakatar da maganar wannan aiki sai nan gaba. [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 14:23, 17 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Wiki For Indigenous Games: Documenting Traditional Hausa Games ==

Assalamualaikum Barka da wannan lokaci shuwagabanni da ƴan uwana editoci na wannan manhajar, ina mai sanar da ku cewa zan rubuta proposal mai taken '''Wiki for Indigenous Games: Documenting Traditional Hausa Games'''. Ina mai neman goyon bayan ku da shawarwarin ku.Nagode@[[User:Salahu Gwanki|Salahu Gwanki]] ([[User talk:Salahu Gwanki|talk]]) 18:39, 15 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Taron Infectious Diseases and Public Health in Nigeria on Hausa Wikipedia ==

Assalamu alaikum muna sanar maku da fara shirye shiryen campaign mai suna Diseases and Public Health in Nigeria. Domin ingantawa da kuma kirkirar mukalu da suka shafi fannin lafiya. [[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 15:54, 12 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Shirye shiryen taron Women and Culture Awareness in Nigeria 2026 ==

Assalamu Alaikum ina farin cikin sanar daku cewa muna shirye shiryen gudanar da gasa da kuma taro akan wayar da kai game da Mata da kuma al'adu a Najeriya. [[User:Nassmart1|Nassmart1]] ([[User talk:Nassmart1|talk]]) 16:47, 12 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Taron karawa juna sani na administrators ==

Assalam,

Ina mai farin cikin sanarwa cewa zamu gudanar da taron karawa juna sani na masu kula da shafukan Hausa Wikipedia don kara gogewa game da ayyukan kula da shafukan Wikipedia. Wannan taro zai nunawa admin muhimmancin aikinsu musamman a wannan lokaci da bayanan karya ke da saukin yaduwa.

Bissalam. [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller&gt;&gt;]] 16:30, 13 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Building Wikidata Skills Among Emerging Wikimedians in Kano State ==

Assalaalaikum, 

Barka da wannan lokaci ƴan uwana editoci da shuwagabannin wannan manhajar ta Hausa Wikipedia, inama kowa fatan alheri. Bayan haka, ina farin cikin sanar da ku cewa zamu rubuta proposal game da '''Building Wikidata Skills Among Emerging Wikimedians in Kano State''' insha Allahu. Muna neman shawarwarin ku da neman goyon bayan ku, da kuma ƙarin haske ko bayani. Nagode sosai, Sanarwa daga @[[User:M Bash Ne|M Bash Ne]] ([[User talk:M Bash Ne|talk]]) 15:59, 14 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Sanarwa ==

Assalamu alaikum ƴan'uwa masu albarka, ina amfani da wannan damar domin sanar da ku shirin mu na gudanar da taro a makarantun gaba da secondary a Daura, wannan wannan shirin insha Allah zai buƙasa maƙalolin Hausa Wikipedia, Wikidata, sanya hotuna masu inganci uwa uba tare da samar da sabbin editoci masu sa kai a shafukan Hausa Wikipedia da ƴan'uwanta, ina neman goyon bayan ku. Na gode daga Yusuf Sa'adu [[User:Mahuta|Mahuta]] ([[User talk:Mahuta|talk]]) 11:11, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Migration to Parsoid&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Parsoid Read Views/Read View Announcement|Read this in another language]]&lt;/em&gt;

Hello everyone! I am glad to inform you that as the next step in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, Parsoid will soon be turned on as the default article renderer on your wiki. We are gradually increasing the number of wikis using Parsoid, with the intention of making it the default wikitext parser for MediaWiki's next long-term support release. This will make our wikis more reliable and consistent for editors, readers, and tools to use, as well as making the development of future wikitext features easier.

If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry! You can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the current page using the Tools submenu, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation.

There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Confidence Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available, including the testing done before we turn on Parsoid for a new wiki.

To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]].
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:User:ABreault (WMF)|Content Transform Team]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:24, 17 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Request for Comment: VisualEditor automatic reference names ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
Hi, I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]’s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. Apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}! We are considering to work on [[:m:Community Wishlist/W17|Community Wishlist/W17: Improve VE references' automatic names and reuse]]. This has been a long-term issue for wikitext editors (see e.g. [[:en:WP:VisualEditor/Named references]]) which has been among the top-voted wishes in several [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Surveys]], e.g. [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2017/Editing/VisualEditor: Allow editing of auto-generated references before adding them|2017]], [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2019/Citations/VisualEditor: Allow references to be named|2019]], [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Editing/VisualEditor should use human-like names for references|2022]] or [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Editing/VisualEditor should use proper names for references|2023]].

We would like your input on the [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|solutions]] proposed on our project page: '''[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names]]'''. We are considering several options, which can be combined if desired by the community.
* Changing the default pattern for automatically generated reference names (currently &lt;code&gt;&quot;:n&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, e.g. &lt;code&gt;&quot;:0&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;&quot;:1&quot;&lt;/code&gt;...) to use the [[:mw:Help:Reference Previews#Exposed reference types|reference type]] instead (e.g. &lt;code&gt;&quot;book_reference-1&quot;&lt;/code&gt;).
* Providing a simple mechanism for communities to configure a different default name.
* Generating automatic reference names based on the [[:en:domain name|domain name]] (if it’s a web citation).
* Generating automatic reference names based on template parameters (e.g. &quot;title&quot; or &quot;last&quot;+&quot;first&quot;) – defined by the community.

=== Feedback ===
[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|Visit our project page]] to read about our proposal in detail and share your thoughts [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|on metawiki]].

'''Please note''': We will only implement a solution if there’s clear consensus among the global community. Our intention is not to build the perfect solution, but to find a simple and lean one that alleviates the pain caused by auto generated names. We are aware that some experienced VisualEditor users might prefer an option to manually change reference names in VisualEditor, but such a UX intervention is difficult to achieve across reference types and thus out of scope for our team, we can only improve the auto-naming mechanism.
We are happy about suggestions for improving certain details of the proposed solutions. Any other feedback and alternative proposals are also welcome – even though it’s out of scope for us, it might still be relevant for future work on this topic.

Please support us interpreting consensus by clearly indicating your opinion (e.g. by using support/neutral/oppose templates). We are aware of [[:en:WP:NOTVOTE]], but given that we are facilitating this discussion with users from different wikis, potentially commenting in their native language, clearly indicating your position helps us avoid misunderstandings.

Thank you for participating!&lt;/div&gt; &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|hira]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 11:15, 19 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Shirye shiryen taron Educational Development, Challenges, and Key Figures in Nigeria ==

Assalam, ina mai farin cikin sanar daku cewa mun fara shirye-shiryen gudanar da &quot;campaign dinmu na Educational Development, Challenges, and Key Figures in Nigeria&quot;. Wannan taron zai kara inganta Hausa Wikipedia akan muƙalu da suka shafi Ilimi. Nagode [[User:Sardeeq|Sardeeq]] ([[User talk:Sardeeq|talk]]) 14:01, 22 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Wiki For Women-Focused Digital Skills, Photo Walks, and Audio Recording in Kaduna Hausa Communities ==

Assalamu alaikum yan uwa masu albarka na wannan gida, in yiwa kowa fatan alkhair sannan ina man barka da wannan lokaci. Ina son nayi amfani da wannan damar domin sanar daku cewa, zan gudanar da taron karawa juna ilimi kamar yadda taken shi yake a sama. Ina mai neman goyon bayanku da kuma bada shawarwari da zasu ciya da wannan aiki gaba. Na gode sannan Allah Uban Giji ya saka wa kowa da alkhairi.  Bissalam. [[User:Umar-askira|Umar-askira]] ([[User talk:Umar-askira|talk]]) 15:30, 22 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Hausa Wikipedia User Retention Workshop ==
Salamu Alaikum warahmatullah. yan uwa masu albarka. ina mana fatan alkahiri da kuma fatan an gama Azumi kuma anyi Sallah lafiya. mafi yawan cin lokaci muna hada taruka kuma muna kawo sabbin editoci.amma da an gama taron ko gasar shikenan saika ga wannna sabbin editocin sun daina gyara da kuma rubutu a Wikipedia. wannna matsala ce babba. muna da sama da editoci dubu arbain amma bamu da tsayyen editoci ko dari biyar. wannna taron zaiyi gyara akan haka. ina mai neman goyon bayanku dan wannan aiki. nagode sosai. ku bada shawarwarinku a kasan wannan rubutun. [[User:Musa Vacho77|Musa Vacho77]] ([[User talk:Musa Vacho77|talk]]) 07:00, 24 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)


== Sanarwa Da Neman Goyon Baya ==
Assalamualaikum ƴan uwa da abokan arziki editor's na wannan gida mai Albarka ina yima kowa fatan Alkairi tare da fatan kowa yayi bikin sallah lafiya,ina mai amfani da wannan dama wajen neman goyon bayan ku akan proposal dana nema mai taken Documentin and Enhancing Agricultural and Environmental Vocabulary on Hausa Wiktionary . Wannan project zai cike gibin da muke dashi na karancin kalmomin da suka danganci noma da muhalli a Hausa Wiktionary. Bissalam mu kwana lafiya Allah ya sadamu da Alkairan sa.[[User:Ibrahim Sani Mustapha|Ibrahim Sani Mustapha]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim Sani Mustapha|talk]]) 19:49, 28 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Kamfe na Wikiquote a Daura ==

Assalam, ina mai farin cikin sanar da ku cewa zamu gudanar da kamfe don wayar da kai game da WIkiquote a Daura a wannan zagaye. Da fatan zaku bamu gudummawa. Nagode [[User:Manaf205|Manaf205]] ([[User talk:Manaf205|talk]]) 06:48, 31 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Northern Nigeria Emirates Photowalk ==
Salam, yan uwa. Ina mai farin cikin sanar daku photo walk da mukeso a manyan masarautun mu na Arewa. Domin samun damar taskance su a Wikimedia. Sanin mune masauratun mu a shekarun nan sun samu sauye sauye. Musan man Zaria da Kano. Ina Mai neman goyon bayanku mun gode.&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-shadow:#009200 0.3em 0.4em 1.0em,#009200 -0.2em -0.2em 1.0em;color:#009200&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Aliyu shaba&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Aliyu shaba|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ff0000&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Talk&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 17:02, 31 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Preserving Community Culture Through Images on Wikimedia Commons ==

Assalamualikum Barka da wannan lokaci shuwagabannin wannan manhajar da ƴan uwansa editors Ina farin cikin sanar da ku cewa na rubuta proposal game da '''Preserving Community Culture Through Images on Wikimedia Commons''' wanda insha Allahu za'a gudanar da shi a Jihar Adamawa. Muna neman. Nagode sosai @[[User:M Bash Ne|M Bash Ne]] ([[User talk:M Bash Ne|talk]]) 22:20, 31 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Dear Wikipedians!

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''.

The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences.

🧩'''How to participate?'''

Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine.

🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''.

'''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.'''

If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&amp;messages=&amp;language=en&amp;x=D banner] into your own language.

Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! 

[[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;

(This message was sent to [[:Wikipedia:Community Portal]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Wikimedia Awareness for educated/elite women in Northern Nigeria ==

Assalamu Alaikum,

Ina mai mika gaisuwa ta girmamawa ga daukacin 'yan uwan wannan shafi. Na rubuta wannan wasika ne domin gabatar da shirinmu a hukumance, wanda zamu tsara domin fadakarwa da kuma karfafa gwiwar mata masana da masu ilimi a fadin Arewacin Najeriya. Babban burin wannan aiki shi ne samar da karin mata editoci a Wikipedia daga yankinmu, tare da daukaka matsayin mata wajen rike mukaman shugabanci a karkashin gidauniyar Wikimedia. Ta hanyar wannan horo, mahalarta za su samu kwarewa ba kawai a fannin gyara Wikipedia ba, har ma da karfin gwiwar taka muhimmiyar rawa a wannan tafiya. [[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_National_Funding_Program/Wikimedia_Awareness_for_educated/elite_women_in_Northern_Nigeria]]

[[User:Halima Waziri|Halima Waziri]] ([[User talk:Halima Waziri|talk]]) 11:49, 2 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) ==

Hello everyone,

This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as &lt;code&gt;Module:Itemgroup/list&lt;/code&gt;).

'''The Change:'''&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. 

We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''.

'''What You Need To Do:'''&lt;br /&gt;
To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search.

'''Deadline:'''&lt;br /&gt;
We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles.

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== Neman Kasancewa Admin a karo na Uku ==

Assslamu Alaikum, ina neman goyon bayanku domin kasancewa mai gudanarwa a karo na uku domin cigaba da tantance ayyuka, da kuma bada tallafi ga sabbin editoci. [[User:Pharouqenr|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;Captain Pharouq&lt;/span&gt;]] 20:05, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

=== Support ===
#Ina goyon baya domin cigaban wikipidia[[User:Ibrahim abusufyan|Ibrahim abusufyan]] ([[User talk:Ibrahim abusufyan|talk]]) 21:19, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)
#Ina goyon Bayan Hakan Dari bisa Dari Domin cigaban Wikipedia[[User:Aisha Yahuza|Aisha Yahuza]] ([[User talk:Aisha Yahuza|talk]]) 21:30, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)
#ina mai goyon bayan hakan dari bisa dari dan kawo cigaba. [[User:Muhdavdullahi|Muhdavdullahi]] ([[User talk:Muhdavdullahi|talk]]) 21:27, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)
#[[User:Sardeeq|Sardeeq]] ([[User talk:Sardeeq|talk]]) ina goyon baya Dari bisa dari
#Ina goyon baya sosai. [[User:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|Muhammad Idriss Criteria]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Idriss Criteria|talk]]) 21:38, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyen bayen hakan dari Bisa dari domin zai kawo cigaba sosai ~~
#Ina goyon baya ɗari bisa ɗari [[User:Halima Waziri|Halima Waziri]] ([[User talk:Halima Waziri|talk]]) 22:18, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)
# Don cigaba da tsabtacewa gami da bunƙasa Hausa Wikipedia, muna bukatar jajirtattu irinka.Lallai ina goyon bayan hakan [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]])
# enah goyon bayan kazama Admin karo nabiyu sbd jajircewan ka akan Kula da mukaloli a Hausa Wikipedia [[User:Smshika|Smshika]] ([[User talk:Smshika|talk]]) 04:55, 9 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)
# ina goyon bayan hakan dari bisa Dari sosai sosai[[User:Abusule dankofa|Abusule dankofa]] ([[User talk:Abusule dankofa|talk]]) 05:28, 9 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon baya sosai domin Yana kawo cigaba sosai a Wikipedia [[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 05:57, 9 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)
# Tabbas ka kasance daga cikin jajirtaccin Admins a Hausa Wikipedia, faruwar hakan nasara ce babba a wannan man haja. Fatan Alkhairi. [[User:Saifullahi AS|Saifullahi AS]] ([[User talk:Saifullahi AS|talk]]) 06:13, 9 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)
# Ina goyon baya sosai saboda gudummawar da kake bayarwa a matsayin mai gudanarwa. [[User:Nassmart1|Nassmart1]] ([[User talk:Nassmart1|talk]]) 06:16, 9 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Request for comment (global AI policy) ==

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Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}}
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Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC].

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== Taron Hausa STEM, Engineering and Sustainable Development Knowledge Expansion Project ==

Assalamu alaikum muna sanar maku da fara shirye shiryen campaign mai suna &quot;Hausa STEM, Engineering and Sustainable Development Knowledge Expansion Project&quot; Domin ingantawa da kuma kirkirar mukalu da suka shafi Kimiyya, Fasaha, Lissafi, da kuma Injiniyanci. [[User:Nnamadee|Nnamadee]] ([[User talk:Nnamadee|talk]]) 19:53, 7 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

== Taron Wikimedia Commons Upload Campaigns for Preserving Heritage, Improving Knowledge Access, and Promoting Inclusion through Photo Contests and Training Programs ==

Assalamu alaikum muna sanar maku da fara shirye shiryen campaign mai suna &quot;Wikimedia Commons Upload Campaigns for Preserving Heritage, Improving Knowledge Access, and Promoting Inclusion through Photo Contests and Training Programs&quot; Domin ingantawa da kuma dora hotuna a wiki Commons. [[User:Nassmart1|Nassmart1]] ([[User talk:Nassmart1|talk]]) 17:48, 11 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

== Building Wikidata Skills Among Emerging Wikimedians in Bauchi State  ==

Assalamualaikum ƴan uwa na editoci da shuwagabannin wannan manhaja ta Hausa Wikimedians, inama kowa fatan alheri tare sanar da ku cewa zamu rubuta Grant project mai taken '''Building Wikidata Skills Among Emerging Wikimedians in Bauchi State'''. Dan haka muna neman goyon baya da kuma shawarwari ko gyara.@[[User:M Bash Ne|M Bash Ne]] ([[User talk:M Bash Ne|talk]]) 17:30, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

== SheSaid Hausa 2026- Phase IV ==

Assalam, 

Ina mai farin cikin sanar da ku cewa muna shirin kirkirar kamfe na SheSaid na Hausa a karo na hudu wanda zai guda tsakanin watannin September zuwa Oktoba in Allah ya yarda. 

Bissalam [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller&gt;&gt;]] 07:46, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Zamfara</title>
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[[File:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb|Tambarin Gwamnan jihar Zamfara]]

[[File:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|tambarin jihar zamfara]]
[[File:Talata Mafara Post Office - Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Talata mafara post ofis]]
[[File:Zamfara state Gallery at Arewa House museum.jpg|thumb|Zamfara state gallery at arewa house museum Seal of zamfara state government]]
[[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Kyau yan zamfara]]
[[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|wuri a zamfara ]]
[[Fayil:Zamfara flag.png|thumb|zamfara gusau]]
[[Fayil:Gusau 01.jpg|thumb|Gusau]]
[[Fayil:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb]]
'''Jahar Zamfara'''  [[jiha|jaha]] ce dake [[Arewa (Najeriya)|Arewa]] Maso Yammacin ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. Tana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita '''39,762''' da yawan jama’a kimanin [[mutane]] '''3,838,160''' (miliyan uku da dubu ,ɗari takwas da Talatin da Takwas da ɗari ɗaya da sittin) (jimillar ƙidayar shekara ta 2011)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&amp;&amp;p=a556518742b7c156JmltdHM9MTcxOTQ0NjQwMCZpZ3VpZD0yNDE5NGEyMS03NTBiLTZiYjItMzNmMi01ZTg1NzRhMTZhMTkmaW5zaWQ9NTQzOA&amp;ptn=3&amp;ver=2&amp;hsh=3&amp;fclid=24194a21-750b-6bb2-33f2-5e8574a16a19&amp;psq=population+of+zamfara+state+2011&amp;u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZmFjdHMubmcvbmlnZXJpYW4tc3RhdGVzL3phbWZhcmEvIzp-OnRleHQ9WmFtZmFyYSUyMGhhcyUyMHR3byUyMG1ham9yJTIwZXRobmljJTIwZ3JvdXBzJTJDJTIwSGF1c2ElMjBhbmQsYW4lMjBlc3RpbWF0ZWQlMjBwb3B1bGF0aW9uJTIwb2YlMjAzJTJDODM4JTJDMTYwJTIwYXMlMjBhdCUyMDIwMTEu&amp;ntb=1&lt;/ref&gt;. Babban birnin tarayyar jahar zamfara
 
shi ne [[Gusau]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/06/23/gusau-cargo-airport-absurd-inconceivable-shinkafi-to-gov-lawal/&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjGwJvM5vGGAxV5XEEAHcOPBT8QxfQBKAB6BAgGEAE&amp;usg=AOvVaw2BUsg3-pX1t7Al-lIbd68v&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.  Dauda Lawal Dare ne gwamnan jihar tun a shekarar  2023, har zuwa shekara ta 2026, wato ƙarshen shekarar mulkin shi na farko wanda za'ayi zaɓe a farkon shekarar 2027.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Zamfara State&quot;. Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission. 9 January 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Zamfara State of Nigeria :: Nigeria Information &amp; Guide&quot;. www.nigeriagalleria.com. Retrieved 26 February 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Tarihi. ==

'''Asalin Zamfarawa'''
[[File:Base to top section of Kwatarkwashi.jpg|thumb|mutanen Zamfara sun kasance maharba ne tun a lokacin baya]]
''Zamfara'' ta kasance ɗaya daga  cikin masarautun asali na [[Hausawa]]. zamfarawa asalin [[Hausa|Hausawa]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https://trtafrika.com/ha/africa/tashe-aladar-hausawa ne-lokacin-ramadan-17603105&amp;ved=2ahUKEwj97MeRv_CGAxVVUUEAHYrSBCYQxfQBKAB6BAgMEAI&amp;usg=AOvVaw2tqxPhOk-rB6iUbdwJ_ebE&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;[[Hausa|a]]. Sarkin [[musulmi]] &lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https://amp.dw.com/ha/musulmi-na-gudanar-da-babbar-sallah-ta-edi2024/a-69376621&amp;ved=2ahUKEwj0hKHx5vGGAxUZXUEAHd_xAfoQyM8BKAB6BAgJEAI&amp;usg=AOvVaw1anRUPTy7Py8jCPqpn1W_s&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Zamfara Gold Mining Factory&quot;. krzysztofpilarczyk.pl. Archived from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021&lt;/ref&gt;Muhammadu yana ganin [[Zamfarawa]] sun samu asali ne daga uba Bakatsine da uwa [[Bagobira]]. To su [[Zamfara]]wa sun kafa asalinsu ne daga [[Maguzawa]] maharba waɗanda sun zauna a yankin ƙasar [[Kano]] kafin zuwan [[Bagauda]] tun kafin zuwan [[Barbushe]] a [[Dutsen Dala]]. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa [[Zamfara]]wa [[Hausa]]wa ne na asali tun can fil azal. Zamu iya fahimtar cewa [[Zamfarawa]] dai asalinsu maharba ne daga [[Maguzawa]]. Watakila sun samu tasirin Bare-Bari a farkon tarihinsu ko kuma a ce Bare-bari ne na asalin sarautar [[Zamfara]]. Tarihin ƙauyen Zamfara ya samo asali ne daga [[mutum]] Na farko da ya fara zama a cikin garin, daga garin ZAMFARA wanda ake kira da [[BAWA]]. Shi ya sa ake kiran garin da suna [[Zamfara]]. Farkon fadar masarautar an rusa ta. Garin ya haɗa iyakoki kamar haka; Rogo Sabon Gari da,Tsohuwar [[Rogo]] ta Gabas, [[Kaduna]] daga gefen yamma, Kaduna daga Kudu da Gari da Tsohuwar Rogo ta arewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;G.ƙaraye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History of karaye. p.71 ISBN 978125341&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Zamfara State, Nigeria Genealogy&quot;. FamilySearch Wiki. 11 April 2020. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana ganin Zamfarawan asali wasu irin manya-manyan mutane ne, a taƙaice dai [[Samudawa]] ne. [[Dakka]], sarkin Zamfara na farko kamar dai [[Barbushe]] yake, mutum ne mai tsananin girma da ƙarfi da jarumta. Akwai wasu manya-manyan kaburbura guda shida a Dutsi waɗanda aka ce ƙaburburan sarakunan [[Zamfara]] ne na asali. Sabo da girman kaburburan su ana kiransu da kmƙaburburan Samudawa. Ga alamu Zamfarawan asali na da girman jiki sosai.&lt;ref&gt;Abdu . P.S., K. Swindell (1982). ''Sokoto State in Maps: An Atlas of physical and Human Resources''. Ibadan: Oxford University Press.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Birnin Zamfara'''
[[File:Mtkwatarkwashi 4.jpg|thumb|dutsen kwatarkwashi]]
Zamfarawa sun fara kafa garinsu na farko ne mai suna Dutsi a ƙasar [[Zurmi]] ta yanzu. Don haka har yau Sarkin Zurmi na amsa sunan Sarkin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Zamfarawa sai da suka kwashe shekaru bakwai ba su naɗa sarki ba a Dutsi,daga nan sai suka naɗa sarkinsu na farko mai suna Dakka. Domin haka Sarkin Zamfara ana masa take da ''gimshikin gidan Dakka''. Sarakuna huɗu ne suka gaji Dakka a Dutsi. Daga nan sai sarauniyar [['Yar Goje|'ƴar Goje]].
[[File:IMG FK1.jpg|thumb|Zamfara]]
[[File:Even the beast of burden needs a break sometimes.jpg|thumb|Zamfara road]]
[[File:Roundabout in Gusau.jpg|thumb]]
Daga Dutsi sai Zamfarawa suka yi tafiyar kamar mil Talatin a kan gulbin Gagare kusa da garin Isa na yanzu suka kafa wani sabon gari mai suna Birnin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Sarkin Zamfara na Bakwai (7) mai suna [[Bakurukuru]] ya kafa birnin. Amma wasu masana tarihi sun haƙiƙance cewa sarakuna ashirin da uku 23 ne aka binne a garin Dutsi don haka ba dai sarki na bakwai ba wanda ya kafa Birnin [[Zamfara]]. Zamfarawa sun gina garinsu wanda ya habaka sosai. Sun katange shi da ganuwa. Har yanzu akwai kufan tsohon garin akwai rusasshiyar [[ganuwa]] mai tsawon milyan goma-sha-uku da kofofin gari hamsin. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa Zamfarawa sun kafa garinsu na biyu wanda ya kasance babbar cibiyar mulkin [[Zamfara]]. Sannan garin ya samu arziƙin masarrafofin zamani irin su Makarantun Boko, islamiyya, rijiyoyi,  Burtsatse da dai sauransu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;Ofishin siyasa ta mata an buɗeta ne a garin zamfara a shekarar 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria].  p.164
ISBN 978-978-906-469-4&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kananan hukumomi==

{| width=50%
|- valign =&quot;top&quot;
|width=50%|
# [[Anka, Nigeria|Anka]]
# [[Bakura, Nigeria|Bakura]]
# [[Birnin-Magaji/Kiyawa]]
# [[Bukkuyum]]
# [[Bungudu]]
# [[Gummi, Nigeria|Gummi]]
# [[Gusau]]
# [[Kauran-Namoda]]
# [[Maradun]]
# [[Maru, Nigeria|Maru]]
# [[Shinkafi]]
# [[Talata-Mafara]]
# [[Tsafe]]
# [[Zurmi]]
|}

== Rufe Netwok A Jihar Zamfara ==
[[Fayil:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Zamfara coat of arm]]
A ranar 3 ga watan satumba na shekarar 2021, gwamnatin Jihar [[zamfara]] ta bada umarnin kulle dukkan layukan wayar hannu (sim card) da sabis na ɗaukacin Jihar [[zamfara]] gaba ɗaya don a samu a magance matsalar tsaro. Anyi hakan ne domin yaƙi da 'ƴan [[Banditry|Bindiga Daɗi]] da kuma 'Yan ta'adda. An bada umarnin rufe sabis ɗin ne na tsawon sati Biyu domin dawo da zaman lafiya da tsaro me ɗorewa a jihar ta [[Zamfara]].&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/banditry-months-after-no-fly-order-fg-shuts-down-telecom-sites-in-zamfara/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arziki ==
tattalin arzikin Zamfarawa ya ta, allaƙane da harkar noma da kuma kiwo, sannan kuma da kasuwanci.

== Tsaro ==

== Wasanni ==

== Mutane ==
Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Mahadi Ali Gusau]]. Dattijan jihar su ne: Janar [[Aliyu Muhammad Gusau]] me Ritaya,[[Ahmad Rufai Sani]], [[Mamuda Aliyu Shinkafi]], [[Abdul'aziz Abubakar Yari]],Hassan Nasiha,Sahabi Liman Kaura, Mansur Dan'Ali,[[Kabir Garba Marafa]], [[Dauda Lawal Dare]], [[Sadiya Umar Farouq]] da [[Tijjani Kaura]].
[[File:Nigeria_Zamfara_State_map.png|thumb|Taswira Najeriya, inda jan yake nanne jihar Zamfara (Gusau)]]

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}
* Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria].  &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-978-906-469-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
*Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu, Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman. Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937.
*G.karaye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History.of karaye. [[ISBN]] 978125341

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zamfara}}
[[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]]
[[Category: Garuruwan Hausawa]]
{{Jihohin Najeriya}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Indonesiya</title>
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[[File:Ruang MPR.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Majalisar Indonesiya.]]
[[File:Flag of Indonesia.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Indonesiya.]]
[[File:Girlfriends (Samosir Island, Indonesia).jpg|thumb|girlfriends (samosir island, Indonesia).jpg]]
'''Indonesiya''' ko '''Jamhuriyar [[Indonesiya]]''', ƙasar ce, da ke a nahiyar [[Asiya]]. Indonesiya tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita araba'in 1,904,569. Indonesiya tana da yawan jama'a kimanin 261,115,456, bisa ga jimillar shekara ta 2014. Indonesiya tana da iyaka da [[Maleziya]], [[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa]] kuma da [[Timor-Leste|Timo ta Gabas]]. Babban birnin Indonesiya, [[Jakarta]] ce.

Indonesiya ta samu 'yancin kanta ne a shekara ta 1945.
[[Fayil:Provinces of Indonesia-Flagmap.svg|thumb|taswira]]
Indonesiya tana da tsibiri da yawa, fiye da 13,000; manyan tsibirai na  Indonesiya, su ne [[Sabuwar Gini]] (an raba tare da [[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa]]), [[Borneo]] (an raba tare da [[Brunei]] da [[Maleziya]]), [[Sulawesi]], [[Sumatra]] kuma da [[Java]].
&lt;ref&gt;https://www.indonesia.travel/gb/en/general-information/history&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Indonesia&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;https://www.infoplease.com/world/countries/indonesia&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
tasamu yancine a shekarar 1945
 

==   Mulki ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Achmad Astrawinata Konstituante Republik Proklamasi.jpg|Achmad Astrawinata Babban dan siya na kasar Indonesia
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Arziki ==

=== Sifirin Jirgin sama ===
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:AirAsia Airlines.jpg|Jirgin saman kasar Indonesiya a sararin samaniya
File:AirAsia X Airlines.jpg|Jirgin a kasa kafin ya tashi sama
File:SMS0498 KLIA AirAsia MAS cs.jpg|Jiragen sama guda biyu
File:Asian flight attendants.jpg| Mata ma'aikata filin jirgin saman kasar Indonisiya 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Jirgin kasa ===

=== Gari ===
Indonesiya gari ne mai kyau, duk da dai akwai wasu gurare da kauye ne ba birni ba.&lt;gallery&gt;
File:City of Tomorrow, Surabaya 2018-03-16.jpg|Garin Tomorrow a Surabaya
File:BeritaSatu Plaza.jpg| Plaza a mai suna Berita Satu Plaza 
File:Bangunan yang sangat mewah dari atas.jpg|Bakin Teku a kasar Indonesiya
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Al'umma ==

=== Maza ===
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Chelton Grey.jpg|Wani saurayi mawaki a kasar Indonesiya
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Mata ===
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:2 Generation of Batak Girl.png|Mace da yaran ta a kasar Indonesia
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Yara ===
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Bermain bersama.jpg|Yara yan kasar Indonesiya suna tafiya akan Hanya
File:Bermain Bersama Kawan.jpg|Yan mata na wasa da igiya
File:Gajah mandi bersama mahout.jpg|Wasu matasa na wasa Giwa a cikin ruwa
File:Bermain bahagia bersama layangan.jpg|Yara akan layi
File:Cita citaku (anak Wayabula) 02.jpg|Yaro karami na wasa da kasa da katako
File:Bamain Basamo.jpg| Yara na wasan daga hannu 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Kabilu ==

Akwai kabilu masu dinbin yawa a cikin kasar Indonesiya, wadanda suke cike da al'adu daban-daban.

=== Al'ada ===
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Barongan - Lampung - 2019.jpg|Wasan al'ada
File:Arya-tari topeng-wotgali-2019-3.jpg|Yara a cikin shiga irin na Al'ada
File:Arya-tari topeng-wotgali-2019-0.jpg| Kayan Al'ada a kasar Indonesiya 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Abinci ===
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Camcay Amburadul.JPG| Abincin Mutanen kasar Indonesiya 
File:Choi Pan.jpg|Abincin Mutanen kasar Indonesiya
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Noma ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Aerial view Lake Kastoba, Bawean Island.jpg|Ruwa a gefen Gonaki
File:Aerial of Lake Kastoba, Bawean Island.jpg|Ruwan tapki
File:Merapi banner.jpg
File:Merapi and 6 other Volcanoes in Java Indonesia.jpg|Dutse mai aman wuta a kasar Indonesiya
File:Gunung Slamet dari Pegalongan.jpg| Gona a kasar Indonesiya 
&lt;/gallery&gt;


== Wasanni ==


== Ilimi ==

A kasar Indonesiya sun bama ilimi muhimmancin gaske, ta kuma yanda akwai makarantun boko da na zamani.&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Block Grant USB, SMPN 7 Timika, Mimika Papua - panoramio (1).jpg|Yara a makarantar Boko suna daukan darasi
&lt;/gallery&gt;


== Tsaro ==
A kasar Indonesiya akwai ma'aikatan soja da na 'yan sanda, wadanda suke samar ma da kasar tsaro.

=== Yan sanda ===
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Bambang Darmono and Frank Panter USMC-060607-M-1837P-005.jpg|Wasu Sojoji a kasar Indonesiya
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Sojoji ===


== Addinai ==

=== Musulunci ===
Musulman garin indonesiya sun kai kimanin kashi 87.2% na adadin yawan 'yan garin Indonesiya.&lt;gallery&gt;
File:033 With Muslim Students, Candi Jawi (26544601768).jpg|Dalibai musulmai yayin kai ziyara
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Kiristanci ===
9.9% Kiristanci (7.0% Furorestan; 2.9% Katolika)

=== Hindu ===
1.7% Addinin Hindu&lt;gallery&gt;
File:041 Durga and Priest (38657178760).jpg|Gunki Durga
File:042 Sri Periya Karuppar (38657172690).jpg|Gunki Sri Karuppar
File:047 Kali (39571937735).jpg| Gunki Kali 
File:063 Main Statue, Joko Dolog (39706345204).jpg|Gunki Joko Dolog
&lt;/gallery&gt;0.7% Addinin Buddha

0.2% Addini Confucius

== Namun daji ==
A cikin kasar Indonisiya akwai namun daji da yawa, amman wanda yafi shahara shi ne giwa.
== Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Anak gajah.jpg|Dan karamin Giwa a kasar Indonesiya
File:Gajah sumatera.jpg|Giwa na iyo a cikin rafi
File:Harmoni Rimbo, Gajah Jantan Penghuni Baru Tesso Nilo.jpg|Karamin giwa na shan nono
File:Anak Gajah bermain di Kolam.jpg|Fuskan karamin Giwa
File:Budayakan kebersihan.jpg|Birai a kasan
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Indonesiya}}
[[Category:Ƙasashen Asiya]]
{{Asiya}}</text>
      <sha1>bb6scnix8f5hzzdurqjqtb6obpr771l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maguzawa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8680</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861287</id>
      <parentid>739763</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T13:47:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Murtala Abubakar Sokoto</username>
        <id>45981</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>861287</origin>
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      <text bytes="8045" sha1="q15a8k4huz26jjr6it5pa2f95hfjz1p" xml:space="preserve">{{Hujja}}
{{databox}}
[[Fayil:HAUSA.jpg|thumb]]
&lt;ref&gt;https://www.amsoshi.com/2017/11/hoton-maguzawa-da-maguzanci-wasu.html?m=1&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.dw.com/ha/amsoshin-takardunku-maanar-maguzanci/audio-46358730&lt;/ref&gt;'''Maguzawa;''' mutane ne waɗanda  asalinsu [[Hausawa]] ne masu bautar [[Gunki|Gumaka]] ko  Dodanni ko [[Rana]] ko Ɗan-maraƙi ko tsinburbura da dai sauransu. Amma duk da cewa al'ummar [[Hausawa]] sun kasance a kan wannan al'ada ta bautar dodanni, sai dai bayan zuwan Addinin [[Musulunci]] ƙasashen Hausawa sai suka bar dukkanin waɗancan al'adun kuma sukai watsi dasu. 

Hausawa sun rungumi sabon addinin da suka samu sa'annan suka watsar da duk al'adarsu wadda bata dace da Addinin Musulunci ba, amma sai dai an sami wasu daga cikin Hausawan waɗanda basu koma zuwa Musulunci ba tun a waccan lokacin, to sune Hausawan da Musulunci ke kira da Maguzawa, ana kiran namijin da &quot;''Bamaguje&quot;'', mace kuma &quot;''Bamagujiya&quot;,'' sannan al'ada da suka ci gaba dabi ta Hausawa, ana kiranta da &quot;''Maguzanci&quot;.''Maguzawa suna zaune ne a wasu yankuna da dama a wasu jihohin najeriya, inda wasu sun bi Addinin musulinci yayin da har yanzu wasu na bin addinin gargajiya, tare da cigaba da gudanar da Al;adunsu a lokuta daban daban.   

&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://m.facebook.com/story.php/?id=100064128305947&amp;story_fbid=562729217925561&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://www.dw.com/ha/amsoshin-takardunku-maanar-maguzanci/audio-46358730&lt;/ref&gt;Har wayau, ana samun Maguzawa  a ko'ina a ƙasashen Hausa sai dai basu cika zama  cikin mutane ba, wannan ko ya faru ne saboda irin tsangwama da ake yi musu tun a waccan lokacin da suka ƙi su koma Addinin Musulunci, yaƙarsu da Hausawa Musulmi ke yi, shi ya sa suke zama a bayan gari. Sun dogara ne a kan yin [[noma]] da [[kiwo]], mafiya yawan Maguzawa ba su da ilimin zamani, domin dodanninsu  ba za su yarda su nemi wani ilimi ba. Su dai Maguzawa mutane ne Hausawa da yawancinsu manoma ne, kuma suke a ƙauyukan ƙasar Hausa.
 
Malam Ibrahim ya ce mutane ne masu ƙwazo da ƙoƙari, sai dai  yawancinsu ba Addinin Musulunci suke bi ba, kamar wadanda suke tare da su a yankunan da suke, amma daga baya sannu a hankali wasu daga cikinsu na shiga Musulunci. 

Ya ƙara da cewa al'adunsu da yarensu, da kuma sutura sun dace da [[Hausawa]] musamman kafin Jihadin Shehu Ɗanfodio. Hausawa musamman a lokacin jihadin Shehu Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo suna nan birjik a wurare da dama musamman kamar wasu ƙauyuka a ƙasar Kano da ma Katsina. Abin da aka fi karkata a kai na tarihi a cewar masanin shi ne mutane ne waɗanda suka zo daga Habasha tun ana ƙiransu Majusu, suka riƙa sauya suna har aka dawo ana kiransu da Maguzawa. 

Da yawan masu tarihi na ganin cewa su ne asalin Hausawa, daga baya suka ilimantu suka zama Hausawan da aka sani a yanzu. To amma ya ce daga baya an samu ƙaulani, domin wasu na ganin cewa alama ta fi nuna cewa mutanen Afrika ta arewa ne, domin al'adar da ta fito daga nan irin tasu ce, kafin su dawo arewacin nahiyar ( [[Afirka|Afrika]]). Akwai mutanen da suka zo daga Habasha suka zauna a Dutsen Dala da ke Kano, kuma mashahurin sarkinsu shi ne Barbushe, waɗannan mutane sun rika bautar gumaka, su kuwa Maguzawa da aka sani a yanzu ba sa bautar gumaka, amma suna da nasu abubuwan na tsaface-tsaface.  

= Asalin Maguzawa da alakarsu da Hausawa =
'''Mutane da dama sun dade suna da wata tambaya a zuciyarsu a kan su waye Maguzawa?'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Bbc&lt;/ref&gt;

A wannan labarin BBC Hausa ta bayyana ko su waye Maguzawa kamar yadda wani marubuci kuma manazarci Ibrahim Aminu Daniya ya labarta mana. Su dai Maguzawa mutane ne Hausawa da yawancinsu manoma ne kuma suke a ƙauyukan ƙasar Hausa.BMalam Ibrahim ya ce mutane ne masu ƙwazo da ƙoƙari, sai dai yawancinsu ba Addinin Musulunci suke bi ba, kamar wadanda suke tare da su a yankunan da suke, amma daga baya sannu a hankali wasu daga cikinsu na shiga Musulunci. Ya ƙara da cewa al'adunsu da yarensu, da kuma sutura sun dace da na Hausawa musamman kafin Jihadin Shehu Danfodio, kuma suna nan birjik a wurare da dama musamman kamar wasu ƙauyuka a ƙasar Kano da ma Katsina. Abin da aka fi karkata a kai na tarihi a cewar masanin shi ne mutane ne wadanda suka zo daga Habasha tun ana kiransu Majusu, suka riƙa sauya suna har aka dawo ana kiransu Maguzawa. Da yawan masu tarihi na ganin cewa su ne asalin Hausawa daga baya suka ilimantu suka zama Hausawan da aka sani a yanzu. To amma ya ce daga baya an samu kaulani, domin wasu na ganin cewa alama ta fi nuna cewa mutanen Afrika ta arewa ne, domin al'adar da ta fito daga nan irin tasu ce, kafin su dawo arewacin Afrika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

&quot;Akwai mutanen da suka zo daga Habasha suka zauna a Dutsen Dala da ke Kano, kuma mashahurin sarkinsu shi ne Barbushe, wadannan mutane sun rika bautar gumaka, su kuwa Maguzawa da aka sani a yanzu ba sa bautar gumaka, amma suna da nasu abubuwan na tsaface-tsaface.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Har yanzu dai ba a san Maguzawa da wani harshe ba in ba Hausa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

* Mahangar kimiyya da addini kan bangon duniya
* Yadda ilimin lissafi ya samo asali daga ɗakin karatu na Musulunci
* Abubuwan da suka kamata ku sani game da amfanin gashi a jikin dan Adam

== Inda aka fi samun su ==
Masanin ya ce an fi samun Maguzawa ne a kasar Hausa musamman ma a dazukan Kano da Katsina, akwai su suna nan amma sannu a hankali suna shiga cikin jama'a suna karbar Musulunci, don haka yanzu ƙalilan ne suka rage daga cikinsu. Ya ce wasu daga cikin al'adunsu da suka yi kama da na Hausawan da suka rungumi Musulunci a yanzu sun hada da na bukukuwan aure ko na mutuwa da kaɗe-kaɗe da raye-raye.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

&quot;Sunayensu sun sha bambam da na Hausawan yanzu, domin su suna sanya sunaye ne dai-dai da yanayi ko lokaci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Misali idan yanayin roron wake ne sai su ce 'Ci Wake,' ko idan lokacin damina ne sai su sa wa yaro suna 'Damina,' ko su sanya sunayen aljanu saboda su ne abokan mu'amalarsu musamman wajen bori da sauransu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Marubucin ya ci gaba da cewa a yanzu dai babu wani ƙiyasi na yawan Maguzawan da suka rage a kasar Hausa, abin da kawai yake a fili shi ne yawansu ya ragu, kuma yana ci gaba da raguwa domin yawanci sun hade da sauran jama'a yadda in ba sun faɗa ba, ba za ka gane ba, don haka akwai yiwuwar watarana ma za su kare ɗungurungum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}

  
https://bbchausa.com
[[category: Hausa]]

== Tarihi  ==

A cewar Tarihi, Maguzawa sune haƙiƙanin  asalin tsatson Hausawa. An ambaci cewar Maguzawa sun kasance acikin Kano tun farkon zamanin Kano sama da shekaru dubu da suka gabata. Bambance-bambancen Maguzawa da sauran al’ummar Kano ya faro ne tun a karni na 14 a zamanin mulkin [[Yaji I]] wanda da hadin kan Malaman Wangara suka yi nasarar cusa Imani da addinin Musulunci ga mutanen Kano. A yayin da addinin Musulunci ya ci gaba da rikidewa zuwa wani nau'i me kama da camfi  wanda Jihadin Fulani ke kokarin kawar dashi, sai Maguzawa da addininsu suka rarrabu a Jihar. Sun yi riko da mafi dadewa nau'in maguzanci ne kawai yayin da sarakunan Hausawa na Kano da mafi yawan mabiyansu suka yi wani tsari na Musulunci wanda ya hada da abubuwa daga maguzanci. Misali daya daga cikin abubuwan da ake girmamawa a Kano kafin Jihadi, akwai Alqur'ani da aka lullube da fatar akuya ko saniya mai suna &quot;Dirki&quot;. Su ma sarakunan Hausawa sun san suna da ’yan iska da malaman addinin Musulunci da za su yi kira a lokacin da suke bukata. Duk da haka, yayin da aka samu bambance-bambance tsakanin ayyukan Maguzawa da tsarin Musulunci na gaba daya da ake yi a wadannan jahohin, Maguzawa ya kasance wani bangare mai matukar muhimmanci a jihar, kuma sau taru sarakunan Hausawa suna kiransu domin su aiwatar da ayyukan tsafi agaresu. Kadan ne daga cikin Maguzawa suka rage a yanzu yayin da Mafi yawansu suka musulunta, wasu tsiraru kuma suka koma Kiristanci. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)&quot;&gt;abubuwan da ake bukata&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kwande</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9547</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861574</id>
      <parentid>843092</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:28:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>861574</origin>
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      <text bytes="1399" sha1="gkc3r2ett6o7345lj1in8tq1ryenrhr" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Kwande''' daya ce daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|kananan hukumomin]] [[jihar Benue]] dake a shiyar tsakiyar [[Nijeriya]].
== Yanayi ==
Kwande na da yanayi mai zafi irin na yankunan tropics, tare da dogon lokacin damina mai ɗauke da yawan danshin iska da kuma lokacin rani wanda iskar Harmattan ke tasiri a kai. Yawan ruwan saman shekara yana tsakanin milimita 1,300 (inci 51) zuwa milimita 1,900 (inci 75), yayin da zafin jiki yakan kasance tsakanin 21°C (70°F) zuwa 32°C (90°F).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Weather Dallas|url=https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/week/dallas_united-states_4684888|website=meteoblue|date=2025-11-28|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Climate data for cities worldwide - Climate-Data.org|url=http://climate-data.org/|website=.climate-data.org|access-date=2025-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006173530/http://climate-data.org/|archive-date=2014-10-06|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lambar akwatin gidan waya (postal code) ta yankin ita ce 982002.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title = Post Offices- with map of LGA | publisher = NIPOST | url = http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx | accessdate = 2009-10-20 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx | archivedate = 2012-11-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Stub}}
==Manazarta== 
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Benue]]</text>
      <sha1>gkc3r2ett6o7345lj1in8tq1ryenrhr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aminu Saira</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>10498</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861926</id>
      <parentid>785983</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T11:27:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Momi Hauwa</username>
        <id>46145</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An kirkira ta fassara &quot;Career&quot; daga shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353571615|Aminu Saira]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861926</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13471" sha1="93nnfyut30towk0oq228jsx52cvn2fm" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Aminu Muhammad Ahmad''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Afrilun shekarar 1979), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aminu Saira |url=http://hausafilms.tv/director/aminu_saira |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209213834/http://hausafilms.tv/director/aminu_saira |archive-date=December 9, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024 |website=HausaFilms.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 2010 |title=Aminu Saira bio |url=https://x.com/aminusaira |access-date=December 13, 2024 |website=Twitter |quote=&quot;Born April 20, 1979&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda kuma aka fi sani da '''Aminu Saira''', fitaccen mai shirya fina-finai ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|na Najeriya]], [[darakta]], kuma marubucin fina-finai . Ayyukansa sun haɗa da fina-finai kamar ''Jamila Da Jamilu'' (2009), ''Ga Duhu Ga Haske'' (2010), da ''Ashabul Kahfi'' (2014), waɗanda suka ba shi lambar yabo ta Mafi Kyawun Darakta na Shekara a [[Kyaututtukan Kannywood|Gasar Kannywood]] ta 2015 (Zaɓin Jurors). A shekarar 2020, Saira ta ƙaddamar da shirin bidiyo na farko a cikin harshen [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]], mai suna ''Labarina'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aminu Saira - Nolly |url=http://nolly.com.ng/aminu-saira |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030081510/http://nolly.com.ng/aminu-saira |archive-date=30 October 2016 |access-date=29 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aminu Saira |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm3919190/ |website=IMDb}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aminu Saira |url=http://hausafilms.tv/director/aminu_saira |website=Hausa Films}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Saira a Gwammaja, [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]], [[Najeriya]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aminu Saira - Nolly |url=http://nolly.com.ng/aminu-saira |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030081510/http://nolly.com.ng/aminu-saira |archive-date=30 October 2016 |access-date=29 October 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20161030081510/http://nolly.com.ng/aminu-saira &quot;Aminu Saira - Nolly&quot;]. Archived from [http://nolly.com.ng/aminu-saira the original] on 30 October 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;29 October&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinsa Muhammad dattijo ne a fannin siyasa. Saira ya girma a birnin [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] tare da 'yan uwansa biyu kuma ya yi karatun kimiyyar Alƙur'ani a [[Kwalejin koyar da shari’ar Musulunci ta Aminu Kano|Kwalejin Nazarin Shari'a ta Aminu Kano]] . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Saira ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan kasuwa kafin ta shiga masana'antar fina-finan [[Kannywood]] a shekarar 2006 tare da fim ɗinsa na farko, ''Musnadi'' . Ya ba da umarni, ya rubuta, kuma ya shirya fina-finai ''kamar Dare Da Yawa'' (2007), ''Jamila Da Jamilu'' (2009), da ''Ga Duhu Ga Haske'' (2010). Ya ci gaba da rubutu da kuma bayar da umarni a ƙarƙashin sunan shirinsa, Saira Movies.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2024}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Fim ɗin fim ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;&quot;
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Actors
!Studio
|-
|2006
|''Musnadi''
|Director
|Safiya Musa, Abba Al-Mustapha, Ibrahim Maishunku
|Saira Movies
|-
|2007
|''Almajira''
|Director
|Ibrahim Maishunku, Safiya Musa, [[Aminu Shariff]], Abba Al-Mustapha
|Saira Movies
|-
|2007
|''Dare Da Yawa''
|Director
|Ibrahim Maishunku, [[Ali Nuhu]], Kubra Dako,
|Saira Movies
|-
|2008
|''Garin Mu Da Zafi''
|Director
|[[Ali Nuhu]], [[Adam A Zango|Adam A. Zango]], [[Maryam Booth]], Zainab Abdullahi
|UK Entertainment
|-
|2009
|''Jamila Da Jamilu''
|Director
|Ibrahim Maishunku, Jamila Nagudu
|Saira Movies
|-
|2009
|''Mai Gadon Zinare''
|Director
|Ali Nuhu, Jamila Umar Nagudu, Ibrahim Maishunku
|Saira Movies
|-
|2010
|''Ladidin Baba''
|Director
|Ali Nuhu, Zainab Umar
|UK Entertainment
|-
|2010
|''Jidda''
|Director
|Ibrihim Maishunku, Jamila Umar Nagudu, Ishaq Sidi Ishaq
|Square Media
|-
|2010
|''Dan Sarki''
|Director
|Ali Nuhu, Zainab Umar, Hajara Usman, Musa Abdullahi
|Kabugawa Production
|-
|2010
|''Ga Duhu Ga Haske''
|Director
|Adam A Zango, Zainab Abdullahi, Zainab Umar
|Saira Movies
|-
|2010
|''Miyatti Allah''
|Director
|Ibrahim Maishunku, Fati KK, Binta Yahaya
|G-Top Multimedia
|-
|2010
|''Rai Da Rai''
|Director
|Ibrahim Maishunku, Rashida Abdullahi, Fati KK
|T.M.A Production
|-
|2010
|''Balaraba''
|Director
|Baballe Hayatu, Adam A Zango, Sadiya Gyale
|Square Media
|-
|2010
|''Walijam''
|Director
|Adam A Zango, Zainab Abdullahi, Audu Kano
|UK Entertainment
|-
|2010
|''Mata Da Miji''
|Director
|Ibrahim Maishunku, Binta Yahaya, Fati K. K., Rufaida Muhammad
|G-Top Multimedia
|-
|2010
|''Dadin Baki''
|Director
|Ibrahim Maishunku, Jamila Umar
|Kabugawa Production
|-
|2011
|''Sarauta''
|Director
|Ali Nuhu, Rahma Hassan, Hadiza Muhammad, Kabiru Mai Kaba
|T.M.A Production
|-
|2011
|''Malika''
|Director
|Ali Nuhu, Nafisa Abdullahi, Rabiu Rikadawa, Hadiza Muhammad
|Saira Movies
|-
|2011
|''Laifin Dadi''
|Director
|Shu'aibu Lawal, Adam A Zango, Nafisa Abdullahi
|G-Top Multimedia
|-
|2011
|''Ban Saketa Ba''
|Director
|Ibrahim Maishunku, Fati KK
|Kabugawa Production
|-
|2011
|''Maryam Diyana''
|Director
|Rahama Hassan, Hauwa Maina, Ali Nuhu, Sadiq Sani Sadiq
|UK Entertainment
|-
|2011
|''Ajnabiyya''
|Director
|Ibrahim Maishunku, Zainab Abdullahi, Rahama Hassan
|UK Entertainment
|-
|2012
|''Mutallab''
|Director
|Ali Nuhu, Adam A Zango, Nafisa Abdullahi, Carmain McCain, Kabiru Nakwango
|Square Media
|-
|2012
|''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yar Agadez''
|Director
|Zainab Abdullahi, Ibrahim Maishunku, Nafisa Abdullahi, Adam A Zango
|UK Entertainment
|-
|2012
|''Dan Marayan Zaki''
|Director
|Nafisa Abdullahi, Sadiq Sani Sadiq, Rahama Hassan, Hadiza Muhammad, Sadiq Ahmad
|Saira Movies
|-
|2012
|''Kara Da Kiyashi''
|Director
|Ali Nuhu, Hadiza Muhammad, Bashir Nayaya, Nafisa Abdullahi
|UK Entertainment
|-
|2012
|''Ban Sani Ba''
|Director
|Hadiza Aliyu, Shehu Hassan Kano, Shu'aibu Lawan
|T.M.A Production
|-
|2012
|''Toron Giwa''
|Director
|Ali Nuhu, Nafisa Abdullahi, Shu'aibu Lawal
|Asnanic Movies
|-
|2012
|''Kona Gari''
|Director
|Ali Nuhu, Maryam Muhammad, Halima Atete, Hauwa Waraka
|T.M.A Production
|-
|2013
|''Fisabilillah''
|Director
|Ali Nuhu, Nafisa Abdullahi, Hadiza Muhammad, Rabi'u Rikadawa
|G-Top Multimedia
|-
|2013
|''Lamiraj''
|Director
|Rahama Hassan, Ali Nuhu, Nafisa Abdullahi
|Saira Movies
|-
|2013
|''Dakin Amarya''
|Director
|Ali Nuhu, Halima Atete, A'isha Aliyu
|Asnanic Movies
|-
|2013
|''Fari Da Baki''
|Director
|Rahama Hassan, Al-Amin Buhari, Ali Nuhu
|G-Top Multimedia
|-
|2013
|''Farin Dare''
|Director
|Ali Rabi'u, Bello Muhammad Bello, Rahama Sadau
|UK Entertainment
|-
|2014
|''Kanin Miji''
|Director
|Ali Nuhu, Jamila Umar, Nuhu Abdullahi
|Saira Movies
|-
|2014
|''Kisan Gilla''
|Director
|Sadiq Sani Sadiq, Hadiza Aliyu, Rahama Sadau, Bello Muhammad Bello
|Asmasan Pictures
|-
|2014
|''Ashabul Kahfi''
|Director
|Tahir Fagge, Tijjani Faraga, Al-Amin Buhari
|Saira Movies
|-
|2014
|''Daga Ni Sai Ke''
|Director
|Sadiq Ahmad, Zaharadden Sani, Sadiq Sani Sadiq, Hadiza Aliyu, Halima Atete
|Saira Movies
|-
|2014
|''Haske''
|Director
|Aina'u Ade, Ali Nuhu, Ali Rabiu, Abbas Sadiq
|Saira Movies
|-
|2014
|''Kalamu Wahid''
|Director
|Nafisa Abdullahi, Sadiq Ahmad, Ali Nuhu
|Kabugawa Production
|-
|2014
|''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Ya Daga Allah''
|Director
|Ali Nuhu, Nafisa Abdullahi, Fati Abdullahi. Sadiq Sani Saqid, Hadiza Muhammad
|Saira Movies
|-
|2014
|''Ali Yaga Ali''
|Director
|Ali Nuhu, Hadiza Aliyu, Sadiq Sani Saqid, Jamila Umar
|Kabugawa Production
|-
|2015
|''Baya Da Kura''
|Director
|Ali Nuhu, Nuhu Abdullahi, Ishaq Sidi Ishaq, Fati Washa, Hadiza Muhammad
|GG Production
|-
|2015
|''Wani Zama''
|Director
|Yakubu Muhammad, Jamila Umar, Shehu Hassan Kano
|Asnanic Movies
|-
|2015
|''Uwa Tafi Uwa''
|Director
|Ali Nuhu, Hadiza Aliyu
|Mikiya Production
|-
|2015
|''Gidan Kitso''
|Director
|Ali Nuhu, Jamila Umar, Fati Abdullahi
|Kabugawa Production
|-
|2016
|''Jarumta''
|Director
|Ali Nuhu, Hadiza Aliyu, Jamila Umar, Hauwa Waraka, Nuhu Abdullahi
|G-Top Multimedia
|-
|2016
|''Kallo Ya Koma Sama''
|Director
|Ali Nuhu, Jamila Umar, Baballe Hayatu
|Saira Movies
|-
|2021
|''Labarina''
|Director
|Sarkin waƙa, Rabi'u Rikadawa etc.
|Saira Movies
|}

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
! Kyauta
! Nau'i
! Fim
! Sakamako
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2013
| Kyautar Kasuwanci &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aminu Saira |url=http://hausafilms.tv/director/aminu_saira |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209213834/http://hausafilms.tv/director/aminu_saira |archive-date=December 9, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024 |website=HausaFilms.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Mafi kyawun Darakta
| ''Ganewa ta Musamman''| {{Won}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2013
| Kyaututtukan Kannywood/AMMA
| Mafi kyawun Daraktan Fina-finai &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aiki |first=Damilare |date=16 July 2013 |title=2013 City People Entertainment Awards: First Photos &amp; Full List of Winners |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/07/2013-city-people-entertainment-awards-first-photos-full-list-of-winners/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Dakin Amarya''| {{Won}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2014
| [[Kyaututtukan Kannywood|Kyautar Kannywood ta 1]]
| Mafi kyawun Darakta na Shekara (Kyaututtukan Jurors Choice Awards)
| ''Wata Hudu''| {{Won}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2014
| Kyaututtukan Kannywood/AMMA
| Mafi Kyawun Darakta (Kyaututtukan Zaɓaɓɓun Shahararru)
| ''Ali Yaga Ali''| {{Won}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2015
| [[Kyaututtukan Kannywood|Kyautar Kannywood/MTN]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 2010 |title=Aminu Saira bio |url=https://x.com/aminusaira |access-date=December 13, 2024 |website=Twitter |quote=&quot;Born April 20, 1979&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aminu Saira |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm3919190/ |website=IMDb}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Mafi kyawun Darakta na Shekara (Kyaututtukan Zaɓen Jurors) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aminu Saira |url=http://hausafilms.tv/director/aminu_saira |website=Hausa Films}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Ashabul Kahfi'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ASHABUL KAHFI PROMO By Aminu Saira |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52AGTGNJ1pg |website=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2014 2nd Annual Kannywood Awards - Winners and Nominees [HausaFilms.TV - Kannywood, Fina-finai, Hausa Movies, TV and Celebrities] |url=http://hausafilms.tv/awards/2014mtnkannywoodawards |website=hausafilms.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt; &amp; ''Sabuwar Sangaya''| {{Won}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | 2015
| Kyaututtukan Kannywood/AMMA
| Mafi Kyawun Darakta (Kyaututtukan Zaɓaɓɓun Shahararru) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 March 2015 |title=Kaduna Governor, Yero, others honored at Kannywood/AMMA awards 2015 &amp;#124; Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/kannywood/179031-kaduna-governor-yero-others-honoured-at-kannywoodamma-awards-2015.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Baya Da Kura''| {{Won}}
|}
An kuma ba Saira kyautar darakta mafi kyau ta Arewa Music and Movies Awards. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aiki |first=Damilare |date=16 July 2013 |title=2013 City People Entertainment Awards: First Photos &amp; Full List of Winners |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/07/2013-city-people-entertainment-awards-first-photos-full-list-of-winners/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAiki2013&quot;&gt;Aiki, Damilare (16 July 2013). [https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/07/2013-city-people-entertainment-awards-first-photos-full-list-of-winners/ &quot;2013 City People Entertainment Awards: First Photos &amp; Full List of Winners&quot;].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2015, an ba Saira kyautar Darakta mafi kyau [[Kannywood|ta Kannywood]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aminu Saira |url=http://hausafilms.tv/director/aminu_saira |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209213834/http://hausafilms.tv/director/aminu_saira |archive-date=December 9, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024 |website=HausaFilms.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==

Saira ya yi aiki a matsayin dan kasuwa kafin ya shiga masana'antar shirya fina-finai na [[Kannywood]] a 2006 tare da fim dinsa na farko, ''Musnadi'' . Ya ba da umarni, ya rubuta, kuma shiya shirya findin ''Dare Da Yawa'' (2007), ''Jamila Da Jamilu'' (2009), da ''Ga Duhu Ga Haske'' (2010). Ya ci gaba da rubutawa da jagorantar karkashin sunan samar da shi, Saira Movies . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2024}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
== Duba kuma ==

* [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm3919190/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0_tt_0_nm_2_in_0_q_Aminu%2520Saira IMDb]
* [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'Yan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Najeriya]]
* [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya|Jerin Daraktocin Fina-finai na Najeriya]]
* [[Jaruman Kannywood|Jerin 'Yan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Kannywood]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Aminu Saira on Facebook.
{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Hausawa]]
[[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Kano]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]]</text>
      <sha1>93nnfyut30towk0oq228jsx52cvn2fm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kofa:Kimiyya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>11603</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861402</id>
      <parentid>657689</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T16:52:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mai Jiddah muhammad</username>
        <id>44560</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>861402</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3117" sha1="me6oy7bw7vq6h3b80r4yizb8qi9zf7a" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[File:Dr. Wendy Bohon in the lab.jpg|thumb|Dr. Wendy Bohon a cikin ɗakin gwajin kimiyya]]
[[File:Open Science Logo v3.svg|alt=Ma auni|thumb|ma auni ne na ilimin kimiyya]]
[[Fayil:Technology show in Kyoto 6.jpg|thumb|Masana kimiyya suke kir kira sababbin abubuwa]]
'''Kimiyya'''&lt;ref&gt;https://bakandamiya.com/kimiya-da-fasaha/&lt;/ref&gt; na nufin ilimin zahiri da ake iya ganin sa ko taɓa shi ko ɗanɗano shi, da kimiyya ne ake samar da [[Fasaha|Fasaha.]] &lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/science/science&lt;/ref&gt;kimiyya dabaru ne a fannin ilimin lissafi, ilimin ƙwayar halitta da ilimin na'ura wajen samar da rayuwa mai sauƙi a fannin [[Sifiri]], [[Lafiya]], [[Makamai]], [[Noma]], [[Lantarki]], [[Nakura|Na'ura]] da [[Gini]]. [[Kimiyya]] ce take samar da [[Fasaha]] a ƙwa-ƙwalwan [[Mutane]] har su ƙirƙiri sa babbin abubuwa. Duk ci gaban da aka samu a [[Duniya]] to a dalilin [[Kimiyya]] ne, kuma kimiyya ce ta ke dunƙule ilimi dayawa waje guda kuma ta raba su a matsayin ilimi mai zaman kanshi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dictionary.com/browse/science&lt;/ref&gt;
Asalin ilimin [[Kimiyya]] ya samo asali ne a ƙasar [[Misra]] wato [[Egypt]] da kuma [[Mesopotamia]] a shekaru  3500, zuwa shekara ta (3000, BCE) kafin zuwan [[Annabi]] [[Isah]]. Sun bayar da gudummawa a fannoni daban-daban kamar su ilimin [[Lissafi]], [[Ilimin Taurari]] da [[Ilimin Magunguna]]. wannan [[kimiyya]]r ya shiga har izuwa girka wato ([[Greek|Greek)]] da daular [[Rumawa|Rumawa,]]  ya wayar musu da kai. Ilimin [[Kimiyya]] na girkawa ya ƙarfafa ma 'yan gabashin [[Turai]] kuma ya wayar musu da ido a shekara ta (400 zuwa 1000 CE) amman a lokacin ba ai amfani da shi a Duniyar Musulmi ba, sai daga baya a lokacin [[Islamic Golden Age]]. A lokacin ne [[Musulmai]] sukayi bincike a gabashin nahiyar [[Turai]] daga [[Karni|ƙarni]] na 10th zuwa ƙarni na 13th. [[Kimiyya]] ta ratsa ko inane a [[Karibiyan|Ƙarni]] na 19, wanda a lokacin ne aka samar da gwanaye a fannin [[Kimiyya]] har suka canza mata suna daga &quot;natural philosophy&quot; zuwa &quot;natural science.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;https://hausa.legit.ng/1086886-kimiya-ta-bayyana-hanyoyin-3-da-iya-kawo-karshen-duniya.html&lt;/ref&gt;

==Fannonin kimiyya.==
Kimiyya ta zamani ta kasu zuwa kashi uku ne,  sune kamar haka:-
*[[Natural science]] (misali, Biology, Chemistry,Geography &amp; Physics),
*[[Social science]] (misali, Economics, Psychology, Political Science &amp; Sociology),
*[[Formal science]] (misali, Logic, Mathematics, and Theoretical Computer Science),
* [[Applied science]],
A daa can ana samun ilimin kimiyya ne a gun sanannun masu ilimi da kuma bincike dan ƙirƙirar sabuwar [[Kimiyya]] ko gano ta. Amman a wannan zamanin ana samun ilimin [[Kimiyya]] ne kaɗai a [[Jami’o’i]] da ƙananan cibiyoyin [[Ilimi]] kuma ana sayar da [[kimiyyar]] ne zuwa ga [[kamfanoni]] da [[masana’antu]] domin ci gaba da samun arziƙi.&lt;ref&gt;https://babansadik.com/kimiyyar-kurani-da-ta-zamani-a-ina-aka-hadu-1/&lt;/ref&gt;

=Manazarta=
&lt;references /&gt;.[./Https://hausa.legit.ng/tags/ilimin-kimiyya/%3Fpage=14{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} https://hausa.legit.ng/tags/ilimin-kimiyya/?page=14]</text>
      <sha1>me6oy7bw7vq6h3b80r4yizb8qi9zf7a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mama Teresa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13336</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861515</id>
      <parentid>841444</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:49:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sani Abdullahi M</username>
        <id>27364</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>861515</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="49863" sha1="nbtxg1s84esqqtqn1s94986naqdti30" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[File:Mary Teresa Norton cph.3b14795.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa lokacin tana ma￼tashiya]]
[[File:Mother Teresa 1995.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa a shekarar 1995]]
[[Fayil:Statue Mother Teresa Thomas Mount Chennai Aug22 A7C 02284.jpg|thumb|mama teresa]]
'''Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu'''  (an haifi '''Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu''',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/vatican-declares-mother-teresa-patron-saint-calcutta-49651357|title=Vatican declares Mother Teresa a patron saint of Calcutta|author=Manik Banerjee|date=6 September 2017|publisher=Associated Press, ABC News.com|accessdate=6 September 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906160015/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/vatican-declares-mother-teresa-patron-saint-calcutta-49651357|archivedate=6 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/mother-teresa-to-be-named-co-patron-of-calcutta-archdiocese-on-first-canonization-anniversary-4007169.html|title=Mother Teresa to be named co-patron of Calcutta Archdiocese on first canonization anniversary|date=4 September 2017|magazine=First Post|accessdate=5 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Albanian:   ; a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif  1910, zuwa &amp;nbsp;ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, Shekara ta alif 1997), wacce akafi sani a matsayin '''Mother Teresa''' da kuma girmama a cikin cocin Katolika a matsayin '''Saint Teresa na Calcutta,'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.killaladiocese.org/canonisation-of-blessed-mother-teresa-september-4th/|title=Canonisation of Mother Teresa – September 4th|website=Diocese of Killala|date=September 2016|accessdate=4 September 2016|archive-date=8 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908122310/http://www.killaladiocese.org/canonisation-of-blessed-mother-teresa-september-4th/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  an Albanian&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html|title=Kur Nënë Tereza vinte në Tiranë/2|first=bota|last=shqiptare|publisher=|access-date=2020-03-24|archive-date=2016-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918175822/http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=2016-09-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918175822/http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; - Indian  Roman Katolika Nun, da mishan .  An haife ta ne a Skopje (yanzu itace babban birnin [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makedonia]] ), sannan wani ɓangare na Kosovo Vilayet na Daular Ottoman. Bayan ta zauna a Skopje shekaru goma sha takwas, sai tai ƙaura zuwa Ireland sannan kuma ta tafi [[Indiya]], inda ta zauna mafi yawan rayuwarta.

A shekarar alif 1950, Teresa ta kafa Mishanarai na Tallafawa, a wani taron addini na Roman Katolika  wanda ya kai 4,500 na nunashekarana aukuwa a kasashe 133 a shekara ta 2012. Ikilisiya tana kula da gidaje don mutanen da ke mutuwa ta [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]], kuturta da [[Tibi|tarin fuka]] . Hakanan yana gudanar da dafa abinci na dafa abinci, kayan dafa abinci, asibitocin tafi-da-gidanka, shirye-shiryen ba da shawara ga yara da na iyali, harma da marayu da makarantu. Wakilai suna yin alwashi na tsabta, talauci, da biyayya, sannan kuma suna yin alkawarin hudun - don ba da &quot;yardar rai kyauta ga matalautan matalauta.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Muggeridge (1971), chapter 3, &quot;Mother Teresa Speaks&quot;, pp. 105, 113&lt;/ref&gt; 

Teresa ta samu karramawa da dama, ciki har da (1962) Ramon Magsaysay Peace Prize da kuma shekara ta alif (1979) Nobel Peace Prize . Ta kasance sananne a ranar 4 ga watan Satumbar, shekarata 2016, kuma ranar tunawa da mutuwarta (5 ga watan Satumba) ita ce ranar bikinta . 

Wani mutum mai rikitarwa a rayuwarsa da kuma bayan mutuwarta, mutane da yawa suna alfahari da Teresa saboda aikinta na kyautatawa. An yaba mata da yin Allah wadai kan lamurra daban-daban, irin su ra'ayoyinta game da zubar da ciki da hana haihuwa, kuma ana sukar ta da mummunan yanayi a cikin gidajen ta na masu mutuwa. Navin Chawla ne ya rubuta tarihinta wanda aka ba da izini kuma aka buga shi a Shekara ta alif (1992) kuma ta kasance 'yan fim da sauran littattafai.A 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Teresa da St-Francis Xavier an ba su sunayen abokan tarayya na Archdiocese na Roman Katolika na Calcutta.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==

=== Farkon rayuwa ===
[[File:Memorial_house_of_Mother_Teresa.jpg|alt=Urban stone-and-glass building|left|thumb| Bikin tunawa da mahaifiyar Iyaye Teresa a garin haihuwarta Skopje ]]
An haifi Teresa Anjezë Gonxhe (ko Gonxha) &lt;ref name=&quot;Egan 1992&quot;&gt;''Blessed Are You: Mother Teresa and the Beatitudes'', ed. by Eileen Egan and Kathleen Egan, O.S.B., MJF Books: New York, 1992&lt;/ref&gt; Bojaxhiu ( Albanian:   ; ''Anjezë'' ne cognate na &quot;Agnes&quot;. ''Gonxhe'' yana nufin &quot;furebud&quot; ko &quot;karamar fure&quot; a cikin Albanian ) a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif (1910) a cikin dangin Kosovar Albanian    a Skopje (yanzu babban birnin [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makedoniya]] ), [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] .   An yi mata baftisma a Skopje, kwana bayan haifuwarta.  Daga baya ta yi la’akari da ranar 27 ga watan  Agusta, ranar da aka yi mata baftisma, ‘bikinta na gaskiya’. &lt;ref name=&quot;MToC&quot;&gt;(2002) &quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)&quot;. ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ta kuma kasance ƙaramar yarinyar Nikollë da Dranafile Bojaxhiu (Bernai).  Mahaifinta, wanda ke da hannu a cikin siyasar Albaniya a cikin Ottoman Macedonia, ya mutu a shekara ta alif (1919), lokacin yana dan shekara takwas. &lt;ref name=&quot;MToC&quot;&gt;(2002) &quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)&quot;. ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Although some sources state she was 10 when her father died, in an interview with her brother, the Vatican documents her age at the time as &quot;about eight&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Wataƙila ya fito ne daga Prizren, Kosovo, kuma wataƙila mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga kauyen kusa da Gjakova .  

Dangane da tarihin daga Joan Graff Clucas, Teresa ta kasance a cikin shekarunta lokacin da labaru game da rayuwar mishaneri da hidimarsu a Bengal ya burge ta ; har ta kai shekara 12, ta hakikance cewa yakamata ta sadaukar da rayuwarta ga addini.  Shirin ta ya ƙarfafa a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif 1928, yayin da tayi addu'a a farfajiyar Madonna na Madina na Vitina-Letnice, inda ta saba yin aikin haji . &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, ''Mother Teresa: A Biography'', Greenwood Press, 2004, p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Teresa ta bar gida a shekarar alif 1928, yayin da take da Shekara 18, don shiga Sisters of Loreto a Loreto Abbey a Rathfarnham, Ireland, don koyan Turanci tare da ra'ayin zama mishan; Ingilishi shine harshen koyar da Yan'uwa mata na Loreto a Indiya.  Ba ta taɓa ganin mahaifiyarta ko ƙanwarta ba. &lt;ref&gt;Sharn, Lori (5 September 1997). [http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/mothert/mother01.htm &quot;Mother Teresa dies at 87&quot;]. ''USA Today''. Retrieved 5 September 2016&lt;/ref&gt; Iyalinta sun zauna a Skopje har zuwa shekarar alif 1934, lokacin da suka ƙaura zuwa Tirana .  

Ta isa Indiya a Shekara ta alif 1929 , kuma ta fara ta novitiate a Darjeeling, a cikin kananan [[Himalaya|Himalayas]], &lt;ref&gt;Clucas (1988), p. 31&lt;/ref&gt; inda ta koya Bengali da kuma koyarwa a St. Teresa ta School dake kusa da Conven dinta. &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 17.&lt;/ref&gt; Teresa ta dauki alwashin farko na addini a ranar 24 ga watan Mayu, Shekara ta alif 1931. Ta zaɓi zama mai suna bayan Thérèse de Lisieux, mai tsaro na mishan na mishan;   saboda wata macen zawara a cikin gidan masarautar ta riga ta za bi wannan suna, Agnes ya zaɓi yaren rubutun Mutanen Espanya (Teresa). &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 18.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Teresa ta yi alƙawura a ranar 14 ga watan  Mayu, Shekara ta alif 1937, yayin da take malama a makarantar koyar da adami ta Loreto a , gabashin Calcutta. &lt;ref name=&quot;MToC&quot;&gt;(2002) &quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)&quot;. ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;   Ta yi aiki a wurin kusan kusan shekaru ashirin kuma an nada ta a matsayin shugabar mata a shekarar alif 1944. &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 25.&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa Teresa ta ji daɗin koyarwa a makarantar, amma ta damu sosai da talaucin da ke kewaye da ita a [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] .  Yunwar Bengal na shekarar alif 1943, ya kawo tashin hankali da mutuwa a cikin birni, kuma Ranar Yakin 1946  kai tsaye ya fara lokacin tashin hankalin Musulmi da Hindu.  

=== Mishan cikin Sadaka ===
[[File:Missionaries_of_Charity_Mother_House.jpg|alt=Three-story building with a sign and a statue|thumb| Mishanarai na Charity motherhouse a Kolkata ]]
A ranar 10 ga watan Satumba, shekarar alif 1946, Teresa ta sami abin da ta bayyana daga baya a matsayin &quot;kira a cikin kira&quot; lokacin da ta yi tafiya ta jirgin ƙasa zuwa wurin ajiyar kayayyaki na Loreto a Darjeeling daga [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] don komawar ta shekara-shekara. &quot;Ya kamata in fita daga cikin tashoshin don taimakon talakawa yayin da nake zaune a cikinsu. Umarni ne. Rashin faɗuwa dã ya kasance yana rushe imani. &quot;  Daga baya Joseph Langford ya rubuta, &quot;Ko da yake ba wanda ya san shi a lokacin, 'yar'uwar Teresa ta zama ''Uwar'' Teresa&quot;.  

Ta fara aikin mishan tare da matalauta a cikin shekarar alif 1948, sauya al'ada ta Loreto ta al'ada tare da sari, farin auduga sari tare da shudin iyaka. Teresa ta amince da zama ɗan baƙon Indiya, ta yi watanni da yawa a Patna don karɓar horo na asali a Asibitin Holy Family kuma ta shiga cikin tutocin.   Ta kafa makaranta a Motijhil, Kolkata, kafin ta fara kula da matalauta da masu fama da yunwa. A farkon shekarar alif 1949, wasu gungun matasa mata sun hadar da Teresa a cikin kokarin ta, sannan ta aza harsashin kafa sabuwar kungiyar addini da ke taimaka wa &quot;mafi talauci a cikin matalauta&quot;.  

Kokarin ta ya ja hankalin jami’an Indiya cikin hanzari, gami da Firayim Minista.  Teresa ta rubuta a cikin rubutunta cewa shekarar ta farko tana fama da wahala. Ba tare da samun kuɗin shiga ba, ta roƙi abinci da kayan abinci da ƙwarewar shakku, kadaici da jaraba don dawowa cikin ta'aziyyar rayuwar duniya yayin waɗannan farkon watanni: 

Ubangijinmu nason in zama yantattar mai bauta wacce aka lullube cikin talaucin yesu, A yau, na ilimantu da darussa masu kyau. Talaucin talaka dole yayi masu tsanani, sanda nake neman gida nayi tafiya har saida kafafuna sukayi ciwo, nayi tunanin cewa tyaushe ne zasu bar wannan ciwo ga rayuwata, ina neman gida, abinci da lafiya. Sai jindadin loreto yashafe ni, yace kawai ki fadi Kalmar duk wani abu zai zama naki, haka dai mai shafar yacigaba da cewa..., cikin budaddiyar zabi, Dan Allah na kuma dan sona agare ki, na zaba inyi komi danke bazan bar wani hawaye ya sauka daga ida nunki ba.
[[File:Sisters_of_Charity.jpg|alt=Four nuns in sandals and white-and-blue saris|left|thumb| Mishan Sadaka a saris na gargajiya ]]
A ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba, Shekara ta alif  1950, Teresa ta sami izini daga Vatican don ikilisiyar diocesan, wanda zai zama mishaneri na Sadaka.  A cikin maganganun ta, zai kula da &quot;masu fama da yunwa, tsirara, marasa gida, guragu, makafi, kutare, duk waɗannan mutanen da suke jin ƙin sonsu, marasa ƙauna, waɗanda ba su kula da su ba a duk faɗin jama'a, mutanen da suka zama nauyi ga jama'a kuma kowa ya nisanta dashi ”.  

A shekarar alif 1952, Teresa ta buɗe hospice dinta na farko da taimako jami'ai daga Calcutta. Ta sauya hanikalin Hindu da aka yi watsi da ita zuwa Gidan Kalighat na Mutuwa, kyauta ne ga matalauta, ta kuma sanya mata suna Kalighat, Gidan Zuciyar Mai Tsabta (Nirmal Hriday).  Wadanda kawo wa gida samu likita da hankali da kuma damar da za su mutu tare da mutunci a cikin daidai da ban-gaskiyarsu: Musulmi suna karanta [[Al Kur'ani|Kur'ani]], 'yan Hindu samu ruwa daga ganges, kuma Katolika samu matsananci unction .  &quot;Kyakkyawan mutuwa&quot;, in ji Teresa, &quot;don mutane waɗanda suka rayu kamar dabbobi su mutu kamar mala'iku - suna ƙauna da so.&quot;  
[[File:Nirmal_Hriday_facade.jpg|alt=White, older building|thumb| Nirmal Hriday, Uwargida na Calcutta na Mama Teresa, a cikin 2007 ]]
Ta buɗe ofishi ga waɗanda ke da kuturta, suna kiranta Shanti Nagar (Birnin Zaman Lafiya).  Kungiyoyin mishan na Agaji sun kafa cibiyoyin cutar kuturta, a ko'ina cikin Calcutta, suna ba da magunguna, riguna da abinci.  Mishan din na Agaji sun karu da yawaitar yara marasa gida; a shekarar alif 1955, Teresa ta bude Nirmala Shishu Bhavan, Gidan Yaran Yara na Zuciya, a zaman mafaka ga marayu da matasa marasa gida.  

Ikilisiyar ta yafara jawo hankalin ma'aikata da gudummawowi, kuma har ya zuwa shekarar 1960, sun bude ofisoshin marayu, gidajen marayu da gidajen kuturu a cikin ko'ina na kasar  Indiya. Daga nan Teresa ta faɗaɗa ikilisiya a ƙasar waje, ta buɗe gida a Venezuela a shekara ta alif 1965, tare da ’yan’uwa mata biyar.  An bi gidaje a Italiya (Rome), Tanzania da Austria a cikin shekarar 1968, kuma a cikin shekarun 1970 ikilisiya ta buɗe gidaje da tushe a Amurka da dama ƙasashe a Asiya, Afirka da Turai.  

An kafa mishan na Missionaries of Charity Brothers a shekarar alif 1963, kuma reshe ne mai dauke da tunani na San’uwa ya biyo baya a shekarar 1976. Lay Katolika da waɗanda ba Katolika ba sun sami rajista a cikin -kungiyar Ma'aikata na Uwar Teresa, Masu aikin Marasa lafiya da wahala, da kuma mishan na Ma'aikatan Sadaka. Da yake amsa buƙatu daga firistoci da yawa, a cikin Shekara ta alif 1981, Mama Teresa ta kafa kungiyar Corpus Christi Movement na Firistoci  tare da Joseph Langford mishaneri na Ubanni a cikin Shekara ta alif 1984, don haɗu da manufofin sana'a na mishan na ba da agaji tare da kayan aikin rayuwar firistoci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.mcpriests.com/ |title=The Religious Community of priests founded by Mother Teresa. ''Missionaries of Charity Fathers'' |access-date=2020-03-24 |archive-date=2016-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211191550/http://www.mcpriests.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Mother Teresa 1996.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa]]
Ya zuwa shekarar alif 1997, majami'ar Calcutta mai mambobi 13 sun girma zuwa fiye da 'yan'uwa mata 4,000 waɗanda ke kula da marayu, gidajen kula da cutar kanjamau da cibiyoyin bayar da agaji a duk duniya, suna kula da' yan gudun hijirar, makafi, nakasassu, tsofaffi, mashaya giya, gajiyayyu da marasa gida da waɗanda ambaliyar ta shafa, annoba da kuma yunwa.  A shekara ta 2007, mishan mishan na Charity ya ƙididdige kimanin 'yan’uwa 450 da ’yan’uwa mata 5,000 a duk duniya, waɗanda ke aiki mishan 600, makarantu da mafaka a cikin ƙasashe 120.

=== Sadaka ta kasa da kasa ===
Teresa ta ce, &quot;Da jini, Ni dan Albaniya ne. Ta zama ɗan ƙasa, Ba'indiye ne. Ta wurin bangaskiya, ni wata mazhabar Katolika ce. Game da kirana, ni na duniya ce. &quot;Game da zuciyata, gaba daya na daga cikin zuciyar Yesu ne.&quot;  Luwararru cikin harsuna biyar-Bengali,  Albanian, Serbian, [[Turanci]] da Hindi - ta yi tafiye-tafiye na lokaci-lokaci a wajen India saboda dalilai na bil-adama.  

A tsaunin Siege na Beirut a shekarar 1982, Teresa ta ceci yara 37 da aka makale a wani asibiti kafin ta hanyar tsagaita wuta na wucin gadi tsakanin sojojin Isra’ila da masu gwagwarmayar Falasdinawa.Tare da ma'aikatan kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross, ta bi ta yankin yaki zuwa asibiti don kwashe matasa marasa lafiya.  

Lokacin da gabashin Turai ta sami karuwa a ƙarshen 1980s, Teresa ta faɗaɗa ƙoƙarinta ga ƙasashen Kwaminisanci waɗanda suka ƙi Mishan Mishan na Sadaka. Ta fara shirye-shirye da dama, ba tare da wata damuwa ba game da matsayinta na hana zubar da ciki da kisan aure: &quot;Babu wanda ya ce menene, ya kamata ka karba shi da murmushi ka yi aikinka.&quot; Ta ziyarci Armenia bayan girgizar kasa na 1988  kuma ta sadu da Nikolai Ryzhkov, Shugaban Majalisar Ministocin .  

Teresa ta yi tafiya don taimakawa masu fama da yunwa a Habasha, wadanda suka kamu da radadin cutar a Chernobyl da kuma wadanda girgizar ta shafa a Armenia. &lt;ref&gt;Cooper, Kenneth J. (14 September 1997). &quot;Mother Teresa Laid to Rest After Multi-Faith Tribute&quot;. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved 30 May 2007&lt;/ref&gt;   A 1991, ta koma [[Albaniya|Albania]] a karon farko, inda ta buɗe Ofishin mishan na Charity Brothers gida a Tirana .  

A shekarar 1996, Teresa ta fara aiki da misalai 517 a cikin kasashe sama da 100.  Mishanninta na Rahamar sun karu daga goma sha biyu zuwa dubbai, suna masu hidimar &quot;matalautan matalauta&quot; a cibiyoyi 450 na duniya. An kafa Ofishin mishan na farko na Charity a cikin Amurka a yankin South Bronx na [[New York (birni)|New York City]], kuma har ya zuwa shekarar 1984 ikilisiya tana gudanar da rukunoni 19 a cikin ƙasar.

=== Karayar lafiya da mutuwa ===
Teresa ta sami bugun zuciya a Rome a 1983 yayin da ta ke ziyartar [[John Paul na Biyu|Paparoma John Paul II]] . Bayan harin na biyu a 1989, ta sami na'urar bugun zuciya . A 1991, bayan cutar huhu a Mexico,tana da karin matsalolin zuciya. Kodayake Teresa ta ba da shawarar yin murabus a matsayin shugabar mishan na Sadaka, a cikin wata takaddar sirri da 'yar'uwar ikilisiyar suka zabe ta ta ci gaba kuma ta yarda ta ci gaba.  

A watan Afrilun 1996,ta fadi,ta karya kashinta na wuya, kuma bayan wata hudu ta [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|kamu]] da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] da ciwon zuciya . Kodayake Teresa ta yi aikin tiyata, amma lafiyar ta tana raguwa. A cewar Akbishop na Calcutta Henry Sebastian D’Souza, ya umarci wani firist da ya yi aikin fitarwa (tare da izininsa) lokacin da aka garzaya da ita asibiti da matsalolin bugun zuciya saboda yana tunanin watakila shaidan ne ya same shi. &lt;ref&gt;Bindra, Satinder (7 September 2001).&quot;Archbishop: Mother Teresa underwent exorcism&quot;. ''CNN'' Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;.  

A ranar 13 Maris 1997 Teresa ta yi murabus a matsayin shugabar Mishan of Charity, kuma ta mutu ne a ranar 5 ga Satumba.  Lokacin da ta mutu, mishaneri na Sadaka yana da 'yan'uwa mata sama da 4,000 da kuma ɗan uwan mambobi 300 waɗanda ke aiki a ofisoshi 610 a cikin ƙasashe 123.  Waɗannan sun haɗa da baƙi da gidaje ga mutanen da ke [[Kanjamau|ɗauke]] da [[Kanjamau|kwayar cutar HIV, AIDS]], kuturta da tarin fuka, dafaffen dafa abinci, shirye-shiryen kula da yara da na yara, marayu da makarantu. Missionungiyar mishan ta Charan agaji ta taimaka da abokan aikinta waɗanda suka ƙidaya sama da miliyan ɗaya a shekarun 1990. 

Teresa ta ajiye a cikin wani akwati da aka bude a St Thomas, Calcutta, tsawon mako guda kafin jana'izarta. Ta samu jana'izar hukuma daga gwamnatin Indiya bisa godiya saboda hidimta wa talakawan dukkan addinai a kasar.  Taimakawa ta hanyar firistoci guda biyar, Sakatariyar Kudi ta Kasa Angelo Sodano, wakilin Paparoma, ya yi bikin ƙarshe.  Mutuwar Teresa ta kasance makoki a cikin mutane da kuma al'ummomin addini. Firayim Minista na Pakistan Nawaz Sharif ya kira ta &quot;mutum ne da baƙonsa ba kuma wanda ya daɗe yana da babban buri. Tsawon rayuwarta tsawon rai ga kulawa da talakawa, marassa lafiya, da nakasassu na daga cikin mafi girman misalai na bautarmu ga bil'adama. &quot;  A cewar tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, &quot;Ita ce Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Tana da zaman lafiya a duniya&quot;.

== Martabawa da karɓuwa ==

=== Indiya ===
Gwamnatin Indiya ta fara amincewa da Teresa da farko ne a fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na farkon  ƙarni, ta karɓi Padma Shri a shekarar alif 1962, da lambar yabo ta Jawaharlal Nehru don Fahimtar ƙasa da ƙasa a shekarar alif 1969.  Daga baya ta sami wasu lambobin yabo na Indiya, wadanda suka hada da Bharat Ratna (lambar yabo mafi girma a Indiya) a shekarar alif 1980.  Littafin tarihin Teresa wanda Navin Chawla ya wallafa, a cikin Shekara ta alif 1992. A cikin [[Kolkata]], wasu 'Hindu bauta mata a matsayin abin bauta.  

Don tunawa da bikin cikarta shekara 100 da haihuwar ta, gwamnatin Indiya ta bayar da tsabar kudi ₹ 5 na musamman (yawan kudin da Teresa ta samu lokacin da ta je Indiya) a ranar 28 ga  watan Agusta, shekarar 2010. Shugaba Pratibha Patil ta ce, &quot;Clad cikin fararen sari mai launin shudi, ita da 'yan uwan Mishan na Charity sun zama alamar ta bege ga mutane da yawa - tsofaffi, gajiyayyu, marasa aikin yi, marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya. da akayi watsi dasu daga iyalansu. &quot;  

Ra'ayoyin Indiya akan Teresa ba masu dacewa ba kamar yadda kowane dan kasan ke ganinta. Aroup Chatterjee, likita ne da aka haife shi a Calcutta wanda ya kasance mai fafutuka a cikin tatsuniyar biranen shekaru kusan 1980 kafin ya koma Burtaniya, ya ce &quot;bai ma taɓa ganin wata tsawa ba a cikin waɗannan rukunin gidajen&quot;.  Binciken nasa, wanda ya hada da tambayoyi sama da 100 tare da masu sa kai, da sanatoci da kuma wasu da suka saba da mishan Mishanai, an bayyana su a cikin littafin 2003. da ke da masaniyar Teresa.  Chatterjee ta soki ta game da gabatar da &quot;al'adar wahala&quot; da mummunan gurbata ta Calcutta, yin karin gishiri game da aikin da aka yi mata ta hanyar amfani da kudi da kuma gata a wajen ta.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Chatterjee&quot;&gt;Chatterjee, Aroup, Introduction to ''The Final Verdict''&lt;/ref&gt; A cewarsa, wasu matsalolin tsabtace tsabta da ya soki (na sake amfani da allura, alal misali) bayan mutuwar Teresa a Shekara ta alif 1997.  

Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya, mayor na Kolkata daga shekarar 2005 zuwa 2010, ya ce &quot;ba ta da wani tasiri a kan talakawa na wannan birni&quot;, ta sami lafiya a maimakon ta yi maganin ta kuma ta ba da labarin gari: &quot;Babu shakka akwai talauci a Calcutta, amma ba ta taɓa kasance wani gari na kutare da masu bara ba, kamar yadda UwaTeresa ta gabatar da shi. &quot;  A gefen Hindu, Jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata ta yi karo da Teresa a kan Christian Dalits amma ta yaba mata a cikin mutuwa kuma ta aiko da wakili don yi mata jana'izarta.  Ita dai Vishwa Hindu Parishad, ta yi adawa da matakin da gwamnati ta dauka na yi mata jana’iza. Sakatare Giriraj Kishore ta ce &quot;aikinta na farko shine Cocin da hidimar zamantakewa ba ta faru ba&quot;, inda ta zarge ta da fifita Kiristoci da kuma yin “baftisma a ɓoye” na masu mutuwa. &lt;ref&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/ECI_Main/DJ/Frontline%201997%20Article%20published%20in%20Hindu.pdf#page=3 A life of selfless caring] – [[Frontline (magazine)]] article.&lt;/ref&gt;  A wani gaban-shafin, fortnightly ''frontline ta'' sallami zargin a matsayin &quot;patently na ƙarya&quot; kuma ya bayyana cewa suna da &quot;yi wani tasiri a kan jama'a ji na ta aikin, musamman a Calcutta&quot;. Wanda ya yaba da &quot;kulawa ta rashin son kai&quot;, karfin jiki da jarumkntaka, marubucin lambar yabo ya soki kamfen din da Teresa takeyi inkari game da zubar da ciki da kuma ikirarin ta na siyasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline&quot;&gt;Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997&lt;/ref&gt; 

A watan Fabrairu na shekarar 2015, Mohan Bhagwat, shugaban kungiyar kare hakkin reshen Hindu, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, ya ce manufar Teresa ita ce &quot;maida mutumin, wanda ake yi masa hidima, ya zama Kirista&quot;.  Tsohon kakakin kungiyar ta RSS MG Vaidhya ya goyi bayan kimantawar Bhagwat, kuma kungiyar ta zargi kafofin watsa labarai da &quot;gurbata gaskiya game da kalaman Bhagwat&quot;. Dan majalisar wakilai na Trinamool Derek O'Brien, shugaban CPI Atul Anjan da kuma babban ministan Delhi Arvind Kejriwal sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da zancen da Bhagwat yayi.

=== Wani wurin ===
[[File:President Reagan Presents Mother Teresa with the Medal of Freedom at a White House Ceremony in the Rose Garden - DPLA - 1321c7b194e7e893127ef14b2f7c565c.jpg|alt=President and Mrs. Ronald Reagan with Mother Teresa, standing at a microphone|thumb| Shugaba [[Ronald Reagan|Ronald Reagan ya]] ba mahaifiyar Teresa kyautar Shugaban Kasa na 'Yanci a yayin bikin Fadar White House kamar yadda Uwargidan Nan Nancy Reagan ke kallo, a ranar 20 ga watan Yuni, Shekara alif 1985. ]]. 
Teresa ta karbi kyautar Ramon Magsaysay Award dan zaman lafiya da fahimtar duniya, an bata ne dan aikinta a South or East Asia, a shekarar alif 1962. Acewar wallafin, &quot;Kungiyar amintattu sun martaba ta dan tausayawan ta akan talaucin wasu kasashe, wanda akan wannan aikin ne ta fara sabon taron addini&quot;.A farkon 1970s, ta zama wata gwarzuwa a duniya. shaharar za'a iya dangana shi da Malcolm Muggeridge's 1969 documentary, ''Something Beautiful for God'', da Kuma littafinsa na 1971 mai wannan sunan. Wanda Muggeridge ke kokarin tafiyar da rayuwarsa tsaftatacciya. Lokacin daukar fim, wani dauka da akayi a yanayin haske mara tasiri. anyi tunanin zai zama anfani ne ga masu aikin.
[[Fayil:Cedric Prakash Mother Teresa Award.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa]]
A kusan wannan lokacin, duniyar Katolika ta fara girmama Teresa a bainar jama'a. Fafaroma Paul VI ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Paparoma John XXIII P kyautar zaman lafiya a shekara ta alif 1971, inda ta yaba da aikinta tare da talakawa, nuna irin gudummawar kirista da kokarin tabbatar da zaman lafiya,  kuma ta sami kyautar ta Pacem a Terris Award a shekarar alif 1976. &lt;ref&gt;''Quad City Times'' staff (17 October 2005). &quot;Habitat official to receive Pacem in Terris honor&quot;. [[Peace Corps]]. Retrieved 26 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan mutuwarta, Teresa ta sami ci gaba cikin sauri a kan hanyar zuwa saint . 

Gwamnatoci da kungiyoyin farar hula sun karrama ta, sannan ta nada wani wakilin girmamawa na Umarni na Australiya a Shekara ta alif 1982. &quot;don hidimtawa al'ummar Australiya da dan adam baki daya&quot;.  Kasar Burtaniya da Amurka sun ba wasu lambobin yabo masu yawa, wadanda suka kammala a cikin Lamarin Ingantawa a shekarar alif 1983. da zama dan kasa na Amurka mai girmamawa a ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar alif 1996.  Kasar Teresa ta kasar Albania ta ba ta lambar Zinare ta Jama'a a Shekara ta alif 1994, &lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline&quot;&gt;Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997&lt;/ref&gt; amma karbarta da wannan lamarin da Haitian Legion of Honor ta kasance mai rikitarwa. An soki Teresa da cikakken goyon baya ga Duvaliers da rashawa na 'yan kasuwa irin su Charles Keating da Robert Maxwell ; Ta rubuta wa alkalin shari'ar Keating, inda ta nemi a bashi damar.   

Jami'o'i a Indiya da yamma sun ba ta digirin girmamawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline&quot;&gt;Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran lambobin yabo na farar hula sun hada da lambar yabo ta Balzan don inganta bil'adama, zaman lafiya da 'yan uwantaka tsakanin al'umma (1978)  da Albert Schweitzer International Prize (1975). &lt;ref&gt;Jones, Alice &amp; Brown, Jonathan (7 March 2007). &quot;Opposites attract? When Robert Maxwell met Mother Teresa&quot;. ''The Independent''. Retrieved 25 March 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilun, Shekara ta alif 1976, Teresa ta ziyarci Jami'ar Scranton da ke arewa maso gabashin [[Pennsylvania]], inda ta karbi lambar yabo ta La Storta don Bautar da 'Yan Adam daga shugaban jami'a William J. Byron .  Ta kalubalanci masu sauraronta da suka kai 4,500 don suje gidajensu  &quot;kusan talakawa a cikin gidanku da makwabta na gida&quot;, ciyar da wasu ko kuma kawai yada farin ciki da ƙauna,  kuma ya ci gaba da cewa: “Matalauta zasu taimaka mana mu girma cikin tsarkakakku, domin sune Kristi a cikin dabara ce ta wahala &quot;.  A watan Agusta, shekarar alif 1987, Teresa ta sami likita mai daraja ta digiri na ilimin zamantakewa, don karɓar hidimarta da ma'aikatanta don taimakawa gajiyayyu da marasa lafiya, daga jami'a.  Ta yi magana da ɗalibai sama da 4,000 da memba na Diocese of Scranton  game da hidimarta ga &quot;matalauta&quot;, tare da gaya masu su &quot;yi ƙananan abubuwa da ƙauna mai girma&quot;.  {{external media|width=210px|align=right|headerimage=[[File:Mutter Teresa von Kalkutta.jpg|210px]]|video1=[https://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=1852 Mother Teresa's 1979 Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech]}}A Shekara ta alif 1979, Teresa ta sami kyautar Nobel Peace Prize &quot;akan aikinta da ta gudanar dan kaudar da talauci da damuwa wanda suma ke kawo matsala ga zaman lafiya&quot;. Ta ki ta amince da taron , tace kudin ta $192,000 a baiwa talakawa dake kasar Indiya  tare da cewa lada a duniya suna da amfani ne kawai idan anyi aiki dasu wurin taimakon masu karamin karfi. rewards were important only if they helped her to help the world's ne. When Teresa received the prize she was asked, &quot;What can we do to promote world peace?&quot; She answered, &quot;Go home and love your family.&quot; Building on this theme in her [[Kyautar Nobel|Nobel lecture]], she said: &quot;Around the world, not only in the poor countries, but I found the poverty of the West so much more difficult to remove. When I pick up a person from the street, hungry, I give him a plate of rice, a piece of bread, I have satisfied. I have removed that hunger. But a person that is shut out, that feels unwanted, unloved, terrified, the person that has been thrown out from society – that poverty is so hurtable {{sic}} and so much, and I find that very difficult.&quot; Teresa singled out abortion as &quot;the greatest destroyer of peace today. Because if a mother can kill her own child – what is left for me to kill you and you kill me – there is nothing between.&quot;

Barbara Smoker of the secular humanist magazine ''The Freethinker'' criticised Teresa after the Peace Prize award, saying that her promotion of Catholic moral teachings on abortion and contraception diverted funds from effective methods to solve India's problems. At the Fourth World Conference on Women in [[Beijing]], Teresa said: &quot;Yet we can destroy this gift of motherhood, especially by the evil of abortion, but also by thinking that other things like jobs or positions are more important than loving.&quot;

A lokacin rayuwarta, Teresa tana daga cikin manyan mata 10 da suka fi fice a duk shekara Gallup wanda ya fi cancanta ga maza da mata su jefa kuri'u 18, sun kammala da yawa a shekarar alif 1980 da 1990. &lt;ref&gt;Frank Newport, David W. Moore, and Lydia Saad (13 December 1999). &quot;Most Admired Men and Women: 1948–1998&quot;, [[The Gallup Organization]].&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Shekara ta alif 1999. ta jagoranci jerin mutanen da aka fi so a cikin karni na 20 na Gallup,  jefa duk wasu amsoshi da aka ba su ta hanyar iyakokin da yawa, kuma ya kasance na farko a cikin manyan rukunan jama'a banda na matasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;gallup-20c&quot;&gt;Frank Newport (31 December 1999). &quot;Mother Teresa Voted by American People as Most Admired Person of the Century&quot;, [[The Gallup Organization]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pollingreport.com/20th.htm Greatest of the Century] Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll. 20–21 December 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Suuka ==
A cewar wata takarda daga masana ilimin Kanada Serge Larivée, Geneviève Chénard da Carole Sénéchal, asibitocin Teresa sun karbi miliyoyin daloli a cikin abubuwan gudummawa amma ba su da magani, tsarin bincike, ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki da isasshen nazari ga waɗanda ke jin ciwo;  a cikin ra'ayin masana ilimi guda uku, &quot;Mama Teresa ta yarda cewa mara lafiya dole ne ya sha wahala kamar Kristi a kan gicciye&quot;.  An ce karin kudin zai iya canza lafiyar marasa galihu na garin ta hanyar samar da cibiyoyin kula da lafiya.   

Daya daga cikin wadanda suka fi sukar Teresa ita ce yar jaridar Ingilishi, mai sukar litattafan rubuyoci kuma mai adawa da Christopher Hitchens, mai gabatar da ra’ayin Jaridar ''Hell's Angel'' (1994) kuma marubucin labarin ''Fim The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice''&lt;nowiki&gt; (1995) wanda ya rubuta a labarin 2003 : &quot;Wannan ya dawo da mu zuwa ga cin hanci da rashawa na majami'a, wanda ke sayar da attajirai ga ma'abuta yayin da suke wa'azin wutar jahannama da tsinkaye ga talaka. [Uwar Teresa] ba abokin talakawa ba ne. Ta kasance aminin &lt;/nowiki&gt;''talauci'' . Ta ce wahala wahala ce daga Allah. Ta yi amfani da rayuwarta wajen yin adawa da kawai hanyar magance cutar talauci, wanda shine karfafawa mata da ficewar su daga tsarin dabbobin da aka tilasta mata. &quot;  Ya zargi ta da munafinci saboda zabar magani na gaba don yanayin zuciyarta. &lt;ref&gt;Hitchens (1995), p. 41&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;''cf.'' Fr. James Martin, SJ, Letter in ''The New York Review of Books'', 19 September 1996 [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1996/09/19/in-defense-of-mother-teresa/ In Defense of Mother Teresa], accessed 2 February 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Hitchens ya ce &quot;niyyarsa ba ta taimaka wa mutane ba&quot;, kuma ta yi karya ga masu ba da gudummawa game da yadda ake amfani da gudummawar da suke bayarwa. &quot;Ta hanyar magana da ita ne na gano, kuma ta ba ni tabbacin, ba ta bakin kokarin rage talauci&quot;, in ji shi, &quot;tana kokarin fadada yawan mabiya darikar Katolika. Ta ce, 'Ni ba ma'aikacin zamantakewa ba ne. Ba na yi ne saboda wannan dalili. Ina yi domin Kiristi. Ina yi wa cocin. '  &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/10/19/60minutes/main578794.shtml &quot;The Debate over Sainthood&quot;] (11 February 2009). CBS News. Retrieved 29 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake Hitchens yana tunanin shi ne kawai shaida da Vatican ta kira, an kuma kira Aroup Chatterjee (marubucin ''Uwar Teresa: Labarin Untold'' ) don gabatar da hujjoji masu adawa da bugun Teresa da canonization; &lt;ref name=&quot;Hitch&quot;&gt;[http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&amp;page=hitchens_24_2 &quot;Less than Miraculous&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305133543/http://secularhumanism.org/index.php?page=hitchens_24_2&amp;section=library|date=2016-03-05}} by Christopher Hitchens, ''[[Free Inquiry (magazine)|Free Inquiry]]'' 24(2), February/March 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; Vatican ta cire al'ada ta &quot; mai ba da shawarar shaidan &quot;, wanda ya yi aiki da irin wannan manufa.  

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin zubar da ciki sun kuma soki matakin Teresa game da zubar da ciki da kuma hana haihuwa.

== Rayuwar ruhaniya ==
Analysing her deeds and achievements, [[Pope John Paul II]] said: &quot;Where did Mother Teresa find the strength and perseverance to place herself completely at the service of others? She found it in prayer and in the silent contemplation of Jesus Christ, his Holy Face, his Sacred Heart.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2003/october/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20031020_pilgrims-mother-teresa_en.html|title=Address of John Paul II to the Pilgrims Who Had Come To Rome for the Beatification of Mother Teresa|work=Vatican.va|date=20 October 2003|author=John Paul II|accessdate=13 March 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Privately, Teresa experienced doubts and struggle in her religious beliefs which lasted nearly 50 years (until the end of her life); according to her [[postulator]], [[Brian Kolodiejchuk]], &quot;She felt no presence of God whatsoever,&amp;nbsp;... in her heart or in the eucharist&quot;.&lt;ref name=TIME-2007-08-23&gt;{{cite news|title=Mother Teresa's Crisis of Faith|author=David Van Biema|date=23 August 2007|work=TIME|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html|access-date=24 March 2020|archive-date=25 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825084420/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=16 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816032159/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Teresa expressed grave doubts about God's existence and pain over her lack of faith: {{quote|Where is my faith? Even deep down&amp;nbsp;... there is nothing but emptiness and darkness.&amp;nbsp;... If there be God – please forgive me. When I try to raise my thoughts to Heaven, there is such convicting emptiness that those very thoughts return like sharp knives and hurt my very soul.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.edgewoodpc.org/sermons/sermon061911.html|title=Sermon – Some Doubted|publisher=Edgewoodpc.org|date=19 June 2011|accessdate=28 August 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015234535/http://edgewoodpc.org/sermons/sermon061911.html|archivedate=15 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;|sign=|source=}}
[[File:Mother_Teresa_memorial_plaque.jpg|alt=Outdoor bas-relief plaque|thumb| Plaque wanda aka sadaukar wa mahaifiyar Teresa a Wenceslas Square, Olomouc, Czech Republic ]]
Kolodiejchuk (jami'in da ke da alhakin tattara hujjoji na canonization) ya yi tunanin cewa rashin jin daɗin da wasu ke yi zai iya cewa sunyi akasin fassara tai, amma imanin da ya yi cewa Allah yana aiki da ita bai cika damuwa ba; duk da cewa ta yi niyyar kusanci da Allah, amma ba ta tuhumi kasancewar sa ba.  Teresa na iya fuskantar wani abu mai kama da [[Isa Almasihu|Yesu]], wanda ya ce lokacin da aka gicciye shi: ''&quot; Eli Eli lama sabachthani? &quot;'' (&quot;Ya Allah, Allahna, don me ka yashe ni?&quot; ).  Kolodiejchuk ya zana kwatancen John na 16 na ƙarni na Yahaya na Giciye, wanda ya ambaci kalmar &quot; Duhun Duhun Jiya &quot;.  Sauran tsarkaka (ciki har da Teresa mai suna Thérèse na Lisieux, waɗanda suka kira shi &quot;daren rashin kome&quot;) sun sami irin wannan goguwar bushewar ruhaniya . &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;[http://www.beliefnet.com/story/223/story_22353_1.html New Book Reveals Mother Teresa's Struggle with Faith] Beliefnet, AP 2007&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar James Langford, wadannan shakku ba su da wata ma'ana kuma ba zai kawo cikas ga canonization ba.  

Bayan shekaru goma cikin shakku, Teresa ta bayyana ɗan taƙaitaccen lokacin da sabuwar bangaskiya. Bayan mutuwar Paparoma Pius XII a shekarar alif 1958, tana yi masa addu'ar bukukuwan a lokacin da aka sami sauki daga &quot;dogon duhu: wannan baƙon wahalar.&quot; Koyaya, mako biyar baya bushewar ruhaniyarta ta dawo.  

Teresa ta rubuta wasiƙu da yawa ga waɗanda ke ba da tabbaci da kuma manyanta a cikin shekaru 66, musamman ga Calcutta Archbishop Ferdinand Perier da Jesuit firist Celeste van Exem (mashawarcinta na ruhaniya tun samuwar mishan Mishan).  Ta nemi a lalata wasiƙun ta, kasancewar ta damu da cewa &quot;mutane za su ƙara yin la'akari da ni - ƙasa da Yesu.&quot;   
[[File:Alfons_Weisser_Mutter_Teresa.JPG|thumb| Zane-zanen Semi-girmama na girmama Iya Teresa ]]
Koyaya, an tattara rubutun a cikin Mama ''Teresa: Kuzo Ku kasance Haske na'' .   Teresa ta rubuta wa Mika'ilu amintacce na ruhaniya Michael van der Peet, “Yesu yana da ƙauna ta musamman a gare ku. Amma ni, shuru da wofi suna da yawa, da na duba ban gani ba - saurara kuma ban ji ba - harshe yana motsawa [cikin addu'a] amma ba ya magana. &amp;nbsp; . . . Ina so ku yi mini addu'a - cewa na bar Shi ya yi kyauta. &quot; 

A ''Deus Caritas Est'' (farkon encyclical ), [[Benedict na Sha Shida|Paparoma Benedict XVI]] da aka ambata Teresa sau uku da kuma amfani da ita rayuwa don bayyana daya daga cikin encyclical ta babban maki: &quot;A cikin misali na Albarka Teresa na Calcutta da muke da wata hujja hoto da cewa lokaci ya sadaukar Allah cikin addu'o'i bawai kawai baya yanke hukunci daga aiki mai kyau da soyayya ga makwabcinmu amma a zahiri shine tushen wannan aikin. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;[[Benedict na Sha Shida|Pope Benedict XVI]] (25 December 2005). ''Deus caritas est{{Dead link|date=October 2011}}''. (PDF). Vatican City, pp.10. Retrieved 2 August 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Ta rubuta, &quot;Ta hanyar addu'o'in tunani ne da karatun ruhi ne kawai zamu iya samar da kyautar addu'a.&quot;  

Kodayake ba a haɗa da odarta ba tare da umarnin Franciscan, Teresa tana sha'awar Francis na Assisi &lt;ref name=&quot;AmeriCath&quot;&gt;&quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta Pays Tribute to St. Francis of Assisi&quot; on the ''American Catholic'' website. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta kasance mai tasiri ga ruhaniyar Franciscan.'Yan uwan Mata da Sadaka suna karanta addu'o'in Saint Francis kowace safiya a Mass a lokacin godiya bayan tarayya, kuma girmamansu ga ma'aikatar da alkawarin da yawa yayi daidai da nata. Francis ya jaddada talauci, tsabta, biyayya da biyayya ga Kristi. Ya sadaukar da mafi yawan rayuwarsa wajen bautar da talakawa, musamman kutare.

== Canonization ==

=== Mu'ujiza da beatifaication ===
Bayan Teresa ta mutu a shekara ta alif 1997, sai Holy See ya fara aiwatar da beatification (na biyu daga uku matakai wajen canonization ) da kuma Kolodiejchuk aka nada postulator da Diocese na Calcutta . Ko da yake ya ce, &quot;Ba mu tabbatar da cewa ta kasance cikakke ko kuma ba ta taɓa yin kuskure ba &amp;nbsp; ... &quot;, dole ne ya tabbatar da cewa kyawun Teresa jarumi ne. Kolodiejchuk ya gabatar da takardu 76, jimilla shafi 35,000, wadanda suka danganci hirar da shaidu 113 wadanda aka nemi su amsa tambayoyi 263.  
[[File:Stained_glass_depiction_of_key_moments_in_the_lifetime_of_Mother_Teresa_at_the_Cathedral_of_Saint_Mother_Teresa_in_Prishtina.jpg|right|thumb|332x332px| Cikakken gilashin tarihin rayuwar mahaifiyar Teresa a Cathedral na Saint Teresa a Prishtinë, Kosovo ]]. 
A tsari na canonization bukatar takardun na wani mu'ujiza sakamakon daga cẽto na yiwuwa saint.  A shekara ta 2002 ne aka gano cewa Vatican ta zama wata mu'ujiza ta warkar da cutar kumburin ciki a cikin mahaifar Monica Besra, wata mace ‘yar Indiya, bayan da aka yi amfani da wani loka dauke da hoton Teresa. A cewar Besra, gwanayen haske da aka samo daga hoton kuma an warkar da cutar kumburin ta; duk da haka, mijinta da wasu ma'aikatanta na kiwon lafiya sun ce magani na yau da kullun ya kawar da cutar. &lt;ref&gt;Orr, David (10 May. 2003). &quot;Medicine cured 'miracle' woman – not Mother Teresa, say doctors&quot;. ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Dr. Ranjan Mustafi, wanda ya fada wa ''jaridar New York Times'' cewa ya yi maganin Besra, ya ce cutar ta haifar da cutar tarin fuka: &quot;Wannan ba wani abin al'ajabi bane &amp;nbsp; . . . Ta dauki magunguna tsawon watanni tara zuwa shekara guda. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/20/world/her-legacy-acceptance-and-doubts-of-a-miracle.html &quot;Her Legacy: Acceptance and Doubts of a Miracle&quot;], by David Rohde. ''The New York Times''. 20 October 2003&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar mijin Besra, “Likitoci sun warkar da matata ba kuma ta wata mu’ujiza ba &amp;nbsp; . . . Wannan mu'ujiza wannan magana ce. &quot;  Besra ta ce bayanan likitocin da suka hada da sonogram, magunguna da bayanan likitocin, Sister Betta ta Mishan Matan Sadau ta kwace. A cewar ''Lokaci'', kiran da aka yi wa Sister Betta da ofishin Sister Nirmala (wanda zai gaji Teresa a matsayin shugaban oda) bai amsa wani bayani ba. Jami'ai a Asibitin Balurghat, inda Besra ta nemi magani, sun ce an tilasta masu ne ta hanyar da ta kira magani da ta warke.  A cikin watan Fabrairu, na shekarar 2000, tsohon ministan kiwon lafiya na West Bengal Partho De ya ba da umarnin sake duba bayanan likita na Besra a Sashen Lafiya na Kolkata. A cewar De, babu wani sabon abu game da rashin lafiyarta da magani bisa doguwar jinyarta. Ya ce ya ƙi ba da sunan Vatican na likita wanda zai tabbatar da cewa warkewar Monica Besra ta mu’ujiza ce.  

A lokacin beatification na Teresa da canonization, Roman Curia (ta Vatican) tayi nazari kuma ba a wallafa sukar rayuwarta da aikinta ba. Hitchens da Chatterjee (marubucin ''The Final Verdict'', wani littafi mai mahimmanci na Teresa) ta yi magana da kotun; a cewar jami'an Vatican, binciken da aka gabatar an bincike ne daga Kungiyar da ke Sanadin Sanadin Waliyyan Waliyyan .  Kungiyar ba ta sami wani cikas ba game da canjin magana na Teresa, kuma ta ba da ''kewar ta'' a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun, na shekarar alif 1999.   Saboda harin da aka kai mata, wasu marubutan Katolika sun kira ta da alamar sabani .  Wani kwamiti na daban na likita ya yanke hukuncin cewa mu'ujiza Monica Besra, daya daga cikin ukun da Kolodiejchuk ya dauke, alama ce ta roko na Allah.  An kori Teresa a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, shekarar 2003, kuma Katolika sun san shi da &quot;Masu Albarka&quot;.

===Canonization===
A 17 Disamba 2015, offishin yada labarai na Vatican [[Francis (fafaroma)|Pope Francis]] ya gano mu'ujiza na biyu da aka danganta ga Teresa: warkar da mutumin Brazil dauke da brain tumours a 2008.mu'ujizar ta zo cikin gari ne sanda wasu jami'ai dake kula da aiki lokacin shagualan World Youth Day 2013sanda fafaroma ke kasar Brazil awatan Yuli. anyi ta bincike a Brazil daga 19–26 June 2015 wanda daga bisani aka maida zuwa masu aiki na Saints wanda suka bada dokatr cewa cabinciken ya kammalu.

Francis yayi mata canonization, hakan yafaru ne a wani biki a ranar 4 ga Satumbar 2016 a Dandalin St Peter da ke garin Vatican. Dubun-dubatan mutane ne suka halarci bikin, gami da wakilai 15 na gwamnati da kuma mutane 1,500 da ba su da matsuguni daga duk fadin Italiya.   An watsa kai tsaye ta hanyar tashar Vatican kuma aka watsa ta yanar gizo; Skopje, garin mahaifar Teresa, ya ba da sanarwar bikin biki na tsawon sati daya.  A Indiya, Mishan ɗin Sadarwa ta biki ta Kolkata.

== Co-Patron na Calcutta Archdiocese ==
A ranar 4 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, yayin bikin girmama canonization dinta wata shekara ta 1 da ta cancanta, Sister Mary Prema Pierick, Babban shugaba ta na mishan Ofishin Sadaka, ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a sanya Teresa a matsayin malamar cocin Calcutta Archdiocese yayin bikin Mass a cikin Cathedral na Mafi Girma Rosary a 5.30 pm a ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017.  A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Archbishop Thomas D’Souza, wanda ke zama shugaban Archdiocese na Katolika na Calcutta, ya tabbatar da cewa za a nada Teresa a matsayin mai rikon mukamin Caliota Diocese, tare da Francis Xavier.   A ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, kusan mutane 500 suka halarci Mass a wani babban coci inda Dominique Gomes, Babban Vicar na gida,  karanta dokar da ta kafa ta a matsayin mataimaki na biyu na mai kare tarihi na archdiocese.  D’Souza da jakadan Vatican a Indiya, Giambattista Diquattro, sune suka jagoranci wannan bikin kuma suka gabatar da mutum-mutumi na tagulla a cocin Uwa Teresa dauke da yaro.  

Cocin Katolika na Roman Katolika ya ba da sanarwar St. Francis Xavier yazama saint na farko na Calcutta a shekarar alif 1986.  

== Legacy da fitowa a cikin al'adun sanannu ==

=== Abun Tunawa ===
[[File:Terminal_jashte.jpg|alt=Airport terminal, with four trees in the foreground|left|thumb| Tirana International Airport Nënë Tereza ]]
Kayay-yakin tarihi da ake tunawa da Teresa kuma sunanta sunan cocin da yawa. Tana da gine-gine, hanyoyi da kuma gidaje masu suna bayanta, gami da filin jirgin saman Albania na duniya . Ranar Iya Teresa ''(Dita e Nënë Terezës)'', 19 ga Oktoba, hutu ne na jama'a a Albania . A shekara ta 2009, an buɗe gidan tunawa da mahaifiyar Teresa a garinsu Skopje, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makidoniya]] . An ba da sunan babban cocin Katolika da ke Pristina, Kosovo don girmamawa.  Ginin sa, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2011, ya haifar da muhawara a cikin da'irorin musulmai wadanda suka gan shi a matsayin wanda ya  karfafa yawan mabiya darikar Katolika a yankin. Musulmin Kosovo sun yi adawa da wani kudurin kafa wata hanyar tunawa da Teresa a garin Peć (a cewar masu fafutuka, kashi 98 cikin dari) Musulmai sun yi adawa da kafa ta a Kosovo.  
[[File:Saint_Mother_Teresa_Cathedral_Prishtina8.jpg|right|thumb|150x150px| Cathedral na Saint Mother Teresa, Prishtinë ]]
Jami'ar Mata ta Uwa Teresa,  a Kodaikanal, an kafa ta a shekarar alif 1984. a matsayin jami'ar jama'a ta gwamnatin Tamil Nadu . Mahaifiya Theresa Postgraduate da Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Kiwon Lafiya,  a Pondicherry, an kafa ta ne a cikin shekarar alif 1999. ta hannun Gwamnatin Puducherry . Kungiyar ba da agaji Sevalaya ce ke tafiyar da Gidan Iyayen Mata na Teresa, tare da samar da 'yan matan marayu da marayu a kusa da kauyen Kasuva da ke Tamil Nadu da abinci, kayan sawa, tsari da ilimi.  Yawancin yabo da marubucin tarihin Teresa, Navin Chawla, suka bayyana a jaridu da mujallu na Indiya.    Jirgin Ruwa na Indiya sun gabatar da &quot;Mother Express&quot;, sabon jirgin kasa mai suna bayan mahaifiyar Mama Teresa, a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2010. don tunawa da karni na haihuwar ta.  Gwamnatin Tamil Nadu ta shirya bukukuwan karni na karrama Teresa a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2010 a [[Chennai]] wanda babban minista M Karunanidhi ya jagoranta.   Farko a kan 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2013, ranar tunawa da ta mutuwa da aka sanya cikin kasa da kasa Rãnar Charity ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya .  

A cikin shekarar 2012, Teresa ta kasance lamba ta 5 a cikin Babban binciken Indiya na Manyan Yan Indiya .  

A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Katolika na St Teresa, cocin Katolika na farko da aka sanya wa sunan girmamawa ga Teresa, an keɓe shi a Kosovo.  Cathedral ɗin shima babban cocin Katolika ne na farko na Kosovo.  

==== Tarihai da littattafai ====

* Teresa batun fim din 1969 ne da littafin 1972, ''Abin Kyau ga Allah'', wanda Malcolm Muggeridge ya wallafa .  An yi fim ɗin fim ɗin tare da jawo hankalin yammacin duniya ga Mama Teresa. 
* Littattafan Christopher Hitchens na 1994, ''Mala'ikan Jahannama'', ya bayar da hujjar cewa Teresa ta bukaci talakawa da su yarda da makomarsu; Allah yana bayyana masu arziki kamar yadda Allah ya yi musu falala.   Wannan ita ce farkon rubutun Hitchens, ''Matsayin mishan: Uwar Teresa a ka'idodi da Aiki'' . 

==== Shirye-shiryen talabijin ====

* Geraldine Chaplin ya buga wasan Teresa a cikin ''Iya Teresa: Da Sunan Rashin Allah'', wanda ya karɓi kyautar Fim na Fim a shekarar alif 1997.
* Olivia Hussey ce ta buga wasan a cikin ministocin gidan talabijin na Italiya na shekarar  2003, ''Mama Teresa na Calcutta'' .  An sake sakewa a cikin shekarar 2007, ta sami kyautar CAMIE .
* Juliet Stevenson ta taka leda a cikin fim din ' ''The Letters'' ' na shekarar 2014, wanda ya danganta da wasiƙun sa zuwa ga firist ɗin Vatican Celeste van Exem .
* Uwar Teresa, wacce Cara Francis the FantasyGrandma ke bugawa, ta yi tsegumi kan Sigmund Freud a cikin Epic Rap Battles of Tarihi, jerin wakokin fim din YouTube da Nice Peter da Epic Lloyd suka kirkira. An saki Rap din a YouTube a ranar 22 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2019.

== Duba kuma ==

* Abdul Sattar Edhi 
* Albanians 
* Jerin mutanen Albanians 
* Jerin sunayen mata masu lambar yabo ta Nobel 
* Babban Ba’indiye 
* Addinin Katolika na Albania 
* Addinin Katolika na Kosovo 
* Addinin Katolika na Romaniya a Arewacin Makidoniya 

== Manazarta ==

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[[File:Mary Teresa Norton cph.3b14795.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa lokacin tana ma￼tashiya]]
[[File:Mother Teresa 1995.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa a shekarar 1995]]
[[Fayil:Statue Mother Teresa Thomas Mount Chennai Aug22 A7C 02284.jpg|thumb|mama teresa]]
'''Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu'''  (an haifi '''Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu''',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/vatican-declares-mother-teresa-patron-saint-calcutta-49651357|title=Vatican declares Mother Teresa a patron saint of Calcutta|author=Manik Banerjee|date=6 September 2017|publisher=Associated Press, ABC News.com|accessdate=6 September 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906160015/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/vatican-declares-mother-teresa-patron-saint-calcutta-49651357|archivedate=6 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/mother-teresa-to-be-named-co-patron-of-calcutta-archdiocese-on-first-canonization-anniversary-4007169.html|title=Mother Teresa to be named co-patron of Calcutta Archdiocese on first canonization anniversary|date=4 September 2017|magazine=First Post|accessdate=5 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Albanian:   ; a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif  1910, zuwa &amp;nbsp;ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, Shekara ta alif 1997), wacce akafi sani a matsayin '''Mother Teresa''' da kuma girmama a cikin cocin Katolika a matsayin '''Saint Teresa na Calcutta,'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.killaladiocese.org/canonisation-of-blessed-mother-teresa-september-4th/|title=Canonisation of Mother Teresa – September 4th|website=Diocese of Killala|date=September 2016|accessdate=4 September 2016|archive-date=8 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908122310/http://www.killaladiocese.org/canonisation-of-blessed-mother-teresa-september-4th/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  an Albanian&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html|title=Kur Nënë Tereza vinte në Tiranë/2|first=bota|last=shqiptare|publisher=|access-date=2020-03-24|archive-date=2016-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918175822/http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=2016-09-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918175822/http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; - Indian  Roman Katolika Nun, da mishan .  An haife ta ne a Skopje (yanzu itace babban birnin [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makedonia]] ), sannan wani ɓangare na Kosovo Vilayet na Daular Ottoman. Bayan ta zauna a Skopje shekaru goma sha takwas, sai tai ƙaura zuwa Ireland sannan kuma ta tafi [[Indiya]], inda ta zauna mafi yawan rayuwarta.

A shekarar alif 1950, Teresa ta kafa Mishanarai na Tallafawa, a wani taron addini na Roman Katolika  wanda ya kai 4,500 na nunashekarana aukuwa a kasashe 133 a shekara ta 2012. Ikilisiya tana kula da gidaje don mutanen da ke mutuwa ta [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]], kuturta da [[Tibi|tarin fuka]] . Hakanan yana gudanar da dafa abinci na dafa abinci, kayan dafa abinci, asibitocin tafi-da-gidanka, shirye-shiryen ba da shawara ga yara da na iyali, harma da marayu da makarantu. Wakilai suna yin alwashi na tsabta, talauci, da biyayya, sannan kuma suna yin alkawarin hudun - don ba da &quot;yardar rai kyauta ga matalautan matalauta.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Muggeridge (1971), chapter 3, &quot;Mother Teresa Speaks&quot;, pp. 105, 113&lt;/ref&gt; 

Teresa ta samu karramawa da dama, ciki har da (1962) Ramon Magsaysay Peace Prize da kuma shekara ta alif (1979) Nobel Peace Prize . Ta kasance sananne a ranar 4 ga watan Satumbar, shekarata 2016, kuma ranar tunawa da mutuwarta (5 ga watan Satumba) ita ce ranar bikinta . 

Wani mutum mai rikitarwa a rayuwarsa da kuma bayan mutuwarta, mutane da yawa suna alfahari da mama Teresa saboda aikinta na kyautatawa. An yaba mata da yin Allah wadai kan lamurra daban-daban, irin su ra'ayoyinta game da zubar da ciki da hana haihuwa, kuma ana sukar ta da mummunan yanayi a cikin gidajen ta na masu mutuwa. Navin Chawla ne ya rubuta tarihinta wanda aka ba da izini kuma aka buga shi a Shekara ta alif (1992) kuma ta kasance 'yan fim da sauran littattafai.A 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Teresa da St-Francis Xavier an ba su sunayen abokan tarayya na Archdiocese na Roman Katolika na Calcutta.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==

=== Farkon rayuwa ===
[[File:Memorial_house_of_Mother_Teresa.jpg|alt=Urban stone-and-glass building|left|thumb| Bikin tunawa da mahaifiyar Iyaye Teresa a garin haihuwarta Skopje ]]
An haifi Teresa Anjezë Gonxhe (ko Gonxha) &lt;ref name=&quot;Egan 1992&quot;&gt;''Blessed Are You: Mother Teresa and the Beatitudes'', ed. by Eileen Egan and Kathleen Egan, O.S.B., MJF Books: New York, 1992&lt;/ref&gt; Bojaxhiu ( Albanian:   ; ''Anjezë'' ne cognate na &quot;Agnes&quot;. ''Gonxhe'' yana nufin &quot;furebud&quot; ko &quot;karamar fure&quot; a cikin Albanian ) a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif (1910) a cikin dangin Kosovar Albanian    a Skopje (yanzu babban birnin [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makedoniya]] ), [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] .   An yi mata baftisma a Skopje, kwana bayan haifuwarta.  Daga baya ta yi la’akari da ranar 27 ga watan  Agusta, ranar da aka yi mata baftisma, ‘bikinta na gaskiya’. &lt;ref name=&quot;MToC&quot;&gt;(2002) &quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)&quot;. ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ta kuma kasance ƙaramar yarinyar Nikollë da Dranafile Bojaxhiu (Bernai).  Mahaifinta, wanda ke da hannu a cikin siyasar Albaniya a cikin Ottoman Macedonia, ya mutu a shekara ta alif (1919), lokacin yana dan shekara takwas. &lt;ref name=&quot;MToC&quot;&gt;(2002) &quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)&quot;. ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Although some sources state she was 10 when her father died, in an interview with her brother, the Vatican documents her age at the time as &quot;about eight&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Wataƙila ya fito ne daga Prizren, Kosovo, kuma wataƙila mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga kauyen kusa da Gjakova .  

Dangane da tarihin daga Joan Graff Clucas, Teresa ta kasance a cikin shekarunta lokacin da labaru game da rayuwar mishaneri da hidimarsu a Bengal ya burge ta ; har ta kai shekara 12, ta hakikance cewa yakamata ta sadaukar da rayuwarta ga addini.  Shirin ta ya ƙarfafa a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif 1928, yayin da tayi addu'a a farfajiyar Madonna na Madina na Vitina-Letnice, inda ta saba yin aikin haji . &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, ''Mother Teresa: A Biography'', Greenwood Press, 2004, p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Teresa ta bar gida a shekarar alif 1928, yayin da take da Shekara 18, don shiga Sisters of Loreto a Loreto Abbey a Rathfarnham, Ireland, don koyan Turanci tare da ra'ayin zama mishan; Ingilishi shine harshen koyar da Yan'uwa mata na Loreto a Indiya.  Ba ta taɓa ganin mahaifiyarta ko ƙanwarta ba. &lt;ref&gt;Sharn, Lori (5 September 1997). [http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/mothert/mother01.htm &quot;Mother Teresa dies at 87&quot;]. ''USA Today''. Retrieved 5 September 2016&lt;/ref&gt; Iyalinta sun zauna a Skopje har zuwa shekarar alif 1934, lokacin da suka ƙaura zuwa Tirana .  

Ta isa Indiya a Shekara ta alif 1929 , kuma ta fara ta novitiate a Darjeeling, a cikin kananan [[Himalaya|Himalayas]], &lt;ref&gt;Clucas (1988), p. 31&lt;/ref&gt; inda ta koya Bengali da kuma koyarwa a St. Teresa ta School dake kusa da Conven dinta. &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 17.&lt;/ref&gt; Teresa ta dauki alwashin farko na addini a ranar 24 ga watan Mayu, Shekara ta alif 1931. Ta zaɓi zama mai suna bayan Thérèse de Lisieux, mai tsaro na mishan na mishan;   saboda wata macen zawara a cikin gidan masarautar ta riga ta za bi wannan suna, Agnes ya zaɓi yaren rubutun Mutanen Espanya (Teresa). &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 18.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Teresa ta yi alƙawura a ranar 14 ga watan  Mayu, Shekara ta alif 1937, yayin da take malama a makarantar koyar da adami ta Loreto a , gabashin Calcutta. &lt;ref name=&quot;MToC&quot;&gt;(2002) &quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)&quot;. ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;   Ta yi aiki a wurin kusan kusan shekaru ashirin kuma an nada ta a matsayin shugabar mata a shekarar alif 1944. &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 25.&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa Teresa ta ji daɗin koyarwa a makarantar, amma ta damu sosai da talaucin da ke kewaye da ita a [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] .  Yunwar Bengal na shekarar alif 1943, ya kawo tashin hankali da mutuwa a cikin birni, kuma Ranar Yakin 1946  kai tsaye ya fara lokacin tashin hankalin Musulmi da Hindu.  

=== Mishan cikin Sadaka ===
[[File:Missionaries_of_Charity_Mother_House.jpg|alt=Three-story building with a sign and a statue|thumb| Mishanarai na Charity motherhouse a Kolkata ]]
A ranar 10 ga watan Satumba, shekarar alif 1946, Teresa ta sami abin da ta bayyana daga baya a matsayin &quot;kira a cikin kira&quot; lokacin da ta yi tafiya ta jirgin ƙasa zuwa wurin ajiyar kayayyaki na Loreto a Darjeeling daga [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] don komawar ta shekara-shekara. &quot;Ya kamata in fita daga cikin tashoshin don taimakon talakawa yayin da nake zaune a cikinsu. Umarni ne. Rashin faɗuwa dã ya kasance yana rushe imani. &quot;  Daga baya Joseph Langford ya rubuta, &quot;Ko da yake ba wanda ya san shi a lokacin, 'yar'uwar Teresa ta zama ''Uwar'' Teresa&quot;.  

Ta fara aikin mishan tare da matalauta a cikin shekarar alif 1948, sauya al'ada ta Loreto ta al'ada tare da sari, farin auduga sari tare da shudin iyaka. Teresa ta amince da zama ɗan baƙon Indiya, ta yi watanni da yawa a Patna don karɓar horo na asali a Asibitin Holy Family kuma ta shiga cikin tutocin.   Ta kafa makaranta a Motijhil, Kolkata, kafin ta fara kula da matalauta da masu fama da yunwa. A farkon shekarar alif 1949, wasu gungun matasa mata sun hadar da Teresa a cikin kokarin ta, sannan ta aza harsashin kafa sabuwar kungiyar addini da ke taimaka wa &quot;mafi talauci a cikin matalauta&quot;.  

Kokarin ta ya ja hankalin jami’an Indiya cikin hanzari, gami da Firayim Minista.  Teresa ta rubuta a cikin rubutunta cewa shekarar ta farko tana fama da wahala. Ba tare da samun kuɗin shiga ba, ta roƙi abinci da kayan abinci da ƙwarewar shakku, kadaici da jaraba don dawowa cikin ta'aziyyar rayuwar duniya yayin waɗannan farkon watanni: 

Ubangijinmu nason in zama yantattar mai bauta wacce aka lullube cikin talaucin yesu, A yau, na ilimantu da darussa masu kyau. Talaucin talaka dole yayi masu tsanani, sanda nake neman gida nayi tafiya har saida kafafuna sukayi ciwo, nayi tunanin cewa tyaushe ne zasu bar wannan ciwo ga rayuwata, ina neman gida, abinci da lafiya. Sai jindadin loreto yashafe ni, yace kawai ki fadi Kalmar duk wani abu zai zama naki, haka dai mai shafar yacigaba da cewa..., cikin budaddiyar zabi, Dan Allah na kuma dan sona agare ki, na zaba inyi komi danke bazan bar wani hawaye ya sauka daga ida nunki ba.
[[File:Sisters_of_Charity.jpg|alt=Four nuns in sandals and white-and-blue saris|left|thumb| Mishan Sadaka a saris na gargajiya ]]
A ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba, Shekara ta alif  1950, Teresa ta sami izini daga Vatican don ikilisiyar diocesan, wanda zai zama mishaneri na Sadaka.  A cikin maganganun ta, zai kula da &quot;masu fama da yunwa, tsirara, marasa gida, guragu, makafi, kutare, duk waɗannan mutanen da suke jin ƙin sonsu, marasa ƙauna, waɗanda ba su kula da su ba a duk faɗin jama'a, mutanen da suka zama nauyi ga jama'a kuma kowa ya nisanta dashi ”.  

A shekarar alif 1952, Teresa ta buɗe hospice dinta na farko da taimako jami'ai daga Calcutta. Ta sauya hanikalin Hindu da aka yi watsi da ita zuwa Gidan Kalighat na Mutuwa, kyauta ne ga matalauta, ta kuma sanya mata suna Kalighat, Gidan Zuciyar Mai Tsabta (Nirmal Hriday).  Wadanda kawo wa gida samu likita da hankali da kuma damar da za su mutu tare da mutunci a cikin daidai da ban-gaskiyarsu: Musulmi suna karanta [[Al Kur'ani|Kur'ani]], 'yan Hindu samu ruwa daga ganges, kuma Katolika samu matsananci unction .  &quot;Kyakkyawan mutuwa&quot;, in ji Teresa, &quot;don mutane waɗanda suka rayu kamar dabbobi su mutu kamar mala'iku - suna ƙauna da so.&quot;  
[[File:Nirmal_Hriday_facade.jpg|alt=White, older building|thumb| Nirmal Hriday, Uwargida na Calcutta na Mama Teresa, a cikin 2007 ]]
Ta buɗe ofishi ga waɗanda ke da kuturta, suna kiranta Shanti Nagar (Birnin Zaman Lafiya).  Kungiyoyin mishan na Agaji sun kafa cibiyoyin cutar kuturta, a ko'ina cikin Calcutta, suna ba da magunguna, riguna da abinci.  Mishan din na Agaji sun karu da yawaitar yara marasa gida; a shekarar alif 1955, Teresa ta bude Nirmala Shishu Bhavan, Gidan Yaran Yara na Zuciya, a zaman mafaka ga marayu da matasa marasa gida.  

Ikilisiyar ta yafara jawo hankalin ma'aikata da gudummawowi, kuma har ya zuwa shekarar 1960, sun bude ofisoshin marayu, gidajen marayu da gidajen kuturu a cikin ko'ina na kasar  Indiya. Daga nan Teresa ta faɗaɗa ikilisiya a ƙasar waje, ta buɗe gida a Venezuela a shekara ta alif 1965, tare da ’yan’uwa mata biyar.  An bi gidaje a Italiya (Rome), Tanzania da Austria a cikin shekarar 1968, kuma a cikin shekarun 1970 ikilisiya ta buɗe gidaje da tushe a Amurka da dama ƙasashe a Asiya, Afirka da Turai.  

An kafa mishan na Missionaries of Charity Brothers a shekarar alif 1963, kuma reshe ne mai dauke da tunani na San’uwa ya biyo baya a shekarar 1976. Lay Katolika da waɗanda ba Katolika ba sun sami rajista a cikin -kungiyar Ma'aikata na Uwar Teresa, Masu aikin Marasa lafiya da wahala, da kuma mishan na Ma'aikatan Sadaka. Da yake amsa buƙatu daga firistoci da yawa, a cikin Shekara ta alif 1981, Mama Teresa ta kafa kungiyar Corpus Christi Movement na Firistoci  tare da Joseph Langford mishaneri na Ubanni a cikin Shekara ta alif 1984, don haɗu da manufofin sana'a na mishan na ba da agaji tare da kayan aikin rayuwar firistoci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.mcpriests.com/ |title=The Religious Community of priests founded by Mother Teresa. ''Missionaries of Charity Fathers'' |access-date=2020-03-24 |archive-date=2016-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211191550/http://www.mcpriests.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Mother Teresa 1996.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa]]
Ya zuwa shekarar alif 1997, majami'ar Calcutta mai mambobi 13 sun girma zuwa fiye da 'yan'uwa mata 4,000 waɗanda ke kula da marayu, gidajen kula da cutar kanjamau da cibiyoyin bayar da agaji a duk duniya, suna kula da' yan gudun hijirar, makafi, nakasassu, tsofaffi, mashaya giya, gajiyayyu da marasa gida da waɗanda ambaliyar ta shafa, annoba da kuma yunwa.  A shekara ta 2007, mishan mishan na Charity ya ƙididdige kimanin 'yan’uwa 450 da ’yan’uwa mata 5,000 a duk duniya, waɗanda ke aiki mishan 600, makarantu da mafaka a cikin ƙasashe 120.

=== Sadaka ta kasa da kasa ===
Teresa ta ce, &quot;Da jini, Ni dan Albaniya ne. Ta zama ɗan ƙasa, Ba'indiye ne. Ta wurin bangaskiya, ni wata mazhabar Katolika ce. Game da kirana, ni na duniya ce. &quot;Game da zuciyata, gaba daya na daga cikin zuciyar Yesu ne.&quot;  Luwararru cikin harsuna biyar-Bengali,  Albanian, Serbian, [[Turanci]] da Hindi - ta yi tafiye-tafiye na lokaci-lokaci a wajen India saboda dalilai na bil-adama.  

A tsaunin Siege na Beirut a shekarar 1982, Teresa ta ceci yara 37 da aka makale a wani asibiti kafin ta hanyar tsagaita wuta na wucin gadi tsakanin sojojin Isra’ila da masu gwagwarmayar Falasdinawa.Tare da ma'aikatan kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross, ta bi ta yankin yaki zuwa asibiti don kwashe matasa marasa lafiya.  

Lokacin da gabashin Turai ta sami karuwa a ƙarshen 1980s, Teresa ta faɗaɗa ƙoƙarinta ga ƙasashen Kwaminisanci waɗanda suka ƙi Mishan Mishan na Sadaka. Ta fara shirye-shirye da dama, ba tare da wata damuwa ba game da matsayinta na hana zubar da ciki da kisan aure: &quot;Babu wanda ya ce menene, ya kamata ka karba shi da murmushi ka yi aikinka.&quot; Ta ziyarci Armenia bayan girgizar kasa na 1988  kuma ta sadu da Nikolai Ryzhkov, Shugaban Majalisar Ministocin .  

Teresa ta yi tafiya don taimakawa masu fama da yunwa a Habasha, wadanda suka kamu da radadin cutar a Chernobyl da kuma wadanda girgizar ta shafa a Armenia. &lt;ref&gt;Cooper, Kenneth J. (14 September 1997). &quot;Mother Teresa Laid to Rest After Multi-Faith Tribute&quot;. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved 30 May 2007&lt;/ref&gt;   A 1991, ta koma [[Albaniya|Albania]] a karon farko, inda ta buɗe Ofishin mishan na Charity Brothers gida a Tirana .  

A shekarar 1996, Teresa ta fara aiki da misalai 517 a cikin kasashe sama da 100.  Mishanninta na Rahamar sun karu daga goma sha biyu zuwa dubbai, suna masu hidimar &quot;matalautan matalauta&quot; a cibiyoyi 450 na duniya. An kafa Ofishin mishan na farko na Charity a cikin Amurka a yankin South Bronx na [[New York (birni)|New York City]], kuma har ya zuwa shekarar 1984 ikilisiya tana gudanar da rukunoni 19 a cikin ƙasar.

=== Karayar lafiya da mutuwa ===
Teresa ta sami bugun zuciya a Rome a 1983 yayin da ta ke ziyartar [[John Paul na Biyu|Paparoma John Paul II]] . Bayan harin na biyu a 1989, ta sami na'urar bugun zuciya . A 1991, bayan cutar huhu a Mexico,tana da karin matsalolin zuciya. Kodayake Teresa ta ba da shawarar yin murabus a matsayin shugabar mishan na Sadaka, a cikin wata takaddar sirri da 'yar'uwar ikilisiyar suka zabe ta ta ci gaba kuma ta yarda ta ci gaba.  

A watan Afrilun 1996,ta fadi,ta karya kashinta na wuya, kuma bayan wata hudu ta [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|kamu]] da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] da ciwon zuciya . Kodayake Teresa ta yi aikin tiyata, amma lafiyar ta tana raguwa. A cewar Akbishop na Calcutta Henry Sebastian D’Souza, ya umarci wani firist da ya yi aikin fitarwa (tare da izininsa) lokacin da aka garzaya da ita asibiti da matsalolin bugun zuciya saboda yana tunanin watakila shaidan ne ya same shi. &lt;ref&gt;Bindra, Satinder (7 September 2001).&quot;Archbishop: Mother Teresa underwent exorcism&quot;. ''CNN'' Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;.  

A ranar 13 Maris 1997 Teresa ta yi murabus a matsayin shugabar Mishan of Charity, kuma ta mutu ne a ranar 5 ga Satumba.  Lokacin da ta mutu, mishaneri na Sadaka yana da 'yan'uwa mata sama da 4,000 da kuma ɗan uwan mambobi 300 waɗanda ke aiki a ofisoshi 610 a cikin ƙasashe 123.  Waɗannan sun haɗa da baƙi da gidaje ga mutanen da ke [[Kanjamau|ɗauke]] da [[Kanjamau|kwayar cutar HIV, AIDS]], kuturta da tarin fuka, dafaffen dafa abinci, shirye-shiryen kula da yara da na yara, marayu da makarantu. Missionungiyar mishan ta Charan agaji ta taimaka da abokan aikinta waɗanda suka ƙidaya sama da miliyan ɗaya a shekarun 1990. 

Teresa ta ajiye a cikin wani akwati da aka bude a St Thomas, Calcutta, tsawon mako guda kafin jana'izarta. Ta samu jana'izar hukuma daga gwamnatin Indiya bisa godiya saboda hidimta wa talakawan dukkan addinai a kasar.  Taimakawa ta hanyar firistoci guda biyar, Sakatariyar Kudi ta Kasa Angelo Sodano, wakilin Paparoma, ya yi bikin ƙarshe.  Mutuwar Teresa ta kasance makoki a cikin mutane da kuma al'ummomin addini. Firayim Minista na Pakistan Nawaz Sharif ya kira ta &quot;mutum ne da baƙonsa ba kuma wanda ya daɗe yana da babban buri. Tsawon rayuwarta tsawon rai ga kulawa da talakawa, marassa lafiya, da nakasassu na daga cikin mafi girman misalai na bautarmu ga bil'adama. &quot;  A cewar tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, &quot;Ita ce Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Tana da zaman lafiya a duniya&quot;.

== Martabawa da karɓuwa ==

=== Indiya ===
Gwamnatin Indiya ta fara amincewa da Teresa da farko ne a fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na farkon  ƙarni, ta karɓi Padma Shri a shekarar alif 1962, da lambar yabo ta Jawaharlal Nehru don Fahimtar ƙasa da ƙasa a shekarar alif 1969.  Daga baya ta sami wasu lambobin yabo na Indiya, wadanda suka hada da Bharat Ratna (lambar yabo mafi girma a Indiya) a shekarar alif 1980.  Littafin tarihin Teresa wanda Navin Chawla ya wallafa, a cikin Shekara ta alif 1992. A cikin [[Kolkata]], wasu 'Hindu bauta mata a matsayin abin bauta.  

Don tunawa da bikin cikarta shekara 100 da haihuwar ta, gwamnatin Indiya ta bayar da tsabar kudi ₹ 5 na musamman (yawan kudin da Teresa ta samu lokacin da ta je Indiya) a ranar 28 ga  watan Agusta, shekarar 2010. Shugaba Pratibha Patil ta ce, &quot;Clad cikin fararen sari mai launin shudi, ita da 'yan uwan Mishan na Charity sun zama alamar ta bege ga mutane da yawa - tsofaffi, gajiyayyu, marasa aikin yi, marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya. da akayi watsi dasu daga iyalansu. &quot;  

Ra'ayoyin Indiya akan Teresa ba masu dacewa ba kamar yadda kowane dan kasan ke ganinta. Aroup Chatterjee, likita ne da aka haife shi a Calcutta wanda ya kasance mai fafutuka a cikin tatsuniyar biranen shekaru kusan 1980 kafin ya koma Burtaniya, ya ce &quot;bai ma taɓa ganin wata tsawa ba a cikin waɗannan rukunin gidajen&quot;.  Binciken nasa, wanda ya hada da tambayoyi sama da 100 tare da masu sa kai, da sanatoci da kuma wasu da suka saba da mishan Mishanai, an bayyana su a cikin littafin 2003. da ke da masaniyar Teresa.  Chatterjee ta soki ta game da gabatar da &quot;al'adar wahala&quot; da mummunan gurbata ta Calcutta, yin karin gishiri game da aikin da aka yi mata ta hanyar amfani da kudi da kuma gata a wajen ta.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Chatterjee&quot;&gt;Chatterjee, Aroup, Introduction to ''The Final Verdict''&lt;/ref&gt; A cewarsa, wasu matsalolin tsabtace tsabta da ya soki (na sake amfani da allura, alal misali) bayan mutuwar Teresa a Shekara ta alif 1997.  

Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya, mayor na Kolkata daga shekarar 2005 zuwa 2010, ya ce &quot;ba ta da wani tasiri a kan talakawa na wannan birni&quot;, ta sami lafiya a maimakon ta yi maganin ta kuma ta ba da labarin gari: &quot;Babu shakka akwai talauci a Calcutta, amma ba ta taɓa kasance wani gari na kutare da masu bara ba, kamar yadda UwaTeresa ta gabatar da shi. &quot;  A gefen Hindu, Jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata ta yi karo da Teresa a kan Christian Dalits amma ta yaba mata a cikin mutuwa kuma ta aiko da wakili don yi mata jana'izarta.  Ita dai Vishwa Hindu Parishad, ta yi adawa da matakin da gwamnati ta dauka na yi mata jana’iza. Sakatare Giriraj Kishore ta ce &quot;aikinta na farko shine Cocin da hidimar zamantakewa ba ta faru ba&quot;, inda ta zarge ta da fifita Kiristoci da kuma yin “baftisma a ɓoye” na masu mutuwa. &lt;ref&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/ECI_Main/DJ/Frontline%201997%20Article%20published%20in%20Hindu.pdf#page=3 A life of selfless caring] – [[Frontline (magazine)]] article.&lt;/ref&gt;  A wani gaban-shafin, fortnightly ''frontline ta'' sallami zargin a matsayin &quot;patently na ƙarya&quot; kuma ya bayyana cewa suna da &quot;yi wani tasiri a kan jama'a ji na ta aikin, musamman a Calcutta&quot;. Wanda ya yaba da &quot;kulawa ta rashin son kai&quot;, karfin jiki da jarumkntaka, marubucin lambar yabo ya soki kamfen din da Teresa takeyi inkari game da zubar da ciki da kuma ikirarin ta na siyasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline&quot;&gt;Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997&lt;/ref&gt; 

A watan Fabrairu na shekarar 2015, Mohan Bhagwat, shugaban kungiyar kare hakkin reshen Hindu, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, ya ce manufar Teresa ita ce &quot;maida mutumin, wanda ake yi masa hidima, ya zama Kirista&quot;.  Tsohon kakakin kungiyar ta RSS MG Vaidhya ya goyi bayan kimantawar Bhagwat, kuma kungiyar ta zargi kafofin watsa labarai da &quot;gurbata gaskiya game da kalaman Bhagwat&quot;. Dan majalisar wakilai na Trinamool Derek O'Brien, shugaban CPI Atul Anjan da kuma babban ministan Delhi Arvind Kejriwal sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da zancen da Bhagwat yayi.

=== Wani wurin ===
[[File:President Reagan Presents Mother Teresa with the Medal of Freedom at a White House Ceremony in the Rose Garden - DPLA - 1321c7b194e7e893127ef14b2f7c565c.jpg|alt=President and Mrs. Ronald Reagan with Mother Teresa, standing at a microphone|thumb| Shugaba [[Ronald Reagan|Ronald Reagan ya]] ba mahaifiyar Teresa kyautar Shugaban Kasa na 'Yanci a yayin bikin Fadar White House kamar yadda Uwargidan Nan Nancy Reagan ke kallo, a ranar 20 ga watan Yuni, Shekara alif 1985. ]]. 
Teresa ta karbi kyautar Ramon Magsaysay Award dan zaman lafiya da fahimtar duniya, an bata ne dan aikinta a South or East Asia, a shekarar alif 1962. Acewar wallafin, &quot;Kungiyar amintattu sun martaba ta dan tausayawan ta akan talaucin wasu kasashe, wanda akan wannan aikin ne ta fara sabon taron addini&quot;.A farkon 1970s, ta zama wata gwarzuwa a duniya. shaharar za'a iya dangana shi da Malcolm Muggeridge's 1969 documentary, ''Something Beautiful for God'', da Kuma littafinsa na 1971 mai wannan sunan. Wanda Muggeridge ke kokarin tafiyar da rayuwarsa tsaftatacciya. Lokacin daukar fim, wani dauka da akayi a yanayin haske mara tasiri. anyi tunanin zai zama anfani ne ga masu aikin.
[[Fayil:Cedric Prakash Mother Teresa Award.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa]]
A kusan wannan lokacin, duniyar Katolika ta fara girmama Teresa a bainar jama'a. Fafaroma Paul VI ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Paparoma John XXIII P kyautar zaman lafiya a shekara ta alif 1971, inda ta yaba da aikinta tare da talakawa, nuna irin gudummawar kirista da kokarin tabbatar da zaman lafiya,  kuma ta sami kyautar ta Pacem a Terris Award a shekarar alif 1976. &lt;ref&gt;''Quad City Times'' staff (17 October 2005). &quot;Habitat official to receive Pacem in Terris honor&quot;. [[Peace Corps]]. Retrieved 26 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan mutuwarta, Teresa ta sami ci gaba cikin sauri a kan hanyar zuwa saint . 

Gwamnatoci da kungiyoyin farar hula sun karrama ta, sannan ta nada wani wakilin girmamawa na Umarni na Australiya a Shekara ta alif 1982. &quot;don hidimtawa al'ummar Australiya da dan adam baki daya&quot;.  Kasar Burtaniya da Amurka sun ba wasu lambobin yabo masu yawa, wadanda suka kammala a cikin Lamarin Ingantawa a shekarar alif 1983. da zama dan kasa na Amurka mai girmamawa a ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar alif 1996.  Kasar Teresa ta kasar Albania ta ba ta lambar Zinare ta Jama'a a Shekara ta alif 1994, &lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline&quot;&gt;Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997&lt;/ref&gt; amma karbarta da wannan lamarin da Haitian Legion of Honor ta kasance mai rikitarwa. An soki Teresa da cikakken goyon baya ga Duvaliers da rashawa na 'yan kasuwa irin su Charles Keating da Robert Maxwell ; Ta rubuta wa alkalin shari'ar Keating, inda ta nemi a bashi damar.   

Jami'o'i a Indiya da yamma sun ba ta digirin girmamawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline&quot;&gt;Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran lambobin yabo na farar hula sun hada da lambar yabo ta Balzan don inganta bil'adama, zaman lafiya da 'yan uwantaka tsakanin al'umma (1978)  da Albert Schweitzer International Prize (1975). &lt;ref&gt;Jones, Alice &amp; Brown, Jonathan (7 March 2007). &quot;Opposites attract? When Robert Maxwell met Mother Teresa&quot;. ''The Independent''. Retrieved 25 March 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilun, Shekara ta alif 1976, Teresa ta ziyarci Jami'ar Scranton da ke arewa maso gabashin [[Pennsylvania]], inda ta karbi lambar yabo ta La Storta don Bautar da 'Yan Adam daga shugaban jami'a William J. Byron .  Ta kalubalanci masu sauraronta da suka kai 4,500 don suje gidajensu  &quot;kusan talakawa a cikin gidanku da makwabta na gida&quot;, ciyar da wasu ko kuma kawai yada farin ciki da ƙauna,  kuma ya ci gaba da cewa: “Matalauta zasu taimaka mana mu girma cikin tsarkakakku, domin sune Kristi a cikin dabara ce ta wahala &quot;.  A watan Agusta, shekarar alif 1987, Teresa ta sami likita mai daraja ta digiri na ilimin zamantakewa, don karɓar hidimarta da ma'aikatanta don taimakawa gajiyayyu da marasa lafiya, daga jami'a.  Ta yi magana da ɗalibai sama da 4,000 da memba na Diocese of Scranton  game da hidimarta ga &quot;matalauta&quot;, tare da gaya masu su &quot;yi ƙananan abubuwa da ƙauna mai girma&quot;.  {{external media|width=210px|align=right|headerimage=[[File:Mutter Teresa von Kalkutta.jpg|210px]]|video1=[https://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=1852 Mother Teresa's 1979 Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech]}}A Shekara ta alif 1979, Teresa ta sami kyautar Nobel Peace Prize &quot;akan aikinta da ta gudanar dan kaudar da talauci da damuwa wanda suma ke kawo matsala ga zaman lafiya&quot;. Ta ki ta amince da taron , tace kudin ta $192,000 a baiwa talakawa dake kasar Indiya  tare da cewa lada a duniya suna da amfani ne kawai idan anyi aiki dasu wurin taimakon masu karamin karfi. rewards were important only if they helped her to help the world's ne. When Teresa received the prize she was asked, &quot;What can we do to promote world peace?&quot; She answered, &quot;Go home and love your family.&quot; Building on this theme in her [[Kyautar Nobel|Nobel lecture]], she said: &quot;Around the world, not only in the poor countries, but I found the poverty of the West so much more difficult to remove. When I pick up a person from the street, hungry, I give him a plate of rice, a piece of bread, I have satisfied. I have removed that hunger. But a person that is shut out, that feels unwanted, unloved, terrified, the person that has been thrown out from society – that poverty is so hurtable {{sic}} and so much, and I find that very difficult.&quot; Teresa singled out abortion as &quot;the greatest destroyer of peace today. Because if a mother can kill her own child – what is left for me to kill you and you kill me – there is nothing between.&quot;

Barbara Smoker of the secular humanist magazine ''The Freethinker'' criticised Teresa after the Peace Prize award, saying that her promotion of Catholic moral teachings on abortion and contraception diverted funds from effective methods to solve India's problems. At the Fourth World Conference on Women in [[Beijing]], Teresa said: &quot;Yet we can destroy this gift of motherhood, especially by the evil of abortion, but also by thinking that other things like jobs or positions are more important than loving.&quot;

A lokacin rayuwarta, Teresa tana daga cikin manyan mata 10 da suka fi fice a duk shekara Gallup wanda ya fi cancanta ga maza da mata su jefa kuri'u 18, sun kammala da yawa a shekarar alif 1980 da 1990. &lt;ref&gt;Frank Newport, David W. Moore, and Lydia Saad (13 December 1999). &quot;Most Admired Men and Women: 1948–1998&quot;, [[The Gallup Organization]].&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Shekara ta alif 1999. ta jagoranci jerin mutanen da aka fi so a cikin karni na 20 na Gallup,  jefa duk wasu amsoshi da aka ba su ta hanyar iyakokin da yawa, kuma ya kasance na farko a cikin manyan rukunan jama'a banda na matasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;gallup-20c&quot;&gt;Frank Newport (31 December 1999). &quot;Mother Teresa Voted by American People as Most Admired Person of the Century&quot;, [[The Gallup Organization]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pollingreport.com/20th.htm Greatest of the Century] Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll. 20–21 December 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Suuka ==
A cewar wata takarda daga masana ilimin Kanada Serge Larivée, Geneviève Chénard da Carole Sénéchal, asibitocin Teresa sun karbi miliyoyin daloli a cikin abubuwan gudummawa amma ba su da magani, tsarin bincike, ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki da isasshen nazari ga waɗanda ke jin ciwo;  a cikin ra'ayin masana ilimi guda uku, &quot;Mama Teresa ta yarda cewa mara lafiya dole ne ya sha wahala kamar Kristi a kan gicciye&quot;.  An ce karin kudin zai iya canza lafiyar marasa galihu na garin ta hanyar samar da cibiyoyin kula da lafiya.   

Daya daga cikin wadanda suka fi sukar Teresa ita ce yar jaridar Ingilishi, mai sukar litattafan rubuyoci kuma mai adawa da Christopher Hitchens, mai gabatar da ra’ayin Jaridar ''Hell's Angel'' (1994) kuma marubucin labarin ''Fim The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice''&lt;nowiki&gt; (1995) wanda ya rubuta a labarin 2003 : &quot;Wannan ya dawo da mu zuwa ga cin hanci da rashawa na majami'a, wanda ke sayar da attajirai ga ma'abuta yayin da suke wa'azin wutar jahannama da tsinkaye ga talaka. [Uwar Teresa] ba abokin talakawa ba ne. Ta kasance aminin &lt;/nowiki&gt;''talauci'' . Ta ce wahala wahala ce daga Allah. Ta yi amfani da rayuwarta wajen yin adawa da kawai hanyar magance cutar talauci, wanda shine karfafawa mata da ficewar su daga tsarin dabbobin da aka tilasta mata. &quot;  Ya zargi ta da munafinci saboda zabar magani na gaba don yanayin zuciyarta. &lt;ref&gt;Hitchens (1995), p. 41&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;''cf.'' Fr. James Martin, SJ, Letter in ''The New York Review of Books'', 19 September 1996 [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1996/09/19/in-defense-of-mother-teresa/ In Defense of Mother Teresa], accessed 2 February 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Hitchens ya ce &quot;niyyarsa ba ta taimaka wa mutane ba&quot;, kuma ta yi karya ga masu ba da gudummawa game da yadda ake amfani da gudummawar da suke bayarwa. &quot;Ta hanyar magana da ita ne na gano, kuma ta ba ni tabbacin, ba ta bakin kokarin rage talauci&quot;, in ji shi, &quot;tana kokarin fadada yawan mabiya darikar Katolika. Ta ce, 'Ni ba ma'aikacin zamantakewa ba ne. Ba na yi ne saboda wannan dalili. Ina yi domin Kiristi. Ina yi wa cocin. '  &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/10/19/60minutes/main578794.shtml &quot;The Debate over Sainthood&quot;] (11 February 2009). CBS News. Retrieved 29 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake Hitchens yana tunanin shi ne kawai shaida da Vatican ta kira, an kuma kira Aroup Chatterjee (marubucin ''Uwar Teresa: Labarin Untold'' ) don gabatar da hujjoji masu adawa da bugun Teresa da canonization; &lt;ref name=&quot;Hitch&quot;&gt;[http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&amp;page=hitchens_24_2 &quot;Less than Miraculous&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305133543/http://secularhumanism.org/index.php?page=hitchens_24_2&amp;section=library|date=2016-03-05}} by Christopher Hitchens, ''[[Free Inquiry (magazine)|Free Inquiry]]'' 24(2), February/March 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; Vatican ta cire al'ada ta &quot; mai ba da shawarar shaidan &quot;, wanda ya yi aiki da irin wannan manufa.  

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin zubar da ciki sun kuma soki matakin Teresa game da zubar da ciki da kuma hana haihuwa.

== Rayuwar ruhaniya ==
Analysing her deeds and achievements, [[Pope John Paul II]] said: &quot;Where did Mother Teresa find the strength and perseverance to place herself completely at the service of others? She found it in prayer and in the silent contemplation of Jesus Christ, his Holy Face, his Sacred Heart.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2003/october/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20031020_pilgrims-mother-teresa_en.html|title=Address of John Paul II to the Pilgrims Who Had Come To Rome for the Beatification of Mother Teresa|work=Vatican.va|date=20 October 2003|author=John Paul II|accessdate=13 March 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Privately, Teresa experienced doubts and struggle in her religious beliefs which lasted nearly 50 years (until the end of her life); according to her [[postulator]], [[Brian Kolodiejchuk]], &quot;She felt no presence of God whatsoever,&amp;nbsp;... in her heart or in the eucharist&quot;.&lt;ref name=TIME-2007-08-23&gt;{{cite news|title=Mother Teresa's Crisis of Faith|author=David Van Biema|date=23 August 2007|work=TIME|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html|access-date=24 March 2020|archive-date=25 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825084420/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=16 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816032159/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Teresa expressed grave doubts about God's existence and pain over her lack of faith: {{quote|Where is my faith? Even deep down&amp;nbsp;... there is nothing but emptiness and darkness.&amp;nbsp;... If there be God – please forgive me. When I try to raise my thoughts to Heaven, there is such convicting emptiness that those very thoughts return like sharp knives and hurt my very soul.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.edgewoodpc.org/sermons/sermon061911.html|title=Sermon – Some Doubted|publisher=Edgewoodpc.org|date=19 June 2011|accessdate=28 August 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015234535/http://edgewoodpc.org/sermons/sermon061911.html|archivedate=15 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;|sign=|source=}}
[[File:Mother_Teresa_memorial_plaque.jpg|alt=Outdoor bas-relief plaque|thumb| Plaque wanda aka sadaukar wa mahaifiyar Teresa a Wenceslas Square, Olomouc, Czech Republic ]]
Kolodiejchuk (jami'in da ke da alhakin tattara hujjoji na canonization) ya yi tunanin cewa rashin jin daɗin da wasu ke yi zai iya cewa sunyi akasin fassara tai, amma imanin da ya yi cewa Allah yana aiki da ita bai cika damuwa ba; duk da cewa ta yi niyyar kusanci da Allah, amma ba ta tuhumi kasancewar sa ba.  Teresa na iya fuskantar wani abu mai kama da [[Isa Almasihu|Yesu]], wanda ya ce lokacin da aka gicciye shi: ''&quot; Eli Eli lama sabachthani? &quot;'' (&quot;Ya Allah, Allahna, don me ka yashe ni?&quot; ).  Kolodiejchuk ya zana kwatancen John na 16 na ƙarni na Yahaya na Giciye, wanda ya ambaci kalmar &quot; Duhun Duhun Jiya &quot;.  Sauran tsarkaka (ciki har da Teresa mai suna Thérèse na Lisieux, waɗanda suka kira shi &quot;daren rashin kome&quot;) sun sami irin wannan goguwar bushewar ruhaniya . &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;[http://www.beliefnet.com/story/223/story_22353_1.html New Book Reveals Mother Teresa's Struggle with Faith] Beliefnet, AP 2007&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar James Langford, wadannan shakku ba su da wata ma'ana kuma ba zai kawo cikas ga canonization ba.  

Bayan shekaru goma cikin shakku, Teresa ta bayyana ɗan taƙaitaccen lokacin da sabuwar bangaskiya. Bayan mutuwar Paparoma Pius XII a shekarar alif 1958, tana yi masa addu'ar bukukuwan a lokacin da aka sami sauki daga &quot;dogon duhu: wannan baƙon wahalar.&quot; Koyaya, mako biyar baya bushewar ruhaniyarta ta dawo.  

Teresa ta rubuta wasiƙu da yawa ga waɗanda ke ba da tabbaci da kuma manyanta a cikin shekaru 66, musamman ga Calcutta Archbishop Ferdinand Perier da Jesuit firist Celeste van Exem (mashawarcinta na ruhaniya tun samuwar mishan Mishan).  Ta nemi a lalata wasiƙun ta, kasancewar ta damu da cewa &quot;mutane za su ƙara yin la'akari da ni - ƙasa da Yesu.&quot;   
[[File:Alfons_Weisser_Mutter_Teresa.JPG|thumb| Zane-zanen Semi-girmama na girmama Iya Teresa ]]
Koyaya, an tattara rubutun a cikin Mama ''Teresa: Kuzo Ku kasance Haske na'' .   Teresa ta rubuta wa Mika'ilu amintacce na ruhaniya Michael van der Peet, “Yesu yana da ƙauna ta musamman a gare ku. Amma ni, shuru da wofi suna da yawa, da na duba ban gani ba - saurara kuma ban ji ba - harshe yana motsawa [cikin addu'a] amma ba ya magana. &amp;nbsp; . . . Ina so ku yi mini addu'a - cewa na bar Shi ya yi kyauta. &quot; 

A ''Deus Caritas Est'' (farkon encyclical ), [[Benedict na Sha Shida|Paparoma Benedict XVI]] da aka ambata Teresa sau uku da kuma amfani da ita rayuwa don bayyana daya daga cikin encyclical ta babban maki: &quot;A cikin misali na Albarka Teresa na Calcutta da muke da wata hujja hoto da cewa lokaci ya sadaukar Allah cikin addu'o'i bawai kawai baya yanke hukunci daga aiki mai kyau da soyayya ga makwabcinmu amma a zahiri shine tushen wannan aikin. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;[[Benedict na Sha Shida|Pope Benedict XVI]] (25 December 2005). ''Deus caritas est{{Dead link|date=October 2011}}''. (PDF). Vatican City, pp.10. Retrieved 2 August 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Ta rubuta, &quot;Ta hanyar addu'o'in tunani ne da karatun ruhi ne kawai zamu iya samar da kyautar addu'a.&quot;  

Kodayake ba a haɗa da odarta ba tare da umarnin Franciscan, Teresa tana sha'awar Francis na Assisi &lt;ref name=&quot;AmeriCath&quot;&gt;&quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta Pays Tribute to St. Francis of Assisi&quot; on the ''American Catholic'' website. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta kasance mai tasiri ga ruhaniyar Franciscan.'Yan uwan Mata da Sadaka suna karanta addu'o'in Saint Francis kowace safiya a Mass a lokacin godiya bayan tarayya, kuma girmamansu ga ma'aikatar da alkawarin da yawa yayi daidai da nata. Francis ya jaddada talauci, tsabta, biyayya da biyayya ga Kristi. Ya sadaukar da mafi yawan rayuwarsa wajen bautar da talakawa, musamman kutare.

== Canonization ==

=== Mu'ujiza da beatifaication ===
Bayan Teresa ta mutu a shekara ta alif 1997, sai Holy See ya fara aiwatar da beatification (na biyu daga uku matakai wajen canonization ) da kuma Kolodiejchuk aka nada postulator da Diocese na Calcutta . Ko da yake ya ce, &quot;Ba mu tabbatar da cewa ta kasance cikakke ko kuma ba ta taɓa yin kuskure ba &amp;nbsp; ... &quot;, dole ne ya tabbatar da cewa kyawun Teresa jarumi ne. Kolodiejchuk ya gabatar da takardu 76, jimilla shafi 35,000, wadanda suka danganci hirar da shaidu 113 wadanda aka nemi su amsa tambayoyi 263.  
[[File:Stained_glass_depiction_of_key_moments_in_the_lifetime_of_Mother_Teresa_at_the_Cathedral_of_Saint_Mother_Teresa_in_Prishtina.jpg|right|thumb|332x332px| Cikakken gilashin tarihin rayuwar mahaifiyar Teresa a Cathedral na Saint Teresa a Prishtinë, Kosovo ]]. 
A tsari na canonization bukatar takardun na wani mu'ujiza sakamakon daga cẽto na yiwuwa saint.  A shekara ta 2002 ne aka gano cewa Vatican ta zama wata mu'ujiza ta warkar da cutar kumburin ciki a cikin mahaifar Monica Besra, wata mace ‘yar Indiya, bayan da aka yi amfani da wani loka dauke da hoton Teresa. A cewar Besra, gwanayen haske da aka samo daga hoton kuma an warkar da cutar kumburin ta; duk da haka, mijinta da wasu ma'aikatanta na kiwon lafiya sun ce magani na yau da kullun ya kawar da cutar. &lt;ref&gt;Orr, David (10 May. 2003). &quot;Medicine cured 'miracle' woman – not Mother Teresa, say doctors&quot;. ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Dr. Ranjan Mustafi, wanda ya fada wa ''jaridar New York Times'' cewa ya yi maganin Besra, ya ce cutar ta haifar da cutar tarin fuka: &quot;Wannan ba wani abin al'ajabi bane &amp;nbsp; . . . Ta dauki magunguna tsawon watanni tara zuwa shekara guda. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/20/world/her-legacy-acceptance-and-doubts-of-a-miracle.html &quot;Her Legacy: Acceptance and Doubts of a Miracle&quot;], by David Rohde. ''The New York Times''. 20 October 2003&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar mijin Besra, “Likitoci sun warkar da matata ba kuma ta wata mu’ujiza ba &amp;nbsp; . . . Wannan mu'ujiza wannan magana ce. &quot;  Besra ta ce bayanan likitocin da suka hada da sonogram, magunguna da bayanan likitocin, Sister Betta ta Mishan Matan Sadau ta kwace. A cewar ''Lokaci'', kiran da aka yi wa Sister Betta da ofishin Sister Nirmala (wanda zai gaji Teresa a matsayin shugaban oda) bai amsa wani bayani ba. Jami'ai a Asibitin Balurghat, inda Besra ta nemi magani, sun ce an tilasta masu ne ta hanyar da ta kira magani da ta warke.  A cikin watan Fabrairu, na shekarar 2000, tsohon ministan kiwon lafiya na West Bengal Partho De ya ba da umarnin sake duba bayanan likita na Besra a Sashen Lafiya na Kolkata. A cewar De, babu wani sabon abu game da rashin lafiyarta da magani bisa doguwar jinyarta. Ya ce ya ƙi ba da sunan Vatican na likita wanda zai tabbatar da cewa warkewar Monica Besra ta mu’ujiza ce.  

A lokacin beatification na Teresa da canonization, Roman Curia (ta Vatican) tayi nazari kuma ba a wallafa sukar rayuwarta da aikinta ba. Hitchens da Chatterjee (marubucin ''The Final Verdict'', wani littafi mai mahimmanci na Teresa) ta yi magana da kotun; a cewar jami'an Vatican, binciken da aka gabatar an bincike ne daga Kungiyar da ke Sanadin Sanadin Waliyyan Waliyyan .  Kungiyar ba ta sami wani cikas ba game da canjin magana na Teresa, kuma ta ba da ''kewar ta'' a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun, na shekarar alif 1999.   Saboda harin da aka kai mata, wasu marubutan Katolika sun kira ta da alamar sabani .  Wani kwamiti na daban na likita ya yanke hukuncin cewa mu'ujiza Monica Besra, daya daga cikin ukun da Kolodiejchuk ya dauke, alama ce ta roko na Allah.  An kori Teresa a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, shekarar 2003, kuma Katolika sun san shi da &quot;Masu Albarka&quot;.

===Canonization===
A 17 Disamba 2015, offishin yada labarai na Vatican [[Francis (fafaroma)|Pope Francis]] ya gano mu'ujiza na biyu da aka danganta ga Teresa: warkar da mutumin Brazil dauke da brain tumours a 2008.mu'ujizar ta zo cikin gari ne sanda wasu jami'ai dake kula da aiki lokacin shagualan World Youth Day 2013sanda fafaroma ke kasar Brazil awatan Yuli. anyi ta bincike a Brazil daga 19–26 June 2015 wanda daga bisani aka maida zuwa masu aiki na Saints wanda suka bada dokatr cewa cabinciken ya kammalu.

Francis yayi mata canonization, hakan yafaru ne a wani biki a ranar 4 ga Satumbar 2016 a Dandalin St Peter da ke garin Vatican. Dubun-dubatan mutane ne suka halarci bikin, gami da wakilai 15 na gwamnati da kuma mutane 1,500 da ba su da matsuguni daga duk fadin Italiya.   An watsa kai tsaye ta hanyar tashar Vatican kuma aka watsa ta yanar gizo; Skopje, garin mahaifar Teresa, ya ba da sanarwar bikin biki na tsawon sati daya.  A Indiya, Mishan ɗin Sadarwa ta biki ta Kolkata.

== Co-Patron na Calcutta Archdiocese ==
A ranar 4 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, yayin bikin girmama canonization dinta wata shekara ta 1 da ta cancanta, Sister Mary Prema Pierick, Babban shugaba ta na mishan Ofishin Sadaka, ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a sanya Teresa a matsayin malamar cocin Calcutta Archdiocese yayin bikin Mass a cikin Cathedral na Mafi Girma Rosary a 5.30 pm a ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017.  A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Archbishop Thomas D’Souza, wanda ke zama shugaban Archdiocese na Katolika na Calcutta, ya tabbatar da cewa za a nada Teresa a matsayin mai rikon mukamin Caliota Diocese, tare da Francis Xavier.   A ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, kusan mutane 500 suka halarci Mass a wani babban coci inda Dominique Gomes, Babban Vicar na gida,  karanta dokar da ta kafa ta a matsayin mataimaki na biyu na mai kare tarihi na archdiocese.  D’Souza da jakadan Vatican a Indiya, Giambattista Diquattro, sune suka jagoranci wannan bikin kuma suka gabatar da mutum-mutumi na tagulla a cocin Uwa Teresa dauke da yaro.  

Cocin Katolika na Roman Katolika ya ba da sanarwar St. Francis Xavier yazama saint na farko na Calcutta a shekarar alif 1986.  

== Legacy da fitowa a cikin al'adun sanannu ==

=== Abun Tunawa ===
[[File:Terminal_jashte.jpg|alt=Airport terminal, with four trees in the foreground|left|thumb| Tirana International Airport Nënë Tereza ]]
Kayay-yakin tarihi da ake tunawa da Teresa kuma sunanta sunan cocin da yawa. Tana da gine-gine, hanyoyi da kuma gidaje masu suna bayanta, gami da filin jirgin saman Albania na duniya . Ranar Iya Teresa ''(Dita e Nënë Terezës)'', 19 ga Oktoba, hutu ne na jama'a a Albania . A shekara ta 2009, an buɗe gidan tunawa da mahaifiyar Teresa a garinsu Skopje, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makidoniya]] . An ba da sunan babban cocin Katolika da ke Pristina, Kosovo don girmamawa.  Ginin sa, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2011, ya haifar da muhawara a cikin da'irorin musulmai wadanda suka gan shi a matsayin wanda ya  karfafa yawan mabiya darikar Katolika a yankin. Musulmin Kosovo sun yi adawa da wani kudurin kafa wata hanyar tunawa da Teresa a garin Peć (a cewar masu fafutuka, kashi 98 cikin dari) Musulmai sun yi adawa da kafa ta a Kosovo.  
[[File:Saint_Mother_Teresa_Cathedral_Prishtina8.jpg|right|thumb|150x150px| Cathedral na Saint Mother Teresa, Prishtinë ]]
Jami'ar Mata ta Uwa Teresa,  a Kodaikanal, an kafa ta a shekarar alif 1984. a matsayin jami'ar jama'a ta gwamnatin Tamil Nadu . Mahaifiya Theresa Postgraduate da Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Kiwon Lafiya,  a Pondicherry, an kafa ta ne a cikin shekarar alif 1999. ta hannun Gwamnatin Puducherry . Kungiyar ba da agaji Sevalaya ce ke tafiyar da Gidan Iyayen Mata na Teresa, tare da samar da 'yan matan marayu da marayu a kusa da kauyen Kasuva da ke Tamil Nadu da abinci, kayan sawa, tsari da ilimi.  Yawancin yabo da marubucin tarihin Teresa, Navin Chawla, suka bayyana a jaridu da mujallu na Indiya.    Jirgin Ruwa na Indiya sun gabatar da &quot;Mother Express&quot;, sabon jirgin kasa mai suna bayan mahaifiyar Mama Teresa, a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2010. don tunawa da karni na haihuwar ta.  Gwamnatin Tamil Nadu ta shirya bukukuwan karni na karrama Teresa a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2010 a [[Chennai]] wanda babban minista M Karunanidhi ya jagoranta.   Farko a kan 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2013, ranar tunawa da ta mutuwa da aka sanya cikin kasa da kasa Rãnar Charity ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya .  

A cikin shekarar 2012, Teresa ta kasance lamba ta 5 a cikin Babban binciken Indiya na Manyan Yan Indiya .  

A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Katolika na St Teresa, cocin Katolika na farko da aka sanya wa sunan girmamawa ga Teresa, an keɓe shi a Kosovo.  Cathedral ɗin shima babban cocin Katolika ne na farko na Kosovo.  

==== Tarihai da littattafai ====

* Teresa batun fim din 1969 ne da littafin 1972, ''Abin Kyau ga Allah'', wanda Malcolm Muggeridge ya wallafa .  An yi fim ɗin fim ɗin tare da jawo hankalin yammacin duniya ga Mama Teresa. 
* Littattafan Christopher Hitchens na 1994, ''Mala'ikan Jahannama'', ya bayar da hujjar cewa Teresa ta bukaci talakawa da su yarda da makomarsu; Allah yana bayyana masu arziki kamar yadda Allah ya yi musu falala.   Wannan ita ce farkon rubutun Hitchens, ''Matsayin mishan: Uwar Teresa a ka'idodi da Aiki'' . 

==== Shirye-shiryen talabijin ====

* Geraldine Chaplin ya buga wasan Teresa a cikin ''Iya Teresa: Da Sunan Rashin Allah'', wanda ya karɓi kyautar Fim na Fim a shekarar alif 1997.
* Olivia Hussey ce ta buga wasan a cikin ministocin gidan talabijin na Italiya na shekarar  2003, ''Mama Teresa na Calcutta'' .  An sake sakewa a cikin shekarar 2007, ta sami kyautar CAMIE .
* Juliet Stevenson ta taka leda a cikin fim din ' ''The Letters'' ' na shekarar 2014, wanda ya danganta da wasiƙun sa zuwa ga firist ɗin Vatican Celeste van Exem .
* Uwar Teresa, wacce Cara Francis the FantasyGrandma ke bugawa, ta yi tsegumi kan Sigmund Freud a cikin Epic Rap Battles of Tarihi, jerin wakokin fim din YouTube da Nice Peter da Epic Lloyd suka kirkira. An saki Rap din a YouTube a ranar 22 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2019.

== Duba kuma ==

* Abdul Sattar Edhi 
* Albanians 
* Jerin mutanen Albanians 
* Jerin sunayen mata masu lambar yabo ta Nobel 
* Babban Ba’indiye 
* Addinin Katolika na Albania 
* Addinin Katolika na Kosovo 
* Addinin Katolika na Romaniya a Arewacin Makidoniya 

== Manazarta ==

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[[File:Mary Teresa Norton cph.3b14795.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa lokacin tana ma￼tashiya]]
[[File:Mother Teresa 1995.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa a shekarar 1995]]
[[Fayil:Statue Mother Teresa Thomas Mount Chennai Aug22 A7C 02284.jpg|thumb|mama teresa]]
'''Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu'''  (an haifi '''Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu''',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/vatican-declares-mother-teresa-patron-saint-calcutta-49651357|title=Vatican declares Mother Teresa a patron saint of Calcutta|author=Manik Banerjee|date=6 September 2017|publisher=Associated Press, ABC News.com|accessdate=6 September 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906160015/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/vatican-declares-mother-teresa-patron-saint-calcutta-49651357|archivedate=6 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/mother-teresa-to-be-named-co-patron-of-calcutta-archdiocese-on-first-canonization-anniversary-4007169.html|title=Mother Teresa to be named co-patron of Calcutta Archdiocese on first canonization anniversary|date=4 September 2017|magazine=First Post|accessdate=5 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Albanian:   ; a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif  1910, zuwa &amp;nbsp;ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, Shekara ta alif 1997), wacce akafi sani a matsayin '''Mother Teresa''' da kuma girmama a cikin cocin Katolika a matsayin '''Saint Teresa na Calcutta,'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.killaladiocese.org/canonisation-of-blessed-mother-teresa-september-4th/|title=Canonisation of Mother Teresa – September 4th|website=Diocese of Killala|date=September 2016|accessdate=4 September 2016|archive-date=8 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908122310/http://www.killaladiocese.org/canonisation-of-blessed-mother-teresa-september-4th/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  an Albanian&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html|title=Kur Nënë Tereza vinte në Tiranë/2|first=bota|last=shqiptare|publisher=|access-date=2020-03-24|archive-date=2016-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918175822/http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=2016-09-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918175822/http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; - Indian  Roman Katolika Nun, da mishan .  An haife ta ne a Skopje (yanzu itace babban birnin [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makedonia]] ), sannan wani ɓangare na Kosovo Vilayet na Daular Ottoman. Bayan ta zauna a Skopje shekaru goma sha takwas, sai tai ƙaura zuwa Ireland sannan kuma ta tafi [[Indiya]], inda ta zauna mafi yawan rayuwarta.

A shekarar alif 1950, Teresa ta kafa Mishanarai na Tallafawa, a wani taron addini na Roman Katolika  wanda ya kai 4,500 na nunashekarana aukuwa a kasashe 133 a shekara ta 2012. Ikilisiya tana kula da gidaje don mutanen da ke mutuwa ta [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]], kuturta da [[Tibi|tarin fuka]] . Hakanan yana gudanar da dafa abinci na dafa abinci, kayan dafa abinci, asibitocin tafi-da-gidanka, shirye-shiryen ba da shawara ga yara da na iyali, harma da marayu da makarantu. Wakilai suna yin alwashi na tsabta, talauci, da biyayya, sannan kuma suna yin alkawarin hudun - don ba da &quot;yardar rai kyauta ga matalautan matalauta.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Muggeridge (1971), chapter 3, &quot;Mother Teresa Speaks&quot;, pp. 105, 113&lt;/ref&gt; 

Teresa ta samu karramawa da dama, ciki har da (1962) [[Ramon Magsaysay Peace Prize]] da kuma shekara ta alif (1979) Nobel Peace Prize . Ta kasance sananne a ranar 4 ga watan Satumbar, shekarata 2016, kuma ranar tunawa da mutuwarta (5 ga watan Satumba) ita ce ranar bikinta . 

Wani mutum mai rikitarwa a rayuwarsa da kuma bayan mutuwarta, mutane da yawa suna alfahari da mama Teresa saboda aikinta na kyautatawa. An yaba mata da yin Allah wadai kan lamurra daban-daban, irin su ra'ayoyinta game da zubar da ciki da hana haihuwa, kuma ana sukar ta da mummunan yanayi a cikin gidajen ta na masu mutuwa. Navin Chawla ne ya rubuta tarihinta wanda aka ba da izini kuma aka buga shi a Shekara ta alif (1992) kuma ta kasance 'yan fim da sauran littattafai.A 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Teresa da St-Francis Xavier an ba su sunayen abokan tarayya na Archdiocese na Roman Katolika na Calcutta.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==

=== Farkon rayuwa ===
[[File:Memorial_house_of_Mother_Teresa.jpg|alt=Urban stone-and-glass building|left|thumb| Bikin tunawa da mahaifiyar Iyaye Teresa a garin haihuwarta Skopje ]]
An haifi Teresa Anjezë Gonxhe (ko Gonxha) &lt;ref name=&quot;Egan 1992&quot;&gt;''Blessed Are You: Mother Teresa and the Beatitudes'', ed. by Eileen Egan and Kathleen Egan, O.S.B., MJF Books: New York, 1992&lt;/ref&gt; Bojaxhiu ( Albanian:   ; ''Anjezë'' ne cognate na &quot;Agnes&quot;. ''Gonxhe'' yana nufin &quot;furebud&quot; ko &quot;karamar fure&quot; a cikin Albanian ) a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif (1910) a cikin dangin Kosovar Albanian    a Skopje (yanzu babban birnin [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makedoniya]] ), [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] .   An yi mata baftisma a Skopje, kwana bayan haifuwarta.  Daga baya ta yi la’akari da ranar 27 ga watan  Agusta, ranar da aka yi mata baftisma, ‘bikinta na gaskiya’. &lt;ref name=&quot;MToC&quot;&gt;(2002) &quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)&quot;. ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ta kuma kasance ƙaramar yarinyar Nikollë da Dranafile Bojaxhiu (Bernai).  Mahaifinta, wanda ke da hannu a cikin siyasar Albaniya a cikin Ottoman Macedonia, ya mutu a shekara ta alif (1919), lokacin yana dan shekara takwas. &lt;ref name=&quot;MToC&quot;&gt;(2002) &quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)&quot;. ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Although some sources state she was 10 when her father died, in an interview with her brother, the Vatican documents her age at the time as &quot;about eight&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Wataƙila ya fito ne daga Prizren, Kosovo, kuma wataƙila mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga kauyen kusa da Gjakova .  

Dangane da tarihin daga Joan Graff Clucas, Teresa ta kasance a cikin shekarunta lokacin da labaru game da rayuwar mishaneri da hidimarsu a Bengal ya burge ta ; har ta kai shekara 12, ta hakikance cewa yakamata ta sadaukar da rayuwarta ga addini.  Shirin ta ya ƙarfafa a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif 1928, yayin da tayi addu'a a farfajiyar Madonna na Madina na Vitina-Letnice, inda ta saba yin aikin haji . &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, ''Mother Teresa: A Biography'', Greenwood Press, 2004, p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Teresa ta bar gida a shekarar alif 1928, yayin da take da Shekara 18, don shiga Sisters of Loreto a Loreto Abbey a Rathfarnham, Ireland, don koyan Turanci tare da ra'ayin zama mishan; Ingilishi shine harshen koyar da Yan'uwa mata na Loreto a Indiya.  Ba ta taɓa ganin mahaifiyarta ko ƙanwarta ba. &lt;ref&gt;Sharn, Lori (5 September 1997). [http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/mothert/mother01.htm &quot;Mother Teresa dies at 87&quot;]. ''USA Today''. Retrieved 5 September 2016&lt;/ref&gt; Iyalinta sun zauna a Skopje har zuwa shekarar alif 1934, lokacin da suka ƙaura zuwa Tirana .  

Ta isa Indiya a Shekara ta alif 1929 , kuma ta fara ta novitiate a Darjeeling, a cikin kananan [[Himalaya|Himalayas]], &lt;ref&gt;Clucas (1988), p. 31&lt;/ref&gt; inda ta koya Bengali da kuma koyarwa a St. Teresa ta School dake kusa da Conven dinta. &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 17.&lt;/ref&gt; Teresa ta dauki alwashin farko na addini a ranar 24 ga watan Mayu, Shekara ta alif 1931. Ta zaɓi zama mai suna bayan Thérèse de Lisieux, mai tsaro na mishan na mishan;   saboda wata macen zawara a cikin gidan masarautar ta riga ta za bi wannan suna, Agnes ya zaɓi yaren rubutun Mutanen Espanya (Teresa). &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 18.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Teresa ta yi alƙawura a ranar 14 ga watan  Mayu, Shekara ta alif 1937, yayin da take malama a makarantar koyar da adami ta Loreto a , gabashin Calcutta. &lt;ref name=&quot;MToC&quot;&gt;(2002) &quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)&quot;. ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;   Ta yi aiki a wurin kusan kusan shekaru ashirin kuma an nada ta a matsayin shugabar mata a shekarar alif 1944. &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 25.&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa Teresa ta ji daɗin koyarwa a makarantar, amma ta damu sosai da talaucin da ke kewaye da ita a [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] .  Yunwar Bengal na shekarar alif 1943, ya kawo tashin hankali da mutuwa a cikin birni, kuma Ranar Yakin 1946  kai tsaye ya fara lokacin tashin hankalin Musulmi da Hindu.  

=== Mishan cikin Sadaka ===
[[File:Missionaries_of_Charity_Mother_House.jpg|alt=Three-story building with a sign and a statue|thumb| Mishanarai na Charity motherhouse a Kolkata ]]
A ranar 10 ga watan Satumba, shekarar alif 1946, Teresa ta sami abin da ta bayyana daga baya a matsayin &quot;kira a cikin kira&quot; lokacin da ta yi tafiya ta jirgin ƙasa zuwa wurin ajiyar kayayyaki na Loreto a Darjeeling daga [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] don komawar ta shekara-shekara. &quot;Ya kamata in fita daga cikin tashoshin don taimakon talakawa yayin da nake zaune a cikinsu. Umarni ne. Rashin faɗuwa dã ya kasance yana rushe imani. &quot;  Daga baya Joseph Langford ya rubuta, &quot;Ko da yake ba wanda ya san shi a lokacin, 'yar'uwar Teresa ta zama ''Uwar'' Teresa&quot;.  

Ta fara aikin mishan tare da matalauta a cikin shekarar alif 1948, sauya al'ada ta Loreto ta al'ada tare da sari, farin auduga sari tare da shudin iyaka. Teresa ta amince da zama ɗan baƙon Indiya, ta yi watanni da yawa a Patna don karɓar horo na asali a Asibitin Holy Family kuma ta shiga cikin tutocin.   Ta kafa makaranta a Motijhil, Kolkata, kafin ta fara kula da matalauta da masu fama da yunwa. A farkon shekarar alif 1949, wasu gungun matasa mata sun hadar da Teresa a cikin kokarin ta, sannan ta aza harsashin kafa sabuwar kungiyar addini da ke taimaka wa &quot;mafi talauci a cikin matalauta&quot;.  

Kokarin ta ya ja hankalin jami’an Indiya cikin hanzari, gami da Firayim Minista.  Teresa ta rubuta a cikin rubutunta cewa shekarar ta farko tana fama da wahala. Ba tare da samun kuɗin shiga ba, ta roƙi abinci da kayan abinci da ƙwarewar shakku, kadaici da jaraba don dawowa cikin ta'aziyyar rayuwar duniya yayin waɗannan farkon watanni: 

Ubangijinmu nason in zama yantattar mai bauta wacce aka lullube cikin talaucin yesu, A yau, na ilimantu da darussa masu kyau. Talaucin talaka dole yayi masu tsanani, sanda nake neman gida nayi tafiya har saida kafafuna sukayi ciwo, nayi tunanin cewa tyaushe ne zasu bar wannan ciwo ga rayuwata, ina neman gida, abinci da lafiya. Sai jindadin loreto yashafe ni, yace kawai ki fadi Kalmar duk wani abu zai zama naki, haka dai mai shafar yacigaba da cewa..., cikin budaddiyar zabi, Dan Allah na kuma dan sona agare ki, na zaba inyi komi danke bazan bar wani hawaye ya sauka daga ida nunki ba.
[[File:Sisters_of_Charity.jpg|alt=Four nuns in sandals and white-and-blue saris|left|thumb| Mishan Sadaka a saris na gargajiya ]]
A ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba, Shekara ta alif  1950, Teresa ta sami izini daga Vatican don ikilisiyar diocesan, wanda zai zama mishaneri na Sadaka.  A cikin maganganun ta, zai kula da &quot;masu fama da yunwa, tsirara, marasa gida, guragu, makafi, kutare, duk waɗannan mutanen da suke jin ƙin sonsu, marasa ƙauna, waɗanda ba su kula da su ba a duk faɗin jama'a, mutanen da suka zama nauyi ga jama'a kuma kowa ya nisanta dashi ”.  

A shekarar alif 1952, Teresa ta buɗe hospice dinta na farko da taimako jami'ai daga Calcutta. Ta sauya hanikalin Hindu da aka yi watsi da ita zuwa Gidan Kalighat na Mutuwa, kyauta ne ga matalauta, ta kuma sanya mata suna Kalighat, Gidan Zuciyar Mai Tsabta (Nirmal Hriday).  Wadanda kawo wa gida samu likita da hankali da kuma damar da za su mutu tare da mutunci a cikin daidai da ban-gaskiyarsu: Musulmi suna karanta [[Al Kur'ani|Kur'ani]], 'yan Hindu samu ruwa daga ganges, kuma Katolika samu matsananci unction .  &quot;Kyakkyawan mutuwa&quot;, in ji Teresa, &quot;don mutane waɗanda suka rayu kamar dabbobi su mutu kamar mala'iku - suna ƙauna da so.&quot;  
[[File:Nirmal_Hriday_facade.jpg|alt=White, older building|thumb| Nirmal Hriday, Uwargida na Calcutta na Mama Teresa, a cikin 2007 ]]
Ta buɗe ofishi ga waɗanda ke da kuturta, suna kiranta Shanti Nagar (Birnin Zaman Lafiya).  Kungiyoyin mishan na Agaji sun kafa cibiyoyin cutar kuturta, a ko'ina cikin Calcutta, suna ba da magunguna, riguna da abinci.  Mishan din na Agaji sun karu da yawaitar yara marasa gida; a shekarar alif 1955, Teresa ta bude Nirmala Shishu Bhavan, Gidan Yaran Yara na Zuciya, a zaman mafaka ga marayu da matasa marasa gida.  

Ikilisiyar ta yafara jawo hankalin ma'aikata da gudummawowi, kuma har ya zuwa shekarar 1960, sun bude ofisoshin marayu, gidajen marayu da gidajen kuturu a cikin ko'ina na kasar  Indiya. Daga nan Teresa ta faɗaɗa ikilisiya a ƙasar waje, ta buɗe gida a Venezuela a shekara ta alif 1965, tare da ’yan’uwa mata biyar.  An bi gidaje a Italiya (Rome), Tanzania da Austria a cikin shekarar 1968, kuma a cikin shekarun 1970 ikilisiya ta buɗe gidaje da tushe a Amurka da dama ƙasashe a Asiya, Afirka da Turai.  

An kafa mishan na Missionaries of Charity Brothers a shekarar alif 1963, kuma reshe ne mai dauke da tunani na San’uwa ya biyo baya a shekarar 1976. Lay Katolika da waɗanda ba Katolika ba sun sami rajista a cikin -kungiyar Ma'aikata na Uwar Teresa, Masu aikin Marasa lafiya da wahala, da kuma mishan na Ma'aikatan Sadaka. Da yake amsa buƙatu daga firistoci da yawa, a cikin Shekara ta alif 1981, Mama Teresa ta kafa kungiyar Corpus Christi Movement na Firistoci  tare da Joseph Langford mishaneri na Ubanni a cikin Shekara ta alif 1984, don haɗu da manufofin sana'a na mishan na ba da agaji tare da kayan aikin rayuwar firistoci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.mcpriests.com/ |title=The Religious Community of priests founded by Mother Teresa. ''Missionaries of Charity Fathers'' |access-date=2020-03-24 |archive-date=2016-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211191550/http://www.mcpriests.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Mother Teresa 1996.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa]]
Ya zuwa shekarar alif 1997, majami'ar Calcutta mai mambobi 13 sun girma zuwa fiye da 'yan'uwa mata 4,000 waɗanda ke kula da marayu, gidajen kula da cutar kanjamau da cibiyoyin bayar da agaji a duk duniya, suna kula da' yan gudun hijirar, makafi, nakasassu, tsofaffi, mashaya giya, gajiyayyu da marasa gida da waɗanda ambaliyar ta shafa, annoba da kuma yunwa.  A shekara ta 2007, mishan mishan na Charity ya ƙididdige kimanin 'yan’uwa 450 da ’yan’uwa mata 5,000 a duk duniya, waɗanda ke aiki mishan 600, makarantu da mafaka a cikin ƙasashe 120.

=== Sadaka ta kasa da kasa ===
Teresa ta ce, &quot;Da jini, Ni dan Albaniya ne. Ta zama ɗan ƙasa, Ba'indiye ne. Ta wurin bangaskiya, ni wata mazhabar Katolika ce. Game da kirana, ni na duniya ce. &quot;Game da zuciyata, gaba daya na daga cikin zuciyar Yesu ne.&quot;  Luwararru cikin harsuna biyar-Bengali,  Albanian, Serbian, [[Turanci]] da Hindi - ta yi tafiye-tafiye na lokaci-lokaci a wajen India saboda dalilai na bil-adama.  

A tsaunin Siege na Beirut a shekarar 1982, Teresa ta ceci yara 37 da aka makale a wani asibiti kafin ta hanyar tsagaita wuta na wucin gadi tsakanin sojojin Isra’ila da masu gwagwarmayar Falasdinawa.Tare da ma'aikatan kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross, ta bi ta yankin yaki zuwa asibiti don kwashe matasa marasa lafiya.  

Lokacin da gabashin Turai ta sami karuwa a ƙarshen 1980s, Teresa ta faɗaɗa ƙoƙarinta ga ƙasashen Kwaminisanci waɗanda suka ƙi Mishan Mishan na Sadaka. Ta fara shirye-shirye da dama, ba tare da wata damuwa ba game da matsayinta na hana zubar da ciki da kisan aure: &quot;Babu wanda ya ce menene, ya kamata ka karba shi da murmushi ka yi aikinka.&quot; Ta ziyarci Armenia bayan girgizar kasa na 1988  kuma ta sadu da Nikolai Ryzhkov, Shugaban Majalisar Ministocin .  

Teresa ta yi tafiya don taimakawa masu fama da yunwa a Habasha, wadanda suka kamu da radadin cutar a Chernobyl da kuma wadanda girgizar ta shafa a Armenia. &lt;ref&gt;Cooper, Kenneth J. (14 September 1997). &quot;Mother Teresa Laid to Rest After Multi-Faith Tribute&quot;. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved 30 May 2007&lt;/ref&gt;   A 1991, ta koma [[Albaniya|Albania]] a karon farko, inda ta buɗe Ofishin mishan na Charity Brothers gida a Tirana .  

A shekarar 1996, Teresa ta fara aiki da misalai 517 a cikin kasashe sama da 100.  Mishanninta na Rahamar sun karu daga goma sha biyu zuwa dubbai, suna masu hidimar &quot;matalautan matalauta&quot; a cibiyoyi 450 na duniya. An kafa Ofishin mishan na farko na Charity a cikin Amurka a yankin South Bronx na [[New York (birni)|New York City]], kuma har ya zuwa shekarar 1984 ikilisiya tana gudanar da rukunoni 19 a cikin ƙasar.

=== Karayar lafiya da mutuwa ===
Teresa ta sami bugun zuciya a Rome a 1983 yayin da ta ke ziyartar [[John Paul na Biyu|Paparoma John Paul II]] . Bayan harin na biyu a 1989, ta sami na'urar bugun zuciya . A 1991, bayan cutar huhu a Mexico,tana da karin matsalolin zuciya. Kodayake Teresa ta ba da shawarar yin murabus a matsayin shugabar mishan na Sadaka, a cikin wata takaddar sirri da 'yar'uwar ikilisiyar suka zabe ta ta ci gaba kuma ta yarda ta ci gaba.  

A watan Afrilun 1996,ta fadi,ta karya kashinta na wuya, kuma bayan wata hudu ta [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|kamu]] da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] da ciwon zuciya . Kodayake Teresa ta yi aikin tiyata, amma lafiyar ta tana raguwa. A cewar Akbishop na Calcutta Henry Sebastian D’Souza, ya umarci wani firist da ya yi aikin fitarwa (tare da izininsa) lokacin da aka garzaya da ita asibiti da matsalolin bugun zuciya saboda yana tunanin watakila shaidan ne ya same shi. &lt;ref&gt;Bindra, Satinder (7 September 2001).&quot;Archbishop: Mother Teresa underwent exorcism&quot;. ''CNN'' Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;.  

A ranar 13 Maris 1997 Teresa ta yi murabus a matsayin shugabar Mishan of Charity, kuma ta mutu ne a ranar 5 ga Satumba.  Lokacin da ta mutu, mishaneri na Sadaka yana da 'yan'uwa mata sama da 4,000 da kuma ɗan uwan mambobi 300 waɗanda ke aiki a ofisoshi 610 a cikin ƙasashe 123.  Waɗannan sun haɗa da baƙi da gidaje ga mutanen da ke [[Kanjamau|ɗauke]] da [[Kanjamau|kwayar cutar HIV, AIDS]], kuturta da tarin fuka, dafaffen dafa abinci, shirye-shiryen kula da yara da na yara, marayu da makarantu. Missionungiyar mishan ta Charan agaji ta taimaka da abokan aikinta waɗanda suka ƙidaya sama da miliyan ɗaya a shekarun 1990. 

Teresa ta ajiye a cikin wani akwati da aka bude a St Thomas, Calcutta, tsawon mako guda kafin jana'izarta. Ta samu jana'izar hukuma daga gwamnatin Indiya bisa godiya saboda hidimta wa talakawan dukkan addinai a kasar.  Taimakawa ta hanyar firistoci guda biyar, Sakatariyar Kudi ta Kasa Angelo Sodano, wakilin Paparoma, ya yi bikin ƙarshe.  Mutuwar Teresa ta kasance makoki a cikin mutane da kuma al'ummomin addini. Firayim Minista na Pakistan Nawaz Sharif ya kira ta &quot;mutum ne da baƙonsa ba kuma wanda ya daɗe yana da babban buri. Tsawon rayuwarta tsawon rai ga kulawa da talakawa, marassa lafiya, da nakasassu na daga cikin mafi girman misalai na bautarmu ga bil'adama. &quot;  A cewar tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, &quot;Ita ce Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Tana da zaman lafiya a duniya&quot;.

== Martabawa da karɓuwa ==

=== Indiya ===
Gwamnatin Indiya ta fara amincewa da Teresa da farko ne a fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na farkon  ƙarni, ta karɓi Padma Shri a shekarar alif 1962, da lambar yabo ta Jawaharlal Nehru don Fahimtar ƙasa da ƙasa a shekarar alif 1969.  Daga baya ta sami wasu lambobin yabo na Indiya, wadanda suka hada da Bharat Ratna (lambar yabo mafi girma a Indiya) a shekarar alif 1980.  Littafin tarihin Teresa wanda Navin Chawla ya wallafa, a cikin Shekara ta alif 1992. A cikin [[Kolkata]], wasu 'Hindu bauta mata a matsayin abin bauta.  

Don tunawa da bikin cikarta shekara 100 da haihuwar ta, gwamnatin Indiya ta bayar da tsabar kudi ₹ 5 na musamman (yawan kudin da Teresa ta samu lokacin da ta je Indiya) a ranar 28 ga  watan Agusta, shekarar 2010. Shugaba Pratibha Patil ta ce, &quot;Clad cikin fararen sari mai launin shudi, ita da 'yan uwan Mishan na Charity sun zama alamar ta bege ga mutane da yawa - tsofaffi, gajiyayyu, marasa aikin yi, marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya. da akayi watsi dasu daga iyalansu. &quot;  

Ra'ayoyin Indiya akan Teresa ba masu dacewa ba kamar yadda kowane dan kasan ke ganinta. Aroup Chatterjee, likita ne da aka haife shi a Calcutta wanda ya kasance mai fafutuka a cikin tatsuniyar biranen shekaru kusan 1980 kafin ya koma Burtaniya, ya ce &quot;bai ma taɓa ganin wata tsawa ba a cikin waɗannan rukunin gidajen&quot;.  Binciken nasa, wanda ya hada da tambayoyi sama da 100 tare da masu sa kai, da sanatoci da kuma wasu da suka saba da mishan Mishanai, an bayyana su a cikin littafin 2003. da ke da masaniyar Teresa.  Chatterjee ta soki ta game da gabatar da &quot;al'adar wahala&quot; da mummunan gurbata ta Calcutta, yin karin gishiri game da aikin da aka yi mata ta hanyar amfani da kudi da kuma gata a wajen ta.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Chatterjee&quot;&gt;Chatterjee, Aroup, Introduction to ''The Final Verdict''&lt;/ref&gt; A cewarsa, wasu matsalolin tsabtace tsabta da ya soki (na sake amfani da allura, alal misali) bayan mutuwar Teresa a Shekara ta alif 1997.  

Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya, mayor na Kolkata daga shekarar 2005 zuwa 2010, ya ce &quot;ba ta da wani tasiri a kan talakawa na wannan birni&quot;, ta sami lafiya a maimakon ta yi maganin ta kuma ta ba da labarin gari: &quot;Babu shakka akwai talauci a Calcutta, amma ba ta taɓa kasance wani gari na kutare da masu bara ba, kamar yadda UwaTeresa ta gabatar da shi. &quot;  A gefen Hindu, Jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata ta yi karo da Teresa a kan Christian Dalits amma ta yaba mata a cikin mutuwa kuma ta aiko da wakili don yi mata jana'izarta.  Ita dai Vishwa Hindu Parishad, ta yi adawa da matakin da gwamnati ta dauka na yi mata jana’iza. Sakatare Giriraj Kishore ta ce &quot;aikinta na farko shine Cocin da hidimar zamantakewa ba ta faru ba&quot;, inda ta zarge ta da fifita Kiristoci da kuma yin “baftisma a ɓoye” na masu mutuwa. &lt;ref&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/ECI_Main/DJ/Frontline%201997%20Article%20published%20in%20Hindu.pdf#page=3 A life of selfless caring] – [[Frontline (magazine)]] article.&lt;/ref&gt;  A wani gaban-shafin, fortnightly ''frontline ta'' sallami zargin a matsayin &quot;patently na ƙarya&quot; kuma ya bayyana cewa suna da &quot;yi wani tasiri a kan jama'a ji na ta aikin, musamman a Calcutta&quot;. Wanda ya yaba da &quot;kulawa ta rashin son kai&quot;, karfin jiki da jarumkntaka, marubucin lambar yabo ya soki kamfen din da Teresa takeyi inkari game da zubar da ciki da kuma ikirarin ta na siyasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline&quot;&gt;Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997&lt;/ref&gt; 

A watan Fabrairu na shekarar 2015, Mohan Bhagwat, shugaban kungiyar kare hakkin reshen Hindu, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, ya ce manufar Teresa ita ce &quot;maida mutumin, wanda ake yi masa hidima, ya zama Kirista&quot;.  Tsohon kakakin kungiyar ta RSS MG Vaidhya ya goyi bayan kimantawar Bhagwat, kuma kungiyar ta zargi kafofin watsa labarai da &quot;gurbata gaskiya game da kalaman Bhagwat&quot;. Dan majalisar wakilai na Trinamool Derek O'Brien, shugaban CPI Atul Anjan da kuma babban ministan Delhi Arvind Kejriwal sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da zancen da Bhagwat yayi.

=== Wani wurin ===
[[File:President Reagan Presents Mother Teresa with the Medal of Freedom at a White House Ceremony in the Rose Garden - DPLA - 1321c7b194e7e893127ef14b2f7c565c.jpg|alt=President and Mrs. Ronald Reagan with Mother Teresa, standing at a microphone|thumb| Shugaba [[Ronald Reagan|Ronald Reagan ya]] ba mahaifiyar Teresa kyautar Shugaban Kasa na 'Yanci a yayin bikin Fadar White House kamar yadda Uwargidan Nan Nancy Reagan ke kallo, a ranar 20 ga watan Yuni, Shekara alif 1985. ]]. 
Teresa ta karbi kyautar Ramon Magsaysay Award dan zaman lafiya da fahimtar duniya, an bata ne dan aikinta a South or East Asia, a shekarar alif 1962. Acewar wallafin, &quot;Kungiyar amintattu sun martaba ta dan tausayawan ta akan talaucin wasu kasashe, wanda akan wannan aikin ne ta fara sabon taron addini&quot;.A farkon 1970s, ta zama wata gwarzuwa a duniya. shaharar za'a iya dangana shi da Malcolm Muggeridge's 1969 documentary, ''Something Beautiful for God'', da Kuma littafinsa na 1971 mai wannan sunan. Wanda Muggeridge ke kokarin tafiyar da rayuwarsa tsaftatacciya. Lokacin daukar fim, wani dauka da akayi a yanayin haske mara tasiri. anyi tunanin zai zama anfani ne ga masu aikin.
[[Fayil:Cedric Prakash Mother Teresa Award.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa]]
A kusan wannan lokacin, duniyar Katolika ta fara girmama Teresa a bainar jama'a. Fafaroma Paul VI ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Paparoma John XXIII P kyautar zaman lafiya a shekara ta alif 1971, inda ta yaba da aikinta tare da talakawa, nuna irin gudummawar kirista da kokarin tabbatar da zaman lafiya,  kuma ta sami kyautar ta Pacem a Terris Award a shekarar alif 1976. &lt;ref&gt;''Quad City Times'' staff (17 October 2005). &quot;Habitat official to receive Pacem in Terris honor&quot;. [[Peace Corps]]. Retrieved 26 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan mutuwarta, Teresa ta sami ci gaba cikin sauri a kan hanyar zuwa saint . 

Gwamnatoci da kungiyoyin farar hula sun karrama ta, sannan ta nada wani wakilin girmamawa na Umarni na Australiya a Shekara ta alif 1982. &quot;don hidimtawa al'ummar Australiya da dan adam baki daya&quot;.  Kasar Burtaniya da Amurka sun ba wasu lambobin yabo masu yawa, wadanda suka kammala a cikin Lamarin Ingantawa a shekarar alif 1983. da zama dan kasa na Amurka mai girmamawa a ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar alif 1996.  Kasar Teresa ta kasar Albania ta ba ta lambar Zinare ta Jama'a a Shekara ta alif 1994, &lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline&quot;&gt;Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997&lt;/ref&gt; amma karbarta da wannan lamarin da Haitian Legion of Honor ta kasance mai rikitarwa. An soki Teresa da cikakken goyon baya ga Duvaliers da rashawa na 'yan kasuwa irin su Charles Keating da Robert Maxwell ; Ta rubuta wa alkalin shari'ar Keating, inda ta nemi a bashi damar.   

Jami'o'i a Indiya da yamma sun ba ta digirin girmamawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline&quot;&gt;Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran lambobin yabo na farar hula sun hada da lambar yabo ta Balzan don inganta bil'adama, zaman lafiya da 'yan uwantaka tsakanin al'umma (1978)  da Albert Schweitzer International Prize (1975). &lt;ref&gt;Jones, Alice &amp; Brown, Jonathan (7 March 2007). &quot;Opposites attract? When Robert Maxwell met Mother Teresa&quot;. ''The Independent''. Retrieved 25 March 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilun, Shekara ta alif 1976, Teresa ta ziyarci Jami'ar Scranton da ke arewa maso gabashin [[Pennsylvania]], inda ta karbi lambar yabo ta La Storta don Bautar da 'Yan Adam daga shugaban jami'a William J. Byron .  Ta kalubalanci masu sauraronta da suka kai 4,500 don suje gidajensu  &quot;kusan talakawa a cikin gidanku da makwabta na gida&quot;, ciyar da wasu ko kuma kawai yada farin ciki da ƙauna,  kuma ya ci gaba da cewa: “Matalauta zasu taimaka mana mu girma cikin tsarkakakku, domin sune Kristi a cikin dabara ce ta wahala &quot;.  A watan Agusta, shekarar alif 1987, Teresa ta sami likita mai daraja ta digiri na ilimin zamantakewa, don karɓar hidimarta da ma'aikatanta don taimakawa gajiyayyu da marasa lafiya, daga jami'a.  Ta yi magana da ɗalibai sama da 4,000 da memba na Diocese of Scranton  game da hidimarta ga &quot;matalauta&quot;, tare da gaya masu su &quot;yi ƙananan abubuwa da ƙauna mai girma&quot;.  {{external media|width=210px|align=right|headerimage=[[File:Mutter Teresa von Kalkutta.jpg|210px]]|video1=[https://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=1852 Mother Teresa's 1979 Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech]}}A Shekara ta alif 1979, Teresa ta sami kyautar Nobel Peace Prize &quot;akan aikinta da ta gudanar dan kaudar da talauci da damuwa wanda suma ke kawo matsala ga zaman lafiya&quot;. Ta ki ta amince da taron , tace kudin ta $192,000 a baiwa talakawa dake kasar Indiya  tare da cewa lada a duniya suna da amfani ne kawai idan anyi aiki dasu wurin taimakon masu karamin karfi. rewards were important only if they helped her to help the world's ne. When Teresa received the prize she was asked, &quot;What can we do to promote world peace?&quot; She answered, &quot;Go home and love your family.&quot; Building on this theme in her [[Kyautar Nobel|Nobel lecture]], she said: &quot;Around the world, not only in the poor countries, but I found the poverty of the West so much more difficult to remove. When I pick up a person from the street, hungry, I give him a plate of rice, a piece of bread, I have satisfied. I have removed that hunger. But a person that is shut out, that feels unwanted, unloved, terrified, the person that has been thrown out from society – that poverty is so hurtable {{sic}} and so much, and I find that very difficult.&quot; Teresa singled out abortion as &quot;the greatest destroyer of peace today. Because if a mother can kill her own child – what is left for me to kill you and you kill me – there is nothing between.&quot;

Barbara Smoker of the secular humanist magazine ''The Freethinker'' criticised Teresa after the Peace Prize award, saying that her promotion of Catholic moral teachings on abortion and contraception diverted funds from effective methods to solve India's problems. At the Fourth World Conference on Women in [[Beijing]], Teresa said: &quot;Yet we can destroy this gift of motherhood, especially by the evil of abortion, but also by thinking that other things like jobs or positions are more important than loving.&quot;

A lokacin rayuwarta, Teresa tana daga cikin manyan mata 10 da suka fi fice a duk shekara Gallup wanda ya fi cancanta ga maza da mata su jefa kuri'u 18, sun kammala da yawa a shekarar alif 1980 da 1990. &lt;ref&gt;Frank Newport, David W. Moore, and Lydia Saad (13 December 1999). &quot;Most Admired Men and Women: 1948–1998&quot;, [[The Gallup Organization]].&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Shekara ta alif 1999. ta jagoranci jerin mutanen da aka fi so a cikin karni na 20 na Gallup,  jefa duk wasu amsoshi da aka ba su ta hanyar iyakokin da yawa, kuma ya kasance na farko a cikin manyan rukunan jama'a banda na matasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;gallup-20c&quot;&gt;Frank Newport (31 December 1999). &quot;Mother Teresa Voted by American People as Most Admired Person of the Century&quot;, [[The Gallup Organization]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pollingreport.com/20th.htm Greatest of the Century] Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll. 20–21 December 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Suuka ==
A cewar wata takarda daga masana ilimin Kanada Serge Larivée, Geneviève Chénard da Carole Sénéchal, asibitocin Teresa sun karbi miliyoyin daloli a cikin abubuwan gudummawa amma ba su da magani, tsarin bincike, ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki da isasshen nazari ga waɗanda ke jin ciwo;  a cikin ra'ayin masana ilimi guda uku, &quot;Mama Teresa ta yarda cewa mara lafiya dole ne ya sha wahala kamar Kristi a kan gicciye&quot;.  An ce karin kudin zai iya canza lafiyar marasa galihu na garin ta hanyar samar da cibiyoyin kula da lafiya.   

Daya daga cikin wadanda suka fi sukar Teresa ita ce yar jaridar Ingilishi, mai sukar litattafan rubuyoci kuma mai adawa da Christopher Hitchens, mai gabatar da ra’ayin Jaridar ''Hell's Angel'' (1994) kuma marubucin labarin ''Fim The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice''&lt;nowiki&gt; (1995) wanda ya rubuta a labarin 2003 : &quot;Wannan ya dawo da mu zuwa ga cin hanci da rashawa na majami'a, wanda ke sayar da attajirai ga ma'abuta yayin da suke wa'azin wutar jahannama da tsinkaye ga talaka. [Uwar Teresa] ba abokin talakawa ba ne. Ta kasance aminin &lt;/nowiki&gt;''talauci'' . Ta ce wahala wahala ce daga Allah. Ta yi amfani da rayuwarta wajen yin adawa da kawai hanyar magance cutar talauci, wanda shine karfafawa mata da ficewar su daga tsarin dabbobin da aka tilasta mata. &quot;  Ya zargi ta da munafinci saboda zabar magani na gaba don yanayin zuciyarta. &lt;ref&gt;Hitchens (1995), p. 41&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;''cf.'' Fr. James Martin, SJ, Letter in ''The New York Review of Books'', 19 September 1996 [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1996/09/19/in-defense-of-mother-teresa/ In Defense of Mother Teresa], accessed 2 February 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Hitchens ya ce &quot;niyyarsa ba ta taimaka wa mutane ba&quot;, kuma ta yi karya ga masu ba da gudummawa game da yadda ake amfani da gudummawar da suke bayarwa. &quot;Ta hanyar magana da ita ne na gano, kuma ta ba ni tabbacin, ba ta bakin kokarin rage talauci&quot;, in ji shi, &quot;tana kokarin fadada yawan mabiya darikar Katolika. Ta ce, 'Ni ba ma'aikacin zamantakewa ba ne. Ba na yi ne saboda wannan dalili. Ina yi domin Kiristi. Ina yi wa cocin. '  &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/10/19/60minutes/main578794.shtml &quot;The Debate over Sainthood&quot;] (11 February 2009). CBS News. Retrieved 29 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake Hitchens yana tunanin shi ne kawai shaida da Vatican ta kira, an kuma kira Aroup Chatterjee (marubucin ''Uwar Teresa: Labarin Untold'' ) don gabatar da hujjoji masu adawa da bugun Teresa da canonization; &lt;ref name=&quot;Hitch&quot;&gt;[http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&amp;page=hitchens_24_2 &quot;Less than Miraculous&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305133543/http://secularhumanism.org/index.php?page=hitchens_24_2&amp;section=library|date=2016-03-05}} by Christopher Hitchens, ''[[Free Inquiry (magazine)|Free Inquiry]]'' 24(2), February/March 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; Vatican ta cire al'ada ta &quot; mai ba da shawarar shaidan &quot;, wanda ya yi aiki da irin wannan manufa.  

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin zubar da ciki sun kuma soki matakin Teresa game da zubar da ciki da kuma hana haihuwa.

== Rayuwar ruhaniya ==
Analysing her deeds and achievements, [[Pope John Paul II]] said: &quot;Where did Mother Teresa find the strength and perseverance to place herself completely at the service of others? She found it in prayer and in the silent contemplation of Jesus Christ, his Holy Face, his Sacred Heart.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2003/october/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20031020_pilgrims-mother-teresa_en.html|title=Address of John Paul II to the Pilgrims Who Had Come To Rome for the Beatification of Mother Teresa|work=Vatican.va|date=20 October 2003|author=John Paul II|accessdate=13 March 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Privately, Teresa experienced doubts and struggle in her religious beliefs which lasted nearly 50 years (until the end of her life); according to her [[postulator]], [[Brian Kolodiejchuk]], &quot;She felt no presence of God whatsoever,&amp;nbsp;... in her heart or in the eucharist&quot;.&lt;ref name=TIME-2007-08-23&gt;{{cite news|title=Mother Teresa's Crisis of Faith|author=David Van Biema|date=23 August 2007|work=TIME|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html|access-date=24 March 2020|archive-date=25 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825084420/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=16 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816032159/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Teresa expressed grave doubts about God's existence and pain over her lack of faith: {{quote|Where is my faith? Even deep down&amp;nbsp;... there is nothing but emptiness and darkness.&amp;nbsp;... If there be God – please forgive me. When I try to raise my thoughts to Heaven, there is such convicting emptiness that those very thoughts return like sharp knives and hurt my very soul.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.edgewoodpc.org/sermons/sermon061911.html|title=Sermon – Some Doubted|publisher=Edgewoodpc.org|date=19 June 2011|accessdate=28 August 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015234535/http://edgewoodpc.org/sermons/sermon061911.html|archivedate=15 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;|sign=|source=}}
[[File:Mother_Teresa_memorial_plaque.jpg|alt=Outdoor bas-relief plaque|thumb| Plaque wanda aka sadaukar wa mahaifiyar Teresa a Wenceslas Square, Olomouc, Czech Republic ]]
Kolodiejchuk (jami'in da ke da alhakin tattara hujjoji na canonization) ya yi tunanin cewa rashin jin daɗin da wasu ke yi zai iya cewa sunyi akasin fassara tai, amma imanin da ya yi cewa Allah yana aiki da ita bai cika damuwa ba; duk da cewa ta yi niyyar kusanci da Allah, amma ba ta tuhumi kasancewar sa ba.  Teresa na iya fuskantar wani abu mai kama da [[Isa Almasihu|Yesu]], wanda ya ce lokacin da aka gicciye shi: ''&quot; Eli Eli lama sabachthani? &quot;'' (&quot;Ya Allah, Allahna, don me ka yashe ni?&quot; ).  Kolodiejchuk ya zana kwatancen John na 16 na ƙarni na Yahaya na Giciye, wanda ya ambaci kalmar &quot; Duhun Duhun Jiya &quot;.  Sauran tsarkaka (ciki har da Teresa mai suna Thérèse na Lisieux, waɗanda suka kira shi &quot;daren rashin kome&quot;) sun sami irin wannan goguwar bushewar ruhaniya . &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;[http://www.beliefnet.com/story/223/story_22353_1.html New Book Reveals Mother Teresa's Struggle with Faith] Beliefnet, AP 2007&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar James Langford, wadannan shakku ba su da wata ma'ana kuma ba zai kawo cikas ga canonization ba.  

Bayan shekaru goma cikin shakku, Teresa ta bayyana ɗan taƙaitaccen lokacin da sabuwar bangaskiya. Bayan mutuwar Paparoma Pius XII a shekarar alif 1958, tana yi masa addu'ar bukukuwan a lokacin da aka sami sauki daga &quot;dogon duhu: wannan baƙon wahalar.&quot; Koyaya, mako biyar baya bushewar ruhaniyarta ta dawo.  

Teresa ta rubuta wasiƙu da yawa ga waɗanda ke ba da tabbaci da kuma manyanta a cikin shekaru 66, musamman ga Calcutta Archbishop Ferdinand Perier da Jesuit firist Celeste van Exem (mashawarcinta na ruhaniya tun samuwar mishan Mishan).  Ta nemi a lalata wasiƙun ta, kasancewar ta damu da cewa &quot;mutane za su ƙara yin la'akari da ni - ƙasa da Yesu.&quot;   
[[File:Alfons_Weisser_Mutter_Teresa.JPG|thumb| Zane-zanen Semi-girmama na girmama Iya Teresa ]]
Koyaya, an tattara rubutun a cikin Mama ''Teresa: Kuzo Ku kasance Haske na'' .   Teresa ta rubuta wa Mika'ilu amintacce na ruhaniya Michael van der Peet, “Yesu yana da ƙauna ta musamman a gare ku. Amma ni, shuru da wofi suna da yawa, da na duba ban gani ba - saurara kuma ban ji ba - harshe yana motsawa [cikin addu'a] amma ba ya magana. &amp;nbsp; . . . Ina so ku yi mini addu'a - cewa na bar Shi ya yi kyauta. &quot; 

A ''Deus Caritas Est'' (farkon encyclical ), [[Benedict na Sha Shida|Paparoma Benedict XVI]] da aka ambata Teresa sau uku da kuma amfani da ita rayuwa don bayyana daya daga cikin encyclical ta babban maki: &quot;A cikin misali na Albarka Teresa na Calcutta da muke da wata hujja hoto da cewa lokaci ya sadaukar Allah cikin addu'o'i bawai kawai baya yanke hukunci daga aiki mai kyau da soyayya ga makwabcinmu amma a zahiri shine tushen wannan aikin. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;[[Benedict na Sha Shida|Pope Benedict XVI]] (25 December 2005). ''Deus caritas est{{Dead link|date=October 2011}}''. (PDF). Vatican City, pp.10. Retrieved 2 August 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Ta rubuta, &quot;Ta hanyar addu'o'in tunani ne da karatun ruhi ne kawai zamu iya samar da kyautar addu'a.&quot;  

Kodayake ba a haɗa da odarta ba tare da umarnin Franciscan, Teresa tana sha'awar Francis na Assisi &lt;ref name=&quot;AmeriCath&quot;&gt;&quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta Pays Tribute to St. Francis of Assisi&quot; on the ''American Catholic'' website. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta kasance mai tasiri ga ruhaniyar Franciscan.'Yan uwan Mata da Sadaka suna karanta addu'o'in Saint Francis kowace safiya a Mass a lokacin godiya bayan tarayya, kuma girmamansu ga ma'aikatar da alkawarin da yawa yayi daidai da nata. Francis ya jaddada talauci, tsabta, biyayya da biyayya ga Kristi. Ya sadaukar da mafi yawan rayuwarsa wajen bautar da talakawa, musamman kutare.

== Canonization ==

=== Mu'ujiza da beatifaication ===
Bayan Teresa ta mutu a shekara ta alif 1997, sai Holy See ya fara aiwatar da beatification (na biyu daga uku matakai wajen canonization ) da kuma Kolodiejchuk aka nada postulator da Diocese na Calcutta . Ko da yake ya ce, &quot;Ba mu tabbatar da cewa ta kasance cikakke ko kuma ba ta taɓa yin kuskure ba &amp;nbsp; ... &quot;, dole ne ya tabbatar da cewa kyawun Teresa jarumi ne. Kolodiejchuk ya gabatar da takardu 76, jimilla shafi 35,000, wadanda suka danganci hirar da shaidu 113 wadanda aka nemi su amsa tambayoyi 263.  
[[File:Stained_glass_depiction_of_key_moments_in_the_lifetime_of_Mother_Teresa_at_the_Cathedral_of_Saint_Mother_Teresa_in_Prishtina.jpg|right|thumb|332x332px| Cikakken gilashin tarihin rayuwar mahaifiyar Teresa a Cathedral na Saint Teresa a Prishtinë, Kosovo ]]. 
A tsari na canonization bukatar takardun na wani mu'ujiza sakamakon daga cẽto na yiwuwa saint.  A shekara ta 2002 ne aka gano cewa Vatican ta zama wata mu'ujiza ta warkar da cutar kumburin ciki a cikin mahaifar Monica Besra, wata mace ‘yar Indiya, bayan da aka yi amfani da wani loka dauke da hoton Teresa. A cewar Besra, gwanayen haske da aka samo daga hoton kuma an warkar da cutar kumburin ta; duk da haka, mijinta da wasu ma'aikatanta na kiwon lafiya sun ce magani na yau da kullun ya kawar da cutar. &lt;ref&gt;Orr, David (10 May. 2003). &quot;Medicine cured 'miracle' woman – not Mother Teresa, say doctors&quot;. ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Dr. Ranjan Mustafi, wanda ya fada wa ''jaridar New York Times'' cewa ya yi maganin Besra, ya ce cutar ta haifar da cutar tarin fuka: &quot;Wannan ba wani abin al'ajabi bane &amp;nbsp; . . . Ta dauki magunguna tsawon watanni tara zuwa shekara guda. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/20/world/her-legacy-acceptance-and-doubts-of-a-miracle.html &quot;Her Legacy: Acceptance and Doubts of a Miracle&quot;], by David Rohde. ''The New York Times''. 20 October 2003&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar mijin Besra, “Likitoci sun warkar da matata ba kuma ta wata mu’ujiza ba &amp;nbsp; . . . Wannan mu'ujiza wannan magana ce. &quot;  Besra ta ce bayanan likitocin da suka hada da sonogram, magunguna da bayanan likitocin, Sister Betta ta Mishan Matan Sadau ta kwace. A cewar ''Lokaci'', kiran da aka yi wa Sister Betta da ofishin Sister Nirmala (wanda zai gaji Teresa a matsayin shugaban oda) bai amsa wani bayani ba. Jami'ai a Asibitin Balurghat, inda Besra ta nemi magani, sun ce an tilasta masu ne ta hanyar da ta kira magani da ta warke.  A cikin watan Fabrairu, na shekarar 2000, tsohon ministan kiwon lafiya na West Bengal Partho De ya ba da umarnin sake duba bayanan likita na Besra a Sashen Lafiya na Kolkata. A cewar De, babu wani sabon abu game da rashin lafiyarta da magani bisa doguwar jinyarta. Ya ce ya ƙi ba da sunan Vatican na likita wanda zai tabbatar da cewa warkewar Monica Besra ta mu’ujiza ce.  

A lokacin beatification na Teresa da canonization, Roman Curia (ta Vatican) tayi nazari kuma ba a wallafa sukar rayuwarta da aikinta ba. Hitchens da Chatterjee (marubucin ''The Final Verdict'', wani littafi mai mahimmanci na Teresa) ta yi magana da kotun; a cewar jami'an Vatican, binciken da aka gabatar an bincike ne daga Kungiyar da ke Sanadin Sanadin Waliyyan Waliyyan .  Kungiyar ba ta sami wani cikas ba game da canjin magana na Teresa, kuma ta ba da ''kewar ta'' a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun, na shekarar alif 1999.   Saboda harin da aka kai mata, wasu marubutan Katolika sun kira ta da alamar sabani .  Wani kwamiti na daban na likita ya yanke hukuncin cewa mu'ujiza Monica Besra, daya daga cikin ukun da Kolodiejchuk ya dauke, alama ce ta roko na Allah.  An kori Teresa a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, shekarar 2003, kuma Katolika sun san shi da &quot;Masu Albarka&quot;.

===Canonization===
A 17 Disamba 2015, offishin yada labarai na Vatican [[Francis (fafaroma)|Pope Francis]] ya gano mu'ujiza na biyu da aka danganta ga Teresa: warkar da mutumin Brazil dauke da brain tumours a 2008.mu'ujizar ta zo cikin gari ne sanda wasu jami'ai dake kula da aiki lokacin shagualan World Youth Day 2013sanda fafaroma ke kasar Brazil awatan Yuli. anyi ta bincike a Brazil daga 19–26 June 2015 wanda daga bisani aka maida zuwa masu aiki na Saints wanda suka bada dokatr cewa cabinciken ya kammalu.

Francis yayi mata canonization, hakan yafaru ne a wani biki a ranar 4 ga Satumbar 2016 a Dandalin St Peter da ke garin Vatican. Dubun-dubatan mutane ne suka halarci bikin, gami da wakilai 15 na gwamnati da kuma mutane 1,500 da ba su da matsuguni daga duk fadin Italiya.   An watsa kai tsaye ta hanyar tashar Vatican kuma aka watsa ta yanar gizo; Skopje, garin mahaifar Teresa, ya ba da sanarwar bikin biki na tsawon sati daya.  A Indiya, Mishan ɗin Sadarwa ta biki ta Kolkata.

== Co-Patron na Calcutta Archdiocese ==
A ranar 4 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, yayin bikin girmama canonization dinta wata shekara ta 1 da ta cancanta, Sister Mary Prema Pierick, Babban shugaba ta na mishan Ofishin Sadaka, ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a sanya Teresa a matsayin malamar cocin Calcutta Archdiocese yayin bikin Mass a cikin Cathedral na Mafi Girma Rosary a 5.30 pm a ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017.  A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Archbishop Thomas D’Souza, wanda ke zama shugaban Archdiocese na Katolika na Calcutta, ya tabbatar da cewa za a nada Teresa a matsayin mai rikon mukamin Caliota Diocese, tare da Francis Xavier.   A ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, kusan mutane 500 suka halarci Mass a wani babban coci inda Dominique Gomes, Babban Vicar na gida,  karanta dokar da ta kafa ta a matsayin mataimaki na biyu na mai kare tarihi na archdiocese.  D’Souza da jakadan Vatican a Indiya, Giambattista Diquattro, sune suka jagoranci wannan bikin kuma suka gabatar da mutum-mutumi na tagulla a cocin Uwa Teresa dauke da yaro.  

Cocin Katolika na Roman Katolika ya ba da sanarwar St. Francis Xavier yazama saint na farko na Calcutta a shekarar alif 1986.  

== Legacy da fitowa a cikin al'adun sanannu ==

=== Abun Tunawa ===
[[File:Terminal_jashte.jpg|alt=Airport terminal, with four trees in the foreground|left|thumb| Tirana International Airport Nënë Tereza ]]
Kayay-yakin tarihi da ake tunawa da Teresa kuma sunanta sunan cocin da yawa. Tana da gine-gine, hanyoyi da kuma gidaje masu suna bayanta, gami da filin jirgin saman Albania na duniya . Ranar Iya Teresa ''(Dita e Nënë Terezës)'', 19 ga Oktoba, hutu ne na jama'a a Albania . A shekara ta 2009, an buɗe gidan tunawa da mahaifiyar Teresa a garinsu Skopje, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makidoniya]] . An ba da sunan babban cocin Katolika da ke Pristina, Kosovo don girmamawa.  Ginin sa, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2011, ya haifar da muhawara a cikin da'irorin musulmai wadanda suka gan shi a matsayin wanda ya  karfafa yawan mabiya darikar Katolika a yankin. Musulmin Kosovo sun yi adawa da wani kudurin kafa wata hanyar tunawa da Teresa a garin Peć (a cewar masu fafutuka, kashi 98 cikin dari) Musulmai sun yi adawa da kafa ta a Kosovo.  
[[File:Saint_Mother_Teresa_Cathedral_Prishtina8.jpg|right|thumb|150x150px| Cathedral na Saint Mother Teresa, Prishtinë ]]
Jami'ar Mata ta Uwa Teresa,  a Kodaikanal, an kafa ta a shekarar alif 1984. a matsayin jami'ar jama'a ta gwamnatin Tamil Nadu . Mahaifiya Theresa Postgraduate da Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Kiwon Lafiya,  a Pondicherry, an kafa ta ne a cikin shekarar alif 1999. ta hannun Gwamnatin Puducherry . Kungiyar ba da agaji Sevalaya ce ke tafiyar da Gidan Iyayen Mata na Teresa, tare da samar da 'yan matan marayu da marayu a kusa da kauyen Kasuva da ke Tamil Nadu da abinci, kayan sawa, tsari da ilimi.  Yawancin yabo da marubucin tarihin Teresa, Navin Chawla, suka bayyana a jaridu da mujallu na Indiya.    Jirgin Ruwa na Indiya sun gabatar da &quot;Mother Express&quot;, sabon jirgin kasa mai suna bayan mahaifiyar Mama Teresa, a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2010. don tunawa da karni na haihuwar ta.  Gwamnatin Tamil Nadu ta shirya bukukuwan karni na karrama Teresa a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2010 a [[Chennai]] wanda babban minista M Karunanidhi ya jagoranta.   Farko a kan 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2013, ranar tunawa da ta mutuwa da aka sanya cikin kasa da kasa Rãnar Charity ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya .  

A cikin shekarar 2012, Teresa ta kasance lamba ta 5 a cikin Babban binciken Indiya na Manyan Yan Indiya .  

A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Katolika na St Teresa, cocin Katolika na farko da aka sanya wa sunan girmamawa ga Teresa, an keɓe shi a Kosovo.  Cathedral ɗin shima babban cocin Katolika ne na farko na Kosovo.  

==== Tarihai da littattafai ====

* Teresa batun fim din 1969 ne da littafin 1972, ''Abin Kyau ga Allah'', wanda Malcolm Muggeridge ya wallafa .  An yi fim ɗin fim ɗin tare da jawo hankalin yammacin duniya ga Mama Teresa. 
* Littattafan Christopher Hitchens na 1994, ''Mala'ikan Jahannama'', ya bayar da hujjar cewa Teresa ta bukaci talakawa da su yarda da makomarsu; Allah yana bayyana masu arziki kamar yadda Allah ya yi musu falala.   Wannan ita ce farkon rubutun Hitchens, ''Matsayin mishan: Uwar Teresa a ka'idodi da Aiki'' . 

==== Shirye-shiryen talabijin ====

* Geraldine Chaplin ya buga wasan Teresa a cikin ''Iya Teresa: Da Sunan Rashin Allah'', wanda ya karɓi kyautar Fim na Fim a shekarar alif 1997.
* Olivia Hussey ce ta buga wasan a cikin ministocin gidan talabijin na Italiya na shekarar  2003, ''Mama Teresa na Calcutta'' .  An sake sakewa a cikin shekarar 2007, ta sami kyautar CAMIE .
* Juliet Stevenson ta taka leda a cikin fim din ' ''The Letters'' ' na shekarar 2014, wanda ya danganta da wasiƙun sa zuwa ga firist ɗin Vatican Celeste van Exem .
* Uwar Teresa, wacce Cara Francis the FantasyGrandma ke bugawa, ta yi tsegumi kan Sigmund Freud a cikin Epic Rap Battles of Tarihi, jerin wakokin fim din YouTube da Nice Peter da Epic Lloyd suka kirkira. An saki Rap din a YouTube a ranar 22 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2019.

== Duba kuma ==

* Abdul Sattar Edhi 
* Albanians 
* Jerin mutanen Albanians 
* Jerin sunayen mata masu lambar yabo ta Nobel 
* Babban Ba’indiye 
* Addinin Katolika na Albania 
* Addinin Katolika na Kosovo 
* Addinin Katolika na Romaniya a Arewacin Makidoniya 

== Manazarta ==

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[[File:Mary Teresa Norton cph.3b14795.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa lokacin tana ma￼tashiya]]
[[File:Mother Teresa 1995.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa a shekarar 1995]]
[[Fayil:Statue Mother Teresa Thomas Mount Chennai Aug22 A7C 02284.jpg|thumb|mama teresa]]
'''Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu'''  (an haifi '''Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu''',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/vatican-declares-mother-teresa-patron-saint-calcutta-49651357|title=Vatican declares Mother Teresa a patron saint of Calcutta|author=Manik Banerjee|date=6 September 2017|publisher=Associated Press, ABC News.com|accessdate=6 September 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906160015/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/vatican-declares-mother-teresa-patron-saint-calcutta-49651357|archivedate=6 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/mother-teresa-to-be-named-co-patron-of-calcutta-archdiocese-on-first-canonization-anniversary-4007169.html|title=Mother Teresa to be named co-patron of Calcutta Archdiocese on first canonization anniversary|date=4 September 2017|magazine=First Post|accessdate=5 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Albanian:   ; a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif  1910, zuwa &amp;nbsp;ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, Shekara ta alif 1997), wacce akafi sani a matsayin '''Mother Teresa''' da kuma girmama a cikin cocin Katolika a matsayin '''Saint Teresa na Calcutta,'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.killaladiocese.org/canonisation-of-blessed-mother-teresa-september-4th/|title=Canonisation of Mother Teresa – September 4th|website=Diocese of Killala|date=September 2016|accessdate=4 September 2016|archive-date=8 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908122310/http://www.killaladiocese.org/canonisation-of-blessed-mother-teresa-september-4th/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  an Albanian&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html|title=Kur Nënë Tereza vinte në Tiranë/2|first=bota|last=shqiptare|publisher=|access-date=2020-03-24|archive-date=2016-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918175822/http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=2016-09-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918175822/http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; - Indian  Roman Katolika Nun, da mishan .  An haife ta ne a Skopje (yanzu itace babban birnin [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makedonia]] ), sannan wani ɓangare na Kosovo Vilayet na Daular Ottoman. Bayan ta zauna a Skopje shekaru goma sha takwas, sai tai ƙaura zuwa Ireland sannan kuma ta tafi [[Indiya]], inda ta zauna mafi yawan rayuwarta.

A shekarar alif 1950, Teresa ta kafa Mishanarai na Tallafawa, a wani taron addini na Roman Katolika  wanda ya kai 4,500 na nunashekarana aukuwa a kasashe 133 a shekara ta 2012. Ikilisiya tana kula da gidaje don mutanen da ke mutuwa ta [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]], kuturta da [[Tibi|tarin fuka]] . Hakanan yana gudanar da dafa abinci na dafa abinci, kayan dafa abinci, asibitocin tafi-da-gidanka, shirye-shiryen ba da shawara ga yara da na iyali, harma da marayu da makarantu. Wakilai suna yin alwashi na tsabta, talauci, da biyayya, sannan kuma suna yin alkawarin hudun - don ba da &quot;yardar rai kyauta ga matalautan matalauta.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Muggeridge (1971), chapter 3, &quot;Mother Teresa Speaks&quot;, pp. 105, 113&lt;/ref&gt; 

Teresa ta samu karramawa da dama, awadansu (1962) [[Ramon Magsaysay Peace Prize]] da kuma shekara ta alif (1979) Nobel Peace Prize . Ta kasance sananne a ranar 4 ga watan Satumbar, shekarata 2016, kuma ranar tunawa da mutuwarta (5 ga watan Satumba) ita ce ranar bikinta . 

Wani mutum mai rikitarwa a rayuwarsa da kuma bayan mutuwarta, mutane da yawa suna alfahari da mama Teresa saboda aikinta na kyautatawa. An yaba mata da yin Allah wadai kan lamurra daban-daban, irin su ra'ayoyinta game da zubar da ciki da hana haihuwa, kuma ana sukar ta da mummunan yanayi a cikin gidajen ta na masu mutuwa. Navin Chawla ne ya rubuta tarihinta wanda aka ba da izini kuma aka buga shi a Shekara ta alif (1992) kuma ta kasance 'yan fim da sauran littattafai.A 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Teresa da St-Francis Xavier an ba su sunayen abokan tarayya na Archdiocese na Roman Katolika na Calcutta.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==

=== Farkon rayuwa ===
[[File:Memorial_house_of_Mother_Teresa.jpg|alt=Urban stone-and-glass building|left|thumb| Bikin tunawa da mahaifiyar Iyaye Teresa a garin haihuwarta Skopje ]]
An haifi Teresa Anjezë Gonxhe (ko Gonxha) &lt;ref name=&quot;Egan 1992&quot;&gt;''Blessed Are You: Mother Teresa and the Beatitudes'', ed. by Eileen Egan and Kathleen Egan, O.S.B., MJF Books: New York, 1992&lt;/ref&gt; Bojaxhiu ( Albanian:   ; ''Anjezë'' ne cognate na &quot;Agnes&quot;. ''Gonxhe'' yana nufin &quot;furebud&quot; ko &quot;karamar fure&quot; a cikin Albanian ) a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif (1910) a cikin dangin Kosovar Albanian    a Skopje (yanzu babban birnin [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makedoniya]] ), [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] .   An yi mata baftisma a Skopje, kwana bayan haifuwarta.  Daga baya ta yi la’akari da ranar 27 ga watan  Agusta, ranar da aka yi mata baftisma, ‘bikinta na gaskiya’. &lt;ref name=&quot;MToC&quot;&gt;(2002) &quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)&quot;. ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ta kuma kasance ƙaramar yarinyar Nikollë da Dranafile Bojaxhiu (Bernai).  Mahaifinta, wanda ke da hannu a cikin siyasar Albaniya a cikin Ottoman Macedonia, ya mutu a shekara ta alif (1919), lokacin yana dan shekara takwas. &lt;ref name=&quot;MToC&quot;&gt;(2002) &quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)&quot;. ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Although some sources state she was 10 when her father died, in an interview with her brother, the Vatican documents her age at the time as &quot;about eight&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Wataƙila ya fito ne daga Prizren, Kosovo, kuma wataƙila mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga kauyen kusa da Gjakova .  

Dangane da tarihin daga Joan Graff Clucas, Teresa ta kasance a cikin shekarunta lokacin da labaru game da rayuwar mishaneri da hidimarsu a Bengal ya burge ta ; har ta kai shekara 12, ta hakikance cewa yakamata ta sadaukar da rayuwarta ga addini.  Shirin ta ya ƙarfafa a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif 1928, yayin da tayi addu'a a farfajiyar Madonna na Madina na Vitina-Letnice, inda ta saba yin aikin haji . &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, ''Mother Teresa: A Biography'', Greenwood Press, 2004, p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Teresa ta bar gida a shekarar alif 1928, yayin da take da Shekara 18, don shiga Sisters of Loreto a Loreto Abbey a Rathfarnham, Ireland, don koyan Turanci tare da ra'ayin zama mishan; Ingilishi shine harshen koyar da Yan'uwa mata na Loreto a Indiya.  Ba ta taɓa ganin mahaifiyarta ko ƙanwarta ba. &lt;ref&gt;Sharn, Lori (5 September 1997). [http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/mothert/mother01.htm &quot;Mother Teresa dies at 87&quot;]. ''USA Today''. Retrieved 5 September 2016&lt;/ref&gt; Iyalinta sun zauna a Skopje har zuwa shekarar alif 1934, lokacin da suka ƙaura zuwa Tirana .  

Ta isa Indiya a Shekara ta alif 1929 , kuma ta fara ta novitiate a Darjeeling, a cikin kananan [[Himalaya|Himalayas]], &lt;ref&gt;Clucas (1988), p. 31&lt;/ref&gt; inda ta koya Bengali da kuma koyarwa a St. Teresa ta School dake kusa da Conven dinta. &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 17.&lt;/ref&gt; Teresa ta dauki alwashin farko na addini a ranar 24 ga watan Mayu, Shekara ta alif 1931. Ta zaɓi zama mai suna bayan Thérèse de Lisieux, mai tsaro na mishan na mishan;   saboda wata macen zawara a cikin gidan masarautar ta riga ta za bi wannan suna, Agnes ya zaɓi yaren rubutun Mutanen Espanya (Teresa). &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 18.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Teresa ta yi alƙawura a ranar 14 ga watan  Mayu, Shekara ta alif 1937, yayin da take malama a makarantar koyar da adami ta Loreto a , gabashin Calcutta. &lt;ref name=&quot;MToC&quot;&gt;(2002) &quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)&quot;. ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;   Ta yi aiki a wurin kusan kusan shekaru ashirin kuma an nada ta a matsayin shugabar mata a shekarar alif 1944. &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 25.&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa Teresa ta ji daɗin koyarwa a makarantar, amma ta damu sosai da talaucin da ke kewaye da ita a [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] .  Yunwar Bengal na shekarar alif 1943, ya kawo tashin hankali da mutuwa a cikin birni, kuma Ranar Yakin 1946  kai tsaye ya fara lokacin tashin hankalin Musulmi da Hindu.  

=== Mishan cikin Sadaka ===
[[File:Missionaries_of_Charity_Mother_House.jpg|alt=Three-story building with a sign and a statue|thumb| Mishanarai na Charity motherhouse a Kolkata ]]
A ranar 10 ga watan Satumba, shekarar alif 1946, Teresa ta sami abin da ta bayyana daga baya a matsayin &quot;kira a cikin kira&quot; lokacin da ta yi tafiya ta jirgin ƙasa zuwa wurin ajiyar kayayyaki na Loreto a Darjeeling daga [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] don komawar ta shekara-shekara. &quot;Ya kamata in fita daga cikin tashoshin don taimakon talakawa yayin da nake zaune a cikinsu. Umarni ne. Rashin faɗuwa dã ya kasance yana rushe imani. &quot;  Daga baya Joseph Langford ya rubuta, &quot;Ko da yake ba wanda ya san shi a lokacin, 'yar'uwar Teresa ta zama ''Uwar'' Teresa&quot;.  

Ta fara aikin mishan tare da matalauta a cikin shekarar alif 1948, sauya al'ada ta Loreto ta al'ada tare da sari, farin auduga sari tare da shudin iyaka. Teresa ta amince da zama ɗan baƙon Indiya, ta yi watanni da yawa a Patna don karɓar horo na asali a Asibitin Holy Family kuma ta shiga cikin tutocin.   Ta kafa makaranta a Motijhil, Kolkata, kafin ta fara kula da matalauta da masu fama da yunwa. A farkon shekarar alif 1949, wasu gungun matasa mata sun hadar da Teresa a cikin kokarin ta, sannan ta aza harsashin kafa sabuwar kungiyar addini da ke taimaka wa &quot;mafi talauci a cikin matalauta&quot;.  

Kokarin ta ya ja hankalin jami’an Indiya cikin hanzari, gami da Firayim Minista.  Teresa ta rubuta a cikin rubutunta cewa shekarar ta farko tana fama da wahala. Ba tare da samun kuɗin shiga ba, ta roƙi abinci da kayan abinci da ƙwarewar shakku, kadaici da jaraba don dawowa cikin ta'aziyyar rayuwar duniya yayin waɗannan farkon watanni: 

Ubangijinmu nason in zama yantattar mai bauta wacce aka lullube cikin talaucin yesu, A yau, na ilimantu da darussa masu kyau. Talaucin talaka dole yayi masu tsanani, sanda nake neman gida nayi tafiya har saida kafafuna sukayi ciwo, nayi tunanin cewa tyaushe ne zasu bar wannan ciwo ga rayuwata, ina neman gida, abinci da lafiya. Sai jindadin loreto yashafe ni, yace kawai ki fadi Kalmar duk wani abu zai zama naki, haka dai mai shafar yacigaba da cewa..., cikin budaddiyar zabi, Dan Allah na kuma dan sona agare ki, na zaba inyi komi danke bazan bar wani hawaye ya sauka daga ida nunki ba.
[[File:Sisters_of_Charity.jpg|alt=Four nuns in sandals and white-and-blue saris|left|thumb| Mishan Sadaka a saris na gargajiya ]]
A ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba, Shekara ta alif  1950, Teresa ta sami izini daga Vatican don ikilisiyar diocesan, wanda zai zama mishaneri na Sadaka.  A cikin maganganun ta, zai kula da &quot;masu fama da yunwa, tsirara, marasa gida, guragu, makafi, kutare, duk waɗannan mutanen da suke jin ƙin sonsu, marasa ƙauna, waɗanda ba su kula da su ba a duk faɗin jama'a, mutanen da suka zama nauyi ga jama'a kuma kowa ya nisanta dashi ”.  

A shekarar alif 1952, Teresa ta buɗe hospice dinta na farko da taimako jami'ai daga Calcutta. Ta sauya hanikalin Hindu da aka yi watsi da ita zuwa Gidan Kalighat na Mutuwa, kyauta ne ga matalauta, ta kuma sanya mata suna Kalighat, Gidan Zuciyar Mai Tsabta (Nirmal Hriday).  Wadanda kawo wa gida samu likita da hankali da kuma damar da za su mutu tare da mutunci a cikin daidai da ban-gaskiyarsu: Musulmi suna karanta [[Al Kur'ani|Kur'ani]], 'yan Hindu samu ruwa daga ganges, kuma Katolika samu matsananci unction .  &quot;Kyakkyawan mutuwa&quot;, in ji Teresa, &quot;don mutane waɗanda suka rayu kamar dabbobi su mutu kamar mala'iku - suna ƙauna da so.&quot;  
[[File:Nirmal_Hriday_facade.jpg|alt=White, older building|thumb| Nirmal Hriday, Uwargida na Calcutta na Mama Teresa, a cikin 2007 ]]
Ta buɗe ofishi ga waɗanda ke da kuturta, suna kiranta Shanti Nagar (Birnin Zaman Lafiya).  Kungiyoyin mishan na Agaji sun kafa cibiyoyin cutar kuturta, a ko'ina cikin Calcutta, suna ba da magunguna, riguna da abinci.  Mishan din na Agaji sun karu da yawaitar yara marasa gida; a shekarar alif 1955, Teresa ta bude Nirmala Shishu Bhavan, Gidan Yaran Yara na Zuciya, a zaman mafaka ga marayu da matasa marasa gida.  

Ikilisiyar ta yafara jawo hankalin ma'aikata da gudummawowi, kuma har ya zuwa shekarar 1960, sun bude ofisoshin marayu, gidajen marayu da gidajen kuturu a cikin ko'ina na kasar  Indiya. Daga nan Teresa ta faɗaɗa ikilisiya a ƙasar waje, ta buɗe gida a Venezuela a shekara ta alif 1965, tare da ’yan’uwa mata biyar.  An bi gidaje a Italiya (Rome), Tanzania da Austria a cikin shekarar 1968, kuma a cikin shekarun 1970 ikilisiya ta buɗe gidaje da tushe a Amurka da dama ƙasashe a Asiya, Afirka da Turai.  

An kafa mishan na Missionaries of Charity Brothers a shekarar alif 1963, kuma reshe ne mai dauke da tunani na San’uwa ya biyo baya a shekarar 1976. Lay Katolika da waɗanda ba Katolika ba sun sami rajista a cikin -kungiyar Ma'aikata na Uwar Teresa, Masu aikin Marasa lafiya da wahala, da kuma mishan na Ma'aikatan Sadaka. Da yake amsa buƙatu daga firistoci da yawa, a cikin Shekara ta alif 1981, Mama Teresa ta kafa kungiyar Corpus Christi Movement na Firistoci  tare da Joseph Langford mishaneri na Ubanni a cikin Shekara ta alif 1984, don haɗu da manufofin sana'a na mishan na ba da agaji tare da kayan aikin rayuwar firistoci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.mcpriests.com/ |title=The Religious Community of priests founded by Mother Teresa. ''Missionaries of Charity Fathers'' |access-date=2020-03-24 |archive-date=2016-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211191550/http://www.mcpriests.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Mother Teresa 1996.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa]]
Ya zuwa shekarar alif 1997, majami'ar Calcutta mai mambobi 13 sun girma zuwa fiye da 'yan'uwa mata 4,000 waɗanda ke kula da marayu, gidajen kula da cutar kanjamau da cibiyoyin bayar da agaji a duk duniya, suna kula da' yan gudun hijirar, makafi, nakasassu, tsofaffi, mashaya giya, gajiyayyu da marasa gida da waɗanda ambaliyar ta shafa, annoba da kuma yunwa.  A shekara ta 2007, mishan mishan na Charity ya ƙididdige kimanin 'yan’uwa 450 da ’yan’uwa mata 5,000 a duk duniya, waɗanda ke aiki mishan 600, makarantu da mafaka a cikin ƙasashe 120.

=== Sadaka ta kasa da kasa ===
Teresa ta ce, &quot;Da jini, Ni dan Albaniya ne. Ta zama ɗan ƙasa, Ba'indiye ne. Ta wurin bangaskiya, ni wata mazhabar Katolika ce. Game da kirana, ni na duniya ce. &quot;Game da zuciyata, gaba daya na daga cikin zuciyar Yesu ne.&quot;  Luwararru cikin harsuna biyar-Bengali,  Albanian, Serbian, [[Turanci]] da Hindi - ta yi tafiye-tafiye na lokaci-lokaci a wajen India saboda dalilai na bil-adama.  

A tsaunin Siege na Beirut a shekarar 1982, Teresa ta ceci yara 37 da aka makale a wani asibiti kafin ta hanyar tsagaita wuta na wucin gadi tsakanin sojojin Isra’ila da masu gwagwarmayar Falasdinawa.Tare da ma'aikatan kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross, ta bi ta yankin yaki zuwa asibiti don kwashe matasa marasa lafiya.  

Lokacin da gabashin Turai ta sami karuwa a ƙarshen 1980s, Teresa ta faɗaɗa ƙoƙarinta ga ƙasashen Kwaminisanci waɗanda suka ƙi Mishan Mishan na Sadaka. Ta fara shirye-shirye da dama, ba tare da wata damuwa ba game da matsayinta na hana zubar da ciki da kisan aure: &quot;Babu wanda ya ce menene, ya kamata ka karba shi da murmushi ka yi aikinka.&quot; Ta ziyarci Armenia bayan girgizar kasa na 1988  kuma ta sadu da Nikolai Ryzhkov, Shugaban Majalisar Ministocin .  

Teresa ta yi tafiya don taimakawa masu fama da yunwa a Habasha, wadanda suka kamu da radadin cutar a Chernobyl da kuma wadanda girgizar ta shafa a Armenia. &lt;ref&gt;Cooper, Kenneth J. (14 September 1997). &quot;Mother Teresa Laid to Rest After Multi-Faith Tribute&quot;. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved 30 May 2007&lt;/ref&gt;   A 1991, ta koma [[Albaniya|Albania]] a karon farko, inda ta buɗe Ofishin mishan na Charity Brothers gida a Tirana .  

A shekarar 1996, Teresa ta fara aiki da misalai 517 a cikin kasashe sama da 100.  Mishanninta na Rahamar sun karu daga goma sha biyu zuwa dubbai, suna masu hidimar &quot;matalautan matalauta&quot; a cibiyoyi 450 na duniya. An kafa Ofishin mishan na farko na Charity a cikin Amurka a yankin South Bronx na [[New York (birni)|New York City]], kuma har ya zuwa shekarar 1984 ikilisiya tana gudanar da rukunoni 19 a cikin ƙasar.

=== Karayar lafiya da mutuwa ===
Teresa ta sami bugun zuciya a Rome a 1983 yayin da ta ke ziyartar [[John Paul na Biyu|Paparoma John Paul II]] . Bayan harin na biyu a 1989, ta sami na'urar bugun zuciya . A 1991, bayan cutar huhu a Mexico,tana da karin matsalolin zuciya. Kodayake Teresa ta ba da shawarar yin murabus a matsayin shugabar mishan na Sadaka, a cikin wata takaddar sirri da 'yar'uwar ikilisiyar suka zabe ta ta ci gaba kuma ta yarda ta ci gaba.  

A watan Afrilun 1996,ta fadi,ta karya kashinta na wuya, kuma bayan wata hudu ta [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|kamu]] da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] da ciwon zuciya . Kodayake Teresa ta yi aikin tiyata, amma lafiyar ta tana raguwa. A cewar Akbishop na Calcutta Henry Sebastian D’Souza, ya umarci wani firist da ya yi aikin fitarwa (tare da izininsa) lokacin da aka garzaya da ita asibiti da matsalolin bugun zuciya saboda yana tunanin watakila shaidan ne ya same shi. &lt;ref&gt;Bindra, Satinder (7 September 2001).&quot;Archbishop: Mother Teresa underwent exorcism&quot;. ''CNN'' Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;.  

A ranar 13 Maris 1997 Teresa ta yi murabus a matsayin shugabar Mishan of Charity, kuma ta mutu ne a ranar 5 ga Satumba.  Lokacin da ta mutu, mishaneri na Sadaka yana da 'yan'uwa mata sama da 4,000 da kuma ɗan uwan mambobi 300 waɗanda ke aiki a ofisoshi 610 a cikin ƙasashe 123.  Waɗannan sun haɗa da baƙi da gidaje ga mutanen da ke [[Kanjamau|ɗauke]] da [[Kanjamau|kwayar cutar HIV, AIDS]], kuturta da tarin fuka, dafaffen dafa abinci, shirye-shiryen kula da yara da na yara, marayu da makarantu. Missionungiyar mishan ta Charan agaji ta taimaka da abokan aikinta waɗanda suka ƙidaya sama da miliyan ɗaya a shekarun 1990. 

Teresa ta ajiye a cikin wani akwati da aka bude a St Thomas, Calcutta, tsawon mako guda kafin jana'izarta. Ta samu jana'izar hukuma daga gwamnatin Indiya bisa godiya saboda hidimta wa talakawan dukkan addinai a kasar.  Taimakawa ta hanyar firistoci guda biyar, Sakatariyar Kudi ta Kasa Angelo Sodano, wakilin Paparoma, ya yi bikin ƙarshe.  Mutuwar Teresa ta kasance makoki a cikin mutane da kuma al'ummomin addini. Firayim Minista na Pakistan Nawaz Sharif ya kira ta &quot;mutum ne da baƙonsa ba kuma wanda ya daɗe yana da babban buri. Tsawon rayuwarta tsawon rai ga kulawa da talakawa, marassa lafiya, da nakasassu na daga cikin mafi girman misalai na bautarmu ga bil'adama. &quot;  A cewar tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, &quot;Ita ce Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Tana da zaman lafiya a duniya&quot;.

== Martabawa da karɓuwa ==

=== Indiya ===
Gwamnatin Indiya ta fara amincewa da Teresa da farko ne a fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na farkon  ƙarni, ta karɓi Padma Shri a shekarar alif 1962, da lambar yabo ta Jawaharlal Nehru don Fahimtar ƙasa da ƙasa a shekarar alif 1969.  Daga baya ta sami wasu lambobin yabo na Indiya, wadanda suka hada da Bharat Ratna (lambar yabo mafi girma a Indiya) a shekarar alif 1980.  Littafin tarihin Teresa wanda Navin Chawla ya wallafa, a cikin Shekara ta alif 1992. A cikin [[Kolkata]], wasu 'Hindu bauta mata a matsayin abin bauta.  

Don tunawa da bikin cikarta shekara 100 da haihuwar ta, gwamnatin Indiya ta bayar da tsabar kudi ₹ 5 na musamman (yawan kudin da Teresa ta samu lokacin da ta je Indiya) a ranar 28 ga  watan Agusta, shekarar 2010. Shugaba Pratibha Patil ta ce, &quot;Clad cikin fararen sari mai launin shudi, ita da 'yan uwan Mishan na Charity sun zama alamar ta bege ga mutane da yawa - tsofaffi, gajiyayyu, marasa aikin yi, marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya. da akayi watsi dasu daga iyalansu. &quot;  

Ra'ayoyin Indiya akan Teresa ba masu dacewa ba kamar yadda kowane dan kasan ke ganinta. Aroup Chatterjee, likita ne da aka haife shi a Calcutta wanda ya kasance mai fafutuka a cikin tatsuniyar biranen shekaru kusan 1980 kafin ya koma Burtaniya, ya ce &quot;bai ma taɓa ganin wata tsawa ba a cikin waɗannan rukunin gidajen&quot;.  Binciken nasa, wanda ya hada da tambayoyi sama da 100 tare da masu sa kai, da sanatoci da kuma wasu da suka saba da mishan Mishanai, an bayyana su a cikin littafin 2003. da ke da masaniyar Teresa.  Chatterjee ta soki ta game da gabatar da &quot;al'adar wahala&quot; da mummunan gurbata ta Calcutta, yin karin gishiri game da aikin da aka yi mata ta hanyar amfani da kudi da kuma gata a wajen ta.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Chatterjee&quot;&gt;Chatterjee, Aroup, Introduction to ''The Final Verdict''&lt;/ref&gt; A cewarsa, wasu matsalolin tsabtace tsabta da ya soki (na sake amfani da allura, alal misali) bayan mutuwar Teresa a Shekara ta alif 1997.  

Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya, mayor na Kolkata daga shekarar 2005 zuwa 2010, ya ce &quot;ba ta da wani tasiri a kan talakawa na wannan birni&quot;, ta sami lafiya a maimakon ta yi maganin ta kuma ta ba da labarin gari: &quot;Babu shakka akwai talauci a Calcutta, amma ba ta taɓa kasance wani gari na kutare da masu bara ba, kamar yadda UwaTeresa ta gabatar da shi. &quot;  A gefen Hindu, Jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata ta yi karo da Teresa a kan Christian Dalits amma ta yaba mata a cikin mutuwa kuma ta aiko da wakili don yi mata jana'izarta.  Ita dai Vishwa Hindu Parishad, ta yi adawa da matakin da gwamnati ta dauka na yi mata jana’iza. Sakatare Giriraj Kishore ta ce &quot;aikinta na farko shine Cocin da hidimar zamantakewa ba ta faru ba&quot;, inda ta zarge ta da fifita Kiristoci da kuma yin “baftisma a ɓoye” na masu mutuwa. &lt;ref&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/ECI_Main/DJ/Frontline%201997%20Article%20published%20in%20Hindu.pdf#page=3 A life of selfless caring] – [[Frontline (magazine)]] article.&lt;/ref&gt;  A wani gaban-shafin, fortnightly ''frontline ta'' sallami zargin a matsayin &quot;patently na ƙarya&quot; kuma ya bayyana cewa suna da &quot;yi wani tasiri a kan jama'a ji na ta aikin, musamman a Calcutta&quot;. Wanda ya yaba da &quot;kulawa ta rashin son kai&quot;, karfin jiki da jarumkntaka, marubucin lambar yabo ya soki kamfen din da Teresa takeyi inkari game da zubar da ciki da kuma ikirarin ta na siyasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline&quot;&gt;Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997&lt;/ref&gt; 

A watan Fabrairu na shekarar 2015, Mohan Bhagwat, shugaban kungiyar kare hakkin reshen Hindu, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, ya ce manufar Teresa ita ce &quot;maida mutumin, wanda ake yi masa hidima, ya zama Kirista&quot;.  Tsohon kakakin kungiyar ta RSS MG Vaidhya ya goyi bayan kimantawar Bhagwat, kuma kungiyar ta zargi kafofin watsa labarai da &quot;gurbata gaskiya game da kalaman Bhagwat&quot;. Dan majalisar wakilai na Trinamool Derek O'Brien, shugaban CPI Atul Anjan da kuma babban ministan Delhi Arvind Kejriwal sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da zancen da Bhagwat yayi.

=== Wani wurin ===
[[File:President Reagan Presents Mother Teresa with the Medal of Freedom at a White House Ceremony in the Rose Garden - DPLA - 1321c7b194e7e893127ef14b2f7c565c.jpg|alt=President and Mrs. Ronald Reagan with Mother Teresa, standing at a microphone|thumb| Shugaba [[Ronald Reagan|Ronald Reagan ya]] ba mahaifiyar Teresa kyautar Shugaban Kasa na 'Yanci a yayin bikin Fadar White House kamar yadda Uwargidan Nan Nancy Reagan ke kallo, a ranar 20 ga watan Yuni, Shekara alif 1985. ]]. 
Teresa ta karbi kyautar Ramon Magsaysay Award dan zaman lafiya da fahimtar duniya, an bata ne dan aikinta a South or East Asia, a shekarar alif 1962. Acewar wallafin, &quot;Kungiyar amintattu sun martaba ta dan tausayawan ta akan talaucin wasu kasashe, wanda akan wannan aikin ne ta fara sabon taron addini&quot;.A farkon 1970s, ta zama wata gwarzuwa a duniya. shaharar za'a iya dangana shi da Malcolm Muggeridge's 1969 documentary, ''Something Beautiful for God'', da Kuma littafinsa na 1971 mai wannan sunan. Wanda Muggeridge ke kokarin tafiyar da rayuwarsa tsaftatacciya. Lokacin daukar fim, wani dauka da akayi a yanayin haske mara tasiri. anyi tunanin zai zama anfani ne ga masu aikin.
[[Fayil:Cedric Prakash Mother Teresa Award.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa]]
A kusan wannan lokacin, duniyar Katolika ta fara girmama Teresa a bainar jama'a. Fafaroma Paul VI ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Paparoma John XXIII P kyautar zaman lafiya a shekara ta alif 1971, inda ta yaba da aikinta tare da talakawa, nuna irin gudummawar kirista da kokarin tabbatar da zaman lafiya,  kuma ta sami kyautar ta Pacem a Terris Award a shekarar alif 1976. &lt;ref&gt;''Quad City Times'' staff (17 October 2005). &quot;Habitat official to receive Pacem in Terris honor&quot;. [[Peace Corps]]. Retrieved 26 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan mutuwarta, Teresa ta sami ci gaba cikin sauri a kan hanyar zuwa saint . 

Gwamnatoci da kungiyoyin farar hula sun karrama ta, sannan ta nada wani wakilin girmamawa na Umarni na Australiya a Shekara ta alif 1982. &quot;don hidimtawa al'ummar Australiya da dan adam baki daya&quot;.  Kasar Burtaniya da Amurka sun ba wasu lambobin yabo masu yawa, wadanda suka kammala a cikin Lamarin Ingantawa a shekarar alif 1983. da zama dan kasa na Amurka mai girmamawa a ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar alif 1996.  Kasar Teresa ta kasar Albania ta ba ta lambar Zinare ta Jama'a a Shekara ta alif 1994, &lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline&quot;&gt;Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997&lt;/ref&gt; amma karbarta da wannan lamarin da Haitian Legion of Honor ta kasance mai rikitarwa. An soki Teresa da cikakken goyon baya ga Duvaliers da rashawa na 'yan kasuwa irin su Charles Keating da Robert Maxwell ; Ta rubuta wa alkalin shari'ar Keating, inda ta nemi a bashi damar.   

Jami'o'i a Indiya da yamma sun ba ta digirin girmamawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline&quot;&gt;Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran lambobin yabo na farar hula sun hada da lambar yabo ta Balzan don inganta bil'adama, zaman lafiya da 'yan uwantaka tsakanin al'umma (1978)  da Albert Schweitzer International Prize (1975). &lt;ref&gt;Jones, Alice &amp; Brown, Jonathan (7 March 2007). &quot;Opposites attract? When Robert Maxwell met Mother Teresa&quot;. ''The Independent''. Retrieved 25 March 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilun, Shekara ta alif 1976, Teresa ta ziyarci Jami'ar Scranton da ke arewa maso gabashin [[Pennsylvania]], inda ta karbi lambar yabo ta La Storta don Bautar da 'Yan Adam daga shugaban jami'a William J. Byron .  Ta kalubalanci masu sauraronta da suka kai 4,500 don suje gidajensu  &quot;kusan talakawa a cikin gidanku da makwabta na gida&quot;, ciyar da wasu ko kuma kawai yada farin ciki da ƙauna,  kuma ya ci gaba da cewa: “Matalauta zasu taimaka mana mu girma cikin tsarkakakku, domin sune Kristi a cikin dabara ce ta wahala &quot;.  A watan Agusta, shekarar alif 1987, Teresa ta sami likita mai daraja ta digiri na ilimin zamantakewa, don karɓar hidimarta da ma'aikatanta don taimakawa gajiyayyu da marasa lafiya, daga jami'a.  Ta yi magana da ɗalibai sama da 4,000 da memba na Diocese of Scranton  game da hidimarta ga &quot;matalauta&quot;, tare da gaya masu su &quot;yi ƙananan abubuwa da ƙauna mai girma&quot;.  {{external media|width=210px|align=right|headerimage=[[File:Mutter Teresa von Kalkutta.jpg|210px]]|video1=[https://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=1852 Mother Teresa's 1979 Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech]}}A Shekara ta alif 1979, Teresa ta sami kyautar Nobel Peace Prize &quot;akan aikinta da ta gudanar dan kaudar da talauci da damuwa wanda suma ke kawo matsala ga zaman lafiya&quot;. Ta ki ta amince da taron , tace kudin ta $192,000 a baiwa talakawa dake kasar Indiya  tare da cewa lada a duniya suna da amfani ne kawai idan anyi aiki dasu wurin taimakon masu karamin karfi. rewards were important only if they helped her to help the world's ne. When Teresa received the prize she was asked, &quot;What can we do to promote world peace?&quot; She answered, &quot;Go home and love your family.&quot; Building on this theme in her [[Kyautar Nobel|Nobel lecture]], she said: &quot;Around the world, not only in the poor countries, but I found the poverty of the West so much more difficult to remove. When I pick up a person from the street, hungry, I give him a plate of rice, a piece of bread, I have satisfied. I have removed that hunger. But a person that is shut out, that feels unwanted, unloved, terrified, the person that has been thrown out from society – that poverty is so hurtable {{sic}} and so much, and I find that very difficult.&quot; Teresa singled out abortion as &quot;the greatest destroyer of peace today. Because if a mother can kill her own child – what is left for me to kill you and you kill me – there is nothing between.&quot;

Barbara Smoker of the secular humanist magazine ''The Freethinker'' criticised Teresa after the Peace Prize award, saying that her promotion of Catholic moral teachings on abortion and contraception diverted funds from effective methods to solve India's problems. At the Fourth World Conference on Women in [[Beijing]], Teresa said: &quot;Yet we can destroy this gift of motherhood, especially by the evil of abortion, but also by thinking that other things like jobs or positions are more important than loving.&quot;

A lokacin rayuwarta, Teresa tana daga cikin manyan mata 10 da suka fi fice a duk shekara Gallup wanda ya fi cancanta ga maza da mata su jefa kuri'u 18, sun kammala da yawa a shekarar alif 1980 da 1990. &lt;ref&gt;Frank Newport, David W. Moore, and Lydia Saad (13 December 1999). &quot;Most Admired Men and Women: 1948–1998&quot;, [[The Gallup Organization]].&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Shekara ta alif 1999. ta jagoranci jerin mutanen da aka fi so a cikin karni na 20 na Gallup,  jefa duk wasu amsoshi da aka ba su ta hanyar iyakokin da yawa, kuma ya kasance na farko a cikin manyan rukunan jama'a banda na matasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;gallup-20c&quot;&gt;Frank Newport (31 December 1999). &quot;Mother Teresa Voted by American People as Most Admired Person of the Century&quot;, [[The Gallup Organization]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pollingreport.com/20th.htm Greatest of the Century] Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll. 20–21 December 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Suuka ==
A cewar wata takarda daga masana ilimin Kanada Serge Larivée, Geneviève Chénard da Carole Sénéchal, asibitocin Teresa sun karbi miliyoyin daloli a cikin abubuwan gudummawa amma ba su da magani, tsarin bincike, ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki da isasshen nazari ga waɗanda ke jin ciwo;  a cikin ra'ayin masana ilimi guda uku, &quot;Mama Teresa ta yarda cewa mara lafiya dole ne ya sha wahala kamar Kristi a kan gicciye&quot;.  An ce karin kudin zai iya canza lafiyar marasa galihu na garin ta hanyar samar da cibiyoyin kula da lafiya.   

Daya daga cikin wadanda suka fi sukar Teresa ita ce yar jaridar Ingilishi, mai sukar litattafan rubuyoci kuma mai adawa da Christopher Hitchens, mai gabatar da ra’ayin Jaridar ''Hell's Angel'' (1994) kuma marubucin labarin ''Fim The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice''&lt;nowiki&gt; (1995) wanda ya rubuta a labarin 2003 : &quot;Wannan ya dawo da mu zuwa ga cin hanci da rashawa na majami'a, wanda ke sayar da attajirai ga ma'abuta yayin da suke wa'azin wutar jahannama da tsinkaye ga talaka. [Uwar Teresa] ba abokin talakawa ba ne. Ta kasance aminin &lt;/nowiki&gt;''talauci'' . Ta ce wahala wahala ce daga Allah. Ta yi amfani da rayuwarta wajen yin adawa da kawai hanyar magance cutar talauci, wanda shine karfafawa mata da ficewar su daga tsarin dabbobin da aka tilasta mata. &quot;  Ya zargi ta da munafinci saboda zabar magani na gaba don yanayin zuciyarta. &lt;ref&gt;Hitchens (1995), p. 41&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;''cf.'' Fr. James Martin, SJ, Letter in ''The New York Review of Books'', 19 September 1996 [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1996/09/19/in-defense-of-mother-teresa/ In Defense of Mother Teresa], accessed 2 February 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Hitchens ya ce &quot;niyyarsa ba ta taimaka wa mutane ba&quot;, kuma ta yi karya ga masu ba da gudummawa game da yadda ake amfani da gudummawar da suke bayarwa. &quot;Ta hanyar magana da ita ne na gano, kuma ta ba ni tabbacin, ba ta bakin kokarin rage talauci&quot;, in ji shi, &quot;tana kokarin fadada yawan mabiya darikar Katolika. Ta ce, 'Ni ba ma'aikacin zamantakewa ba ne. Ba na yi ne saboda wannan dalili. Ina yi domin Kiristi. Ina yi wa cocin. '  &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/10/19/60minutes/main578794.shtml &quot;The Debate over Sainthood&quot;] (11 February 2009). CBS News. Retrieved 29 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake Hitchens yana tunanin shi ne kawai shaida da Vatican ta kira, an kuma kira Aroup Chatterjee (marubucin ''Uwar Teresa: Labarin Untold'' ) don gabatar da hujjoji masu adawa da bugun Teresa da canonization; &lt;ref name=&quot;Hitch&quot;&gt;[http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&amp;page=hitchens_24_2 &quot;Less than Miraculous&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305133543/http://secularhumanism.org/index.php?page=hitchens_24_2&amp;section=library|date=2016-03-05}} by Christopher Hitchens, ''[[Free Inquiry (magazine)|Free Inquiry]]'' 24(2), February/March 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; Vatican ta cire al'ada ta &quot; mai ba da shawarar shaidan &quot;, wanda ya yi aiki da irin wannan manufa.  

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin zubar da ciki sun kuma soki matakin Teresa game da zubar da ciki da kuma hana haihuwa.

== Rayuwar ruhaniya ==
Analysing her deeds and achievements, [[Pope John Paul II]] said: &quot;Where did Mother Teresa find the strength and perseverance to place herself completely at the service of others? She found it in prayer and in the silent contemplation of Jesus Christ, his Holy Face, his Sacred Heart.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2003/october/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20031020_pilgrims-mother-teresa_en.html|title=Address of John Paul II to the Pilgrims Who Had Come To Rome for the Beatification of Mother Teresa|work=Vatican.va|date=20 October 2003|author=John Paul II|accessdate=13 March 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Privately, Teresa experienced doubts and struggle in her religious beliefs which lasted nearly 50 years (until the end of her life); according to her [[postulator]], [[Brian Kolodiejchuk]], &quot;She felt no presence of God whatsoever,&amp;nbsp;... in her heart or in the eucharist&quot;.&lt;ref name=TIME-2007-08-23&gt;{{cite news|title=Mother Teresa's Crisis of Faith|author=David Van Biema|date=23 August 2007|work=TIME|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html|access-date=24 March 2020|archive-date=25 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825084420/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=16 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816032159/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Teresa expressed grave doubts about God's existence and pain over her lack of faith: {{quote|Where is my faith? Even deep down&amp;nbsp;... there is nothing but emptiness and darkness.&amp;nbsp;... If there be God – please forgive me. When I try to raise my thoughts to Heaven, there is such convicting emptiness that those very thoughts return like sharp knives and hurt my very soul.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.edgewoodpc.org/sermons/sermon061911.html|title=Sermon – Some Doubted|publisher=Edgewoodpc.org|date=19 June 2011|accessdate=28 August 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015234535/http://edgewoodpc.org/sermons/sermon061911.html|archivedate=15 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;|sign=|source=}}
[[File:Mother_Teresa_memorial_plaque.jpg|alt=Outdoor bas-relief plaque|thumb| Plaque wanda aka sadaukar wa mahaifiyar Teresa a Wenceslas Square, Olomouc, Czech Republic ]]
Kolodiejchuk (jami'in da ke da alhakin tattara hujjoji na canonization) ya yi tunanin cewa rashin jin daɗin da wasu ke yi zai iya cewa sunyi akasin fassara tai, amma imanin da ya yi cewa Allah yana aiki da ita bai cika damuwa ba; duk da cewa ta yi niyyar kusanci da Allah, amma ba ta tuhumi kasancewar sa ba.  Teresa na iya fuskantar wani abu mai kama da [[Isa Almasihu|Yesu]], wanda ya ce lokacin da aka gicciye shi: ''&quot; Eli Eli lama sabachthani? &quot;'' (&quot;Ya Allah, Allahna, don me ka yashe ni?&quot; ).  Kolodiejchuk ya zana kwatancen John na 16 na ƙarni na Yahaya na Giciye, wanda ya ambaci kalmar &quot; Duhun Duhun Jiya &quot;.  Sauran tsarkaka (ciki har da Teresa mai suna Thérèse na Lisieux, waɗanda suka kira shi &quot;daren rashin kome&quot;) sun sami irin wannan goguwar bushewar ruhaniya . &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;[http://www.beliefnet.com/story/223/story_22353_1.html New Book Reveals Mother Teresa's Struggle with Faith] Beliefnet, AP 2007&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar James Langford, wadannan shakku ba su da wata ma'ana kuma ba zai kawo cikas ga canonization ba.  

Bayan shekaru goma cikin shakku, Teresa ta bayyana ɗan taƙaitaccen lokacin da sabuwar bangaskiya. Bayan mutuwar Paparoma Pius XII a shekarar alif 1958, tana yi masa addu'ar bukukuwan a lokacin da aka sami sauki daga &quot;dogon duhu: wannan baƙon wahalar.&quot; Koyaya, mako biyar baya bushewar ruhaniyarta ta dawo.  

Teresa ta rubuta wasiƙu da yawa ga waɗanda ke ba da tabbaci da kuma manyanta a cikin shekaru 66, musamman ga Calcutta Archbishop Ferdinand Perier da Jesuit firist Celeste van Exem (mashawarcinta na ruhaniya tun samuwar mishan Mishan).  Ta nemi a lalata wasiƙun ta, kasancewar ta damu da cewa &quot;mutane za su ƙara yin la'akari da ni - ƙasa da Yesu.&quot;   
[[File:Alfons_Weisser_Mutter_Teresa.JPG|thumb| Zane-zanen Semi-girmama na girmama Iya Teresa ]]
Koyaya, an tattara rubutun a cikin Mama ''Teresa: Kuzo Ku kasance Haske na'' .   Teresa ta rubuta wa Mika'ilu amintacce na ruhaniya Michael van der Peet, “Yesu yana da ƙauna ta musamman a gare ku. Amma ni, shuru da wofi suna da yawa, da na duba ban gani ba - saurara kuma ban ji ba - harshe yana motsawa [cikin addu'a] amma ba ya magana. &amp;nbsp; . . . Ina so ku yi mini addu'a - cewa na bar Shi ya yi kyauta. &quot; 

A ''Deus Caritas Est'' (farkon encyclical ), [[Benedict na Sha Shida|Paparoma Benedict XVI]] da aka ambata Teresa sau uku da kuma amfani da ita rayuwa don bayyana daya daga cikin encyclical ta babban maki: &quot;A cikin misali na Albarka Teresa na Calcutta da muke da wata hujja hoto da cewa lokaci ya sadaukar Allah cikin addu'o'i bawai kawai baya yanke hukunci daga aiki mai kyau da soyayya ga makwabcinmu amma a zahiri shine tushen wannan aikin. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;[[Benedict na Sha Shida|Pope Benedict XVI]] (25 December 2005). ''Deus caritas est{{Dead link|date=October 2011}}''. (PDF). Vatican City, pp.10. Retrieved 2 August 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Ta rubuta, &quot;Ta hanyar addu'o'in tunani ne da karatun ruhi ne kawai zamu iya samar da kyautar addu'a.&quot;  

Kodayake ba a haɗa da odarta ba tare da umarnin Franciscan, Teresa tana sha'awar Francis na Assisi &lt;ref name=&quot;AmeriCath&quot;&gt;&quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta Pays Tribute to St. Francis of Assisi&quot; on the ''American Catholic'' website. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta kasance mai tasiri ga ruhaniyar Franciscan.'Yan uwan Mata da Sadaka suna karanta addu'o'in Saint Francis kowace safiya a Mass a lokacin godiya bayan tarayya, kuma girmamansu ga ma'aikatar da alkawarin da yawa yayi daidai da nata. Francis ya jaddada talauci, tsabta, biyayya da biyayya ga Kristi. Ya sadaukar da mafi yawan rayuwarsa wajen bautar da talakawa, musamman kutare.

== Canonization ==

=== Mu'ujiza da beatifaication ===
Bayan Teresa ta mutu a shekara ta alif 1997, sai Holy See ya fara aiwatar da beatification (na biyu daga uku matakai wajen canonization ) da kuma Kolodiejchuk aka nada postulator da Diocese na Calcutta . Ko da yake ya ce, &quot;Ba mu tabbatar da cewa ta kasance cikakke ko kuma ba ta taɓa yin kuskure ba &amp;nbsp; ... &quot;, dole ne ya tabbatar da cewa kyawun Teresa jarumi ne. Kolodiejchuk ya gabatar da takardu 76, jimilla shafi 35,000, wadanda suka danganci hirar da shaidu 113 wadanda aka nemi su amsa tambayoyi 263.  
[[File:Stained_glass_depiction_of_key_moments_in_the_lifetime_of_Mother_Teresa_at_the_Cathedral_of_Saint_Mother_Teresa_in_Prishtina.jpg|right|thumb|332x332px| Cikakken gilashin tarihin rayuwar mahaifiyar Teresa a Cathedral na Saint Teresa a Prishtinë, Kosovo ]]. 
A tsari na canonization bukatar takardun na wani mu'ujiza sakamakon daga cẽto na yiwuwa saint.  A shekara ta 2002 ne aka gano cewa Vatican ta zama wata mu'ujiza ta warkar da cutar kumburin ciki a cikin mahaifar Monica Besra, wata mace ‘yar Indiya, bayan da aka yi amfani da wani loka dauke da hoton Teresa. A cewar Besra, gwanayen haske da aka samo daga hoton kuma an warkar da cutar kumburin ta; duk da haka, mijinta da wasu ma'aikatanta na kiwon lafiya sun ce magani na yau da kullun ya kawar da cutar. &lt;ref&gt;Orr, David (10 May. 2003). &quot;Medicine cured 'miracle' woman – not Mother Teresa, say doctors&quot;. ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Dr. Ranjan Mustafi, wanda ya fada wa ''jaridar New York Times'' cewa ya yi maganin Besra, ya ce cutar ta haifar da cutar tarin fuka: &quot;Wannan ba wani abin al'ajabi bane &amp;nbsp; . . . Ta dauki magunguna tsawon watanni tara zuwa shekara guda. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/20/world/her-legacy-acceptance-and-doubts-of-a-miracle.html &quot;Her Legacy: Acceptance and Doubts of a Miracle&quot;], by David Rohde. ''The New York Times''. 20 October 2003&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar mijin Besra, “Likitoci sun warkar da matata ba kuma ta wata mu’ujiza ba &amp;nbsp; . . . Wannan mu'ujiza wannan magana ce. &quot;  Besra ta ce bayanan likitocin da suka hada da sonogram, magunguna da bayanan likitocin, Sister Betta ta Mishan Matan Sadau ta kwace. A cewar ''Lokaci'', kiran da aka yi wa Sister Betta da ofishin Sister Nirmala (wanda zai gaji Teresa a matsayin shugaban oda) bai amsa wani bayani ba. Jami'ai a Asibitin Balurghat, inda Besra ta nemi magani, sun ce an tilasta masu ne ta hanyar da ta kira magani da ta warke.  A cikin watan Fabrairu, na shekarar 2000, tsohon ministan kiwon lafiya na West Bengal Partho De ya ba da umarnin sake duba bayanan likita na Besra a Sashen Lafiya na Kolkata. A cewar De, babu wani sabon abu game da rashin lafiyarta da magani bisa doguwar jinyarta. Ya ce ya ƙi ba da sunan Vatican na likita wanda zai tabbatar da cewa warkewar Monica Besra ta mu’ujiza ce.  

A lokacin beatification na Teresa da canonization, Roman Curia (ta Vatican) tayi nazari kuma ba a wallafa sukar rayuwarta da aikinta ba. Hitchens da Chatterjee (marubucin ''The Final Verdict'', wani littafi mai mahimmanci na Teresa) ta yi magana da kotun; a cewar jami'an Vatican, binciken da aka gabatar an bincike ne daga Kungiyar da ke Sanadin Sanadin Waliyyan Waliyyan .  Kungiyar ba ta sami wani cikas ba game da canjin magana na Teresa, kuma ta ba da ''kewar ta'' a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun, na shekarar alif 1999.   Saboda harin da aka kai mata, wasu marubutan Katolika sun kira ta da alamar sabani .  Wani kwamiti na daban na likita ya yanke hukuncin cewa mu'ujiza Monica Besra, daya daga cikin ukun da Kolodiejchuk ya dauke, alama ce ta roko na Allah.  An kori Teresa a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, shekarar 2003, kuma Katolika sun san shi da &quot;Masu Albarka&quot;.

===Canonization===
A 17 Disamba 2015, offishin yada labarai na Vatican [[Francis (fafaroma)|Pope Francis]] ya gano mu'ujiza na biyu da aka danganta ga Teresa: warkar da mutumin Brazil dauke da brain tumours a 2008.mu'ujizar ta zo cikin gari ne sanda wasu jami'ai dake kula da aiki lokacin shagualan World Youth Day 2013sanda fafaroma ke kasar Brazil awatan Yuli. anyi ta bincike a Brazil daga 19–26 June 2015 wanda daga bisani aka maida zuwa masu aiki na Saints wanda suka bada dokatr cewa cabinciken ya kammalu.

Francis yayi mata canonization, hakan yafaru ne a wani biki a ranar 4 ga Satumbar 2016 a Dandalin St Peter da ke garin Vatican. Dubun-dubatan mutane ne suka halarci bikin, gami da wakilai 15 na gwamnati da kuma mutane 1,500 da ba su da matsuguni daga duk fadin Italiya.   An watsa kai tsaye ta hanyar tashar Vatican kuma aka watsa ta yanar gizo; Skopje, garin mahaifar Teresa, ya ba da sanarwar bikin biki na tsawon sati daya.  A Indiya, Mishan ɗin Sadarwa ta biki ta Kolkata.

== Co-Patron na Calcutta Archdiocese ==
A ranar 4 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, yayin bikin girmama canonization dinta wata shekara ta 1 da ta cancanta, Sister Mary Prema Pierick, Babban shugaba ta na mishan Ofishin Sadaka, ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a sanya Teresa a matsayin malamar cocin Calcutta Archdiocese yayin bikin Mass a cikin Cathedral na Mafi Girma Rosary a 5.30 pm a ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017.  A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Archbishop Thomas D’Souza, wanda ke zama shugaban Archdiocese na Katolika na Calcutta, ya tabbatar da cewa za a nada Teresa a matsayin mai rikon mukamin Caliota Diocese, tare da Francis Xavier.   A ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, kusan mutane 500 suka halarci Mass a wani babban coci inda Dominique Gomes, Babban Vicar na gida,  karanta dokar da ta kafa ta a matsayin mataimaki na biyu na mai kare tarihi na archdiocese.  D’Souza da jakadan Vatican a Indiya, Giambattista Diquattro, sune suka jagoranci wannan bikin kuma suka gabatar da mutum-mutumi na tagulla a cocin Uwa Teresa dauke da yaro.  

Cocin Katolika na Roman Katolika ya ba da sanarwar St. Francis Xavier yazama saint na farko na Calcutta a shekarar alif 1986.  

== Legacy da fitowa a cikin al'adun sanannu ==

=== Abun Tunawa ===
[[File:Terminal_jashte.jpg|alt=Airport terminal, with four trees in the foreground|left|thumb| Tirana International Airport Nënë Tereza ]]
Kayay-yakin tarihi da ake tunawa da Teresa kuma sunanta sunan cocin da yawa. Tana da gine-gine, hanyoyi da kuma gidaje masu suna bayanta, gami da filin jirgin saman Albania na duniya . Ranar Iya Teresa ''(Dita e Nënë Terezës)'', 19 ga Oktoba, hutu ne na jama'a a Albania . A shekara ta 2009, an buɗe gidan tunawa da mahaifiyar Teresa a garinsu Skopje, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makidoniya]] . An ba da sunan babban cocin Katolika da ke Pristina, Kosovo don girmamawa.  Ginin sa, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2011, ya haifar da muhawara a cikin da'irorin musulmai wadanda suka gan shi a matsayin wanda ya  karfafa yawan mabiya darikar Katolika a yankin. Musulmin Kosovo sun yi adawa da wani kudurin kafa wata hanyar tunawa da Teresa a garin Peć (a cewar masu fafutuka, kashi 98 cikin dari) Musulmai sun yi adawa da kafa ta a Kosovo.  
[[File:Saint_Mother_Teresa_Cathedral_Prishtina8.jpg|right|thumb|150x150px| Cathedral na Saint Mother Teresa, Prishtinë ]]
Jami'ar Mata ta Uwa Teresa,  a Kodaikanal, an kafa ta a shekarar alif 1984. a matsayin jami'ar jama'a ta gwamnatin Tamil Nadu . Mahaifiya Theresa Postgraduate da Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Kiwon Lafiya,  a Pondicherry, an kafa ta ne a cikin shekarar alif 1999. ta hannun Gwamnatin Puducherry . Kungiyar ba da agaji Sevalaya ce ke tafiyar da Gidan Iyayen Mata na Teresa, tare da samar da 'yan matan marayu da marayu a kusa da kauyen Kasuva da ke Tamil Nadu da abinci, kayan sawa, tsari da ilimi.  Yawancin yabo da marubucin tarihin Teresa, Navin Chawla, suka bayyana a jaridu da mujallu na Indiya.    Jirgin Ruwa na Indiya sun gabatar da &quot;Mother Express&quot;, sabon jirgin kasa mai suna bayan mahaifiyar Mama Teresa, a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2010. don tunawa da karni na haihuwar ta.  Gwamnatin Tamil Nadu ta shirya bukukuwan karni na karrama Teresa a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2010 a [[Chennai]] wanda babban minista M Karunanidhi ya jagoranta.   Farko a kan 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2013, ranar tunawa da ta mutuwa da aka sanya cikin kasa da kasa Rãnar Charity ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya .  

A cikin shekarar 2012, Teresa ta kasance lamba ta 5 a cikin Babban binciken Indiya na Manyan Yan Indiya .  

A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Katolika na St Teresa, cocin Katolika na farko da aka sanya wa sunan girmamawa ga Teresa, an keɓe shi a Kosovo.  Cathedral ɗin shima babban cocin Katolika ne na farko na Kosovo.  

==== Tarihai da littattafai ====

* Teresa batun fim din 1969 ne da littafin 1972, ''Abin Kyau ga Allah'', wanda Malcolm Muggeridge ya wallafa .  An yi fim ɗin fim ɗin tare da jawo hankalin yammacin duniya ga Mama Teresa. 
* Littattafan Christopher Hitchens na 1994, ''Mala'ikan Jahannama'', ya bayar da hujjar cewa Teresa ta bukaci talakawa da su yarda da makomarsu; Allah yana bayyana masu arziki kamar yadda Allah ya yi musu falala.   Wannan ita ce farkon rubutun Hitchens, ''Matsayin mishan: Uwar Teresa a ka'idodi da Aiki'' . 

==== Shirye-shiryen talabijin ====

* Geraldine Chaplin ya buga wasan Teresa a cikin ''Iya Teresa: Da Sunan Rashin Allah'', wanda ya karɓi kyautar Fim na Fim a shekarar alif 1997.
* Olivia Hussey ce ta buga wasan a cikin ministocin gidan talabijin na Italiya na shekarar  2003, ''Mama Teresa na Calcutta'' .  An sake sakewa a cikin shekarar 2007, ta sami kyautar CAMIE .
* Juliet Stevenson ta taka leda a cikin fim din ' ''The Letters'' ' na shekarar 2014, wanda ya danganta da wasiƙun sa zuwa ga firist ɗin Vatican Celeste van Exem .
* Uwar Teresa, wacce Cara Francis the FantasyGrandma ke bugawa, ta yi tsegumi kan Sigmund Freud a cikin Epic Rap Battles of Tarihi, jerin wakokin fim din YouTube da Nice Peter da Epic Lloyd suka kirkira. An saki Rap din a YouTube a ranar 22 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2019.

== Duba kuma ==

* Abdul Sattar Edhi 
* Albanians 
* Jerin mutanen Albanians 
* Jerin sunayen mata masu lambar yabo ta Nobel 
* Babban Ba’indiye 
* Addinin Katolika na Albania 
* Addinin Katolika na Kosovo 
* Addinin Katolika na Romaniya a Arewacin Makidoniya 

== Manazarta ==

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[[File:Mary Teresa Norton cph.3b14795.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa lokacin tana ma￼tashiya]]
[[File:Mother Teresa 1995.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa a shekarar 1995]]
[[Fayil:Statue Mother Teresa Thomas Mount Chennai Aug22 A7C 02284.jpg|thumb|mama teresa]]
'''Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu'''  (an haifi '''Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu''',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/vatican-declares-mother-teresa-patron-saint-calcutta-49651357|title=Vatican declares Mother Teresa a patron saint of Calcutta|author=Manik Banerjee|date=6 September 2017|publisher=Associated Press, ABC News.com|accessdate=6 September 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906160015/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/vatican-declares-mother-teresa-patron-saint-calcutta-49651357|archivedate=6 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/mother-teresa-to-be-named-co-patron-of-calcutta-archdiocese-on-first-canonization-anniversary-4007169.html|title=Mother Teresa to be named co-patron of Calcutta Archdiocese on first canonization anniversary|date=4 September 2017|magazine=First Post|accessdate=5 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Albanian:   ; a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif  1910, zuwa &amp;nbsp;ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, Shekara ta alif 1997), wacce akafi sani a matsayin '''Mother Teresa''' da kuma girmama a cikin cocin Katolika a matsayin '''Saint Teresa na Calcutta,'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.killaladiocese.org/canonisation-of-blessed-mother-teresa-september-4th/|title=Canonisation of Mother Teresa – September 4th|website=Diocese of Killala|date=September 2016|accessdate=4 September 2016|archive-date=8 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908122310/http://www.killaladiocese.org/canonisation-of-blessed-mother-teresa-september-4th/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  an Albanian&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html|title=Kur Nënë Tereza vinte në Tiranë/2|first=bota|last=shqiptare|publisher=|access-date=2020-03-24|archive-date=2016-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918175822/http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=2016-09-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918175822/http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; - Indian  Roman Katolika Nun, da mishan .  An haife ta ne a Skopje (yanzu itace babban birnin [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makedonia]] ), sannan wani ɓangare na Kosovo Vilayet na Daular Ottoman. Bayan ta zauna a Skopje shekaru goma sha takwas, sai tai ƙaura zuwa Ireland sannan kuma ta tafi [[Indiya]], inda ta zauna mafi yawan rayuwarta.

A shekarar alif 1950, Teresa ta kafa Mishanarai na Tallafawa, a wani taron addini na Roman Katolika  wanda ya kai 4,500 na nunashekarana aukuwa a kasashe 133 a shekara ta 2012. Ikilisiya tana kula da gidaje don mutanen da ke mutuwa ta [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]], kuturta da [[Tibi|tarin fuka]] . Hakanan yana gudanar da dafa abinci na dafa abinci, kayan dafa abinci, asibitocin tafi-da-gidanka, shirye-shiryen ba da shawara ga yara da na iyali, harma da marayu da makarantu. Wakilai suna yin alwashi na tsabta, talauci, da biyayya, sannan kuma suna yin alkawarin hudun - don ba da &quot;yardar rai kyauta ga matalautan matalauta.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Muggeridge (1971), chapter 3, &quot;Mother Teresa Speaks&quot;, pp. 105, 113&lt;/ref&gt; 

Teresa ta samu karramawa da dama, a wadansu (1962) [[Ramon Magsaysay Peace Prize]] da kuma shekara ta alif (1979) Nobel Peace Prize . Ta kasance sananne a ranar 4 ga watan Satumbar, shekarata 2016, kuma ranar tunawa da mutuwarta (5 ga watan Satumba) ita ce ranar bikinta . 

Wani mutum mai rikitarwa a rayuwarsa da kuma bayan mutuwarta, mutane da yawa suna alfahari da mama Teresa saboda aikinta na kyautatawa. An yaba mata da yin Allah wadai kan lamurra daban-daban, irin su ra'ayoyinta game da zubar da ciki da hana haihuwa, kuma ana sukar ta da mummunan yanayi a cikin gidajen ta na masu mutuwa. Navin Chawla ne ya rubuta tarihinta wanda aka ba da izini kuma aka buga shi a Shekara ta alif (1992) kuma ta kasance 'yan fim da sauran littattafai.A 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Teresa da St-Francis Xavier an ba su sunayen abokan tarayya na Archdiocese na Roman Katolika na Calcutta.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==

=== Farkon rayuwa ===
[[File:Memorial_house_of_Mother_Teresa.jpg|alt=Urban stone-and-glass building|left|thumb| Bikin tunawa da mahaifiyar Iyaye Teresa a garin haihuwarta Skopje ]]
An haifi Teresa Anjezë Gonxhe (ko Gonxha) &lt;ref name=&quot;Egan 1992&quot;&gt;''Blessed Are You: Mother Teresa and the Beatitudes'', ed. by Eileen Egan and Kathleen Egan, O.S.B., MJF Books: New York, 1992&lt;/ref&gt; Bojaxhiu ( Albanian:   ; ''Anjezë'' ne cognate na &quot;Agnes&quot;. ''Gonxhe'' yana nufin &quot;furebud&quot; ko &quot;karamar fure&quot; a cikin Albanian ) a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif (1910) a cikin dangin Kosovar Albanian    a Skopje (yanzu babban birnin [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makedoniya]] ), [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] .   An yi mata baftisma a Skopje, kwana bayan haifuwarta.  Daga baya ta yi la’akari da ranar 27 ga watan  Agusta, ranar da aka yi mata baftisma, ‘bikinta na gaskiya’. &lt;ref name=&quot;MToC&quot;&gt;(2002) &quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)&quot;. ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ta kuma kasance ƙaramar yarinyar Nikollë da Dranafile Bojaxhiu (Bernai).  Mahaifinta, wanda ke da hannu a cikin siyasar Albaniya a cikin Ottoman Macedonia, ya mutu a shekara ta alif (1919), lokacin yana dan shekara takwas. &lt;ref name=&quot;MToC&quot;&gt;(2002) &quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)&quot;. ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Although some sources state she was 10 when her father died, in an interview with her brother, the Vatican documents her age at the time as &quot;about eight&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Wataƙila ya fito ne daga Prizren, Kosovo, kuma wataƙila mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga kauyen kusa da Gjakova .  

Dangane da tarihin daga Joan Graff Clucas, Teresa ta kasance a cikin shekarunta lokacin da labaru game da rayuwar mishaneri da hidimarsu a Bengal ya burge ta ; har ta kai shekara 12, ta hakikance cewa yakamata ta sadaukar da rayuwarta ga addini.  Shirin ta ya ƙarfafa a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif 1928, yayin da tayi addu'a a farfajiyar Madonna na Madina na Vitina-Letnice, inda ta saba yin aikin haji . &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, ''Mother Teresa: A Biography'', Greenwood Press, 2004, p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Teresa ta bar gida a shekarar alif 1928, yayin da take da Shekara 18, don shiga Sisters of Loreto a Loreto Abbey a Rathfarnham, Ireland, don koyan Turanci tare da ra'ayin zama mishan; Ingilishi shine harshen koyar da Yan'uwa mata na Loreto a Indiya.  Ba ta taɓa ganin mahaifiyarta ko ƙanwarta ba. &lt;ref&gt;Sharn, Lori (5 September 1997). [http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/mothert/mother01.htm &quot;Mother Teresa dies at 87&quot;]. ''USA Today''. Retrieved 5 September 2016&lt;/ref&gt; Iyalinta sun zauna a Skopje har zuwa shekarar alif 1934, lokacin da suka ƙaura zuwa Tirana .  

Ta isa Indiya a Shekara ta alif 1929 , kuma ta fara ta novitiate a Darjeeling, a cikin kananan [[Himalaya|Himalayas]], &lt;ref&gt;Clucas (1988), p. 31&lt;/ref&gt; inda ta koya Bengali da kuma koyarwa a St. Teresa ta School dake kusa da Conven dinta. &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 17.&lt;/ref&gt; Teresa ta dauki alwashin farko na addini a ranar 24 ga watan Mayu, Shekara ta alif 1931. Ta zaɓi zama mai suna bayan Thérèse de Lisieux, mai tsaro na mishan na mishan;   saboda wata macen zawara a cikin gidan masarautar ta riga ta za bi wannan suna, Agnes ya zaɓi yaren rubutun Mutanen Espanya (Teresa). &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 18.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Teresa ta yi alƙawura a ranar 14 ga watan  Mayu, Shekara ta alif 1937, yayin da take malama a makarantar koyar da adami ta Loreto a , gabashin Calcutta. &lt;ref name=&quot;MToC&quot;&gt;(2002) &quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)&quot;. ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;   Ta yi aiki a wurin kusan kusan shekaru ashirin kuma an nada ta a matsayin shugabar mata a shekarar alif 1944. &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 25.&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa Teresa ta ji daɗin koyarwa a makarantar, amma ta damu sosai da talaucin da ke kewaye da ita a [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] .  Yunwar Bengal na shekarar alif 1943, ya kawo tashin hankali da mutuwa a cikin birni, kuma Ranar Yakin 1946  kai tsaye ya fara lokacin tashin hankalin Musulmi da Hindu.  

=== Mishan cikin Sadaka ===
[[File:Missionaries_of_Charity_Mother_House.jpg|alt=Three-story building with a sign and a statue|thumb| Mishanarai na Charity motherhouse a Kolkata ]]
A ranar 10 ga watan Satumba, shekarar alif 1946, Teresa ta sami abin da ta bayyana daga baya a matsayin &quot;kira a cikin kira&quot; lokacin da ta yi tafiya ta jirgin ƙasa zuwa wurin ajiyar kayayyaki na Loreto a Darjeeling daga [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] don komawar ta shekara-shekara. &quot;Ya kamata in fita daga cikin tashoshin don taimakon talakawa yayin da nake zaune a cikinsu. Umarni ne. Rashin faɗuwa dã ya kasance yana rushe imani. &quot;  Daga baya Joseph Langford ya rubuta, &quot;Ko da yake ba wanda ya san shi a lokacin, 'yar'uwar Teresa ta zama ''Uwar'' Teresa&quot;.  

Ta fara aikin mishan tare da matalauta a cikin shekarar alif 1948, sauya al'ada ta Loreto ta al'ada tare da sari, farin auduga sari tare da shudin iyaka. Teresa ta amince da zama ɗan baƙon Indiya, ta yi watanni da yawa a Patna don karɓar horo na asali a Asibitin Holy Family kuma ta shiga cikin tutocin.   Ta kafa makaranta a Motijhil, Kolkata, kafin ta fara kula da matalauta da masu fama da yunwa. A farkon shekarar alif 1949, wasu gungun matasa mata sun hadar da Teresa a cikin kokarin ta, sannan ta aza harsashin kafa sabuwar kungiyar addini da ke taimaka wa &quot;mafi talauci a cikin matalauta&quot;.  

Kokarin ta ya ja hankalin jami’an Indiya cikin hanzari, gami da Firayim Minista.  Teresa ta rubuta a cikin rubutunta cewa shekarar ta farko tana fama da wahala. Ba tare da samun kuɗin shiga ba, ta roƙi abinci da kayan abinci da ƙwarewar shakku, kadaici da jaraba don dawowa cikin ta'aziyyar rayuwar duniya yayin waɗannan farkon watanni: 

Ubangijinmu nason in zama yantattar mai bauta wacce aka lullube cikin talaucin yesu, A yau, na ilimantu da darussa masu kyau. Talaucin talaka dole yayi masu tsanani, sanda nake neman gida nayi tafiya har saida kafafuna sukayi ciwo, nayi tunanin cewa tyaushe ne zasu bar wannan ciwo ga rayuwata, ina neman gida, abinci da lafiya. Sai jindadin loreto yashafe ni, yace kawai ki fadi Kalmar duk wani abu zai zama naki, haka dai mai shafar yacigaba da cewa..., cikin budaddiyar zabi, Dan Allah na kuma dan sona agare ki, na zaba inyi komi danke bazan bar wani hawaye ya sauka daga ida nunki ba.
[[File:Sisters_of_Charity.jpg|alt=Four nuns in sandals and white-and-blue saris|left|thumb| Mishan Sadaka a saris na gargajiya ]]
A ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba, Shekara ta alif  1950, Teresa ta sami izini daga Vatican don ikilisiyar diocesan, wanda zai zama mishaneri na Sadaka.  A cikin maganganun ta, zai kula da &quot;masu fama da yunwa, tsirara, marasa gida, guragu, makafi, kutare, duk waɗannan mutanen da suke jin ƙin sonsu, marasa ƙauna, waɗanda ba su kula da su ba a duk faɗin jama'a, mutanen da suka zama nauyi ga jama'a kuma kowa ya nisanta dashi ”.  

A shekarar alif 1952, Teresa ta buɗe hospice dinta na farko da taimako jami'ai daga Calcutta. Ta sauya hanikalin Hindu da aka yi watsi da ita zuwa Gidan Kalighat na Mutuwa, kyauta ne ga matalauta, ta kuma sanya mata suna Kalighat, Gidan Zuciyar Mai Tsabta (Nirmal Hriday).  Wadanda kawo wa gida samu likita da hankali da kuma damar da za su mutu tare da mutunci a cikin daidai da ban-gaskiyarsu: Musulmi suna karanta [[Al Kur'ani|Kur'ani]], 'yan Hindu samu ruwa daga ganges, kuma Katolika samu matsananci unction .  &quot;Kyakkyawan mutuwa&quot;, in ji Teresa, &quot;don mutane waɗanda suka rayu kamar dabbobi su mutu kamar mala'iku - suna ƙauna da so.&quot;  
[[File:Nirmal_Hriday_facade.jpg|alt=White, older building|thumb| Nirmal Hriday, Uwargida na Calcutta na Mama Teresa, a cikin 2007 ]]
Ta buɗe ofishi ga waɗanda ke da kuturta, suna kiranta Shanti Nagar (Birnin Zaman Lafiya).  Kungiyoyin mishan na Agaji sun kafa cibiyoyin cutar kuturta, a ko'ina cikin Calcutta, suna ba da magunguna, riguna da abinci.  Mishan din na Agaji sun karu da yawaitar yara marasa gida; a shekarar alif 1955, Teresa ta bude Nirmala Shishu Bhavan, Gidan Yaran Yara na Zuciya, a zaman mafaka ga marayu da matasa marasa gida.  

Ikilisiyar ta yafara jawo hankalin ma'aikata da gudummawowi, kuma har ya zuwa shekarar 1960, sun bude ofisoshin marayu, gidajen marayu da gidajen kuturu a cikin ko'ina na kasar  Indiya. Daga nan Teresa ta faɗaɗa ikilisiya a ƙasar waje, ta buɗe gida a Venezuela a shekara ta alif 1965, tare da ’yan’uwa mata biyar.  An bi gidaje a Italiya (Rome), Tanzania da Austria a cikin shekarar 1968, kuma a cikin shekarun 1970 ikilisiya ta buɗe gidaje da tushe a Amurka da dama ƙasashe a Asiya, Afirka da Turai.  

An kafa mishan na Missionaries of Charity Brothers a shekarar alif 1963, kuma reshe ne mai dauke da tunani na San’uwa ya biyo baya a shekarar 1976. Lay Katolika da waɗanda ba Katolika ba sun sami rajista a cikin -kungiyar Ma'aikata na Uwar Teresa, Masu aikin Marasa lafiya da wahala, da kuma mishan na Ma'aikatan Sadaka. Da yake amsa buƙatu daga firistoci da yawa, a cikin Shekara ta alif 1981, Mama Teresa ta kafa kungiyar Corpus Christi Movement na Firistoci  tare da Joseph Langford mishaneri na Ubanni a cikin Shekara ta alif 1984, don haɗu da manufofin sana'a na mishan na ba da agaji tare da kayan aikin rayuwar firistoci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.mcpriests.com/ |title=The Religious Community of priests founded by Mother Teresa. ''Missionaries of Charity Fathers'' |access-date=2020-03-24 |archive-date=2016-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211191550/http://www.mcpriests.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Mother Teresa 1996.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa]]
Ya zuwa shekarar alif 1997, majami'ar Calcutta mai mambobi 13 sun girma zuwa fiye da 'yan'uwa mata 4,000 waɗanda ke kula da marayu, gidajen kula da cutar kanjamau da cibiyoyin bayar da agaji a duk duniya, suna kula da' yan gudun hijirar, makafi, nakasassu, tsofaffi, mashaya giya, gajiyayyu da marasa gida da waɗanda ambaliyar ta shafa, annoba da kuma yunwa.  A shekara ta 2007, mishan mishan na Charity ya ƙididdige kimanin 'yan’uwa 450 da ’yan’uwa mata 5,000 a duk duniya, waɗanda ke aiki mishan 600, makarantu da mafaka a cikin ƙasashe 120.

=== Sadaka ta kasa da kasa ===
Teresa ta ce, &quot;Da jini, Ni dan Albaniya ne. Ta zama ɗan ƙasa, Ba'indiye ne. Ta wurin bangaskiya, ni wata mazhabar Katolika ce. Game da kirana, ni na duniya ce. &quot;Game da zuciyata, gaba daya na daga cikin zuciyar Yesu ne.&quot;  Luwararru cikin harsuna biyar-Bengali,  Albanian, Serbian, [[Turanci]] da Hindi - ta yi tafiye-tafiye na lokaci-lokaci a wajen India saboda dalilai na bil-adama.  

A tsaunin Siege na Beirut a shekarar 1982, Teresa ta ceci yara 37 da aka makale a wani asibiti kafin ta hanyar tsagaita wuta na wucin gadi tsakanin sojojin Isra’ila da masu gwagwarmayar Falasdinawa.Tare da ma'aikatan kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross, ta bi ta yankin yaki zuwa asibiti don kwashe matasa marasa lafiya.  

Lokacin da gabashin Turai ta sami karuwa a ƙarshen 1980s, Teresa ta faɗaɗa ƙoƙarinta ga ƙasashen Kwaminisanci waɗanda suka ƙi Mishan Mishan na Sadaka. Ta fara shirye-shirye da dama, ba tare da wata damuwa ba game da matsayinta na hana zubar da ciki da kisan aure: &quot;Babu wanda ya ce menene, ya kamata ka karba shi da murmushi ka yi aikinka.&quot; Ta ziyarci Armenia bayan girgizar kasa na 1988  kuma ta sadu da Nikolai Ryzhkov, Shugaban Majalisar Ministocin .  

Teresa ta yi tafiya don taimakawa masu fama da yunwa a Habasha, wadanda suka kamu da radadin cutar a Chernobyl da kuma wadanda girgizar ta shafa a Armenia. &lt;ref&gt;Cooper, Kenneth J. (14 September 1997). &quot;Mother Teresa Laid to Rest After Multi-Faith Tribute&quot;. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved 30 May 2007&lt;/ref&gt;   A 1991, ta koma [[Albaniya|Albania]] a karon farko, inda ta buɗe Ofishin mishan na Charity Brothers gida a Tirana .  

A shekarar 1996, Teresa ta fara aiki da misalai 517 a cikin kasashe sama da 100.  Mishanninta na Rahamar sun karu daga goma sha biyu zuwa dubbai, suna masu hidimar &quot;matalautan matalauta&quot; a cibiyoyi 450 na duniya. An kafa Ofishin mishan na farko na Charity a cikin Amurka a yankin South Bronx na [[New York (birni)|New York City]], kuma har ya zuwa shekarar 1984 ikilisiya tana gudanar da rukunoni 19 a cikin ƙasar.

=== Karayar lafiya da mutuwa ===
Teresa ta sami bugun zuciya a Rome a 1983 yayin da ta ke ziyartar [[John Paul na Biyu|Paparoma John Paul II]] . Bayan harin na biyu a 1989, ta sami na'urar bugun zuciya . A 1991, bayan cutar huhu a Mexico,tana da karin matsalolin zuciya. Kodayake Teresa ta ba da shawarar yin murabus a matsayin shugabar mishan na Sadaka, a cikin wata takaddar sirri da 'yar'uwar ikilisiyar suka zabe ta ta ci gaba kuma ta yarda ta ci gaba.  

A watan Afrilun 1996,ta fadi,ta karya kashinta na wuya, kuma bayan wata hudu ta [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|kamu]] da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] da ciwon zuciya . Kodayake Teresa ta yi aikin tiyata, amma lafiyar ta tana raguwa. A cewar Akbishop na Calcutta Henry Sebastian D’Souza, ya umarci wani firist da ya yi aikin fitarwa (tare da izininsa) lokacin da aka garzaya da ita asibiti da matsalolin bugun zuciya saboda yana tunanin watakila shaidan ne ya same shi. &lt;ref&gt;Bindra, Satinder (7 September 2001).&quot;Archbishop: Mother Teresa underwent exorcism&quot;. ''CNN'' Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;.  

A ranar 13 Maris 1997 Teresa ta yi murabus a matsayin shugabar Mishan of Charity, kuma ta mutu ne a ranar 5 ga Satumba.  Lokacin da ta mutu, mishaneri na Sadaka yana da 'yan'uwa mata sama da 4,000 da kuma ɗan uwan mambobi 300 waɗanda ke aiki a ofisoshi 610 a cikin ƙasashe 123.  Waɗannan sun haɗa da baƙi da gidaje ga mutanen da ke [[Kanjamau|ɗauke]] da [[Kanjamau|kwayar cutar HIV, AIDS]], kuturta da tarin fuka, dafaffen dafa abinci, shirye-shiryen kula da yara da na yara, marayu da makarantu. Missionungiyar mishan ta Charan agaji ta taimaka da abokan aikinta waɗanda suka ƙidaya sama da miliyan ɗaya a shekarun 1990. 

Teresa ta ajiye a cikin wani akwati da aka bude a St Thomas, Calcutta, tsawon mako guda kafin jana'izarta. Ta samu jana'izar hukuma daga gwamnatin Indiya bisa godiya saboda hidimta wa talakawan dukkan addinai a kasar.  Taimakawa ta hanyar firistoci guda biyar, Sakatariyar Kudi ta Kasa Angelo Sodano, wakilin Paparoma, ya yi bikin ƙarshe.  Mutuwar Teresa ta kasance makoki a cikin mutane da kuma al'ummomin addini. Firayim Minista na Pakistan Nawaz Sharif ya kira ta &quot;mutum ne da baƙonsa ba kuma wanda ya daɗe yana da babban buri. Tsawon rayuwarta tsawon rai ga kulawa da talakawa, marassa lafiya, da nakasassu na daga cikin mafi girman misalai na bautarmu ga bil'adama. &quot;  A cewar tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, &quot;Ita ce Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Tana da zaman lafiya a duniya&quot;.

== Martabawa da karɓuwa ==

=== Indiya ===
Gwamnatin Indiya ta fara amincewa da Teresa da farko ne a fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na farkon  ƙarni, ta karɓi Padma Shri a shekarar alif 1962, da lambar yabo ta Jawaharlal Nehru don Fahimtar ƙasa da ƙasa a shekarar alif 1969.  Daga baya ta sami wasu lambobin yabo na Indiya, wadanda suka hada da Bharat Ratna (lambar yabo mafi girma a Indiya) a shekarar alif 1980.  Littafin tarihin Teresa wanda Navin Chawla ya wallafa, a cikin Shekara ta alif 1992. A cikin [[Kolkata]], wasu 'Hindu bauta mata a matsayin abin bauta.  

Don tunawa da bikin cikarta shekara 100 da haihuwar ta, gwamnatin Indiya ta bayar da tsabar kudi ₹ 5 na musamman (yawan kudin da Teresa ta samu lokacin da ta je Indiya) a ranar 28 ga  watan Agusta, shekarar 2010. Shugaba Pratibha Patil ta ce, &quot;Clad cikin fararen sari mai launin shudi, ita da 'yan uwan Mishan na Charity sun zama alamar ta bege ga mutane da yawa - tsofaffi, gajiyayyu, marasa aikin yi, marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya. da akayi watsi dasu daga iyalansu. &quot;  

Ra'ayoyin Indiya akan Teresa ba masu dacewa ba kamar yadda kowane dan kasan ke ganinta. Aroup Chatterjee, likita ne da aka haife shi a Calcutta wanda ya kasance mai fafutuka a cikin tatsuniyar biranen shekaru kusan 1980 kafin ya koma Burtaniya, ya ce &quot;bai ma taɓa ganin wata tsawa ba a cikin waɗannan rukunin gidajen&quot;.  Binciken nasa, wanda ya hada da tambayoyi sama da 100 tare da masu sa kai, da sanatoci da kuma wasu da suka saba da mishan Mishanai, an bayyana su a cikin littafin 2003. da ke da masaniyar Teresa.  Chatterjee ta soki ta game da gabatar da &quot;al'adar wahala&quot; da mummunan gurbata ta Calcutta, yin karin gishiri game da aikin da aka yi mata ta hanyar amfani da kudi da kuma gata a wajen ta.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Chatterjee&quot;&gt;Chatterjee, Aroup, Introduction to ''The Final Verdict''&lt;/ref&gt; A cewarsa, wasu matsalolin tsabtace tsabta da ya soki (na sake amfani da allura, alal misali) bayan mutuwar Teresa a Shekara ta alif 1997.  

Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya, mayor na Kolkata daga shekarar 2005 zuwa 2010, ya ce &quot;ba ta da wani tasiri a kan talakawa na wannan birni&quot;, ta sami lafiya a maimakon ta yi maganin ta kuma ta ba da labarin gari: &quot;Babu shakka akwai talauci a Calcutta, amma ba ta taɓa kasance wani gari na kutare da masu bara ba, kamar yadda UwaTeresa ta gabatar da shi. &quot;  A gefen Hindu, Jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata ta yi karo da Teresa a kan Christian Dalits amma ta yaba mata a cikin mutuwa kuma ta aiko da wakili don yi mata jana'izarta.  Ita dai Vishwa Hindu Parishad, ta yi adawa da matakin da gwamnati ta dauka na yi mata jana’iza. Sakatare Giriraj Kishore ta ce &quot;aikinta na farko shine Cocin da hidimar zamantakewa ba ta faru ba&quot;, inda ta zarge ta da fifita Kiristoci da kuma yin “baftisma a ɓoye” na masu mutuwa. &lt;ref&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/ECI_Main/DJ/Frontline%201997%20Article%20published%20in%20Hindu.pdf#page=3 A life of selfless caring] – [[Frontline (magazine)]] article.&lt;/ref&gt;  A wani gaban-shafin, fortnightly ''frontline ta'' sallami zargin a matsayin &quot;patently na ƙarya&quot; kuma ya bayyana cewa suna da &quot;yi wani tasiri a kan jama'a ji na ta aikin, musamman a Calcutta&quot;. Wanda ya yaba da &quot;kulawa ta rashin son kai&quot;, karfin jiki da jarumkntaka, marubucin lambar yabo ya soki kamfen din da Teresa takeyi inkari game da zubar da ciki da kuma ikirarin ta na siyasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline&quot;&gt;Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997&lt;/ref&gt; 

A watan Fabrairu na shekarar 2015, Mohan Bhagwat, shugaban kungiyar kare hakkin reshen Hindu, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, ya ce manufar Teresa ita ce &quot;maida mutumin, wanda ake yi masa hidima, ya zama Kirista&quot;.  Tsohon kakakin kungiyar ta RSS MG Vaidhya ya goyi bayan kimantawar Bhagwat, kuma kungiyar ta zargi kafofin watsa labarai da &quot;gurbata gaskiya game da kalaman Bhagwat&quot;. Dan majalisar wakilai na Trinamool Derek O'Brien, shugaban CPI Atul Anjan da kuma babban ministan Delhi Arvind Kejriwal sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da zancen da Bhagwat yayi.

=== Wani wurin ===
[[File:President Reagan Presents Mother Teresa with the Medal of Freedom at a White House Ceremony in the Rose Garden - DPLA - 1321c7b194e7e893127ef14b2f7c565c.jpg|alt=President and Mrs. Ronald Reagan with Mother Teresa, standing at a microphone|thumb| Shugaba [[Ronald Reagan|Ronald Reagan ya]] ba mahaifiyar Teresa kyautar Shugaban Kasa na 'Yanci a yayin bikin Fadar White House kamar yadda Uwargidan Nan Nancy Reagan ke kallo, a ranar 20 ga watan Yuni, Shekara alif 1985. ]]. 
Teresa ta karbi kyautar Ramon Magsaysay Award dan zaman lafiya da fahimtar duniya, an bata ne dan aikinta a South or East Asia, a shekarar alif 1962. Acewar wallafin, &quot;Kungiyar amintattu sun martaba ta dan tausayawan ta akan talaucin wasu kasashe, wanda akan wannan aikin ne ta fara sabon taron addini&quot;.A farkon 1970s, ta zama wata gwarzuwa a duniya. shaharar za'a iya dangana shi da Malcolm Muggeridge's 1969 documentary, ''Something Beautiful for God'', da Kuma littafinsa na 1971 mai wannan sunan. Wanda Muggeridge ke kokarin tafiyar da rayuwarsa tsaftatacciya. Lokacin daukar fim, wani dauka da akayi a yanayin haske mara tasiri. anyi tunanin zai zama anfani ne ga masu aikin.
[[Fayil:Cedric Prakash Mother Teresa Award.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa]]
A kusan wannan lokacin, duniyar Katolika ta fara girmama Teresa a bainar jama'a. Fafaroma Paul VI ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Paparoma John XXIII P kyautar zaman lafiya a shekara ta alif 1971, inda ta yaba da aikinta tare da talakawa, nuna irin gudummawar kirista da kokarin tabbatar da zaman lafiya,  kuma ta sami kyautar ta Pacem a Terris Award a shekarar alif 1976. &lt;ref&gt;''Quad City Times'' staff (17 October 2005). &quot;Habitat official to receive Pacem in Terris honor&quot;. [[Peace Corps]]. Retrieved 26 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan mutuwarta, Teresa ta sami ci gaba cikin sauri a kan hanyar zuwa saint . 

Gwamnatoci da kungiyoyin farar hula sun karrama ta, sannan ta nada wani wakilin girmamawa na Umarni na Australiya a Shekara ta alif 1982. &quot;don hidimtawa al'ummar Australiya da dan adam baki daya&quot;.  Kasar Burtaniya da Amurka sun ba wasu lambobin yabo masu yawa, wadanda suka kammala a cikin Lamarin Ingantawa a shekarar alif 1983. da zama dan kasa na Amurka mai girmamawa a ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar alif 1996.  Kasar Teresa ta kasar Albania ta ba ta lambar Zinare ta Jama'a a Shekara ta alif 1994, &lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline&quot;&gt;Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997&lt;/ref&gt; amma karbarta da wannan lamarin da Haitian Legion of Honor ta kasance mai rikitarwa. An soki Teresa da cikakken goyon baya ga Duvaliers da rashawa na 'yan kasuwa irin su Charles Keating da Robert Maxwell ; Ta rubuta wa alkalin shari'ar Keating, inda ta nemi a bashi damar.   

Jami'o'i a Indiya da yamma sun ba ta digirin girmamawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline&quot;&gt;Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran lambobin yabo na farar hula sun hada da lambar yabo ta Balzan don inganta bil'adama, zaman lafiya da 'yan uwantaka tsakanin al'umma (1978)  da Albert Schweitzer International Prize (1975). &lt;ref&gt;Jones, Alice &amp; Brown, Jonathan (7 March 2007). &quot;Opposites attract? When Robert Maxwell met Mother Teresa&quot;. ''The Independent''. Retrieved 25 March 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilun, Shekara ta alif 1976, Teresa ta ziyarci Jami'ar Scranton da ke arewa maso gabashin [[Pennsylvania]], inda ta karbi lambar yabo ta La Storta don Bautar da 'Yan Adam daga shugaban jami'a William J. Byron .  Ta kalubalanci masu sauraronta da suka kai 4,500 don suje gidajensu  &quot;kusan talakawa a cikin gidanku da makwabta na gida&quot;, ciyar da wasu ko kuma kawai yada farin ciki da ƙauna,  kuma ya ci gaba da cewa: “Matalauta zasu taimaka mana mu girma cikin tsarkakakku, domin sune Kristi a cikin dabara ce ta wahala &quot;.  A watan Agusta, shekarar alif 1987, Teresa ta sami likita mai daraja ta digiri na ilimin zamantakewa, don karɓar hidimarta da ma'aikatanta don taimakawa gajiyayyu da marasa lafiya, daga jami'a.  Ta yi magana da ɗalibai sama da 4,000 da memba na Diocese of Scranton  game da hidimarta ga &quot;matalauta&quot;, tare da gaya masu su &quot;yi ƙananan abubuwa da ƙauna mai girma&quot;.  {{external media|width=210px|align=right|headerimage=[[File:Mutter Teresa von Kalkutta.jpg|210px]]|video1=[https://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=1852 Mother Teresa's 1979 Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech]}}A Shekara ta alif 1979, Teresa ta sami kyautar Nobel Peace Prize &quot;akan aikinta da ta gudanar dan kaudar da talauci da damuwa wanda suma ke kawo matsala ga zaman lafiya&quot;. Ta ki ta amince da taron , tace kudin ta $192,000 a baiwa talakawa dake kasar Indiya  tare da cewa lada a duniya suna da amfani ne kawai idan anyi aiki dasu wurin taimakon masu karamin karfi. rewards were important only if they helped her to help the world's ne. When Teresa received the prize she was asked, &quot;What can we do to promote world peace?&quot; She answered, &quot;Go home and love your family.&quot; Building on this theme in her [[Kyautar Nobel|Nobel lecture]], she said: &quot;Around the world, not only in the poor countries, but I found the poverty of the West so much more difficult to remove. When I pick up a person from the street, hungry, I give him a plate of rice, a piece of bread, I have satisfied. I have removed that hunger. But a person that is shut out, that feels unwanted, unloved, terrified, the person that has been thrown out from society – that poverty is so hurtable {{sic}} and so much, and I find that very difficult.&quot; Teresa singled out abortion as &quot;the greatest destroyer of peace today. Because if a mother can kill her own child – what is left for me to kill you and you kill me – there is nothing between.&quot;

Barbara Smoker of the secular humanist magazine ''The Freethinker'' criticised Teresa after the Peace Prize award, saying that her promotion of Catholic moral teachings on abortion and contraception diverted funds from effective methods to solve India's problems. At the Fourth World Conference on Women in [[Beijing]], Teresa said: &quot;Yet we can destroy this gift of motherhood, especially by the evil of abortion, but also by thinking that other things like jobs or positions are more important than loving.&quot;

A lokacin rayuwarta, Teresa tana daga cikin manyan mata 10 da suka fi fice a duk shekara Gallup wanda ya fi cancanta ga maza da mata su jefa kuri'u 18, sun kammala da yawa a shekarar alif 1980 da 1990. &lt;ref&gt;Frank Newport, David W. Moore, and Lydia Saad (13 December 1999). &quot;Most Admired Men and Women: 1948–1998&quot;, [[The Gallup Organization]].&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Shekara ta alif 1999. ta jagoranci jerin mutanen da aka fi so a cikin karni na 20 na Gallup,  jefa duk wasu amsoshi da aka ba su ta hanyar iyakokin da yawa, kuma ya kasance na farko a cikin manyan rukunan jama'a banda na matasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;gallup-20c&quot;&gt;Frank Newport (31 December 1999). &quot;Mother Teresa Voted by American People as Most Admired Person of the Century&quot;, [[The Gallup Organization]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pollingreport.com/20th.htm Greatest of the Century] Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll. 20–21 December 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Suuka ==
A cewar wata takarda daga masana ilimin Kanada Serge Larivée, Geneviève Chénard da Carole Sénéchal, asibitocin Teresa sun karbi miliyoyin daloli a cikin abubuwan gudummawa amma ba su da magani, tsarin bincike, ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki da isasshen nazari ga waɗanda ke jin ciwo;  a cikin ra'ayin masana ilimi guda uku, &quot;Mama Teresa ta yarda cewa mara lafiya dole ne ya sha wahala kamar Kristi a kan gicciye&quot;.  An ce karin kudin zai iya canza lafiyar marasa galihu na garin ta hanyar samar da cibiyoyin kula da lafiya.   

Daya daga cikin wadanda suka fi sukar Teresa ita ce yar jaridar Ingilishi, mai sukar litattafan rubuyoci kuma mai adawa da Christopher Hitchens, mai gabatar da ra’ayin Jaridar ''Hell's Angel'' (1994) kuma marubucin labarin ''Fim The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice''&lt;nowiki&gt; (1995) wanda ya rubuta a labarin 2003 : &quot;Wannan ya dawo da mu zuwa ga cin hanci da rashawa na majami'a, wanda ke sayar da attajirai ga ma'abuta yayin da suke wa'azin wutar jahannama da tsinkaye ga talaka. [Uwar Teresa] ba abokin talakawa ba ne. Ta kasance aminin &lt;/nowiki&gt;''talauci'' . Ta ce wahala wahala ce daga Allah. Ta yi amfani da rayuwarta wajen yin adawa da kawai hanyar magance cutar talauci, wanda shine karfafawa mata da ficewar su daga tsarin dabbobin da aka tilasta mata. &quot;  Ya zargi ta da munafinci saboda zabar magani na gaba don yanayin zuciyarta. &lt;ref&gt;Hitchens (1995), p. 41&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;''cf.'' Fr. James Martin, SJ, Letter in ''The New York Review of Books'', 19 September 1996 [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1996/09/19/in-defense-of-mother-teresa/ In Defense of Mother Teresa], accessed 2 February 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Hitchens ya ce &quot;niyyarsa ba ta taimaka wa mutane ba&quot;, kuma ta yi karya ga masu ba da gudummawa game da yadda ake amfani da gudummawar da suke bayarwa. &quot;Ta hanyar magana da ita ne na gano, kuma ta ba ni tabbacin, ba ta bakin kokarin rage talauci&quot;, in ji shi, &quot;tana kokarin fadada yawan mabiya darikar Katolika. Ta ce, 'Ni ba ma'aikacin zamantakewa ba ne. Ba na yi ne saboda wannan dalili. Ina yi domin Kiristi. Ina yi wa cocin. '  &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/10/19/60minutes/main578794.shtml &quot;The Debate over Sainthood&quot;] (11 February 2009). CBS News. Retrieved 29 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake Hitchens yana tunanin shi ne kawai shaida da Vatican ta kira, an kuma kira Aroup Chatterjee (marubucin ''Uwar Teresa: Labarin Untold'' ) don gabatar da hujjoji masu adawa da bugun Teresa da canonization; &lt;ref name=&quot;Hitch&quot;&gt;[http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&amp;page=hitchens_24_2 &quot;Less than Miraculous&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305133543/http://secularhumanism.org/index.php?page=hitchens_24_2&amp;section=library|date=2016-03-05}} by Christopher Hitchens, ''[[Free Inquiry (magazine)|Free Inquiry]]'' 24(2), February/March 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; Vatican ta cire al'ada ta &quot; mai ba da shawarar shaidan &quot;, wanda ya yi aiki da irin wannan manufa.  

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin zubar da ciki sun kuma soki matakin Teresa game da zubar da ciki da kuma hana haihuwa.

== Rayuwar ruhaniya ==
Analysing her deeds and achievements, [[Pope John Paul II]] said: &quot;Where did Mother Teresa find the strength and perseverance to place herself completely at the service of others? She found it in prayer and in the silent contemplation of Jesus Christ, his Holy Face, his Sacred Heart.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2003/october/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20031020_pilgrims-mother-teresa_en.html|title=Address of John Paul II to the Pilgrims Who Had Come To Rome for the Beatification of Mother Teresa|work=Vatican.va|date=20 October 2003|author=John Paul II|accessdate=13 March 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Privately, Teresa experienced doubts and struggle in her religious beliefs which lasted nearly 50 years (until the end of her life); according to her [[postulator]], [[Brian Kolodiejchuk]], &quot;She felt no presence of God whatsoever,&amp;nbsp;... in her heart or in the eucharist&quot;.&lt;ref name=TIME-2007-08-23&gt;{{cite news|title=Mother Teresa's Crisis of Faith|author=David Van Biema|date=23 August 2007|work=TIME|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html|access-date=24 March 2020|archive-date=25 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825084420/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=16 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816032159/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Teresa expressed grave doubts about God's existence and pain over her lack of faith: {{quote|Where is my faith? Even deep down&amp;nbsp;... there is nothing but emptiness and darkness.&amp;nbsp;... If there be God – please forgive me. When I try to raise my thoughts to Heaven, there is such convicting emptiness that those very thoughts return like sharp knives and hurt my very soul.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.edgewoodpc.org/sermons/sermon061911.html|title=Sermon – Some Doubted|publisher=Edgewoodpc.org|date=19 June 2011|accessdate=28 August 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015234535/http://edgewoodpc.org/sermons/sermon061911.html|archivedate=15 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;|sign=|source=}}
[[File:Mother_Teresa_memorial_plaque.jpg|alt=Outdoor bas-relief plaque|thumb| Plaque wanda aka sadaukar wa mahaifiyar Teresa a Wenceslas Square, Olomouc, Czech Republic ]]
Kolodiejchuk (jami'in da ke da alhakin tattara hujjoji na canonization) ya yi tunanin cewa rashin jin daɗin da wasu ke yi zai iya cewa sunyi akasin fassara tai, amma imanin da ya yi cewa Allah yana aiki da ita bai cika damuwa ba; duk da cewa ta yi niyyar kusanci da Allah, amma ba ta tuhumi kasancewar sa ba.  Teresa na iya fuskantar wani abu mai kama da [[Isa Almasihu|Yesu]], wanda ya ce lokacin da aka gicciye shi: ''&quot; Eli Eli lama sabachthani? &quot;'' (&quot;Ya Allah, Allahna, don me ka yashe ni?&quot; ).  Kolodiejchuk ya zana kwatancen John na 16 na ƙarni na Yahaya na Giciye, wanda ya ambaci kalmar &quot; Duhun Duhun Jiya &quot;.  Sauran tsarkaka (ciki har da Teresa mai suna Thérèse na Lisieux, waɗanda suka kira shi &quot;daren rashin kome&quot;) sun sami irin wannan goguwar bushewar ruhaniya . &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;[http://www.beliefnet.com/story/223/story_22353_1.html New Book Reveals Mother Teresa's Struggle with Faith] Beliefnet, AP 2007&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar James Langford, wadannan shakku ba su da wata ma'ana kuma ba zai kawo cikas ga canonization ba.  

Bayan shekaru goma cikin shakku, Teresa ta bayyana ɗan taƙaitaccen lokacin da sabuwar bangaskiya. Bayan mutuwar Paparoma Pius XII a shekarar alif 1958, tana yi masa addu'ar bukukuwan a lokacin da aka sami sauki daga &quot;dogon duhu: wannan baƙon wahalar.&quot; Koyaya, mako biyar baya bushewar ruhaniyarta ta dawo.  

Teresa ta rubuta wasiƙu da yawa ga waɗanda ke ba da tabbaci da kuma manyanta a cikin shekaru 66, musamman ga Calcutta Archbishop Ferdinand Perier da Jesuit firist Celeste van Exem (mashawarcinta na ruhaniya tun samuwar mishan Mishan).  Ta nemi a lalata wasiƙun ta, kasancewar ta damu da cewa &quot;mutane za su ƙara yin la'akari da ni - ƙasa da Yesu.&quot;   
[[File:Alfons_Weisser_Mutter_Teresa.JPG|thumb| Zane-zanen Semi-girmama na girmama Iya Teresa ]]
Koyaya, an tattara rubutun a cikin Mama ''Teresa: Kuzo Ku kasance Haske na'' .   Teresa ta rubuta wa Mika'ilu amintacce na ruhaniya Michael van der Peet, “Yesu yana da ƙauna ta musamman a gare ku. Amma ni, shuru da wofi suna da yawa, da na duba ban gani ba - saurara kuma ban ji ba - harshe yana motsawa [cikin addu'a] amma ba ya magana. &amp;nbsp; . . . Ina so ku yi mini addu'a - cewa na bar Shi ya yi kyauta. &quot; 

A ''Deus Caritas Est'' (farkon encyclical ), [[Benedict na Sha Shida|Paparoma Benedict XVI]] da aka ambata Teresa sau uku da kuma amfani da ita rayuwa don bayyana daya daga cikin encyclical ta babban maki: &quot;A cikin misali na Albarka Teresa na Calcutta da muke da wata hujja hoto da cewa lokaci ya sadaukar Allah cikin addu'o'i bawai kawai baya yanke hukunci daga aiki mai kyau da soyayya ga makwabcinmu amma a zahiri shine tushen wannan aikin. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;[[Benedict na Sha Shida|Pope Benedict XVI]] (25 December 2005). ''Deus caritas est{{Dead link|date=October 2011}}''. (PDF). Vatican City, pp.10. Retrieved 2 August 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Ta rubuta, &quot;Ta hanyar addu'o'in tunani ne da karatun ruhi ne kawai zamu iya samar da kyautar addu'a.&quot;  

Kodayake ba a haɗa da odarta ba tare da umarnin Franciscan, Teresa tana sha'awar Francis na Assisi &lt;ref name=&quot;AmeriCath&quot;&gt;&quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta Pays Tribute to St. Francis of Assisi&quot; on the ''American Catholic'' website. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta kasance mai tasiri ga ruhaniyar Franciscan.'Yan uwan Mata da Sadaka suna karanta addu'o'in Saint Francis kowace safiya a Mass a lokacin godiya bayan tarayya, kuma girmamansu ga ma'aikatar da alkawarin da yawa yayi daidai da nata. Francis ya jaddada talauci, tsabta, biyayya da biyayya ga Kristi. Ya sadaukar da mafi yawan rayuwarsa wajen bautar da talakawa, musamman kutare.

== Canonization ==

=== Mu'ujiza da beatifaication ===
Bayan Teresa ta mutu a shekara ta alif 1997, sai Holy See ya fara aiwatar da beatification (na biyu daga uku matakai wajen canonization ) da kuma Kolodiejchuk aka nada postulator da Diocese na Calcutta . Ko da yake ya ce, &quot;Ba mu tabbatar da cewa ta kasance cikakke ko kuma ba ta taɓa yin kuskure ba &amp;nbsp; ... &quot;, dole ne ya tabbatar da cewa kyawun Teresa jarumi ne. Kolodiejchuk ya gabatar da takardu 76, jimilla shafi 35,000, wadanda suka danganci hirar da shaidu 113 wadanda aka nemi su amsa tambayoyi 263.  
[[File:Stained_glass_depiction_of_key_moments_in_the_lifetime_of_Mother_Teresa_at_the_Cathedral_of_Saint_Mother_Teresa_in_Prishtina.jpg|right|thumb|332x332px| Cikakken gilashin tarihin rayuwar mahaifiyar Teresa a Cathedral na Saint Teresa a Prishtinë, Kosovo ]]. 
A tsari na canonization bukatar takardun na wani mu'ujiza sakamakon daga cẽto na yiwuwa saint.  A shekara ta 2002 ne aka gano cewa Vatican ta zama wata mu'ujiza ta warkar da cutar kumburin ciki a cikin mahaifar Monica Besra, wata mace ‘yar Indiya, bayan da aka yi amfani da wani loka dauke da hoton Teresa. A cewar Besra, gwanayen haske da aka samo daga hoton kuma an warkar da cutar kumburin ta; duk da haka, mijinta da wasu ma'aikatanta na kiwon lafiya sun ce magani na yau da kullun ya kawar da cutar. &lt;ref&gt;Orr, David (10 May. 2003). &quot;Medicine cured 'miracle' woman – not Mother Teresa, say doctors&quot;. ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Dr. Ranjan Mustafi, wanda ya fada wa ''jaridar New York Times'' cewa ya yi maganin Besra, ya ce cutar ta haifar da cutar tarin fuka: &quot;Wannan ba wani abin al'ajabi bane &amp;nbsp; . . . Ta dauki magunguna tsawon watanni tara zuwa shekara guda. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/20/world/her-legacy-acceptance-and-doubts-of-a-miracle.html &quot;Her Legacy: Acceptance and Doubts of a Miracle&quot;], by David Rohde. ''The New York Times''. 20 October 2003&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar mijin Besra, “Likitoci sun warkar da matata ba kuma ta wata mu’ujiza ba &amp;nbsp; . . . Wannan mu'ujiza wannan magana ce. &quot;  Besra ta ce bayanan likitocin da suka hada da sonogram, magunguna da bayanan likitocin, Sister Betta ta Mishan Matan Sadau ta kwace. A cewar ''Lokaci'', kiran da aka yi wa Sister Betta da ofishin Sister Nirmala (wanda zai gaji Teresa a matsayin shugaban oda) bai amsa wani bayani ba. Jami'ai a Asibitin Balurghat, inda Besra ta nemi magani, sun ce an tilasta masu ne ta hanyar da ta kira magani da ta warke.  A cikin watan Fabrairu, na shekarar 2000, tsohon ministan kiwon lafiya na West Bengal Partho De ya ba da umarnin sake duba bayanan likita na Besra a Sashen Lafiya na Kolkata. A cewar De, babu wani sabon abu game da rashin lafiyarta da magani bisa doguwar jinyarta. Ya ce ya ƙi ba da sunan Vatican na likita wanda zai tabbatar da cewa warkewar Monica Besra ta mu’ujiza ce.  

A lokacin beatification na Teresa da canonization, Roman Curia (ta Vatican) tayi nazari kuma ba a wallafa sukar rayuwarta da aikinta ba. Hitchens da Chatterjee (marubucin ''The Final Verdict'', wani littafi mai mahimmanci na Teresa) ta yi magana da kotun; a cewar jami'an Vatican, binciken da aka gabatar an bincike ne daga Kungiyar da ke Sanadin Sanadin Waliyyan Waliyyan .  Kungiyar ba ta sami wani cikas ba game da canjin magana na Teresa, kuma ta ba da ''kewar ta'' a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun, na shekarar alif 1999.   Saboda harin da aka kai mata, wasu marubutan Katolika sun kira ta da alamar sabani .  Wani kwamiti na daban na likita ya yanke hukuncin cewa mu'ujiza Monica Besra, daya daga cikin ukun da Kolodiejchuk ya dauke, alama ce ta roko na Allah.  An kori Teresa a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, shekarar 2003, kuma Katolika sun san shi da &quot;Masu Albarka&quot;.

===Canonization===
A 17 Disamba 2015, offishin yada labarai na Vatican [[Francis (fafaroma)|Pope Francis]] ya gano mu'ujiza na biyu da aka danganta ga Teresa: warkar da mutumin Brazil dauke da brain tumours a 2008.mu'ujizar ta zo cikin gari ne sanda wasu jami'ai dake kula da aiki lokacin shagualan World Youth Day 2013sanda fafaroma ke kasar Brazil awatan Yuli. anyi ta bincike a Brazil daga 19–26 June 2015 wanda daga bisani aka maida zuwa masu aiki na Saints wanda suka bada dokatr cewa cabinciken ya kammalu.

Francis yayi mata canonization, hakan yafaru ne a wani biki a ranar 4 ga Satumbar 2016 a Dandalin St Peter da ke garin Vatican. Dubun-dubatan mutane ne suka halarci bikin, gami da wakilai 15 na gwamnati da kuma mutane 1,500 da ba su da matsuguni daga duk fadin Italiya.   An watsa kai tsaye ta hanyar tashar Vatican kuma aka watsa ta yanar gizo; Skopje, garin mahaifar Teresa, ya ba da sanarwar bikin biki na tsawon sati daya.  A Indiya, Mishan ɗin Sadarwa ta biki ta Kolkata.

== Co-Patron na Calcutta Archdiocese ==
A ranar 4 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, yayin bikin girmama canonization dinta wata shekara ta 1 da ta cancanta, Sister Mary Prema Pierick, Babban shugaba ta na mishan Ofishin Sadaka, ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a sanya Teresa a matsayin malamar cocin Calcutta Archdiocese yayin bikin Mass a cikin Cathedral na Mafi Girma Rosary a 5.30 pm a ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017.  A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Archbishop Thomas D’Souza, wanda ke zama shugaban Archdiocese na Katolika na Calcutta, ya tabbatar da cewa za a nada Teresa a matsayin mai rikon mukamin Caliota Diocese, tare da Francis Xavier.   A ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, kusan mutane 500 suka halarci Mass a wani babban coci inda Dominique Gomes, Babban Vicar na gida,  karanta dokar da ta kafa ta a matsayin mataimaki na biyu na mai kare tarihi na archdiocese.  D’Souza da jakadan Vatican a Indiya, Giambattista Diquattro, sune suka jagoranci wannan bikin kuma suka gabatar da mutum-mutumi na tagulla a cocin Uwa Teresa dauke da yaro.  

Cocin Katolika na Roman Katolika ya ba da sanarwar St. Francis Xavier yazama saint na farko na Calcutta a shekarar alif 1986.  

== Legacy da fitowa a cikin al'adun sanannu ==

=== Abun Tunawa ===
[[File:Terminal_jashte.jpg|alt=Airport terminal, with four trees in the foreground|left|thumb| Tirana International Airport Nënë Tereza ]]
Kayay-yakin tarihi da ake tunawa da Teresa kuma sunanta sunan cocin da yawa. Tana da gine-gine, hanyoyi da kuma gidaje masu suna bayanta, gami da filin jirgin saman Albania na duniya . Ranar Iya Teresa ''(Dita e Nënë Terezës)'', 19 ga Oktoba, hutu ne na jama'a a Albania . A shekara ta 2009, an buɗe gidan tunawa da mahaifiyar Teresa a garinsu Skopje, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makidoniya]] . An ba da sunan babban cocin Katolika da ke Pristina, Kosovo don girmamawa.  Ginin sa, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2011, ya haifar da muhawara a cikin da'irorin musulmai wadanda suka gan shi a matsayin wanda ya  karfafa yawan mabiya darikar Katolika a yankin. Musulmin Kosovo sun yi adawa da wani kudurin kafa wata hanyar tunawa da Teresa a garin Peć (a cewar masu fafutuka, kashi 98 cikin dari) Musulmai sun yi adawa da kafa ta a Kosovo.  
[[File:Saint_Mother_Teresa_Cathedral_Prishtina8.jpg|right|thumb|150x150px| Cathedral na Saint Mother Teresa, Prishtinë ]]
Jami'ar Mata ta Uwa Teresa,  a Kodaikanal, an kafa ta a shekarar alif 1984. a matsayin jami'ar jama'a ta gwamnatin Tamil Nadu . Mahaifiya Theresa Postgraduate da Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Kiwon Lafiya,  a Pondicherry, an kafa ta ne a cikin shekarar alif 1999. ta hannun Gwamnatin Puducherry . Kungiyar ba da agaji Sevalaya ce ke tafiyar da Gidan Iyayen Mata na Teresa, tare da samar da 'yan matan marayu da marayu a kusa da kauyen Kasuva da ke Tamil Nadu da abinci, kayan sawa, tsari da ilimi.  Yawancin yabo da marubucin tarihin Teresa, Navin Chawla, suka bayyana a jaridu da mujallu na Indiya.    Jirgin Ruwa na Indiya sun gabatar da &quot;Mother Express&quot;, sabon jirgin kasa mai suna bayan mahaifiyar Mama Teresa, a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2010. don tunawa da karni na haihuwar ta.  Gwamnatin Tamil Nadu ta shirya bukukuwan karni na karrama Teresa a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2010 a [[Chennai]] wanda babban minista M Karunanidhi ya jagoranta.   Farko a kan 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2013, ranar tunawa da ta mutuwa da aka sanya cikin kasa da kasa Rãnar Charity ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya .  

A cikin shekarar 2012, Teresa ta kasance lamba ta 5 a cikin Babban binciken Indiya na Manyan Yan Indiya .  

A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Katolika na St Teresa, cocin Katolika na farko da aka sanya wa sunan girmamawa ga Teresa, an keɓe shi a Kosovo.  Cathedral ɗin shima babban cocin Katolika ne na farko na Kosovo.  

==== Tarihai da littattafai ====

* Teresa batun fim din 1969 ne da littafin 1972, ''Abin Kyau ga Allah'', wanda Malcolm Muggeridge ya wallafa .  An yi fim ɗin fim ɗin tare da jawo hankalin yammacin duniya ga Mama Teresa. 
* Littattafan Christopher Hitchens na 1994, ''Mala'ikan Jahannama'', ya bayar da hujjar cewa Teresa ta bukaci talakawa da su yarda da makomarsu; Allah yana bayyana masu arziki kamar yadda Allah ya yi musu falala.   Wannan ita ce farkon rubutun Hitchens, ''Matsayin mishan: Uwar Teresa a ka'idodi da Aiki'' . 

==== Shirye-shiryen talabijin ====

* Geraldine Chaplin ya buga wasan Teresa a cikin ''Iya Teresa: Da Sunan Rashin Allah'', wanda ya karɓi kyautar Fim na Fim a shekarar alif 1997.
* Olivia Hussey ce ta buga wasan a cikin ministocin gidan talabijin na Italiya na shekarar  2003, ''Mama Teresa na Calcutta'' .  An sake sakewa a cikin shekarar 2007, ta sami kyautar CAMIE .
* Juliet Stevenson ta taka leda a cikin fim din ' ''The Letters'' ' na shekarar 2014, wanda ya danganta da wasiƙun sa zuwa ga firist ɗin Vatican Celeste van Exem .
* Uwar Teresa, wacce Cara Francis the FantasyGrandma ke bugawa, ta yi tsegumi kan Sigmund Freud a cikin Epic Rap Battles of Tarihi, jerin wakokin fim din YouTube da Nice Peter da Epic Lloyd suka kirkira. An saki Rap din a YouTube a ranar 22 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2019.

== Duba kuma ==

* Abdul Sattar Edhi 
* Albanians 
* Jerin mutanen Albanians 
* Jerin sunayen mata masu lambar yabo ta Nobel 
* Babban Ba’indiye 
* Addinin Katolika na Albania 
* Addinin Katolika na Kosovo 
* Addinin Katolika na Romaniya a Arewacin Makidoniya 

== Manazarta ==

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[[File:Mary Teresa Norton cph.3b14795.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa lokacin tana ma￼tashiya]]
[[File:Mother Teresa 1995.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa a shekarar 1995]]
[[Fayil:Statue Mother Teresa Thomas Mount Chennai Aug22 A7C 02284.jpg|thumb|mama teresa]]
'''Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu'''  (an haifi '''Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu''',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/vatican-declares-mother-teresa-patron-saint-calcutta-49651357|title=Vatican declares Mother Teresa a patron saint of Calcutta|author=Manik Banerjee|date=6 September 2017|publisher=Associated Press, ABC News.com|accessdate=6 September 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906160015/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/vatican-declares-mother-teresa-patron-saint-calcutta-49651357|archivedate=6 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/mother-teresa-to-be-named-co-patron-of-calcutta-archdiocese-on-first-canonization-anniversary-4007169.html|title=Mother Teresa to be named co-patron of Calcutta Archdiocese on first canonization anniversary|date=4 September 2017|magazine=First Post|accessdate=5 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Albanian:   ; a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif  1910, zuwa &amp;nbsp;ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, Shekara ta alif 1997), wacce akafi sani a matsayin '''Mother Teresa''' da kuma girmama a cikin cocin Katolika a matsayin '''Saint Teresa na Calcutta,'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.killaladiocese.org/canonisation-of-blessed-mother-teresa-september-4th/|title=Canonisation of Mother Teresa – September 4th|website=Diocese of Killala|date=September 2016|accessdate=4 September 2016|archive-date=8 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908122310/http://www.killaladiocese.org/canonisation-of-blessed-mother-teresa-september-4th/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  an Albanian&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html|title=Kur Nënë Tereza vinte në Tiranë/2|first=bota|last=shqiptare|publisher=|access-date=2020-03-24|archive-date=2016-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918175822/http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=2016-09-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918175822/http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; - Indian  Roman Katolika Nun, da mishan .  An haife ta ne a Skopje (yanzu itace babban birnin [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makedonia]] ), sannan wani ɓangare na Kosovo Vilayet na Daular Ottoman. Bayan ta zauna a Skopje shekaru goma sha takwas, sai tai ƙaura zuwa Ireland sannan kuma ta tafi [[Indiya]], inda ta zauna mafi yawan rayuwarta.

A shekarar alif 1950, Teresa ta kafa Mishanarai na Tallafawa, a wani taron addini na Roman Katolika  wanda ya kai 4,500 na nunashekarana aukuwa a kasashe 133 a shekara ta 2012. Ikilisiya tana kula da gidaje don mutanen da ke mutuwa ta [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]], kuturta da [[Tibi|tarin fuka]] . Hakanan yana gudanar da dafa abinci na dafa abinci, kayan dafa abinci, asibitocin tafi-da-gidanka, shirye-shiryen ba da shawara ga yara da na iyali, harma da marayu da makarantu. Wakilai suna yin alwashi na tsabta, talauci, da biyayya, sannan kuma suna yin alkawarin hudun - don ba da &quot;yardar rai kyauta ga matalautan matalauta.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Muggeridge (1971), chapter 3, &quot;Mother Teresa Speaks&quot;, pp. 105, 113&lt;/ref&gt; 

Teresa ta samu karramawa da dama, a wadansu maban bantan (1962) [[Ramon Magsaysay Peace Prize]] da kuma shekara ta alif (1979) Nobel Peace Prize . Ta kasance sananne a ranar 4 ga watan Satumbar, shekarata 2016, kuma ranar tunawa da mutuwarta (5 ga watan Satumba) ita ce ranar bikinta . 

Wani mutum mai rikitarwa a rayuwarsa da kuma bayan mutuwarta, mutane da yawa suna alfahari da mama Teresa saboda aikinta na kyautatawa. An yaba mata da yin Allah wadai kan lamurra daban-daban, irin su ra'ayoyinta game da zubar da ciki da hana haihuwa, kuma ana sukar ta da mummunan yanayi a cikin gidajen ta na masu mutuwa. Navin Chawla ne ya rubuta tarihinta wanda aka ba da izini kuma aka buga shi a Shekara ta alif (1992) kuma ta kasance 'yan fim da sauran littattafai.A 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Teresa da St-Francis Xavier an ba su sunayen abokan tarayya na Archdiocese na Roman Katolika na Calcutta.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==

=== Farkon rayuwa ===
[[File:Memorial_house_of_Mother_Teresa.jpg|alt=Urban stone-and-glass building|left|thumb| Bikin tunawa da mahaifiyar Iyaye Teresa a garin haihuwarta Skopje ]]
An haifi Teresa Anjezë Gonxhe (ko Gonxha) &lt;ref name=&quot;Egan 1992&quot;&gt;''Blessed Are You: Mother Teresa and the Beatitudes'', ed. by Eileen Egan and Kathleen Egan, O.S.B., MJF Books: New York, 1992&lt;/ref&gt; Bojaxhiu ( Albanian:   ; ''Anjezë'' ne cognate na &quot;Agnes&quot;. ''Gonxhe'' yana nufin &quot;furebud&quot; ko &quot;karamar fure&quot; a cikin Albanian ) a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif (1910) a cikin dangin Kosovar Albanian    a Skopje (yanzu babban birnin [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makedoniya]] ), [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] .   An yi mata baftisma a Skopje, kwana bayan haifuwarta.  Daga baya ta yi la’akari da ranar 27 ga watan  Agusta, ranar da aka yi mata baftisma, ‘bikinta na gaskiya’. &lt;ref name=&quot;MToC&quot;&gt;(2002) &quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)&quot;. ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ta kuma kasance ƙaramar yarinyar Nikollë da Dranafile Bojaxhiu (Bernai).  Mahaifinta, wanda ke da hannu a cikin siyasar Albaniya a cikin Ottoman Macedonia, ya mutu a shekara ta alif (1919), lokacin yana dan shekara takwas. &lt;ref name=&quot;MToC&quot;&gt;(2002) &quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)&quot;. ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Although some sources state she was 10 when her father died, in an interview with her brother, the Vatican documents her age at the time as &quot;about eight&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Wataƙila ya fito ne daga Prizren, Kosovo, kuma wataƙila mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga kauyen kusa da Gjakova .  

Dangane da tarihin daga Joan Graff Clucas, Teresa ta kasance a cikin shekarunta lokacin da labaru game da rayuwar mishaneri da hidimarsu a Bengal ya burge ta ; har ta kai shekara 12, ta hakikance cewa yakamata ta sadaukar da rayuwarta ga addini.  Shirin ta ya ƙarfafa a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif 1928, yayin da tayi addu'a a farfajiyar Madonna na Madina na Vitina-Letnice, inda ta saba yin aikin haji . &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, ''Mother Teresa: A Biography'', Greenwood Press, 2004, p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Teresa ta bar gida a shekarar alif 1928, yayin da take da Shekara 18, don shiga Sisters of Loreto a Loreto Abbey a Rathfarnham, Ireland, don koyan Turanci tare da ra'ayin zama mishan; Ingilishi shine harshen koyar da Yan'uwa mata na Loreto a Indiya.  Ba ta taɓa ganin mahaifiyarta ko ƙanwarta ba. &lt;ref&gt;Sharn, Lori (5 September 1997). [http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/mothert/mother01.htm &quot;Mother Teresa dies at 87&quot;]. ''USA Today''. Retrieved 5 September 2016&lt;/ref&gt; Iyalinta sun zauna a Skopje har zuwa shekarar alif 1934, lokacin da suka ƙaura zuwa Tirana .  

Ta isa Indiya a Shekara ta alif 1929 , kuma ta fara ta novitiate a Darjeeling, a cikin kananan [[Himalaya|Himalayas]], &lt;ref&gt;Clucas (1988), p. 31&lt;/ref&gt; inda ta koya Bengali da kuma koyarwa a St. Teresa ta School dake kusa da Conven dinta. &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 17.&lt;/ref&gt; Teresa ta dauki alwashin farko na addini a ranar 24 ga watan Mayu, Shekara ta alif 1931. Ta zaɓi zama mai suna bayan Thérèse de Lisieux, mai tsaro na mishan na mishan;   saboda wata macen zawara a cikin gidan masarautar ta riga ta za bi wannan suna, Agnes ya zaɓi yaren rubutun Mutanen Espanya (Teresa). &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 18.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Teresa ta yi alƙawura a ranar 14 ga watan  Mayu, Shekara ta alif 1937, yayin da take malama a makarantar koyar da adami ta Loreto a , gabashin Calcutta. &lt;ref name=&quot;MToC&quot;&gt;(2002) &quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)&quot;. ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;   Ta yi aiki a wurin kusan kusan shekaru ashirin kuma an nada ta a matsayin shugabar mata a shekarar alif 1944. &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 25.&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa Teresa ta ji daɗin koyarwa a makarantar, amma ta damu sosai da talaucin da ke kewaye da ita a [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] .  Yunwar Bengal na shekarar alif 1943, ya kawo tashin hankali da mutuwa a cikin birni, kuma Ranar Yakin 1946  kai tsaye ya fara lokacin tashin hankalin Musulmi da Hindu.  

=== Mishan cikin Sadaka ===
[[File:Missionaries_of_Charity_Mother_House.jpg|alt=Three-story building with a sign and a statue|thumb| Mishanarai na Charity motherhouse a Kolkata ]]
A ranar 10 ga watan Satumba, shekarar alif 1946, Teresa ta sami abin da ta bayyana daga baya a matsayin &quot;kira a cikin kira&quot; lokacin da ta yi tafiya ta jirgin ƙasa zuwa wurin ajiyar kayayyaki na Loreto a Darjeeling daga [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] don komawar ta shekara-shekara. &quot;Ya kamata in fita daga cikin tashoshin don taimakon talakawa yayin da nake zaune a cikinsu. Umarni ne. Rashin faɗuwa dã ya kasance yana rushe imani. &quot;  Daga baya Joseph Langford ya rubuta, &quot;Ko da yake ba wanda ya san shi a lokacin, 'yar'uwar Teresa ta zama ''Uwar'' Teresa&quot;.  

Ta fara aikin mishan tare da matalauta a cikin shekarar alif 1948, sauya al'ada ta Loreto ta al'ada tare da sari, farin auduga sari tare da shudin iyaka. Teresa ta amince da zama ɗan baƙon Indiya, ta yi watanni da yawa a Patna don karɓar horo na asali a Asibitin Holy Family kuma ta shiga cikin tutocin.   Ta kafa makaranta a Motijhil, Kolkata, kafin ta fara kula da matalauta da masu fama da yunwa. A farkon shekarar alif 1949, wasu gungun matasa mata sun hadar da Teresa a cikin kokarin ta, sannan ta aza harsashin kafa sabuwar kungiyar addini da ke taimaka wa &quot;mafi talauci a cikin matalauta&quot;.  

Kokarin ta ya ja hankalin jami’an Indiya cikin hanzari, gami da Firayim Minista.  Teresa ta rubuta a cikin rubutunta cewa shekarar ta farko tana fama da wahala. Ba tare da samun kuɗin shiga ba, ta roƙi abinci da kayan abinci da ƙwarewar shakku, kadaici da jaraba don dawowa cikin ta'aziyyar rayuwar duniya yayin waɗannan farkon watanni: 

Ubangijinmu nason in zama yantattar mai bauta wacce aka lullube cikin talaucin yesu, A yau, na ilimantu da darussa masu kyau. Talaucin talaka dole yayi masu tsanani, sanda nake neman gida nayi tafiya har saida kafafuna sukayi ciwo, nayi tunanin cewa tyaushe ne zasu bar wannan ciwo ga rayuwata, ina neman gida, abinci da lafiya. Sai jindadin loreto yashafe ni, yace kawai ki fadi Kalmar duk wani abu zai zama naki, haka dai mai shafar yacigaba da cewa..., cikin budaddiyar zabi, Dan Allah na kuma dan sona agare ki, na zaba inyi komi danke bazan bar wani hawaye ya sauka daga ida nunki ba.
[[File:Sisters_of_Charity.jpg|alt=Four nuns in sandals and white-and-blue saris|left|thumb| Mishan Sadaka a saris na gargajiya ]]
A ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba, Shekara ta alif  1950, Teresa ta sami izini daga Vatican don ikilisiyar diocesan, wanda zai zama mishaneri na Sadaka.  A cikin maganganun ta, zai kula da &quot;masu fama da yunwa, tsirara, marasa gida, guragu, makafi, kutare, duk waɗannan mutanen da suke jin ƙin sonsu, marasa ƙauna, waɗanda ba su kula da su ba a duk faɗin jama'a, mutanen da suka zama nauyi ga jama'a kuma kowa ya nisanta dashi ”.  

A shekarar alif 1952, Teresa ta buɗe hospice dinta na farko da taimako jami'ai daga Calcutta. Ta sauya hanikalin Hindu da aka yi watsi da ita zuwa Gidan Kalighat na Mutuwa, kyauta ne ga matalauta, ta kuma sanya mata suna Kalighat, Gidan Zuciyar Mai Tsabta (Nirmal Hriday).  Wadanda kawo wa gida samu likita da hankali da kuma damar da za su mutu tare da mutunci a cikin daidai da ban-gaskiyarsu: Musulmi suna karanta [[Al Kur'ani|Kur'ani]], 'yan Hindu samu ruwa daga ganges, kuma Katolika samu matsananci unction .  &quot;Kyakkyawan mutuwa&quot;, in ji Teresa, &quot;don mutane waɗanda suka rayu kamar dabbobi su mutu kamar mala'iku - suna ƙauna da so.&quot;  
[[File:Nirmal_Hriday_facade.jpg|alt=White, older building|thumb| Nirmal Hriday, Uwargida na Calcutta na Mama Teresa, a cikin 2007 ]]
Ta buɗe ofishi ga waɗanda ke da kuturta, suna kiranta Shanti Nagar (Birnin Zaman Lafiya).  Kungiyoyin mishan na Agaji sun kafa cibiyoyin cutar kuturta, a ko'ina cikin Calcutta, suna ba da magunguna, riguna da abinci.  Mishan din na Agaji sun karu da yawaitar yara marasa gida; a shekarar alif 1955, Teresa ta bude Nirmala Shishu Bhavan, Gidan Yaran Yara na Zuciya, a zaman mafaka ga marayu da matasa marasa gida.  

Ikilisiyar ta yafara jawo hankalin ma'aikata da gudummawowi, kuma har ya zuwa shekarar 1960, sun bude ofisoshin marayu, gidajen marayu da gidajen kuturu a cikin ko'ina na kasar  Indiya. Daga nan Teresa ta faɗaɗa ikilisiya a ƙasar waje, ta buɗe gida a Venezuela a shekara ta alif 1965, tare da ’yan’uwa mata biyar.  An bi gidaje a Italiya (Rome), Tanzania da Austria a cikin shekarar 1968, kuma a cikin shekarun 1970 ikilisiya ta buɗe gidaje da tushe a Amurka da dama ƙasashe a Asiya, Afirka da Turai.  

An kafa mishan na Missionaries of Charity Brothers a shekarar alif 1963, kuma reshe ne mai dauke da tunani na San’uwa ya biyo baya a shekarar 1976. Lay Katolika da waɗanda ba Katolika ba sun sami rajista a cikin -kungiyar Ma'aikata na Uwar Teresa, Masu aikin Marasa lafiya da wahala, da kuma mishan na Ma'aikatan Sadaka. Da yake amsa buƙatu daga firistoci da yawa, a cikin Shekara ta alif 1981, Mama Teresa ta kafa kungiyar Corpus Christi Movement na Firistoci  tare da Joseph Langford mishaneri na Ubanni a cikin Shekara ta alif 1984, don haɗu da manufofin sana'a na mishan na ba da agaji tare da kayan aikin rayuwar firistoci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.mcpriests.com/ |title=The Religious Community of priests founded by Mother Teresa. ''Missionaries of Charity Fathers'' |access-date=2020-03-24 |archive-date=2016-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211191550/http://www.mcpriests.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Mother Teresa 1996.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa]]
Ya zuwa shekarar alif 1997, majami'ar Calcutta mai mambobi 13 sun girma zuwa fiye da 'yan'uwa mata 4,000 waɗanda ke kula da marayu, gidajen kula da cutar kanjamau da cibiyoyin bayar da agaji a duk duniya, suna kula da' yan gudun hijirar, makafi, nakasassu, tsofaffi, mashaya giya, gajiyayyu da marasa gida da waɗanda ambaliyar ta shafa, annoba da kuma yunwa.  A shekara ta 2007, mishan mishan na Charity ya ƙididdige kimanin 'yan’uwa 450 da ’yan’uwa mata 5,000 a duk duniya, waɗanda ke aiki mishan 600, makarantu da mafaka a cikin ƙasashe 120.

=== Sadaka ta kasa da kasa ===
Teresa ta ce, &quot;Da jini, Ni dan Albaniya ne. Ta zama ɗan ƙasa, Ba'indiye ne. Ta wurin bangaskiya, ni wata mazhabar Katolika ce. Game da kirana, ni na duniya ce. &quot;Game da zuciyata, gaba daya na daga cikin zuciyar Yesu ne.&quot;  Luwararru cikin harsuna biyar-Bengali,  Albanian, Serbian, [[Turanci]] da Hindi - ta yi tafiye-tafiye na lokaci-lokaci a wajen India saboda dalilai na bil-adama.  

A tsaunin Siege na Beirut a shekarar 1982, Teresa ta ceci yara 37 da aka makale a wani asibiti kafin ta hanyar tsagaita wuta na wucin gadi tsakanin sojojin Isra’ila da masu gwagwarmayar Falasdinawa.Tare da ma'aikatan kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross, ta bi ta yankin yaki zuwa asibiti don kwashe matasa marasa lafiya.  

Lokacin da gabashin Turai ta sami karuwa a ƙarshen 1980s, Teresa ta faɗaɗa ƙoƙarinta ga ƙasashen Kwaminisanci waɗanda suka ƙi Mishan Mishan na Sadaka. Ta fara shirye-shirye da dama, ba tare da wata damuwa ba game da matsayinta na hana zubar da ciki da kisan aure: &quot;Babu wanda ya ce menene, ya kamata ka karba shi da murmushi ka yi aikinka.&quot; Ta ziyarci Armenia bayan girgizar kasa na 1988  kuma ta sadu da Nikolai Ryzhkov, Shugaban Majalisar Ministocin .  

Teresa ta yi tafiya don taimakawa masu fama da yunwa a Habasha, wadanda suka kamu da radadin cutar a Chernobyl da kuma wadanda girgizar ta shafa a Armenia. &lt;ref&gt;Cooper, Kenneth J. (14 September 1997). &quot;Mother Teresa Laid to Rest After Multi-Faith Tribute&quot;. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved 30 May 2007&lt;/ref&gt;   A 1991, ta koma [[Albaniya|Albania]] a karon farko, inda ta buɗe Ofishin mishan na Charity Brothers gida a Tirana .  

A shekarar 1996, Teresa ta fara aiki da misalai 517 a cikin kasashe sama da 100.  Mishanninta na Rahamar sun karu daga goma sha biyu zuwa dubbai, suna masu hidimar &quot;matalautan matalauta&quot; a cibiyoyi 450 na duniya. An kafa Ofishin mishan na farko na Charity a cikin Amurka a yankin South Bronx na [[New York (birni)|New York City]], kuma har ya zuwa shekarar 1984 ikilisiya tana gudanar da rukunoni 19 a cikin ƙasar.

=== Karayar lafiya da mutuwa ===
Teresa ta sami bugun zuciya a Rome a 1983 yayin da ta ke ziyartar [[John Paul na Biyu|Paparoma John Paul II]] . Bayan harin na biyu a 1989, ta sami na'urar bugun zuciya . A 1991, bayan cutar huhu a Mexico,tana da karin matsalolin zuciya. Kodayake Teresa ta ba da shawarar yin murabus a matsayin shugabar mishan na Sadaka, a cikin wata takaddar sirri da 'yar'uwar ikilisiyar suka zabe ta ta ci gaba kuma ta yarda ta ci gaba.  

A watan Afrilun 1996,ta fadi,ta karya kashinta na wuya, kuma bayan wata hudu ta [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|kamu]] da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] da ciwon zuciya . Kodayake Teresa ta yi aikin tiyata, amma lafiyar ta tana raguwa. A cewar Akbishop na Calcutta Henry Sebastian D’Souza, ya umarci wani firist da ya yi aikin fitarwa (tare da izininsa) lokacin da aka garzaya da ita asibiti da matsalolin bugun zuciya saboda yana tunanin watakila shaidan ne ya same shi. &lt;ref&gt;Bindra, Satinder (7 September 2001).&quot;Archbishop: Mother Teresa underwent exorcism&quot;. ''CNN'' Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;.  

A ranar 13 Maris 1997 Teresa ta yi murabus a matsayin shugabar Mishan of Charity, kuma ta mutu ne a ranar 5 ga Satumba.  Lokacin da ta mutu, mishaneri na Sadaka yana da 'yan'uwa mata sama da 4,000 da kuma ɗan uwan mambobi 300 waɗanda ke aiki a ofisoshi 610 a cikin ƙasashe 123.  Waɗannan sun haɗa da baƙi da gidaje ga mutanen da ke [[Kanjamau|ɗauke]] da [[Kanjamau|kwayar cutar HIV, AIDS]], kuturta da tarin fuka, dafaffen dafa abinci, shirye-shiryen kula da yara da na yara, marayu da makarantu. Missionungiyar mishan ta Charan agaji ta taimaka da abokan aikinta waɗanda suka ƙidaya sama da miliyan ɗaya a shekarun 1990. 

Teresa ta ajiye a cikin wani akwati da aka bude a St Thomas, Calcutta, tsawon mako guda kafin jana'izarta. Ta samu jana'izar hukuma daga gwamnatin Indiya bisa godiya saboda hidimta wa talakawan dukkan addinai a kasar.  Taimakawa ta hanyar firistoci guda biyar, Sakatariyar Kudi ta Kasa Angelo Sodano, wakilin Paparoma, ya yi bikin ƙarshe.  Mutuwar Teresa ta kasance makoki a cikin mutane da kuma al'ummomin addini. Firayim Minista na Pakistan Nawaz Sharif ya kira ta &quot;mutum ne da baƙonsa ba kuma wanda ya daɗe yana da babban buri. Tsawon rayuwarta tsawon rai ga kulawa da talakawa, marassa lafiya, da nakasassu na daga cikin mafi girman misalai na bautarmu ga bil'adama. &quot;  A cewar tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, &quot;Ita ce Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Tana da zaman lafiya a duniya&quot;.

== Martabawa da karɓuwa ==

=== Indiya ===
Gwamnatin Indiya ta fara amincewa da Teresa da farko ne a fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na farkon  ƙarni, ta karɓi Padma Shri a shekarar alif 1962, da lambar yabo ta Jawaharlal Nehru don Fahimtar ƙasa da ƙasa a shekarar alif 1969.  Daga baya ta sami wasu lambobin yabo na Indiya, wadanda suka hada da Bharat Ratna (lambar yabo mafi girma a Indiya) a shekarar alif 1980.  Littafin tarihin Teresa wanda Navin Chawla ya wallafa, a cikin Shekara ta alif 1992. A cikin [[Kolkata]], wasu 'Hindu bauta mata a matsayin abin bauta.  

Don tunawa da bikin cikarta shekara 100 da haihuwar ta, gwamnatin Indiya ta bayar da tsabar kudi ₹ 5 na musamman (yawan kudin da Teresa ta samu lokacin da ta je Indiya) a ranar 28 ga  watan Agusta, shekarar 2010. Shugaba Pratibha Patil ta ce, &quot;Clad cikin fararen sari mai launin shudi, ita da 'yan uwan Mishan na Charity sun zama alamar ta bege ga mutane da yawa - tsofaffi, gajiyayyu, marasa aikin yi, marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya. da akayi watsi dasu daga iyalansu. &quot;  

Ra'ayoyin Indiya akan Teresa ba masu dacewa ba kamar yadda kowane dan kasan ke ganinta. Aroup Chatterjee, likita ne da aka haife shi a Calcutta wanda ya kasance mai fafutuka a cikin tatsuniyar biranen shekaru kusan 1980 kafin ya koma Burtaniya, ya ce &quot;bai ma taɓa ganin wata tsawa ba a cikin waɗannan rukunin gidajen&quot;.  Binciken nasa, wanda ya hada da tambayoyi sama da 100 tare da masu sa kai, da sanatoci da kuma wasu da suka saba da mishan Mishanai, an bayyana su a cikin littafin 2003. da ke da masaniyar Teresa.  Chatterjee ta soki ta game da gabatar da &quot;al'adar wahala&quot; da mummunan gurbata ta Calcutta, yin karin gishiri game da aikin da aka yi mata ta hanyar amfani da kudi da kuma gata a wajen ta.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Chatterjee&quot;&gt;Chatterjee, Aroup, Introduction to ''The Final Verdict''&lt;/ref&gt; A cewarsa, wasu matsalolin tsabtace tsabta da ya soki (na sake amfani da allura, alal misali) bayan mutuwar Teresa a Shekara ta alif 1997.  

Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya, mayor na Kolkata daga shekarar 2005 zuwa 2010, ya ce &quot;ba ta da wani tasiri a kan talakawa na wannan birni&quot;, ta sami lafiya a maimakon ta yi maganin ta kuma ta ba da labarin gari: &quot;Babu shakka akwai talauci a Calcutta, amma ba ta taɓa kasance wani gari na kutare da masu bara ba, kamar yadda UwaTeresa ta gabatar da shi. &quot;  A gefen Hindu, Jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata ta yi karo da Teresa a kan Christian Dalits amma ta yaba mata a cikin mutuwa kuma ta aiko da wakili don yi mata jana'izarta.  Ita dai Vishwa Hindu Parishad, ta yi adawa da matakin da gwamnati ta dauka na yi mata jana’iza. Sakatare Giriraj Kishore ta ce &quot;aikinta na farko shine Cocin da hidimar zamantakewa ba ta faru ba&quot;, inda ta zarge ta da fifita Kiristoci da kuma yin “baftisma a ɓoye” na masu mutuwa. &lt;ref&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/ECI_Main/DJ/Frontline%201997%20Article%20published%20in%20Hindu.pdf#page=3 A life of selfless caring] – [[Frontline (magazine)]] article.&lt;/ref&gt;  A wani gaban-shafin, fortnightly ''frontline ta'' sallami zargin a matsayin &quot;patently na ƙarya&quot; kuma ya bayyana cewa suna da &quot;yi wani tasiri a kan jama'a ji na ta aikin, musamman a Calcutta&quot;. Wanda ya yaba da &quot;kulawa ta rashin son kai&quot;, karfin jiki da jarumkntaka, marubucin lambar yabo ya soki kamfen din da Teresa takeyi inkari game da zubar da ciki da kuma ikirarin ta na siyasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline&quot;&gt;Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997&lt;/ref&gt; 

A watan Fabrairu na shekarar 2015, Mohan Bhagwat, shugaban kungiyar kare hakkin reshen Hindu, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, ya ce manufar Teresa ita ce &quot;maida mutumin, wanda ake yi masa hidima, ya zama Kirista&quot;.  Tsohon kakakin kungiyar ta RSS MG Vaidhya ya goyi bayan kimantawar Bhagwat, kuma kungiyar ta zargi kafofin watsa labarai da &quot;gurbata gaskiya game da kalaman Bhagwat&quot;. Dan majalisar wakilai na Trinamool Derek O'Brien, shugaban CPI Atul Anjan da kuma babban ministan Delhi Arvind Kejriwal sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da zancen da Bhagwat yayi.

=== Wani wurin ===
[[File:President Reagan Presents Mother Teresa with the Medal of Freedom at a White House Ceremony in the Rose Garden - DPLA - 1321c7b194e7e893127ef14b2f7c565c.jpg|alt=President and Mrs. Ronald Reagan with Mother Teresa, standing at a microphone|thumb| Shugaba [[Ronald Reagan|Ronald Reagan ya]] ba mahaifiyar Teresa kyautar Shugaban Kasa na 'Yanci a yayin bikin Fadar White House kamar yadda Uwargidan Nan Nancy Reagan ke kallo, a ranar 20 ga watan Yuni, Shekara alif 1985. ]]. 
Teresa ta karbi kyautar Ramon Magsaysay Award dan zaman lafiya da fahimtar duniya, an bata ne dan aikinta a South or East Asia, a shekarar alif 1962. Acewar wallafin, &quot;Kungiyar amintattu sun martaba ta dan tausayawan ta akan talaucin wasu kasashe, wanda akan wannan aikin ne ta fara sabon taron addini&quot;.A farkon 1970s, ta zama wata gwarzuwa a duniya. shaharar za'a iya dangana shi da Malcolm Muggeridge's 1969 documentary, ''Something Beautiful for God'', da Kuma littafinsa na 1971 mai wannan sunan. Wanda Muggeridge ke kokarin tafiyar da rayuwarsa tsaftatacciya. Lokacin daukar fim, wani dauka da akayi a yanayin haske mara tasiri. anyi tunanin zai zama anfani ne ga masu aikin.
[[Fayil:Cedric Prakash Mother Teresa Award.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa]]
A kusan wannan lokacin, duniyar Katolika ta fara girmama Teresa a bainar jama'a. Fafaroma Paul VI ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Paparoma John XXIII P kyautar zaman lafiya a shekara ta alif 1971, inda ta yaba da aikinta tare da talakawa, nuna irin gudummawar kirista da kokarin tabbatar da zaman lafiya,  kuma ta sami kyautar ta Pacem a Terris Award a shekarar alif 1976. &lt;ref&gt;''Quad City Times'' staff (17 October 2005). &quot;Habitat official to receive Pacem in Terris honor&quot;. [[Peace Corps]]. Retrieved 26 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan mutuwarta, Teresa ta sami ci gaba cikin sauri a kan hanyar zuwa saint . 

Gwamnatoci da kungiyoyin farar hula sun karrama ta, sannan ta nada wani wakilin girmamawa na Umarni na Australiya a Shekara ta alif 1982. &quot;don hidimtawa al'ummar Australiya da dan adam baki daya&quot;.  Kasar Burtaniya da Amurka sun ba wasu lambobin yabo masu yawa, wadanda suka kammala a cikin Lamarin Ingantawa a shekarar alif 1983. da zama dan kasa na Amurka mai girmamawa a ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar alif 1996.  Kasar Teresa ta kasar Albania ta ba ta lambar Zinare ta Jama'a a Shekara ta alif 1994, &lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline&quot;&gt;Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997&lt;/ref&gt; amma karbarta da wannan lamarin da Haitian Legion of Honor ta kasance mai rikitarwa. An soki Teresa da cikakken goyon baya ga Duvaliers da rashawa na 'yan kasuwa irin su Charles Keating da Robert Maxwell ; Ta rubuta wa alkalin shari'ar Keating, inda ta nemi a bashi damar.   

Jami'o'i a Indiya da yamma sun ba ta digirin girmamawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline&quot;&gt;Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran lambobin yabo na farar hula sun hada da lambar yabo ta Balzan don inganta bil'adama, zaman lafiya da 'yan uwantaka tsakanin al'umma (1978)  da Albert Schweitzer International Prize (1975). &lt;ref&gt;Jones, Alice &amp; Brown, Jonathan (7 March 2007). &quot;Opposites attract? When Robert Maxwell met Mother Teresa&quot;. ''The Independent''. Retrieved 25 March 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilun, Shekara ta alif 1976, Teresa ta ziyarci Jami'ar Scranton da ke arewa maso gabashin [[Pennsylvania]], inda ta karbi lambar yabo ta La Storta don Bautar da 'Yan Adam daga shugaban jami'a William J. Byron .  Ta kalubalanci masu sauraronta da suka kai 4,500 don suje gidajensu  &quot;kusan talakawa a cikin gidanku da makwabta na gida&quot;, ciyar da wasu ko kuma kawai yada farin ciki da ƙauna,  kuma ya ci gaba da cewa: “Matalauta zasu taimaka mana mu girma cikin tsarkakakku, domin sune Kristi a cikin dabara ce ta wahala &quot;.  A watan Agusta, shekarar alif 1987, Teresa ta sami likita mai daraja ta digiri na ilimin zamantakewa, don karɓar hidimarta da ma'aikatanta don taimakawa gajiyayyu da marasa lafiya, daga jami'a.  Ta yi magana da ɗalibai sama da 4,000 da memba na Diocese of Scranton  game da hidimarta ga &quot;matalauta&quot;, tare da gaya masu su &quot;yi ƙananan abubuwa da ƙauna mai girma&quot;.  {{external media|width=210px|align=right|headerimage=[[File:Mutter Teresa von Kalkutta.jpg|210px]]|video1=[https://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=1852 Mother Teresa's 1979 Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech]}}A Shekara ta alif 1979, Teresa ta sami kyautar Nobel Peace Prize &quot;akan aikinta da ta gudanar dan kaudar da talauci da damuwa wanda suma ke kawo matsala ga zaman lafiya&quot;. Ta ki ta amince da taron , tace kudin ta $192,000 a baiwa talakawa dake kasar Indiya  tare da cewa lada a duniya suna da amfani ne kawai idan anyi aiki dasu wurin taimakon masu karamin karfi. rewards were important only if they helped her to help the world's ne. When Teresa received the prize she was asked, &quot;What can we do to promote world peace?&quot; She answered, &quot;Go home and love your family.&quot; Building on this theme in her [[Kyautar Nobel|Nobel lecture]], she said: &quot;Around the world, not only in the poor countries, but I found the poverty of the West so much more difficult to remove. When I pick up a person from the street, hungry, I give him a plate of rice, a piece of bread, I have satisfied. I have removed that hunger. But a person that is shut out, that feels unwanted, unloved, terrified, the person that has been thrown out from society – that poverty is so hurtable {{sic}} and so much, and I find that very difficult.&quot; Teresa singled out abortion as &quot;the greatest destroyer of peace today. Because if a mother can kill her own child – what is left for me to kill you and you kill me – there is nothing between.&quot;

Barbara Smoker of the secular humanist magazine ''The Freethinker'' criticised Teresa after the Peace Prize award, saying that her promotion of Catholic moral teachings on abortion and contraception diverted funds from effective methods to solve India's problems. At the Fourth World Conference on Women in [[Beijing]], Teresa said: &quot;Yet we can destroy this gift of motherhood, especially by the evil of abortion, but also by thinking that other things like jobs or positions are more important than loving.&quot;

A lokacin rayuwarta, Teresa tana daga cikin manyan mata 10 da suka fi fice a duk shekara Gallup wanda ya fi cancanta ga maza da mata su jefa kuri'u 18, sun kammala da yawa a shekarar alif 1980 da 1990. &lt;ref&gt;Frank Newport, David W. Moore, and Lydia Saad (13 December 1999). &quot;Most Admired Men and Women: 1948–1998&quot;, [[The Gallup Organization]].&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Shekara ta alif 1999. ta jagoranci jerin mutanen da aka fi so a cikin karni na 20 na Gallup,  jefa duk wasu amsoshi da aka ba su ta hanyar iyakokin da yawa, kuma ya kasance na farko a cikin manyan rukunan jama'a banda na matasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;gallup-20c&quot;&gt;Frank Newport (31 December 1999). &quot;Mother Teresa Voted by American People as Most Admired Person of the Century&quot;, [[The Gallup Organization]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pollingreport.com/20th.htm Greatest of the Century] Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll. 20–21 December 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Suuka ==
A cewar wata takarda daga masana ilimin Kanada Serge Larivée, Geneviève Chénard da Carole Sénéchal, asibitocin Teresa sun karbi miliyoyin daloli a cikin abubuwan gudummawa amma ba su da magani, tsarin bincike, ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki da isasshen nazari ga waɗanda ke jin ciwo;  a cikin ra'ayin masana ilimi guda uku, &quot;Mama Teresa ta yarda cewa mara lafiya dole ne ya sha wahala kamar Kristi a kan gicciye&quot;.  An ce karin kudin zai iya canza lafiyar marasa galihu na garin ta hanyar samar da cibiyoyin kula da lafiya.   

Daya daga cikin wadanda suka fi sukar Teresa ita ce yar jaridar Ingilishi, mai sukar litattafan rubuyoci kuma mai adawa da Christopher Hitchens, mai gabatar da ra’ayin Jaridar ''Hell's Angel'' (1994) kuma marubucin labarin ''Fim The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice''&lt;nowiki&gt; (1995) wanda ya rubuta a labarin 2003 : &quot;Wannan ya dawo da mu zuwa ga cin hanci da rashawa na majami'a, wanda ke sayar da attajirai ga ma'abuta yayin da suke wa'azin wutar jahannama da tsinkaye ga talaka. [Uwar Teresa] ba abokin talakawa ba ne. Ta kasance aminin &lt;/nowiki&gt;''talauci'' . Ta ce wahala wahala ce daga Allah. Ta yi amfani da rayuwarta wajen yin adawa da kawai hanyar magance cutar talauci, wanda shine karfafawa mata da ficewar su daga tsarin dabbobin da aka tilasta mata. &quot;  Ya zargi ta da munafinci saboda zabar magani na gaba don yanayin zuciyarta. &lt;ref&gt;Hitchens (1995), p. 41&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;''cf.'' Fr. James Martin, SJ, Letter in ''The New York Review of Books'', 19 September 1996 [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1996/09/19/in-defense-of-mother-teresa/ In Defense of Mother Teresa], accessed 2 February 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Hitchens ya ce &quot;niyyarsa ba ta taimaka wa mutane ba&quot;, kuma ta yi karya ga masu ba da gudummawa game da yadda ake amfani da gudummawar da suke bayarwa. &quot;Ta hanyar magana da ita ne na gano, kuma ta ba ni tabbacin, ba ta bakin kokarin rage talauci&quot;, in ji shi, &quot;tana kokarin fadada yawan mabiya darikar Katolika. Ta ce, 'Ni ba ma'aikacin zamantakewa ba ne. Ba na yi ne saboda wannan dalili. Ina yi domin Kiristi. Ina yi wa cocin. '  &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/10/19/60minutes/main578794.shtml &quot;The Debate over Sainthood&quot;] (11 February 2009). CBS News. Retrieved 29 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake Hitchens yana tunanin shi ne kawai shaida da Vatican ta kira, an kuma kira Aroup Chatterjee (marubucin ''Uwar Teresa: Labarin Untold'' ) don gabatar da hujjoji masu adawa da bugun Teresa da canonization; &lt;ref name=&quot;Hitch&quot;&gt;[http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&amp;page=hitchens_24_2 &quot;Less than Miraculous&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305133543/http://secularhumanism.org/index.php?page=hitchens_24_2&amp;section=library|date=2016-03-05}} by Christopher Hitchens, ''[[Free Inquiry (magazine)|Free Inquiry]]'' 24(2), February/March 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; Vatican ta cire al'ada ta &quot; mai ba da shawarar shaidan &quot;, wanda ya yi aiki da irin wannan manufa.  

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin zubar da ciki sun kuma soki matakin Teresa game da zubar da ciki da kuma hana haihuwa.

== Rayuwar ruhaniya ==
Analysing her deeds and achievements, [[Pope John Paul II]] said: &quot;Where did Mother Teresa find the strength and perseverance to place herself completely at the service of others? She found it in prayer and in the silent contemplation of Jesus Christ, his Holy Face, his Sacred Heart.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2003/october/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20031020_pilgrims-mother-teresa_en.html|title=Address of John Paul II to the Pilgrims Who Had Come To Rome for the Beatification of Mother Teresa|work=Vatican.va|date=20 October 2003|author=John Paul II|accessdate=13 March 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Privately, Teresa experienced doubts and struggle in her religious beliefs which lasted nearly 50 years (until the end of her life); according to her [[postulator]], [[Brian Kolodiejchuk]], &quot;She felt no presence of God whatsoever,&amp;nbsp;... in her heart or in the eucharist&quot;.&lt;ref name=TIME-2007-08-23&gt;{{cite news|title=Mother Teresa's Crisis of Faith|author=David Van Biema|date=23 August 2007|work=TIME|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html|access-date=24 March 2020|archive-date=25 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825084420/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=16 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816032159/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Teresa expressed grave doubts about God's existence and pain over her lack of faith: {{quote|Where is my faith? Even deep down&amp;nbsp;... there is nothing but emptiness and darkness.&amp;nbsp;... If there be God – please forgive me. When I try to raise my thoughts to Heaven, there is such convicting emptiness that those very thoughts return like sharp knives and hurt my very soul.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.edgewoodpc.org/sermons/sermon061911.html|title=Sermon – Some Doubted|publisher=Edgewoodpc.org|date=19 June 2011|accessdate=28 August 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015234535/http://edgewoodpc.org/sermons/sermon061911.html|archivedate=15 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;|sign=|source=}}
[[File:Mother_Teresa_memorial_plaque.jpg|alt=Outdoor bas-relief plaque|thumb| Plaque wanda aka sadaukar wa mahaifiyar Teresa a Wenceslas Square, Olomouc, Czech Republic ]]
Kolodiejchuk (jami'in da ke da alhakin tattara hujjoji na canonization) ya yi tunanin cewa rashin jin daɗin da wasu ke yi zai iya cewa sunyi akasin fassara tai, amma imanin da ya yi cewa Allah yana aiki da ita bai cika damuwa ba; duk da cewa ta yi niyyar kusanci da Allah, amma ba ta tuhumi kasancewar sa ba.  Teresa na iya fuskantar wani abu mai kama da [[Isa Almasihu|Yesu]], wanda ya ce lokacin da aka gicciye shi: ''&quot; Eli Eli lama sabachthani? &quot;'' (&quot;Ya Allah, Allahna, don me ka yashe ni?&quot; ).  Kolodiejchuk ya zana kwatancen John na 16 na ƙarni na Yahaya na Giciye, wanda ya ambaci kalmar &quot; Duhun Duhun Jiya &quot;.  Sauran tsarkaka (ciki har da Teresa mai suna Thérèse na Lisieux, waɗanda suka kira shi &quot;daren rashin kome&quot;) sun sami irin wannan goguwar bushewar ruhaniya . &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;[http://www.beliefnet.com/story/223/story_22353_1.html New Book Reveals Mother Teresa's Struggle with Faith] Beliefnet, AP 2007&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar James Langford, wadannan shakku ba su da wata ma'ana kuma ba zai kawo cikas ga canonization ba.  

Bayan shekaru goma cikin shakku, Teresa ta bayyana ɗan taƙaitaccen lokacin da sabuwar bangaskiya. Bayan mutuwar Paparoma Pius XII a shekarar alif 1958, tana yi masa addu'ar bukukuwan a lokacin da aka sami sauki daga &quot;dogon duhu: wannan baƙon wahalar.&quot; Koyaya, mako biyar baya bushewar ruhaniyarta ta dawo.  

Teresa ta rubuta wasiƙu da yawa ga waɗanda ke ba da tabbaci da kuma manyanta a cikin shekaru 66, musamman ga Calcutta Archbishop Ferdinand Perier da Jesuit firist Celeste van Exem (mashawarcinta na ruhaniya tun samuwar mishan Mishan).  Ta nemi a lalata wasiƙun ta, kasancewar ta damu da cewa &quot;mutane za su ƙara yin la'akari da ni - ƙasa da Yesu.&quot;   
[[File:Alfons_Weisser_Mutter_Teresa.JPG|thumb| Zane-zanen Semi-girmama na girmama Iya Teresa ]]
Koyaya, an tattara rubutun a cikin Mama ''Teresa: Kuzo Ku kasance Haske na'' .   Teresa ta rubuta wa Mika'ilu amintacce na ruhaniya Michael van der Peet, “Yesu yana da ƙauna ta musamman a gare ku. Amma ni, shuru da wofi suna da yawa, da na duba ban gani ba - saurara kuma ban ji ba - harshe yana motsawa [cikin addu'a] amma ba ya magana. &amp;nbsp; . . . Ina so ku yi mini addu'a - cewa na bar Shi ya yi kyauta. &quot; 

A ''Deus Caritas Est'' (farkon encyclical ), [[Benedict na Sha Shida|Paparoma Benedict XVI]] da aka ambata Teresa sau uku da kuma amfani da ita rayuwa don bayyana daya daga cikin encyclical ta babban maki: &quot;A cikin misali na Albarka Teresa na Calcutta da muke da wata hujja hoto da cewa lokaci ya sadaukar Allah cikin addu'o'i bawai kawai baya yanke hukunci daga aiki mai kyau da soyayya ga makwabcinmu amma a zahiri shine tushen wannan aikin. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;[[Benedict na Sha Shida|Pope Benedict XVI]] (25 December 2005). ''Deus caritas est{{Dead link|date=October 2011}}''. (PDF). Vatican City, pp.10. Retrieved 2 August 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Ta rubuta, &quot;Ta hanyar addu'o'in tunani ne da karatun ruhi ne kawai zamu iya samar da kyautar addu'a.&quot;  

Kodayake ba a haɗa da odarta ba tare da umarnin Franciscan, Teresa tana sha'awar Francis na Assisi &lt;ref name=&quot;AmeriCath&quot;&gt;&quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta Pays Tribute to St. Francis of Assisi&quot; on the ''American Catholic'' website. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta kasance mai tasiri ga ruhaniyar Franciscan.'Yan uwan Mata da Sadaka suna karanta addu'o'in Saint Francis kowace safiya a Mass a lokacin godiya bayan tarayya, kuma girmamansu ga ma'aikatar da alkawarin da yawa yayi daidai da nata. Francis ya jaddada talauci, tsabta, biyayya da biyayya ga Kristi. Ya sadaukar da mafi yawan rayuwarsa wajen bautar da talakawa, musamman kutare.

== Canonization ==

=== Mu'ujiza da beatifaication ===
Bayan Teresa ta mutu a shekara ta alif 1997, sai Holy See ya fara aiwatar da beatification (na biyu daga uku matakai wajen canonization ) da kuma Kolodiejchuk aka nada postulator da Diocese na Calcutta . Ko da yake ya ce, &quot;Ba mu tabbatar da cewa ta kasance cikakke ko kuma ba ta taɓa yin kuskure ba &amp;nbsp; ... &quot;, dole ne ya tabbatar da cewa kyawun Teresa jarumi ne. Kolodiejchuk ya gabatar da takardu 76, jimilla shafi 35,000, wadanda suka danganci hirar da shaidu 113 wadanda aka nemi su amsa tambayoyi 263.  
[[File:Stained_glass_depiction_of_key_moments_in_the_lifetime_of_Mother_Teresa_at_the_Cathedral_of_Saint_Mother_Teresa_in_Prishtina.jpg|right|thumb|332x332px| Cikakken gilashin tarihin rayuwar mahaifiyar Teresa a Cathedral na Saint Teresa a Prishtinë, Kosovo ]]. 
A tsari na canonization bukatar takardun na wani mu'ujiza sakamakon daga cẽto na yiwuwa saint.  A shekara ta 2002 ne aka gano cewa Vatican ta zama wata mu'ujiza ta warkar da cutar kumburin ciki a cikin mahaifar Monica Besra, wata mace ‘yar Indiya, bayan da aka yi amfani da wani loka dauke da hoton Teresa. A cewar Besra, gwanayen haske da aka samo daga hoton kuma an warkar da cutar kumburin ta; duk da haka, mijinta da wasu ma'aikatanta na kiwon lafiya sun ce magani na yau da kullun ya kawar da cutar. &lt;ref&gt;Orr, David (10 May. 2003). &quot;Medicine cured 'miracle' woman – not Mother Teresa, say doctors&quot;. ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Dr. Ranjan Mustafi, wanda ya fada wa ''jaridar New York Times'' cewa ya yi maganin Besra, ya ce cutar ta haifar da cutar tarin fuka: &quot;Wannan ba wani abin al'ajabi bane &amp;nbsp; . . . Ta dauki magunguna tsawon watanni tara zuwa shekara guda. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/20/world/her-legacy-acceptance-and-doubts-of-a-miracle.html &quot;Her Legacy: Acceptance and Doubts of a Miracle&quot;], by David Rohde. ''The New York Times''. 20 October 2003&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar mijin Besra, “Likitoci sun warkar da matata ba kuma ta wata mu’ujiza ba &amp;nbsp; . . . Wannan mu'ujiza wannan magana ce. &quot;  Besra ta ce bayanan likitocin da suka hada da sonogram, magunguna da bayanan likitocin, Sister Betta ta Mishan Matan Sadau ta kwace. A cewar ''Lokaci'', kiran da aka yi wa Sister Betta da ofishin Sister Nirmala (wanda zai gaji Teresa a matsayin shugaban oda) bai amsa wani bayani ba. Jami'ai a Asibitin Balurghat, inda Besra ta nemi magani, sun ce an tilasta masu ne ta hanyar da ta kira magani da ta warke.  A cikin watan Fabrairu, na shekarar 2000, tsohon ministan kiwon lafiya na West Bengal Partho De ya ba da umarnin sake duba bayanan likita na Besra a Sashen Lafiya na Kolkata. A cewar De, babu wani sabon abu game da rashin lafiyarta da magani bisa doguwar jinyarta. Ya ce ya ƙi ba da sunan Vatican na likita wanda zai tabbatar da cewa warkewar Monica Besra ta mu’ujiza ce.  

A lokacin beatification na Teresa da canonization, Roman Curia (ta Vatican) tayi nazari kuma ba a wallafa sukar rayuwarta da aikinta ba. Hitchens da Chatterjee (marubucin ''The Final Verdict'', wani littafi mai mahimmanci na Teresa) ta yi magana da kotun; a cewar jami'an Vatican, binciken da aka gabatar an bincike ne daga Kungiyar da ke Sanadin Sanadin Waliyyan Waliyyan .  Kungiyar ba ta sami wani cikas ba game da canjin magana na Teresa, kuma ta ba da ''kewar ta'' a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun, na shekarar alif 1999.   Saboda harin da aka kai mata, wasu marubutan Katolika sun kira ta da alamar sabani .  Wani kwamiti na daban na likita ya yanke hukuncin cewa mu'ujiza Monica Besra, daya daga cikin ukun da Kolodiejchuk ya dauke, alama ce ta roko na Allah.  An kori Teresa a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, shekarar 2003, kuma Katolika sun san shi da &quot;Masu Albarka&quot;.

===Canonization===
A 17 Disamba 2015, offishin yada labarai na Vatican [[Francis (fafaroma)|Pope Francis]] ya gano mu'ujiza na biyu da aka danganta ga Teresa: warkar da mutumin Brazil dauke da brain tumours a 2008.mu'ujizar ta zo cikin gari ne sanda wasu jami'ai dake kula da aiki lokacin shagualan World Youth Day 2013sanda fafaroma ke kasar Brazil awatan Yuli. anyi ta bincike a Brazil daga 19–26 June 2015 wanda daga bisani aka maida zuwa masu aiki na Saints wanda suka bada dokatr cewa cabinciken ya kammalu.

Francis yayi mata canonization, hakan yafaru ne a wani biki a ranar 4 ga Satumbar 2016 a Dandalin St Peter da ke garin Vatican. Dubun-dubatan mutane ne suka halarci bikin, gami da wakilai 15 na gwamnati da kuma mutane 1,500 da ba su da matsuguni daga duk fadin Italiya.   An watsa kai tsaye ta hanyar tashar Vatican kuma aka watsa ta yanar gizo; Skopje, garin mahaifar Teresa, ya ba da sanarwar bikin biki na tsawon sati daya.  A Indiya, Mishan ɗin Sadarwa ta biki ta Kolkata.

== Co-Patron na Calcutta Archdiocese ==
A ranar 4 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, yayin bikin girmama canonization dinta wata shekara ta 1 da ta cancanta, Sister Mary Prema Pierick, Babban shugaba ta na mishan Ofishin Sadaka, ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a sanya Teresa a matsayin malamar cocin Calcutta Archdiocese yayin bikin Mass a cikin Cathedral na Mafi Girma Rosary a 5.30 pm a ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017.  A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Archbishop Thomas D’Souza, wanda ke zama shugaban Archdiocese na Katolika na Calcutta, ya tabbatar da cewa za a nada Teresa a matsayin mai rikon mukamin Caliota Diocese, tare da Francis Xavier.   A ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, kusan mutane 500 suka halarci Mass a wani babban coci inda Dominique Gomes, Babban Vicar na gida,  karanta dokar da ta kafa ta a matsayin mataimaki na biyu na mai kare tarihi na archdiocese.  D’Souza da jakadan Vatican a Indiya, Giambattista Diquattro, sune suka jagoranci wannan bikin kuma suka gabatar da mutum-mutumi na tagulla a cocin Uwa Teresa dauke da yaro.  

Cocin Katolika na Roman Katolika ya ba da sanarwar St. Francis Xavier yazama saint na farko na Calcutta a shekarar alif 1986.  

== Legacy da fitowa a cikin al'adun sanannu ==

=== Abun Tunawa ===
[[File:Terminal_jashte.jpg|alt=Airport terminal, with four trees in the foreground|left|thumb| Tirana International Airport Nënë Tereza ]]
Kayay-yakin tarihi da ake tunawa da Teresa kuma sunanta sunan cocin da yawa. Tana da gine-gine, hanyoyi da kuma gidaje masu suna bayanta, gami da filin jirgin saman Albania na duniya . Ranar Iya Teresa ''(Dita e Nënë Terezës)'', 19 ga Oktoba, hutu ne na jama'a a Albania . A shekara ta 2009, an buɗe gidan tunawa da mahaifiyar Teresa a garinsu Skopje, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makidoniya]] . An ba da sunan babban cocin Katolika da ke Pristina, Kosovo don girmamawa.  Ginin sa, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2011, ya haifar da muhawara a cikin da'irorin musulmai wadanda suka gan shi a matsayin wanda ya  karfafa yawan mabiya darikar Katolika a yankin. Musulmin Kosovo sun yi adawa da wani kudurin kafa wata hanyar tunawa da Teresa a garin Peć (a cewar masu fafutuka, kashi 98 cikin dari) Musulmai sun yi adawa da kafa ta a Kosovo.  
[[File:Saint_Mother_Teresa_Cathedral_Prishtina8.jpg|right|thumb|150x150px| Cathedral na Saint Mother Teresa, Prishtinë ]]
Jami'ar Mata ta Uwa Teresa,  a Kodaikanal, an kafa ta a shekarar alif 1984. a matsayin jami'ar jama'a ta gwamnatin Tamil Nadu . Mahaifiya Theresa Postgraduate da Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Kiwon Lafiya,  a Pondicherry, an kafa ta ne a cikin shekarar alif 1999. ta hannun Gwamnatin Puducherry . Kungiyar ba da agaji Sevalaya ce ke tafiyar da Gidan Iyayen Mata na Teresa, tare da samar da 'yan matan marayu da marayu a kusa da kauyen Kasuva da ke Tamil Nadu da abinci, kayan sawa, tsari da ilimi.  Yawancin yabo da marubucin tarihin Teresa, Navin Chawla, suka bayyana a jaridu da mujallu na Indiya.    Jirgin Ruwa na Indiya sun gabatar da &quot;Mother Express&quot;, sabon jirgin kasa mai suna bayan mahaifiyar Mama Teresa, a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2010. don tunawa da karni na haihuwar ta.  Gwamnatin Tamil Nadu ta shirya bukukuwan karni na karrama Teresa a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2010 a [[Chennai]] wanda babban minista M Karunanidhi ya jagoranta.   Farko a kan 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2013, ranar tunawa da ta mutuwa da aka sanya cikin kasa da kasa Rãnar Charity ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya .  

A cikin shekarar 2012, Teresa ta kasance lamba ta 5 a cikin Babban binciken Indiya na Manyan Yan Indiya .  

A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Katolika na St Teresa, cocin Katolika na farko da aka sanya wa sunan girmamawa ga Teresa, an keɓe shi a Kosovo.  Cathedral ɗin shima babban cocin Katolika ne na farko na Kosovo.  

==== Tarihai da littattafai ====

* Teresa batun fim din 1969 ne da littafin 1972, ''Abin Kyau ga Allah'', wanda Malcolm Muggeridge ya wallafa .  An yi fim ɗin fim ɗin tare da jawo hankalin yammacin duniya ga Mama Teresa. 
* Littattafan Christopher Hitchens na 1994, ''Mala'ikan Jahannama'', ya bayar da hujjar cewa Teresa ta bukaci talakawa da su yarda da makomarsu; Allah yana bayyana masu arziki kamar yadda Allah ya yi musu falala.   Wannan ita ce farkon rubutun Hitchens, ''Matsayin mishan: Uwar Teresa a ka'idodi da Aiki'' . 

==== Shirye-shiryen talabijin ====

* Geraldine Chaplin ya buga wasan Teresa a cikin ''Iya Teresa: Da Sunan Rashin Allah'', wanda ya karɓi kyautar Fim na Fim a shekarar alif 1997.
* Olivia Hussey ce ta buga wasan a cikin ministocin gidan talabijin na Italiya na shekarar  2003, ''Mama Teresa na Calcutta'' .  An sake sakewa a cikin shekarar 2007, ta sami kyautar CAMIE .
* Juliet Stevenson ta taka leda a cikin fim din ' ''The Letters'' ' na shekarar 2014, wanda ya danganta da wasiƙun sa zuwa ga firist ɗin Vatican Celeste van Exem .
* Uwar Teresa, wacce Cara Francis the FantasyGrandma ke bugawa, ta yi tsegumi kan Sigmund Freud a cikin Epic Rap Battles of Tarihi, jerin wakokin fim din YouTube da Nice Peter da Epic Lloyd suka kirkira. An saki Rap din a YouTube a ranar 22 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2019.

== Duba kuma ==

* Abdul Sattar Edhi 
* Albanians 
* Jerin mutanen Albanians 
* Jerin sunayen mata masu lambar yabo ta Nobel 
* Babban Ba’indiye 
* Addinin Katolika na Albania 
* Addinin Katolika na Kosovo 
* Addinin Katolika na Romaniya a Arewacin Makidoniya 

== Manazarta ==

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[[File:Mary Teresa Norton cph.3b14795.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa lokacin tana ma￼tashiya]]
[[File:Mother Teresa 1995.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa a shekarar 1995]]
[[Fayil:Statue Mother Teresa Thomas Mount Chennai Aug22 A7C 02284.jpg|thumb|mama teresa]]
'''Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu'''  (an haifi '''Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu''',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/vatican-declares-mother-teresa-patron-saint-calcutta-49651357|title=Vatican declares Mother Teresa a patron saint of Calcutta|author=Manik Banerjee|date=6 September 2017|publisher=Associated Press, ABC News.com|accessdate=6 September 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906160015/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/vatican-declares-mother-teresa-patron-saint-calcutta-49651357|archivedate=6 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/mother-teresa-to-be-named-co-patron-of-calcutta-archdiocese-on-first-canonization-anniversary-4007169.html|title=Mother Teresa to be named co-patron of Calcutta Archdiocese on first canonization anniversary|date=4 September 2017|magazine=First Post|accessdate=5 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Albanian:   ; a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif  1910, zuwa &amp;nbsp;ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, Shekara ta alif 1997), wacce akafi sani a matsayin '''Mother Teresa''' da kuma girmama a cikin cocin Katolika a matsayin '''Saint Teresa na Calcutta,'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.killaladiocese.org/canonisation-of-blessed-mother-teresa-september-4th/|title=Canonisation of Mother Teresa – September 4th|website=Diocese of Killala|date=September 2016|accessdate=4 September 2016|archive-date=8 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908122310/http://www.killaladiocese.org/canonisation-of-blessed-mother-teresa-september-4th/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  an Albanian&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html|title=Kur Nënë Tereza vinte në Tiranë/2|first=bota|last=shqiptare|publisher=|access-date=2020-03-24|archive-date=2016-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918175822/http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=2016-09-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918175822/http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; - Indian  Roman Katolika Nun, da mishan .  An haife ta ne a Skopje (yanzu itace babban birnin [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makedonia]] ), sannan wani ɓangare na Kosovo Vilayet na Daular Ottoman. Bayan ta zauna a Skopje shekaru goma sha takwas, sai tai ƙaura zuwa Ireland sannan kuma ta tafi [[Indiya]], inda ta zauna mafi yawan rayuwarta.

A shekarar alif 1950, Teresa ta kafa Mishanarai na Tallafawa, a wani taron addini na Roman Katolika  wanda ya kai 4,500 na nunashekarana aukuwa a kasashe 133 a shekara ta 2012. Ikilisiya tana kula da gidaje don mutanen da ke mutuwa ta [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]], kuturta da [[Tibi|tarin fuka]] . Hakanan yana gudanar da dafa abinci na dafa abinci, kayan dafa abinci, asibitocin tafi-da-gidanka, shirye-shiryen ba da shawara ga yara da na iyali, harma da marayu da makarantu. Wakilai suna yin alwashi na tsabta, talauci, da biyayya, sannan kuma suna yin alkawarin hudun - don ba da &quot;yardar rai kyauta ga matalautan matalauta.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Muggeridge (1971), chapter 3, &quot;Mother Teresa Speaks&quot;, pp. 105, 113&lt;/ref&gt; 

Teresa ta samu karramawa da dama, a wadansu maban bantan shekaru (1962) [[Ramon Magsaysay Peace Prize]] da kuma shekara ta alif (1979) Nobel Peace Prize . Ta kasance sananne a ranar 4 ga watan Satumbar, shekarata 2016, kuma ranar tunawa da mutuwarta (5 ga watan Satumba) ita ce ranar bikinta . 

Wani mutum mai rikitarwa a rayuwarsa da kuma bayan mutuwarta, mutane da yawa suna alfahari da mama Teresa saboda aikinta na kyautatawa. An yaba mata da yin Allah wadai kan lamurra daban-daban, irin su ra'ayoyinta game da zubar da ciki da hana haihuwa, kuma ana sukar ta da mummunan yanayi a cikin gidajen ta na masu mutuwa. Navin Chawla ne ya rubuta tarihinta wanda aka ba da izini kuma aka buga shi a Shekara ta alif (1992) kuma ta kasance 'yan fim da sauran littattafai.A 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Teresa da St-Francis Xavier an ba su sunayen abokan tarayya na Archdiocese na Roman Katolika na Calcutta.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==

=== Farkon rayuwa ===
[[File:Memorial_house_of_Mother_Teresa.jpg|alt=Urban stone-and-glass building|left|thumb| Bikin tunawa da mahaifiyar Iyaye Teresa a garin haihuwarta Skopje ]]
An haifi Teresa Anjezë Gonxhe (ko Gonxha) &lt;ref name=&quot;Egan 1992&quot;&gt;''Blessed Are You: Mother Teresa and the Beatitudes'', ed. by Eileen Egan and Kathleen Egan, O.S.B., MJF Books: New York, 1992&lt;/ref&gt; Bojaxhiu ( Albanian:   ; ''Anjezë'' ne cognate na &quot;Agnes&quot;. ''Gonxhe'' yana nufin &quot;furebud&quot; ko &quot;karamar fure&quot; a cikin Albanian ) a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif (1910) a cikin dangin Kosovar Albanian    a Skopje (yanzu babban birnin [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makedoniya]] ), [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] .   An yi mata baftisma a Skopje, kwana bayan haifuwarta.  Daga baya ta yi la’akari da ranar 27 ga watan  Agusta, ranar da aka yi mata baftisma, ‘bikinta na gaskiya’. &lt;ref name=&quot;MToC&quot;&gt;(2002) &quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)&quot;. ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ta kuma kasance ƙaramar yarinyar Nikollë da Dranafile Bojaxhiu (Bernai).  Mahaifinta, wanda ke da hannu a cikin siyasar Albaniya a cikin Ottoman Macedonia, ya mutu a shekara ta alif (1919), lokacin yana dan shekara takwas. &lt;ref name=&quot;MToC&quot;&gt;(2002) &quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)&quot;. ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Although some sources state she was 10 when her father died, in an interview with her brother, the Vatican documents her age at the time as &quot;about eight&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Wataƙila ya fito ne daga Prizren, Kosovo, kuma wataƙila mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga kauyen kusa da Gjakova .  

Dangane da tarihin daga Joan Graff Clucas, Teresa ta kasance a cikin shekarunta lokacin da labaru game da rayuwar mishaneri da hidimarsu a Bengal ya burge ta ; har ta kai shekara 12, ta hakikance cewa yakamata ta sadaukar da rayuwarta ga addini.  Shirin ta ya ƙarfafa a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif 1928, yayin da tayi addu'a a farfajiyar Madonna na Madina na Vitina-Letnice, inda ta saba yin aikin haji . &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, ''Mother Teresa: A Biography'', Greenwood Press, 2004, p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Teresa ta bar gida a shekarar alif 1928, yayin da take da Shekara 18, don shiga Sisters of Loreto a Loreto Abbey a Rathfarnham, Ireland, don koyan Turanci tare da ra'ayin zama mishan; Ingilishi shine harshen koyar da Yan'uwa mata na Loreto a Indiya.  Ba ta taɓa ganin mahaifiyarta ko ƙanwarta ba. &lt;ref&gt;Sharn, Lori (5 September 1997). [http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/mothert/mother01.htm &quot;Mother Teresa dies at 87&quot;]. ''USA Today''. Retrieved 5 September 2016&lt;/ref&gt; Iyalinta sun zauna a Skopje har zuwa shekarar alif 1934, lokacin da suka ƙaura zuwa Tirana .  

Ta isa Indiya a Shekara ta alif 1929 , kuma ta fara ta novitiate a Darjeeling, a cikin kananan [[Himalaya|Himalayas]], &lt;ref&gt;Clucas (1988), p. 31&lt;/ref&gt; inda ta koya Bengali da kuma koyarwa a St. Teresa ta School dake kusa da Conven dinta. &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 17.&lt;/ref&gt; Teresa ta dauki alwashin farko na addini a ranar 24 ga watan Mayu, Shekara ta alif 1931. Ta zaɓi zama mai suna bayan Thérèse de Lisieux, mai tsaro na mishan na mishan;   saboda wata macen zawara a cikin gidan masarautar ta riga ta za bi wannan suna, Agnes ya zaɓi yaren rubutun Mutanen Espanya (Teresa). &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 18.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Teresa ta yi alƙawura a ranar 14 ga watan  Mayu, Shekara ta alif 1937, yayin da take malama a makarantar koyar da adami ta Loreto a , gabashin Calcutta. &lt;ref name=&quot;MToC&quot;&gt;(2002) &quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)&quot;. ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;   Ta yi aiki a wurin kusan kusan shekaru ashirin kuma an nada ta a matsayin shugabar mata a shekarar alif 1944. &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 25.&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa Teresa ta ji daɗin koyarwa a makarantar, amma ta damu sosai da talaucin da ke kewaye da ita a [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] .  Yunwar Bengal na shekarar alif 1943, ya kawo tashin hankali da mutuwa a cikin birni, kuma Ranar Yakin 1946  kai tsaye ya fara lokacin tashin hankalin Musulmi da Hindu.  

=== Mishan cikin Sadaka ===
[[File:Missionaries_of_Charity_Mother_House.jpg|alt=Three-story building with a sign and a statue|thumb| Mishanarai na Charity motherhouse a Kolkata ]]
A ranar 10 ga watan Satumba, shekarar alif 1946, Teresa ta sami abin da ta bayyana daga baya a matsayin &quot;kira a cikin kira&quot; lokacin da ta yi tafiya ta jirgin ƙasa zuwa wurin ajiyar kayayyaki na Loreto a Darjeeling daga [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] don komawar ta shekara-shekara. &quot;Ya kamata in fita daga cikin tashoshin don taimakon talakawa yayin da nake zaune a cikinsu. Umarni ne. Rashin faɗuwa dã ya kasance yana rushe imani. &quot;  Daga baya Joseph Langford ya rubuta, &quot;Ko da yake ba wanda ya san shi a lokacin, 'yar'uwar Teresa ta zama ''Uwar'' Teresa&quot;.  

Ta fara aikin mishan tare da matalauta a cikin shekarar alif 1948, sauya al'ada ta Loreto ta al'ada tare da sari, farin auduga sari tare da shudin iyaka. Teresa ta amince da zama ɗan baƙon Indiya, ta yi watanni da yawa a Patna don karɓar horo na asali a Asibitin Holy Family kuma ta shiga cikin tutocin.   Ta kafa makaranta a Motijhil, Kolkata, kafin ta fara kula da matalauta da masu fama da yunwa. A farkon shekarar alif 1949, wasu gungun matasa mata sun hadar da Teresa a cikin kokarin ta, sannan ta aza harsashin kafa sabuwar kungiyar addini da ke taimaka wa &quot;mafi talauci a cikin matalauta&quot;.  

Kokarin ta ya ja hankalin jami’an Indiya cikin hanzari, gami da Firayim Minista.  Teresa ta rubuta a cikin rubutunta cewa shekarar ta farko tana fama da wahala. Ba tare da samun kuɗin shiga ba, ta roƙi abinci da kayan abinci da ƙwarewar shakku, kadaici da jaraba don dawowa cikin ta'aziyyar rayuwar duniya yayin waɗannan farkon watanni: 

Ubangijinmu nason in zama yantattar mai bauta wacce aka lullube cikin talaucin yesu, A yau, na ilimantu da darussa masu kyau. Talaucin talaka dole yayi masu tsanani, sanda nake neman gida nayi tafiya har saida kafafuna sukayi ciwo, nayi tunanin cewa tyaushe ne zasu bar wannan ciwo ga rayuwata, ina neman gida, abinci da lafiya. Sai jindadin loreto yashafe ni, yace kawai ki fadi Kalmar duk wani abu zai zama naki, haka dai mai shafar yacigaba da cewa..., cikin budaddiyar zabi, Dan Allah na kuma dan sona agare ki, na zaba inyi komi danke bazan bar wani hawaye ya sauka daga ida nunki ba.
[[File:Sisters_of_Charity.jpg|alt=Four nuns in sandals and white-and-blue saris|left|thumb| Mishan Sadaka a saris na gargajiya ]]
A ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba, Shekara ta alif  1950, Teresa ta sami izini daga Vatican don ikilisiyar diocesan, wanda zai zama mishaneri na Sadaka.  A cikin maganganun ta, zai kula da &quot;masu fama da yunwa, tsirara, marasa gida, guragu, makafi, kutare, duk waɗannan mutanen da suke jin ƙin sonsu, marasa ƙauna, waɗanda ba su kula da su ba a duk faɗin jama'a, mutanen da suka zama nauyi ga jama'a kuma kowa ya nisanta dashi ”.  

A shekarar alif 1952, Teresa ta buɗe hospice dinta na farko da taimako jami'ai daga Calcutta. Ta sauya hanikalin Hindu da aka yi watsi da ita zuwa Gidan Kalighat na Mutuwa, kyauta ne ga matalauta, ta kuma sanya mata suna Kalighat, Gidan Zuciyar Mai Tsabta (Nirmal Hriday).  Wadanda kawo wa gida samu likita da hankali da kuma damar da za su mutu tare da mutunci a cikin daidai da ban-gaskiyarsu: Musulmi suna karanta [[Al Kur'ani|Kur'ani]], 'yan Hindu samu ruwa daga ganges, kuma Katolika samu matsananci unction .  &quot;Kyakkyawan mutuwa&quot;, in ji Teresa, &quot;don mutane waɗanda suka rayu kamar dabbobi su mutu kamar mala'iku - suna ƙauna da so.&quot;  
[[File:Nirmal_Hriday_facade.jpg|alt=White, older building|thumb| Nirmal Hriday, Uwargida na Calcutta na Mama Teresa, a cikin 2007 ]]
Ta buɗe ofishi ga waɗanda ke da kuturta, suna kiranta Shanti Nagar (Birnin Zaman Lafiya).  Kungiyoyin mishan na Agaji sun kafa cibiyoyin cutar kuturta, a ko'ina cikin Calcutta, suna ba da magunguna, riguna da abinci.  Mishan din na Agaji sun karu da yawaitar yara marasa gida; a shekarar alif 1955, Teresa ta bude Nirmala Shishu Bhavan, Gidan Yaran Yara na Zuciya, a zaman mafaka ga marayu da matasa marasa gida.  

Ikilisiyar ta yafara jawo hankalin ma'aikata da gudummawowi, kuma har ya zuwa shekarar 1960, sun bude ofisoshin marayu, gidajen marayu da gidajen kuturu a cikin ko'ina na kasar  Indiya. Daga nan Teresa ta faɗaɗa ikilisiya a ƙasar waje, ta buɗe gida a Venezuela a shekara ta alif 1965, tare da ’yan’uwa mata biyar.  An bi gidaje a Italiya (Rome), Tanzania da Austria a cikin shekarar 1968, kuma a cikin shekarun 1970 ikilisiya ta buɗe gidaje da tushe a Amurka da dama ƙasashe a Asiya, Afirka da Turai.  

An kafa mishan na Missionaries of Charity Brothers a shekarar alif 1963, kuma reshe ne mai dauke da tunani na San’uwa ya biyo baya a shekarar 1976. Lay Katolika da waɗanda ba Katolika ba sun sami rajista a cikin -kungiyar Ma'aikata na Uwar Teresa, Masu aikin Marasa lafiya da wahala, da kuma mishan na Ma'aikatan Sadaka. Da yake amsa buƙatu daga firistoci da yawa, a cikin Shekara ta alif 1981, Mama Teresa ta kafa kungiyar Corpus Christi Movement na Firistoci  tare da Joseph Langford mishaneri na Ubanni a cikin Shekara ta alif 1984, don haɗu da manufofin sana'a na mishan na ba da agaji tare da kayan aikin rayuwar firistoci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.mcpriests.com/ |title=The Religious Community of priests founded by Mother Teresa. ''Missionaries of Charity Fathers'' |access-date=2020-03-24 |archive-date=2016-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211191550/http://www.mcpriests.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Mother Teresa 1996.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa]]
Ya zuwa shekarar alif 1997, majami'ar Calcutta mai mambobi 13 sun girma zuwa fiye da 'yan'uwa mata 4,000 waɗanda ke kula da marayu, gidajen kula da cutar kanjamau da cibiyoyin bayar da agaji a duk duniya, suna kula da' yan gudun hijirar, makafi, nakasassu, tsofaffi, mashaya giya, gajiyayyu da marasa gida da waɗanda ambaliyar ta shafa, annoba da kuma yunwa.  A shekara ta 2007, mishan mishan na Charity ya ƙididdige kimanin 'yan’uwa 450 da ’yan’uwa mata 5,000 a duk duniya, waɗanda ke aiki mishan 600, makarantu da mafaka a cikin ƙasashe 120.

=== Sadaka ta kasa da kasa ===
Teresa ta ce, &quot;Da jini, Ni dan Albaniya ne. Ta zama ɗan ƙasa, Ba'indiye ne. Ta wurin bangaskiya, ni wata mazhabar Katolika ce. Game da kirana, ni na duniya ce. &quot;Game da zuciyata, gaba daya na daga cikin zuciyar Yesu ne.&quot;  Luwararru cikin harsuna biyar-Bengali,  Albanian, Serbian, [[Turanci]] da Hindi - ta yi tafiye-tafiye na lokaci-lokaci a wajen India saboda dalilai na bil-adama.  

A tsaunin Siege na Beirut a shekarar 1982, Teresa ta ceci yara 37 da aka makale a wani asibiti kafin ta hanyar tsagaita wuta na wucin gadi tsakanin sojojin Isra’ila da masu gwagwarmayar Falasdinawa.Tare da ma'aikatan kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross, ta bi ta yankin yaki zuwa asibiti don kwashe matasa marasa lafiya.  

Lokacin da gabashin Turai ta sami karuwa a ƙarshen 1980s, Teresa ta faɗaɗa ƙoƙarinta ga ƙasashen Kwaminisanci waɗanda suka ƙi Mishan Mishan na Sadaka. Ta fara shirye-shirye da dama, ba tare da wata damuwa ba game da matsayinta na hana zubar da ciki da kisan aure: &quot;Babu wanda ya ce menene, ya kamata ka karba shi da murmushi ka yi aikinka.&quot; Ta ziyarci Armenia bayan girgizar kasa na 1988  kuma ta sadu da Nikolai Ryzhkov, Shugaban Majalisar Ministocin .  

Teresa ta yi tafiya don taimakawa masu fama da yunwa a Habasha, wadanda suka kamu da radadin cutar a Chernobyl da kuma wadanda girgizar ta shafa a Armenia. &lt;ref&gt;Cooper, Kenneth J. (14 September 1997). &quot;Mother Teresa Laid to Rest After Multi-Faith Tribute&quot;. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved 30 May 2007&lt;/ref&gt;   A 1991, ta koma [[Albaniya|Albania]] a karon farko, inda ta buɗe Ofishin mishan na Charity Brothers gida a Tirana .  

A shekarar 1996, Teresa ta fara aiki da misalai 517 a cikin kasashe sama da 100.  Mishanninta na Rahamar sun karu daga goma sha biyu zuwa dubbai, suna masu hidimar &quot;matalautan matalauta&quot; a cibiyoyi 450 na duniya. An kafa Ofishin mishan na farko na Charity a cikin Amurka a yankin South Bronx na [[New York (birni)|New York City]], kuma har ya zuwa shekarar 1984 ikilisiya tana gudanar da rukunoni 19 a cikin ƙasar.

=== Karayar lafiya da mutuwa ===
Teresa ta sami bugun zuciya a Rome a 1983 yayin da ta ke ziyartar [[John Paul na Biyu|Paparoma John Paul II]] . Bayan harin na biyu a 1989, ta sami na'urar bugun zuciya . A 1991, bayan cutar huhu a Mexico,tana da karin matsalolin zuciya. Kodayake Teresa ta ba da shawarar yin murabus a matsayin shugabar mishan na Sadaka, a cikin wata takaddar sirri da 'yar'uwar ikilisiyar suka zabe ta ta ci gaba kuma ta yarda ta ci gaba.  

A watan Afrilun 1996,ta fadi,ta karya kashinta na wuya, kuma bayan wata hudu ta [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|kamu]] da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] da ciwon zuciya . Kodayake Teresa ta yi aikin tiyata, amma lafiyar ta tana raguwa. A cewar Akbishop na Calcutta Henry Sebastian D’Souza, ya umarci wani firist da ya yi aikin fitarwa (tare da izininsa) lokacin da aka garzaya da ita asibiti da matsalolin bugun zuciya saboda yana tunanin watakila shaidan ne ya same shi. &lt;ref&gt;Bindra, Satinder (7 September 2001).&quot;Archbishop: Mother Teresa underwent exorcism&quot;. ''CNN'' Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;.  

A ranar 13 Maris 1997 Teresa ta yi murabus a matsayin shugabar Mishan of Charity, kuma ta mutu ne a ranar 5 ga Satumba.  Lokacin da ta mutu, mishaneri na Sadaka yana da 'yan'uwa mata sama da 4,000 da kuma ɗan uwan mambobi 300 waɗanda ke aiki a ofisoshi 610 a cikin ƙasashe 123.  Waɗannan sun haɗa da baƙi da gidaje ga mutanen da ke [[Kanjamau|ɗauke]] da [[Kanjamau|kwayar cutar HIV, AIDS]], kuturta da tarin fuka, dafaffen dafa abinci, shirye-shiryen kula da yara da na yara, marayu da makarantu. Missionungiyar mishan ta Charan agaji ta taimaka da abokan aikinta waɗanda suka ƙidaya sama da miliyan ɗaya a shekarun 1990. 

Teresa ta ajiye a cikin wani akwati da aka bude a St Thomas, Calcutta, tsawon mako guda kafin jana'izarta. Ta samu jana'izar hukuma daga gwamnatin Indiya bisa godiya saboda hidimta wa talakawan dukkan addinai a kasar.  Taimakawa ta hanyar firistoci guda biyar, Sakatariyar Kudi ta Kasa Angelo Sodano, wakilin Paparoma, ya yi bikin ƙarshe.  Mutuwar Teresa ta kasance makoki a cikin mutane da kuma al'ummomin addini. Firayim Minista na Pakistan Nawaz Sharif ya kira ta &quot;mutum ne da baƙonsa ba kuma wanda ya daɗe yana da babban buri. Tsawon rayuwarta tsawon rai ga kulawa da talakawa, marassa lafiya, da nakasassu na daga cikin mafi girman misalai na bautarmu ga bil'adama. &quot;  A cewar tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, &quot;Ita ce Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Tana da zaman lafiya a duniya&quot;.

== Martabawa da karɓuwa ==

=== Indiya ===
Gwamnatin Indiya ta fara amincewa da Teresa da farko ne a fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na farkon  ƙarni, ta karɓi Padma Shri a shekarar alif 1962, da lambar yabo ta Jawaharlal Nehru don Fahimtar ƙasa da ƙasa a shekarar alif 1969.  Daga baya ta sami wasu lambobin yabo na Indiya, wadanda suka hada da Bharat Ratna (lambar yabo mafi girma a Indiya) a shekarar alif 1980.  Littafin tarihin Teresa wanda Navin Chawla ya wallafa, a cikin Shekara ta alif 1992. A cikin [[Kolkata]], wasu 'Hindu bauta mata a matsayin abin bauta.  

Don tunawa da bikin cikarta shekara 100 da haihuwar ta, gwamnatin Indiya ta bayar da tsabar kudi ₹ 5 na musamman (yawan kudin da Teresa ta samu lokacin da ta je Indiya) a ranar 28 ga  watan Agusta, shekarar 2010. Shugaba Pratibha Patil ta ce, &quot;Clad cikin fararen sari mai launin shudi, ita da 'yan uwan Mishan na Charity sun zama alamar ta bege ga mutane da yawa - tsofaffi, gajiyayyu, marasa aikin yi, marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya. da akayi watsi dasu daga iyalansu. &quot;  

Ra'ayoyin Indiya akan Teresa ba masu dacewa ba kamar yadda kowane dan kasan ke ganinta. Aroup Chatterjee, likita ne da aka haife shi a Calcutta wanda ya kasance mai fafutuka a cikin tatsuniyar biranen shekaru kusan 1980 kafin ya koma Burtaniya, ya ce &quot;bai ma taɓa ganin wata tsawa ba a cikin waɗannan rukunin gidajen&quot;.  Binciken nasa, wanda ya hada da tambayoyi sama da 100 tare da masu sa kai, da sanatoci da kuma wasu da suka saba da mishan Mishanai, an bayyana su a cikin littafin 2003. da ke da masaniyar Teresa.  Chatterjee ta soki ta game da gabatar da &quot;al'adar wahala&quot; da mummunan gurbata ta Calcutta, yin karin gishiri game da aikin da aka yi mata ta hanyar amfani da kudi da kuma gata a wajen ta.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Chatterjee&quot;&gt;Chatterjee, Aroup, Introduction to ''The Final Verdict''&lt;/ref&gt; A cewarsa, wasu matsalolin tsabtace tsabta da ya soki (na sake amfani da allura, alal misali) bayan mutuwar Teresa a Shekara ta alif 1997.  

Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya, mayor na Kolkata daga shekarar 2005 zuwa 2010, ya ce &quot;ba ta da wani tasiri a kan talakawa na wannan birni&quot;, ta sami lafiya a maimakon ta yi maganin ta kuma ta ba da labarin gari: &quot;Babu shakka akwai talauci a Calcutta, amma ba ta taɓa kasance wani gari na kutare da masu bara ba, kamar yadda UwaTeresa ta gabatar da shi. &quot;  A gefen Hindu, Jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata ta yi karo da Teresa a kan Christian Dalits amma ta yaba mata a cikin mutuwa kuma ta aiko da wakili don yi mata jana'izarta.  Ita dai Vishwa Hindu Parishad, ta yi adawa da matakin da gwamnati ta dauka na yi mata jana’iza. Sakatare Giriraj Kishore ta ce &quot;aikinta na farko shine Cocin da hidimar zamantakewa ba ta faru ba&quot;, inda ta zarge ta da fifita Kiristoci da kuma yin “baftisma a ɓoye” na masu mutuwa. &lt;ref&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/ECI_Main/DJ/Frontline%201997%20Article%20published%20in%20Hindu.pdf#page=3 A life of selfless caring] – [[Frontline (magazine)]] article.&lt;/ref&gt;  A wani gaban-shafin, fortnightly ''frontline ta'' sallami zargin a matsayin &quot;patently na ƙarya&quot; kuma ya bayyana cewa suna da &quot;yi wani tasiri a kan jama'a ji na ta aikin, musamman a Calcutta&quot;. Wanda ya yaba da &quot;kulawa ta rashin son kai&quot;, karfin jiki da jarumkntaka, marubucin lambar yabo ya soki kamfen din da Teresa takeyi inkari game da zubar da ciki da kuma ikirarin ta na siyasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline&quot;&gt;Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997&lt;/ref&gt; 

A watan Fabrairu na shekarar 2015, Mohan Bhagwat, shugaban kungiyar kare hakkin reshen Hindu, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, ya ce manufar Teresa ita ce &quot;maida mutumin, wanda ake yi masa hidima, ya zama Kirista&quot;.  Tsohon kakakin kungiyar ta RSS MG Vaidhya ya goyi bayan kimantawar Bhagwat, kuma kungiyar ta zargi kafofin watsa labarai da &quot;gurbata gaskiya game da kalaman Bhagwat&quot;. Dan majalisar wakilai na Trinamool Derek O'Brien, shugaban CPI Atul Anjan da kuma babban ministan Delhi Arvind Kejriwal sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da zancen da Bhagwat yayi.

=== Wani wurin ===
[[File:President Reagan Presents Mother Teresa with the Medal of Freedom at a White House Ceremony in the Rose Garden - DPLA - 1321c7b194e7e893127ef14b2f7c565c.jpg|alt=President and Mrs. Ronald Reagan with Mother Teresa, standing at a microphone|thumb| Shugaba [[Ronald Reagan|Ronald Reagan ya]] ba mahaifiyar Teresa kyautar Shugaban Kasa na 'Yanci a yayin bikin Fadar White House kamar yadda Uwargidan Nan Nancy Reagan ke kallo, a ranar 20 ga watan Yuni, Shekara alif 1985. ]]. 
Teresa ta karbi kyautar Ramon Magsaysay Award dan zaman lafiya da fahimtar duniya, an bata ne dan aikinta a South or East Asia, a shekarar alif 1962. Acewar wallafin, &quot;Kungiyar amintattu sun martaba ta dan tausayawan ta akan talaucin wasu kasashe, wanda akan wannan aikin ne ta fara sabon taron addini&quot;.A farkon 1970s, ta zama wata gwarzuwa a duniya. shaharar za'a iya dangana shi da Malcolm Muggeridge's 1969 documentary, ''Something Beautiful for God'', da Kuma littafinsa na 1971 mai wannan sunan. Wanda Muggeridge ke kokarin tafiyar da rayuwarsa tsaftatacciya. Lokacin daukar fim, wani dauka da akayi a yanayin haske mara tasiri. anyi tunanin zai zama anfani ne ga masu aikin.
[[Fayil:Cedric Prakash Mother Teresa Award.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa]]
A kusan wannan lokacin, duniyar Katolika ta fara girmama Teresa a bainar jama'a. Fafaroma Paul VI ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Paparoma John XXIII P kyautar zaman lafiya a shekara ta alif 1971, inda ta yaba da aikinta tare da talakawa, nuna irin gudummawar kirista da kokarin tabbatar da zaman lafiya,  kuma ta sami kyautar ta Pacem a Terris Award a shekarar alif 1976. &lt;ref&gt;''Quad City Times'' staff (17 October 2005). &quot;Habitat official to receive Pacem in Terris honor&quot;. [[Peace Corps]]. Retrieved 26 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan mutuwarta, Teresa ta sami ci gaba cikin sauri a kan hanyar zuwa saint . 

Gwamnatoci da kungiyoyin farar hula sun karrama ta, sannan ta nada wani wakilin girmamawa na Umarni na Australiya a Shekara ta alif 1982. &quot;don hidimtawa al'ummar Australiya da dan adam baki daya&quot;.  Kasar Burtaniya da Amurka sun ba wasu lambobin yabo masu yawa, wadanda suka kammala a cikin Lamarin Ingantawa a shekarar alif 1983. da zama dan kasa na Amurka mai girmamawa a ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar alif 1996.  Kasar Teresa ta kasar Albania ta ba ta lambar Zinare ta Jama'a a Shekara ta alif 1994, &lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline&quot;&gt;Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997&lt;/ref&gt; amma karbarta da wannan lamarin da Haitian Legion of Honor ta kasance mai rikitarwa. An soki Teresa da cikakken goyon baya ga Duvaliers da rashawa na 'yan kasuwa irin su Charles Keating da Robert Maxwell ; Ta rubuta wa alkalin shari'ar Keating, inda ta nemi a bashi damar.   

Jami'o'i a Indiya da yamma sun ba ta digirin girmamawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline&quot;&gt;Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran lambobin yabo na farar hula sun hada da lambar yabo ta Balzan don inganta bil'adama, zaman lafiya da 'yan uwantaka tsakanin al'umma (1978)  da Albert Schweitzer International Prize (1975). &lt;ref&gt;Jones, Alice &amp; Brown, Jonathan (7 March 2007). &quot;Opposites attract? When Robert Maxwell met Mother Teresa&quot;. ''The Independent''. Retrieved 25 March 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilun, Shekara ta alif 1976, Teresa ta ziyarci Jami'ar Scranton da ke arewa maso gabashin [[Pennsylvania]], inda ta karbi lambar yabo ta La Storta don Bautar da 'Yan Adam daga shugaban jami'a William J. Byron .  Ta kalubalanci masu sauraronta da suka kai 4,500 don suje gidajensu  &quot;kusan talakawa a cikin gidanku da makwabta na gida&quot;, ciyar da wasu ko kuma kawai yada farin ciki da ƙauna,  kuma ya ci gaba da cewa: “Matalauta zasu taimaka mana mu girma cikin tsarkakakku, domin sune Kristi a cikin dabara ce ta wahala &quot;.  A watan Agusta, shekarar alif 1987, Teresa ta sami likita mai daraja ta digiri na ilimin zamantakewa, don karɓar hidimarta da ma'aikatanta don taimakawa gajiyayyu da marasa lafiya, daga jami'a.  Ta yi magana da ɗalibai sama da 4,000 da memba na Diocese of Scranton  game da hidimarta ga &quot;matalauta&quot;, tare da gaya masu su &quot;yi ƙananan abubuwa da ƙauna mai girma&quot;.  {{external media|width=210px|align=right|headerimage=[[File:Mutter Teresa von Kalkutta.jpg|210px]]|video1=[https://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=1852 Mother Teresa's 1979 Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech]}}A Shekara ta alif 1979, Teresa ta sami kyautar Nobel Peace Prize &quot;akan aikinta da ta gudanar dan kaudar da talauci da damuwa wanda suma ke kawo matsala ga zaman lafiya&quot;. Ta ki ta amince da taron , tace kudin ta $192,000 a baiwa talakawa dake kasar Indiya  tare da cewa lada a duniya suna da amfani ne kawai idan anyi aiki dasu wurin taimakon masu karamin karfi. rewards were important only if they helped her to help the world's ne. When Teresa received the prize she was asked, &quot;What can we do to promote world peace?&quot; She answered, &quot;Go home and love your family.&quot; Building on this theme in her [[Kyautar Nobel|Nobel lecture]], she said: &quot;Around the world, not only in the poor countries, but I found the poverty of the West so much more difficult to remove. When I pick up a person from the street, hungry, I give him a plate of rice, a piece of bread, I have satisfied. I have removed that hunger. But a person that is shut out, that feels unwanted, unloved, terrified, the person that has been thrown out from society – that poverty is so hurtable {{sic}} and so much, and I find that very difficult.&quot; Teresa singled out abortion as &quot;the greatest destroyer of peace today. Because if a mother can kill her own child – what is left for me to kill you and you kill me – there is nothing between.&quot;

Barbara Smoker of the secular humanist magazine ''The Freethinker'' criticised Teresa after the Peace Prize award, saying that her promotion of Catholic moral teachings on abortion and contraception diverted funds from effective methods to solve India's problems. At the Fourth World Conference on Women in [[Beijing]], Teresa said: &quot;Yet we can destroy this gift of motherhood, especially by the evil of abortion, but also by thinking that other things like jobs or positions are more important than loving.&quot;

A lokacin rayuwarta, Teresa tana daga cikin manyan mata 10 da suka fi fice a duk shekara Gallup wanda ya fi cancanta ga maza da mata su jefa kuri'u 18, sun kammala da yawa a shekarar alif 1980 da 1990. &lt;ref&gt;Frank Newport, David W. Moore, and Lydia Saad (13 December 1999). &quot;Most Admired Men and Women: 1948–1998&quot;, [[The Gallup Organization]].&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Shekara ta alif 1999. ta jagoranci jerin mutanen da aka fi so a cikin karni na 20 na Gallup,  jefa duk wasu amsoshi da aka ba su ta hanyar iyakokin da yawa, kuma ya kasance na farko a cikin manyan rukunan jama'a banda na matasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;gallup-20c&quot;&gt;Frank Newport (31 December 1999). &quot;Mother Teresa Voted by American People as Most Admired Person of the Century&quot;, [[The Gallup Organization]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pollingreport.com/20th.htm Greatest of the Century] Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll. 20–21 December 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Suuka ==
A cewar wata takarda daga masana ilimin Kanada Serge Larivée, Geneviève Chénard da Carole Sénéchal, asibitocin Teresa sun karbi miliyoyin daloli a cikin abubuwan gudummawa amma ba su da magani, tsarin bincike, ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki da isasshen nazari ga waɗanda ke jin ciwo;  a cikin ra'ayin masana ilimi guda uku, &quot;Mama Teresa ta yarda cewa mara lafiya dole ne ya sha wahala kamar Kristi a kan gicciye&quot;.  An ce karin kudin zai iya canza lafiyar marasa galihu na garin ta hanyar samar da cibiyoyin kula da lafiya.   

Daya daga cikin wadanda suka fi sukar Teresa ita ce yar jaridar Ingilishi, mai sukar litattafan rubuyoci kuma mai adawa da Christopher Hitchens, mai gabatar da ra’ayin Jaridar ''Hell's Angel'' (1994) kuma marubucin labarin ''Fim The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice''&lt;nowiki&gt; (1995) wanda ya rubuta a labarin 2003 : &quot;Wannan ya dawo da mu zuwa ga cin hanci da rashawa na majami'a, wanda ke sayar da attajirai ga ma'abuta yayin da suke wa'azin wutar jahannama da tsinkaye ga talaka. [Uwar Teresa] ba abokin talakawa ba ne. Ta kasance aminin &lt;/nowiki&gt;''talauci'' . Ta ce wahala wahala ce daga Allah. Ta yi amfani da rayuwarta wajen yin adawa da kawai hanyar magance cutar talauci, wanda shine karfafawa mata da ficewar su daga tsarin dabbobin da aka tilasta mata. &quot;  Ya zargi ta da munafinci saboda zabar magani na gaba don yanayin zuciyarta. &lt;ref&gt;Hitchens (1995), p. 41&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;''cf.'' Fr. James Martin, SJ, Letter in ''The New York Review of Books'', 19 September 1996 [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1996/09/19/in-defense-of-mother-teresa/ In Defense of Mother Teresa], accessed 2 February 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Hitchens ya ce &quot;niyyarsa ba ta taimaka wa mutane ba&quot;, kuma ta yi karya ga masu ba da gudummawa game da yadda ake amfani da gudummawar da suke bayarwa. &quot;Ta hanyar magana da ita ne na gano, kuma ta ba ni tabbacin, ba ta bakin kokarin rage talauci&quot;, in ji shi, &quot;tana kokarin fadada yawan mabiya darikar Katolika. Ta ce, 'Ni ba ma'aikacin zamantakewa ba ne. Ba na yi ne saboda wannan dalili. Ina yi domin Kiristi. Ina yi wa cocin. '  &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/10/19/60minutes/main578794.shtml &quot;The Debate over Sainthood&quot;] (11 February 2009). CBS News. Retrieved 29 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake Hitchens yana tunanin shi ne kawai shaida da Vatican ta kira, an kuma kira Aroup Chatterjee (marubucin ''Uwar Teresa: Labarin Untold'' ) don gabatar da hujjoji masu adawa da bugun Teresa da canonization; &lt;ref name=&quot;Hitch&quot;&gt;[http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&amp;page=hitchens_24_2 &quot;Less than Miraculous&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305133543/http://secularhumanism.org/index.php?page=hitchens_24_2&amp;section=library|date=2016-03-05}} by Christopher Hitchens, ''[[Free Inquiry (magazine)|Free Inquiry]]'' 24(2), February/March 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; Vatican ta cire al'ada ta &quot; mai ba da shawarar shaidan &quot;, wanda ya yi aiki da irin wannan manufa.  

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin zubar da ciki sun kuma soki matakin Teresa game da zubar da ciki da kuma hana haihuwa.

== Rayuwar ruhaniya ==
Analysing her deeds and achievements, [[Pope John Paul II]] said: &quot;Where did Mother Teresa find the strength and perseverance to place herself completely at the service of others? She found it in prayer and in the silent contemplation of Jesus Christ, his Holy Face, his Sacred Heart.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2003/october/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20031020_pilgrims-mother-teresa_en.html|title=Address of John Paul II to the Pilgrims Who Had Come To Rome for the Beatification of Mother Teresa|work=Vatican.va|date=20 October 2003|author=John Paul II|accessdate=13 March 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Privately, Teresa experienced doubts and struggle in her religious beliefs which lasted nearly 50 years (until the end of her life); according to her [[postulator]], [[Brian Kolodiejchuk]], &quot;She felt no presence of God whatsoever,&amp;nbsp;... in her heart or in the eucharist&quot;.&lt;ref name=TIME-2007-08-23&gt;{{cite news|title=Mother Teresa's Crisis of Faith|author=David Van Biema|date=23 August 2007|work=TIME|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html|access-date=24 March 2020|archive-date=25 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825084420/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=16 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816032159/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Teresa expressed grave doubts about God's existence and pain over her lack of faith: {{quote|Where is my faith? Even deep down&amp;nbsp;... there is nothing but emptiness and darkness.&amp;nbsp;... If there be God – please forgive me. When I try to raise my thoughts to Heaven, there is such convicting emptiness that those very thoughts return like sharp knives and hurt my very soul.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.edgewoodpc.org/sermons/sermon061911.html|title=Sermon – Some Doubted|publisher=Edgewoodpc.org|date=19 June 2011|accessdate=28 August 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015234535/http://edgewoodpc.org/sermons/sermon061911.html|archivedate=15 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;|sign=|source=}}
[[File:Mother_Teresa_memorial_plaque.jpg|alt=Outdoor bas-relief plaque|thumb| Plaque wanda aka sadaukar wa mahaifiyar Teresa a Wenceslas Square, Olomouc, Czech Republic ]]
Kolodiejchuk (jami'in da ke da alhakin tattara hujjoji na canonization) ya yi tunanin cewa rashin jin daɗin da wasu ke yi zai iya cewa sunyi akasin fassara tai, amma imanin da ya yi cewa Allah yana aiki da ita bai cika damuwa ba; duk da cewa ta yi niyyar kusanci da Allah, amma ba ta tuhumi kasancewar sa ba.  Teresa na iya fuskantar wani abu mai kama da [[Isa Almasihu|Yesu]], wanda ya ce lokacin da aka gicciye shi: ''&quot; Eli Eli lama sabachthani? &quot;'' (&quot;Ya Allah, Allahna, don me ka yashe ni?&quot; ).  Kolodiejchuk ya zana kwatancen John na 16 na ƙarni na Yahaya na Giciye, wanda ya ambaci kalmar &quot; Duhun Duhun Jiya &quot;.  Sauran tsarkaka (ciki har da Teresa mai suna Thérèse na Lisieux, waɗanda suka kira shi &quot;daren rashin kome&quot;) sun sami irin wannan goguwar bushewar ruhaniya . &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;[http://www.beliefnet.com/story/223/story_22353_1.html New Book Reveals Mother Teresa's Struggle with Faith] Beliefnet, AP 2007&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar James Langford, wadannan shakku ba su da wata ma'ana kuma ba zai kawo cikas ga canonization ba.  

Bayan shekaru goma cikin shakku, Teresa ta bayyana ɗan taƙaitaccen lokacin da sabuwar bangaskiya. Bayan mutuwar Paparoma Pius XII a shekarar alif 1958, tana yi masa addu'ar bukukuwan a lokacin da aka sami sauki daga &quot;dogon duhu: wannan baƙon wahalar.&quot; Koyaya, mako biyar baya bushewar ruhaniyarta ta dawo.  

Teresa ta rubuta wasiƙu da yawa ga waɗanda ke ba da tabbaci da kuma manyanta a cikin shekaru 66, musamman ga Calcutta Archbishop Ferdinand Perier da Jesuit firist Celeste van Exem (mashawarcinta na ruhaniya tun samuwar mishan Mishan).  Ta nemi a lalata wasiƙun ta, kasancewar ta damu da cewa &quot;mutane za su ƙara yin la'akari da ni - ƙasa da Yesu.&quot;   
[[File:Alfons_Weisser_Mutter_Teresa.JPG|thumb| Zane-zanen Semi-girmama na girmama Iya Teresa ]]
Koyaya, an tattara rubutun a cikin Mama ''Teresa: Kuzo Ku kasance Haske na'' .   Teresa ta rubuta wa Mika'ilu amintacce na ruhaniya Michael van der Peet, “Yesu yana da ƙauna ta musamman a gare ku. Amma ni, shuru da wofi suna da yawa, da na duba ban gani ba - saurara kuma ban ji ba - harshe yana motsawa [cikin addu'a] amma ba ya magana. &amp;nbsp; . . . Ina so ku yi mini addu'a - cewa na bar Shi ya yi kyauta. &quot; 

A ''Deus Caritas Est'' (farkon encyclical ), [[Benedict na Sha Shida|Paparoma Benedict XVI]] da aka ambata Teresa sau uku da kuma amfani da ita rayuwa don bayyana daya daga cikin encyclical ta babban maki: &quot;A cikin misali na Albarka Teresa na Calcutta da muke da wata hujja hoto da cewa lokaci ya sadaukar Allah cikin addu'o'i bawai kawai baya yanke hukunci daga aiki mai kyau da soyayya ga makwabcinmu amma a zahiri shine tushen wannan aikin. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;[[Benedict na Sha Shida|Pope Benedict XVI]] (25 December 2005). ''Deus caritas est{{Dead link|date=October 2011}}''. (PDF). Vatican City, pp.10. Retrieved 2 August 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Ta rubuta, &quot;Ta hanyar addu'o'in tunani ne da karatun ruhi ne kawai zamu iya samar da kyautar addu'a.&quot;  

Kodayake ba a haɗa da odarta ba tare da umarnin Franciscan, Teresa tana sha'awar Francis na Assisi &lt;ref name=&quot;AmeriCath&quot;&gt;&quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta Pays Tribute to St. Francis of Assisi&quot; on the ''American Catholic'' website. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta kasance mai tasiri ga ruhaniyar Franciscan.'Yan uwan Mata da Sadaka suna karanta addu'o'in Saint Francis kowace safiya a Mass a lokacin godiya bayan tarayya, kuma girmamansu ga ma'aikatar da alkawarin da yawa yayi daidai da nata. Francis ya jaddada talauci, tsabta, biyayya da biyayya ga Kristi. Ya sadaukar da mafi yawan rayuwarsa wajen bautar da talakawa, musamman kutare.

== Canonization ==

=== Mu'ujiza da beatifaication ===
Bayan Teresa ta mutu a shekara ta alif 1997, sai Holy See ya fara aiwatar da beatification (na biyu daga uku matakai wajen canonization ) da kuma Kolodiejchuk aka nada postulator da Diocese na Calcutta . Ko da yake ya ce, &quot;Ba mu tabbatar da cewa ta kasance cikakke ko kuma ba ta taɓa yin kuskure ba &amp;nbsp; ... &quot;, dole ne ya tabbatar da cewa kyawun Teresa jarumi ne. Kolodiejchuk ya gabatar da takardu 76, jimilla shafi 35,000, wadanda suka danganci hirar da shaidu 113 wadanda aka nemi su amsa tambayoyi 263.  
[[File:Stained_glass_depiction_of_key_moments_in_the_lifetime_of_Mother_Teresa_at_the_Cathedral_of_Saint_Mother_Teresa_in_Prishtina.jpg|right|thumb|332x332px| Cikakken gilashin tarihin rayuwar mahaifiyar Teresa a Cathedral na Saint Teresa a Prishtinë, Kosovo ]]. 
A tsari na canonization bukatar takardun na wani mu'ujiza sakamakon daga cẽto na yiwuwa saint.  A shekara ta 2002 ne aka gano cewa Vatican ta zama wata mu'ujiza ta warkar da cutar kumburin ciki a cikin mahaifar Monica Besra, wata mace ‘yar Indiya, bayan da aka yi amfani da wani loka dauke da hoton Teresa. A cewar Besra, gwanayen haske da aka samo daga hoton kuma an warkar da cutar kumburin ta; duk da haka, mijinta da wasu ma'aikatanta na kiwon lafiya sun ce magani na yau da kullun ya kawar da cutar. &lt;ref&gt;Orr, David (10 May. 2003). &quot;Medicine cured 'miracle' woman – not Mother Teresa, say doctors&quot;. ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Dr. Ranjan Mustafi, wanda ya fada wa ''jaridar New York Times'' cewa ya yi maganin Besra, ya ce cutar ta haifar da cutar tarin fuka: &quot;Wannan ba wani abin al'ajabi bane &amp;nbsp; . . . Ta dauki magunguna tsawon watanni tara zuwa shekara guda. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/20/world/her-legacy-acceptance-and-doubts-of-a-miracle.html &quot;Her Legacy: Acceptance and Doubts of a Miracle&quot;], by David Rohde. ''The New York Times''. 20 October 2003&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar mijin Besra, “Likitoci sun warkar da matata ba kuma ta wata mu’ujiza ba &amp;nbsp; . . . Wannan mu'ujiza wannan magana ce. &quot;  Besra ta ce bayanan likitocin da suka hada da sonogram, magunguna da bayanan likitocin, Sister Betta ta Mishan Matan Sadau ta kwace. A cewar ''Lokaci'', kiran da aka yi wa Sister Betta da ofishin Sister Nirmala (wanda zai gaji Teresa a matsayin shugaban oda) bai amsa wani bayani ba. Jami'ai a Asibitin Balurghat, inda Besra ta nemi magani, sun ce an tilasta masu ne ta hanyar da ta kira magani da ta warke.  A cikin watan Fabrairu, na shekarar 2000, tsohon ministan kiwon lafiya na West Bengal Partho De ya ba da umarnin sake duba bayanan likita na Besra a Sashen Lafiya na Kolkata. A cewar De, babu wani sabon abu game da rashin lafiyarta da magani bisa doguwar jinyarta. Ya ce ya ƙi ba da sunan Vatican na likita wanda zai tabbatar da cewa warkewar Monica Besra ta mu’ujiza ce.  

A lokacin beatification na Teresa da canonization, Roman Curia (ta Vatican) tayi nazari kuma ba a wallafa sukar rayuwarta da aikinta ba. Hitchens da Chatterjee (marubucin ''The Final Verdict'', wani littafi mai mahimmanci na Teresa) ta yi magana da kotun; a cewar jami'an Vatican, binciken da aka gabatar an bincike ne daga Kungiyar da ke Sanadin Sanadin Waliyyan Waliyyan .  Kungiyar ba ta sami wani cikas ba game da canjin magana na Teresa, kuma ta ba da ''kewar ta'' a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun, na shekarar alif 1999.   Saboda harin da aka kai mata, wasu marubutan Katolika sun kira ta da alamar sabani .  Wani kwamiti na daban na likita ya yanke hukuncin cewa mu'ujiza Monica Besra, daya daga cikin ukun da Kolodiejchuk ya dauke, alama ce ta roko na Allah.  An kori Teresa a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, shekarar 2003, kuma Katolika sun san shi da &quot;Masu Albarka&quot;.

===Canonization===
A 17 Disamba 2015, offishin yada labarai na Vatican [[Francis (fafaroma)|Pope Francis]] ya gano mu'ujiza na biyu da aka danganta ga Teresa: warkar da mutumin Brazil dauke da brain tumours a 2008.mu'ujizar ta zo cikin gari ne sanda wasu jami'ai dake kula da aiki lokacin shagualan World Youth Day 2013sanda fafaroma ke kasar Brazil awatan Yuli. anyi ta bincike a Brazil daga 19–26 June 2015 wanda daga bisani aka maida zuwa masu aiki na Saints wanda suka bada dokatr cewa cabinciken ya kammalu.

Francis yayi mata canonization, hakan yafaru ne a wani biki a ranar 4 ga Satumbar 2016 a Dandalin St Peter da ke garin Vatican. Dubun-dubatan mutane ne suka halarci bikin, gami da wakilai 15 na gwamnati da kuma mutane 1,500 da ba su da matsuguni daga duk fadin Italiya.   An watsa kai tsaye ta hanyar tashar Vatican kuma aka watsa ta yanar gizo; Skopje, garin mahaifar Teresa, ya ba da sanarwar bikin biki na tsawon sati daya.  A Indiya, Mishan ɗin Sadarwa ta biki ta Kolkata.

== Co-Patron na Calcutta Archdiocese ==
A ranar 4 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, yayin bikin girmama canonization dinta wata shekara ta 1 da ta cancanta, Sister Mary Prema Pierick, Babban shugaba ta na mishan Ofishin Sadaka, ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a sanya Teresa a matsayin malamar cocin Calcutta Archdiocese yayin bikin Mass a cikin Cathedral na Mafi Girma Rosary a 5.30 pm a ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017.  A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Archbishop Thomas D’Souza, wanda ke zama shugaban Archdiocese na Katolika na Calcutta, ya tabbatar da cewa za a nada Teresa a matsayin mai rikon mukamin Caliota Diocese, tare da Francis Xavier.   A ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, kusan mutane 500 suka halarci Mass a wani babban coci inda Dominique Gomes, Babban Vicar na gida,  karanta dokar da ta kafa ta a matsayin mataimaki na biyu na mai kare tarihi na archdiocese.  D’Souza da jakadan Vatican a Indiya, Giambattista Diquattro, sune suka jagoranci wannan bikin kuma suka gabatar da mutum-mutumi na tagulla a cocin Uwa Teresa dauke da yaro.  

Cocin Katolika na Roman Katolika ya ba da sanarwar St. Francis Xavier yazama saint na farko na Calcutta a shekarar alif 1986.  

== Legacy da fitowa a cikin al'adun sanannu ==

=== Abun Tunawa ===
[[File:Terminal_jashte.jpg|alt=Airport terminal, with four trees in the foreground|left|thumb| Tirana International Airport Nënë Tereza ]]
Kayay-yakin tarihi da ake tunawa da Teresa kuma sunanta sunan cocin da yawa. Tana da gine-gine, hanyoyi da kuma gidaje masu suna bayanta, gami da filin jirgin saman Albania na duniya . Ranar Iya Teresa ''(Dita e Nënë Terezës)'', 19 ga Oktoba, hutu ne na jama'a a Albania . A shekara ta 2009, an buɗe gidan tunawa da mahaifiyar Teresa a garinsu Skopje, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makidoniya]] . An ba da sunan babban cocin Katolika da ke Pristina, Kosovo don girmamawa.  Ginin sa, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2011, ya haifar da muhawara a cikin da'irorin musulmai wadanda suka gan shi a matsayin wanda ya  karfafa yawan mabiya darikar Katolika a yankin. Musulmin Kosovo sun yi adawa da wani kudurin kafa wata hanyar tunawa da Teresa a garin Peć (a cewar masu fafutuka, kashi 98 cikin dari) Musulmai sun yi adawa da kafa ta a Kosovo.  
[[File:Saint_Mother_Teresa_Cathedral_Prishtina8.jpg|right|thumb|150x150px| Cathedral na Saint Mother Teresa, Prishtinë ]]
Jami'ar Mata ta Uwa Teresa,  a Kodaikanal, an kafa ta a shekarar alif 1984. a matsayin jami'ar jama'a ta gwamnatin Tamil Nadu . Mahaifiya Theresa Postgraduate da Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Kiwon Lafiya,  a Pondicherry, an kafa ta ne a cikin shekarar alif 1999. ta hannun Gwamnatin Puducherry . Kungiyar ba da agaji Sevalaya ce ke tafiyar da Gidan Iyayen Mata na Teresa, tare da samar da 'yan matan marayu da marayu a kusa da kauyen Kasuva da ke Tamil Nadu da abinci, kayan sawa, tsari da ilimi.  Yawancin yabo da marubucin tarihin Teresa, Navin Chawla, suka bayyana a jaridu da mujallu na Indiya.    Jirgin Ruwa na Indiya sun gabatar da &quot;Mother Express&quot;, sabon jirgin kasa mai suna bayan mahaifiyar Mama Teresa, a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2010. don tunawa da karni na haihuwar ta.  Gwamnatin Tamil Nadu ta shirya bukukuwan karni na karrama Teresa a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2010 a [[Chennai]] wanda babban minista M Karunanidhi ya jagoranta.   Farko a kan 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2013, ranar tunawa da ta mutuwa da aka sanya cikin kasa da kasa Rãnar Charity ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya .  

A cikin shekarar 2012, Teresa ta kasance lamba ta 5 a cikin Babban binciken Indiya na Manyan Yan Indiya .  

A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Katolika na St Teresa, cocin Katolika na farko da aka sanya wa sunan girmamawa ga Teresa, an keɓe shi a Kosovo.  Cathedral ɗin shima babban cocin Katolika ne na farko na Kosovo.  

==== Tarihai da littattafai ====

* Teresa batun fim din 1969 ne da littafin 1972, ''Abin Kyau ga Allah'', wanda Malcolm Muggeridge ya wallafa .  An yi fim ɗin fim ɗin tare da jawo hankalin yammacin duniya ga Mama Teresa. 
* Littattafan Christopher Hitchens na 1994, ''Mala'ikan Jahannama'', ya bayar da hujjar cewa Teresa ta bukaci talakawa da su yarda da makomarsu; Allah yana bayyana masu arziki kamar yadda Allah ya yi musu falala.   Wannan ita ce farkon rubutun Hitchens, ''Matsayin mishan: Uwar Teresa a ka'idodi da Aiki'' . 

==== Shirye-shiryen talabijin ====

* Geraldine Chaplin ya buga wasan Teresa a cikin ''Iya Teresa: Da Sunan Rashin Allah'', wanda ya karɓi kyautar Fim na Fim a shekarar alif 1997.
* Olivia Hussey ce ta buga wasan a cikin ministocin gidan talabijin na Italiya na shekarar  2003, ''Mama Teresa na Calcutta'' .  An sake sakewa a cikin shekarar 2007, ta sami kyautar CAMIE .
* Juliet Stevenson ta taka leda a cikin fim din ' ''The Letters'' ' na shekarar 2014, wanda ya danganta da wasiƙun sa zuwa ga firist ɗin Vatican Celeste van Exem .
* Uwar Teresa, wacce Cara Francis the FantasyGrandma ke bugawa, ta yi tsegumi kan Sigmund Freud a cikin Epic Rap Battles of Tarihi, jerin wakokin fim din YouTube da Nice Peter da Epic Lloyd suka kirkira. An saki Rap din a YouTube a ranar 22 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2019.

== Duba kuma ==

* Abdul Sattar Edhi 
* Albanians 
* Jerin mutanen Albanians 
* Jerin sunayen mata masu lambar yabo ta Nobel 
* Babban Ba’indiye 
* Addinin Katolika na Albania 
* Addinin Katolika na Kosovo 
* Addinin Katolika na Romaniya a Arewacin Makidoniya 

== Manazarta ==

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[[File:Mary Teresa Norton cph.3b14795.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa lokacin tana ma￼tashiya]]
[[File:Mother Teresa 1995.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa a shekarar 1995]]
[[Fayil:Statue Mother Teresa Thomas Mount Chennai Aug22 A7C 02284.jpg|thumb|mama teresa]]
'''Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu'''  (an haifi '''Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu''',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/vatican-declares-mother-teresa-patron-saint-calcutta-49651357|title=Vatican declares Mother Teresa a patron saint of Calcutta|author=Manik Banerjee|date=6 September 2017|publisher=Associated Press, ABC News.com|accessdate=6 September 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906160015/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/vatican-declares-mother-teresa-patron-saint-calcutta-49651357|archivedate=6 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/mother-teresa-to-be-named-co-patron-of-calcutta-archdiocese-on-first-canonization-anniversary-4007169.html|title=Mother Teresa to be named co-patron of Calcutta Archdiocese on first canonization anniversary|date=4 September 2017|magazine=First Post|accessdate=5 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Albanian:   ; a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif  1910, zuwa &amp;nbsp;ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, Shekara ta alif 1997), wacce akafi sani a matsayin '''Mother Teresa''' da kuma girmama a cikin cocin Katolika a matsayin '''Saint Teresa na Calcutta,'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.killaladiocese.org/canonisation-of-blessed-mother-teresa-september-4th/|title=Canonisation of Mother Teresa – September 4th|website=Diocese of Killala|date=September 2016|accessdate=4 September 2016|archive-date=8 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908122310/http://www.killaladiocese.org/canonisation-of-blessed-mother-teresa-september-4th/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  an Albanian&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html|title=Kur Nënë Tereza vinte në Tiranë/2|first=bota|last=shqiptare|publisher=|access-date=2020-03-24|archive-date=2016-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918175822/http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=2016-09-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918175822/http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; - Indian  Roman Katolika Nun, da mishan .  An haife ta ne a Skopje (yanzu itace babban birnin [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makedonia]] ), sannan wani ɓangare na Kosovo Vilayet na Daular Ottoman. Bayan ta zauna a Skopje shekaru goma sha takwas, sai tai ƙaura zuwa Ireland sannan kuma ta tafi [[Indiya]], inda ta zauna mafi yawan rayuwarta.

A shekarar alif 1950, Teresa ta kafa Mishanarai na Tallafawa, a wani taron addini na Roman Katolika  wanda ya kai 4,500 na nunashekarana aukuwa a kasashe 133 a shekara ta 2012. Ikilisiya tana kula da gidaje don mutanen da ke mutuwa ta [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]], kuturta da [[Tibi|tarin fuka]] . Hakanan yana gudanar da dafa abinci na dafa abinci, kayan dafa abinci, asibitocin tafi-da-gidanka, shirye-shiryen ba da shawara ga yara da na iyali, harma da marayu da makarantu. Wakilai suna yin alwashi na tsabta, talauci, da biyayya, sannan kuma suna yin alkawarin hudun - don ba da &quot;yardar rai kyauta ga matalautan matalauta.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Muggeridge (1971), chapter 3, &quot;Mother Teresa Speaks&quot;, pp. 105, 113&lt;/ref&gt; 

Teresa ta samu karramawa da dama, a wadansu maban bantan shekaru, (1962) [[Ramon Magsaysay Peace Prize]] da kuma shekara ta alif (1979) Nobel Peace Prize . Ta kasance sananne a ranar 4 ga watan Satumbar, shekarata 2016, kuma ranar tunawa da mutuwarta (5 ga watan Satumba) ita ce ranar bikinta . 

Wani mutum mai rikitarwa a rayuwarsa da kuma bayan mutuwarta, mutane da yawa suna alfahari da mama Teresa saboda aikinta na kyautatawa. An yaba mata da yin Allah wadai kan lamurra daban-daban, irin su ra'ayoyinta game da zubar da ciki da hana haihuwa, kuma ana sukar ta da mummunan yanayi a cikin gidajen ta na masu mutuwa. Navin Chawla ne ya rubuta tarihinta wanda aka ba da izini kuma aka buga shi a Shekara ta alif (1992) kuma ta kasance 'yan fim da sauran littattafai.A 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Teresa da St-Francis Xavier an ba su sunayen abokan tarayya na Archdiocese na Roman Katolika na Calcutta.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==

=== Farkon rayuwa ===
[[File:Memorial_house_of_Mother_Teresa.jpg|alt=Urban stone-and-glass building|left|thumb| Bikin tunawa da mahaifiyar Iyaye Teresa a garin haihuwarta Skopje ]]
An haifi Teresa Anjezë Gonxhe (ko Gonxha) &lt;ref name=&quot;Egan 1992&quot;&gt;''Blessed Are You: Mother Teresa and the Beatitudes'', ed. by Eileen Egan and Kathleen Egan, O.S.B., MJF Books: New York, 1992&lt;/ref&gt; Bojaxhiu ( Albanian:   ; ''Anjezë'' ne cognate na &quot;Agnes&quot;. ''Gonxhe'' yana nufin &quot;furebud&quot; ko &quot;karamar fure&quot; a cikin Albanian ) a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif (1910) a cikin dangin Kosovar Albanian    a Skopje (yanzu babban birnin [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makedoniya]] ), [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] .   An yi mata baftisma a Skopje, kwana bayan haifuwarta.  Daga baya ta yi la’akari da ranar 27 ga watan  Agusta, ranar da aka yi mata baftisma, ‘bikinta na gaskiya’. &lt;ref name=&quot;MToC&quot;&gt;(2002) &quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)&quot;. ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ta kuma kasance ƙaramar yarinyar Nikollë da Dranafile Bojaxhiu (Bernai).  Mahaifinta, wanda ke da hannu a cikin siyasar Albaniya a cikin Ottoman Macedonia, ya mutu a shekara ta alif (1919), lokacin yana dan shekara takwas. &lt;ref name=&quot;MToC&quot;&gt;(2002) &quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)&quot;. ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Although some sources state she was 10 when her father died, in an interview with her brother, the Vatican documents her age at the time as &quot;about eight&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Wataƙila ya fito ne daga Prizren, Kosovo, kuma wataƙila mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga kauyen kusa da Gjakova .  

Dangane da tarihin daga Joan Graff Clucas, Teresa ta kasance a cikin shekarunta lokacin da labaru game da rayuwar mishaneri da hidimarsu a Bengal ya burge ta ; har ta kai shekara 12, ta hakikance cewa yakamata ta sadaukar da rayuwarta ga addini.  Shirin ta ya ƙarfafa a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif 1928, yayin da tayi addu'a a farfajiyar Madonna na Madina na Vitina-Letnice, inda ta saba yin aikin haji . &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, ''Mother Teresa: A Biography'', Greenwood Press, 2004, p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Teresa ta bar gida a shekarar alif 1928, yayin da take da Shekara 18, don shiga Sisters of Loreto a Loreto Abbey a Rathfarnham, Ireland, don koyan Turanci tare da ra'ayin zama mishan; Ingilishi shine harshen koyar da Yan'uwa mata na Loreto a Indiya.  Ba ta taɓa ganin mahaifiyarta ko ƙanwarta ba. &lt;ref&gt;Sharn, Lori (5 September 1997). [http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/mothert/mother01.htm &quot;Mother Teresa dies at 87&quot;]. ''USA Today''. Retrieved 5 September 2016&lt;/ref&gt; Iyalinta sun zauna a Skopje har zuwa shekarar alif 1934, lokacin da suka ƙaura zuwa Tirana .  

Ta isa Indiya a Shekara ta alif 1929 , kuma ta fara ta novitiate a Darjeeling, a cikin kananan [[Himalaya|Himalayas]], &lt;ref&gt;Clucas (1988), p. 31&lt;/ref&gt; inda ta koya Bengali da kuma koyarwa a St. Teresa ta School dake kusa da Conven dinta. &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 17.&lt;/ref&gt; Teresa ta dauki alwashin farko na addini a ranar 24 ga watan Mayu, Shekara ta alif 1931. Ta zaɓi zama mai suna bayan Thérèse de Lisieux, mai tsaro na mishan na mishan;   saboda wata macen zawara a cikin gidan masarautar ta riga ta za bi wannan suna, Agnes ya zaɓi yaren rubutun Mutanen Espanya (Teresa). &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 18.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Teresa ta yi alƙawura a ranar 14 ga watan  Mayu, Shekara ta alif 1937, yayin da take malama a makarantar koyar da adami ta Loreto a , gabashin Calcutta. &lt;ref name=&quot;MToC&quot;&gt;(2002) &quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)&quot;. ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;   Ta yi aiki a wurin kusan kusan shekaru ashirin kuma an nada ta a matsayin shugabar mata a shekarar alif 1944. &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 25.&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa Teresa ta ji daɗin koyarwa a makarantar, amma ta damu sosai da talaucin da ke kewaye da ita a [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] .  Yunwar Bengal na shekarar alif 1943, ya kawo tashin hankali da mutuwa a cikin birni, kuma Ranar Yakin 1946  kai tsaye ya fara lokacin tashin hankalin Musulmi da Hindu.  

=== Mishan cikin Sadaka ===
[[File:Missionaries_of_Charity_Mother_House.jpg|alt=Three-story building with a sign and a statue|thumb| Mishanarai na Charity motherhouse a Kolkata ]]
A ranar 10 ga watan Satumba, shekarar alif 1946, Teresa ta sami abin da ta bayyana daga baya a matsayin &quot;kira a cikin kira&quot; lokacin da ta yi tafiya ta jirgin ƙasa zuwa wurin ajiyar kayayyaki na Loreto a Darjeeling daga [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] don komawar ta shekara-shekara. &quot;Ya kamata in fita daga cikin tashoshin don taimakon talakawa yayin da nake zaune a cikinsu. Umarni ne. Rashin faɗuwa dã ya kasance yana rushe imani. &quot;  Daga baya Joseph Langford ya rubuta, &quot;Ko da yake ba wanda ya san shi a lokacin, 'yar'uwar Teresa ta zama ''Uwar'' Teresa&quot;.  

Ta fara aikin mishan tare da matalauta a cikin shekarar alif 1948, sauya al'ada ta Loreto ta al'ada tare da sari, farin auduga sari tare da shudin iyaka. Teresa ta amince da zama ɗan baƙon Indiya, ta yi watanni da yawa a Patna don karɓar horo na asali a Asibitin Holy Family kuma ta shiga cikin tutocin.   Ta kafa makaranta a Motijhil, Kolkata, kafin ta fara kula da matalauta da masu fama da yunwa. A farkon shekarar alif 1949, wasu gungun matasa mata sun hadar da Teresa a cikin kokarin ta, sannan ta aza harsashin kafa sabuwar kungiyar addini da ke taimaka wa &quot;mafi talauci a cikin matalauta&quot;.  

Kokarin ta ya ja hankalin jami’an Indiya cikin hanzari, gami da Firayim Minista.  Teresa ta rubuta a cikin rubutunta cewa shekarar ta farko tana fama da wahala. Ba tare da samun kuɗin shiga ba, ta roƙi abinci da kayan abinci da ƙwarewar shakku, kadaici da jaraba don dawowa cikin ta'aziyyar rayuwar duniya yayin waɗannan farkon watanni: 

Ubangijinmu nason in zama yantattar mai bauta wacce aka lullube cikin talaucin yesu, A yau, na ilimantu da darussa masu kyau. Talaucin talaka dole yayi masu tsanani, sanda nake neman gida nayi tafiya har saida kafafuna sukayi ciwo, nayi tunanin cewa tyaushe ne zasu bar wannan ciwo ga rayuwata, ina neman gida, abinci da lafiya. Sai jindadin loreto yashafe ni, yace kawai ki fadi Kalmar duk wani abu zai zama naki, haka dai mai shafar yacigaba da cewa..., cikin budaddiyar zabi, Dan Allah na kuma dan sona agare ki, na zaba inyi komi danke bazan bar wani hawaye ya sauka daga ida nunki ba.
[[File:Sisters_of_Charity.jpg|alt=Four nuns in sandals and white-and-blue saris|left|thumb| Mishan Sadaka a saris na gargajiya ]]
A ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba, Shekara ta alif  1950, Teresa ta sami izini daga Vatican don ikilisiyar diocesan, wanda zai zama mishaneri na Sadaka.  A cikin maganganun ta, zai kula da &quot;masu fama da yunwa, tsirara, marasa gida, guragu, makafi, kutare, duk waɗannan mutanen da suke jin ƙin sonsu, marasa ƙauna, waɗanda ba su kula da su ba a duk faɗin jama'a, mutanen da suka zama nauyi ga jama'a kuma kowa ya nisanta dashi ”.  

A shekarar alif 1952, Teresa ta buɗe hospice dinta na farko da taimako jami'ai daga Calcutta. Ta sauya hanikalin Hindu da aka yi watsi da ita zuwa Gidan Kalighat na Mutuwa, kyauta ne ga matalauta, ta kuma sanya mata suna Kalighat, Gidan Zuciyar Mai Tsabta (Nirmal Hriday).  Wadanda kawo wa gida samu likita da hankali da kuma damar da za su mutu tare da mutunci a cikin daidai da ban-gaskiyarsu: Musulmi suna karanta [[Al Kur'ani|Kur'ani]], 'yan Hindu samu ruwa daga ganges, kuma Katolika samu matsananci unction .  &quot;Kyakkyawan mutuwa&quot;, in ji Teresa, &quot;don mutane waɗanda suka rayu kamar dabbobi su mutu kamar mala'iku - suna ƙauna da so.&quot;  
[[File:Nirmal_Hriday_facade.jpg|alt=White, older building|thumb| Nirmal Hriday, Uwargida na Calcutta na Mama Teresa, a cikin 2007 ]]
Ta buɗe ofishi ga waɗanda ke da kuturta, suna kiranta Shanti Nagar (Birnin Zaman Lafiya).  Kungiyoyin mishan na Agaji sun kafa cibiyoyin cutar kuturta, a ko'ina cikin Calcutta, suna ba da magunguna, riguna da abinci.  Mishan din na Agaji sun karu da yawaitar yara marasa gida; a shekarar alif 1955, Teresa ta bude Nirmala Shishu Bhavan, Gidan Yaran Yara na Zuciya, a zaman mafaka ga marayu da matasa marasa gida.  

Ikilisiyar ta yafara jawo hankalin ma'aikata da gudummawowi, kuma har ya zuwa shekarar 1960, sun bude ofisoshin marayu, gidajen marayu da gidajen kuturu a cikin ko'ina na kasar  Indiya. Daga nan Teresa ta faɗaɗa ikilisiya a ƙasar waje, ta buɗe gida a Venezuela a shekara ta alif 1965, tare da ’yan’uwa mata biyar.  An bi gidaje a Italiya (Rome), Tanzania da Austria a cikin shekarar 1968, kuma a cikin shekarun 1970 ikilisiya ta buɗe gidaje da tushe a Amurka da dama ƙasashe a Asiya, Afirka da Turai.  

An kafa mishan na Missionaries of Charity Brothers a shekarar alif 1963, kuma reshe ne mai dauke da tunani na San’uwa ya biyo baya a shekarar 1976. Lay Katolika da waɗanda ba Katolika ba sun sami rajista a cikin -kungiyar Ma'aikata na Uwar Teresa, Masu aikin Marasa lafiya da wahala, da kuma mishan na Ma'aikatan Sadaka. Da yake amsa buƙatu daga firistoci da yawa, a cikin Shekara ta alif 1981, Mama Teresa ta kafa kungiyar Corpus Christi Movement na Firistoci  tare da Joseph Langford mishaneri na Ubanni a cikin Shekara ta alif 1984, don haɗu da manufofin sana'a na mishan na ba da agaji tare da kayan aikin rayuwar firistoci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.mcpriests.com/ |title=The Religious Community of priests founded by Mother Teresa. ''Missionaries of Charity Fathers'' |access-date=2020-03-24 |archive-date=2016-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211191550/http://www.mcpriests.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Mother Teresa 1996.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa]]
Ya zuwa shekarar alif 1997, majami'ar Calcutta mai mambobi 13 sun girma zuwa fiye da 'yan'uwa mata 4,000 waɗanda ke kula da marayu, gidajen kula da cutar kanjamau da cibiyoyin bayar da agaji a duk duniya, suna kula da' yan gudun hijirar, makafi, nakasassu, tsofaffi, mashaya giya, gajiyayyu da marasa gida da waɗanda ambaliyar ta shafa, annoba da kuma yunwa.  A shekara ta 2007, mishan mishan na Charity ya ƙididdige kimanin 'yan’uwa 450 da ’yan’uwa mata 5,000 a duk duniya, waɗanda ke aiki mishan 600, makarantu da mafaka a cikin ƙasashe 120.

=== Sadaka ta kasa da kasa ===
Teresa ta ce, &quot;Da jini, Ni dan Albaniya ne. Ta zama ɗan ƙasa, Ba'indiye ne. Ta wurin bangaskiya, ni wata mazhabar Katolika ce. Game da kirana, ni na duniya ce. &quot;Game da zuciyata, gaba daya na daga cikin zuciyar Yesu ne.&quot;  Luwararru cikin harsuna biyar-Bengali,  Albanian, Serbian, [[Turanci]] da Hindi - ta yi tafiye-tafiye na lokaci-lokaci a wajen India saboda dalilai na bil-adama.  

A tsaunin Siege na Beirut a shekarar 1982, Teresa ta ceci yara 37 da aka makale a wani asibiti kafin ta hanyar tsagaita wuta na wucin gadi tsakanin sojojin Isra’ila da masu gwagwarmayar Falasdinawa.Tare da ma'aikatan kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross, ta bi ta yankin yaki zuwa asibiti don kwashe matasa marasa lafiya.  

Lokacin da gabashin Turai ta sami karuwa a ƙarshen 1980s, Teresa ta faɗaɗa ƙoƙarinta ga ƙasashen Kwaminisanci waɗanda suka ƙi Mishan Mishan na Sadaka. Ta fara shirye-shirye da dama, ba tare da wata damuwa ba game da matsayinta na hana zubar da ciki da kisan aure: &quot;Babu wanda ya ce menene, ya kamata ka karba shi da murmushi ka yi aikinka.&quot; Ta ziyarci Armenia bayan girgizar kasa na 1988  kuma ta sadu da Nikolai Ryzhkov, Shugaban Majalisar Ministocin .  

Teresa ta yi tafiya don taimakawa masu fama da yunwa a Habasha, wadanda suka kamu da radadin cutar a Chernobyl da kuma wadanda girgizar ta shafa a Armenia. &lt;ref&gt;Cooper, Kenneth J. (14 September 1997). &quot;Mother Teresa Laid to Rest After Multi-Faith Tribute&quot;. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved 30 May 2007&lt;/ref&gt;   A 1991, ta koma [[Albaniya|Albania]] a karon farko, inda ta buɗe Ofishin mishan na Charity Brothers gida a Tirana .  

A shekarar 1996, Teresa ta fara aiki da misalai 517 a cikin kasashe sama da 100.  Mishanninta na Rahamar sun karu daga goma sha biyu zuwa dubbai, suna masu hidimar &quot;matalautan matalauta&quot; a cibiyoyi 450 na duniya. An kafa Ofishin mishan na farko na Charity a cikin Amurka a yankin South Bronx na [[New York (birni)|New York City]], kuma har ya zuwa shekarar 1984 ikilisiya tana gudanar da rukunoni 19 a cikin ƙasar.

=== Karayar lafiya da mutuwa ===
Teresa ta sami bugun zuciya a Rome a 1983 yayin da ta ke ziyartar [[John Paul na Biyu|Paparoma John Paul II]] . Bayan harin na biyu a 1989, ta sami na'urar bugun zuciya . A 1991, bayan cutar huhu a Mexico,tana da karin matsalolin zuciya. Kodayake Teresa ta ba da shawarar yin murabus a matsayin shugabar mishan na Sadaka, a cikin wata takaddar sirri da 'yar'uwar ikilisiyar suka zabe ta ta ci gaba kuma ta yarda ta ci gaba.  

A watan Afrilun 1996,ta fadi,ta karya kashinta na wuya, kuma bayan wata hudu ta [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|kamu]] da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] da ciwon zuciya . Kodayake Teresa ta yi aikin tiyata, amma lafiyar ta tana raguwa. A cewar Akbishop na Calcutta Henry Sebastian D’Souza, ya umarci wani firist da ya yi aikin fitarwa (tare da izininsa) lokacin da aka garzaya da ita asibiti da matsalolin bugun zuciya saboda yana tunanin watakila shaidan ne ya same shi. &lt;ref&gt;Bindra, Satinder (7 September 2001).&quot;Archbishop: Mother Teresa underwent exorcism&quot;. ''CNN'' Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;.  

A ranar 13 Maris 1997 Teresa ta yi murabus a matsayin shugabar Mishan of Charity, kuma ta mutu ne a ranar 5 ga Satumba.  Lokacin da ta mutu, mishaneri na Sadaka yana da 'yan'uwa mata sama da 4,000 da kuma ɗan uwan mambobi 300 waɗanda ke aiki a ofisoshi 610 a cikin ƙasashe 123.  Waɗannan sun haɗa da baƙi da gidaje ga mutanen da ke [[Kanjamau|ɗauke]] da [[Kanjamau|kwayar cutar HIV, AIDS]], kuturta da tarin fuka, dafaffen dafa abinci, shirye-shiryen kula da yara da na yara, marayu da makarantu. Missionungiyar mishan ta Charan agaji ta taimaka da abokan aikinta waɗanda suka ƙidaya sama da miliyan ɗaya a shekarun 1990. 

Teresa ta ajiye a cikin wani akwati da aka bude a St Thomas, Calcutta, tsawon mako guda kafin jana'izarta. Ta samu jana'izar hukuma daga gwamnatin Indiya bisa godiya saboda hidimta wa talakawan dukkan addinai a kasar.  Taimakawa ta hanyar firistoci guda biyar, Sakatariyar Kudi ta Kasa Angelo Sodano, wakilin Paparoma, ya yi bikin ƙarshe.  Mutuwar Teresa ta kasance makoki a cikin mutane da kuma al'ummomin addini. Firayim Minista na Pakistan Nawaz Sharif ya kira ta &quot;mutum ne da baƙonsa ba kuma wanda ya daɗe yana da babban buri. Tsawon rayuwarta tsawon rai ga kulawa da talakawa, marassa lafiya, da nakasassu na daga cikin mafi girman misalai na bautarmu ga bil'adama. &quot;  A cewar tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, &quot;Ita ce Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Tana da zaman lafiya a duniya&quot;.

== Martabawa da karɓuwa ==

=== Indiya ===
Gwamnatin Indiya ta fara amincewa da Teresa da farko ne a fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na farkon  ƙarni, ta karɓi Padma Shri a shekarar alif 1962, da lambar yabo ta Jawaharlal Nehru don Fahimtar ƙasa da ƙasa a shekarar alif 1969.  Daga baya ta sami wasu lambobin yabo na Indiya, wadanda suka hada da Bharat Ratna (lambar yabo mafi girma a Indiya) a shekarar alif 1980.  Littafin tarihin Teresa wanda Navin Chawla ya wallafa, a cikin Shekara ta alif 1992. A cikin [[Kolkata]], wasu 'Hindu bauta mata a matsayin abin bauta.  

Don tunawa da bikin cikarta shekara 100 da haihuwar ta, gwamnatin Indiya ta bayar da tsabar kudi ₹ 5 na musamman (yawan kudin da Teresa ta samu lokacin da ta je Indiya) a ranar 28 ga  watan Agusta, shekarar 2010. Shugaba Pratibha Patil ta ce, &quot;Clad cikin fararen sari mai launin shudi, ita da 'yan uwan Mishan na Charity sun zama alamar ta bege ga mutane da yawa - tsofaffi, gajiyayyu, marasa aikin yi, marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya. da akayi watsi dasu daga iyalansu. &quot;  

Ra'ayoyin Indiya akan Teresa ba masu dacewa ba kamar yadda kowane dan kasan ke ganinta. Aroup Chatterjee, likita ne da aka haife shi a Calcutta wanda ya kasance mai fafutuka a cikin tatsuniyar biranen shekaru kusan 1980 kafin ya koma Burtaniya, ya ce &quot;bai ma taɓa ganin wata tsawa ba a cikin waɗannan rukunin gidajen&quot;.  Binciken nasa, wanda ya hada da tambayoyi sama da 100 tare da masu sa kai, da sanatoci da kuma wasu da suka saba da mishan Mishanai, an bayyana su a cikin littafin 2003. da ke da masaniyar Teresa.  Chatterjee ta soki ta game da gabatar da &quot;al'adar wahala&quot; da mummunan gurbata ta Calcutta, yin karin gishiri game da aikin da aka yi mata ta hanyar amfani da kudi da kuma gata a wajen ta.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Chatterjee&quot;&gt;Chatterjee, Aroup, Introduction to ''The Final Verdict''&lt;/ref&gt; A cewarsa, wasu matsalolin tsabtace tsabta da ya soki (na sake amfani da allura, alal misali) bayan mutuwar Teresa a Shekara ta alif 1997.  

Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya, mayor na Kolkata daga shekarar 2005 zuwa 2010, ya ce &quot;ba ta da wani tasiri a kan talakawa na wannan birni&quot;, ta sami lafiya a maimakon ta yi maganin ta kuma ta ba da labarin gari: &quot;Babu shakka akwai talauci a Calcutta, amma ba ta taɓa kasance wani gari na kutare da masu bara ba, kamar yadda UwaTeresa ta gabatar da shi. &quot;  A gefen Hindu, Jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata ta yi karo da Teresa a kan Christian Dalits amma ta yaba mata a cikin mutuwa kuma ta aiko da wakili don yi mata jana'izarta.  Ita dai Vishwa Hindu Parishad, ta yi adawa da matakin da gwamnati ta dauka na yi mata jana’iza. Sakatare Giriraj Kishore ta ce &quot;aikinta na farko shine Cocin da hidimar zamantakewa ba ta faru ba&quot;, inda ta zarge ta da fifita Kiristoci da kuma yin “baftisma a ɓoye” na masu mutuwa. &lt;ref&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/ECI_Main/DJ/Frontline%201997%20Article%20published%20in%20Hindu.pdf#page=3 A life of selfless caring] – [[Frontline (magazine)]] article.&lt;/ref&gt;  A wani gaban-shafin, fortnightly ''frontline ta'' sallami zargin a matsayin &quot;patently na ƙarya&quot; kuma ya bayyana cewa suna da &quot;yi wani tasiri a kan jama'a ji na ta aikin, musamman a Calcutta&quot;. Wanda ya yaba da &quot;kulawa ta rashin son kai&quot;, karfin jiki da jarumkntaka, marubucin lambar yabo ya soki kamfen din da Teresa takeyi inkari game da zubar da ciki da kuma ikirarin ta na siyasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline&quot;&gt;Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997&lt;/ref&gt; 

A watan Fabrairu na shekarar 2015, Mohan Bhagwat, shugaban kungiyar kare hakkin reshen Hindu, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, ya ce manufar Teresa ita ce &quot;maida mutumin, wanda ake yi masa hidima, ya zama Kirista&quot;.  Tsohon kakakin kungiyar ta RSS MG Vaidhya ya goyi bayan kimantawar Bhagwat, kuma kungiyar ta zargi kafofin watsa labarai da &quot;gurbata gaskiya game da kalaman Bhagwat&quot;. Dan majalisar wakilai na Trinamool Derek O'Brien, shugaban CPI Atul Anjan da kuma babban ministan Delhi Arvind Kejriwal sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da zancen da Bhagwat yayi.

=== Wani wurin ===
[[File:President Reagan Presents Mother Teresa with the Medal of Freedom at a White House Ceremony in the Rose Garden - DPLA - 1321c7b194e7e893127ef14b2f7c565c.jpg|alt=President and Mrs. Ronald Reagan with Mother Teresa, standing at a microphone|thumb| Shugaba [[Ronald Reagan|Ronald Reagan ya]] ba mahaifiyar Teresa kyautar Shugaban Kasa na 'Yanci a yayin bikin Fadar White House kamar yadda Uwargidan Nan Nancy Reagan ke kallo, a ranar 20 ga watan Yuni, Shekara alif 1985. ]]. 
Teresa ta karbi kyautar Ramon Magsaysay Award dan zaman lafiya da fahimtar duniya, an bata ne dan aikinta a South or East Asia, a shekarar alif 1962. Acewar wallafin, &quot;Kungiyar amintattu sun martaba ta dan tausayawan ta akan talaucin wasu kasashe, wanda akan wannan aikin ne ta fara sabon taron addini&quot;.A farkon 1970s, ta zama wata gwarzuwa a duniya. shaharar za'a iya dangana shi da Malcolm Muggeridge's 1969 documentary, ''Something Beautiful for God'', da Kuma littafinsa na 1971 mai wannan sunan. Wanda Muggeridge ke kokarin tafiyar da rayuwarsa tsaftatacciya. Lokacin daukar fim, wani dauka da akayi a yanayin haske mara tasiri. anyi tunanin zai zama anfani ne ga masu aikin.
[[Fayil:Cedric Prakash Mother Teresa Award.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa]]
A kusan wannan lokacin, duniyar Katolika ta fara girmama Teresa a bainar jama'a. Fafaroma Paul VI ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Paparoma John XXIII P kyautar zaman lafiya a shekara ta alif 1971, inda ta yaba da aikinta tare da talakawa, nuna irin gudummawar kirista da kokarin tabbatar da zaman lafiya,  kuma ta sami kyautar ta Pacem a Terris Award a shekarar alif 1976. &lt;ref&gt;''Quad City Times'' staff (17 October 2005). &quot;Habitat official to receive Pacem in Terris honor&quot;. [[Peace Corps]]. Retrieved 26 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan mutuwarta, Teresa ta sami ci gaba cikin sauri a kan hanyar zuwa saint . 

Gwamnatoci da kungiyoyin farar hula sun karrama ta, sannan ta nada wani wakilin girmamawa na Umarni na Australiya a Shekara ta alif 1982. &quot;don hidimtawa al'ummar Australiya da dan adam baki daya&quot;.  Kasar Burtaniya da Amurka sun ba wasu lambobin yabo masu yawa, wadanda suka kammala a cikin Lamarin Ingantawa a shekarar alif 1983. da zama dan kasa na Amurka mai girmamawa a ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar alif 1996.  Kasar Teresa ta kasar Albania ta ba ta lambar Zinare ta Jama'a a Shekara ta alif 1994, &lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline&quot;&gt;Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997&lt;/ref&gt; amma karbarta da wannan lamarin da Haitian Legion of Honor ta kasance mai rikitarwa. An soki Teresa da cikakken goyon baya ga Duvaliers da rashawa na 'yan kasuwa irin su Charles Keating da Robert Maxwell ; Ta rubuta wa alkalin shari'ar Keating, inda ta nemi a bashi damar.   

Jami'o'i a Indiya da yamma sun ba ta digirin girmamawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline&quot;&gt;Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran lambobin yabo na farar hula sun hada da lambar yabo ta Balzan don inganta bil'adama, zaman lafiya da 'yan uwantaka tsakanin al'umma (1978)  da Albert Schweitzer International Prize (1975). &lt;ref&gt;Jones, Alice &amp; Brown, Jonathan (7 March 2007). &quot;Opposites attract? When Robert Maxwell met Mother Teresa&quot;. ''The Independent''. Retrieved 25 March 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilun, Shekara ta alif 1976, Teresa ta ziyarci Jami'ar Scranton da ke arewa maso gabashin [[Pennsylvania]], inda ta karbi lambar yabo ta La Storta don Bautar da 'Yan Adam daga shugaban jami'a William J. Byron .  Ta kalubalanci masu sauraronta da suka kai 4,500 don suje gidajensu  &quot;kusan talakawa a cikin gidanku da makwabta na gida&quot;, ciyar da wasu ko kuma kawai yada farin ciki da ƙauna,  kuma ya ci gaba da cewa: “Matalauta zasu taimaka mana mu girma cikin tsarkakakku, domin sune Kristi a cikin dabara ce ta wahala &quot;.  A watan Agusta, shekarar alif 1987, Teresa ta sami likita mai daraja ta digiri na ilimin zamantakewa, don karɓar hidimarta da ma'aikatanta don taimakawa gajiyayyu da marasa lafiya, daga jami'a.  Ta yi magana da ɗalibai sama da 4,000 da memba na Diocese of Scranton  game da hidimarta ga &quot;matalauta&quot;, tare da gaya masu su &quot;yi ƙananan abubuwa da ƙauna mai girma&quot;.  {{external media|width=210px|align=right|headerimage=[[File:Mutter Teresa von Kalkutta.jpg|210px]]|video1=[https://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=1852 Mother Teresa's 1979 Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech]}}A Shekara ta alif 1979, Teresa ta sami kyautar Nobel Peace Prize &quot;akan aikinta da ta gudanar dan kaudar da talauci da damuwa wanda suma ke kawo matsala ga zaman lafiya&quot;. Ta ki ta amince da taron , tace kudin ta $192,000 a baiwa talakawa dake kasar Indiya  tare da cewa lada a duniya suna da amfani ne kawai idan anyi aiki dasu wurin taimakon masu karamin karfi. rewards were important only if they helped her to help the world's ne. When Teresa received the prize she was asked, &quot;What can we do to promote world peace?&quot; She answered, &quot;Go home and love your family.&quot; Building on this theme in her [[Kyautar Nobel|Nobel lecture]], she said: &quot;Around the world, not only in the poor countries, but I found the poverty of the West so much more difficult to remove. When I pick up a person from the street, hungry, I give him a plate of rice, a piece of bread, I have satisfied. I have removed that hunger. But a person that is shut out, that feels unwanted, unloved, terrified, the person that has been thrown out from society – that poverty is so hurtable {{sic}} and so much, and I find that very difficult.&quot; Teresa singled out abortion as &quot;the greatest destroyer of peace today. Because if a mother can kill her own child – what is left for me to kill you and you kill me – there is nothing between.&quot;

Barbara Smoker of the secular humanist magazine ''The Freethinker'' criticised Teresa after the Peace Prize award, saying that her promotion of Catholic moral teachings on abortion and contraception diverted funds from effective methods to solve India's problems. At the Fourth World Conference on Women in [[Beijing]], Teresa said: &quot;Yet we can destroy this gift of motherhood, especially by the evil of abortion, but also by thinking that other things like jobs or positions are more important than loving.&quot;

A lokacin rayuwarta, Teresa tana daga cikin manyan mata 10 da suka fi fice a duk shekara Gallup wanda ya fi cancanta ga maza da mata su jefa kuri'u 18, sun kammala da yawa a shekarar alif 1980 da 1990. &lt;ref&gt;Frank Newport, David W. Moore, and Lydia Saad (13 December 1999). &quot;Most Admired Men and Women: 1948–1998&quot;, [[The Gallup Organization]].&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Shekara ta alif 1999. ta jagoranci jerin mutanen da aka fi so a cikin karni na 20 na Gallup,  jefa duk wasu amsoshi da aka ba su ta hanyar iyakokin da yawa, kuma ya kasance na farko a cikin manyan rukunan jama'a banda na matasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;gallup-20c&quot;&gt;Frank Newport (31 December 1999). &quot;Mother Teresa Voted by American People as Most Admired Person of the Century&quot;, [[The Gallup Organization]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pollingreport.com/20th.htm Greatest of the Century] Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll. 20–21 December 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Suuka ==
A cewar wata takarda daga masana ilimin Kanada Serge Larivée, Geneviève Chénard da Carole Sénéchal, asibitocin Teresa sun karbi miliyoyin daloli a cikin abubuwan gudummawa amma ba su da magani, tsarin bincike, ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki da isasshen nazari ga waɗanda ke jin ciwo;  a cikin ra'ayin masana ilimi guda uku, &quot;Mama Teresa ta yarda cewa mara lafiya dole ne ya sha wahala kamar Kristi a kan gicciye&quot;.  An ce karin kudin zai iya canza lafiyar marasa galihu na garin ta hanyar samar da cibiyoyin kula da lafiya.   

Daya daga cikin wadanda suka fi sukar Teresa ita ce yar jaridar Ingilishi, mai sukar litattafan rubuyoci kuma mai adawa da Christopher Hitchens, mai gabatar da ra’ayin Jaridar ''Hell's Angel'' (1994) kuma marubucin labarin ''Fim The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice''&lt;nowiki&gt; (1995) wanda ya rubuta a labarin 2003 : &quot;Wannan ya dawo da mu zuwa ga cin hanci da rashawa na majami'a, wanda ke sayar da attajirai ga ma'abuta yayin da suke wa'azin wutar jahannama da tsinkaye ga talaka. [Uwar Teresa] ba abokin talakawa ba ne. Ta kasance aminin &lt;/nowiki&gt;''talauci'' . Ta ce wahala wahala ce daga Allah. Ta yi amfani da rayuwarta wajen yin adawa da kawai hanyar magance cutar talauci, wanda shine karfafawa mata da ficewar su daga tsarin dabbobin da aka tilasta mata. &quot;  Ya zargi ta da munafinci saboda zabar magani na gaba don yanayin zuciyarta. &lt;ref&gt;Hitchens (1995), p. 41&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;''cf.'' Fr. James Martin, SJ, Letter in ''The New York Review of Books'', 19 September 1996 [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1996/09/19/in-defense-of-mother-teresa/ In Defense of Mother Teresa], accessed 2 February 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Hitchens ya ce &quot;niyyarsa ba ta taimaka wa mutane ba&quot;, kuma ta yi karya ga masu ba da gudummawa game da yadda ake amfani da gudummawar da suke bayarwa. &quot;Ta hanyar magana da ita ne na gano, kuma ta ba ni tabbacin, ba ta bakin kokarin rage talauci&quot;, in ji shi, &quot;tana kokarin fadada yawan mabiya darikar Katolika. Ta ce, 'Ni ba ma'aikacin zamantakewa ba ne. Ba na yi ne saboda wannan dalili. Ina yi domin Kiristi. Ina yi wa cocin. '  &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/10/19/60minutes/main578794.shtml &quot;The Debate over Sainthood&quot;] (11 February 2009). CBS News. Retrieved 29 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake Hitchens yana tunanin shi ne kawai shaida da Vatican ta kira, an kuma kira Aroup Chatterjee (marubucin ''Uwar Teresa: Labarin Untold'' ) don gabatar da hujjoji masu adawa da bugun Teresa da canonization; &lt;ref name=&quot;Hitch&quot;&gt;[http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&amp;page=hitchens_24_2 &quot;Less than Miraculous&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305133543/http://secularhumanism.org/index.php?page=hitchens_24_2&amp;section=library|date=2016-03-05}} by Christopher Hitchens, ''[[Free Inquiry (magazine)|Free Inquiry]]'' 24(2), February/March 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; Vatican ta cire al'ada ta &quot; mai ba da shawarar shaidan &quot;, wanda ya yi aiki da irin wannan manufa.  

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin zubar da ciki sun kuma soki matakin Teresa game da zubar da ciki da kuma hana haihuwa.

== Rayuwar ruhaniya ==
Analysing her deeds and achievements, [[Pope John Paul II]] said: &quot;Where did Mother Teresa find the strength and perseverance to place herself completely at the service of others? She found it in prayer and in the silent contemplation of Jesus Christ, his Holy Face, his Sacred Heart.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2003/october/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20031020_pilgrims-mother-teresa_en.html|title=Address of John Paul II to the Pilgrims Who Had Come To Rome for the Beatification of Mother Teresa|work=Vatican.va|date=20 October 2003|author=John Paul II|accessdate=13 March 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Privately, Teresa experienced doubts and struggle in her religious beliefs which lasted nearly 50 years (until the end of her life); according to her [[postulator]], [[Brian Kolodiejchuk]], &quot;She felt no presence of God whatsoever,&amp;nbsp;... in her heart or in the eucharist&quot;.&lt;ref name=TIME-2007-08-23&gt;{{cite news|title=Mother Teresa's Crisis of Faith|author=David Van Biema|date=23 August 2007|work=TIME|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html|access-date=24 March 2020|archive-date=25 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825084420/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=16 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816032159/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Teresa expressed grave doubts about God's existence and pain over her lack of faith: {{quote|Where is my faith? Even deep down&amp;nbsp;... there is nothing but emptiness and darkness.&amp;nbsp;... If there be God – please forgive me. When I try to raise my thoughts to Heaven, there is such convicting emptiness that those very thoughts return like sharp knives and hurt my very soul.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.edgewoodpc.org/sermons/sermon061911.html|title=Sermon – Some Doubted|publisher=Edgewoodpc.org|date=19 June 2011|accessdate=28 August 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015234535/http://edgewoodpc.org/sermons/sermon061911.html|archivedate=15 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;|sign=|source=}}
[[File:Mother_Teresa_memorial_plaque.jpg|alt=Outdoor bas-relief plaque|thumb| Plaque wanda aka sadaukar wa mahaifiyar Teresa a Wenceslas Square, Olomouc, Czech Republic ]]
Kolodiejchuk (jami'in da ke da alhakin tattara hujjoji na canonization) ya yi tunanin cewa rashin jin daɗin da wasu ke yi zai iya cewa sunyi akasin fassara tai, amma imanin da ya yi cewa Allah yana aiki da ita bai cika damuwa ba; duk da cewa ta yi niyyar kusanci da Allah, amma ba ta tuhumi kasancewar sa ba.  Teresa na iya fuskantar wani abu mai kama da [[Isa Almasihu|Yesu]], wanda ya ce lokacin da aka gicciye shi: ''&quot; Eli Eli lama sabachthani? &quot;'' (&quot;Ya Allah, Allahna, don me ka yashe ni?&quot; ).  Kolodiejchuk ya zana kwatancen John na 16 na ƙarni na Yahaya na Giciye, wanda ya ambaci kalmar &quot; Duhun Duhun Jiya &quot;.  Sauran tsarkaka (ciki har da Teresa mai suna Thérèse na Lisieux, waɗanda suka kira shi &quot;daren rashin kome&quot;) sun sami irin wannan goguwar bushewar ruhaniya . &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;[http://www.beliefnet.com/story/223/story_22353_1.html New Book Reveals Mother Teresa's Struggle with Faith] Beliefnet, AP 2007&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar James Langford, wadannan shakku ba su da wata ma'ana kuma ba zai kawo cikas ga canonization ba.  

Bayan shekaru goma cikin shakku, Teresa ta bayyana ɗan taƙaitaccen lokacin da sabuwar bangaskiya. Bayan mutuwar Paparoma Pius XII a shekarar alif 1958, tana yi masa addu'ar bukukuwan a lokacin da aka sami sauki daga &quot;dogon duhu: wannan baƙon wahalar.&quot; Koyaya, mako biyar baya bushewar ruhaniyarta ta dawo.  

Teresa ta rubuta wasiƙu da yawa ga waɗanda ke ba da tabbaci da kuma manyanta a cikin shekaru 66, musamman ga Calcutta Archbishop Ferdinand Perier da Jesuit firist Celeste van Exem (mashawarcinta na ruhaniya tun samuwar mishan Mishan).  Ta nemi a lalata wasiƙun ta, kasancewar ta damu da cewa &quot;mutane za su ƙara yin la'akari da ni - ƙasa da Yesu.&quot;   
[[File:Alfons_Weisser_Mutter_Teresa.JPG|thumb| Zane-zanen Semi-girmama na girmama Iya Teresa ]]
Koyaya, an tattara rubutun a cikin Mama ''Teresa: Kuzo Ku kasance Haske na'' .   Teresa ta rubuta wa Mika'ilu amintacce na ruhaniya Michael van der Peet, “Yesu yana da ƙauna ta musamman a gare ku. Amma ni, shuru da wofi suna da yawa, da na duba ban gani ba - saurara kuma ban ji ba - harshe yana motsawa [cikin addu'a] amma ba ya magana. &amp;nbsp; . . . Ina so ku yi mini addu'a - cewa na bar Shi ya yi kyauta. &quot; 

A ''Deus Caritas Est'' (farkon encyclical ), [[Benedict na Sha Shida|Paparoma Benedict XVI]] da aka ambata Teresa sau uku da kuma amfani da ita rayuwa don bayyana daya daga cikin encyclical ta babban maki: &quot;A cikin misali na Albarka Teresa na Calcutta da muke da wata hujja hoto da cewa lokaci ya sadaukar Allah cikin addu'o'i bawai kawai baya yanke hukunci daga aiki mai kyau da soyayya ga makwabcinmu amma a zahiri shine tushen wannan aikin. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;[[Benedict na Sha Shida|Pope Benedict XVI]] (25 December 2005). ''Deus caritas est{{Dead link|date=October 2011}}''. (PDF). Vatican City, pp.10. Retrieved 2 August 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Ta rubuta, &quot;Ta hanyar addu'o'in tunani ne da karatun ruhi ne kawai zamu iya samar da kyautar addu'a.&quot;  

Kodayake ba a haɗa da odarta ba tare da umarnin Franciscan, Teresa tana sha'awar Francis na Assisi &lt;ref name=&quot;AmeriCath&quot;&gt;&quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta Pays Tribute to St. Francis of Assisi&quot; on the ''American Catholic'' website. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta kasance mai tasiri ga ruhaniyar Franciscan.'Yan uwan Mata da Sadaka suna karanta addu'o'in Saint Francis kowace safiya a Mass a lokacin godiya bayan tarayya, kuma girmamansu ga ma'aikatar da alkawarin da yawa yayi daidai da nata. Francis ya jaddada talauci, tsabta, biyayya da biyayya ga Kristi. Ya sadaukar da mafi yawan rayuwarsa wajen bautar da talakawa, musamman kutare.

== Canonization ==

=== Mu'ujiza da beatifaication ===
Bayan Teresa ta mutu a shekara ta alif 1997, sai Holy See ya fara aiwatar da beatification (na biyu daga uku matakai wajen canonization ) da kuma Kolodiejchuk aka nada postulator da Diocese na Calcutta . Ko da yake ya ce, &quot;Ba mu tabbatar da cewa ta kasance cikakke ko kuma ba ta taɓa yin kuskure ba &amp;nbsp; ... &quot;, dole ne ya tabbatar da cewa kyawun Teresa jarumi ne. Kolodiejchuk ya gabatar da takardu 76, jimilla shafi 35,000, wadanda suka danganci hirar da shaidu 113 wadanda aka nemi su amsa tambayoyi 263.  
[[File:Stained_glass_depiction_of_key_moments_in_the_lifetime_of_Mother_Teresa_at_the_Cathedral_of_Saint_Mother_Teresa_in_Prishtina.jpg|right|thumb|332x332px| Cikakken gilashin tarihin rayuwar mahaifiyar Teresa a Cathedral na Saint Teresa a Prishtinë, Kosovo ]]. 
A tsari na canonization bukatar takardun na wani mu'ujiza sakamakon daga cẽto na yiwuwa saint.  A shekara ta 2002 ne aka gano cewa Vatican ta zama wata mu'ujiza ta warkar da cutar kumburin ciki a cikin mahaifar Monica Besra, wata mace ‘yar Indiya, bayan da aka yi amfani da wani loka dauke da hoton Teresa. A cewar Besra, gwanayen haske da aka samo daga hoton kuma an warkar da cutar kumburin ta; duk da haka, mijinta da wasu ma'aikatanta na kiwon lafiya sun ce magani na yau da kullun ya kawar da cutar. &lt;ref&gt;Orr, David (10 May. 2003). &quot;Medicine cured 'miracle' woman – not Mother Teresa, say doctors&quot;. ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Dr. Ranjan Mustafi, wanda ya fada wa ''jaridar New York Times'' cewa ya yi maganin Besra, ya ce cutar ta haifar da cutar tarin fuka: &quot;Wannan ba wani abin al'ajabi bane &amp;nbsp; . . . Ta dauki magunguna tsawon watanni tara zuwa shekara guda. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/20/world/her-legacy-acceptance-and-doubts-of-a-miracle.html &quot;Her Legacy: Acceptance and Doubts of a Miracle&quot;], by David Rohde. ''The New York Times''. 20 October 2003&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar mijin Besra, “Likitoci sun warkar da matata ba kuma ta wata mu’ujiza ba &amp;nbsp; . . . Wannan mu'ujiza wannan magana ce. &quot;  Besra ta ce bayanan likitocin da suka hada da sonogram, magunguna da bayanan likitocin, Sister Betta ta Mishan Matan Sadau ta kwace. A cewar ''Lokaci'', kiran da aka yi wa Sister Betta da ofishin Sister Nirmala (wanda zai gaji Teresa a matsayin shugaban oda) bai amsa wani bayani ba. Jami'ai a Asibitin Balurghat, inda Besra ta nemi magani, sun ce an tilasta masu ne ta hanyar da ta kira magani da ta warke.  A cikin watan Fabrairu, na shekarar 2000, tsohon ministan kiwon lafiya na West Bengal Partho De ya ba da umarnin sake duba bayanan likita na Besra a Sashen Lafiya na Kolkata. A cewar De, babu wani sabon abu game da rashin lafiyarta da magani bisa doguwar jinyarta. Ya ce ya ƙi ba da sunan Vatican na likita wanda zai tabbatar da cewa warkewar Monica Besra ta mu’ujiza ce.  

A lokacin beatification na Teresa da canonization, Roman Curia (ta Vatican) tayi nazari kuma ba a wallafa sukar rayuwarta da aikinta ba. Hitchens da Chatterjee (marubucin ''The Final Verdict'', wani littafi mai mahimmanci na Teresa) ta yi magana da kotun; a cewar jami'an Vatican, binciken da aka gabatar an bincike ne daga Kungiyar da ke Sanadin Sanadin Waliyyan Waliyyan .  Kungiyar ba ta sami wani cikas ba game da canjin magana na Teresa, kuma ta ba da ''kewar ta'' a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun, na shekarar alif 1999.   Saboda harin da aka kai mata, wasu marubutan Katolika sun kira ta da alamar sabani .  Wani kwamiti na daban na likita ya yanke hukuncin cewa mu'ujiza Monica Besra, daya daga cikin ukun da Kolodiejchuk ya dauke, alama ce ta roko na Allah.  An kori Teresa a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, shekarar 2003, kuma Katolika sun san shi da &quot;Masu Albarka&quot;.

===Canonization===
A 17 Disamba 2015, offishin yada labarai na Vatican [[Francis (fafaroma)|Pope Francis]] ya gano mu'ujiza na biyu da aka danganta ga Teresa: warkar da mutumin Brazil dauke da brain tumours a 2008.mu'ujizar ta zo cikin gari ne sanda wasu jami'ai dake kula da aiki lokacin shagualan World Youth Day 2013sanda fafaroma ke kasar Brazil awatan Yuli. anyi ta bincike a Brazil daga 19–26 June 2015 wanda daga bisani aka maida zuwa masu aiki na Saints wanda suka bada dokatr cewa cabinciken ya kammalu.

Francis yayi mata canonization, hakan yafaru ne a wani biki a ranar 4 ga Satumbar 2016 a Dandalin St Peter da ke garin Vatican. Dubun-dubatan mutane ne suka halarci bikin, gami da wakilai 15 na gwamnati da kuma mutane 1,500 da ba su da matsuguni daga duk fadin Italiya.   An watsa kai tsaye ta hanyar tashar Vatican kuma aka watsa ta yanar gizo; Skopje, garin mahaifar Teresa, ya ba da sanarwar bikin biki na tsawon sati daya.  A Indiya, Mishan ɗin Sadarwa ta biki ta Kolkata.

== Co-Patron na Calcutta Archdiocese ==
A ranar 4 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, yayin bikin girmama canonization dinta wata shekara ta 1 da ta cancanta, Sister Mary Prema Pierick, Babban shugaba ta na mishan Ofishin Sadaka, ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a sanya Teresa a matsayin malamar cocin Calcutta Archdiocese yayin bikin Mass a cikin Cathedral na Mafi Girma Rosary a 5.30 pm a ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017.  A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Archbishop Thomas D’Souza, wanda ke zama shugaban Archdiocese na Katolika na Calcutta, ya tabbatar da cewa za a nada Teresa a matsayin mai rikon mukamin Caliota Diocese, tare da Francis Xavier.   A ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, kusan mutane 500 suka halarci Mass a wani babban coci inda Dominique Gomes, Babban Vicar na gida,  karanta dokar da ta kafa ta a matsayin mataimaki na biyu na mai kare tarihi na archdiocese.  D’Souza da jakadan Vatican a Indiya, Giambattista Diquattro, sune suka jagoranci wannan bikin kuma suka gabatar da mutum-mutumi na tagulla a cocin Uwa Teresa dauke da yaro.  

Cocin Katolika na Roman Katolika ya ba da sanarwar St. Francis Xavier yazama saint na farko na Calcutta a shekarar alif 1986.  

== Legacy da fitowa a cikin al'adun sanannu ==

=== Abun Tunawa ===
[[File:Terminal_jashte.jpg|alt=Airport terminal, with four trees in the foreground|left|thumb| Tirana International Airport Nënë Tereza ]]
Kayay-yakin tarihi da ake tunawa da Teresa kuma sunanta sunan cocin da yawa. Tana da gine-gine, hanyoyi da kuma gidaje masu suna bayanta, gami da filin jirgin saman Albania na duniya . Ranar Iya Teresa ''(Dita e Nënë Terezës)'', 19 ga Oktoba, hutu ne na jama'a a Albania . A shekara ta 2009, an buɗe gidan tunawa da mahaifiyar Teresa a garinsu Skopje, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makidoniya]] . An ba da sunan babban cocin Katolika da ke Pristina, Kosovo don girmamawa.  Ginin sa, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2011, ya haifar da muhawara a cikin da'irorin musulmai wadanda suka gan shi a matsayin wanda ya  karfafa yawan mabiya darikar Katolika a yankin. Musulmin Kosovo sun yi adawa da wani kudurin kafa wata hanyar tunawa da Teresa a garin Peć (a cewar masu fafutuka, kashi 98 cikin dari) Musulmai sun yi adawa da kafa ta a Kosovo.  
[[File:Saint_Mother_Teresa_Cathedral_Prishtina8.jpg|right|thumb|150x150px| Cathedral na Saint Mother Teresa, Prishtinë ]]
Jami'ar Mata ta Uwa Teresa,  a Kodaikanal, an kafa ta a shekarar alif 1984. a matsayin jami'ar jama'a ta gwamnatin Tamil Nadu . Mahaifiya Theresa Postgraduate da Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Kiwon Lafiya,  a Pondicherry, an kafa ta ne a cikin shekarar alif 1999. ta hannun Gwamnatin Puducherry . Kungiyar ba da agaji Sevalaya ce ke tafiyar da Gidan Iyayen Mata na Teresa, tare da samar da 'yan matan marayu da marayu a kusa da kauyen Kasuva da ke Tamil Nadu da abinci, kayan sawa, tsari da ilimi.  Yawancin yabo da marubucin tarihin Teresa, Navin Chawla, suka bayyana a jaridu da mujallu na Indiya.    Jirgin Ruwa na Indiya sun gabatar da &quot;Mother Express&quot;, sabon jirgin kasa mai suna bayan mahaifiyar Mama Teresa, a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2010. don tunawa da karni na haihuwar ta.  Gwamnatin Tamil Nadu ta shirya bukukuwan karni na karrama Teresa a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2010 a [[Chennai]] wanda babban minista M Karunanidhi ya jagoranta.   Farko a kan 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2013, ranar tunawa da ta mutuwa da aka sanya cikin kasa da kasa Rãnar Charity ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya .  

A cikin shekarar 2012, Teresa ta kasance lamba ta 5 a cikin Babban binciken Indiya na Manyan Yan Indiya .  

A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Katolika na St Teresa, cocin Katolika na farko da aka sanya wa sunan girmamawa ga Teresa, an keɓe shi a Kosovo.  Cathedral ɗin shima babban cocin Katolika ne na farko na Kosovo.  

==== Tarihai da littattafai ====

* Teresa batun fim din 1969 ne da littafin 1972, ''Abin Kyau ga Allah'', wanda Malcolm Muggeridge ya wallafa .  An yi fim ɗin fim ɗin tare da jawo hankalin yammacin duniya ga Mama Teresa. 
* Littattafan Christopher Hitchens na 1994, ''Mala'ikan Jahannama'', ya bayar da hujjar cewa Teresa ta bukaci talakawa da su yarda da makomarsu; Allah yana bayyana masu arziki kamar yadda Allah ya yi musu falala.   Wannan ita ce farkon rubutun Hitchens, ''Matsayin mishan: Uwar Teresa a ka'idodi da Aiki'' . 

==== Shirye-shiryen talabijin ====

* Geraldine Chaplin ya buga wasan Teresa a cikin ''Iya Teresa: Da Sunan Rashin Allah'', wanda ya karɓi kyautar Fim na Fim a shekarar alif 1997.
* Olivia Hussey ce ta buga wasan a cikin ministocin gidan talabijin na Italiya na shekarar  2003, ''Mama Teresa na Calcutta'' .  An sake sakewa a cikin shekarar 2007, ta sami kyautar CAMIE .
* Juliet Stevenson ta taka leda a cikin fim din ' ''The Letters'' ' na shekarar 2014, wanda ya danganta da wasiƙun sa zuwa ga firist ɗin Vatican Celeste van Exem .
* Uwar Teresa, wacce Cara Francis the FantasyGrandma ke bugawa, ta yi tsegumi kan Sigmund Freud a cikin Epic Rap Battles of Tarihi, jerin wakokin fim din YouTube da Nice Peter da Epic Lloyd suka kirkira. An saki Rap din a YouTube a ranar 22 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2019.

== Duba kuma ==

* Abdul Sattar Edhi 
* Albanians 
* Jerin mutanen Albanians 
* Jerin sunayen mata masu lambar yabo ta Nobel 
* Babban Ba’indiye 
* Addinin Katolika na Albania 
* Addinin Katolika na Kosovo 
* Addinin Katolika na Romaniya a Arewacin Makidoniya 

== Manazarta ==

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[[File:Mary Teresa Norton cph.3b14795.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa lokacin tana ma￼tashiya]]
[[File:Mother Teresa 1995.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa a shekarar 1995]]
[[Fayil:Statue Mother Teresa Thomas Mount Chennai Aug22 A7C 02284.jpg|thumb|mama teresa]]
'''Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu'''  (an haifi '''Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu''',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/vatican-declares-mother-teresa-patron-saint-calcutta-49651357|title=Vatican declares Mother Teresa a patron saint of Calcutta|author=Manik Banerjee|date=6 September 2017|publisher=Associated Press, ABC News.com|accessdate=6 September 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906160015/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/vatican-declares-mother-teresa-patron-saint-calcutta-49651357|archivedate=6 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/mother-teresa-to-be-named-co-patron-of-calcutta-archdiocese-on-first-canonization-anniversary-4007169.html|title=Mother Teresa to be named co-patron of Calcutta Archdiocese on first canonization anniversary|date=4 September 2017|magazine=First Post|accessdate=5 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Albanian:   ; a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif  1910, zuwa &amp;nbsp;ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, Shekara ta alif 1997), wacce akafi sani a matsayin '''Mother Teresa''' da kuma girmama a cikin cocin Katolika a matsayin '''Saint Teresa na Calcutta,'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.killaladiocese.org/canonisation-of-blessed-mother-teresa-september-4th/|title=Canonisation of Mother Teresa – September 4th|website=Diocese of Killala|date=September 2016|accessdate=4 September 2016|archive-date=8 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908122310/http://www.killaladiocese.org/canonisation-of-blessed-mother-teresa-september-4th/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  an Albanian&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html|title=Kur Nënë Tereza vinte në Tiranë/2|first=bota|last=shqiptare|publisher=|access-date=2020-03-24|archive-date=2016-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918175822/http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=2016-09-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918175822/http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; - Indian  Roman Katolika Nun, da mishan .  An haife ta ne a Skopje (yanzu itace babban birnin [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makedonia]] ), sannan wani ɓangare na Kosovo Vilayet na Daular Ottoman. Bayan ta zauna a Skopje shekaru goma sha takwas, sai tai ƙaura zuwa Ireland sannan kuma ta tafi [[Indiya]], inda ta zauna mafi yawan rayuwarta.

A shekarar alif 1950, Teresa ta kafa Mishanarai na Tallafawa, a wani taron addini na Roman Katolika  wanda ya kai 4,500 na nunashekarana aukuwa a kasashe 133 a shekara ta 2012. Ikilisiya tana kula da gidaje don mutanen da ke mutuwa ta [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]], kuturta da [[Tibi|tarin fuka]] . Hakanan yana gudanar da dafa abinci na dafa abinci, kayan dafa abinci, asibitocin tafi-da-gidanka, shirye-shiryen ba da shawara ga yara da na iyali, harma da marayu da makarantu. Wakilai suna yin alwashi na tsabta, talauci, da biyayya, sannan kuma suna yin alkawarin hudun - don ba da &quot;yardar rai kyauta ga matalautan matalauta.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Muggeridge (1971), chapter 3, &quot;Mother Teresa Speaks&quot;, pp. 105, 113&lt;/ref&gt; 

Teresa ta samu karramawa da dama, a wadansu maban bantan shekaru, aciki hada (1962) [[Ramon Magsaysay Peace Prize]] da kuma shekara ta alif (1979) Nobel Peace Prize . Ta kasance sananne a ranar 4 ga watan Satumbar, shekarata 2016, kuma ranar tunawa da mutuwarta (5 ga watan Satumba) ita ce ranar bikinta . 

Wani mutum mai rikitarwa a rayuwarsa da kuma bayan mutuwarta, mutane da yawa suna alfahari da mama Teresa saboda aikinta na kyautatawa. An yaba mata da yin Allah wadai kan lamurra daban-daban, irin su ra'ayoyinta game da zubar da ciki da hana haihuwa, kuma ana sukar ta da mummunan yanayi a cikin gidajen ta na masu mutuwa. Navin Chawla ne ya rubuta tarihinta wanda aka ba da izini kuma aka buga shi a Shekara ta alif (1992) kuma ta kasance 'yan fim da sauran littattafai.A 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Teresa da St-Francis Xavier an ba su sunayen abokan tarayya na Archdiocese na Roman Katolika na Calcutta.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==

=== Farkon rayuwa ===
[[File:Memorial_house_of_Mother_Teresa.jpg|alt=Urban stone-and-glass building|left|thumb| Bikin tunawa da mahaifiyar Iyaye Teresa a garin haihuwarta Skopje ]]
An haifi Teresa Anjezë Gonxhe (ko Gonxha) &lt;ref name=&quot;Egan 1992&quot;&gt;''Blessed Are You: Mother Teresa and the Beatitudes'', ed. by Eileen Egan and Kathleen Egan, O.S.B., MJF Books: New York, 1992&lt;/ref&gt; Bojaxhiu ( Albanian:   ; ''Anjezë'' ne cognate na &quot;Agnes&quot;. ''Gonxhe'' yana nufin &quot;furebud&quot; ko &quot;karamar fure&quot; a cikin Albanian ) a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif (1910) a cikin dangin Kosovar Albanian    a Skopje (yanzu babban birnin [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makedoniya]] ), [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] .   An yi mata baftisma a Skopje, kwana bayan haifuwarta.  Daga baya ta yi la’akari da ranar 27 ga watan  Agusta, ranar da aka yi mata baftisma, ‘bikinta na gaskiya’. &lt;ref name=&quot;MToC&quot;&gt;(2002) &quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)&quot;. ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ta kuma kasance ƙaramar yarinyar Nikollë da Dranafile Bojaxhiu (Bernai).  Mahaifinta, wanda ke da hannu a cikin siyasar Albaniya a cikin Ottoman Macedonia, ya mutu a shekara ta alif (1919), lokacin yana dan shekara takwas. &lt;ref name=&quot;MToC&quot;&gt;(2002) &quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)&quot;. ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Although some sources state she was 10 when her father died, in an interview with her brother, the Vatican documents her age at the time as &quot;about eight&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Wataƙila ya fito ne daga Prizren, Kosovo, kuma wataƙila mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga kauyen kusa da Gjakova .  

Dangane da tarihin daga Joan Graff Clucas, Teresa ta kasance a cikin shekarunta lokacin da labaru game da rayuwar mishaneri da hidimarsu a Bengal ya burge ta ; har ta kai shekara 12, ta hakikance cewa yakamata ta sadaukar da rayuwarta ga addini.  Shirin ta ya ƙarfafa a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif 1928, yayin da tayi addu'a a farfajiyar Madonna na Madina na Vitina-Letnice, inda ta saba yin aikin haji . &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, ''Mother Teresa: A Biography'', Greenwood Press, 2004, p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Teresa ta bar gida a shekarar alif 1928, yayin da take da Shekara 18, don shiga Sisters of Loreto a Loreto Abbey a Rathfarnham, Ireland, don koyan Turanci tare da ra'ayin zama mishan; Ingilishi shine harshen koyar da Yan'uwa mata na Loreto a Indiya.  Ba ta taɓa ganin mahaifiyarta ko ƙanwarta ba. &lt;ref&gt;Sharn, Lori (5 September 1997). [http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/mothert/mother01.htm &quot;Mother Teresa dies at 87&quot;]. ''USA Today''. Retrieved 5 September 2016&lt;/ref&gt; Iyalinta sun zauna a Skopje har zuwa shekarar alif 1934, lokacin da suka ƙaura zuwa Tirana .  

Ta isa Indiya a Shekara ta alif 1929 , kuma ta fara ta novitiate a Darjeeling, a cikin kananan [[Himalaya|Himalayas]], &lt;ref&gt;Clucas (1988), p. 31&lt;/ref&gt; inda ta koya Bengali da kuma koyarwa a St. Teresa ta School dake kusa da Conven dinta. &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 17.&lt;/ref&gt; Teresa ta dauki alwashin farko na addini a ranar 24 ga watan Mayu, Shekara ta alif 1931. Ta zaɓi zama mai suna bayan Thérèse de Lisieux, mai tsaro na mishan na mishan;   saboda wata macen zawara a cikin gidan masarautar ta riga ta za bi wannan suna, Agnes ya zaɓi yaren rubutun Mutanen Espanya (Teresa). &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 18.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Teresa ta yi alƙawura a ranar 14 ga watan  Mayu, Shekara ta alif 1937, yayin da take malama a makarantar koyar da adami ta Loreto a , gabashin Calcutta. &lt;ref name=&quot;MToC&quot;&gt;(2002) &quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)&quot;. ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;   Ta yi aiki a wurin kusan kusan shekaru ashirin kuma an nada ta a matsayin shugabar mata a shekarar alif 1944. &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 25.&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa Teresa ta ji daɗin koyarwa a makarantar, amma ta damu sosai da talaucin da ke kewaye da ita a [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] .  Yunwar Bengal na shekarar alif 1943, ya kawo tashin hankali da mutuwa a cikin birni, kuma Ranar Yakin 1946  kai tsaye ya fara lokacin tashin hankalin Musulmi da Hindu.  

=== Mishan cikin Sadaka ===
[[File:Missionaries_of_Charity_Mother_House.jpg|alt=Three-story building with a sign and a statue|thumb| Mishanarai na Charity motherhouse a Kolkata ]]
A ranar 10 ga watan Satumba, shekarar alif 1946, Teresa ta sami abin da ta bayyana daga baya a matsayin &quot;kira a cikin kira&quot; lokacin da ta yi tafiya ta jirgin ƙasa zuwa wurin ajiyar kayayyaki na Loreto a Darjeeling daga [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] don komawar ta shekara-shekara. &quot;Ya kamata in fita daga cikin tashoshin don taimakon talakawa yayin da nake zaune a cikinsu. Umarni ne. Rashin faɗuwa dã ya kasance yana rushe imani. &quot;  Daga baya Joseph Langford ya rubuta, &quot;Ko da yake ba wanda ya san shi a lokacin, 'yar'uwar Teresa ta zama ''Uwar'' Teresa&quot;.  

Ta fara aikin mishan tare da matalauta a cikin shekarar alif 1948, sauya al'ada ta Loreto ta al'ada tare da sari, farin auduga sari tare da shudin iyaka. Teresa ta amince da zama ɗan baƙon Indiya, ta yi watanni da yawa a Patna don karɓar horo na asali a Asibitin Holy Family kuma ta shiga cikin tutocin.   Ta kafa makaranta a Motijhil, Kolkata, kafin ta fara kula da matalauta da masu fama da yunwa. A farkon shekarar alif 1949, wasu gungun matasa mata sun hadar da Teresa a cikin kokarin ta, sannan ta aza harsashin kafa sabuwar kungiyar addini da ke taimaka wa &quot;mafi talauci a cikin matalauta&quot;.  

Kokarin ta ya ja hankalin jami’an Indiya cikin hanzari, gami da Firayim Minista.  Teresa ta rubuta a cikin rubutunta cewa shekarar ta farko tana fama da wahala. Ba tare da samun kuɗin shiga ba, ta roƙi abinci da kayan abinci da ƙwarewar shakku, kadaici da jaraba don dawowa cikin ta'aziyyar rayuwar duniya yayin waɗannan farkon watanni: 

Ubangijinmu nason in zama yantattar mai bauta wacce aka lullube cikin talaucin yesu, A yau, na ilimantu da darussa masu kyau. Talaucin talaka dole yayi masu tsanani, sanda nake neman gida nayi tafiya har saida kafafuna sukayi ciwo, nayi tunanin cewa tyaushe ne zasu bar wannan ciwo ga rayuwata, ina neman gida, abinci da lafiya. Sai jindadin loreto yashafe ni, yace kawai ki fadi Kalmar duk wani abu zai zama naki, haka dai mai shafar yacigaba da cewa..., cikin budaddiyar zabi, Dan Allah na kuma dan sona agare ki, na zaba inyi komi danke bazan bar wani hawaye ya sauka daga ida nunki ba.
[[File:Sisters_of_Charity.jpg|alt=Four nuns in sandals and white-and-blue saris|left|thumb| Mishan Sadaka a saris na gargajiya ]]
A ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba, Shekara ta alif  1950, Teresa ta sami izini daga Vatican don ikilisiyar diocesan, wanda zai zama mishaneri na Sadaka.  A cikin maganganun ta, zai kula da &quot;masu fama da yunwa, tsirara, marasa gida, guragu, makafi, kutare, duk waɗannan mutanen da suke jin ƙin sonsu, marasa ƙauna, waɗanda ba su kula da su ba a duk faɗin jama'a, mutanen da suka zama nauyi ga jama'a kuma kowa ya nisanta dashi ”.  

A shekarar alif 1952, Teresa ta buɗe hospice dinta na farko da taimako jami'ai daga Calcutta. Ta sauya hanikalin Hindu da aka yi watsi da ita zuwa Gidan Kalighat na Mutuwa, kyauta ne ga matalauta, ta kuma sanya mata suna Kalighat, Gidan Zuciyar Mai Tsabta (Nirmal Hriday).  Wadanda kawo wa gida samu likita da hankali da kuma damar da za su mutu tare da mutunci a cikin daidai da ban-gaskiyarsu: Musulmi suna karanta [[Al Kur'ani|Kur'ani]], 'yan Hindu samu ruwa daga ganges, kuma Katolika samu matsananci unction .  &quot;Kyakkyawan mutuwa&quot;, in ji Teresa, &quot;don mutane waɗanda suka rayu kamar dabbobi su mutu kamar mala'iku - suna ƙauna da so.&quot;  
[[File:Nirmal_Hriday_facade.jpg|alt=White, older building|thumb| Nirmal Hriday, Uwargida na Calcutta na Mama Teresa, a cikin 2007 ]]
Ta buɗe ofishi ga waɗanda ke da kuturta, suna kiranta Shanti Nagar (Birnin Zaman Lafiya).  Kungiyoyin mishan na Agaji sun kafa cibiyoyin cutar kuturta, a ko'ina cikin Calcutta, suna ba da magunguna, riguna da abinci.  Mishan din na Agaji sun karu da yawaitar yara marasa gida; a shekarar alif 1955, Teresa ta bude Nirmala Shishu Bhavan, Gidan Yaran Yara na Zuciya, a zaman mafaka ga marayu da matasa marasa gida.  

Ikilisiyar ta yafara jawo hankalin ma'aikata da gudummawowi, kuma har ya zuwa shekarar 1960, sun bude ofisoshin marayu, gidajen marayu da gidajen kuturu a cikin ko'ina na kasar  Indiya. Daga nan Teresa ta faɗaɗa ikilisiya a ƙasar waje, ta buɗe gida a Venezuela a shekara ta alif 1965, tare da ’yan’uwa mata biyar.  An bi gidaje a Italiya (Rome), Tanzania da Austria a cikin shekarar 1968, kuma a cikin shekarun 1970 ikilisiya ta buɗe gidaje da tushe a Amurka da dama ƙasashe a Asiya, Afirka da Turai.  

An kafa mishan na Missionaries of Charity Brothers a shekarar alif 1963, kuma reshe ne mai dauke da tunani na San’uwa ya biyo baya a shekarar 1976. Lay Katolika da waɗanda ba Katolika ba sun sami rajista a cikin -kungiyar Ma'aikata na Uwar Teresa, Masu aikin Marasa lafiya da wahala, da kuma mishan na Ma'aikatan Sadaka. Da yake amsa buƙatu daga firistoci da yawa, a cikin Shekara ta alif 1981, Mama Teresa ta kafa kungiyar Corpus Christi Movement na Firistoci  tare da Joseph Langford mishaneri na Ubanni a cikin Shekara ta alif 1984, don haɗu da manufofin sana'a na mishan na ba da agaji tare da kayan aikin rayuwar firistoci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.mcpriests.com/ |title=The Religious Community of priests founded by Mother Teresa. ''Missionaries of Charity Fathers'' |access-date=2020-03-24 |archive-date=2016-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211191550/http://www.mcpriests.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Mother Teresa 1996.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa]]
Ya zuwa shekarar alif 1997, majami'ar Calcutta mai mambobi 13 sun girma zuwa fiye da 'yan'uwa mata 4,000 waɗanda ke kula da marayu, gidajen kula da cutar kanjamau da cibiyoyin bayar da agaji a duk duniya, suna kula da' yan gudun hijirar, makafi, nakasassu, tsofaffi, mashaya giya, gajiyayyu da marasa gida da waɗanda ambaliyar ta shafa, annoba da kuma yunwa.  A shekara ta 2007, mishan mishan na Charity ya ƙididdige kimanin 'yan’uwa 450 da ’yan’uwa mata 5,000 a duk duniya, waɗanda ke aiki mishan 600, makarantu da mafaka a cikin ƙasashe 120.

=== Sadaka ta kasa da kasa ===
Teresa ta ce, &quot;Da jini, Ni dan Albaniya ne. Ta zama ɗan ƙasa, Ba'indiye ne. Ta wurin bangaskiya, ni wata mazhabar Katolika ce. Game da kirana, ni na duniya ce. &quot;Game da zuciyata, gaba daya na daga cikin zuciyar Yesu ne.&quot;  Luwararru cikin harsuna biyar-Bengali,  Albanian, Serbian, [[Turanci]] da Hindi - ta yi tafiye-tafiye na lokaci-lokaci a wajen India saboda dalilai na bil-adama.  

A tsaunin Siege na Beirut a shekarar 1982, Teresa ta ceci yara 37 da aka makale a wani asibiti kafin ta hanyar tsagaita wuta na wucin gadi tsakanin sojojin Isra’ila da masu gwagwarmayar Falasdinawa.Tare da ma'aikatan kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross, ta bi ta yankin yaki zuwa asibiti don kwashe matasa marasa lafiya.  

Lokacin da gabashin Turai ta sami karuwa a ƙarshen 1980s, Teresa ta faɗaɗa ƙoƙarinta ga ƙasashen Kwaminisanci waɗanda suka ƙi Mishan Mishan na Sadaka. Ta fara shirye-shirye da dama, ba tare da wata damuwa ba game da matsayinta na hana zubar da ciki da kisan aure: &quot;Babu wanda ya ce menene, ya kamata ka karba shi da murmushi ka yi aikinka.&quot; Ta ziyarci Armenia bayan girgizar kasa na 1988  kuma ta sadu da Nikolai Ryzhkov, Shugaban Majalisar Ministocin .  

Teresa ta yi tafiya don taimakawa masu fama da yunwa a Habasha, wadanda suka kamu da radadin cutar a Chernobyl da kuma wadanda girgizar ta shafa a Armenia. &lt;ref&gt;Cooper, Kenneth J. (14 September 1997). &quot;Mother Teresa Laid to Rest After Multi-Faith Tribute&quot;. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved 30 May 2007&lt;/ref&gt;   A 1991, ta koma [[Albaniya|Albania]] a karon farko, inda ta buɗe Ofishin mishan na Charity Brothers gida a Tirana .  

A shekarar 1996, Teresa ta fara aiki da misalai 517 a cikin kasashe sama da 100.  Mishanninta na Rahamar sun karu daga goma sha biyu zuwa dubbai, suna masu hidimar &quot;matalautan matalauta&quot; a cibiyoyi 450 na duniya. An kafa Ofishin mishan na farko na Charity a cikin Amurka a yankin South Bronx na [[New York (birni)|New York City]], kuma har ya zuwa shekarar 1984 ikilisiya tana gudanar da rukunoni 19 a cikin ƙasar.

=== Karayar lafiya da mutuwa ===
Teresa ta sami bugun zuciya a Rome a 1983 yayin da ta ke ziyartar [[John Paul na Biyu|Paparoma John Paul II]] . Bayan harin na biyu a 1989, ta sami na'urar bugun zuciya . A 1991, bayan cutar huhu a Mexico,tana da karin matsalolin zuciya. Kodayake Teresa ta ba da shawarar yin murabus a matsayin shugabar mishan na Sadaka, a cikin wata takaddar sirri da 'yar'uwar ikilisiyar suka zabe ta ta ci gaba kuma ta yarda ta ci gaba.  

A watan Afrilun 1996,ta fadi,ta karya kashinta na wuya, kuma bayan wata hudu ta [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|kamu]] da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] da ciwon zuciya . Kodayake Teresa ta yi aikin tiyata, amma lafiyar ta tana raguwa. A cewar Akbishop na Calcutta Henry Sebastian D’Souza, ya umarci wani firist da ya yi aikin fitarwa (tare da izininsa) lokacin da aka garzaya da ita asibiti da matsalolin bugun zuciya saboda yana tunanin watakila shaidan ne ya same shi. &lt;ref&gt;Bindra, Satinder (7 September 2001).&quot;Archbishop: Mother Teresa underwent exorcism&quot;. ''CNN'' Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;.  

A ranar 13 Maris 1997 Teresa ta yi murabus a matsayin shugabar Mishan of Charity, kuma ta mutu ne a ranar 5 ga Satumba.  Lokacin da ta mutu, mishaneri na Sadaka yana da 'yan'uwa mata sama da 4,000 da kuma ɗan uwan mambobi 300 waɗanda ke aiki a ofisoshi 610 a cikin ƙasashe 123.  Waɗannan sun haɗa da baƙi da gidaje ga mutanen da ke [[Kanjamau|ɗauke]] da [[Kanjamau|kwayar cutar HIV, AIDS]], kuturta da tarin fuka, dafaffen dafa abinci, shirye-shiryen kula da yara da na yara, marayu da makarantu. Missionungiyar mishan ta Charan agaji ta taimaka da abokan aikinta waɗanda suka ƙidaya sama da miliyan ɗaya a shekarun 1990. 

Teresa ta ajiye a cikin wani akwati da aka bude a St Thomas, Calcutta, tsawon mako guda kafin jana'izarta. Ta samu jana'izar hukuma daga gwamnatin Indiya bisa godiya saboda hidimta wa talakawan dukkan addinai a kasar.  Taimakawa ta hanyar firistoci guda biyar, Sakatariyar Kudi ta Kasa Angelo Sodano, wakilin Paparoma, ya yi bikin ƙarshe.  Mutuwar Teresa ta kasance makoki a cikin mutane da kuma al'ummomin addini. Firayim Minista na Pakistan Nawaz Sharif ya kira ta &quot;mutum ne da baƙonsa ba kuma wanda ya daɗe yana da babban buri. Tsawon rayuwarta tsawon rai ga kulawa da talakawa, marassa lafiya, da nakasassu na daga cikin mafi girman misalai na bautarmu ga bil'adama. &quot;  A cewar tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, &quot;Ita ce Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Tana da zaman lafiya a duniya&quot;.

== Martabawa da karɓuwa ==

=== Indiya ===
Gwamnatin Indiya ta fara amincewa da Teresa da farko ne a fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na farkon  ƙarni, ta karɓi Padma Shri a shekarar alif 1962, da lambar yabo ta Jawaharlal Nehru don Fahimtar ƙasa da ƙasa a shekarar alif 1969.  Daga baya ta sami wasu lambobin yabo na Indiya, wadanda suka hada da Bharat Ratna (lambar yabo mafi girma a Indiya) a shekarar alif 1980.  Littafin tarihin Teresa wanda Navin Chawla ya wallafa, a cikin Shekara ta alif 1992. A cikin [[Kolkata]], wasu 'Hindu bauta mata a matsayin abin bauta.  

Don tunawa da bikin cikarta shekara 100 da haihuwar ta, gwamnatin Indiya ta bayar da tsabar kudi ₹ 5 na musamman (yawan kudin da Teresa ta samu lokacin da ta je Indiya) a ranar 28 ga  watan Agusta, shekarar 2010. Shugaba Pratibha Patil ta ce, &quot;Clad cikin fararen sari mai launin shudi, ita da 'yan uwan Mishan na Charity sun zama alamar ta bege ga mutane da yawa - tsofaffi, gajiyayyu, marasa aikin yi, marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya. da akayi watsi dasu daga iyalansu. &quot;  

Ra'ayoyin Indiya akan Teresa ba masu dacewa ba kamar yadda kowane dan kasan ke ganinta. Aroup Chatterjee, likita ne da aka haife shi a Calcutta wanda ya kasance mai fafutuka a cikin tatsuniyar biranen shekaru kusan 1980 kafin ya koma Burtaniya, ya ce &quot;bai ma taɓa ganin wata tsawa ba a cikin waɗannan rukunin gidajen&quot;.  Binciken nasa, wanda ya hada da tambayoyi sama da 100 tare da masu sa kai, da sanatoci da kuma wasu da suka saba da mishan Mishanai, an bayyana su a cikin littafin 2003. da ke da masaniyar Teresa.  Chatterjee ta soki ta game da gabatar da &quot;al'adar wahala&quot; da mummunan gurbata ta Calcutta, yin karin gishiri game da aikin da aka yi mata ta hanyar amfani da kudi da kuma gata a wajen ta.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Chatterjee&quot;&gt;Chatterjee, Aroup, Introduction to ''The Final Verdict''&lt;/ref&gt; A cewarsa, wasu matsalolin tsabtace tsabta da ya soki (na sake amfani da allura, alal misali) bayan mutuwar Teresa a Shekara ta alif 1997.  

Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya, mayor na Kolkata daga shekarar 2005 zuwa 2010, ya ce &quot;ba ta da wani tasiri a kan talakawa na wannan birni&quot;, ta sami lafiya a maimakon ta yi maganin ta kuma ta ba da labarin gari: &quot;Babu shakka akwai talauci a Calcutta, amma ba ta taɓa kasance wani gari na kutare da masu bara ba, kamar yadda UwaTeresa ta gabatar da shi. &quot;  A gefen Hindu, Jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata ta yi karo da Teresa a kan Christian Dalits amma ta yaba mata a cikin mutuwa kuma ta aiko da wakili don yi mata jana'izarta.  Ita dai Vishwa Hindu Parishad, ta yi adawa da matakin da gwamnati ta dauka na yi mata jana’iza. Sakatare Giriraj Kishore ta ce &quot;aikinta na farko shine Cocin da hidimar zamantakewa ba ta faru ba&quot;, inda ta zarge ta da fifita Kiristoci da kuma yin “baftisma a ɓoye” na masu mutuwa. &lt;ref&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/ECI_Main/DJ/Frontline%201997%20Article%20published%20in%20Hindu.pdf#page=3 A life of selfless caring] – [[Frontline (magazine)]] article.&lt;/ref&gt;  A wani gaban-shafin, fortnightly ''frontline ta'' sallami zargin a matsayin &quot;patently na ƙarya&quot; kuma ya bayyana cewa suna da &quot;yi wani tasiri a kan jama'a ji na ta aikin, musamman a Calcutta&quot;. Wanda ya yaba da &quot;kulawa ta rashin son kai&quot;, karfin jiki da jarumkntaka, marubucin lambar yabo ya soki kamfen din da Teresa takeyi inkari game da zubar da ciki da kuma ikirarin ta na siyasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline&quot;&gt;Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997&lt;/ref&gt; 

A watan Fabrairu na shekarar 2015, Mohan Bhagwat, shugaban kungiyar kare hakkin reshen Hindu, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, ya ce manufar Teresa ita ce &quot;maida mutumin, wanda ake yi masa hidima, ya zama Kirista&quot;.  Tsohon kakakin kungiyar ta RSS MG Vaidhya ya goyi bayan kimantawar Bhagwat, kuma kungiyar ta zargi kafofin watsa labarai da &quot;gurbata gaskiya game da kalaman Bhagwat&quot;. Dan majalisar wakilai na Trinamool Derek O'Brien, shugaban CPI Atul Anjan da kuma babban ministan Delhi Arvind Kejriwal sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da zancen da Bhagwat yayi.

=== Wani wurin ===
[[File:President Reagan Presents Mother Teresa with the Medal of Freedom at a White House Ceremony in the Rose Garden - DPLA - 1321c7b194e7e893127ef14b2f7c565c.jpg|alt=President and Mrs. Ronald Reagan with Mother Teresa, standing at a microphone|thumb| Shugaba [[Ronald Reagan|Ronald Reagan ya]] ba mahaifiyar Teresa kyautar Shugaban Kasa na 'Yanci a yayin bikin Fadar White House kamar yadda Uwargidan Nan Nancy Reagan ke kallo, a ranar 20 ga watan Yuni, Shekara alif 1985. ]]. 
Teresa ta karbi kyautar Ramon Magsaysay Award dan zaman lafiya da fahimtar duniya, an bata ne dan aikinta a South or East Asia, a shekarar alif 1962. Acewar wallafin, &quot;Kungiyar amintattu sun martaba ta dan tausayawan ta akan talaucin wasu kasashe, wanda akan wannan aikin ne ta fara sabon taron addini&quot;.A farkon 1970s, ta zama wata gwarzuwa a duniya. shaharar za'a iya dangana shi da Malcolm Muggeridge's 1969 documentary, ''Something Beautiful for God'', da Kuma littafinsa na 1971 mai wannan sunan. Wanda Muggeridge ke kokarin tafiyar da rayuwarsa tsaftatacciya. Lokacin daukar fim, wani dauka da akayi a yanayin haske mara tasiri. anyi tunanin zai zama anfani ne ga masu aikin.
[[Fayil:Cedric Prakash Mother Teresa Award.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa]]
A kusan wannan lokacin, duniyar Katolika ta fara girmama Teresa a bainar jama'a. Fafaroma Paul VI ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Paparoma John XXIII P kyautar zaman lafiya a shekara ta alif 1971, inda ta yaba da aikinta tare da talakawa, nuna irin gudummawar kirista da kokarin tabbatar da zaman lafiya,  kuma ta sami kyautar ta Pacem a Terris Award a shekarar alif 1976. &lt;ref&gt;''Quad City Times'' staff (17 October 2005). &quot;Habitat official to receive Pacem in Terris honor&quot;. [[Peace Corps]]. Retrieved 26 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan mutuwarta, Teresa ta sami ci gaba cikin sauri a kan hanyar zuwa saint . 

Gwamnatoci da kungiyoyin farar hula sun karrama ta, sannan ta nada wani wakilin girmamawa na Umarni na Australiya a Shekara ta alif 1982. &quot;don hidimtawa al'ummar Australiya da dan adam baki daya&quot;.  Kasar Burtaniya da Amurka sun ba wasu lambobin yabo masu yawa, wadanda suka kammala a cikin Lamarin Ingantawa a shekarar alif 1983. da zama dan kasa na Amurka mai girmamawa a ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar alif 1996.  Kasar Teresa ta kasar Albania ta ba ta lambar Zinare ta Jama'a a Shekara ta alif 1994, &lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline&quot;&gt;Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997&lt;/ref&gt; amma karbarta da wannan lamarin da Haitian Legion of Honor ta kasance mai rikitarwa. An soki Teresa da cikakken goyon baya ga Duvaliers da rashawa na 'yan kasuwa irin su Charles Keating da Robert Maxwell ; Ta rubuta wa alkalin shari'ar Keating, inda ta nemi a bashi damar.   

Jami'o'i a Indiya da yamma sun ba ta digirin girmamawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline&quot;&gt;Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran lambobin yabo na farar hula sun hada da lambar yabo ta Balzan don inganta bil'adama, zaman lafiya da 'yan uwantaka tsakanin al'umma (1978)  da Albert Schweitzer International Prize (1975). &lt;ref&gt;Jones, Alice &amp; Brown, Jonathan (7 March 2007). &quot;Opposites attract? When Robert Maxwell met Mother Teresa&quot;. ''The Independent''. Retrieved 25 March 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilun, Shekara ta alif 1976, Teresa ta ziyarci Jami'ar Scranton da ke arewa maso gabashin [[Pennsylvania]], inda ta karbi lambar yabo ta La Storta don Bautar da 'Yan Adam daga shugaban jami'a William J. Byron .  Ta kalubalanci masu sauraronta da suka kai 4,500 don suje gidajensu  &quot;kusan talakawa a cikin gidanku da makwabta na gida&quot;, ciyar da wasu ko kuma kawai yada farin ciki da ƙauna,  kuma ya ci gaba da cewa: “Matalauta zasu taimaka mana mu girma cikin tsarkakakku, domin sune Kristi a cikin dabara ce ta wahala &quot;.  A watan Agusta, shekarar alif 1987, Teresa ta sami likita mai daraja ta digiri na ilimin zamantakewa, don karɓar hidimarta da ma'aikatanta don taimakawa gajiyayyu da marasa lafiya, daga jami'a.  Ta yi magana da ɗalibai sama da 4,000 da memba na Diocese of Scranton  game da hidimarta ga &quot;matalauta&quot;, tare da gaya masu su &quot;yi ƙananan abubuwa da ƙauna mai girma&quot;.  {{external media|width=210px|align=right|headerimage=[[File:Mutter Teresa von Kalkutta.jpg|210px]]|video1=[https://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=1852 Mother Teresa's 1979 Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech]}}A Shekara ta alif 1979, Teresa ta sami kyautar Nobel Peace Prize &quot;akan aikinta da ta gudanar dan kaudar da talauci da damuwa wanda suma ke kawo matsala ga zaman lafiya&quot;. Ta ki ta amince da taron , tace kudin ta $192,000 a baiwa talakawa dake kasar Indiya  tare da cewa lada a duniya suna da amfani ne kawai idan anyi aiki dasu wurin taimakon masu karamin karfi. rewards were important only if they helped her to help the world's ne. When Teresa received the prize she was asked, &quot;What can we do to promote world peace?&quot; She answered, &quot;Go home and love your family.&quot; Building on this theme in her [[Kyautar Nobel|Nobel lecture]], she said: &quot;Around the world, not only in the poor countries, but I found the poverty of the West so much more difficult to remove. When I pick up a person from the street, hungry, I give him a plate of rice, a piece of bread, I have satisfied. I have removed that hunger. But a person that is shut out, that feels unwanted, unloved, terrified, the person that has been thrown out from society – that poverty is so hurtable {{sic}} and so much, and I find that very difficult.&quot; Teresa singled out abortion as &quot;the greatest destroyer of peace today. Because if a mother can kill her own child – what is left for me to kill you and you kill me – there is nothing between.&quot;

Barbara Smoker of the secular humanist magazine ''The Freethinker'' criticised Teresa after the Peace Prize award, saying that her promotion of Catholic moral teachings on abortion and contraception diverted funds from effective methods to solve India's problems. At the Fourth World Conference on Women in [[Beijing]], Teresa said: &quot;Yet we can destroy this gift of motherhood, especially by the evil of abortion, but also by thinking that other things like jobs or positions are more important than loving.&quot;

A lokacin rayuwarta, Teresa tana daga cikin manyan mata 10 da suka fi fice a duk shekara Gallup wanda ya fi cancanta ga maza da mata su jefa kuri'u 18, sun kammala da yawa a shekarar alif 1980 da 1990. &lt;ref&gt;Frank Newport, David W. Moore, and Lydia Saad (13 December 1999). &quot;Most Admired Men and Women: 1948–1998&quot;, [[The Gallup Organization]].&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Shekara ta alif 1999. ta jagoranci jerin mutanen da aka fi so a cikin karni na 20 na Gallup,  jefa duk wasu amsoshi da aka ba su ta hanyar iyakokin da yawa, kuma ya kasance na farko a cikin manyan rukunan jama'a banda na matasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;gallup-20c&quot;&gt;Frank Newport (31 December 1999). &quot;Mother Teresa Voted by American People as Most Admired Person of the Century&quot;, [[The Gallup Organization]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pollingreport.com/20th.htm Greatest of the Century] Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll. 20–21 December 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Suuka ==
A cewar wata takarda daga masana ilimin Kanada Serge Larivée, Geneviève Chénard da Carole Sénéchal, asibitocin Teresa sun karbi miliyoyin daloli a cikin abubuwan gudummawa amma ba su da magani, tsarin bincike, ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki da isasshen nazari ga waɗanda ke jin ciwo;  a cikin ra'ayin masana ilimi guda uku, &quot;Mama Teresa ta yarda cewa mara lafiya dole ne ya sha wahala kamar Kristi a kan gicciye&quot;.  An ce karin kudin zai iya canza lafiyar marasa galihu na garin ta hanyar samar da cibiyoyin kula da lafiya.   

Daya daga cikin wadanda suka fi sukar Teresa ita ce yar jaridar Ingilishi, mai sukar litattafan rubuyoci kuma mai adawa da Christopher Hitchens, mai gabatar da ra’ayin Jaridar ''Hell's Angel'' (1994) kuma marubucin labarin ''Fim The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice''&lt;nowiki&gt; (1995) wanda ya rubuta a labarin 2003 : &quot;Wannan ya dawo da mu zuwa ga cin hanci da rashawa na majami'a, wanda ke sayar da attajirai ga ma'abuta yayin da suke wa'azin wutar jahannama da tsinkaye ga talaka. [Uwar Teresa] ba abokin talakawa ba ne. Ta kasance aminin &lt;/nowiki&gt;''talauci'' . Ta ce wahala wahala ce daga Allah. Ta yi amfani da rayuwarta wajen yin adawa da kawai hanyar magance cutar talauci, wanda shine karfafawa mata da ficewar su daga tsarin dabbobin da aka tilasta mata. &quot;  Ya zargi ta da munafinci saboda zabar magani na gaba don yanayin zuciyarta. &lt;ref&gt;Hitchens (1995), p. 41&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;''cf.'' Fr. James Martin, SJ, Letter in ''The New York Review of Books'', 19 September 1996 [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1996/09/19/in-defense-of-mother-teresa/ In Defense of Mother Teresa], accessed 2 February 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Hitchens ya ce &quot;niyyarsa ba ta taimaka wa mutane ba&quot;, kuma ta yi karya ga masu ba da gudummawa game da yadda ake amfani da gudummawar da suke bayarwa. &quot;Ta hanyar magana da ita ne na gano, kuma ta ba ni tabbacin, ba ta bakin kokarin rage talauci&quot;, in ji shi, &quot;tana kokarin fadada yawan mabiya darikar Katolika. Ta ce, 'Ni ba ma'aikacin zamantakewa ba ne. Ba na yi ne saboda wannan dalili. Ina yi domin Kiristi. Ina yi wa cocin. '  &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/10/19/60minutes/main578794.shtml &quot;The Debate over Sainthood&quot;] (11 February 2009). CBS News. Retrieved 29 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake Hitchens yana tunanin shi ne kawai shaida da Vatican ta kira, an kuma kira Aroup Chatterjee (marubucin ''Uwar Teresa: Labarin Untold'' ) don gabatar da hujjoji masu adawa da bugun Teresa da canonization; &lt;ref name=&quot;Hitch&quot;&gt;[http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&amp;page=hitchens_24_2 &quot;Less than Miraculous&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305133543/http://secularhumanism.org/index.php?page=hitchens_24_2&amp;section=library|date=2016-03-05}} by Christopher Hitchens, ''[[Free Inquiry (magazine)|Free Inquiry]]'' 24(2), February/March 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; Vatican ta cire al'ada ta &quot; mai ba da shawarar shaidan &quot;, wanda ya yi aiki da irin wannan manufa.  

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin zubar da ciki sun kuma soki matakin Teresa game da zubar da ciki da kuma hana haihuwa.

== Rayuwar ruhaniya ==
Analysing her deeds and achievements, [[Pope John Paul II]] said: &quot;Where did Mother Teresa find the strength and perseverance to place herself completely at the service of others? She found it in prayer and in the silent contemplation of Jesus Christ, his Holy Face, his Sacred Heart.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2003/october/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20031020_pilgrims-mother-teresa_en.html|title=Address of John Paul II to the Pilgrims Who Had Come To Rome for the Beatification of Mother Teresa|work=Vatican.va|date=20 October 2003|author=John Paul II|accessdate=13 March 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Privately, Teresa experienced doubts and struggle in her religious beliefs which lasted nearly 50 years (until the end of her life); according to her [[postulator]], [[Brian Kolodiejchuk]], &quot;She felt no presence of God whatsoever,&amp;nbsp;... in her heart or in the eucharist&quot;.&lt;ref name=TIME-2007-08-23&gt;{{cite news|title=Mother Teresa's Crisis of Faith|author=David Van Biema|date=23 August 2007|work=TIME|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html|access-date=24 March 2020|archive-date=25 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825084420/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=16 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816032159/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Teresa expressed grave doubts about God's existence and pain over her lack of faith: {{quote|Where is my faith? Even deep down&amp;nbsp;... there is nothing but emptiness and darkness.&amp;nbsp;... If there be God – please forgive me. When I try to raise my thoughts to Heaven, there is such convicting emptiness that those very thoughts return like sharp knives and hurt my very soul.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.edgewoodpc.org/sermons/sermon061911.html|title=Sermon – Some Doubted|publisher=Edgewoodpc.org|date=19 June 2011|accessdate=28 August 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015234535/http://edgewoodpc.org/sermons/sermon061911.html|archivedate=15 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;|sign=|source=}}
[[File:Mother_Teresa_memorial_plaque.jpg|alt=Outdoor bas-relief plaque|thumb| Plaque wanda aka sadaukar wa mahaifiyar Teresa a Wenceslas Square, Olomouc, Czech Republic ]]
Kolodiejchuk (jami'in da ke da alhakin tattara hujjoji na canonization) ya yi tunanin cewa rashin jin daɗin da wasu ke yi zai iya cewa sunyi akasin fassara tai, amma imanin da ya yi cewa Allah yana aiki da ita bai cika damuwa ba; duk da cewa ta yi niyyar kusanci da Allah, amma ba ta tuhumi kasancewar sa ba.  Teresa na iya fuskantar wani abu mai kama da [[Isa Almasihu|Yesu]], wanda ya ce lokacin da aka gicciye shi: ''&quot; Eli Eli lama sabachthani? &quot;'' (&quot;Ya Allah, Allahna, don me ka yashe ni?&quot; ).  Kolodiejchuk ya zana kwatancen John na 16 na ƙarni na Yahaya na Giciye, wanda ya ambaci kalmar &quot; Duhun Duhun Jiya &quot;.  Sauran tsarkaka (ciki har da Teresa mai suna Thérèse na Lisieux, waɗanda suka kira shi &quot;daren rashin kome&quot;) sun sami irin wannan goguwar bushewar ruhaniya . &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;[http://www.beliefnet.com/story/223/story_22353_1.html New Book Reveals Mother Teresa's Struggle with Faith] Beliefnet, AP 2007&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar James Langford, wadannan shakku ba su da wata ma'ana kuma ba zai kawo cikas ga canonization ba.  

Bayan shekaru goma cikin shakku, Teresa ta bayyana ɗan taƙaitaccen lokacin da sabuwar bangaskiya. Bayan mutuwar Paparoma Pius XII a shekarar alif 1958, tana yi masa addu'ar bukukuwan a lokacin da aka sami sauki daga &quot;dogon duhu: wannan baƙon wahalar.&quot; Koyaya, mako biyar baya bushewar ruhaniyarta ta dawo.  

Teresa ta rubuta wasiƙu da yawa ga waɗanda ke ba da tabbaci da kuma manyanta a cikin shekaru 66, musamman ga Calcutta Archbishop Ferdinand Perier da Jesuit firist Celeste van Exem (mashawarcinta na ruhaniya tun samuwar mishan Mishan).  Ta nemi a lalata wasiƙun ta, kasancewar ta damu da cewa &quot;mutane za su ƙara yin la'akari da ni - ƙasa da Yesu.&quot;   
[[File:Alfons_Weisser_Mutter_Teresa.JPG|thumb| Zane-zanen Semi-girmama na girmama Iya Teresa ]]
Koyaya, an tattara rubutun a cikin Mama ''Teresa: Kuzo Ku kasance Haske na'' .   Teresa ta rubuta wa Mika'ilu amintacce na ruhaniya Michael van der Peet, “Yesu yana da ƙauna ta musamman a gare ku. Amma ni, shuru da wofi suna da yawa, da na duba ban gani ba - saurara kuma ban ji ba - harshe yana motsawa [cikin addu'a] amma ba ya magana. &amp;nbsp; . . . Ina so ku yi mini addu'a - cewa na bar Shi ya yi kyauta. &quot; 

A ''Deus Caritas Est'' (farkon encyclical ), [[Benedict na Sha Shida|Paparoma Benedict XVI]] da aka ambata Teresa sau uku da kuma amfani da ita rayuwa don bayyana daya daga cikin encyclical ta babban maki: &quot;A cikin misali na Albarka Teresa na Calcutta da muke da wata hujja hoto da cewa lokaci ya sadaukar Allah cikin addu'o'i bawai kawai baya yanke hukunci daga aiki mai kyau da soyayya ga makwabcinmu amma a zahiri shine tushen wannan aikin. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;[[Benedict na Sha Shida|Pope Benedict XVI]] (25 December 2005). ''Deus caritas est{{Dead link|date=October 2011}}''. (PDF). Vatican City, pp.10. Retrieved 2 August 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Ta rubuta, &quot;Ta hanyar addu'o'in tunani ne da karatun ruhi ne kawai zamu iya samar da kyautar addu'a.&quot;  

Kodayake ba a haɗa da odarta ba tare da umarnin Franciscan, Teresa tana sha'awar Francis na Assisi &lt;ref name=&quot;AmeriCath&quot;&gt;&quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta Pays Tribute to St. Francis of Assisi&quot; on the ''American Catholic'' website. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta kasance mai tasiri ga ruhaniyar Franciscan.'Yan uwan Mata da Sadaka suna karanta addu'o'in Saint Francis kowace safiya a Mass a lokacin godiya bayan tarayya, kuma girmamansu ga ma'aikatar da alkawarin da yawa yayi daidai da nata. Francis ya jaddada talauci, tsabta, biyayya da biyayya ga Kristi. Ya sadaukar da mafi yawan rayuwarsa wajen bautar da talakawa, musamman kutare.

== Canonization ==

=== Mu'ujiza da beatifaication ===
Bayan Teresa ta mutu a shekara ta alif 1997, sai Holy See ya fara aiwatar da beatification (na biyu daga uku matakai wajen canonization ) da kuma Kolodiejchuk aka nada postulator da Diocese na Calcutta . Ko da yake ya ce, &quot;Ba mu tabbatar da cewa ta kasance cikakke ko kuma ba ta taɓa yin kuskure ba &amp;nbsp; ... &quot;, dole ne ya tabbatar da cewa kyawun Teresa jarumi ne. Kolodiejchuk ya gabatar da takardu 76, jimilla shafi 35,000, wadanda suka danganci hirar da shaidu 113 wadanda aka nemi su amsa tambayoyi 263.  
[[File:Stained_glass_depiction_of_key_moments_in_the_lifetime_of_Mother_Teresa_at_the_Cathedral_of_Saint_Mother_Teresa_in_Prishtina.jpg|right|thumb|332x332px| Cikakken gilashin tarihin rayuwar mahaifiyar Teresa a Cathedral na Saint Teresa a Prishtinë, Kosovo ]]. 
A tsari na canonization bukatar takardun na wani mu'ujiza sakamakon daga cẽto na yiwuwa saint.  A shekara ta 2002 ne aka gano cewa Vatican ta zama wata mu'ujiza ta warkar da cutar kumburin ciki a cikin mahaifar Monica Besra, wata mace ‘yar Indiya, bayan da aka yi amfani da wani loka dauke da hoton Teresa. A cewar Besra, gwanayen haske da aka samo daga hoton kuma an warkar da cutar kumburin ta; duk da haka, mijinta da wasu ma'aikatanta na kiwon lafiya sun ce magani na yau da kullun ya kawar da cutar. &lt;ref&gt;Orr, David (10 May. 2003). &quot;Medicine cured 'miracle' woman – not Mother Teresa, say doctors&quot;. ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Dr. Ranjan Mustafi, wanda ya fada wa ''jaridar New York Times'' cewa ya yi maganin Besra, ya ce cutar ta haifar da cutar tarin fuka: &quot;Wannan ba wani abin al'ajabi bane &amp;nbsp; . . . Ta dauki magunguna tsawon watanni tara zuwa shekara guda. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/20/world/her-legacy-acceptance-and-doubts-of-a-miracle.html &quot;Her Legacy: Acceptance and Doubts of a Miracle&quot;], by David Rohde. ''The New York Times''. 20 October 2003&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar mijin Besra, “Likitoci sun warkar da matata ba kuma ta wata mu’ujiza ba &amp;nbsp; . . . Wannan mu'ujiza wannan magana ce. &quot;  Besra ta ce bayanan likitocin da suka hada da sonogram, magunguna da bayanan likitocin, Sister Betta ta Mishan Matan Sadau ta kwace. A cewar ''Lokaci'', kiran da aka yi wa Sister Betta da ofishin Sister Nirmala (wanda zai gaji Teresa a matsayin shugaban oda) bai amsa wani bayani ba. Jami'ai a Asibitin Balurghat, inda Besra ta nemi magani, sun ce an tilasta masu ne ta hanyar da ta kira magani da ta warke.  A cikin watan Fabrairu, na shekarar 2000, tsohon ministan kiwon lafiya na West Bengal Partho De ya ba da umarnin sake duba bayanan likita na Besra a Sashen Lafiya na Kolkata. A cewar De, babu wani sabon abu game da rashin lafiyarta da magani bisa doguwar jinyarta. Ya ce ya ƙi ba da sunan Vatican na likita wanda zai tabbatar da cewa warkewar Monica Besra ta mu’ujiza ce.  

A lokacin beatification na Teresa da canonization, Roman Curia (ta Vatican) tayi nazari kuma ba a wallafa sukar rayuwarta da aikinta ba. Hitchens da Chatterjee (marubucin ''The Final Verdict'', wani littafi mai mahimmanci na Teresa) ta yi magana da kotun; a cewar jami'an Vatican, binciken da aka gabatar an bincike ne daga Kungiyar da ke Sanadin Sanadin Waliyyan Waliyyan .  Kungiyar ba ta sami wani cikas ba game da canjin magana na Teresa, kuma ta ba da ''kewar ta'' a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun, na shekarar alif 1999.   Saboda harin da aka kai mata, wasu marubutan Katolika sun kira ta da alamar sabani .  Wani kwamiti na daban na likita ya yanke hukuncin cewa mu'ujiza Monica Besra, daya daga cikin ukun da Kolodiejchuk ya dauke, alama ce ta roko na Allah.  An kori Teresa a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, shekarar 2003, kuma Katolika sun san shi da &quot;Masu Albarka&quot;.

===Canonization===
A 17 Disamba 2015, offishin yada labarai na Vatican [[Francis (fafaroma)|Pope Francis]] ya gano mu'ujiza na biyu da aka danganta ga Teresa: warkar da mutumin Brazil dauke da brain tumours a 2008.mu'ujizar ta zo cikin gari ne sanda wasu jami'ai dake kula da aiki lokacin shagualan World Youth Day 2013sanda fafaroma ke kasar Brazil awatan Yuli. anyi ta bincike a Brazil daga 19–26 June 2015 wanda daga bisani aka maida zuwa masu aiki na Saints wanda suka bada dokatr cewa cabinciken ya kammalu.

Francis yayi mata canonization, hakan yafaru ne a wani biki a ranar 4 ga Satumbar 2016 a Dandalin St Peter da ke garin Vatican. Dubun-dubatan mutane ne suka halarci bikin, gami da wakilai 15 na gwamnati da kuma mutane 1,500 da ba su da matsuguni daga duk fadin Italiya.   An watsa kai tsaye ta hanyar tashar Vatican kuma aka watsa ta yanar gizo; Skopje, garin mahaifar Teresa, ya ba da sanarwar bikin biki na tsawon sati daya.  A Indiya, Mishan ɗin Sadarwa ta biki ta Kolkata.

== Co-Patron na Calcutta Archdiocese ==
A ranar 4 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, yayin bikin girmama canonization dinta wata shekara ta 1 da ta cancanta, Sister Mary Prema Pierick, Babban shugaba ta na mishan Ofishin Sadaka, ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a sanya Teresa a matsayin malamar cocin Calcutta Archdiocese yayin bikin Mass a cikin Cathedral na Mafi Girma Rosary a 5.30 pm a ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017.  A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Archbishop Thomas D’Souza, wanda ke zama shugaban Archdiocese na Katolika na Calcutta, ya tabbatar da cewa za a nada Teresa a matsayin mai rikon mukamin Caliota Diocese, tare da Francis Xavier.   A ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, kusan mutane 500 suka halarci Mass a wani babban coci inda Dominique Gomes, Babban Vicar na gida,  karanta dokar da ta kafa ta a matsayin mataimaki na biyu na mai kare tarihi na archdiocese.  D’Souza da jakadan Vatican a Indiya, Giambattista Diquattro, sune suka jagoranci wannan bikin kuma suka gabatar da mutum-mutumi na tagulla a cocin Uwa Teresa dauke da yaro.  

Cocin Katolika na Roman Katolika ya ba da sanarwar St. Francis Xavier yazama saint na farko na Calcutta a shekarar alif 1986.  

== Legacy da fitowa a cikin al'adun sanannu ==

=== Abun Tunawa ===
[[File:Terminal_jashte.jpg|alt=Airport terminal, with four trees in the foreground|left|thumb| Tirana International Airport Nënë Tereza ]]
Kayay-yakin tarihi da ake tunawa da Teresa kuma sunanta sunan cocin da yawa. Tana da gine-gine, hanyoyi da kuma gidaje masu suna bayanta, gami da filin jirgin saman Albania na duniya . Ranar Iya Teresa ''(Dita e Nënë Terezës)'', 19 ga Oktoba, hutu ne na jama'a a Albania . A shekara ta 2009, an buɗe gidan tunawa da mahaifiyar Teresa a garinsu Skopje, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makidoniya]] . An ba da sunan babban cocin Katolika da ke Pristina, Kosovo don girmamawa.  Ginin sa, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2011, ya haifar da muhawara a cikin da'irorin musulmai wadanda suka gan shi a matsayin wanda ya  karfafa yawan mabiya darikar Katolika a yankin. Musulmin Kosovo sun yi adawa da wani kudurin kafa wata hanyar tunawa da Teresa a garin Peć (a cewar masu fafutuka, kashi 98 cikin dari) Musulmai sun yi adawa da kafa ta a Kosovo.  
[[File:Saint_Mother_Teresa_Cathedral_Prishtina8.jpg|right|thumb|150x150px| Cathedral na Saint Mother Teresa, Prishtinë ]]
Jami'ar Mata ta Uwa Teresa,  a Kodaikanal, an kafa ta a shekarar alif 1984. a matsayin jami'ar jama'a ta gwamnatin Tamil Nadu . Mahaifiya Theresa Postgraduate da Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Kiwon Lafiya,  a Pondicherry, an kafa ta ne a cikin shekarar alif 1999. ta hannun Gwamnatin Puducherry . Kungiyar ba da agaji Sevalaya ce ke tafiyar da Gidan Iyayen Mata na Teresa, tare da samar da 'yan matan marayu da marayu a kusa da kauyen Kasuva da ke Tamil Nadu da abinci, kayan sawa, tsari da ilimi.  Yawancin yabo da marubucin tarihin Teresa, Navin Chawla, suka bayyana a jaridu da mujallu na Indiya.    Jirgin Ruwa na Indiya sun gabatar da &quot;Mother Express&quot;, sabon jirgin kasa mai suna bayan mahaifiyar Mama Teresa, a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2010. don tunawa da karni na haihuwar ta.  Gwamnatin Tamil Nadu ta shirya bukukuwan karni na karrama Teresa a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2010 a [[Chennai]] wanda babban minista M Karunanidhi ya jagoranta.   Farko a kan 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2013, ranar tunawa da ta mutuwa da aka sanya cikin kasa da kasa Rãnar Charity ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya .  

A cikin shekarar 2012, Teresa ta kasance lamba ta 5 a cikin Babban binciken Indiya na Manyan Yan Indiya .  

A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Katolika na St Teresa, cocin Katolika na farko da aka sanya wa sunan girmamawa ga Teresa, an keɓe shi a Kosovo.  Cathedral ɗin shima babban cocin Katolika ne na farko na Kosovo.  

==== Tarihai da littattafai ====

* Teresa batun fim din 1969 ne da littafin 1972, ''Abin Kyau ga Allah'', wanda Malcolm Muggeridge ya wallafa .  An yi fim ɗin fim ɗin tare da jawo hankalin yammacin duniya ga Mama Teresa. 
* Littattafan Christopher Hitchens na 1994, ''Mala'ikan Jahannama'', ya bayar da hujjar cewa Teresa ta bukaci talakawa da su yarda da makomarsu; Allah yana bayyana masu arziki kamar yadda Allah ya yi musu falala.   Wannan ita ce farkon rubutun Hitchens, ''Matsayin mishan: Uwar Teresa a ka'idodi da Aiki'' . 

==== Shirye-shiryen talabijin ====

* Geraldine Chaplin ya buga wasan Teresa a cikin ''Iya Teresa: Da Sunan Rashin Allah'', wanda ya karɓi kyautar Fim na Fim a shekarar alif 1997.
* Olivia Hussey ce ta buga wasan a cikin ministocin gidan talabijin na Italiya na shekarar  2003, ''Mama Teresa na Calcutta'' .  An sake sakewa a cikin shekarar 2007, ta sami kyautar CAMIE .
* Juliet Stevenson ta taka leda a cikin fim din ' ''The Letters'' ' na shekarar 2014, wanda ya danganta da wasiƙun sa zuwa ga firist ɗin Vatican Celeste van Exem .
* Uwar Teresa, wacce Cara Francis the FantasyGrandma ke bugawa, ta yi tsegumi kan Sigmund Freud a cikin Epic Rap Battles of Tarihi, jerin wakokin fim din YouTube da Nice Peter da Epic Lloyd suka kirkira. An saki Rap din a YouTube a ranar 22 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2019.

== Duba kuma ==

* Abdul Sattar Edhi 
* Albanians 
* Jerin mutanen Albanians 
* Jerin sunayen mata masu lambar yabo ta Nobel 
* Babban Ba’indiye 
* Addinin Katolika na Albania 
* Addinin Katolika na Kosovo 
* Addinin Katolika na Romaniya a Arewacin Makidoniya 

== Manazarta ==

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[[File:Mary Teresa Norton cph.3b14795.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa lokacin tana ma￼tashiya]]
[[File:Mother Teresa 1995.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa a shekarar 1995]]
[[Fayil:Statue Mother Teresa Thomas Mount Chennai Aug22 A7C 02284.jpg|thumb|mama teresa]]
'''Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu'''  (an haifi '''Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu''',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/vatican-declares-mother-teresa-patron-saint-calcutta-49651357|title=Vatican declares Mother Teresa a patron saint of Calcutta|author=Manik Banerjee|date=6 September 2017|publisher=Associated Press, ABC News.com|accessdate=6 September 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906160015/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/vatican-declares-mother-teresa-patron-saint-calcutta-49651357|archivedate=6 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/mother-teresa-to-be-named-co-patron-of-calcutta-archdiocese-on-first-canonization-anniversary-4007169.html|title=Mother Teresa to be named co-patron of Calcutta Archdiocese on first canonization anniversary|date=4 September 2017|magazine=First Post|accessdate=5 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Albanian:   ; a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif  1910, zuwa &amp;nbsp;ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, Shekara ta alif 1997), wacce akafi sani a matsayin '''Mother Teresa''' da kuma girmama a cikin cocin Katolika a matsayin '''Saint Teresa na Calcutta,'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.killaladiocese.org/canonisation-of-blessed-mother-teresa-september-4th/|title=Canonisation of Mother Teresa – September 4th|website=Diocese of Killala|date=September 2016|accessdate=4 September 2016|archive-date=8 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908122310/http://www.killaladiocese.org/canonisation-of-blessed-mother-teresa-september-4th/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  an Albanian&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html|title=Kur Nënë Tereza vinte në Tiranë/2|first=bota|last=shqiptare|publisher=|access-date=2020-03-24|archive-date=2016-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918175822/http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=2016-09-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918175822/http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; - Indian  Roman Katolika Nun, da mishan .  An haife ta ne a Skopje (yanzu itace babban birnin [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makedonia]] ), sannan wani ɓangare na Kosovo Vilayet na Daular Ottoman. Bayan ta zauna a Skopje shekaru goma sha takwas, sai tai ƙaura zuwa Ireland sannan kuma ta tafi [[Indiya]], inda ta zauna mafi yawan rayuwarta.

A shekarar alif 1950, Teresa ta kafa Mishanarai na Tallafawa, a wani taron addini na Roman Katolika  wanda ya kai 4,500 na nunashekarana aukuwa a kasashe 133 a shekara ta 2012. Ikilisiya tana kula da gidaje don mutanen da ke mutuwa ta [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]], kuturta da [[Tibi|tarin fuka]] . Hakanan yana gudanar da dafa abinci na dafa abinci, kayan dafa abinci, asibitocin tafi-da-gidanka, shirye-shiryen ba da shawara ga yara da na iyali, harma da marayu da makarantu. Wakilai suna yin alwashi na tsabta, talauci, da biyayya, sannan kuma suna yin alkawarin hudun - don ba da &quot;yardar rai kyauta ga matalautan matalauta.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Muggeridge (1971), chapter 3, &quot;Mother Teresa Speaks&quot;, pp. 105, 113&lt;/ref&gt; 

Teresa ta samu karramawa da dama, a wadansu maban bantan shekaru, aciki hada shekarar (1962) [[Ramon Magsaysay Peace Prize]] da kuma shekara ta alif (1979) Nobel Peace Prize . Ta kasance sananne a ranar 4 ga watan Satumbar, shekarata 2016, kuma ranar tunawa da mutuwarta (5 ga watan Satumba) ita ce ranar bikinta . 

Wani mutum mai rikitarwa a rayuwarsa da kuma bayan mutuwarta, mutane da yawa suna alfahari da mama Teresa saboda aikinta na kyautatawa. An yaba mata da yin Allah wadai kan lamurra daban-daban, irin su ra'ayoyinta game da zubar da ciki da hana haihuwa, kuma ana sukar ta da mummunan yanayi a cikin gidajen ta na masu mutuwa. Navin Chawla ne ya rubuta tarihinta wanda aka ba da izini kuma aka buga shi a Shekara ta alif (1992) kuma ta kasance 'yan fim da sauran littattafai.A 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Teresa da St-Francis Xavier an ba su sunayen abokan tarayya na Archdiocese na Roman Katolika na Calcutta.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==

=== Farkon rayuwa ===
[[File:Memorial_house_of_Mother_Teresa.jpg|alt=Urban stone-and-glass building|left|thumb| Bikin tunawa da mahaifiyar Iyaye Teresa a garin haihuwarta Skopje ]]
An haifi Teresa Anjezë Gonxhe (ko Gonxha) &lt;ref name=&quot;Egan 1992&quot;&gt;''Blessed Are You: Mother Teresa and the Beatitudes'', ed. by Eileen Egan and Kathleen Egan, O.S.B., MJF Books: New York, 1992&lt;/ref&gt; Bojaxhiu ( Albanian:   ; ''Anjezë'' ne cognate na &quot;Agnes&quot;. ''Gonxhe'' yana nufin &quot;furebud&quot; ko &quot;karamar fure&quot; a cikin Albanian ) a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif (1910) a cikin dangin Kosovar Albanian    a Skopje (yanzu babban birnin [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makedoniya]] ), [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] .   An yi mata baftisma a Skopje, kwana bayan haifuwarta.  Daga baya ta yi la’akari da ranar 27 ga watan  Agusta, ranar da aka yi mata baftisma, ‘bikinta na gaskiya’. &lt;ref name=&quot;MToC&quot;&gt;(2002) &quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)&quot;. ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ta kuma kasance ƙaramar yarinyar Nikollë da Dranafile Bojaxhiu (Bernai).  Mahaifinta, wanda ke da hannu a cikin siyasar Albaniya a cikin Ottoman Macedonia, ya mutu a shekara ta alif (1919), lokacin yana dan shekara takwas. &lt;ref name=&quot;MToC&quot;&gt;(2002) &quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)&quot;. ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Although some sources state she was 10 when her father died, in an interview with her brother, the Vatican documents her age at the time as &quot;about eight&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Wataƙila ya fito ne daga Prizren, Kosovo, kuma wataƙila mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga kauyen kusa da Gjakova .  

Dangane da tarihin daga Joan Graff Clucas, Teresa ta kasance a cikin shekarunta lokacin da labaru game da rayuwar mishaneri da hidimarsu a Bengal ya burge ta ; har ta kai shekara 12, ta hakikance cewa yakamata ta sadaukar da rayuwarta ga addini.  Shirin ta ya ƙarfafa a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif 1928, yayin da tayi addu'a a farfajiyar Madonna na Madina na Vitina-Letnice, inda ta saba yin aikin haji . &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, ''Mother Teresa: A Biography'', Greenwood Press, 2004, p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Teresa ta bar gida a shekarar alif 1928, yayin da take da Shekara 18, don shiga Sisters of Loreto a Loreto Abbey a Rathfarnham, Ireland, don koyan Turanci tare da ra'ayin zama mishan; Ingilishi shine harshen koyar da Yan'uwa mata na Loreto a Indiya.  Ba ta taɓa ganin mahaifiyarta ko ƙanwarta ba. &lt;ref&gt;Sharn, Lori (5 September 1997). [http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/mothert/mother01.htm &quot;Mother Teresa dies at 87&quot;]. ''USA Today''. Retrieved 5 September 2016&lt;/ref&gt; Iyalinta sun zauna a Skopje har zuwa shekarar alif 1934, lokacin da suka ƙaura zuwa Tirana .  

Ta isa Indiya a Shekara ta alif 1929 , kuma ta fara ta novitiate a Darjeeling, a cikin kananan [[Himalaya|Himalayas]], &lt;ref&gt;Clucas (1988), p. 31&lt;/ref&gt; inda ta koya Bengali da kuma koyarwa a St. Teresa ta School dake kusa da Conven dinta. &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 17.&lt;/ref&gt; Teresa ta dauki alwashin farko na addini a ranar 24 ga watan Mayu, Shekara ta alif 1931. Ta zaɓi zama mai suna bayan Thérèse de Lisieux, mai tsaro na mishan na mishan;   saboda wata macen zawara a cikin gidan masarautar ta riga ta za bi wannan suna, Agnes ya zaɓi yaren rubutun Mutanen Espanya (Teresa). &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 18.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Teresa ta yi alƙawura a ranar 14 ga watan  Mayu, Shekara ta alif 1937, yayin da take malama a makarantar koyar da adami ta Loreto a , gabashin Calcutta. &lt;ref name=&quot;MToC&quot;&gt;(2002) &quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)&quot;. ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;   Ta yi aiki a wurin kusan kusan shekaru ashirin kuma an nada ta a matsayin shugabar mata a shekarar alif 1944. &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 25.&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa Teresa ta ji daɗin koyarwa a makarantar, amma ta damu sosai da talaucin da ke kewaye da ita a [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] .  Yunwar Bengal na shekarar alif 1943, ya kawo tashin hankali da mutuwa a cikin birni, kuma Ranar Yakin 1946  kai tsaye ya fara lokacin tashin hankalin Musulmi da Hindu.  

=== Mishan cikin Sadaka ===
[[File:Missionaries_of_Charity_Mother_House.jpg|alt=Three-story building with a sign and a statue|thumb| Mishanarai na Charity motherhouse a Kolkata ]]
A ranar 10 ga watan Satumba, shekarar alif 1946, Teresa ta sami abin da ta bayyana daga baya a matsayin &quot;kira a cikin kira&quot; lokacin da ta yi tafiya ta jirgin ƙasa zuwa wurin ajiyar kayayyaki na Loreto a Darjeeling daga [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] don komawar ta shekara-shekara. &quot;Ya kamata in fita daga cikin tashoshin don taimakon talakawa yayin da nake zaune a cikinsu. Umarni ne. Rashin faɗuwa dã ya kasance yana rushe imani. &quot;  Daga baya Joseph Langford ya rubuta, &quot;Ko da yake ba wanda ya san shi a lokacin, 'yar'uwar Teresa ta zama ''Uwar'' Teresa&quot;.  

Ta fara aikin mishan tare da matalauta a cikin shekarar alif 1948, sauya al'ada ta Loreto ta al'ada tare da sari, farin auduga sari tare da shudin iyaka. Teresa ta amince da zama ɗan baƙon Indiya, ta yi watanni da yawa a Patna don karɓar horo na asali a Asibitin Holy Family kuma ta shiga cikin tutocin.   Ta kafa makaranta a Motijhil, Kolkata, kafin ta fara kula da matalauta da masu fama da yunwa. A farkon shekarar alif 1949, wasu gungun matasa mata sun hadar da Teresa a cikin kokarin ta, sannan ta aza harsashin kafa sabuwar kungiyar addini da ke taimaka wa &quot;mafi talauci a cikin matalauta&quot;.  

Kokarin ta ya ja hankalin jami’an Indiya cikin hanzari, gami da Firayim Minista.  Teresa ta rubuta a cikin rubutunta cewa shekarar ta farko tana fama da wahala. Ba tare da samun kuɗin shiga ba, ta roƙi abinci da kayan abinci da ƙwarewar shakku, kadaici da jaraba don dawowa cikin ta'aziyyar rayuwar duniya yayin waɗannan farkon watanni: 

Ubangijinmu nason in zama yantattar mai bauta wacce aka lullube cikin talaucin yesu, A yau, na ilimantu da darussa masu kyau. Talaucin talaka dole yayi masu tsanani, sanda nake neman gida nayi tafiya har saida kafafuna sukayi ciwo, nayi tunanin cewa tyaushe ne zasu bar wannan ciwo ga rayuwata, ina neman gida, abinci da lafiya. Sai jindadin loreto yashafe ni, yace kawai ki fadi Kalmar duk wani abu zai zama naki, haka dai mai shafar yacigaba da cewa..., cikin budaddiyar zabi, Dan Allah na kuma dan sona agare ki, na zaba inyi komi danke bazan bar wani hawaye ya sauka daga ida nunki ba.
[[File:Sisters_of_Charity.jpg|alt=Four nuns in sandals and white-and-blue saris|left|thumb| Mishan Sadaka a saris na gargajiya ]]
A ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba, Shekara ta alif  1950, Teresa ta sami izini daga Vatican don ikilisiyar diocesan, wanda zai zama mishaneri na Sadaka.  A cikin maganganun ta, zai kula da &quot;masu fama da yunwa, tsirara, marasa gida, guragu, makafi, kutare, duk waɗannan mutanen da suke jin ƙin sonsu, marasa ƙauna, waɗanda ba su kula da su ba a duk faɗin jama'a, mutanen da suka zama nauyi ga jama'a kuma kowa ya nisanta dashi ”.  

A shekarar alif 1952, Teresa ta buɗe hospice dinta na farko da taimako jami'ai daga Calcutta. Ta sauya hanikalin Hindu da aka yi watsi da ita zuwa Gidan Kalighat na Mutuwa, kyauta ne ga matalauta, ta kuma sanya mata suna Kalighat, Gidan Zuciyar Mai Tsabta (Nirmal Hriday).  Wadanda kawo wa gida samu likita da hankali da kuma damar da za su mutu tare da mutunci a cikin daidai da ban-gaskiyarsu: Musulmi suna karanta [[Al Kur'ani|Kur'ani]], 'yan Hindu samu ruwa daga ganges, kuma Katolika samu matsananci unction .  &quot;Kyakkyawan mutuwa&quot;, in ji Teresa, &quot;don mutane waɗanda suka rayu kamar dabbobi su mutu kamar mala'iku - suna ƙauna da so.&quot;  
[[File:Nirmal_Hriday_facade.jpg|alt=White, older building|thumb| Nirmal Hriday, Uwargida na Calcutta na Mama Teresa, a cikin 2007 ]]
Ta buɗe ofishi ga waɗanda ke da kuturta, suna kiranta Shanti Nagar (Birnin Zaman Lafiya).  Kungiyoyin mishan na Agaji sun kafa cibiyoyin cutar kuturta, a ko'ina cikin Calcutta, suna ba da magunguna, riguna da abinci.  Mishan din na Agaji sun karu da yawaitar yara marasa gida; a shekarar alif 1955, Teresa ta bude Nirmala Shishu Bhavan, Gidan Yaran Yara na Zuciya, a zaman mafaka ga marayu da matasa marasa gida.  

Ikilisiyar ta yafara jawo hankalin ma'aikata da gudummawowi, kuma har ya zuwa shekarar 1960, sun bude ofisoshin marayu, gidajen marayu da gidajen kuturu a cikin ko'ina na kasar  Indiya. Daga nan Teresa ta faɗaɗa ikilisiya a ƙasar waje, ta buɗe gida a Venezuela a shekara ta alif 1965, tare da ’yan’uwa mata biyar.  An bi gidaje a Italiya (Rome), Tanzania da Austria a cikin shekarar 1968, kuma a cikin shekarun 1970 ikilisiya ta buɗe gidaje da tushe a Amurka da dama ƙasashe a Asiya, Afirka da Turai.  

An kafa mishan na Missionaries of Charity Brothers a shekarar alif 1963, kuma reshe ne mai dauke da tunani na San’uwa ya biyo baya a shekarar 1976. Lay Katolika da waɗanda ba Katolika ba sun sami rajista a cikin -kungiyar Ma'aikata na Uwar Teresa, Masu aikin Marasa lafiya da wahala, da kuma mishan na Ma'aikatan Sadaka. Da yake amsa buƙatu daga firistoci da yawa, a cikin Shekara ta alif 1981, Mama Teresa ta kafa kungiyar Corpus Christi Movement na Firistoci  tare da Joseph Langford mishaneri na Ubanni a cikin Shekara ta alif 1984, don haɗu da manufofin sana'a na mishan na ba da agaji tare da kayan aikin rayuwar firistoci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.mcpriests.com/ |title=The Religious Community of priests founded by Mother Teresa. ''Missionaries of Charity Fathers'' |access-date=2020-03-24 |archive-date=2016-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211191550/http://www.mcpriests.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Mother Teresa 1996.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa]]
Ya zuwa shekarar alif 1997, majami'ar Calcutta mai mambobi 13 sun girma zuwa fiye da 'yan'uwa mata 4,000 waɗanda ke kula da marayu, gidajen kula da cutar kanjamau da cibiyoyin bayar da agaji a duk duniya, suna kula da' yan gudun hijirar, makafi, nakasassu, tsofaffi, mashaya giya, gajiyayyu da marasa gida da waɗanda ambaliyar ta shafa, annoba da kuma yunwa.  A shekara ta 2007, mishan mishan na Charity ya ƙididdige kimanin 'yan’uwa 450 da ’yan’uwa mata 5,000 a duk duniya, waɗanda ke aiki mishan 600, makarantu da mafaka a cikin ƙasashe 120.

=== Sadaka ta kasa da kasa ===
Teresa ta ce, &quot;Da jini, Ni dan Albaniya ne. Ta zama ɗan ƙasa, Ba'indiye ne. Ta wurin bangaskiya, ni wata mazhabar Katolika ce. Game da kirana, ni na duniya ce. &quot;Game da zuciyata, gaba daya na daga cikin zuciyar Yesu ne.&quot;  Luwararru cikin harsuna biyar-Bengali,  Albanian, Serbian, [[Turanci]] da Hindi - ta yi tafiye-tafiye na lokaci-lokaci a wajen India saboda dalilai na bil-adama.  

A tsaunin Siege na Beirut a shekarar 1982, Teresa ta ceci yara 37 da aka makale a wani asibiti kafin ta hanyar tsagaita wuta na wucin gadi tsakanin sojojin Isra’ila da masu gwagwarmayar Falasdinawa.Tare da ma'aikatan kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross, ta bi ta yankin yaki zuwa asibiti don kwashe matasa marasa lafiya.  

Lokacin da gabashin Turai ta sami karuwa a ƙarshen 1980s, Teresa ta faɗaɗa ƙoƙarinta ga ƙasashen Kwaminisanci waɗanda suka ƙi Mishan Mishan na Sadaka. Ta fara shirye-shirye da dama, ba tare da wata damuwa ba game da matsayinta na hana zubar da ciki da kisan aure: &quot;Babu wanda ya ce menene, ya kamata ka karba shi da murmushi ka yi aikinka.&quot; Ta ziyarci Armenia bayan girgizar kasa na 1988  kuma ta sadu da Nikolai Ryzhkov, Shugaban Majalisar Ministocin .  

Teresa ta yi tafiya don taimakawa masu fama da yunwa a Habasha, wadanda suka kamu da radadin cutar a Chernobyl da kuma wadanda girgizar ta shafa a Armenia. &lt;ref&gt;Cooper, Kenneth J. (14 September 1997). &quot;Mother Teresa Laid to Rest After Multi-Faith Tribute&quot;. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved 30 May 2007&lt;/ref&gt;   A 1991, ta koma [[Albaniya|Albania]] a karon farko, inda ta buɗe Ofishin mishan na Charity Brothers gida a Tirana .  

A shekarar 1996, Teresa ta fara aiki da misalai 517 a cikin kasashe sama da 100.  Mishanninta na Rahamar sun karu daga goma sha biyu zuwa dubbai, suna masu hidimar &quot;matalautan matalauta&quot; a cibiyoyi 450 na duniya. An kafa Ofishin mishan na farko na Charity a cikin Amurka a yankin South Bronx na [[New York (birni)|New York City]], kuma har ya zuwa shekarar 1984 ikilisiya tana gudanar da rukunoni 19 a cikin ƙasar.

=== Karayar lafiya da mutuwa ===
Teresa ta sami bugun zuciya a Rome a 1983 yayin da ta ke ziyartar [[John Paul na Biyu|Paparoma John Paul II]] . Bayan harin na biyu a 1989, ta sami na'urar bugun zuciya . A 1991, bayan cutar huhu a Mexico,tana da karin matsalolin zuciya. Kodayake Teresa ta ba da shawarar yin murabus a matsayin shugabar mishan na Sadaka, a cikin wata takaddar sirri da 'yar'uwar ikilisiyar suka zabe ta ta ci gaba kuma ta yarda ta ci gaba.  

A watan Afrilun 1996,ta fadi,ta karya kashinta na wuya, kuma bayan wata hudu ta [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|kamu]] da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] da ciwon zuciya . Kodayake Teresa ta yi aikin tiyata, amma lafiyar ta tana raguwa. A cewar Akbishop na Calcutta Henry Sebastian D’Souza, ya umarci wani firist da ya yi aikin fitarwa (tare da izininsa) lokacin da aka garzaya da ita asibiti da matsalolin bugun zuciya saboda yana tunanin watakila shaidan ne ya same shi. &lt;ref&gt;Bindra, Satinder (7 September 2001).&quot;Archbishop: Mother Teresa underwent exorcism&quot;. ''CNN'' Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;.  

A ranar 13 Maris 1997 Teresa ta yi murabus a matsayin shugabar Mishan of Charity, kuma ta mutu ne a ranar 5 ga Satumba.  Lokacin da ta mutu, mishaneri na Sadaka yana da 'yan'uwa mata sama da 4,000 da kuma ɗan uwan mambobi 300 waɗanda ke aiki a ofisoshi 610 a cikin ƙasashe 123.  Waɗannan sun haɗa da baƙi da gidaje ga mutanen da ke [[Kanjamau|ɗauke]] da [[Kanjamau|kwayar cutar HIV, AIDS]], kuturta da tarin fuka, dafaffen dafa abinci, shirye-shiryen kula da yara da na yara, marayu da makarantu. Missionungiyar mishan ta Charan agaji ta taimaka da abokan aikinta waɗanda suka ƙidaya sama da miliyan ɗaya a shekarun 1990. 

Teresa ta ajiye a cikin wani akwati da aka bude a St Thomas, Calcutta, tsawon mako guda kafin jana'izarta. Ta samu jana'izar hukuma daga gwamnatin Indiya bisa godiya saboda hidimta wa talakawan dukkan addinai a kasar.  Taimakawa ta hanyar firistoci guda biyar, Sakatariyar Kudi ta Kasa Angelo Sodano, wakilin Paparoma, ya yi bikin ƙarshe.  Mutuwar Teresa ta kasance makoki a cikin mutane da kuma al'ummomin addini. Firayim Minista na Pakistan Nawaz Sharif ya kira ta &quot;mutum ne da baƙonsa ba kuma wanda ya daɗe yana da babban buri. Tsawon rayuwarta tsawon rai ga kulawa da talakawa, marassa lafiya, da nakasassu na daga cikin mafi girman misalai na bautarmu ga bil'adama. &quot;  A cewar tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, &quot;Ita ce Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Tana da zaman lafiya a duniya&quot;.

== Martabawa da karɓuwa ==

=== Indiya ===
Gwamnatin Indiya ta fara amincewa da Teresa da farko ne a fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na farkon  ƙarni, ta karɓi Padma Shri a shekarar alif 1962, da lambar yabo ta Jawaharlal Nehru don Fahimtar ƙasa da ƙasa a shekarar alif 1969.  Daga baya ta sami wasu lambobin yabo na Indiya, wadanda suka hada da Bharat Ratna (lambar yabo mafi girma a Indiya) a shekarar alif 1980.  Littafin tarihin Teresa wanda Navin Chawla ya wallafa, a cikin Shekara ta alif 1992. A cikin [[Kolkata]], wasu 'Hindu bauta mata a matsayin abin bauta.  

Don tunawa da bikin cikarta shekara 100 da haihuwar ta, gwamnatin Indiya ta bayar da tsabar kudi ₹ 5 na musamman (yawan kudin da Teresa ta samu lokacin da ta je Indiya) a ranar 28 ga  watan Agusta, shekarar 2010. Shugaba Pratibha Patil ta ce, &quot;Clad cikin fararen sari mai launin shudi, ita da 'yan uwan Mishan na Charity sun zama alamar ta bege ga mutane da yawa - tsofaffi, gajiyayyu, marasa aikin yi, marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya. da akayi watsi dasu daga iyalansu. &quot;  

Ra'ayoyin Indiya akan Teresa ba masu dacewa ba kamar yadda kowane dan kasan ke ganinta. Aroup Chatterjee, likita ne da aka haife shi a Calcutta wanda ya kasance mai fafutuka a cikin tatsuniyar biranen shekaru kusan 1980 kafin ya koma Burtaniya, ya ce &quot;bai ma taɓa ganin wata tsawa ba a cikin waɗannan rukunin gidajen&quot;.  Binciken nasa, wanda ya hada da tambayoyi sama da 100 tare da masu sa kai, da sanatoci da kuma wasu da suka saba da mishan Mishanai, an bayyana su a cikin littafin 2003. da ke da masaniyar Teresa.  Chatterjee ta soki ta game da gabatar da &quot;al'adar wahala&quot; da mummunan gurbata ta Calcutta, yin karin gishiri game da aikin da aka yi mata ta hanyar amfani da kudi da kuma gata a wajen ta.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Chatterjee&quot;&gt;Chatterjee, Aroup, Introduction to ''The Final Verdict''&lt;/ref&gt; A cewarsa, wasu matsalolin tsabtace tsabta da ya soki (na sake amfani da allura, alal misali) bayan mutuwar Teresa a Shekara ta alif 1997.  

Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya, mayor na Kolkata daga shekarar 2005 zuwa 2010, ya ce &quot;ba ta da wani tasiri a kan talakawa na wannan birni&quot;, ta sami lafiya a maimakon ta yi maganin ta kuma ta ba da labarin gari: &quot;Babu shakka akwai talauci a Calcutta, amma ba ta taɓa kasance wani gari na kutare da masu bara ba, kamar yadda UwaTeresa ta gabatar da shi. &quot;  A gefen Hindu, Jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata ta yi karo da Teresa a kan Christian Dalits amma ta yaba mata a cikin mutuwa kuma ta aiko da wakili don yi mata jana'izarta.  Ita dai Vishwa Hindu Parishad, ta yi adawa da matakin da gwamnati ta dauka na yi mata jana’iza. Sakatare Giriraj Kishore ta ce &quot;aikinta na farko shine Cocin da hidimar zamantakewa ba ta faru ba&quot;, inda ta zarge ta da fifita Kiristoci da kuma yin “baftisma a ɓoye” na masu mutuwa. &lt;ref&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/ECI_Main/DJ/Frontline%201997%20Article%20published%20in%20Hindu.pdf#page=3 A life of selfless caring] – [[Frontline (magazine)]] article.&lt;/ref&gt;  A wani gaban-shafin, fortnightly ''frontline ta'' sallami zargin a matsayin &quot;patently na ƙarya&quot; kuma ya bayyana cewa suna da &quot;yi wani tasiri a kan jama'a ji na ta aikin, musamman a Calcutta&quot;. Wanda ya yaba da &quot;kulawa ta rashin son kai&quot;, karfin jiki da jarumkntaka, marubucin lambar yabo ya soki kamfen din da Teresa takeyi inkari game da zubar da ciki da kuma ikirarin ta na siyasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline&quot;&gt;Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997&lt;/ref&gt; 

A watan Fabrairu na shekarar 2015, Mohan Bhagwat, shugaban kungiyar kare hakkin reshen Hindu, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, ya ce manufar Teresa ita ce &quot;maida mutumin, wanda ake yi masa hidima, ya zama Kirista&quot;.  Tsohon kakakin kungiyar ta RSS MG Vaidhya ya goyi bayan kimantawar Bhagwat, kuma kungiyar ta zargi kafofin watsa labarai da &quot;gurbata gaskiya game da kalaman Bhagwat&quot;. Dan majalisar wakilai na Trinamool Derek O'Brien, shugaban CPI Atul Anjan da kuma babban ministan Delhi Arvind Kejriwal sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da zancen da Bhagwat yayi.

=== Wani wurin ===
[[File:President Reagan Presents Mother Teresa with the Medal of Freedom at a White House Ceremony in the Rose Garden - DPLA - 1321c7b194e7e893127ef14b2f7c565c.jpg|alt=President and Mrs. Ronald Reagan with Mother Teresa, standing at a microphone|thumb| Shugaba [[Ronald Reagan|Ronald Reagan ya]] ba mahaifiyar Teresa kyautar Shugaban Kasa na 'Yanci a yayin bikin Fadar White House kamar yadda Uwargidan Nan Nancy Reagan ke kallo, a ranar 20 ga watan Yuni, Shekara alif 1985. ]]. 
Teresa ta karbi kyautar Ramon Magsaysay Award dan zaman lafiya da fahimtar duniya, an bata ne dan aikinta a South or East Asia, a shekarar alif 1962. Acewar wallafin, &quot;Kungiyar amintattu sun martaba ta dan tausayawan ta akan talaucin wasu kasashe, wanda akan wannan aikin ne ta fara sabon taron addini&quot;.A farkon 1970s, ta zama wata gwarzuwa a duniya. shaharar za'a iya dangana shi da Malcolm Muggeridge's 1969 documentary, ''Something Beautiful for God'', da Kuma littafinsa na 1971 mai wannan sunan. Wanda Muggeridge ke kokarin tafiyar da rayuwarsa tsaftatacciya. Lokacin daukar fim, wani dauka da akayi a yanayin haske mara tasiri. anyi tunanin zai zama anfani ne ga masu aikin.
[[Fayil:Cedric Prakash Mother Teresa Award.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa]]
A kusan wannan lokacin, duniyar Katolika ta fara girmama Teresa a bainar jama'a. Fafaroma Paul VI ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Paparoma John XXIII P kyautar zaman lafiya a shekara ta alif 1971, inda ta yaba da aikinta tare da talakawa, nuna irin gudummawar kirista da kokarin tabbatar da zaman lafiya,  kuma ta sami kyautar ta Pacem a Terris Award a shekarar alif 1976. &lt;ref&gt;''Quad City Times'' staff (17 October 2005). &quot;Habitat official to receive Pacem in Terris honor&quot;. [[Peace Corps]]. Retrieved 26 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan mutuwarta, Teresa ta sami ci gaba cikin sauri a kan hanyar zuwa saint . 

Gwamnatoci da kungiyoyin farar hula sun karrama ta, sannan ta nada wani wakilin girmamawa na Umarni na Australiya a Shekara ta alif 1982. &quot;don hidimtawa al'ummar Australiya da dan adam baki daya&quot;.  Kasar Burtaniya da Amurka sun ba wasu lambobin yabo masu yawa, wadanda suka kammala a cikin Lamarin Ingantawa a shekarar alif 1983. da zama dan kasa na Amurka mai girmamawa a ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar alif 1996.  Kasar Teresa ta kasar Albania ta ba ta lambar Zinare ta Jama'a a Shekara ta alif 1994, &lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline&quot;&gt;Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997&lt;/ref&gt; amma karbarta da wannan lamarin da Haitian Legion of Honor ta kasance mai rikitarwa. An soki Teresa da cikakken goyon baya ga Duvaliers da rashawa na 'yan kasuwa irin su Charles Keating da Robert Maxwell ; Ta rubuta wa alkalin shari'ar Keating, inda ta nemi a bashi damar.   

Jami'o'i a Indiya da yamma sun ba ta digirin girmamawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline&quot;&gt;Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran lambobin yabo na farar hula sun hada da lambar yabo ta Balzan don inganta bil'adama, zaman lafiya da 'yan uwantaka tsakanin al'umma (1978)  da Albert Schweitzer International Prize (1975). &lt;ref&gt;Jones, Alice &amp; Brown, Jonathan (7 March 2007). &quot;Opposites attract? When Robert Maxwell met Mother Teresa&quot;. ''The Independent''. Retrieved 25 March 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilun, Shekara ta alif 1976, Teresa ta ziyarci Jami'ar Scranton da ke arewa maso gabashin [[Pennsylvania]], inda ta karbi lambar yabo ta La Storta don Bautar da 'Yan Adam daga shugaban jami'a William J. Byron .  Ta kalubalanci masu sauraronta da suka kai 4,500 don suje gidajensu  &quot;kusan talakawa a cikin gidanku da makwabta na gida&quot;, ciyar da wasu ko kuma kawai yada farin ciki da ƙauna,  kuma ya ci gaba da cewa: “Matalauta zasu taimaka mana mu girma cikin tsarkakakku, domin sune Kristi a cikin dabara ce ta wahala &quot;.  A watan Agusta, shekarar alif 1987, Teresa ta sami likita mai daraja ta digiri na ilimin zamantakewa, don karɓar hidimarta da ma'aikatanta don taimakawa gajiyayyu da marasa lafiya, daga jami'a.  Ta yi magana da ɗalibai sama da 4,000 da memba na Diocese of Scranton  game da hidimarta ga &quot;matalauta&quot;, tare da gaya masu su &quot;yi ƙananan abubuwa da ƙauna mai girma&quot;.  {{external media|width=210px|align=right|headerimage=[[File:Mutter Teresa von Kalkutta.jpg|210px]]|video1=[https://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=1852 Mother Teresa's 1979 Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech]}}A Shekara ta alif 1979, Teresa ta sami kyautar Nobel Peace Prize &quot;akan aikinta da ta gudanar dan kaudar da talauci da damuwa wanda suma ke kawo matsala ga zaman lafiya&quot;. Ta ki ta amince da taron , tace kudin ta $192,000 a baiwa talakawa dake kasar Indiya  tare da cewa lada a duniya suna da amfani ne kawai idan anyi aiki dasu wurin taimakon masu karamin karfi. rewards were important only if they helped her to help the world's ne. When Teresa received the prize she was asked, &quot;What can we do to promote world peace?&quot; She answered, &quot;Go home and love your family.&quot; Building on this theme in her [[Kyautar Nobel|Nobel lecture]], she said: &quot;Around the world, not only in the poor countries, but I found the poverty of the West so much more difficult to remove. When I pick up a person from the street, hungry, I give him a plate of rice, a piece of bread, I have satisfied. I have removed that hunger. But a person that is shut out, that feels unwanted, unloved, terrified, the person that has been thrown out from society – that poverty is so hurtable {{sic}} and so much, and I find that very difficult.&quot; Teresa singled out abortion as &quot;the greatest destroyer of peace today. Because if a mother can kill her own child – what is left for me to kill you and you kill me – there is nothing between.&quot;

Barbara Smoker of the secular humanist magazine ''The Freethinker'' criticised Teresa after the Peace Prize award, saying that her promotion of Catholic moral teachings on abortion and contraception diverted funds from effective methods to solve India's problems. At the Fourth World Conference on Women in [[Beijing]], Teresa said: &quot;Yet we can destroy this gift of motherhood, especially by the evil of abortion, but also by thinking that other things like jobs or positions are more important than loving.&quot;

A lokacin rayuwarta, Teresa tana daga cikin manyan mata 10 da suka fi fice a duk shekara Gallup wanda ya fi cancanta ga maza da mata su jefa kuri'u 18, sun kammala da yawa a shekarar alif 1980 da 1990. &lt;ref&gt;Frank Newport, David W. Moore, and Lydia Saad (13 December 1999). &quot;Most Admired Men and Women: 1948–1998&quot;, [[The Gallup Organization]].&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Shekara ta alif 1999. ta jagoranci jerin mutanen da aka fi so a cikin karni na 20 na Gallup,  jefa duk wasu amsoshi da aka ba su ta hanyar iyakokin da yawa, kuma ya kasance na farko a cikin manyan rukunan jama'a banda na matasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;gallup-20c&quot;&gt;Frank Newport (31 December 1999). &quot;Mother Teresa Voted by American People as Most Admired Person of the Century&quot;, [[The Gallup Organization]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pollingreport.com/20th.htm Greatest of the Century] Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll. 20–21 December 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Suuka ==
A cewar wata takarda daga masana ilimin Kanada Serge Larivée, Geneviève Chénard da Carole Sénéchal, asibitocin Teresa sun karbi miliyoyin daloli a cikin abubuwan gudummawa amma ba su da magani, tsarin bincike, ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki da isasshen nazari ga waɗanda ke jin ciwo;  a cikin ra'ayin masana ilimi guda uku, &quot;Mama Teresa ta yarda cewa mara lafiya dole ne ya sha wahala kamar Kristi a kan gicciye&quot;.  An ce karin kudin zai iya canza lafiyar marasa galihu na garin ta hanyar samar da cibiyoyin kula da lafiya.   

Daya daga cikin wadanda suka fi sukar Teresa ita ce yar jaridar Ingilishi, mai sukar litattafan rubuyoci kuma mai adawa da Christopher Hitchens, mai gabatar da ra’ayin Jaridar ''Hell's Angel'' (1994) kuma marubucin labarin ''Fim The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice''&lt;nowiki&gt; (1995) wanda ya rubuta a labarin 2003 : &quot;Wannan ya dawo da mu zuwa ga cin hanci da rashawa na majami'a, wanda ke sayar da attajirai ga ma'abuta yayin da suke wa'azin wutar jahannama da tsinkaye ga talaka. [Uwar Teresa] ba abokin talakawa ba ne. Ta kasance aminin &lt;/nowiki&gt;''talauci'' . Ta ce wahala wahala ce daga Allah. Ta yi amfani da rayuwarta wajen yin adawa da kawai hanyar magance cutar talauci, wanda shine karfafawa mata da ficewar su daga tsarin dabbobin da aka tilasta mata. &quot;  Ya zargi ta da munafinci saboda zabar magani na gaba don yanayin zuciyarta. &lt;ref&gt;Hitchens (1995), p. 41&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;''cf.'' Fr. James Martin, SJ, Letter in ''The New York Review of Books'', 19 September 1996 [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1996/09/19/in-defense-of-mother-teresa/ In Defense of Mother Teresa], accessed 2 February 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Hitchens ya ce &quot;niyyarsa ba ta taimaka wa mutane ba&quot;, kuma ta yi karya ga masu ba da gudummawa game da yadda ake amfani da gudummawar da suke bayarwa. &quot;Ta hanyar magana da ita ne na gano, kuma ta ba ni tabbacin, ba ta bakin kokarin rage talauci&quot;, in ji shi, &quot;tana kokarin fadada yawan mabiya darikar Katolika. Ta ce, 'Ni ba ma'aikacin zamantakewa ba ne. Ba na yi ne saboda wannan dalili. Ina yi domin Kiristi. Ina yi wa cocin. '  &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/10/19/60minutes/main578794.shtml &quot;The Debate over Sainthood&quot;] (11 February 2009). CBS News. Retrieved 29 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake Hitchens yana tunanin shi ne kawai shaida da Vatican ta kira, an kuma kira Aroup Chatterjee (marubucin ''Uwar Teresa: Labarin Untold'' ) don gabatar da hujjoji masu adawa da bugun Teresa da canonization; &lt;ref name=&quot;Hitch&quot;&gt;[http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&amp;page=hitchens_24_2 &quot;Less than Miraculous&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305133543/http://secularhumanism.org/index.php?page=hitchens_24_2&amp;section=library|date=2016-03-05}} by Christopher Hitchens, ''[[Free Inquiry (magazine)|Free Inquiry]]'' 24(2), February/March 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; Vatican ta cire al'ada ta &quot; mai ba da shawarar shaidan &quot;, wanda ya yi aiki da irin wannan manufa.  

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin zubar da ciki sun kuma soki matakin Teresa game da zubar da ciki da kuma hana haihuwa.

== Rayuwar ruhaniya ==
Analysing her deeds and achievements, [[Pope John Paul II]] said: &quot;Where did Mother Teresa find the strength and perseverance to place herself completely at the service of others? She found it in prayer and in the silent contemplation of Jesus Christ, his Holy Face, his Sacred Heart.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2003/october/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20031020_pilgrims-mother-teresa_en.html|title=Address of John Paul II to the Pilgrims Who Had Come To Rome for the Beatification of Mother Teresa|work=Vatican.va|date=20 October 2003|author=John Paul II|accessdate=13 March 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Privately, Teresa experienced doubts and struggle in her religious beliefs which lasted nearly 50 years (until the end of her life); according to her [[postulator]], [[Brian Kolodiejchuk]], &quot;She felt no presence of God whatsoever,&amp;nbsp;... in her heart or in the eucharist&quot;.&lt;ref name=TIME-2007-08-23&gt;{{cite news|title=Mother Teresa's Crisis of Faith|author=David Van Biema|date=23 August 2007|work=TIME|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html|access-date=24 March 2020|archive-date=25 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825084420/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=16 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816032159/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Teresa expressed grave doubts about God's existence and pain over her lack of faith: {{quote|Where is my faith? Even deep down&amp;nbsp;... there is nothing but emptiness and darkness.&amp;nbsp;... If there be God – please forgive me. When I try to raise my thoughts to Heaven, there is such convicting emptiness that those very thoughts return like sharp knives and hurt my very soul.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.edgewoodpc.org/sermons/sermon061911.html|title=Sermon – Some Doubted|publisher=Edgewoodpc.org|date=19 June 2011|accessdate=28 August 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015234535/http://edgewoodpc.org/sermons/sermon061911.html|archivedate=15 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;|sign=|source=}}
[[File:Mother_Teresa_memorial_plaque.jpg|alt=Outdoor bas-relief plaque|thumb| Plaque wanda aka sadaukar wa mahaifiyar Teresa a Wenceslas Square, Olomouc, Czech Republic ]]
Kolodiejchuk (jami'in da ke da alhakin tattara hujjoji na canonization) ya yi tunanin cewa rashin jin daɗin da wasu ke yi zai iya cewa sunyi akasin fassara tai, amma imanin da ya yi cewa Allah yana aiki da ita bai cika damuwa ba; duk da cewa ta yi niyyar kusanci da Allah, amma ba ta tuhumi kasancewar sa ba.  Teresa na iya fuskantar wani abu mai kama da [[Isa Almasihu|Yesu]], wanda ya ce lokacin da aka gicciye shi: ''&quot; Eli Eli lama sabachthani? &quot;'' (&quot;Ya Allah, Allahna, don me ka yashe ni?&quot; ).  Kolodiejchuk ya zana kwatancen John na 16 na ƙarni na Yahaya na Giciye, wanda ya ambaci kalmar &quot; Duhun Duhun Jiya &quot;.  Sauran tsarkaka (ciki har da Teresa mai suna Thérèse na Lisieux, waɗanda suka kira shi &quot;daren rashin kome&quot;) sun sami irin wannan goguwar bushewar ruhaniya . &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;[http://www.beliefnet.com/story/223/story_22353_1.html New Book Reveals Mother Teresa's Struggle with Faith] Beliefnet, AP 2007&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar James Langford, wadannan shakku ba su da wata ma'ana kuma ba zai kawo cikas ga canonization ba.  

Bayan shekaru goma cikin shakku, Teresa ta bayyana ɗan taƙaitaccen lokacin da sabuwar bangaskiya. Bayan mutuwar Paparoma Pius XII a shekarar alif 1958, tana yi masa addu'ar bukukuwan a lokacin da aka sami sauki daga &quot;dogon duhu: wannan baƙon wahalar.&quot; Koyaya, mako biyar baya bushewar ruhaniyarta ta dawo.  

Teresa ta rubuta wasiƙu da yawa ga waɗanda ke ba da tabbaci da kuma manyanta a cikin shekaru 66, musamman ga Calcutta Archbishop Ferdinand Perier da Jesuit firist Celeste van Exem (mashawarcinta na ruhaniya tun samuwar mishan Mishan).  Ta nemi a lalata wasiƙun ta, kasancewar ta damu da cewa &quot;mutane za su ƙara yin la'akari da ni - ƙasa da Yesu.&quot;   
[[File:Alfons_Weisser_Mutter_Teresa.JPG|thumb| Zane-zanen Semi-girmama na girmama Iya Teresa ]]
Koyaya, an tattara rubutun a cikin Mama ''Teresa: Kuzo Ku kasance Haske na'' .   Teresa ta rubuta wa Mika'ilu amintacce na ruhaniya Michael van der Peet, “Yesu yana da ƙauna ta musamman a gare ku. Amma ni, shuru da wofi suna da yawa, da na duba ban gani ba - saurara kuma ban ji ba - harshe yana motsawa [cikin addu'a] amma ba ya magana. &amp;nbsp; . . . Ina so ku yi mini addu'a - cewa na bar Shi ya yi kyauta. &quot; 

A ''Deus Caritas Est'' (farkon encyclical ), [[Benedict na Sha Shida|Paparoma Benedict XVI]] da aka ambata Teresa sau uku da kuma amfani da ita rayuwa don bayyana daya daga cikin encyclical ta babban maki: &quot;A cikin misali na Albarka Teresa na Calcutta da muke da wata hujja hoto da cewa lokaci ya sadaukar Allah cikin addu'o'i bawai kawai baya yanke hukunci daga aiki mai kyau da soyayya ga makwabcinmu amma a zahiri shine tushen wannan aikin. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;[[Benedict na Sha Shida|Pope Benedict XVI]] (25 December 2005). ''Deus caritas est{{Dead link|date=October 2011}}''. (PDF). Vatican City, pp.10. Retrieved 2 August 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Ta rubuta, &quot;Ta hanyar addu'o'in tunani ne da karatun ruhi ne kawai zamu iya samar da kyautar addu'a.&quot;  

Kodayake ba a haɗa da odarta ba tare da umarnin Franciscan, Teresa tana sha'awar Francis na Assisi &lt;ref name=&quot;AmeriCath&quot;&gt;&quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta Pays Tribute to St. Francis of Assisi&quot; on the ''American Catholic'' website. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta kasance mai tasiri ga ruhaniyar Franciscan.'Yan uwan Mata da Sadaka suna karanta addu'o'in Saint Francis kowace safiya a Mass a lokacin godiya bayan tarayya, kuma girmamansu ga ma'aikatar da alkawarin da yawa yayi daidai da nata. Francis ya jaddada talauci, tsabta, biyayya da biyayya ga Kristi. Ya sadaukar da mafi yawan rayuwarsa wajen bautar da talakawa, musamman kutare.

== Canonization ==

=== Mu'ujiza da beatifaication ===
Bayan Teresa ta mutu a shekara ta alif 1997, sai Holy See ya fara aiwatar da beatification (na biyu daga uku matakai wajen canonization ) da kuma Kolodiejchuk aka nada postulator da Diocese na Calcutta . Ko da yake ya ce, &quot;Ba mu tabbatar da cewa ta kasance cikakke ko kuma ba ta taɓa yin kuskure ba &amp;nbsp; ... &quot;, dole ne ya tabbatar da cewa kyawun Teresa jarumi ne. Kolodiejchuk ya gabatar da takardu 76, jimilla shafi 35,000, wadanda suka danganci hirar da shaidu 113 wadanda aka nemi su amsa tambayoyi 263.  
[[File:Stained_glass_depiction_of_key_moments_in_the_lifetime_of_Mother_Teresa_at_the_Cathedral_of_Saint_Mother_Teresa_in_Prishtina.jpg|right|thumb|332x332px| Cikakken gilashin tarihin rayuwar mahaifiyar Teresa a Cathedral na Saint Teresa a Prishtinë, Kosovo ]]. 
A tsari na canonization bukatar takardun na wani mu'ujiza sakamakon daga cẽto na yiwuwa saint.  A shekara ta 2002 ne aka gano cewa Vatican ta zama wata mu'ujiza ta warkar da cutar kumburin ciki a cikin mahaifar Monica Besra, wata mace ‘yar Indiya, bayan da aka yi amfani da wani loka dauke da hoton Teresa. A cewar Besra, gwanayen haske da aka samo daga hoton kuma an warkar da cutar kumburin ta; duk da haka, mijinta da wasu ma'aikatanta na kiwon lafiya sun ce magani na yau da kullun ya kawar da cutar. &lt;ref&gt;Orr, David (10 May. 2003). &quot;Medicine cured 'miracle' woman – not Mother Teresa, say doctors&quot;. ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Dr. Ranjan Mustafi, wanda ya fada wa ''jaridar New York Times'' cewa ya yi maganin Besra, ya ce cutar ta haifar da cutar tarin fuka: &quot;Wannan ba wani abin al'ajabi bane &amp;nbsp; . . . Ta dauki magunguna tsawon watanni tara zuwa shekara guda. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/20/world/her-legacy-acceptance-and-doubts-of-a-miracle.html &quot;Her Legacy: Acceptance and Doubts of a Miracle&quot;], by David Rohde. ''The New York Times''. 20 October 2003&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar mijin Besra, “Likitoci sun warkar da matata ba kuma ta wata mu’ujiza ba &amp;nbsp; . . . Wannan mu'ujiza wannan magana ce. &quot;  Besra ta ce bayanan likitocin da suka hada da sonogram, magunguna da bayanan likitocin, Sister Betta ta Mishan Matan Sadau ta kwace. A cewar ''Lokaci'', kiran da aka yi wa Sister Betta da ofishin Sister Nirmala (wanda zai gaji Teresa a matsayin shugaban oda) bai amsa wani bayani ba. Jami'ai a Asibitin Balurghat, inda Besra ta nemi magani, sun ce an tilasta masu ne ta hanyar da ta kira magani da ta warke.  A cikin watan Fabrairu, na shekarar 2000, tsohon ministan kiwon lafiya na West Bengal Partho De ya ba da umarnin sake duba bayanan likita na Besra a Sashen Lafiya na Kolkata. A cewar De, babu wani sabon abu game da rashin lafiyarta da magani bisa doguwar jinyarta. Ya ce ya ƙi ba da sunan Vatican na likita wanda zai tabbatar da cewa warkewar Monica Besra ta mu’ujiza ce.  

A lokacin beatification na Teresa da canonization, Roman Curia (ta Vatican) tayi nazari kuma ba a wallafa sukar rayuwarta da aikinta ba. Hitchens da Chatterjee (marubucin ''The Final Verdict'', wani littafi mai mahimmanci na Teresa) ta yi magana da kotun; a cewar jami'an Vatican, binciken da aka gabatar an bincike ne daga Kungiyar da ke Sanadin Sanadin Waliyyan Waliyyan .  Kungiyar ba ta sami wani cikas ba game da canjin magana na Teresa, kuma ta ba da ''kewar ta'' a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun, na shekarar alif 1999.   Saboda harin da aka kai mata, wasu marubutan Katolika sun kira ta da alamar sabani .  Wani kwamiti na daban na likita ya yanke hukuncin cewa mu'ujiza Monica Besra, daya daga cikin ukun da Kolodiejchuk ya dauke, alama ce ta roko na Allah.  An kori Teresa a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, shekarar 2003, kuma Katolika sun san shi da &quot;Masu Albarka&quot;.

===Canonization===
A 17 Disamba 2015, offishin yada labarai na Vatican [[Francis (fafaroma)|Pope Francis]] ya gano mu'ujiza na biyu da aka danganta ga Teresa: warkar da mutumin Brazil dauke da brain tumours a 2008.mu'ujizar ta zo cikin gari ne sanda wasu jami'ai dake kula da aiki lokacin shagualan World Youth Day 2013sanda fafaroma ke kasar Brazil awatan Yuli. anyi ta bincike a Brazil daga 19–26 June 2015 wanda daga bisani aka maida zuwa masu aiki na Saints wanda suka bada dokatr cewa cabinciken ya kammalu.

Francis yayi mata canonization, hakan yafaru ne a wani biki a ranar 4 ga Satumbar 2016 a Dandalin St Peter da ke garin Vatican. Dubun-dubatan mutane ne suka halarci bikin, gami da wakilai 15 na gwamnati da kuma mutane 1,500 da ba su da matsuguni daga duk fadin Italiya.   An watsa kai tsaye ta hanyar tashar Vatican kuma aka watsa ta yanar gizo; Skopje, garin mahaifar Teresa, ya ba da sanarwar bikin biki na tsawon sati daya.  A Indiya, Mishan ɗin Sadarwa ta biki ta Kolkata.

== Co-Patron na Calcutta Archdiocese ==
A ranar 4 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, yayin bikin girmama canonization dinta wata shekara ta 1 da ta cancanta, Sister Mary Prema Pierick, Babban shugaba ta na mishan Ofishin Sadaka, ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a sanya Teresa a matsayin malamar cocin Calcutta Archdiocese yayin bikin Mass a cikin Cathedral na Mafi Girma Rosary a 5.30 pm a ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017.  A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Archbishop Thomas D’Souza, wanda ke zama shugaban Archdiocese na Katolika na Calcutta, ya tabbatar da cewa za a nada Teresa a matsayin mai rikon mukamin Caliota Diocese, tare da Francis Xavier.   A ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, kusan mutane 500 suka halarci Mass a wani babban coci inda Dominique Gomes, Babban Vicar na gida,  karanta dokar da ta kafa ta a matsayin mataimaki na biyu na mai kare tarihi na archdiocese.  D’Souza da jakadan Vatican a Indiya, Giambattista Diquattro, sune suka jagoranci wannan bikin kuma suka gabatar da mutum-mutumi na tagulla a cocin Uwa Teresa dauke da yaro.  

Cocin Katolika na Roman Katolika ya ba da sanarwar St. Francis Xavier yazama saint na farko na Calcutta a shekarar alif 1986.  

== Legacy da fitowa a cikin al'adun sanannu ==

=== Abun Tunawa ===
[[File:Terminal_jashte.jpg|alt=Airport terminal, with four trees in the foreground|left|thumb| Tirana International Airport Nënë Tereza ]]
Kayay-yakin tarihi da ake tunawa da Teresa kuma sunanta sunan cocin da yawa. Tana da gine-gine, hanyoyi da kuma gidaje masu suna bayanta, gami da filin jirgin saman Albania na duniya . Ranar Iya Teresa ''(Dita e Nënë Terezës)'', 19 ga Oktoba, hutu ne na jama'a a Albania . A shekara ta 2009, an buɗe gidan tunawa da mahaifiyar Teresa a garinsu Skopje, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makidoniya]] . An ba da sunan babban cocin Katolika da ke Pristina, Kosovo don girmamawa.  Ginin sa, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2011, ya haifar da muhawara a cikin da'irorin musulmai wadanda suka gan shi a matsayin wanda ya  karfafa yawan mabiya darikar Katolika a yankin. Musulmin Kosovo sun yi adawa da wani kudurin kafa wata hanyar tunawa da Teresa a garin Peć (a cewar masu fafutuka, kashi 98 cikin dari) Musulmai sun yi adawa da kafa ta a Kosovo.  
[[File:Saint_Mother_Teresa_Cathedral_Prishtina8.jpg|right|thumb|150x150px| Cathedral na Saint Mother Teresa, Prishtinë ]]
Jami'ar Mata ta Uwa Teresa,  a Kodaikanal, an kafa ta a shekarar alif 1984. a matsayin jami'ar jama'a ta gwamnatin Tamil Nadu . Mahaifiya Theresa Postgraduate da Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Kiwon Lafiya,  a Pondicherry, an kafa ta ne a cikin shekarar alif 1999. ta hannun Gwamnatin Puducherry . Kungiyar ba da agaji Sevalaya ce ke tafiyar da Gidan Iyayen Mata na Teresa, tare da samar da 'yan matan marayu da marayu a kusa da kauyen Kasuva da ke Tamil Nadu da abinci, kayan sawa, tsari da ilimi.  Yawancin yabo da marubucin tarihin Teresa, Navin Chawla, suka bayyana a jaridu da mujallu na Indiya.    Jirgin Ruwa na Indiya sun gabatar da &quot;Mother Express&quot;, sabon jirgin kasa mai suna bayan mahaifiyar Mama Teresa, a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2010. don tunawa da karni na haihuwar ta.  Gwamnatin Tamil Nadu ta shirya bukukuwan karni na karrama Teresa a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2010 a [[Chennai]] wanda babban minista M Karunanidhi ya jagoranta.   Farko a kan 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2013, ranar tunawa da ta mutuwa da aka sanya cikin kasa da kasa Rãnar Charity ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya .  

A cikin shekarar 2012, Teresa ta kasance lamba ta 5 a cikin Babban binciken Indiya na Manyan Yan Indiya .  

A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Katolika na St Teresa, cocin Katolika na farko da aka sanya wa sunan girmamawa ga Teresa, an keɓe shi a Kosovo.  Cathedral ɗin shima babban cocin Katolika ne na farko na Kosovo.  

==== Tarihai da littattafai ====

* Teresa batun fim din 1969 ne da littafin 1972, ''Abin Kyau ga Allah'', wanda Malcolm Muggeridge ya wallafa .  An yi fim ɗin fim ɗin tare da jawo hankalin yammacin duniya ga Mama Teresa. 
* Littattafan Christopher Hitchens na 1994, ''Mala'ikan Jahannama'', ya bayar da hujjar cewa Teresa ta bukaci talakawa da su yarda da makomarsu; Allah yana bayyana masu arziki kamar yadda Allah ya yi musu falala.   Wannan ita ce farkon rubutun Hitchens, ''Matsayin mishan: Uwar Teresa a ka'idodi da Aiki'' . 

==== Shirye-shiryen talabijin ====

* Geraldine Chaplin ya buga wasan Teresa a cikin ''Iya Teresa: Da Sunan Rashin Allah'', wanda ya karɓi kyautar Fim na Fim a shekarar alif 1997.
* Olivia Hussey ce ta buga wasan a cikin ministocin gidan talabijin na Italiya na shekarar  2003, ''Mama Teresa na Calcutta'' .  An sake sakewa a cikin shekarar 2007, ta sami kyautar CAMIE .
* Juliet Stevenson ta taka leda a cikin fim din ' ''The Letters'' ' na shekarar 2014, wanda ya danganta da wasiƙun sa zuwa ga firist ɗin Vatican Celeste van Exem .
* Uwar Teresa, wacce Cara Francis the FantasyGrandma ke bugawa, ta yi tsegumi kan Sigmund Freud a cikin Epic Rap Battles of Tarihi, jerin wakokin fim din YouTube da Nice Peter da Epic Lloyd suka kirkira. An saki Rap din a YouTube a ranar 22 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2019.

== Duba kuma ==

* Abdul Sattar Edhi 
* Albanians 
* Jerin mutanen Albanians 
* Jerin sunayen mata masu lambar yabo ta Nobel 
* Babban Ba’indiye 
* Addinin Katolika na Albania 
* Addinin Katolika na Kosovo 
* Addinin Katolika na Romaniya a Arewacin Makidoniya 

== Manazarta ==

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[[File:Mary Teresa Norton cph.3b14795.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa lokacin tana ma￼tashiya]]
[[File:Mother Teresa 1995.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa a shekarar 1995]]
[[Fayil:Statue Mother Teresa Thomas Mount Chennai Aug22 A7C 02284.jpg|thumb|mama teresa]]
'''Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu'''  (an haifi '''Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu''',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/vatican-declares-mother-teresa-patron-saint-calcutta-49651357|title=Vatican declares Mother Teresa a patron saint of Calcutta|author=Manik Banerjee|date=6 September 2017|publisher=Associated Press, ABC News.com|accessdate=6 September 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906160015/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/vatican-declares-mother-teresa-patron-saint-calcutta-49651357|archivedate=6 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/mother-teresa-to-be-named-co-patron-of-calcutta-archdiocese-on-first-canonization-anniversary-4007169.html|title=Mother Teresa to be named co-patron of Calcutta Archdiocese on first canonization anniversary|date=4 September 2017|magazine=First Post|accessdate=5 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Albanian:   ; a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif  1910, zuwa &amp;nbsp;ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, Shekara ta alif 1997), wacce akafi sani a matsayin '''Mother Teresa''' da kuma girmama a cikin cocin Katolika a matsayin '''Saint Teresa na Calcutta,'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.killaladiocese.org/canonisation-of-blessed-mother-teresa-september-4th/|title=Canonisation of Mother Teresa – September 4th|website=Diocese of Killala|date=September 2016|accessdate=4 September 2016|archive-date=8 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908122310/http://www.killaladiocese.org/canonisation-of-blessed-mother-teresa-september-4th/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  an Albanian&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html|title=Kur Nënë Tereza vinte në Tiranë/2|first=bota|last=shqiptare|publisher=|access-date=2020-03-24|archive-date=2016-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918175822/http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=2016-09-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918175822/http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; - Indian  Roman Katolika Nun, da mishan .  An haife ta ne a Skopje (yanzu itace babban birnin [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makedonia]] ), sannan wani ɓangare na Kosovo Vilayet na Daular Ottoman. Bayan ta zauna a Skopje shekaru goma sha takwas, sai tai ƙaura zuwa Ireland sannan kuma ta tafi [[Indiya]], inda ta zauna mafi yawan rayuwarta.

A shekarar alif 1950, Teresa ta kafa Mishanarai na Tallafawa, a wani taron addini na Roman Katolika  wanda ya kai 4,500 na nunashekarana aukuwa a kasashe 133 a shekara ta 2012. Ikilisiya tana kula da gidaje don mutanen da ke mutuwa ta [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]], kuturta da [[Tibi|tarin fuka]] . Hakanan yana gudanar da dafa abinci na dafa abinci, kayan dafa abinci, asibitocin tafi-da-gidanka, shirye-shiryen ba da shawara ga yara da na iyali, harma da marayu da makarantu. Wakilai suna yin alwashi na tsabta, talauci, da biyayya, sannan kuma suna yin alkawarin hudun - don ba da &quot;yardar rai kyauta ga matalautan matalauta.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Muggeridge (1971), chapter 3, &quot;Mother Teresa Speaks&quot;, pp. 105, 113&lt;/ref&gt; 

Teresa ta samu karramawa da dama, a wadansu maban bantan shekaru, aciki hada shekarar (1962) [[Ramon Magsaysay Peace Prize]] da kuma shekara ta alif (1979) [[Nobel Peace Prize]] . Ta kasance sananne a ranar 4 ga watan Satumbar, shekarata 2016, kuma ranar tunawa da mutuwarta (5 ga watan Satumba) ita ce ranar bikinta . 

Wani mutum mai rikitarwa a rayuwarsa da kuma bayan mutuwarta, mutane da yawa suna alfahari da mama Teresa saboda aikinta na kyautatawa. An yaba mata da yin Allah wadai kan lamurra daban-daban, irin su ra'ayoyinta game da zubar da ciki da hana haihuwa, kuma ana sukar ta da mummunan yanayi a cikin gidajen ta na masu mutuwa. Navin Chawla ne ya rubuta tarihinta wanda aka ba da izini kuma aka buga shi a Shekara ta alif (1992) kuma ta kasance 'yan fim da sauran littattafai.A 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Teresa da St-Francis Xavier an ba su sunayen abokan tarayya na Archdiocese na Roman Katolika na Calcutta.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==

=== Farkon rayuwa ===
[[File:Memorial_house_of_Mother_Teresa.jpg|alt=Urban stone-and-glass building|left|thumb| Bikin tunawa da mahaifiyar Iyaye Teresa a garin haihuwarta Skopje ]]
An haifi Teresa Anjezë Gonxhe (ko Gonxha) &lt;ref name=&quot;Egan 1992&quot;&gt;''Blessed Are You: Mother Teresa and the Beatitudes'', ed. by Eileen Egan and Kathleen Egan, O.S.B., MJF Books: New York, 1992&lt;/ref&gt; Bojaxhiu ( Albanian:   ; ''Anjezë'' ne cognate na &quot;Agnes&quot;. ''Gonxhe'' yana nufin &quot;furebud&quot; ko &quot;karamar fure&quot; a cikin Albanian ) a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif (1910) a cikin dangin Kosovar Albanian    a Skopje (yanzu babban birnin [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makedoniya]] ), [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] .   An yi mata baftisma a Skopje, kwana bayan haifuwarta.  Daga baya ta yi la’akari da ranar 27 ga watan  Agusta, ranar da aka yi mata baftisma, ‘bikinta na gaskiya’. &lt;ref name=&quot;MToC&quot;&gt;(2002) &quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)&quot;. ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ta kuma kasance ƙaramar yarinyar Nikollë da Dranafile Bojaxhiu (Bernai).  Mahaifinta, wanda ke da hannu a cikin siyasar Albaniya a cikin Ottoman Macedonia, ya mutu a shekara ta alif (1919), lokacin yana dan shekara takwas. &lt;ref name=&quot;MToC&quot;&gt;(2002) &quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)&quot;. ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Although some sources state she was 10 when her father died, in an interview with her brother, the Vatican documents her age at the time as &quot;about eight&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Wataƙila ya fito ne daga Prizren, Kosovo, kuma wataƙila mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga kauyen kusa da Gjakova .  

Dangane da tarihin daga Joan Graff Clucas, Teresa ta kasance a cikin shekarunta lokacin da labaru game da rayuwar mishaneri da hidimarsu a Bengal ya burge ta ; har ta kai shekara 12, ta hakikance cewa yakamata ta sadaukar da rayuwarta ga addini.  Shirin ta ya ƙarfafa a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, Shekara ta alif 1928, yayin da tayi addu'a a farfajiyar Madonna na Madina na Vitina-Letnice, inda ta saba yin aikin haji . &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, ''Mother Teresa: A Biography'', Greenwood Press, 2004, p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Teresa ta bar gida a shekarar alif 1928, yayin da take da Shekara 18, don shiga Sisters of Loreto a Loreto Abbey a Rathfarnham, Ireland, don koyan Turanci tare da ra'ayin zama mishan; Ingilishi shine harshen koyar da Yan'uwa mata na Loreto a Indiya.  Ba ta taɓa ganin mahaifiyarta ko ƙanwarta ba. &lt;ref&gt;Sharn, Lori (5 September 1997). [http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/mothert/mother01.htm &quot;Mother Teresa dies at 87&quot;]. ''USA Today''. Retrieved 5 September 2016&lt;/ref&gt; Iyalinta sun zauna a Skopje har zuwa shekarar alif 1934, lokacin da suka ƙaura zuwa Tirana .  

Ta isa Indiya a Shekara ta alif 1929 , kuma ta fara ta novitiate a Darjeeling, a cikin kananan [[Himalaya|Himalayas]], &lt;ref&gt;Clucas (1988), p. 31&lt;/ref&gt; inda ta koya Bengali da kuma koyarwa a St. Teresa ta School dake kusa da Conven dinta. &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 17.&lt;/ref&gt; Teresa ta dauki alwashin farko na addini a ranar 24 ga watan Mayu, Shekara ta alif 1931. Ta zaɓi zama mai suna bayan Thérèse de Lisieux, mai tsaro na mishan na mishan;   saboda wata macen zawara a cikin gidan masarautar ta riga ta za bi wannan suna, Agnes ya zaɓi yaren rubutun Mutanen Espanya (Teresa). &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 18.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Teresa ta yi alƙawura a ranar 14 ga watan  Mayu, Shekara ta alif 1937, yayin da take malama a makarantar koyar da adami ta Loreto a , gabashin Calcutta. &lt;ref name=&quot;MToC&quot;&gt;(2002) &quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)&quot;. ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;   Ta yi aiki a wurin kusan kusan shekaru ashirin kuma an nada ta a matsayin shugabar mata a shekarar alif 1944. &lt;ref&gt;Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 25.&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa Teresa ta ji daɗin koyarwa a makarantar, amma ta damu sosai da talaucin da ke kewaye da ita a [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] .  Yunwar Bengal na shekarar alif 1943, ya kawo tashin hankali da mutuwa a cikin birni, kuma Ranar Yakin 1946  kai tsaye ya fara lokacin tashin hankalin Musulmi da Hindu.  

=== Mishan cikin Sadaka ===
[[File:Missionaries_of_Charity_Mother_House.jpg|alt=Three-story building with a sign and a statue|thumb| Mishanarai na Charity motherhouse a Kolkata ]]
A ranar 10 ga watan Satumba, shekarar alif 1946, Teresa ta sami abin da ta bayyana daga baya a matsayin &quot;kira a cikin kira&quot; lokacin da ta yi tafiya ta jirgin ƙasa zuwa wurin ajiyar kayayyaki na Loreto a Darjeeling daga [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] don komawar ta shekara-shekara. &quot;Ya kamata in fita daga cikin tashoshin don taimakon talakawa yayin da nake zaune a cikinsu. Umarni ne. Rashin faɗuwa dã ya kasance yana rushe imani. &quot;  Daga baya Joseph Langford ya rubuta, &quot;Ko da yake ba wanda ya san shi a lokacin, 'yar'uwar Teresa ta zama ''Uwar'' Teresa&quot;.  

Ta fara aikin mishan tare da matalauta a cikin shekarar alif 1948, sauya al'ada ta Loreto ta al'ada tare da sari, farin auduga sari tare da shudin iyaka. Teresa ta amince da zama ɗan baƙon Indiya, ta yi watanni da yawa a Patna don karɓar horo na asali a Asibitin Holy Family kuma ta shiga cikin tutocin.   Ta kafa makaranta a Motijhil, Kolkata, kafin ta fara kula da matalauta da masu fama da yunwa. A farkon shekarar alif 1949, wasu gungun matasa mata sun hadar da Teresa a cikin kokarin ta, sannan ta aza harsashin kafa sabuwar kungiyar addini da ke taimaka wa &quot;mafi talauci a cikin matalauta&quot;.  

Kokarin ta ya ja hankalin jami’an Indiya cikin hanzari, gami da Firayim Minista.  Teresa ta rubuta a cikin rubutunta cewa shekarar ta farko tana fama da wahala. Ba tare da samun kuɗin shiga ba, ta roƙi abinci da kayan abinci da ƙwarewar shakku, kadaici da jaraba don dawowa cikin ta'aziyyar rayuwar duniya yayin waɗannan farkon watanni: 

Ubangijinmu nason in zama yantattar mai bauta wacce aka lullube cikin talaucin yesu, A yau, na ilimantu da darussa masu kyau. Talaucin talaka dole yayi masu tsanani, sanda nake neman gida nayi tafiya har saida kafafuna sukayi ciwo, nayi tunanin cewa tyaushe ne zasu bar wannan ciwo ga rayuwata, ina neman gida, abinci da lafiya. Sai jindadin loreto yashafe ni, yace kawai ki fadi Kalmar duk wani abu zai zama naki, haka dai mai shafar yacigaba da cewa..., cikin budaddiyar zabi, Dan Allah na kuma dan sona agare ki, na zaba inyi komi danke bazan bar wani hawaye ya sauka daga ida nunki ba.
[[File:Sisters_of_Charity.jpg|alt=Four nuns in sandals and white-and-blue saris|left|thumb| Mishan Sadaka a saris na gargajiya ]]
A ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba, Shekara ta alif  1950, Teresa ta sami izini daga Vatican don ikilisiyar diocesan, wanda zai zama mishaneri na Sadaka.  A cikin maganganun ta, zai kula da &quot;masu fama da yunwa, tsirara, marasa gida, guragu, makafi, kutare, duk waɗannan mutanen da suke jin ƙin sonsu, marasa ƙauna, waɗanda ba su kula da su ba a duk faɗin jama'a, mutanen da suka zama nauyi ga jama'a kuma kowa ya nisanta dashi ”.  

A shekarar alif 1952, Teresa ta buɗe hospice dinta na farko da taimako jami'ai daga Calcutta. Ta sauya hanikalin Hindu da aka yi watsi da ita zuwa Gidan Kalighat na Mutuwa, kyauta ne ga matalauta, ta kuma sanya mata suna Kalighat, Gidan Zuciyar Mai Tsabta (Nirmal Hriday).  Wadanda kawo wa gida samu likita da hankali da kuma damar da za su mutu tare da mutunci a cikin daidai da ban-gaskiyarsu: Musulmi suna karanta [[Al Kur'ani|Kur'ani]], 'yan Hindu samu ruwa daga ganges, kuma Katolika samu matsananci unction .  &quot;Kyakkyawan mutuwa&quot;, in ji Teresa, &quot;don mutane waɗanda suka rayu kamar dabbobi su mutu kamar mala'iku - suna ƙauna da so.&quot;  
[[File:Nirmal_Hriday_facade.jpg|alt=White, older building|thumb| Nirmal Hriday, Uwargida na Calcutta na Mama Teresa, a cikin 2007 ]]
Ta buɗe ofishi ga waɗanda ke da kuturta, suna kiranta Shanti Nagar (Birnin Zaman Lafiya).  Kungiyoyin mishan na Agaji sun kafa cibiyoyin cutar kuturta, a ko'ina cikin Calcutta, suna ba da magunguna, riguna da abinci.  Mishan din na Agaji sun karu da yawaitar yara marasa gida; a shekarar alif 1955, Teresa ta bude Nirmala Shishu Bhavan, Gidan Yaran Yara na Zuciya, a zaman mafaka ga marayu da matasa marasa gida.  

Ikilisiyar ta yafara jawo hankalin ma'aikata da gudummawowi, kuma har ya zuwa shekarar 1960, sun bude ofisoshin marayu, gidajen marayu da gidajen kuturu a cikin ko'ina na kasar  Indiya. Daga nan Teresa ta faɗaɗa ikilisiya a ƙasar waje, ta buɗe gida a Venezuela a shekara ta alif 1965, tare da ’yan’uwa mata biyar.  An bi gidaje a Italiya (Rome), Tanzania da Austria a cikin shekarar 1968, kuma a cikin shekarun 1970 ikilisiya ta buɗe gidaje da tushe a Amurka da dama ƙasashe a Asiya, Afirka da Turai.  

An kafa mishan na Missionaries of Charity Brothers a shekarar alif 1963, kuma reshe ne mai dauke da tunani na San’uwa ya biyo baya a shekarar 1976. Lay Katolika da waɗanda ba Katolika ba sun sami rajista a cikin -kungiyar Ma'aikata na Uwar Teresa, Masu aikin Marasa lafiya da wahala, da kuma mishan na Ma'aikatan Sadaka. Da yake amsa buƙatu daga firistoci da yawa, a cikin Shekara ta alif 1981, Mama Teresa ta kafa kungiyar Corpus Christi Movement na Firistoci  tare da Joseph Langford mishaneri na Ubanni a cikin Shekara ta alif 1984, don haɗu da manufofin sana'a na mishan na ba da agaji tare da kayan aikin rayuwar firistoci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.mcpriests.com/ |title=The Religious Community of priests founded by Mother Teresa. ''Missionaries of Charity Fathers'' |access-date=2020-03-24 |archive-date=2016-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211191550/http://www.mcpriests.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Mother Teresa 1996.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa]]
Ya zuwa shekarar alif 1997, majami'ar Calcutta mai mambobi 13 sun girma zuwa fiye da 'yan'uwa mata 4,000 waɗanda ke kula da marayu, gidajen kula da cutar kanjamau da cibiyoyin bayar da agaji a duk duniya, suna kula da' yan gudun hijirar, makafi, nakasassu, tsofaffi, mashaya giya, gajiyayyu da marasa gida da waɗanda ambaliyar ta shafa, annoba da kuma yunwa.  A shekara ta 2007, mishan mishan na Charity ya ƙididdige kimanin 'yan’uwa 450 da ’yan’uwa mata 5,000 a duk duniya, waɗanda ke aiki mishan 600, makarantu da mafaka a cikin ƙasashe 120.

=== Sadaka ta kasa da kasa ===
Teresa ta ce, &quot;Da jini, Ni dan Albaniya ne. Ta zama ɗan ƙasa, Ba'indiye ne. Ta wurin bangaskiya, ni wata mazhabar Katolika ce. Game da kirana, ni na duniya ce. &quot;Game da zuciyata, gaba daya na daga cikin zuciyar Yesu ne.&quot;  Luwararru cikin harsuna biyar-Bengali,  Albanian, Serbian, [[Turanci]] da Hindi - ta yi tafiye-tafiye na lokaci-lokaci a wajen India saboda dalilai na bil-adama.  

A tsaunin Siege na Beirut a shekarar 1982, Teresa ta ceci yara 37 da aka makale a wani asibiti kafin ta hanyar tsagaita wuta na wucin gadi tsakanin sojojin Isra’ila da masu gwagwarmayar Falasdinawa.Tare da ma'aikatan kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross, ta bi ta yankin yaki zuwa asibiti don kwashe matasa marasa lafiya.  

Lokacin da gabashin Turai ta sami karuwa a ƙarshen 1980s, Teresa ta faɗaɗa ƙoƙarinta ga ƙasashen Kwaminisanci waɗanda suka ƙi Mishan Mishan na Sadaka. Ta fara shirye-shirye da dama, ba tare da wata damuwa ba game da matsayinta na hana zubar da ciki da kisan aure: &quot;Babu wanda ya ce menene, ya kamata ka karba shi da murmushi ka yi aikinka.&quot; Ta ziyarci Armenia bayan girgizar kasa na 1988  kuma ta sadu da Nikolai Ryzhkov, Shugaban Majalisar Ministocin .  

Teresa ta yi tafiya don taimakawa masu fama da yunwa a Habasha, wadanda suka kamu da radadin cutar a Chernobyl da kuma wadanda girgizar ta shafa a Armenia. &lt;ref&gt;Cooper, Kenneth J. (14 September 1997). &quot;Mother Teresa Laid to Rest After Multi-Faith Tribute&quot;. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved 30 May 2007&lt;/ref&gt;   A 1991, ta koma [[Albaniya|Albania]] a karon farko, inda ta buɗe Ofishin mishan na Charity Brothers gida a Tirana .  

A shekarar 1996, Teresa ta fara aiki da misalai 517 a cikin kasashe sama da 100.  Mishanninta na Rahamar sun karu daga goma sha biyu zuwa dubbai, suna masu hidimar &quot;matalautan matalauta&quot; a cibiyoyi 450 na duniya. An kafa Ofishin mishan na farko na Charity a cikin Amurka a yankin South Bronx na [[New York (birni)|New York City]], kuma har ya zuwa shekarar 1984 ikilisiya tana gudanar da rukunoni 19 a cikin ƙasar.

=== Karayar lafiya da mutuwa ===
Teresa ta sami bugun zuciya a Rome a 1983 yayin da ta ke ziyartar [[John Paul na Biyu|Paparoma John Paul II]] . Bayan harin na biyu a 1989, ta sami na'urar bugun zuciya . A 1991, bayan cutar huhu a Mexico,tana da karin matsalolin zuciya. Kodayake Teresa ta ba da shawarar yin murabus a matsayin shugabar mishan na Sadaka, a cikin wata takaddar sirri da 'yar'uwar ikilisiyar suka zabe ta ta ci gaba kuma ta yarda ta ci gaba.  

A watan Afrilun 1996,ta fadi,ta karya kashinta na wuya, kuma bayan wata hudu ta [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|kamu]] da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] da ciwon zuciya . Kodayake Teresa ta yi aikin tiyata, amma lafiyar ta tana raguwa. A cewar Akbishop na Calcutta Henry Sebastian D’Souza, ya umarci wani firist da ya yi aikin fitarwa (tare da izininsa) lokacin da aka garzaya da ita asibiti da matsalolin bugun zuciya saboda yana tunanin watakila shaidan ne ya same shi. &lt;ref&gt;Bindra, Satinder (7 September 2001).&quot;Archbishop: Mother Teresa underwent exorcism&quot;. ''CNN'' Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;.  

A ranar 13 Maris 1997 Teresa ta yi murabus a matsayin shugabar Mishan of Charity, kuma ta mutu ne a ranar 5 ga Satumba.  Lokacin da ta mutu, mishaneri na Sadaka yana da 'yan'uwa mata sama da 4,000 da kuma ɗan uwan mambobi 300 waɗanda ke aiki a ofisoshi 610 a cikin ƙasashe 123.  Waɗannan sun haɗa da baƙi da gidaje ga mutanen da ke [[Kanjamau|ɗauke]] da [[Kanjamau|kwayar cutar HIV, AIDS]], kuturta da tarin fuka, dafaffen dafa abinci, shirye-shiryen kula da yara da na yara, marayu da makarantu. Missionungiyar mishan ta Charan agaji ta taimaka da abokan aikinta waɗanda suka ƙidaya sama da miliyan ɗaya a shekarun 1990. 

Teresa ta ajiye a cikin wani akwati da aka bude a St Thomas, Calcutta, tsawon mako guda kafin jana'izarta. Ta samu jana'izar hukuma daga gwamnatin Indiya bisa godiya saboda hidimta wa talakawan dukkan addinai a kasar.  Taimakawa ta hanyar firistoci guda biyar, Sakatariyar Kudi ta Kasa Angelo Sodano, wakilin Paparoma, ya yi bikin ƙarshe.  Mutuwar Teresa ta kasance makoki a cikin mutane da kuma al'ummomin addini. Firayim Minista na Pakistan Nawaz Sharif ya kira ta &quot;mutum ne da baƙonsa ba kuma wanda ya daɗe yana da babban buri. Tsawon rayuwarta tsawon rai ga kulawa da talakawa, marassa lafiya, da nakasassu na daga cikin mafi girman misalai na bautarmu ga bil'adama. &quot;  A cewar tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, &quot;Ita ce Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Tana da zaman lafiya a duniya&quot;.

== Martabawa da karɓuwa ==

=== Indiya ===
Gwamnatin Indiya ta fara amincewa da Teresa da farko ne a fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na farkon  ƙarni, ta karɓi Padma Shri a shekarar alif 1962, da lambar yabo ta Jawaharlal Nehru don Fahimtar ƙasa da ƙasa a shekarar alif 1969.  Daga baya ta sami wasu lambobin yabo na Indiya, wadanda suka hada da Bharat Ratna (lambar yabo mafi girma a Indiya) a shekarar alif 1980.  Littafin tarihin Teresa wanda Navin Chawla ya wallafa, a cikin Shekara ta alif 1992. A cikin [[Kolkata]], wasu 'Hindu bauta mata a matsayin abin bauta.  

Don tunawa da bikin cikarta shekara 100 da haihuwar ta, gwamnatin Indiya ta bayar da tsabar kudi ₹ 5 na musamman (yawan kudin da Teresa ta samu lokacin da ta je Indiya) a ranar 28 ga  watan Agusta, shekarar 2010. Shugaba Pratibha Patil ta ce, &quot;Clad cikin fararen sari mai launin shudi, ita da 'yan uwan Mishan na Charity sun zama alamar ta bege ga mutane da yawa - tsofaffi, gajiyayyu, marasa aikin yi, marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya. da akayi watsi dasu daga iyalansu. &quot;  

Ra'ayoyin Indiya akan Teresa ba masu dacewa ba kamar yadda kowane dan kasan ke ganinta. Aroup Chatterjee, likita ne da aka haife shi a Calcutta wanda ya kasance mai fafutuka a cikin tatsuniyar biranen shekaru kusan 1980 kafin ya koma Burtaniya, ya ce &quot;bai ma taɓa ganin wata tsawa ba a cikin waɗannan rukunin gidajen&quot;.  Binciken nasa, wanda ya hada da tambayoyi sama da 100 tare da masu sa kai, da sanatoci da kuma wasu da suka saba da mishan Mishanai, an bayyana su a cikin littafin 2003. da ke da masaniyar Teresa.  Chatterjee ta soki ta game da gabatar da &quot;al'adar wahala&quot; da mummunan gurbata ta Calcutta, yin karin gishiri game da aikin da aka yi mata ta hanyar amfani da kudi da kuma gata a wajen ta.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Chatterjee&quot;&gt;Chatterjee, Aroup, Introduction to ''The Final Verdict''&lt;/ref&gt; A cewarsa, wasu matsalolin tsabtace tsabta da ya soki (na sake amfani da allura, alal misali) bayan mutuwar Teresa a Shekara ta alif 1997.  

Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya, mayor na Kolkata daga shekarar 2005 zuwa 2010, ya ce &quot;ba ta da wani tasiri a kan talakawa na wannan birni&quot;, ta sami lafiya a maimakon ta yi maganin ta kuma ta ba da labarin gari: &quot;Babu shakka akwai talauci a Calcutta, amma ba ta taɓa kasance wani gari na kutare da masu bara ba, kamar yadda UwaTeresa ta gabatar da shi. &quot;  A gefen Hindu, Jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata ta yi karo da Teresa a kan Christian Dalits amma ta yaba mata a cikin mutuwa kuma ta aiko da wakili don yi mata jana'izarta.  Ita dai Vishwa Hindu Parishad, ta yi adawa da matakin da gwamnati ta dauka na yi mata jana’iza. Sakatare Giriraj Kishore ta ce &quot;aikinta na farko shine Cocin da hidimar zamantakewa ba ta faru ba&quot;, inda ta zarge ta da fifita Kiristoci da kuma yin “baftisma a ɓoye” na masu mutuwa. &lt;ref&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/ECI_Main/DJ/Frontline%201997%20Article%20published%20in%20Hindu.pdf#page=3 A life of selfless caring] – [[Frontline (magazine)]] article.&lt;/ref&gt;  A wani gaban-shafin, fortnightly ''frontline ta'' sallami zargin a matsayin &quot;patently na ƙarya&quot; kuma ya bayyana cewa suna da &quot;yi wani tasiri a kan jama'a ji na ta aikin, musamman a Calcutta&quot;. Wanda ya yaba da &quot;kulawa ta rashin son kai&quot;, karfin jiki da jarumkntaka, marubucin lambar yabo ya soki kamfen din da Teresa takeyi inkari game da zubar da ciki da kuma ikirarin ta na siyasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline&quot;&gt;Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997&lt;/ref&gt; 

A watan Fabrairu na shekarar 2015, Mohan Bhagwat, shugaban kungiyar kare hakkin reshen Hindu, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, ya ce manufar Teresa ita ce &quot;maida mutumin, wanda ake yi masa hidima, ya zama Kirista&quot;.  Tsohon kakakin kungiyar ta RSS MG Vaidhya ya goyi bayan kimantawar Bhagwat, kuma kungiyar ta zargi kafofin watsa labarai da &quot;gurbata gaskiya game da kalaman Bhagwat&quot;. Dan majalisar wakilai na Trinamool Derek O'Brien, shugaban CPI Atul Anjan da kuma babban ministan Delhi Arvind Kejriwal sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da zancen da Bhagwat yayi.

=== Wani wurin ===
[[File:President Reagan Presents Mother Teresa with the Medal of Freedom at a White House Ceremony in the Rose Garden - DPLA - 1321c7b194e7e893127ef14b2f7c565c.jpg|alt=President and Mrs. Ronald Reagan with Mother Teresa, standing at a microphone|thumb| Shugaba [[Ronald Reagan|Ronald Reagan ya]] ba mahaifiyar Teresa kyautar Shugaban Kasa na 'Yanci a yayin bikin Fadar White House kamar yadda Uwargidan Nan Nancy Reagan ke kallo, a ranar 20 ga watan Yuni, Shekara alif 1985. ]]. 
Teresa ta karbi kyautar Ramon Magsaysay Award dan zaman lafiya da fahimtar duniya, an bata ne dan aikinta a South or East Asia, a shekarar alif 1962. Acewar wallafin, &quot;Kungiyar amintattu sun martaba ta dan tausayawan ta akan talaucin wasu kasashe, wanda akan wannan aikin ne ta fara sabon taron addini&quot;.A farkon 1970s, ta zama wata gwarzuwa a duniya. shaharar za'a iya dangana shi da Malcolm Muggeridge's 1969 documentary, ''Something Beautiful for God'', da Kuma littafinsa na 1971 mai wannan sunan. Wanda Muggeridge ke kokarin tafiyar da rayuwarsa tsaftatacciya. Lokacin daukar fim, wani dauka da akayi a yanayin haske mara tasiri. anyi tunanin zai zama anfani ne ga masu aikin.
[[Fayil:Cedric Prakash Mother Teresa Award.jpg|thumb|Mama Teresa]]
A kusan wannan lokacin, duniyar Katolika ta fara girmama Teresa a bainar jama'a. Fafaroma Paul VI ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Paparoma John XXIII P kyautar zaman lafiya a shekara ta alif 1971, inda ta yaba da aikinta tare da talakawa, nuna irin gudummawar kirista da kokarin tabbatar da zaman lafiya,  kuma ta sami kyautar ta Pacem a Terris Award a shekarar alif 1976. &lt;ref&gt;''Quad City Times'' staff (17 October 2005). &quot;Habitat official to receive Pacem in Terris honor&quot;. [[Peace Corps]]. Retrieved 26 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan mutuwarta, Teresa ta sami ci gaba cikin sauri a kan hanyar zuwa saint . 

Gwamnatoci da kungiyoyin farar hula sun karrama ta, sannan ta nada wani wakilin girmamawa na Umarni na Australiya a Shekara ta alif 1982. &quot;don hidimtawa al'ummar Australiya da dan adam baki daya&quot;.  Kasar Burtaniya da Amurka sun ba wasu lambobin yabo masu yawa, wadanda suka kammala a cikin Lamarin Ingantawa a shekarar alif 1983. da zama dan kasa na Amurka mai girmamawa a ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar alif 1996.  Kasar Teresa ta kasar Albania ta ba ta lambar Zinare ta Jama'a a Shekara ta alif 1994, &lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline&quot;&gt;Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997&lt;/ref&gt; amma karbarta da wannan lamarin da Haitian Legion of Honor ta kasance mai rikitarwa. An soki Teresa da cikakken goyon baya ga Duvaliers da rashawa na 'yan kasuwa irin su Charles Keating da Robert Maxwell ; Ta rubuta wa alkalin shari'ar Keating, inda ta nemi a bashi damar.   

Jami'o'i a Indiya da yamma sun ba ta digirin girmamawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline&quot;&gt;Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran lambobin yabo na farar hula sun hada da lambar yabo ta Balzan don inganta bil'adama, zaman lafiya da 'yan uwantaka tsakanin al'umma (1978)  da Albert Schweitzer International Prize (1975). &lt;ref&gt;Jones, Alice &amp; Brown, Jonathan (7 March 2007). &quot;Opposites attract? When Robert Maxwell met Mother Teresa&quot;. ''The Independent''. Retrieved 25 March 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilun, Shekara ta alif 1976, Teresa ta ziyarci Jami'ar Scranton da ke arewa maso gabashin [[Pennsylvania]], inda ta karbi lambar yabo ta La Storta don Bautar da 'Yan Adam daga shugaban jami'a William J. Byron .  Ta kalubalanci masu sauraronta da suka kai 4,500 don suje gidajensu  &quot;kusan talakawa a cikin gidanku da makwabta na gida&quot;, ciyar da wasu ko kuma kawai yada farin ciki da ƙauna,  kuma ya ci gaba da cewa: “Matalauta zasu taimaka mana mu girma cikin tsarkakakku, domin sune Kristi a cikin dabara ce ta wahala &quot;.  A watan Agusta, shekarar alif 1987, Teresa ta sami likita mai daraja ta digiri na ilimin zamantakewa, don karɓar hidimarta da ma'aikatanta don taimakawa gajiyayyu da marasa lafiya, daga jami'a.  Ta yi magana da ɗalibai sama da 4,000 da memba na Diocese of Scranton  game da hidimarta ga &quot;matalauta&quot;, tare da gaya masu su &quot;yi ƙananan abubuwa da ƙauna mai girma&quot;.  {{external media|width=210px|align=right|headerimage=[[File:Mutter Teresa von Kalkutta.jpg|210px]]|video1=[https://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=1852 Mother Teresa's 1979 Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech]}}A Shekara ta alif 1979, Teresa ta sami kyautar Nobel Peace Prize &quot;akan aikinta da ta gudanar dan kaudar da talauci da damuwa wanda suma ke kawo matsala ga zaman lafiya&quot;. Ta ki ta amince da taron , tace kudin ta $192,000 a baiwa talakawa dake kasar Indiya  tare da cewa lada a duniya suna da amfani ne kawai idan anyi aiki dasu wurin taimakon masu karamin karfi. rewards were important only if they helped her to help the world's ne. When Teresa received the prize she was asked, &quot;What can we do to promote world peace?&quot; She answered, &quot;Go home and love your family.&quot; Building on this theme in her [[Kyautar Nobel|Nobel lecture]], she said: &quot;Around the world, not only in the poor countries, but I found the poverty of the West so much more difficult to remove. When I pick up a person from the street, hungry, I give him a plate of rice, a piece of bread, I have satisfied. I have removed that hunger. But a person that is shut out, that feels unwanted, unloved, terrified, the person that has been thrown out from society – that poverty is so hurtable {{sic}} and so much, and I find that very difficult.&quot; Teresa singled out abortion as &quot;the greatest destroyer of peace today. Because if a mother can kill her own child – what is left for me to kill you and you kill me – there is nothing between.&quot;

Barbara Smoker of the secular humanist magazine ''The Freethinker'' criticised Teresa after the Peace Prize award, saying that her promotion of Catholic moral teachings on abortion and contraception diverted funds from effective methods to solve India's problems. At the Fourth World Conference on Women in [[Beijing]], Teresa said: &quot;Yet we can destroy this gift of motherhood, especially by the evil of abortion, but also by thinking that other things like jobs or positions are more important than loving.&quot;

A lokacin rayuwarta, Teresa tana daga cikin manyan mata 10 da suka fi fice a duk shekara Gallup wanda ya fi cancanta ga maza da mata su jefa kuri'u 18, sun kammala da yawa a shekarar alif 1980 da 1990. &lt;ref&gt;Frank Newport, David W. Moore, and Lydia Saad (13 December 1999). &quot;Most Admired Men and Women: 1948–1998&quot;, [[The Gallup Organization]].&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Shekara ta alif 1999. ta jagoranci jerin mutanen da aka fi so a cikin karni na 20 na Gallup,  jefa duk wasu amsoshi da aka ba su ta hanyar iyakokin da yawa, kuma ya kasance na farko a cikin manyan rukunan jama'a banda na matasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;gallup-20c&quot;&gt;Frank Newport (31 December 1999). &quot;Mother Teresa Voted by American People as Most Admired Person of the Century&quot;, [[The Gallup Organization]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pollingreport.com/20th.htm Greatest of the Century] Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll. 20–21 December 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Suuka ==
A cewar wata takarda daga masana ilimin Kanada Serge Larivée, Geneviève Chénard da Carole Sénéchal, asibitocin Teresa sun karbi miliyoyin daloli a cikin abubuwan gudummawa amma ba su da magani, tsarin bincike, ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki da isasshen nazari ga waɗanda ke jin ciwo;  a cikin ra'ayin masana ilimi guda uku, &quot;Mama Teresa ta yarda cewa mara lafiya dole ne ya sha wahala kamar Kristi a kan gicciye&quot;.  An ce karin kudin zai iya canza lafiyar marasa galihu na garin ta hanyar samar da cibiyoyin kula da lafiya.   

Daya daga cikin wadanda suka fi sukar Teresa ita ce yar jaridar Ingilishi, mai sukar litattafan rubuyoci kuma mai adawa da Christopher Hitchens, mai gabatar da ra’ayin Jaridar ''Hell's Angel'' (1994) kuma marubucin labarin ''Fim The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice''&lt;nowiki&gt; (1995) wanda ya rubuta a labarin 2003 : &quot;Wannan ya dawo da mu zuwa ga cin hanci da rashawa na majami'a, wanda ke sayar da attajirai ga ma'abuta yayin da suke wa'azin wutar jahannama da tsinkaye ga talaka. [Uwar Teresa] ba abokin talakawa ba ne. Ta kasance aminin &lt;/nowiki&gt;''talauci'' . Ta ce wahala wahala ce daga Allah. Ta yi amfani da rayuwarta wajen yin adawa da kawai hanyar magance cutar talauci, wanda shine karfafawa mata da ficewar su daga tsarin dabbobin da aka tilasta mata. &quot;  Ya zargi ta da munafinci saboda zabar magani na gaba don yanayin zuciyarta. &lt;ref&gt;Hitchens (1995), p. 41&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;''cf.'' Fr. James Martin, SJ, Letter in ''The New York Review of Books'', 19 September 1996 [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1996/09/19/in-defense-of-mother-teresa/ In Defense of Mother Teresa], accessed 2 February 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Hitchens ya ce &quot;niyyarsa ba ta taimaka wa mutane ba&quot;, kuma ta yi karya ga masu ba da gudummawa game da yadda ake amfani da gudummawar da suke bayarwa. &quot;Ta hanyar magana da ita ne na gano, kuma ta ba ni tabbacin, ba ta bakin kokarin rage talauci&quot;, in ji shi, &quot;tana kokarin fadada yawan mabiya darikar Katolika. Ta ce, 'Ni ba ma'aikacin zamantakewa ba ne. Ba na yi ne saboda wannan dalili. Ina yi domin Kiristi. Ina yi wa cocin. '  &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/10/19/60minutes/main578794.shtml &quot;The Debate over Sainthood&quot;] (11 February 2009). CBS News. Retrieved 29 May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake Hitchens yana tunanin shi ne kawai shaida da Vatican ta kira, an kuma kira Aroup Chatterjee (marubucin ''Uwar Teresa: Labarin Untold'' ) don gabatar da hujjoji masu adawa da bugun Teresa da canonization; &lt;ref name=&quot;Hitch&quot;&gt;[http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&amp;page=hitchens_24_2 &quot;Less than Miraculous&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305133543/http://secularhumanism.org/index.php?page=hitchens_24_2&amp;section=library|date=2016-03-05}} by Christopher Hitchens, ''[[Free Inquiry (magazine)|Free Inquiry]]'' 24(2), February/March 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; Vatican ta cire al'ada ta &quot; mai ba da shawarar shaidan &quot;, wanda ya yi aiki da irin wannan manufa.  

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin zubar da ciki sun kuma soki matakin Teresa game da zubar da ciki da kuma hana haihuwa.

== Rayuwar ruhaniya ==
Analysing her deeds and achievements, [[Pope John Paul II]] said: &quot;Where did Mother Teresa find the strength and perseverance to place herself completely at the service of others? She found it in prayer and in the silent contemplation of Jesus Christ, his Holy Face, his Sacred Heart.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2003/october/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20031020_pilgrims-mother-teresa_en.html|title=Address of John Paul II to the Pilgrims Who Had Come To Rome for the Beatification of Mother Teresa|work=Vatican.va|date=20 October 2003|author=John Paul II|accessdate=13 March 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Privately, Teresa experienced doubts and struggle in her religious beliefs which lasted nearly 50 years (until the end of her life); according to her [[postulator]], [[Brian Kolodiejchuk]], &quot;She felt no presence of God whatsoever,&amp;nbsp;... in her heart or in the eucharist&quot;.&lt;ref name=TIME-2007-08-23&gt;{{cite news|title=Mother Teresa's Crisis of Faith|author=David Van Biema|date=23 August 2007|work=TIME|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html|access-date=24 March 2020|archive-date=25 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825084420/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=16 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816032159/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Teresa expressed grave doubts about God's existence and pain over her lack of faith: {{quote|Where is my faith? Even deep down&amp;nbsp;... there is nothing but emptiness and darkness.&amp;nbsp;... If there be God – please forgive me. When I try to raise my thoughts to Heaven, there is such convicting emptiness that those very thoughts return like sharp knives and hurt my very soul.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.edgewoodpc.org/sermons/sermon061911.html|title=Sermon – Some Doubted|publisher=Edgewoodpc.org|date=19 June 2011|accessdate=28 August 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015234535/http://edgewoodpc.org/sermons/sermon061911.html|archivedate=15 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;|sign=|source=}}
[[File:Mother_Teresa_memorial_plaque.jpg|alt=Outdoor bas-relief plaque|thumb| Plaque wanda aka sadaukar wa mahaifiyar Teresa a Wenceslas Square, Olomouc, Czech Republic ]]
Kolodiejchuk (jami'in da ke da alhakin tattara hujjoji na canonization) ya yi tunanin cewa rashin jin daɗin da wasu ke yi zai iya cewa sunyi akasin fassara tai, amma imanin da ya yi cewa Allah yana aiki da ita bai cika damuwa ba; duk da cewa ta yi niyyar kusanci da Allah, amma ba ta tuhumi kasancewar sa ba.  Teresa na iya fuskantar wani abu mai kama da [[Isa Almasihu|Yesu]], wanda ya ce lokacin da aka gicciye shi: ''&quot; Eli Eli lama sabachthani? &quot;'' (&quot;Ya Allah, Allahna, don me ka yashe ni?&quot; ).  Kolodiejchuk ya zana kwatancen John na 16 na ƙarni na Yahaya na Giciye, wanda ya ambaci kalmar &quot; Duhun Duhun Jiya &quot;.  Sauran tsarkaka (ciki har da Teresa mai suna Thérèse na Lisieux, waɗanda suka kira shi &quot;daren rashin kome&quot;) sun sami irin wannan goguwar bushewar ruhaniya . &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;[http://www.beliefnet.com/story/223/story_22353_1.html New Book Reveals Mother Teresa's Struggle with Faith] Beliefnet, AP 2007&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar James Langford, wadannan shakku ba su da wata ma'ana kuma ba zai kawo cikas ga canonization ba.  

Bayan shekaru goma cikin shakku, Teresa ta bayyana ɗan taƙaitaccen lokacin da sabuwar bangaskiya. Bayan mutuwar Paparoma Pius XII a shekarar alif 1958, tana yi masa addu'ar bukukuwan a lokacin da aka sami sauki daga &quot;dogon duhu: wannan baƙon wahalar.&quot; Koyaya, mako biyar baya bushewar ruhaniyarta ta dawo.  

Teresa ta rubuta wasiƙu da yawa ga waɗanda ke ba da tabbaci da kuma manyanta a cikin shekaru 66, musamman ga Calcutta Archbishop Ferdinand Perier da Jesuit firist Celeste van Exem (mashawarcinta na ruhaniya tun samuwar mishan Mishan).  Ta nemi a lalata wasiƙun ta, kasancewar ta damu da cewa &quot;mutane za su ƙara yin la'akari da ni - ƙasa da Yesu.&quot;   
[[File:Alfons_Weisser_Mutter_Teresa.JPG|thumb| Zane-zanen Semi-girmama na girmama Iya Teresa ]]
Koyaya, an tattara rubutun a cikin Mama ''Teresa: Kuzo Ku kasance Haske na'' .   Teresa ta rubuta wa Mika'ilu amintacce na ruhaniya Michael van der Peet, “Yesu yana da ƙauna ta musamman a gare ku. Amma ni, shuru da wofi suna da yawa, da na duba ban gani ba - saurara kuma ban ji ba - harshe yana motsawa [cikin addu'a] amma ba ya magana. &amp;nbsp; . . . Ina so ku yi mini addu'a - cewa na bar Shi ya yi kyauta. &quot; 

A ''Deus Caritas Est'' (farkon encyclical ), [[Benedict na Sha Shida|Paparoma Benedict XVI]] da aka ambata Teresa sau uku da kuma amfani da ita rayuwa don bayyana daya daga cikin encyclical ta babban maki: &quot;A cikin misali na Albarka Teresa na Calcutta da muke da wata hujja hoto da cewa lokaci ya sadaukar Allah cikin addu'o'i bawai kawai baya yanke hukunci daga aiki mai kyau da soyayya ga makwabcinmu amma a zahiri shine tushen wannan aikin. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;[[Benedict na Sha Shida|Pope Benedict XVI]] (25 December 2005). ''Deus caritas est{{Dead link|date=October 2011}}''. (PDF). Vatican City, pp.10. Retrieved 2 August 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Ta rubuta, &quot;Ta hanyar addu'o'in tunani ne da karatun ruhi ne kawai zamu iya samar da kyautar addu'a.&quot;  

Kodayake ba a haɗa da odarta ba tare da umarnin Franciscan, Teresa tana sha'awar Francis na Assisi &lt;ref name=&quot;AmeriCath&quot;&gt;&quot;Mother Teresa of Calcutta Pays Tribute to St. Francis of Assisi&quot; on the ''American Catholic'' website. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta kasance mai tasiri ga ruhaniyar Franciscan.'Yan uwan Mata da Sadaka suna karanta addu'o'in Saint Francis kowace safiya a Mass a lokacin godiya bayan tarayya, kuma girmamansu ga ma'aikatar da alkawarin da yawa yayi daidai da nata. Francis ya jaddada talauci, tsabta, biyayya da biyayya ga Kristi. Ya sadaukar da mafi yawan rayuwarsa wajen bautar da talakawa, musamman kutare.

== Canonization ==

=== Mu'ujiza da beatifaication ===
Bayan Teresa ta mutu a shekara ta alif 1997, sai Holy See ya fara aiwatar da beatification (na biyu daga uku matakai wajen canonization ) da kuma Kolodiejchuk aka nada postulator da Diocese na Calcutta . Ko da yake ya ce, &quot;Ba mu tabbatar da cewa ta kasance cikakke ko kuma ba ta taɓa yin kuskure ba &amp;nbsp; ... &quot;, dole ne ya tabbatar da cewa kyawun Teresa jarumi ne. Kolodiejchuk ya gabatar da takardu 76, jimilla shafi 35,000, wadanda suka danganci hirar da shaidu 113 wadanda aka nemi su amsa tambayoyi 263.  
[[File:Stained_glass_depiction_of_key_moments_in_the_lifetime_of_Mother_Teresa_at_the_Cathedral_of_Saint_Mother_Teresa_in_Prishtina.jpg|right|thumb|332x332px| Cikakken gilashin tarihin rayuwar mahaifiyar Teresa a Cathedral na Saint Teresa a Prishtinë, Kosovo ]]. 
A tsari na canonization bukatar takardun na wani mu'ujiza sakamakon daga cẽto na yiwuwa saint.  A shekara ta 2002 ne aka gano cewa Vatican ta zama wata mu'ujiza ta warkar da cutar kumburin ciki a cikin mahaifar Monica Besra, wata mace ‘yar Indiya, bayan da aka yi amfani da wani loka dauke da hoton Teresa. A cewar Besra, gwanayen haske da aka samo daga hoton kuma an warkar da cutar kumburin ta; duk da haka, mijinta da wasu ma'aikatanta na kiwon lafiya sun ce magani na yau da kullun ya kawar da cutar. &lt;ref&gt;Orr, David (10 May. 2003). &quot;Medicine cured 'miracle' woman – not Mother Teresa, say doctors&quot;. ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Dr. Ranjan Mustafi, wanda ya fada wa ''jaridar New York Times'' cewa ya yi maganin Besra, ya ce cutar ta haifar da cutar tarin fuka: &quot;Wannan ba wani abin al'ajabi bane &amp;nbsp; . . . Ta dauki magunguna tsawon watanni tara zuwa shekara guda. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/20/world/her-legacy-acceptance-and-doubts-of-a-miracle.html &quot;Her Legacy: Acceptance and Doubts of a Miracle&quot;], by David Rohde. ''The New York Times''. 20 October 2003&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar mijin Besra, “Likitoci sun warkar da matata ba kuma ta wata mu’ujiza ba &amp;nbsp; . . . Wannan mu'ujiza wannan magana ce. &quot;  Besra ta ce bayanan likitocin da suka hada da sonogram, magunguna da bayanan likitocin, Sister Betta ta Mishan Matan Sadau ta kwace. A cewar ''Lokaci'', kiran da aka yi wa Sister Betta da ofishin Sister Nirmala (wanda zai gaji Teresa a matsayin shugaban oda) bai amsa wani bayani ba. Jami'ai a Asibitin Balurghat, inda Besra ta nemi magani, sun ce an tilasta masu ne ta hanyar da ta kira magani da ta warke.  A cikin watan Fabrairu, na shekarar 2000, tsohon ministan kiwon lafiya na West Bengal Partho De ya ba da umarnin sake duba bayanan likita na Besra a Sashen Lafiya na Kolkata. A cewar De, babu wani sabon abu game da rashin lafiyarta da magani bisa doguwar jinyarta. Ya ce ya ƙi ba da sunan Vatican na likita wanda zai tabbatar da cewa warkewar Monica Besra ta mu’ujiza ce.  

A lokacin beatification na Teresa da canonization, Roman Curia (ta Vatican) tayi nazari kuma ba a wallafa sukar rayuwarta da aikinta ba. Hitchens da Chatterjee (marubucin ''The Final Verdict'', wani littafi mai mahimmanci na Teresa) ta yi magana da kotun; a cewar jami'an Vatican, binciken da aka gabatar an bincike ne daga Kungiyar da ke Sanadin Sanadin Waliyyan Waliyyan .  Kungiyar ba ta sami wani cikas ba game da canjin magana na Teresa, kuma ta ba da ''kewar ta'' a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun, na shekarar alif 1999.   Saboda harin da aka kai mata, wasu marubutan Katolika sun kira ta da alamar sabani .  Wani kwamiti na daban na likita ya yanke hukuncin cewa mu'ujiza Monica Besra, daya daga cikin ukun da Kolodiejchuk ya dauke, alama ce ta roko na Allah.  An kori Teresa a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, shekarar 2003, kuma Katolika sun san shi da &quot;Masu Albarka&quot;.

===Canonization===
A 17 Disamba 2015, offishin yada labarai na Vatican [[Francis (fafaroma)|Pope Francis]] ya gano mu'ujiza na biyu da aka danganta ga Teresa: warkar da mutumin Brazil dauke da brain tumours a 2008.mu'ujizar ta zo cikin gari ne sanda wasu jami'ai dake kula da aiki lokacin shagualan World Youth Day 2013sanda fafaroma ke kasar Brazil awatan Yuli. anyi ta bincike a Brazil daga 19–26 June 2015 wanda daga bisani aka maida zuwa masu aiki na Saints wanda suka bada dokatr cewa cabinciken ya kammalu.

Francis yayi mata canonization, hakan yafaru ne a wani biki a ranar 4 ga Satumbar 2016 a Dandalin St Peter da ke garin Vatican. Dubun-dubatan mutane ne suka halarci bikin, gami da wakilai 15 na gwamnati da kuma mutane 1,500 da ba su da matsuguni daga duk fadin Italiya.   An watsa kai tsaye ta hanyar tashar Vatican kuma aka watsa ta yanar gizo; Skopje, garin mahaifar Teresa, ya ba da sanarwar bikin biki na tsawon sati daya.  A Indiya, Mishan ɗin Sadarwa ta biki ta Kolkata.

== Co-Patron na Calcutta Archdiocese ==
A ranar 4 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, yayin bikin girmama canonization dinta wata shekara ta 1 da ta cancanta, Sister Mary Prema Pierick, Babban shugaba ta na mishan Ofishin Sadaka, ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a sanya Teresa a matsayin malamar cocin Calcutta Archdiocese yayin bikin Mass a cikin Cathedral na Mafi Girma Rosary a 5.30 pm a ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017.  A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Archbishop Thomas D’Souza, wanda ke zama shugaban Archdiocese na Katolika na Calcutta, ya tabbatar da cewa za a nada Teresa a matsayin mai rikon mukamin Caliota Diocese, tare da Francis Xavier.   A ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, kusan mutane 500 suka halarci Mass a wani babban coci inda Dominique Gomes, Babban Vicar na gida,  karanta dokar da ta kafa ta a matsayin mataimaki na biyu na mai kare tarihi na archdiocese.  D’Souza da jakadan Vatican a Indiya, Giambattista Diquattro, sune suka jagoranci wannan bikin kuma suka gabatar da mutum-mutumi na tagulla a cocin Uwa Teresa dauke da yaro.  

Cocin Katolika na Roman Katolika ya ba da sanarwar St. Francis Xavier yazama saint na farko na Calcutta a shekarar alif 1986.  

== Legacy da fitowa a cikin al'adun sanannu ==

=== Abun Tunawa ===
[[File:Terminal_jashte.jpg|alt=Airport terminal, with four trees in the foreground|left|thumb| Tirana International Airport Nënë Tereza ]]
Kayay-yakin tarihi da ake tunawa da Teresa kuma sunanta sunan cocin da yawa. Tana da gine-gine, hanyoyi da kuma gidaje masu suna bayanta, gami da filin jirgin saman Albania na duniya . Ranar Iya Teresa ''(Dita e Nënë Terezës)'', 19 ga Oktoba, hutu ne na jama'a a Albania . A shekara ta 2009, an buɗe gidan tunawa da mahaifiyar Teresa a garinsu Skopje, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makidoniya]] . An ba da sunan babban cocin Katolika da ke Pristina, Kosovo don girmamawa.  Ginin sa, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2011, ya haifar da muhawara a cikin da'irorin musulmai wadanda suka gan shi a matsayin wanda ya  karfafa yawan mabiya darikar Katolika a yankin. Musulmin Kosovo sun yi adawa da wani kudurin kafa wata hanyar tunawa da Teresa a garin Peć (a cewar masu fafutuka, kashi 98 cikin dari) Musulmai sun yi adawa da kafa ta a Kosovo.  
[[File:Saint_Mother_Teresa_Cathedral_Prishtina8.jpg|right|thumb|150x150px| Cathedral na Saint Mother Teresa, Prishtinë ]]
Jami'ar Mata ta Uwa Teresa,  a Kodaikanal, an kafa ta a shekarar alif 1984. a matsayin jami'ar jama'a ta gwamnatin Tamil Nadu . Mahaifiya Theresa Postgraduate da Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Kiwon Lafiya,  a Pondicherry, an kafa ta ne a cikin shekarar alif 1999. ta hannun Gwamnatin Puducherry . Kungiyar ba da agaji Sevalaya ce ke tafiyar da Gidan Iyayen Mata na Teresa, tare da samar da 'yan matan marayu da marayu a kusa da kauyen Kasuva da ke Tamil Nadu da abinci, kayan sawa, tsari da ilimi.  Yawancin yabo da marubucin tarihin Teresa, Navin Chawla, suka bayyana a jaridu da mujallu na Indiya.    Jirgin Ruwa na Indiya sun gabatar da &quot;Mother Express&quot;, sabon jirgin kasa mai suna bayan mahaifiyar Mama Teresa, a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2010. don tunawa da karni na haihuwar ta.  Gwamnatin Tamil Nadu ta shirya bukukuwan karni na karrama Teresa a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2010 a [[Chennai]] wanda babban minista M Karunanidhi ya jagoranta.   Farko a kan 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2013, ranar tunawa da ta mutuwa da aka sanya cikin kasa da kasa Rãnar Charity ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya .  

A cikin shekarar 2012, Teresa ta kasance lamba ta 5 a cikin Babban binciken Indiya na Manyan Yan Indiya .  

A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, Katolika na St Teresa, cocin Katolika na farko da aka sanya wa sunan girmamawa ga Teresa, an keɓe shi a Kosovo.  Cathedral ɗin shima babban cocin Katolika ne na farko na Kosovo.  

==== Tarihai da littattafai ====

* Teresa batun fim din 1969 ne da littafin 1972, ''Abin Kyau ga Allah'', wanda Malcolm Muggeridge ya wallafa .  An yi fim ɗin fim ɗin tare da jawo hankalin yammacin duniya ga Mama Teresa. 
* Littattafan Christopher Hitchens na 1994, ''Mala'ikan Jahannama'', ya bayar da hujjar cewa Teresa ta bukaci talakawa da su yarda da makomarsu; Allah yana bayyana masu arziki kamar yadda Allah ya yi musu falala.   Wannan ita ce farkon rubutun Hitchens, ''Matsayin mishan: Uwar Teresa a ka'idodi da Aiki'' . 

==== Shirye-shiryen talabijin ====

* Geraldine Chaplin ya buga wasan Teresa a cikin ''Iya Teresa: Da Sunan Rashin Allah'', wanda ya karɓi kyautar Fim na Fim a shekarar alif 1997.
* Olivia Hussey ce ta buga wasan a cikin ministocin gidan talabijin na Italiya na shekarar  2003, ''Mama Teresa na Calcutta'' .  An sake sakewa a cikin shekarar 2007, ta sami kyautar CAMIE .
* Juliet Stevenson ta taka leda a cikin fim din ' ''The Letters'' ' na shekarar 2014, wanda ya danganta da wasiƙun sa zuwa ga firist ɗin Vatican Celeste van Exem .
* Uwar Teresa, wacce Cara Francis the FantasyGrandma ke bugawa, ta yi tsegumi kan Sigmund Freud a cikin Epic Rap Battles of Tarihi, jerin wakokin fim din YouTube da Nice Peter da Epic Lloyd suka kirkira. An saki Rap din a YouTube a ranar 22 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2019.

== Duba kuma ==

* Abdul Sattar Edhi 
* Albanians 
* Jerin mutanen Albanians 
* Jerin sunayen mata masu lambar yabo ta Nobel 
* Babban Ba’indiye 
* Addinin Katolika na Albania 
* Addinin Katolika na Kosovo 
* Addinin Katolika na Romaniya a Arewacin Makidoniya 

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya, Zariya</title>
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'''Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya, [[Zariya|Zaria]]''' yanzu '''Jami'ar Ilimi ta Tarayya, Zaria''', kwalejin kimiyya da fasaha ce Dake Zaria, a jihar Kaduna, Najeriya . Gwamnatin Yankin Arewacin Najeriya ce ta kafa ta a cikin watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1962. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-01-04 |title=List of Accredited Colleges of Education in Nigeria |url=https://www.myschoolgist.com/ng/colleges-of-education-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2021-05-30 |website=myschoolgist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NCCE Online |url=http://www.ncceonline.edu.ng/colleges.php |access-date=2021-05-30 |website=ncceonline.edu.ng |archive-date=2021-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213105/http://www.ncceonline.edu.ng/colleges.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Federal College of Education, Zaria fcezaria{{!}} School Fees, Courses &amp; Admission info |url=https://universitycompass.com/africa/Nigeria/colleges/Federal-College-of-Education-Zaria.php |access-date=2021-05-30 |website=universitycompass.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da farko an kira ta da sunan Kwalejin Malamai ta Arewa kuma daga baya aka santa da Sunan Kwalejin Ci gaba ta Zaria, a ƙarƙashin ikon gudanarwa da manufofi na [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] Zaria, har zuwa shekara ta 1991.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Federal College of Education |url=http://fcezaria.net/ |access-date=2020-04-01 |website=fcezaria.net |archive-date=2020-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222134902/http://www.fcezaria.net/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Da farko an kafa ma'aikatar ne a wurin [[Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic]] (Annex) kafin Daga baya a canza mata guri zuwa Yankin Gyallesu, a gaban [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]], Kongo Campus - Zaria a Shekarar  1973.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History of Federal College of Education |url=https://fcezaria.edu.ng/history/ |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=fcezaria.edu.ng/history |archive-date=2022-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516045401/https://fcezaria.edu.ng/history/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya aka raba  ta daga Jami'ar ABU, Zaria kuma aka sake mata suna Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya, Zaria .

== Ayyuka ==
A  cikin watan Mayu na shekara ta 2015, gwamnatin Jam'iyyar PDP ta [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ta mayar da ma'aikatar jami'a, tare da wasu kwalejoji da yawa a ƙasar. Koyaya, a cikin watan Agusta na wannan shekarar, gwamnatin APC ta sauya juyin juya halin, ta dawo da matsayinta na farko a matsayin Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya, Zaria, tare da sauran.

A cikin watan Yunin Shekarar 2023, gwamnatin da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin APC ta [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ta fara aiwatar da inganta kwalejin zuwa matsayin jami'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oni |first=Ayodele |date=2023-06-03 |title=FG Set To Formalize Jonathan's Upgrade Of Four Colleges Of Education To Universities; Imo Agog For Alvan |url=https://thesourceng.com/fg-set-to-formalize-jonathans-upgrade-of-four-colleges-of-education-to-universities-imo-agog-for-alvan/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=The Source |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, ba a kammala aikin ba har zuwa cikin watan Satumbar shekarar 2024, lokacin da sabuwar gwamnati, ƙarƙashin jagorancin shugaban ƙasa [[Bola Tinubu]], ta kammala haɓakawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=tvcnews |date=2024-09-19 |title=Reps. Speaker, Abbas commends President Tinubu for upgrading FCE Zaria to Varsity - Trending News |url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/2024/09/reps-speaker-abbas-commends-president-tinubu-for-upgrading-fce-zaria-to-varsity/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ibrahim |first=Abdullahi |date=2024-09-18 |title=FCE Zaria, Now Upgraded Into Federal University Of Education |url=https://vigil360.com.ng/browse-all-sections/education/fce-zaria-now-upgraded-into-federal-university-of-education.html |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=Vigil360 News |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-09-19 |title=Speaker Abbas applauds Tinubu for upgrading FCE Zaria to {{sic|hide=y|unversity}} |url=https://dateline.ng/speaker-abbas-applauds-tinubu-for-upgrading-fce-zaria-to-unversity/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=Dateline Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan cikar wa'adin Dr. Abdullahi Ango Ladan a watan Fabrairun Shekarar 2021, an naɗa Dr. Suleiman Balarabe, mataimakin shugaban ƙasa da kuma provost. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 February 2021 |title=Anxiety in FCE Zaria over position of provost |url=https://www.dateline.ng/anxiety-in-fce-zaria-over-position-of-provost/ |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=dateline.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hadaya ==
Laburaren kwalejin ya ƙunshi mujallu, littattafai, da haɗin intanet ga ma'aikata da ɗalibai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Federal College of Education |url=https://fcezaria.net/ |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=fcezaria.net |archive-date=2022-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212195925/https://fcezaria.net/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwalejin Ilimi tana da alaƙa da Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello [[Zariya|Zaria]] (ABU) da Jami'ar Usman Dan Fodio [[Sokoto (birni)|Sokoto]] (UDUS). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2020-10-20 |title=Federal College of Education (FCE) Zaria in Affiliation with ABU Zaria &amp; UDUSOK Undergraduate Degree Screening Form for 2020/2021 Academic Session {{!}} APPLY NOW |url=https://naijschools.com/fce-zaria-degree-screening-form/ |access-date=2021-05-30 |website=NAIJSCHOOLS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Darussan da ma'aikatar ke bayarwa sune kamar haka: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-03-01 |title=All courses offered at FCE Zaria |url=https://fcezaria.net/courses.php |access-date=2021-05-30 |website=fcezaria.net }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Makarantar Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Jama'a ===

* Nazarin Addini na Kirista (NCE &amp; ABU Degree) 
* [[Labarin kasa|Yanayin ƙasa]] (NCE &amp; ABU Degree) 
* [[Ilimin Musulunci|Nazarin Addinin Musulunci]] (NCE &amp; ABU Degree) 
* [[Ilimin zamantakewa|Nazarin Jama'a]] (NCE &amp; ABU Degree) 
* Tattalin Arziki (NCE &amp; UDUS Degree) 
* Al'adu da Fasahar Halitta
* [[Gidan wasan kwaikwayo|Fasahar Wasanni]]
* [[Kimiyyar siyasa|Kimiyya ta Siyasa]]

=== Makarantar Ilimi ===

* Nazarin Gabaɗaya a Ilimi
* Pre-NCE &amp; Remedial Studies
* Tsarin karatu da Koyarwa
* Tushen Ilimi
* Ilimin Ilimi
* Gudanar da Ilimi da Shirye-shiryen (Digiri na ABU) 
* Laburaren da Kimiyya ta Bayanai (Digiri na ABU) 
* Jagora da Shawara (Digree UDS) 

=== Makarantar Harsuna ===

* [[Larabci]] (NCE &amp; ABU Degree) 
* Turanci (NCE &amp; ABU Degree) 
* [[Faransanci]]
* [[Yarbanci|Yoruba]]
* [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] (NCE &amp; ABU Degree) 
* [[Inyamurai|Ibo]]

=== Makarantar Kimiyya ===

* Ilimin halittu (NCE &amp; ABU Degree) 
* Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta (NCE &amp; UDUS Degree) 
* Sashin sunadarai (NCE &amp; ABU Degree) 
* Kimiyyar Haɗin Kai (NCE &amp; ABU Degree) 
* Lissafi (NCE &amp; ABU Degree) 
* Ilimin Jiki da Lafiya (PHE) (NCE &amp; ABU Degree) 
* Ilimin lissafi

=== Makarantar Ilimi da Fasaha ===

* Ilimi na Aikin Gona (NCE &amp; ABU Degree) 
* Ilimi na Kasuwanci (NCE &amp; ABU Degree) 
* Tattalin Arziki na Gida (NCE &amp; ABU Degree) 

=== Makarantar Kula da Yara da Farko ===

* Ilimi na Kula da Yara na Farko
* Ilimi na Firamare (NCE &amp; UDUS Degree) 

=== Makarantar Ilimi ta Musamman ===

* Ilimi na manya da na yau da kullun (NCE &amp; UDUS Degree) 
* Ilimi na Musamman da Ba na al'ada ba

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin kwalejojin ilimi a Najeriya

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Jami'a]]
[[Rukuni:Jami'ar: Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Makaranta]]
[[Rukuni:Gine-Bisau]]
[[Rukuni:Ilimi]]
[[Rukuni:Ilimi a Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Jami'o'i]]</text>
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    <title>Ishaya Bako</title>
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'''Ishaya Bako''' ((listenⓘ)) (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba 1986) ita ce darektan fina-finai kuma marubuciya [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bako, Ishaya {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/ishaya-bako/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], inda ya zauna mafi yawan rayuwarsa kafin ya koma [[Landan]] inda ya yi karatu a Makarantar Fim ta London . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bako, Ishaya {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/ishaya-bako/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://africanfilmny.org/directors/ishaya-bako/ &quot;Bako, Ishaya | African Film Festival, Inc&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-12-13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bayan ya halarci Makarantar Fim ta London, Bako ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarnin Braids on a Bald Head, wanda ya sami karbuwa a Afirka Movie Academy Awards (AMAA). Ya lashe kyautar Best Short Film a 8th Africa Movie Academy Awards . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bako, Ishaya {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/ishaya-bako/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://africanfilmny.org/directors/ishaya-bako/ &quot;Bako, Ishaya | African Film Festival, Inc&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-12-13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma gano shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙarni na masu shirya fina-finai kuma memba ne na Ƙungiyar Shapers ta Duniya, wani shiri na Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya wanda ke tattara matasa masu sana'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ishaya Bako |url=https://iffr.com/en/person/ishaya-bako |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=IFFR EN |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fim dinsa, Fuelling Poverty, wani shirin fim game da talauci da tallafin man fetur a Najeriya, wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel, Wole Soyinka ya ba da labari. Yana zaune a Abuja, FCT, Najeriya . [1] An nuna fim dinsa The Royal Hibiscus Hotel a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto na 2017.[2].&lt;ref name=&quot;TIFF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 August 2017 |title=Toronto Adds Films From Aaron Sorkin, Louis C.K., Brie Larson |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/festivals/toronto-adds-films-from-aaron-sorkin-louis-c-k-brie-larson-1202527991/ |access-date=16 August 2017 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kuma kasance ɗaya daga cikin marubutan fim din [[Lionheart (fim na 2018)]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lionheart (2018) - IMDb |url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt7707314/fullcredits/writers}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]]
* [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]]
* [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]]

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Ishaya Bako''' ((listenⓘ)) (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba 1986) ita ce darektan fina-finai kuma marubuciya [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bako, Ishaya {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/ishaya-bako/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], inda ya zauna mafi yawan rayuwarsa kafin ya koma [[Landan]] inda ya yi karatu a Makarantar Fim ta London . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bako, Ishaya {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/ishaya-bako/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://africanfilmny.org/directors/ishaya-bako/ &quot;Bako, Ishaya | African Film Festival, Inc&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-12-13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bayan ya halarci Makarantar Fim ta London, Bako ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarnin Braids on a Bald Head, wanda ya sami karbuwa a Afirka Movie Academy Awards (AMAA). Ya lashe kyautar Best Short Film a 8th Africa Movie Academy Awards . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bako, Ishaya {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/ishaya-bako/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://africanfilmny.org/directors/ishaya-bako/ &quot;Bako, Ishaya | African Film Festival, Inc&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-12-13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma gano shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙarni na masu shirya fina-finai kuma memba ne na Ƙungiyar Shapers ta Duniya, wani shiri na Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya wanda ke tattara matasa masu sana'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ishaya Bako |url=https://iffr.com/en/person/ishaya-bako |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=IFFR EN |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fim dinsa, Fuelling Poverty, wani shirin fim game da talauci da tallafin man fetur a Najeriya, wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel, Wole Soyinka ya ba da labari. Yana zaune a Abuja, FCT, Najeriya . [1] An nuna fim dinsa The Royal Hibiscus Hotel a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto na 2017.[2].&lt;ref name=&quot;TIFF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 August 2017 |title=Toronto Adds Films From Aaron Sorkin, Louis C.K., Brie Larson |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/festivals/toronto-adds-films-from-aaron-sorkin-louis-c-k-brie-larson-1202527991/ |access-date=16 August 2017 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kuma kasance ɗaya daga cikin marubutan fim din [[Lionheart (fim na 2018)]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lionheart (2018) - IMDb |url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt7707314/fullcredits/writers}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]]
* [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]]
* [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]]

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>k9ctqix5l5jv8go8ev8aqlunkoe5ed8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861321</id>
      <parentid>861316</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T15:46:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ashiru Lawal</username>
        <id>24821</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>861321</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3029" sha1="tjkpvpfvcyof9h5yk2512pu9d0shjo2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Ishaya Bako''' ((listenⓘ)) (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba 1986) ita ce darektan fina-finai kuma marubuciya [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bako, Ishaya {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/ishaya-bako/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], inda ya zauna mafi yawan rayuwarsa kafin ya koma [[Landan]] inda ya yi karatu a Makarantar Fim ta London . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bako, Ishaya {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/ishaya-bako/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://africanfilmny.org/directors/ishaya-bako/ &quot;Bako, Ishaya | African Film Festival, Inc&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-12-13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bayan ya halarci Makarantar Fim ta London, Bako ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarnin Braids on a Bald Head, wanda ya sami karbuwa a Afirka Movie Academy Awards (AMAA). Ya lashe kyautar Best Short Film a 8th Africa Movie Academy Awards . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bako, Ishaya {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/ishaya-bako/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://africanfilmny.org/directors/ishaya-bako/ &quot;Bako, Ishaya | African Film Festival, Inc&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-12-13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma gano shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙarni na masu shirya fina-finai kuma memba ne na Ƙungiyar Shapers ta Duniya, wani shiri na Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya wanda ke tattara matasa masu sana'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ishaya Bako |url=https://iffr.com/en/person/ishaya-bako |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=IFFR EN |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fim dinsa, Fuelling Poverty, wani shirin fim game da talauci da tallafin man fetur a Najeriya, wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel, Wole Soyinka ya ba da labari. Yana zaune a Abuja, FCT, Najeriya . [1] An nuna fim dinsa The Royal Hibiscus Hotel a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto na 2017.[2].&lt;ref name=&quot;TIFF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 August 2017 |title=Toronto Adds Films From Aaron Sorkin, Louis C.K., Brie Larson |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/festivals/toronto-adds-films-from-aaron-sorkin-louis-c-k-brie-larson-1202527991/ |access-date=16 August 2017 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kuma kasance ɗaya daga cikin marubutan fim ɗin [[Lionheart (fim na 2018)]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lionheart (2018) - IMDb |url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt7707314/fullcredits/writers}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]]
* [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]]
* [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]]

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>tjkpvpfvcyof9h5yk2512pu9d0shjo2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Linda Osifo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15076</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861717</id>
      <parentid>707477</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T03:43:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>861717</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9717" sha1="s0083shg8hz1umnnkg7rqv18y11r602" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Linda_Osifo_on_NdaniTV_TGIF_March_2019.png  |thumb| Linda]] 
[[File:Linda_Osifo_on_NdaniTV_TGIF_show_March_2019.png|200px|right|thumbnail|Linda Osifo]]
'''Linda Osifo''' (an haife ta a ranar 27 ga watan Yunin shekarar alif dari tara da casa'in da daya 1991) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/09/bn-style-focus-linda-osifos-9-stylish-moments-wearing-nigerian-designs-gntjackpot-show/|title=BN Style Focus: Linda Osifo's 9 Most Stylish Moments wearing Nigerian Designs on #GntJackpot Show - BellaNaija|website=www.bellanaija.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://stargist.com/cover/linda-osifo-biography-wikipedia-profile/|title=7 Things You Probably Didn’t Know About Actress, Linda Osifo|date=2017-10-30|work=Nigerian Celebrity News + Latest Entertainment News|access-date=2018-04-25|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522084814/https://stargist.com/cover/linda-osifo-biography-wikipedia-profile/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/linda-osifo-talks-career-sexual-harassment-in-nollywood-id7693136.html|title=Linda Osifo talks career, sexual harassment in Nollywood|last=Izuzu|first=Chidumga|access-date=2018-04-25|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623033326/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/linda-osifo-talks-career-sexual-harassment-in-nollywood-id7693136.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.punchng.com/being-a-lady-in-entertainment-is-hard-linda-osifo/|title=Being a lady in entertainment  is hard –Linda Osifo|work=Punch Newspapers|access-date=2018-04-25|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;    Ita ce ta fara tsere wa Miss Nigeria Entertainment Canada 2011 da kuma ta biyu a cikin gwanayen Miss AfriCanada 2011. A shekara ta 2015, Linda ta zama wata baiwa ta [[Nollywood]] da za a iya lissafawa lokacin da aka zaba ta lambar yabo ta ELOY&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ebonylifetv.com/2015/10/07/yemi-alade-seyi-shay-cynthia-kamalu-linda-osifo-nominated-for-eloy-awards/|title=Yemi Alade, Seyi Shay, Cynthia Kamalu, Linda Osifo nominated for ELOY Awards {{!}} EbonyLife TV|website=ebonylifetv.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620101235/http://ebonylifetv.com/2015/10/07/yemi-alade-seyi-shay-cynthia-kamalu-linda-osifo-nominated-for-eloy-awards/|archive-date=2018-06-20|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  saboda rawar da ta taka a jerin fina-finan da aka buga: Matsanancin Matan Gida na [[Afirka]] ta Ebonylife TV– An yi amfani da ikon mallakar ABC Studio 'peratean Matan Uwargida'. Ita ce ta kafa TheLAOFoundation.

== Farkon rayuwa ==
[[Fayil:Linda Adesuwa.jpg|thumb|Linda Osifo]]
An haifi Linda a garin [[Benin City|Benin, jihar Edo, Najeriya]]. Ta girma tare da mahaifiyarta kuma sun koma Kanada tana da shekaru 16 amma ta kwashe yawancin shekarunta a [[Toronto|Toronto, Ontario]], [[Kanada]] kafin ta koma [[Lagos (birni)|Legas, Najeriya]] don ci gaba da aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo. Ita ce’ ta fari kuma ɗiya ta tsakiya ga dangin ta. Bayan kammala karatunta a St Thomas Aquinas High School, ta samu digirinta na farko na karatun digiri a fannin ilimin halin dan Adam daga Jami'ar York da ke [[Toronto]] [[Kanada|Canada]] a 2013.

== Ayyuka ==
Ta fara taka rawar gani a shekarar 2012 lokacin da ta fara fitowa a cikin Sirrin Iyali, a [[New Jersey]], [[Amurka]] wanda [[Ikechukwu Onyeka]] ya jagoranta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tiptopstars.com/mtdv/movies/nollywood-movies/533-series-family-secrets-is-next-explosion.html|title=TIPTOPSTARS - ONLINE MAGAZINE Array Series: Family Secrets is next explosion|last=Kanjo|first=Ernest|website=www.tiptopstars.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-04-26|archive-date=2018-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620101230/http://www.tiptopstars.com/mtdv/movies/nollywood-movies/533-series-family-secrets-is-next-explosion.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;Bayan dawowanta Najeriya a karshen shekarar 2013, ta yi fice a fim din Nollywood na farko, 'King Akubueze', wanda Nonso Emekewe ya shirya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://blog.irokotv.com/clem-ohameze-michael-godson-nuella/|title=Clem Ohameze, Michael Godson &amp; Nuella Njubuigbo Star In KING AKUBUEZE - Powered By iROKOtv PLUS - irokotv blog|date=2014-04-04|work=irokotv blog|access-date=2018-04-26|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;An saka ta cikin fitaccen fim din sabulu na [[Najeriya]] mai suna 'Nina Fire'. A cikin shekarar 2017, Linda ta taka rawar Adesuwa Dakolo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na EbonyLife, 'Fifty' &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Fifty (TV Series 2017– )|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7325262/fullcredits|accessdate=2018-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma Africa Magic 's na talabijin' Jemeji ', tana taka rawar a Noweyhon.  Osifo ne a halin yanzu co-gizon da &quot;Ka ba 'n' Take National jackpot&quot; gameshow  tare da [[Segun Arinze]]. A lokacin taken na 12  ta gabatar tare da Sina Peller lambar 'Kyakkyawar ocwararriyar (wararriya (Namiji)  ' wanda dan wasa Praiz ya lashe da ' Bestwararren ocwararren ocwararru (Mace)  ' wanda [[Omawumi|Omawumi ta ci]]. A watan Yunin 2018, ta shiga cikin kamfen din 'Make it Red  ' kasancewar tana daga cikin 'yan fim din da ke talla tare da wani tsohon dan gidan Big Brother Nigeria da Tobi Bakre da kuma babban tauraron mawaki [[2Baba|2baba]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.cknnigeria.com/2017/06/give-n-take-national-lottery-jackpot.html|title=GIVE N TAKE NATIONAL LOTTERY JACKPOT WITH SEGUN ARINZE STARTS JUNE 25TH|access-date=2018-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Linda Osifo.jpg|thumb|Linda Osifo]]
A yayin da take na 12 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bellanaijastyle.com/headies-2018-see-stars-wearing-awards-ceremony/|title=The Headies 2018: See What All The Stars Wore To The 12th Awards Ceremony {{!}} BN Style|date=2018-05-05|work=BN Style|access-date=2018-05-07|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;Kyautar da ta gabatar tare da Sina Peller lambar 'Kyakkyawar ocwararriyar (wararriya (Namiji) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/entertainment/headies-award-2018-live-updates-watch-here-also-read-updates|title=Headies Award 2018 [See The Full List Of Winners]|date=2018-05-05|work=Naijaloaded {{!}} Nigeria's Most Visited Music &amp; Entertainment Website|access-date=2018-05-07|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507003458/https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/entertainment/headies-award-2018-live-updates-watch-here-also-read-updates|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'wanda ɗan wasa Praiz ya lashe da kuma 'Bestwararren Vwararren ocwararren (wararru (Mata) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/entertainment/headies-award-2018-live-updates-watch-here-also-read-updates|title=Headies Award 2018 [See The Full List Of Winners]|date=2018-05-05|work=Naijaloaded {{!}} Nigeria's Most Visited Music &amp; Entertainment Website|access-date=2018-05-07|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507003458/https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/entertainment/headies-award-2018-live-updates-watch-here-also-read-updates|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'wanda [[Omawumi|Omawumi ya ci]] . A watan Yunin 2018, ta shiga cikin kamfen ɗin 'Make it Red &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/06/2baba-harrysong-tobi-teddya-linda-osifo-others-headlines-launch-campari-make-red/|title=2Baba, Harrysong, Tobi, Teddya, Linda Osifo &amp; Others Headlines The Launch of Campari ‘Make it Red’ - Vanguard News|date=2018-06-21|work=Vanguard News|access-date=2018-06-23|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;' kasancewar tana cikin thean wasan da ke talla tare da wani babban abokin gida na Big Brother Nigeria Tobi Bakre da kuma babban tauraron mawaki [[2Baba|2baba]].

== Sauran kamfanoni ==

=== Kyautatawa ===
Mai tsananin so game da rashin son kai, burin zuciyar Linda ya share fage ga Gidauniyar ta LAO, gajerun kalmomi na andauna da Kadaitaka; wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta dauki nauyin kawar da talauci da jahilci a Najeriya da Afirka gaba daya. Andaura da enessauna (LAO Foundation), ta ba da gudummawar komfutoci bakwai ga sevenan gidan marayu na Little Saints, Shasha, Akowonjo, Lagos.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/linda-osifo-donates-computers-to-orphanage/|title=Linda Osifo donates computers to orphanage|access-date=August 2, 2020|date=August 2, 2020|work=The Nation Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fina finai ==

* Rashin gaskiya (2020)
* Yahuza Kiss (2016)
* Cajole (2016)
* Tinsel (2015)
* Rumor yana da shi (2016)
* Ba tare da rikitarwa ba (2016)
* Mazaje Ne (2016)
* Jiya (2016)
* Akwatin Duhu (2017)
* Matan Afirka masu raunin gaske (2015)
* Fitilar gado (2015)
* Gaskiya Boyayye (2016)
* Hit &amp; Run (2018)
* Jemeji (2017)
* Hamsin - Jerin (2017)

=== Tallace-tallace na TV ===

* TelAfric 'Maganaina' (2012)
* Nuna 'N' Take 'Nunin Wasannin Wasannin Kasa'  (2017-2018)

== Lambobin yabo da Sunaye ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!'''Kyauta'''
! '''Nau'i'''
! '''Shekara'''
! Sakamakon
|-
| Kyautar Nishadi ta Diasporaasashen waje
| Fitacciyar Jaruma
| 2016
| Wanda aka zaba
|-
| Kyautar Nishaɗin Afirka Kanada
| Mafi Gwanin
| 2015
| Yayi nasara 
|-
| Kyawawan Mata na Gwarzon Shekarar
| Fitacciyar Jaruma a cikin jerin
| 2015
| Wanda aka zaba
|-
| Kyautar Starzz
| Aan wasan kwaikwayo na Fasaha na Shekara
| 2018
| Ya ci
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Diddigin bayanai na waje ==

* Linda Osifo on IMDb
[[Category:Mutane]]
[[Category:Mutane daga jihar Edo]]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1985]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Yan wasan kwaikwayo]]</text>
      <sha1>s0083shg8hz1umnnkg7rqv18y11r602</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:String2</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>17188</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861714</id>
      <parentid>73837</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T01:24:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Uzume</username>
        <id>1293</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Update from [[d:Special:GoToLinkedPage/enwiki/Q16914835|master]] using [[mw:Synchronizer| #Synchronizer]]</comment>
      <origin>861714</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="18021" sha1="ph89g30kzy2uwl0t05s6jtpby1w86b8" xml:space="preserve">require ('strict');
local p = {}

p.trim = function(frame)
	return mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or &quot;&quot;)
end

p.sentence = function (frame)
	-- {{lc:}} is strip-marker safe, string.lower is not.
	frame.args[1] = frame:callParserFunction('lc', frame.args[1])
	return p.ucfirst(frame)
end

p.ucfirst = function (frame)
	local s = frame.args[1];
	if not s or '' == s or s:match ('^%s+$') then								-- when &lt;s&gt; is nil, empty, or only whitespace
		return s;																-- abandon because nothing to do
	end

	s =  mw.text.trim( frame.args[1] or &quot;&quot; )
	local s1 = &quot;&quot;

	local prefix_patterns_t = {													-- sequence of prefix patterns
		'^\127[^\127]*UNIQ%-%-%a+%-%x+%-QINU[^\127]*\127',						-- stripmarker
		'^([%*;:#]+)',															-- various list markup
		'^(\'\'\'*)',															-- bold / italic markup
		'^(%b&lt;&gt;)',																-- html-like tags because some templates render these
		'^(&amp;%a+;)',																-- html character entities because some templates render these
		'^(&amp;#%d+;)',															-- html numeric (decimal) entities because some templates render these
		'^(&amp;#x%x+;)',															-- html numeric (hexadecimal) entities because some templates render these
		'^(%s+)',																-- any whitespace characters
		'^([%(%)%-%+%?%.%%!~!@%$%^&amp;_={}/`,‘’„“”ʻ|\&quot;\'\\]+)',					-- miscellaneous punctuation
		}
	
	local prefixes_t = {};														-- list, bold/italic, and html-like markup, &amp; whitespace saved here

	local function prefix_strip (s)												-- local function to strip prefixes from &lt;s&gt;
		for _, pattern in ipairs (prefix_patterns_t) do							-- spin through &lt;prefix_patterns_t&gt; 
			if s:match (pattern) then											-- when there is a match
				local prefix = s:match (pattern);								-- get a copy of the matched prefix
				table.insert (prefixes_t, prefix);								-- save it
				s = s:sub (prefix:len() + 1);									-- remove the prefix from &lt;s&gt;
				return s, true;													-- return &lt;s&gt; without prefix and flag; force restart at top of sequence because misc punct removal can break stripmarker
			end
		end
		return s;																-- no prefix found; return &lt;s&gt; with nil flag
	end

	local prefix_removed;														-- flag; boolean true as long as prefix_strip() finds and removes a prefix
	
	repeat																		-- one by one remove list, bold/italic, html-like markup, whitespace, etc from start of &lt;s&gt;
		s, prefix_removed = prefix_strip (s);
	until (not prefix_removed);													-- until &lt;prefix_removed&gt; is nil

	s1 = table.concat (prefixes_t);												-- recreate the prefix string for later reattachment

	local first_text = mw.ustring.match (s, '^%[%[[^%]]+%]%]');					-- extract wikilink at start of string if present; TODO: this can be string.match()?

	local upcased;
	if first_text then
		if first_text:match ('^%[%[[^|]+|[^%]]+%]%]') then						-- if &lt;first_text&gt; is a piped link
			upcased = mw.ustring.match (s, '^%[%[[^|]+|%W*(%w)');				-- get first letter character
			upcased = mw.ustring.upper (upcased);								-- upcase first letter character
			s = mw.ustring.gsub (s, '^(%[%[[^|]+|%W*)%w', '%1' .. upcased);		-- replace
		else																	-- here when &lt;first_text&gt; is a wikilink but not a piped link
			upcased = mw.ustring.match (s, '^%[%[%W*%w');						-- get '[[' and first letter
			upcased = mw.ustring.upper (upcased);								-- upcase first letter character
			s = mw.ustring.gsub (s, '^%[%[%W*%w', upcased);						-- replace; no capture needed here
		end

	elseif s:match ('^%[%S+%s+[^%]]+%]') then									-- if &lt;s&gt; is a ext link of some sort; must have label text
		upcased = mw.ustring.match (s, '^%[%S+%s+%W*(%w)');						-- get first letter character
		upcased = mw.ustring.upper (upcased);									-- upcase first letter character
		s = mw.ustring.gsub (s, '^(%[%S+%s+%W*)%w', '%1' .. upcased);			-- replace
	
	elseif s:match ('^%[%S+%s*%]') then											-- if &lt;s&gt; is a ext link without label text; nothing to do
		return s1 .. s;															-- reattach prefix string (if present) and done

	else																		-- &lt;s&gt; is not a wikilink or ext link; assume plain text
		upcased = mw.ustring.match (s, '^%W*%w');								-- get the first letter character
		upcased = mw.ustring.upper (upcased);									-- upcase first letter character
		s = mw.ustring.gsub (s, '^%W*%w', upcased);								-- replace; no capture needed here
	end

	return s1 .. s;																-- reattach prefix string (if present) and done
end


p.title = function (frame)
	-- http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/capitalization/rules-for-capitalization-in-titles.html
	-- recommended by The U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual:
	-- &quot;Capitalize all words in titles of publications and documents,
	-- except a, an, the, at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up, and, as, but, or, and nor.&quot;
	local alwayslower = {['a'] = 1, ['an'] = 1, ['the'] = 1,
		['and'] = 1, ['but'] = 1, ['or'] = 1, ['for'] = 1,
		['nor'] = 1, ['on'] = 1, ['in'] = 1, ['at'] = 1, ['to'] = 1,
		['from'] = 1, ['by'] = 1, ['of'] = 1, ['up'] = 1 }
	local res = ''
	local s =  mw.text.trim( frame.args[1] or &quot;&quot; )
	local words = mw.text.split( s, &quot; &quot;)
	for i, s in ipairs(words) do
		-- {{lc:}} is strip-marker safe, string.lower is not.
		s = frame:callParserFunction('lc', s)
		if i == 1 or alwayslower[s] ~= 1 then
			s = mw.getContentLanguage():ucfirst(s)
		end
		words[i] = s
	end
	return table.concat(words, &quot; &quot;)
end

-- findlast finds the last item in a list
-- the first unnamed parameter is the list
-- the second, optional unnamed parameter is the list separator (default = comma space)
-- returns the whole list if separator not found
p.findlast = function(frame)
	local s =  mw.text.trim( frame.args[1] or &quot;&quot; )
	local sep = frame.args[2] or &quot;&quot;
	if sep == &quot;&quot; then sep = &quot;, &quot; end
	local pattern = &quot;.*&quot; .. sep .. &quot;(.*)&quot;
	local a, b, last = s:find(pattern)
	if a then
		return last
	else
		return s
	end
end

-- stripZeros finds the first number and strips leading zeros (apart from units)
-- e.g &quot;0940&quot; -&gt; &quot;940&quot;; &quot;Year: 0023&quot; -&gt; &quot;Year: 23&quot;; &quot;00.12&quot; -&gt; &quot;0.12&quot;
p.stripZeros = function(frame)
	local s = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or &quot;&quot;)
	local n = tonumber( string.match( s, &quot;%d+&quot; ) ) or &quot;&quot;
	s = string.gsub( s, &quot;%d+&quot;, n, 1 )
	return s
end

-- nowiki ensures that a string of text is treated by the MediaWiki software as just a string
-- it takes an unnamed parameter and trims whitespace, then removes any wikicode
p.nowiki = function(frame)
	local str = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or &quot;&quot;)
	return mw.text.nowiki(str)
end

-- split splits text at boundaries specified by separator
-- and returns the chunk for the index idx (starting at 1)
-- #invoke:String2 |split |text |separator |index |true/false
-- #invoke:String2 |split |txt=text |sep=separator |idx=index |plain=true/false
-- if plain is false/no/0 then separator is treated as a Lua pattern - defaults to plain=true
p.split = function(frame)
	local args = frame.args
	if not(args[1] or args.txt) then args = frame:getParent().args end
	local txt = args[1] or args.txt or &quot;&quot;
	if txt == &quot;&quot; then return nil end
	local sep = (args[2] or args.sep or &quot;&quot;):gsub('&quot;', '')
	local idx = tonumber(args[3] or args.idx) or 1
	local plain = (args[4] or args.plain or &quot;true&quot;):sub(1,1)
	plain = (plain ~= &quot;f&quot; and plain ~= &quot;n&quot; and plain ~= &quot;0&quot;)
	local splittbl = mw.text.split( txt, sep, plain )
	if idx &lt; 0 then idx = #splittbl + idx + 1 end
	return splittbl[idx]
end

-- val2percent scans through a string, passed as either the first unnamed parameter or |txt=
-- it converts each number it finds into a percentage and returns the resultant string.
p.val2percent = function(frame)
	local args = frame.args
	if not(args[1] or args.txt) then args = frame:getParent().args end
	local txt = mw.text.trim(args[1] or args.txt or &quot;&quot;)
	if txt == &quot;&quot; then return nil end
	local function v2p (x)
		x = (tonumber(x) or 0) * 100
		if x == math.floor(x) then x = math.floor(x) end
		return x .. &quot;%&quot;
	end
	txt = txt:gsub(&quot;%d[%d%.]*&quot;, v2p) -- store just the string
	return txt
end

-- one2a scans through a string, passed as either the first unnamed parameter or |txt=
-- it converts each occurrence of 'one ' into either 'a ' or 'an ' and returns the resultant string.
p.one2a = function(frame)
	local args = frame.args
	if not(args[1] or args.txt) then args = frame:getParent().args end
	local txt = mw.text.trim(args[1] or args.txt or &quot;&quot;)
	if txt == &quot;&quot; then return nil end
	txt = txt:gsub(&quot; one &quot;, &quot; a &quot;):gsub(&quot;^one&quot;, &quot;a&quot;):gsub(&quot;One &quot;, &quot;A &quot;):gsub(&quot;a ([aeiou])&quot;, &quot;an %1&quot;):gsub(&quot;A ([aeiou])&quot;, &quot;An %1&quot;)
	return txt
end

-- findpagetext returns the position of a piece of text in a page
-- First positional parameter or |text is the search text
-- Optional parameter |title is the page title, defaults to current page
-- Optional parameter |plain is either true for plain search (default) or false for Lua pattern search
-- Optional parameter |nomatch is the return value when no match is found; default is nil
p._findpagetext = function(args)
	-- process parameters
	local nomatch = args.nomatch or &quot;&quot;
	if nomatch == &quot;&quot; then nomatch = nil end
	--
	local text = mw.text.trim(args[1] or args.text or &quot;&quot;)
	if text == &quot;&quot; then return nil end
	--
	local title = args.title or &quot;&quot;
	local titleobj
	if title == &quot;&quot; then
		titleobj = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
	else
		titleobj = mw.title.new(title)
	end
	--
	local plain = args.plain or &quot;&quot;
	if plain:sub(1, 1) == &quot;f&quot; then plain = false else plain = true end
	-- get the page content and look for 'text' - return position or nomatch
	local content = titleobj and titleobj:getContent()
	return content and mw.ustring.find(content, text, 1, plain) or nomatch
end
p.findpagetext = function(frame)
	local args = frame.args
	local pargs = frame:getParent().args
	for k, v in pairs(pargs) do
		args[k] = v
	end
	if not (args[1] or args.text) then return nil end
	-- just the first value
	return (p._findpagetext(args))
end

-- returns the decoded url. Inverse of parser function {{urlencode:val|TYPE}}
-- Type is:
-- QUERY decodes + to space (default)
-- PATH does no extra decoding
-- WIKI decodes _ to space
p._urldecode = function(url, type)
	url = url or &quot;&quot;
	type = (type == &quot;PATH&quot; or type == &quot;WIKI&quot;) and type
	return mw.uri.decode( url, type )
end
-- {{#invoke:String2|urldecode|url=url|type=type}}
p.urldecode = function(frame)
	return mw.uri.decode( frame.args.url, frame.args.type )
end

-- what follows was merged from [[Module:StringFunc]]

-- Argument list helper function, as per [[Module:String]]
function p._getParameters( frame_args, arg_list )
    local new_args = {};
    local index = 1;
    local value;
    
    for i,arg in ipairs( arg_list ) do
        value = frame_args[arg]
        if value == nil then
            value = frame_args[index];
            index = index + 1;
        end
        new_args[arg] = value;
    end
    
    return new_args;
end        

-- Escape Pattern helper function so that all characters are treated as plain text, as per [[Module:String]]
function p._escapePattern( pattern_str )
	return mw.ustring.gsub( pattern_str, &quot;([%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]])&quot;, &quot;%%%1&quot; )
end

-- Helper Function to interpret boolean strings, as per [[Module:String]]
function p._getBoolean( boolean_str )
    local boolean_value;
    
    if type( boolean_str ) == 'string' then
        boolean_str = boolean_str:lower();
        if boolean_str == 'false' or boolean_str == 'no' or boolean_str == '0' 
                or boolean_str == '' then
            boolean_value = false;
        else
            boolean_value = true;
        end    
    elseif type( boolean_str ) == 'boolean' then
        boolean_value = boolean_str;
    else
        error( 'No boolean value found' );
    end    
    return boolean_value
end

--[[
Strip

This function Strips characters from string

Usage:
{{#invoke:String2|strip|source_string|characters_to_strip|plain_flag}}

Parameters
	source: The string to strip
	chars:  The pattern or list of characters to strip from string, replaced with ''
	plain:  A flag indicating that the chars should be understood as plain text. defaults to true.

Leading and trailing whitespace is also automatically stripped from the string.
]]
function p.strip( frame )
	local new_args = p._getParameters( frame.args,  {'source', 'chars', 'plain'} )
	local source_str = new_args['source'] or ''
	local chars = new_args['chars'] or '' or 'characters'
	source_str = mw.text.trim(source_str)
	if source_str == '' or chars == '' then
		return source_str
	end
	local l_plain = p._getBoolean( new_args['plain'] or true )
	if l_plain then
		chars = p._escapePattern( chars )
	end
	local result
	result = mw.ustring.gsub(source_str, &quot;[&quot;..chars..&quot;]&quot;, '')
	return result
end

--[[
Match any
Returns the index of the first given pattern to match the input. Patterns must be consecutively numbered.
Returns the empty string if nothing matches for use in {{#if:}}

Usage:
	{{#invoke:String2|matchAll|source=123 abc|456|abc}} returns '2'.

Parameters:
	source: the string to search
	plain:  A flag indicating that the patterns should be understood as plain text. defaults to true.
	1, 2, 3, ...: the patterns to search for
]]
function p.matchAny(frame)
	local source_str = frame.args['source'] or error('The source parameter is mandatory.')
	local l_plain = p._getBoolean( frame.args['plain'] or true )
	for i = 1, math.huge do
		local pattern = frame.args[i]
		if not pattern then return '' end
		if mw.ustring.find(source_str, pattern, 1, l_plain) then
			return tostring(i)
		end
	end
end

--[[--------------------------&lt; H Y P H E N _ T O _ D A S H &gt;--------------------------------------------------

Converts a hyphen to a dash under certain conditions.  The hyphen must separate
like items; unlike items are returned unmodified.  These forms are modified:
	letter - letter (A - B)
	digit - digit (4-5)
	digit separator digit - digit separator digit (4.1-4.5 or 4-1-4-5)
	letterdigit - letterdigit (A1-A5) (an optional separator between letter and
		digit is supported – a.1-a.5 or a-1-a-5)
	digitletter - digitletter (5a - 5d) (an optional separator between letter and
		digit is supported – 5.a-5.d or 5-a-5-d)

any other forms are returned unmodified.

str may be a comma- or semicolon-separated list

]]
function p.hyphen_to_dash( str, spacing )
	if (str == nil or str == '') then
		return str
	end

	local accept

	str = mw.text.decode(str, true )											-- replace html entities with their characters; semicolon mucks up the text.split

	local out = {}
	local list = mw.text.split (str, '%s*[,;]%s*')								-- split str at comma or semicolon separators if there are any

	for _, item in ipairs (list) do												-- for each item in the list
		item = mw.text.trim(item)												-- trim whitespace
		item, accept = item:gsub ('^%(%((.+)%)%)$', '%1')
		if accept == 0 and mw.ustring.match (item, '^%w*[%.%-]?%w+%s*[%-–—]%s*%w*[%.%-]?%w+$') then	-- if a hyphenated range or has endash or emdash separators
			if item:match ('^%a+[%.%-]?%d+%s*%-%s*%a+[%.%-]?%d+$') or			-- letterdigit hyphen letterdigit (optional separator between letter and digit)
				item:match ('^%d+[%.%-]?%a+%s*%-%s*%d+[%.%-]?%a+$') or			-- digitletter hyphen digitletter (optional separator between digit and letter)
				item:match ('^%d+[%.%-]%d+%s*%-%s*%d+[%.%-]%d+$') or			-- digit separator digit hyphen digit separator digit
				item:match ('^%d+%s*%-%s*%d+$') or								-- digit hyphen digit
				item:match ('^%a+%s*%-%s*%a+$') then							-- letter hyphen letter
					item = item:gsub ('(%w*[%.%-]?%w+)%s*%-%s*(%w*[%.%-]?%w+)', '%1–%2')	-- replace hyphen, remove extraneous space characters
			else
				item = mw.ustring.gsub (item, '%s*[–—]%s*', '–')				-- for endash or emdash separated ranges, replace em with en, remove extraneous whitespace
			end
		end
		table.insert (out, item)												-- add the (possibly modified) item to the output table
	end

	local temp_str = table.concat (out, ',' .. spacing)							-- concatenate the output table into a comma separated string
	temp_str, accept = temp_str:gsub ('^%(%((.+)%)%)$', '%1')					-- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of concatenated out
	if accept ~= 0 then
		temp_str = str:gsub ('^%(%((.+)%)%)$', '%1')							-- when global markup removed, return original str; do it this way to suppress boolean second return value
	end
	return temp_str
end

function p.hyphen2dash( frame )
	local str = frame.args[1] or ''
	local spacing = frame.args[2] or ' ' -- space is part of the standard separator for normal spacing (but in conjunction with templates r/rp/ran we may need a narrower spacing

	return p.hyphen_to_dash(str, spacing)
end

-- Similar to [[Module:String#endswith]]
function p.startswith(frame)
	return (frame.args[1]:sub(1, frame.args[2]:len()) == frame.args[2]) and 'yes' or ''
end

-- Implements [[Template:Isnumeric]]
function p.isnumeric(frame)
	local s = frame.args[1] or frame:getParent().args[1]
	local boolean = (frame.args.boolean or frame:getParent().args.boolean) == 'true'
	if type(s) == 'string' and mw.getContentLanguage():parseFormattedNumber( s ) then
		return boolean and 1 or s
	end
	return boolean and 0 or ''
end

-- Checks if a value in a group of numbers is not an interger.
-- Allows usage of an |empty= parameter to allow empty values to be skipped.
function p.isInteger(frame)
	local values = frame.args or frame:getParent().args
	local allow_empty = frame.args.empty or frame:getParent().args.empty

	for _, value in ipairs(values) do
		-- Trim spaces
		value = value and value:gsub(&quot;^%s*(.-)%s*$&quot;, &quot;%1&quot;)
		if value == &quot;&quot; or value == nil then
			if not allow_empty then
				return false  -- Empty values are not allowed
			end
		else
			value = tonumber(value)
			if not (type(value) == &quot;number&quot; and value == math.floor(value)) then
				return false
			end
		end
	end

	return true
end

-- Returns an error found in a string.
function p.getError(frame)
	local text = frame.args[1] or frame:getParent().args[1]
	local error_message = text:match('(&lt;strong class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;.-&lt;/strong&gt;)')
	return error_message or nil
end

return p</text>
      <sha1>ph89g30kzy2uwl0t05s6jtpby1w86b8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ibrahim Sheme</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>17365</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861331</id>
      <parentid>795508</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T15:57:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ashiru Lawal</username>
        <id>24821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340848767|Ibrahim Sheme]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861331</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6613" sha1="iiv11ba6r8qc8ndaosqgpgevgkczflp" xml:space="preserve">
 

'''Ibrahim Sheme''' [[marubuci]] ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] mai magana da harsuna biyu, ɗan jarida, Mai shirya fim-finai, kuma mai bugawa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin edita da wakilin jaridu da yawa na Najeriya, ciki har da Leadership, The Tide, New Nigerian, The Reporter, da ''Hotline Magazine'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;inter&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ibrahim Sheme - 'I was really overjoyed' |url=http://everythinliterature.blogspot.com.ng/2007/12/ibrahim-sheme-i-was-really-overjoyed.html |access-date=9 October 2017 |publisher=EverythinLiterature}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma rubuta tarihin mutum na biyu a cikin gwamnatin soja na Janar [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], marigayi Manjo-Janar [[Shehu Musa Yar'Adua|Shehu Musa Yar&quot;Adua]], da kuma tarihin rayuwar babban mawaƙi da mawaƙi na Hausa, marigayin [[Mamman Shata]] . Ya kasance editan farko na Blueprint Newspaper kuma daga baya babban editansa. Sheme ya kasance Darakta na Media da Talla a [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar National Open ta Najeriya]] tun daga shekara ta 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sheme&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Sheme 3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ibrahim Sheme |url=http://nouedu.net/officers/mal-ibrahim-sheme |access-date=6 October 2017 |website=nouedu.net |publisher=National Open University of Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Sheme a yankin karamar hukumar [[Faskari]], [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar Katsina]], a cikin 1968 (ko da yake yana amfani da 1966 a cikin takardun hukuma). Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Maigamji da makarantar firamire ta Ruwan-Godiya, duka a yankin karamar hukumar Funtua a tsohuwar [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] (yanzu a jihar Katsina) tsakanin 1973-1979, kuma ya kammala karatun sakandare a Kwalejin Gwamnati, Kaduna, a shekarar 1984. Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Sadarwar Jama'a daga [[Jami'ar Bayero]], Kano (BUK), a shekarar 1989. A jami'ar, ya kasance daga cikin manyan masu gwagwarmayar wallafe-wallafen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin babban editan The Parakeet, mujallar wallafe-walfinai, da kuma editan Bayero Beacon, jaridar harabar jami'a. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin babban sakatare na kungiyar daliban jihar Katsina . Bayan kammala karatunsa, an ba shi kyaututtuka biyu da ake so, daya a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Dalibi a cikin sashen sa ɗayan kuma a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗalibin da ya kammala karatu a jami'ar.

A shekara ta 1993, bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida a Port Harcourt, Jihar Rivers, da Kaduna, Ibrahim Sheme ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Wales a Cardiff, Ingila, inda ya sami Jagora na Fasaha a Nazarin Sadarwa a 1994. Sheme ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren talla na kasa na Ƙungiyar Marubutan Najeriya .

== Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen ==
Sheme na ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubuta da masu sukar adabi a arewacin Najeriya. Littafinsa na farko, &quot;Kifin Rijiya&quot; (The Ignoramus), wanda ya rubuta yayin da yake dalibi a Jami'ar Bayero kuma an buga shi a shekarar 1991, ya lashe matsayi na biyu a gasar rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rukuncen harsunan Arewa da gwamnatin Jihar Kaduna ta shirya.

Littafinsa na biyu, &quot;'Yartsana&quot; (The Doll), ya lashe kyautar farko a cikin budurwa Bashir Karaye Prize for Hausa Writing . Sauran ayyukansa sun hada da &quot;The Malam's Potion&quot;_ (tarin gajerun labaru), labarin tafiya a kan yawon shakatawa na Isra'ila da yankunan Palasdinawa mai taken &quot;Ilmi Mabudin Tafiya&quot;, tarihin marigayi Manjo-Janar Shehu Musa Yar'Adua, da tarihin marigayin Alhaji Mamman Shata mai taken &quot;Shata Ikon Allah!&quot; Ya kuma shirya tarihin gajerun labarai ga Ƙungiyar Marubutan Najeriya mai taken &quot;Cramped Rooms and Open Spaces&quot;.

Sheme ya kasance babban mutum a cikin muhawara game da fiction na soyayya na Hausa wanda ya ɓarke a cikin jaridu da mujallu da yawa a arewacin Najeriya tsakanin 1991 da 1999. Magana mai ban sha'awa, wanda ake kira &quot;The Great Soyayya Debate&quot;, ya gabatar da marubuta, masana kimiyya da masu sukar adabi kamar Ibrahim Malumfashi, [[Abdalla Uba Adamu]], Yusuf M. Adamu, Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabino, da sauransu game da inganci da buƙatar litattafan soyayya da aka sani da &quot;littattafan soyayya&quot;. Sheme ya fara muhawara a matsayin mukaddashin edita da kuma editan wallafe-wallafen Nasiha, jaridar mako-mako ta Hausa da Nationhouse Press (masu wallafa jaridar The Reporter) ke buga a Kaduna. Ya ɗauki muhawara zuwa wasu gidajen watsa labarai inda daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin edita ko edita na wallafe-wallafen: Hotline da Rana mujallu, New Nigerian, Weekly Trust, da jaridar Leadership. Tattaunawar ta ja hankalin malaman Najeriya da na kasashen waje kamar Farfesa Graham Furniss na Makarantar Nazarin Gabas da Afirka (SOAS), Jami'ar London, wanda ya rubuta shi.

A tsakiyar '90s, Sheme ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren talla na kasa na Association of Nigerian Authors (ANA). Ya kuma kasance babban sakatare na ANA a Jihar Kaduna.

== Ayyukan fim ==
Ibrahim Sheme an haɗa shi da masana'antar fina-finai mai ƙarfi a arewacin Najeriya da ake kira [[Kannywood]] . Ya rubuta rubutun ga fina-finai da yawa na Hausa har ma ya samar da wasu. Fim dinsa sun hada da Gagarabadau (Unbeatable), Daren Farko (The First Night), da Fargaba (Fear). Sheme ya kuma rubuta waƙoƙi ga mawaƙa da yawa a Kannywood.

Ayyukansa mafi shahara a Kannywood, duk da haka, shine buga manyan mujallu biyu na labarai, Fim da Bidiyo . Sheme da wasu abokansa ne suka kafa Fim (ma'anar Fim) a watan Maris na shekara ta 1999, tare da Sheme a matsayin mai bugawa. Ya karɓi mujallar kowane wata a matsayin mai shi kaɗai a shekara ta 2002 kuma yana bugawa ba tare da ya gaza ba tun daga lokacin. Mujallar ta buga labarai, tambayoyi, tsegumi, da dai sauransu, game da masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin masana'antar, amma daga baya ta fadada ɗaukar hoto ga al'adun Hausa gabaɗaya, tare da ɓangaren kan kiɗa na gargajiya, rubuce-rubuce masu ban sha'awa, da sana'a. An kirkiro sashin ne bayan mutuwar Bahaushiya, mujallar kwata-kwata da Sheme ya kafa a 2006 don cika wani wuri. Mujallar Bidiyo (Video), wacce Sheme ta kafa tare da mai da hankali kawai kan fasahar yin fim, ta huta bayan bugu 10 saboda karancin tallafi saboda masu karatu sun fi son jita-jita da labarai na salon rayuwa da mujallar Fim ke bayarwa. Amma Fim ya sha wahala daga ƙananan tallace-tallace a cikin 'yan shekarun nan saboda yaduwar kafofin sada zumunta a cikin aikin jarida gabaɗaya. Daga fiye da 10,000 kofe a kowane wata sayarwa, ya sauka zuwa 'yan ɗari. Koyaya, mujallar ta sami canji mai mahimmanci don gudanar da kasuwancin sayar da labarai a kan layi - a cikin gidan yanar gizon ta da kuma kafofin sada zumunta.

== Ayyukan da aka zaɓa ==

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Hausawa]]
[[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861333</id>
      <parentid>861331</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T15:59:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ashiru Lawal</username>
        <id>24821</id>
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'''Ibrahim Sheme''' [[marubuci]] ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] mai magana da harsuna biyu, ɗan jarida, Mai shirya fim-finai, kuma mai bugawa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin edita da wakilin jaridu da yawa na Najeriya, ciki har da Leadership, The Tide, New Nigerian, The Reporter, da ''Hotline Magazine'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;inter&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ibrahim Sheme - 'I was really overjoyed' |url=http://everythinliterature.blogspot.com.ng/2007/12/ibrahim-sheme-i-was-really-overjoyed.html |access-date=9 October 2017 |publisher=EverythinLiterature}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma rubuta tarihin mutum na biyu a cikin gwamnatin soja na Janar [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], marigayi Manjo-Janar [[Shehu Musa Yar'Adua|Shehu Musa Yar&quot;Adua]], da kuma tarihin rayuwar babban mawaƙi da mawaƙi na Hausa, marigayin [[Mamman Shata]] . Ya kasance editan farko na Blueprint Newspaper kuma daga baya babban editansa. Sheme ya kasance Darakta na Media da Talla a [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar National Open ta Najeriya]] tun daga shekara ta 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sheme&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Sheme 3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ibrahim Sheme |url=http://nouedu.net/officers/mal-ibrahim-sheme |access-date=6 October 2017 |website=nouedu.net |publisher=National Open University of Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Sheme a yankin karamar hukumar [[Faskari]], [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar Katsina]], a cikin 1968 (ko da yake yana amfani da 1966 a cikin takardun hukuma). Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Maigamji da makarantar firamire ta Ruwan-Godiya, duka a yankin karamar hukumar Funtua a tsohuwar [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] (yanzu a jihar Katsina) tsakanin 1973-1979, kuma ya kammala karatun sakandare a Kwalejin Gwamnati, Kaduna, a shekarar 1984. Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Sadarwar Jama'a daga [[Jami'ar Bayero]], Kano (BUK), a shekarar 1989. A jami'ar, ya kasance daga cikin manyan masu gwagwarmayar wallafe-wallafen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin babban editan The Parakeet, mujallar wallafe-walfinai, da kuma editan Bayero Beacon, jaridar harabar jami'a. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin babban sakatare na kungiyar daliban jihar Katsina . Bayan kammala karatunsa, an ba shi kyaututtuka biyu da ake so, daya a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Dalibi a cikin sashen sa ɗayan kuma a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗalibin da ya kammala karatu a jami'ar.

A shekara ta 1993, bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida a Port Harcourt, Jihar Rivers, da Kaduna, Ibrahim Sheme ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Wales a Cardiff, Ingila, inda ya sami Jagora na Fasaha a Nazarin Sadarwa a 1994. Sheme ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren talla na kasa na Ƙungiyar Marubutan Najeriya .

== Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen ==
Sheme na ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubuta da masu sukar adabi a arewacin Najeriya. Littafinsa na farko, &quot;Kifin Rijiya&quot; (The Ignoramus), wanda ya rubuta yayin da yake dalibi a Jami'ar Bayero kuma an buga shi a shekarar 1991, ya lashe matsayi na biyu a gasar rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rukuncen harsunan Arewa da gwamnatin Jihar Kaduna ta shirya.

Littafinsa na biyu, &quot;'Yartsana&quot; (The Doll), ya lashe kyautar farko a cikin budurwa Bashir Karaye Prize for Hausa Writing . Sauran ayyukansa sun hada da &quot;The Malam's Potion&quot;_ (tarin gajerun labaru), labarin tafiya a kan yawon shakatawa na Isra'ila da yankunan Palasdinawa mai taken &quot;Ilmi Mabudin Tafiya&quot;, tarihin marigayi Manjo-Janar Shehu Musa Yar'Adua, da tarihin marigayin Alhaji Mamman Shata mai taken &quot;Shata Ikon Allah!&quot; Ya kuma shirya tarihin gajerun labarai ga Ƙungiyar Marubutan Najeriya mai taken &quot;Cramped Rooms and Open Spaces&quot;.

Sheme ya kasance babban mutum a cikin muhawara game da fiction na soyayya na Hausa wanda ya ɓarke a cikin jaridu da mujallu da yawa a arewacin Najeriya tsakanin 1991 da 1999. Magana mai ban sha'awa, wanda ake kira &quot;The Great Soyayya Debate&quot;, ya gabatar da marubuta, masana kimiyya da masu sukar adabi kamar Ibrahim Malumfashi, [[Abdalla Uba Adamu]], Yusuf M. Adamu, Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabino, da sauransu game da inganci da buƙatar litattafan soyayya da aka sani da &quot;littattafan soyayya&quot;. Sheme ya fara muhawara a matsayin mukaddashin edita da kuma editan wallafe-wallafen Nasiha, jaridar mako-mako ta Hausa da Nationhouse Press (masu wallafa jaridar The Reporter) ke buga a Kaduna. Ya ɗauki muhawara zuwa wasu gidajen watsa labarai inda daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin edita ko edita na wallafe-wallafen: Hotline da Rana mujallu, New Nigerian, Weekly Trust, da jaridar Leadership. Tattaunawar ta ja hankalin malaman Najeriya da na kasashen waje kamar Farfesa Graham Furniss na Makarantar Nazarin Gabas da Afirka (SOAS), Jami'ar London, wanda ya rubuta shi.

A tsakiyar '90s, Sheme ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren talla na kasa na Association of Nigerian Authors (ANA). Ya kuma kasance babban sakatare na ANA a Jihar Kaduna.

== Ayyukan fim ==
Ibrahim Sheme an haɗa shi da masana'antar fina-finai mai ƙarfi a arewacin Najeriya da ake kira [[Kannywood]] . Ya rubuta rubutun ga fina-finai da yawa na Hausa har ma ya samar da wasu. Fim dinsa sun hada da Gagarabadau (Unbeatable), Daren Farko (The First Night), da Fargaba (Fear). Sheme ya kuma rubuta waƙoƙi ga mawaƙa da yawa a Kannywood.

Ayyukansa mafi shahara a Kannywood, duk da haka, shine buga manyan mujallu biyu na labarai, Fim da Bidiyo . Sheme da wasu abokansa ne suka kafa Fim (ma'anar Fim) a watan Maris na shekara ta 1999, tare da Sheme a matsayin mai bugawa. Ya karɓi mujallar kowane wata a matsayin mai shi kaɗai a shekara ta 2002 kuma yana bugawa ba tare da ya gaza ba tun daga lokacin. Mujallar ta buga labarai, tambayoyi, tsegumi, da dai sauransu, game da masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin masana'antar, amma daga baya ta fadada ɗaukar hoto ga al'adun Hausa gabaɗaya, tare da ɓangaren kan kiɗa na gargajiya, rubuce-rubuce masu ban sha'awa, da sana'a. An kirkiro sashin ne bayan mutuwar Bahaushiya, mujallar kwata-kwata da Sheme ya kafa a 2006 don cika wani wuri. Mujallar Bidiyo (Video), wacce Sheme ta kafa tare da mai da hankali kawai kan fasahar yin fim, ta huta bayan bugu 10 saboda karancin tallafi saboda masu karatu sun fi son jita-jita da labarai na salon rayuwa da mujallar Fim ke bayarwa. Amma Fim ya sha wahala daga ƙananan tallace-tallace a cikin 'yan shekarun nan saboda yaduwar kafofin sada zumunta a cikin aikin jarida gabaɗaya. Daga fiye da 10,000 kofe a kowane wata sayarwa, ya sauka zuwa 'yan ɗari. Koyaya, mujallar ta sami canji mai mahimmanci don gudanar da kasuwancin sayar da labarai a kan layi - a cikin gidan yanar gizon ta da kuma kafofin sada zumunta.

== Ayyukan da aka zaɓa ==

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Hausawa]]
[[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Falalu A Dorayi</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-19T15:04:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ashiru Lawal</username>
        <id>24821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355886802|Falalu A Dorayi]]&quot;</comment>
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== Rayuwa ta farko da asali ==
An haifi Dorayi a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 1977 a Dorayi, [[Gwale (Kano)|Gwale]], [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] ga Alhaji Abubakar wani dan kasuwa a Kano. Ya halarci makarantar firamare da sakandare a Kano. Ya sami difloma a cikin Sadarwar Jama'a daga [[Jami'ar Bayero|Jami'ar Bayero Kano]] kuma ya sami difloma ta kwararru a Fim &amp; Talabijin a [[Jami'ar Yusuf Maitama Sule|Jami'ar Maitama Sule, Kano]] a cikin 2017. Dorayi ta kuma halarci shirin horar da fina-finai a Kwalejin Fim da Talabijin ta Asiya, Noida a [[Indiya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lere |first=Mohammed |date=9 October 2014 |title=20 Kannywood actors and producers attend film training course in India {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/169275-20-kannywood-actors-and-producers-attend-film-training-course-in-india.html |access-date=9 October 2020 |website=Premium Time News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Dorayi ya fara aikinsa a masana'antar fina-finai a shekarar 1997, tare da ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta gida lokacin da yake makarantar sakandare. Bayan kammala karatunsa na makarantar sakandare Dorayi ya shiga masana'antar fina-finai ta [[Kannywood]], fim din biyu na farko da ya jagoranta ya dauki shi kuma mai gabatar da fim din ya yi ikirarin cewa ya ba kansa lambar yabo ta darektan. Ya sami wata dama ta darektan tare da Sarauniya Films inda ya jagoranci fim din da ake kira ''Kwangiri'', sannan ''Uwargida'' da ''Majalisa'' suka biyo baya.

Dorayi ya zama sananne bayan ya jagoranci ''Basaja'' (2013), inda ya fito da ƙungiyar da ta hada da [[Ali Nuhu]], [[Adam A Zango]], da [[Hadiza Aliyu]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Basaja [HausaFilms.TV – Kannywood, Fina-finai, Hausa Movies, TV and Celebrities] |url=http://hausafilms.tv/film/basaja |access-date=9 October 2020 |website=hausafilms.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din ya kasance babbar nasara kuma an zabi shi a 2014 City People Entertainment Awards . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kannywood at the 2014 City People Entertainment Awards – Winners and Nominees [HausaFilms.TV – Kannywood, Fina-finai, Hausa Movies, TV and Celebrities] |url=http://hausafilms.tv/awards/city-people-entertainment-awards-june-2014 |access-date=9 October 2020 |website=hausafilms.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2015, Dorayi ta samar da ''Gwaska'' (wanda [[Adam A Zango]] ya jagoranta), sannan daga baya ''Komawar Gwaska'' a cikin 2017.

A cikin 2019, Dorayi ya ba da umarni kuma ya fito da wani shirin talabijin mai suna ''[[Gidan Badamasi]]'', wasan kwaikwayo wanda ke kewaye da &quot;Badamasi Family&quot;.

Falalu Abubakar Dorayi wanda aka fi sani da Falalu A. Dorayi (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1977) shi ne darektan fina-finai Na Najeriya, furodusa, marubuci kuma ɗan wasan fim. [1][2].{{Ana bukatan hujja|reason=Previous source did not back this claim.|date=November 2024}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Previous source did not back this claim. (November 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
Jerin fina-finai da Dorayi ya jagoranta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Falalu A. Dorayi [HausaFilms.TV – Kannywood, Fina-finai, Hausa Movies, TV and Celebrities] |url=http://hausafilms.tv/director/falalu_a._dorayi |access-date=10 October 2020 |website=hausafilms.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;&quot;
!Taken
!Shekara
|-
|''Allo''
|ND
|-
|''Farar Saka''
|ND
|-
|''Fataken Dare''
|ND
|-
|''Ƙarfin Ƙarfin''
|ND
|-
|''Ibro Dan Fulani''
|ND
|-
|''Larai''
|ND
|-
|''Madugu''
|ND
|-
|''Mukaddari''
|ND
|-
|''Namamajo''
|ND
|-
|''Ragas''
|ND
|-
|''Sa'a Dai''
|ND
|-
|''Sowa''
|ND
|-
|''Tarkon Kauna''
|ND
|-
|''Tsartuwa''
|ND
|-
|''Yau A Gari''
|ND
|-
|''Zatona''
|ND
|-
|''Zo Mu Zauna''
|ND
|-
|''Bana Bakwai''
|2007
|-
|''Artabu''
|2009
|-
|''Ahlul Kitab''
|2011
|-
|''Sandar Kiwo''
|2011
|-
|''Sayyada''
|2011
|-
|''Zarar Bunu''
|2011
|-
|''Andamali''
|2013
|-
|''Mai Dalilin Aure'' (Mai yin Wasanni) 
|2014
|-
|''Soyayya Da Shakuwa''
|2014
|-
|''Akwai Hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita''
|2016
|-
|''Gwaska''
|2017
|-
|''Juyin Sarauta''
|2017
|-
|''Alkibla''
|2018
|-
|Hanyar Kano
|2014
|-
|
|}

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]]
* [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]]
* [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]]

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

[[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Kano]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]]</text>
      <sha1>qepry1vwxbrb25k98ab5dg47es59p9m</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861310</id>
      <parentid>861309</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T15:04:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ashiru Lawal</username>
        <id>24821</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>861310</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4606" sha1="3bqxcsf55usmngqhwn0wxydoptdux95" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
 

== Rayuwa ta farko da asali ==
An haifi Dorayi a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 1977 a Dorayi, [[Gwale (Kano)|Gwale]], [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] ga Alhaji Abubakar wani dan kasuwa a Kano. Ya halarci makarantar firamare da sakandare a Kano. Ya sami difloma a cikin Sadarwar Jama'a daga [[Jami'ar Bayero|Jami'ar Bayero Kano]] kuma ya sami difloma ta kwararru a Fim &amp; Talabijin a [[Jami'ar Yusuf Maitama Sule|Jami'ar Maitama Sule, Kano]] a cikin 2017. Dorayi ta kuma halarci shirin horar da fina-finai a Kwalejin Fim da Talabijin ta Asiya, Noida a [[Indiya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lere |first=Mohammed |date=9 October 2014 |title=20 Kannywood actors and producers attend film training course in India {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/169275-20-kannywood-actors-and-producers-attend-film-training-course-in-india.html |access-date=9 October 2020 |website=Premium Time News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Dorayi ya fara aikinsa a masana'antar fina-finai a shekarar 1997, tare da ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta gida lokacin da yake makarantar sakandare. Bayan kammala karatunsa na makarantar sakandare Dorayi ya shiga masana'antar fina-finai ta [[Kannywood]], fim din biyu na farko da ya jagoranta ya dauki shi kuma mai gabatar da fim din ya yi ikirarin cewa ya ba kansa lambar yabo ta darektan. Ya sami wata dama ta darektan tare da Sarauniya Films inda ya jagoranci fim din da ake kira ''Kwangiri'', sannan ''Uwargida'' da ''Majalisa'' suka biyo baya.

Dorayi ya zama sananne bayan ya jagoranci ''Basaja'' (2013), inda ya fito da ƙungiyar da ta hada da [[Ali Nuhu]], [[Adam A Zango]], da [[Hadiza Aliyu]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Basaja [HausaFilms.TV – Kannywood, Fina-finai, Hausa Movies, TV and Celebrities] |url=http://hausafilms.tv/film/basaja |access-date=9 October 2020 |website=hausafilms.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din ya kasance babbar nasara kuma an zabi shi a 2014 City People Entertainment Awards . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kannywood at the 2014 City People Entertainment Awards – Winners and Nominees [HausaFilms.TV – Kannywood, Fina-finai, Hausa Movies, TV and Celebrities] |url=http://hausafilms.tv/awards/city-people-entertainment-awards-june-2014 |access-date=9 October 2020 |website=hausafilms.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2015, Dorayi ta samar da ''Gwaska'' (wanda [[Adam A Zango]] ya jagoranta), sannan daga baya ''Komawar Gwaska'' a cikin 2017.

A cikin 2019, Dorayi ya ba da umarni kuma ya fito da wani shirin talabijin mai suna ''[[Gidan Badamasi]]'', wasan kwaikwayo wanda ke kewaye da &quot;Badamasi Family&quot;.

Falalu Abubakar Dorayi wanda aka fi sani da Falalu A. Dorayi (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1977) shi ne darektan fina-finai Na Najeriya, furodusa, marubuci kuma ɗan wasan fim. [1][2].{{Ana bukatan hujja|reason=Previous source did not back this claim.|date=November 2024}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Previous source did not back this claim. (November 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
Jerin fina-finai da Dorayi ya jagoranta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Falalu A. Dorayi [HausaFilms.TV – Kannywood, Fina-finai, Hausa Movies, TV and Celebrities] |url=http://hausafilms.tv/director/falalu_a._dorayi |access-date=10 October 2020 |website=hausafilms.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;&quot;
!Taken
!Shekara
|-
|''Allo''
|ND
|-
|''Farar Saka''
|ND
|-
|''Fataken Dare''
|ND
|-
|''Ƙarfin Ƙarfin''
|ND
|-
|''Ibro Dan Fulani''
|ND
|-
|''Larai''
|ND
|-
|''Madugu''
|ND
|-
|''Mukaddari''
|ND
|-
|''Namamajo''
|ND
|-
|''Ragas''
|ND
|-
|''Sa'a Dai''
|ND
|-
|''Sowa''
|ND
|-
|''Tarkon Kauna''
|ND
|-
|''Tsartuwa''
|ND
|-
|''Yau A Gari''
|ND
|-
|''Zatona''
|ND
|-
|''Zo Mu Zauna''
|ND
|-
|''Bana Bakwai''
|2007
|-
|''Artabu''
|2009
|-
|''Ahlul Kitab''
|2011
|-
|''Sandar Kiwo''
|2011
|-
|''Sayyada''
|2011
|-
|''Zarar Bunu''
|2011
|-
|''Andamali''
|2013
|-
|''Mai Dalilin Aure'' (Mai yin Wasanni) 
|2014
|-
|''Soyayya Da Shakuwa''
|2014
|-
|''Akwai Hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita''
|2016
|-
|''Gwaska''
|2017
|-
|''Juyin Sarauta''
|2017
|-
|''Alkibla''
|2018
|-
|Hanyar Kano
|2014
|-
|
|}

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]]
* [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]]
* [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]]

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

[[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Kano]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]]</text>
      <sha1>3bqxcsf55usmngqhwn0wxydoptdux95</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861312</id>
      <parentid>861310</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T15:18:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ashiru Lawal</username>
        <id>24821</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>861312</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4607" sha1="3h1nu6exmd9zyyi0f2wxrm47xl7727m" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
 

== Rayuwa ta farko da asali ==
An haifi Dorayi a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 1977 a Dorayi, [[Gwale (Kano)|Gwale]], [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] ga Alhaji Abubakar wani dan kasuwa a Kano. Ya halarci makarantar firamare da sakandare a Kano. Ya sami difloma a cikin Sadarwar Jama'a daga [[Jami'ar Bayero|Jami'ar Bayero Kano]] kuma ya sami difloma ta kwararru a Fim &amp; Talabijin a [[Jami'ar Yusuf Maitama Sule|Jami'ar Maitama Sule, Kano]] a cikin 2017. Dorayi ta kuma halarci shirin horar da fina-finai a Kwalejin Fim da Talabijin ta Asiya, Noida a [[Indiya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lere |first=Mohammed |date=9 October 2014 |title=20 Kannywood actors and producers attend film training course in India {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/169275-20-kannywood-actors-and-producers-attend-film-training-course-in-india.html |access-date=9 October 2020 |website=Premium Time News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Dorayi ya fara aikinsa a masana'antar fina-finai a shekarar 1997, tare da ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta gida lokacin da yake makarantar sakandare. Bayan kammala karatun sa na makarantar sakandare Dorayi ya shiga masana'antar fina-finai ta [[Kannywood]], fim din biyu na farko da ya jagoranta ya dauki shi kuma mai gabatar da fim din ya yi ikirarin cewa ya ba kansa lambar yabo ta darektan. Ya sami wata dama ta darektan tare da Sarauniya Films inda ya jagoranci fim din da ake kira ''Kwangiri'', sannan ''Uwargida'' da ''Majalisa'' suka biyo baya.

Dorayi ya zama sananne bayan ya jagoranci ''Basaja'' (2013), inda ya fito da ƙungiyar da ta hada da [[Ali Nuhu]], [[Adam A Zango]], da [[Hadiza Aliyu]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Basaja [HausaFilms.TV – Kannywood, Fina-finai, Hausa Movies, TV and Celebrities] |url=http://hausafilms.tv/film/basaja |access-date=9 October 2020 |website=hausafilms.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din ya kasance babbar nasara kuma an zabi shi a 2014 City People Entertainment Awards . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kannywood at the 2014 City People Entertainment Awards – Winners and Nominees [HausaFilms.TV – Kannywood, Fina-finai, Hausa Movies, TV and Celebrities] |url=http://hausafilms.tv/awards/city-people-entertainment-awards-june-2014 |access-date=9 October 2020 |website=hausafilms.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2015, Dorayi ta samar da ''Gwaska'' (wanda [[Adam A Zango]] ya jagoranta), sannan daga baya ''Komawar Gwaska'' a cikin 2017.

A cikin 2019, Dorayi ya ba da umarni kuma ya fito da wani shirin talabijin mai suna ''[[Gidan Badamasi]]'', wasan kwaikwayo wanda ke kewaye da &quot;Badamasi Family&quot;.

Falalu Abubakar Dorayi wanda aka fi sani da Falalu A. Dorayi (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1977) shi ne darektan fina-finai Na Najeriya, furodusa, marubuci kuma ɗan wasan fim. [1][2].{{Ana bukatan hujja|reason=Previous source did not back this claim.|date=November 2024}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Previous source did not back this claim. (November 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
Jerin fina-finai da Dorayi ya jagoranta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Falalu A. Dorayi [HausaFilms.TV – Kannywood, Fina-finai, Hausa Movies, TV and Celebrities] |url=http://hausafilms.tv/director/falalu_a._dorayi |access-date=10 October 2020 |website=hausafilms.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;&quot;
!Taken
!Shekara
|-
|''Allo''
|ND
|-
|''Farar Saka''
|ND
|-
|''Fataken Dare''
|ND
|-
|''Ƙarfin Ƙarfin''
|ND
|-
|''Ibro Dan Fulani''
|ND
|-
|''Larai''
|ND
|-
|''Madugu''
|ND
|-
|''Mukaddari''
|ND
|-
|''Namamajo''
|ND
|-
|''Ragas''
|ND
|-
|''Sa'a Dai''
|ND
|-
|''Sowa''
|ND
|-
|''Tarkon Kauna''
|ND
|-
|''Tsartuwa''
|ND
|-
|''Yau A Gari''
|ND
|-
|''Zatona''
|ND
|-
|''Zo Mu Zauna''
|ND
|-
|''Bana Bakwai''
|2007
|-
|''Artabu''
|2009
|-
|''Ahlul Kitab''
|2011
|-
|''Sandar Kiwo''
|2011
|-
|''Sayyada''
|2011
|-
|''Zarar Bunu''
|2011
|-
|''Andamali''
|2013
|-
|''Mai Dalilin Aure'' (Mai yin Wasanni) 
|2014
|-
|''Soyayya Da Shakuwa''
|2014
|-
|''Akwai Hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita''
|2016
|-
|''Gwaska''
|2017
|-
|''Juyin Sarauta''
|2017
|-
|''Alkibla''
|2018
|-
|Hanyar Kano
|2014
|-
|
|}

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]]
* [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]]
* [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]]

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

[[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Kano]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]]</text>
      <sha1>3h1nu6exmd9zyyi0f2wxrm47xl7727m</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861313</id>
      <parentid>861312</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T15:19:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ashiru Lawal</username>
        <id>24821</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>861313</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4608" sha1="t31v2xoz4hk5se4o3n2hc7v6tyyjelt" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
 

== Rayuwa ta farko da asali ==
An haifi Dorayi a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 1977 a Dorayi, [[Gwale (Kano)|Gwale]], [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] ga Alhaji Abubakar wani dan kasuwa a Kano. Ya halarci makarantar firamare da sakandare a Kano. Ya sami difloma a cikin Sadarwar Jama'a daga [[Jami'ar Bayero|Jami'ar Bayero Kano]] kuma ya sami difloma ta ƙwararru a Fim &amp; Talabijin a [[Jami'ar Yusuf Maitama Sule|Jami'ar Maitama Sule, Kano]] a cikin 2017. Dorayi ta kuma halarci shirin horar da fina-finai a Kwalejin Fim da Talabijin ta Asiya, Noida a [[Indiya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lere |first=Mohammed |date=9 October 2014 |title=20 Kannywood actors and producers attend film training course in India {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/169275-20-kannywood-actors-and-producers-attend-film-training-course-in-india.html |access-date=9 October 2020 |website=Premium Time News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Dorayi ya fara aikinsa a masana'antar fina-finai a shekarar 1997, tare da ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta gida lokacin da yake makarantar sakandare. Bayan kammala karatun sa na makarantar sakandare Dorayi ya shiga masana'antar fina-finai ta [[Kannywood]], fim din biyu na farko da ya jagoranta ya dauki shi kuma mai gabatar da fim din ya yi ikirarin cewa ya ba kansa lambar yabo ta darektan. Ya sami wata dama ta darektan tare da Sarauniya Films inda ya jagoranci fim din da ake kira ''Kwangiri'', sannan ''Uwargida'' da ''Majalisa'' suka biyo baya.

Dorayi ya zama sananne bayan ya jagoranci ''Basaja'' (2013), inda ya fito da ƙungiyar da ta hada da [[Ali Nuhu]], [[Adam A Zango]], da [[Hadiza Aliyu]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Basaja [HausaFilms.TV – Kannywood, Fina-finai, Hausa Movies, TV and Celebrities] |url=http://hausafilms.tv/film/basaja |access-date=9 October 2020 |website=hausafilms.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din ya kasance babbar nasara kuma an zabi shi a 2014 City People Entertainment Awards . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kannywood at the 2014 City People Entertainment Awards – Winners and Nominees [HausaFilms.TV – Kannywood, Fina-finai, Hausa Movies, TV and Celebrities] |url=http://hausafilms.tv/awards/city-people-entertainment-awards-june-2014 |access-date=9 October 2020 |website=hausafilms.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2015, Dorayi ta samar da ''Gwaska'' (wanda [[Adam A Zango]] ya jagoranta), sannan daga baya ''Komawar Gwaska'' a cikin 2017.

A cikin 2019, Dorayi ya ba da umarni kuma ya fito da wani shirin talabijin mai suna ''[[Gidan Badamasi]]'', wasan kwaikwayo wanda ke kewaye da &quot;Badamasi Family&quot;.

Falalu Abubakar Dorayi wanda aka fi sani da Falalu A. Dorayi (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1977) shi ne darektan fina-finai Na Najeriya, furodusa, marubuci kuma ɗan wasan fim. [1][2].{{Ana bukatan hujja|reason=Previous source did not back this claim.|date=November 2024}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Previous source did not back this claim. (November 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
Jerin fina-finai da Dorayi ya jagoranta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Falalu A. Dorayi [HausaFilms.TV – Kannywood, Fina-finai, Hausa Movies, TV and Celebrities] |url=http://hausafilms.tv/director/falalu_a._dorayi |access-date=10 October 2020 |website=hausafilms.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;&quot;
!Taken
!Shekara
|-
|''Allo''
|ND
|-
|''Farar Saka''
|ND
|-
|''Fataken Dare''
|ND
|-
|''Ƙarfin Ƙarfin''
|ND
|-
|''Ibro Dan Fulani''
|ND
|-
|''Larai''
|ND
|-
|''Madugu''
|ND
|-
|''Mukaddari''
|ND
|-
|''Namamajo''
|ND
|-
|''Ragas''
|ND
|-
|''Sa'a Dai''
|ND
|-
|''Sowa''
|ND
|-
|''Tarkon Kauna''
|ND
|-
|''Tsartuwa''
|ND
|-
|''Yau A Gari''
|ND
|-
|''Zatona''
|ND
|-
|''Zo Mu Zauna''
|ND
|-
|''Bana Bakwai''
|2007
|-
|''Artabu''
|2009
|-
|''Ahlul Kitab''
|2011
|-
|''Sandar Kiwo''
|2011
|-
|''Sayyada''
|2011
|-
|''Zarar Bunu''
|2011
|-
|''Andamali''
|2013
|-
|''Mai Dalilin Aure'' (Mai yin Wasanni) 
|2014
|-
|''Soyayya Da Shakuwa''
|2014
|-
|''Akwai Hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita''
|2016
|-
|''Gwaska''
|2017
|-
|''Juyin Sarauta''
|2017
|-
|''Alkibla''
|2018
|-
|Hanyar Kano
|2014
|-
|
|}

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]]
* [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]]
* [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]]

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

[[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Kano]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]]</text>
      <sha1>t31v2xoz4hk5se4o3n2hc7v6tyyjelt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861314</id>
      <parentid>861313</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T15:20:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ashiru Lawal</username>
        <id>24821</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>861314</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4609" sha1="8v3ltb9ad9gs0uw10fqji775y6en099" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
 

== Rayuwa ta farko da asali ==
An haifi Dorayi a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 1977 a Dorayi, [[Gwale (Kano)|Gwale]], [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] ga Alhaji Abubakar wani dan kasuwa a Kano. Ya halarci makarantar firamare da sakandare a Kano. Ya sami difloma a cikin Sadarwar Jama'a daga [[Jami'ar Bayero|Jami'ar Bayero Kano]] kuma ya sami difloma ta ƙwararru a Fim &amp; Talabijin a [[Jami'ar Yusuf Maitama Sule|Jami'ar Maitama Sule, Kano]] a cikin 2017. Dorayi ta kuma halarci shirin horar da fina-finai a Kwalejin Fim da Talabijin ta Asiya, Noida a [[Indiya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lere |first=Mohammed |date=9 October 2014 |title=20 Kannywood actors and producers attend film training course in India {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/169275-20-kannywood-actors-and-producers-attend-film-training-course-in-india.html |access-date=9 October 2020 |website=Premium Time News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Dorayi ya fara aikinsa a masana'antar fina-finai a shekarar 1997, tare da ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta gida lokacin da yake makarantar sakandare. Bayan kammala karatun sa na makarantar sakandare Dorayi ya shiga masana'antar fina-finai ta [[Kannywood]], fim din biyu na farko da ya jagoranta ya dauki shi kuma mai gabatar da fim din ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya ba kansa lambar yabo ta darektan. Ya sami wata dama ta darektan tare da Sarauniya Films inda ya jagoranci fim din da ake kira ''Kwangiri'', sannan ''Uwargida'' da ''Majalisa'' suka biyo baya.

Dorayi ya zama sananne bayan ya jagoranci ''Basaja'' (2013), inda ya fito da ƙungiyar da ta hada da [[Ali Nuhu]], [[Adam A Zango]], da [[Hadiza Aliyu]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Basaja [HausaFilms.TV – Kannywood, Fina-finai, Hausa Movies, TV and Celebrities] |url=http://hausafilms.tv/film/basaja |access-date=9 October 2020 |website=hausafilms.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din ya kasance babbar nasara kuma an zabi shi a 2014 City People Entertainment Awards . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kannywood at the 2014 City People Entertainment Awards – Winners and Nominees [HausaFilms.TV – Kannywood, Fina-finai, Hausa Movies, TV and Celebrities] |url=http://hausafilms.tv/awards/city-people-entertainment-awards-june-2014 |access-date=9 October 2020 |website=hausafilms.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2015, Dorayi ta samar da ''Gwaska'' (wanda [[Adam A Zango]] ya jagoranta), sannan daga baya ''Komawar Gwaska'' a cikin 2017.

A cikin 2019, Dorayi ya ba da umarni kuma ya fito da wani shirin talabijin mai suna ''[[Gidan Badamasi]]'', wasan kwaikwayo wanda ke kewaye da &quot;Badamasi Family&quot;.

Falalu Abubakar Dorayi wanda aka fi sani da Falalu A. Dorayi (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1977) shi ne darektan fina-finai Na Najeriya, furodusa, marubuci kuma ɗan wasan fim. [1][2].{{Ana bukatan hujja|reason=Previous source did not back this claim.|date=November 2024}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Previous source did not back this claim. (November 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
Jerin fina-finai da Dorayi ya jagoranta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Falalu A. Dorayi [HausaFilms.TV – Kannywood, Fina-finai, Hausa Movies, TV and Celebrities] |url=http://hausafilms.tv/director/falalu_a._dorayi |access-date=10 October 2020 |website=hausafilms.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;&quot;
!Taken
!Shekara
|-
|''Allo''
|ND
|-
|''Farar Saka''
|ND
|-
|''Fataken Dare''
|ND
|-
|''Ƙarfin Ƙarfin''
|ND
|-
|''Ibro Dan Fulani''
|ND
|-
|''Larai''
|ND
|-
|''Madugu''
|ND
|-
|''Mukaddari''
|ND
|-
|''Namamajo''
|ND
|-
|''Ragas''
|ND
|-
|''Sa'a Dai''
|ND
|-
|''Sowa''
|ND
|-
|''Tarkon Kauna''
|ND
|-
|''Tsartuwa''
|ND
|-
|''Yau A Gari''
|ND
|-
|''Zatona''
|ND
|-
|''Zo Mu Zauna''
|ND
|-
|''Bana Bakwai''
|2007
|-
|''Artabu''
|2009
|-
|''Ahlul Kitab''
|2011
|-
|''Sandar Kiwo''
|2011
|-
|''Sayyada''
|2011
|-
|''Zarar Bunu''
|2011
|-
|''Andamali''
|2013
|-
|''Mai Dalilin Aure'' (Mai yin Wasanni) 
|2014
|-
|''Soyayya Da Shakuwa''
|2014
|-
|''Akwai Hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita''
|2016
|-
|''Gwaska''
|2017
|-
|''Juyin Sarauta''
|2017
|-
|''Alkibla''
|2018
|-
|Hanyar Kano
|2014
|-
|
|}

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]]
* [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]]
* [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]]

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

[[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Kano]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]]</text>
      <sha1>8v3ltb9ad9gs0uw10fqji775y6en099</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Magani</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>19030</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861876</id>
      <parentid>859638</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T10:21:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>861876</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26258" sha1="tr6zv23q813usao4ftp2aa9754clv4a" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; {{Infobox interventions|image=Polio physical therapy.jpg|Caption=Children undergoing physical therapy ([[polio]])|ICD10=|ICD9unlinked=|MeshID=D013812|OPS301=|othercodes=}}'''Maganin''' ko '''maganin likita''' shine ƙoƙarin gyara matsalar [[lafiya]], yawanci bayan an gano cutar ta hanyar likita . Kalmomi biyu, ''magani'' da ''magani'', galibi ana taƙaita su a matsayin '''Tx''', ko '''T &lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;''' .

A matsayinka na doka, kowace magani tana da alamomi da abubuwan da za su iya hana ta . Akwai nau'ikan magani daban-daban. Ba duk hanyoyin magani ba ne ke da tasiri . Magunguna da yawa na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako .

''Magani'' da ''magani'' galibi suna da alaƙa, musamman a cikin amfani da [[Kwararre a fannin lafiya|ƙwararrun likitoci]] . Duk da haka, a cikin mahallin [[lafiyar kwakwalwa]], kalmar ''magani'' na iya nufin musamman ilimin halayyar ɗan adam .

'''Mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali''' mutum ne wanda ke bayar da kowace irin hanyar magani. Mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali yana nufin ƙwararrun ƙwararru da suka ƙware wajen samar da ayyuka kowane irin magani ko gyaran jiki. 

== Filin ma'ana ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Kalmomin kulawa, magani, magani, da shiga tsakani sun haɗu a cikin wani fanni na ma'ana, don haka suna iya zama ma'ana dangane da mahallin . Idan aka matsa zuwa dama ta wannan tsari, matakin ma'anar holism yana raguwa kuma matakin takamaiman abu (zuwa takamaiman misalai) yana ƙaruwa. Don haka, a cikin mahallin kula da lafiya (inda hankalinsa koyaushe ba a ƙirga shi ba ), kalmar kulawa tana nufin babban ra'ayi na duk abin da aka yi don kare ko inganta lafiyar wani (misali, kamar yadda yake a cikin kalmomin kula da rigakafi da kulawa ta farko, wanda ke nuna aikin da ke gudana), kodayake wani lokacin yana nufin ra'ayi mai kunkuntar (misali, a cikin mafi sauƙi lokuta na kula da rauni ko kula da bayan an yi tiyata, wasu matakai na musamman sun isa, kuma hulɗar majiyyaci da mai ba da irin wannan kulawa ba da daɗewa ba za a gama). Sabanin haka, kalmar shiga tsakani tana da takamaiman kuma ta zahiri, don haka kalmar sau da yawa ana iya ƙirga ta ; misali, misali, wani misali na catheterization na zuciya shine shiga tsakani ɗaya da aka yi, kuma kulawar zuciya (ba a ƙirga ba) na iya buƙatar jerin shiga tsakani (ƙirga). A matuƙar haka, tarin irin waɗannan hanyoyin da za a iya ƙirgawa ya zama shiga tsakani, wani tsari mai lahani na kulawa wanda ba shi da cikakken nazari - kawai magance matsaloli daban-daban (a cikin ƙaruwar da za a iya ƙirgawa) maimakon kiyaye lafiya. Maganin da magani, a tsakiyar fannin ma'anar, na iya nuna ko dai cikakken kulawa ko kuma bambancin shiga tsakani, tare da mahallin da ke nuna manufar kowane amfani. Saboda haka, ana iya amfani da su a cikin azanci marasa ƙirgawa da na ƙirgawa (misali, maganin cututtukan koda na yau da kullun na iya haɗawa da maganin dialysis da yawa a kowane mako ).

Kalmomin ''aceology'' da  kalmomi ne marasa ma'ana kuma marasa amfani waɗanda ke nufin nazarin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali.

Kalmar ''therapy'' ta Ingilishi ta zo ta hanyar Latin ''therapīa'' daga Ancient Greek   kuma yana nufin &quot;warkarwa&quot; ko &quot;warkarwa&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=therapy &amp;#124; Search Online Etymology Dictionary |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=therapy |website=www.etymonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kalmar ''therapeusis'' wani nau'i ne na tsohuwar kalmar ''magani'' .

== Nau'o'in hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ==
Maganin da ake amfani da shi a matsayin maganin yanayin jiki ko na tunani ya dogara ne akan ilimin da aka samu daga ɗaya daga cikin fannoni uku daban-daban (ko kuma haɗuwa da su): maganin gargajiya (allopathic, Western biomedicine, dangane da hanyar kimiyya da aikin da aka dogara da shaida), maganin gargajiya (tsara al'adu), da madadin magani (tsara lafiyar jiki &quot;ba a haɗa shi cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya mai rinjaye ba&quot;). 

=== Ta hanyar tsarin lokaci, fifiko, ko ƙarfi ===

==== Matakan kulawa ====
Matakan kulawa suna rarraba [[Kula da lafiya|kulawar lafiya]] zuwa nau'ikan tsarin lokaci, fifiko, ko ƙarfi, kamar haka:

* Kulawa ta gaggawa tana magance matsalolin lafiya da ake buƙatar magancewa a yau amma ba lallai bane su zama na gaggawa ba; wurin kulawa ta gaggawa zai iya tura majiyyaci zuwa matakin kulawa ta gaggawa idan ya zama dole.
** A Amurka (da kuma wataƙila wasu ƙasashe daban-daban), cibiyoyin kula da gaggawa suma suna aiki da wani aiki a matsayin wani babban manufarsu: Ayyukan [[Kulawa na farko|kula da lafiya na farko]] na Amurka sun rikide a cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan zuwa tsari inda cibiyoyin kula da lafiya na gaggawa ke ba da sassan kulawa ta farko waɗanda ba za su iya jira wata ɗaya ba, saboda samun alƙawari tare da ƙwararren likita na farko galibi yana ƙarƙashin jerin jira na makonni 2 zuwa 8. 
* Kula da gaggawa yana kula [[Maganin gaggawa|da gaggawa ta likita]] kuma wuri ne na farko da za a iya tuntuɓar ko ɗaukar magani ga matsalolin da ba su da tsanani, waɗanda za a iya tura su zuwa wasu matakan kulawa kamar yadda ya dace. Sau da yawa ana ba wa marasa lafiya wannan maganin kafin a tabbatar da ganewar asali. 
* Kulawa mai tsanani, wanda kuma ake kira kulawa mai tsanani, kulawa ce ga marasa lafiya masu tsananin rashin lafiya ko waɗanda suka ji rauni. Don haka yana buƙatar ƙarfin albarkatu, ilimi, da ƙwarewa, da kuma yanke shawara cikin sauri.
* Kula da marasa lafiya ta hanyar motsa jiki kulawa ce da ake bayarwa a asibiti . Yawanci marasa lafiya za su iya shiga da fita daga asibitin da ikonsu (saboda haka &quot;tafiya a kan hanya&quot;), yawanci a rana ɗaya. Wannan nau'in kulawa kuma ya ƙunshi tiyata wanda, a cewar binciken da aka yi kwanan nan, yana ba da &quot;sakamako mafi kyau na kwanaki 30 idan aka kwatanta da kulawa ta hanyar asibiti&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Friedlander |first=David F. |last2=Krimphove |first2=Marieke J. |last3=Cole |first3=Alexander P. |last4=Marchese |first4=Maya |last5=Lipsitz |first5=Stuart R. |last6=Weissman |first6=Joel S. |last7=Schoenfeld |first7=Andrew J. |last8=Ortega |first8=Gezzer |last9=Trinh |first9=Quoc-Dien |date=May 2021 |title=Where Is the Value in Ambulatory Versus Inpatient Surgery? |journal=Annals of Surgery |volume=273 |issue=5 |pages=909–916 |doi=10.1097/SLA.0000000000003578 |pmid=31460878}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kula da gida kulawa ce ta gida, wadda ta haɗa da kulawa daga masu samar da lafiya (kamar likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya, da mataimakan lafiya na gida) waɗanda ke yin ziyara a gida, kulawa daga [[Mai kula da shi|masu kulawa]] kamar 'yan uwa, da kuma [[Kula da kai|kula da kai ga]] marasa lafiya.
* [[Kulawa na farko|Kulawa ta farko]] an yi ta ne don zama babban nau'in kulawa gabaɗaya, kuma mafi kyau gidan likita wanda ke haɗa kulawa tsakanin masu samar da sabis da aka tura. Yanayin da ake ciki a wannan fanni shine ƙirƙirar dijital da nufin tabbatar da samun damar bayanai game da magani, batutuwa, da ci gaban da aka samu kwanan nan kan binciken likitanci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Senbekov |first=Maksut |last2=Saliev |first2=Timur |last3=Bukeyeva |first3=Zhanar |last4=Almabayeva |first4=Aigul |last5=Zhanaliyeva |first5=Marina |last6=Aitenova |first6=Nazym |last7=Toishibekov |first7=Yerzhan |last8=Fakhradiyev |first8=Ildar |date=3 December 2020 |title=The Recent Progress and Applications of Digital Technologies in Healthcare: A Review |journal=International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications |volume=2020 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1155/2020/8830200 |pmc=7732404 |pmid=33343657 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Kula da lafiya|Kulawa ta biyu]] kulawa ce da kwararrun likitoci da sauran kwararrun likitoci ke bayarwa wadanda galibi ba sa da alaƙa ta farko da marasa lafiya, misali, likitocin zuciya, likitocin fitsari da likitocin fata . Marasa lafiya ya isa ga kulawa ta biyu a matsayin mataki na gaba daga [[Kulawa na farko|kulawa ta farko]], yawanci ta hanyar tura mai bada magani kodayake wani lokacin ta hanyar kai tsaye ga majiyyaci. A cewar wani bita na tsari, fannoni don ci gaba da kulawa ta biyu daga ra'ayin marasa lafiya za a iya rarraba su zuwa fannoni hudu wadanda zasu taimaka wajen inganta wannan matakin kulawa a nan gaba: &quot;shingaye ga kulawa, sadarwa, daidaitawa, da dangantaka da darajar mutum&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sampson |first=Rod |last2=Cooper |first2=Jamie |last3=Barbour |first3=Rosaline |last4=Polson |first4=Rob |last5=Wilson |first5=Philip |date=October 2015 |title=Patients' perspectives on the medical primary–secondary care interface: systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research |journal=BMJ Open |volume=5 |issue=10 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008708 |pmc=4611413 |pmid=26474939 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Kula da lafiya|Kula da manyan makarantu]] kulawa ce ta musamman ta shawarwari, yawanci ga marasa lafiya da ke kwance a asibiti da kuma bayan an tura su daga ƙwararren likita na farko ko na sakandare, a cikin cibiyar da ke da ma'aikata da kayan aiki don ci gaba da bincike da magani na likita, kamar asibiti na manyan makarantu .
* Kulawa ta gaba ita ce ƙarin kulawa a lokacin ko bayan [[Warkewa|murmurewa]] . Kulawa ta gaba gaba ɗaya tana da alaƙa da kula da gaba. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman fannoni na ci gaba - Tele-health, gami da ayyukan da ba na asibiti ba: horar da masu ba da sabis, tarurrukan gudanarwa, da ci gaba da ilimin likitanci - yana ba da dama don inganta samun kulawa, ƙara yawan aiki ga mai bada sabis da marasa lafiya ta hanyar rage tafiye-tafiye, tanadin kuɗaɗen da za a iya kashewa, da kuma ikon faɗaɗa ayyuka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Snoswell |first=Centaine L |last2=Taylor |first2=Monica L |last3=Comans |first3=Tracy A |last4=Smith |first4=Anthony C |last5=Gray |first5=Leonard C |last6=Caffery |first6=Liam J |date=19 October 2020 |title=Determining if Telehealth Can Reduce Health System Costs: Scoping Review |journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research |volume=22 |issue=10 |doi=10.2196/17298 |pmc=7605980 |pmid=33074157 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kulawar ƙarshen rayuwa kulawa ce da ke kusa da ƙarshen rayuwar mutum. Sau da yawa tana haɗa da waɗannan:
** Kula da rage radadi kulawa ce mai taimako, musamman (amma ba lallai ba ne) kusa da ƙarshen rayuwa.
** Kula da marasa lafiya a asibiti kulawa ce ta rage radadi kusa da ƙarshen rayuwa lokacin da magani ba shi da tabbas. Babban burinsa shine jin daɗi, duka na jiki da na hankali. Wani bita na tsari ya nuna cewa mafi araha yana da alaƙa da kula da marasa lafiya a gida, gami da rage yawan &quot;amfani da albarkatu da inganta sakamakon marasa lafiya da masu kulawa&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Luta |first=Xhyljeta |last2=Ottino |first2=Baptiste |last3=Hall |first3=Peter |last4=Bowden |first4=Joanna |last5=Wee |first5=Bee |last6=Droney |first6=Joanne |last7=Riley |first7=Julia |last8=Marti |first8=Joachim |date=December 2021 |title=Evidence on the economic value of end-of-life and palliative care interventions: a narrative review of reviews |journal=BMC Palliative Care |volume=20 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12904-021-00782-7 |pmc=8223342 |pmid=34162377 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Layukan magani ====
Shawarwarin magani sau da yawa suna bin jagororin algorithm na yau da kullun ko na yau da kullun. Sau da yawa ana iya sanya zaɓuɓɓukan magani a cikin '''layukan magani''' : '''maganin layi na farko''', '''maganin layi na biyu''', '''maganin layi na uku''', da sauransu. '''Maganin layi na farko''' (wani lokacin ana kiransa '''maganin induction''', '''maganin farko''', ko '''maganin layi na gaba''' )  shine maganin farko da za a gwada. Fifikon sa akan wasu zaɓuɓɓuka yawanci shine ko dai: (1) ana ba da shawarar a hukumance bisa ga shaidar gwaji ta asibiti don mafi kyawun haɗinsa na inganci, aminci, da juriya ko (2) an zaɓa bisa ga ƙwarewar likita. Idan maganin layi na farko ya kasa magance matsalar ko kuma ya haifar da illoli marasa jurewa, ana iya maye gurbin ko ƙara ƙarin magunguna (layi na biyu) zuwa tsarin magani, sannan a biyo baya da magungunan layi na uku, da sauransu.

Misalin mahallin da tsarin tsarin magani da kuma jadawalin hanyoyin magani ya yi yawa sosai shine tsarin chemotherapy . Saboda wahalar da ake fuskanta wajen samun nasarar magance wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji, ana iya gwada layi ɗaya bayan ɗaya. A fannin [[Oncology|ilimin halittar jiki,]] adadin layukan magani na iya kaiwa 10 ko ma 20.

Sau da yawa ana iya gwada magunguna da yawa a lokaci guda ( haɗin magani ko polytherapy). Don haka haɗin chemotherapy ana kuma kiransa polychemotherapy, yayin da chemotherapy tare da wakili ɗaya a lokaci guda ana kiransa magani ɗaya ko monotherapy. Maganin wakili ɗaya tsari ne na kulawa wanda ke mai da hankali kan takamaiman magani ko tsari ɗaya. Yana amfani da wakili ɗaya maimakon haɗa magunguna da yawa.  Maganin Multiagent magani ne ta hanyar magunguna biyu ko fiye ko hanyoyin aiki. Cikakken magani yana haɗa nau'ikan magani daban-daban don samar da kulawa mafi inganci ga marasa lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=January 1999 |title=Journal objective |journal=Comprehensive Therapy |volume=25 |issue=1 |page=62 |doi=10.1007/BF02889838}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maganin kari magani ne da ake bayarwa ban da maganin farko, babban, ko na farko, amma a lokaci guda (sabanin maganin layi na biyu). Maganin kari magani ne da ake farawa kafin babban maganin. Don haka mutum zai iya ɗaukar cire ƙari a matsayin maganin layi na farko don wani nau'i da matakin ciwon daji duk da cewa ana amfani da maganin radiation a gabansa; maganin kari magani ne neoadjuvant (a zahiri na farko amma ba na farko ba a ma'anar babban abin da ya faru). Maganin kari magani ne ba da nisa da wannan ba, amma kalmomin ba za a iya musanya su ba; magungunan cytotoxic don sanya ƙari &quot;a kan igiyoyi&quot; kafin tiyata suna ba da &quot;ƙulli na knockout&quot; ana kiransu neoadjuvant chemotherapy, ba magani ba, yayin da abubuwa kamar maganin sa barci ko maganin rigakafi na rigakafi kafin tiyatar hakori ana kiransu premedication. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Maganin mataki ko maganin mataki wani nau'in fifiko ne na musamman ta hanyar hanyoyin magani. Yana da ce-ce-ku-ce a cikin [[Kula da lafiya a Amurka|kula da lafiyar Amurka]] saboda ba kamar yanke shawara na al'ada game da abin da ya ƙunshi maganin layi na farko, layi na biyu, da layi na uku ba, wanda a Amurka ke nuna aminci da inganci da farko kuma farashi ne kawai bisa ga buƙatun majiyyaci, maganin mataki yana ƙoƙarin haɗa rage farashi ta wani banda majiyyaci (masu biyan kuɗi na ɓangare na uku) cikin tsarin. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

'Yancin magani yana nufin takardar magani don amfani da magani mara lasisi (ba tare da izinin tallatawa daga hukumar lasisi ta ƙasar ba) &lt;ref name=&quot;Gore et al 2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gore |first=Rajeshwari |last2=Chugh |first2=Preeta K. |last3=Tripathi |first3=Chakra D. |last4=Lhamo |first4=Yangshen |last5=Gautam |first5=Sandhya |date=8 June 2017 |title=Pediatric Off-Label and Unlicensed Drug Use and Its Implications |journal=Current Clinical Pharmacology |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=18–25 |doi=10.2174/1574884712666170317161935 |pmid=28322168}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an shiga tattaunawa tsakanin [[Haƙƙoƙin Ƙungiya Da Ɗaiɗaikun Mutane|haƙƙin mutum da na rukuni]] . Wani bincike mai zurfi a Ostiraliya, Jamhuriyar Czech, Indiya, Isra'ila, Italiya, Netherlands, Spain, Serbia, Sweden, Birtaniya, da Amurka ya nuna cewa an ruwaito cewa adadin takardar magani mara lasisi ya kama daga 0.3 zuwa 35% ya danganta da ƙasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gore et al 2017&quot; /&gt; A cikin yankuna da yawa, 'yancin magani yana iyakance ga shari'o'in da ba su da magani wanda aka tabbatar kuma ya fi tasiri. 

=== Da niyya ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%&quot;
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Therapy type
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Description
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | abortive therapy
|A therapy that is intended to stop a medical condition from progressing any further.  A medication taken at the earliest signs of a disease, such as an analgesic taken at the first symptoms of a [[Migraine|migraine headache]] to prevent it from getting worse, is an abortive therapy. Compare abortifacients, which abort a pregnancy.
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | bridge therapy
|A therapy that figuratively provides a bridge to another step or phase, crossing over some immediate chasm (challenge), in contrast with destination therapy, which is the final therapy in cases where clinically appropriate.
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | consolidation therapy
|A therapy given to consolidate the gains from induction therapy. In cancer, this means chasing after any malignant cells that may be left.
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | curative therapy
|A therapy with ''curative intent'', that is, one that seeks to cure the root cause of a disorder. (also called etiotropic therapy)
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | definitive therapy
|A therapy that may be final, superior to others, curative, or all of those.
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | destination therapy
|A therapy that is the final destination rather than a bridge to another therapy. Usually refers to ventricular assist devices to keep the existing heart going, not just until heart transplantation can occur, but for the rest of the patient's life expectancy.
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | empiric therapy
|A therapy given on an empiric basis; that is, one given according to a clinician's educated guess despite uncertainty about the illness's causative factors. For example, empiric antibiotic therapy administers a broad-spectrum antibiotic immediately on the basis of a good chance (given the history, physical examination findings, and risk factors present) that the illness is bacterial and will respond to that drug (even though the bacterial species or variant is not yet known).
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | gold standard therapy
|A therapy that is definitive, just as a gold standard diagnostic test is a definitive test.
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | investigational therapy
|An experimental therapy. Use of experimental therapies must be ethically justified, because by definition they raise the question of standard of care. Physicians have autonomy to provide empirical care (such as off-label care) according to their experience and clinical judgment, but the autonomy has limits that preclude quackery. Thus it may be necessary to design a clinical trial around the new therapy and to use the therapy only per a formal protocol. Sometimes shorthand phrases such as &quot;treated on protocol&quot; imply not just &quot;treated according to a plan&quot; but specifically &quot;treated with investigational therapy&quot;.
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | maintenance therapy
|A therapy taken during disease remission to prevent relapse.
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | palliative therapy
|See supportive therapy for connotative distinctions.
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | preventive therapy&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Nowrap|(prophylactic therapy)}}
|A therapy that is intended to [[Kula da lafiya na rigakafi|prevent a medical condition]] from occurring (also called prophylaxis). For example, many vaccines prevent infectious diseases.
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | salvage therapy (rescue therapy)
|A therapy tried after others have failed; it may be a &quot;last-line&quot; therapy.
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | stepdown therapy
|Therapy that tapers the dosage gradually rather than abruptly cutting it off. For example, a switch from intravenous to oral antibiotics as an infection is brought under control steps down the intensity of therapy.
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | supportive therapy
|A therapy that does not treat or improve the underlying condition, but rather increases the patient's comfort, also called symptomatic treatment (see there for more information).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CFIDS |url=http://www.cfids.org/about-cfids/supportive-therapy.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213075456/http://www.cfids.org/about-cfids/supportive-therapy.asp |archive-date=2012-02-13 |access-date=2012-01-09 |publisher=CFIDS}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, supportive care for flu, colds, or gastrointestinal upset can include rest, fluids, and over-the-counter pain relievers; those things do not treat the cause, but they treat the symptoms and thus provide relief. Supportive therapy may be palliative therapy (palliative care). The two terms are sometimes synonymous, but palliative care often specifically refers to serious illness and end-of-life care. Therapy may be categorized as having curative intent (when it is possible to eliminate the disease) or ''palliative intent'' (when eliminating the disease is impossible and the focus shifts to minimizing the distress that it causes). The two are often [[wiktionary:contradistinguish#Verb|contradistinguished]] (mutually exclusive) in some contexts (such as the management of some cancers), but they are not inherently mutually exclusive; often therapy can be both curative and palliative simultaneously. Supportive psychotherapy aims to support the patient by alleviating the worst of the symptoms, with the expectation that definitive therapy can follow later if possible.
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | systemic therapy
|A therapy that is [[wiktionary:systemic#Adjective|systemic]]. In the physiological sense, this means affecting the whole body (rather than being local or locoregional), whether via systemic administration, systemic effect, or both. Systemic therapy in the psychotherapeutic sense seeks to address people not only on the individual level but also as people in relationships, dealing with the interactions of groups.
|-
|}

=== Ta hanyar shiga tsakani ===

* Ana samun maganin mamaya ta hanyar tiyata ko kuma ta hanyar amfani da magunguna. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cousins |first=Sian |last2=Blencowe |first2=Natalie S |last3=Blazeby |first3=Jane M |date=July 2019 |title=What is an invasive procedure? A definition to inform study design, evidence synthesis and research tracking |journal=BMJ Open |volume=9 |issue=7 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028576 |pmc=6678000 |pmid=31366651 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya raba magungunan mamaya ta hanyar likitanci zuwa manyan rukuni biyu: maganin magani da tiyata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Klein |first=Eran |date=September 2023 |title=What does it mean to call a medical device invasive? |journal=Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=325–334 |doi=10.1007/s11019-023-10147-x |pmc=10425495 |pmid=37131099}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Magungunan da ba sa shiga jiki ba magani ne na likitanci wanda ba ya buƙatar shiga jiki. Ana iya rarraba shi zuwa manyan rukuni biyar: maganin jijiyoyi, maganin motsa jiki, maganin aiki, maganin radiation, da kuma maganin psychotherapy. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=Nick J. |last2=van Koningsbruggen |first2=Martijn G. |date=2013 |title='Non-invasive' brain stimulation is not non-invasive |journal=Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience |volume=7 |page=76 |doi=10.3389/fnsys.2013.00076 |pmc=3870277 |pmid=24391554 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sabon salon da ake amfani da shi a fannin maganin da ba sa shiga jiki shine maganin nesa, wanda ke samun ci gaba mai yawa a duniya ta hanyar fasahar sadarwa. Maganin nesa ya ƙunshi ayyuka uku na maganin nesa: maganin nesa, ilimin tabin hankali, da kuma maganin nesa. &lt;ref name=&quot;2503290_2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Danilov |first=Igor Val |last2=Medne |first2=Dace |last3=Mihailova |first3=Sandra |date=3 July 2025 |title=Natural Neurostimulation for Chronic Pain Management: A Case Series of 3 Patients with Dysmenorrhea and Menstrual Migraine |journal=OBM Neurobiology |volume=09 |issue=3 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2503290 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan hanyar maganin likita tana amfani da fasahar sadarwa don samar da maganin hankali kawai   ko maganin jijiyoyi a nesa. &lt;ref name=&quot;2503290_2025&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Val Danilov et al_2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Danilov |first=Igor Val |last2=Medne |first2=Dace |last3=Mihailova |first3=Sandra |date=January 2025 |title=Modulating neuroplasticity with acoustic photonic intellectual neurostimulation (APIN): a case study on neurodegenerative disorder |journal=Brain Stimulation |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=561 |doi=10.1016/j.brs.2024.12.1005 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Mihailova et al_2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mihailova |first=Sandra |last2=Medne |first2=Dace |last3=Danilov |first3=Igor Val |date=January 2025 |title=Acoustic photonic intellectual neurostimulation (APIN) in dysmenorrhea management: a case study on an adolescent |journal=Brain Stimulation |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=510 |doi=10.1016/j.brs.2024.12.860 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Medne et al_2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Medne |first=Dace |last2=Danilov |first2=Igor Val |last3=Mihailova |first3=Sandra |date=January 2025 |title=The effect of acoustic and photonic intervention combined with mental load on chronic headaches: a case study |journal=Brain Stimulation |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=542–543 |doi=10.1016/j.brs.2024.12.955 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist|30em}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Commonscat|Therapies}}

* {{Wiktionary-inline|therapy}}
* [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7384 &quot;Chapter Nine of the Book of Medicine Dedicated to Mansur, with the Commentary of Sillanus de Nigris&quot;]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} is a Latin book by [[Muhammad dan Zakariya al-Razi|Rhazes]], from 1483, that is known for its ninth chapter, which is about therapeutics
{{Medicine}}{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Madieng Khary Dieng</title>
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      <text bytes="970" sha1="bh5msrn7crrze90fhjwu452yiqfzmze" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Madieng Khary Dieng''' (21 Nuwamba 1932 - 27 Nuwamban shekarata 2020) ɗan [[Senegal|siyasan Senegal]] ne. Ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar gurguzu . Ya zama ministan gwamnati sau da yawa a lokacin shugabancin Abdou Diouf . Dieng ya kasance Ministan Cikin Gida daga 1991 zuwa 1993. Ya kuma kasance Ambasada a [[Gambiya]] daga 1996 zuwa 1998

An haifi Dieng a Coki, [[Senegal]] . Ya mutu a ranar 27 Nuwamba Nuwamba 2020 a [[Rabat]], [[Moroko|Morocco]] yana da shekaru 88. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.pressafrik.com/Deces-de-l-ancien-ministre-de-l-Interieur-Madieng-Khary-Dieng_a224367.html Décès de l’ancien ministre de l’Intérieur Madieng Khary Dieng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125193547/https://www.pressafrik.com/Deces-de-l-ancien-ministre-de-l-Interieur-Madieng-Khary-Dieng_a224367.html |date=2021-01-25 }} {{In lang|fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Mutanen Senegal]]
[[Category:Mutanen Afirka]]
[[Category:Ƴan Siyasar Afrika]]</text>
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    <title>Madjid Albry</title>
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'''Madjid Albry''' (an haife shi a 23 ga watan Yulin 1990) ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ta ƙasar [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] wanda ke buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta VfL Pinneberg .

== Ayyuka ==
An haife shi a Belbege,  [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Niger]], Albry ya fara aikinsa na saurayi a kulob ɗin FC St. Pauli na Jamus kafin ya kulla yarjejeniya da SV Werder Bremen a ranar 1 ga Yulin shekarar 2007.  Ya fara zama na farko don Werder Bremen II a ranar 15 Satumban shekarata 2009 a cikin 3. La Liga da Kickers Offenbach . A ranar 21 ga Mayun shekarar 2010, an tabbatar da cewa ba za a sabunta kwantiragin nasa ba kuma yana iya barin ƙungiyar a ranar 30 ga Yunin shekarar 2010. 

A ranar 23 Janairun shekarata 2010, an sanar da cewa ya sanya hannu tare da FC Oberneuland . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.snoa.de/fussball/herren/regionalliga_nord/news/30688/Alle_Transfers_auf_einen_Blick.html |title=Alle Transfers auf einen Blick |access-date=2012-09-13 |archive-date=2021-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709191233/http://www.snoa.de/fussball/herren/regionalliga_nord/news/30688/Alle_Transfers_auf_einen_Blick.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Janairu 2011 ya shiga kungiyar Altona 93 . 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Ƴan Ƙwallon ƙafar Nijar]]
[[Category:Ƴan Wasa]]
[[Category:Mutanen Afirka]]
[[Category:Mutanen Nijar]]</text>
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    <title>Wikipedia:Sabbin editoci</title>
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      <text bytes="3017" sha1="j99ge569lmrwte3jxktydcncadj5nnj" xml:space="preserve">Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin.
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|Jumma'a, 19 ga Yuni 2026
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|[[User:Abdullahi Aduwa|Abdullahi Aduwa]]
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|Jumma'a, 19 ga Yuni 2026
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|Jumma'a, 19 ga Yuni 2026
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|[[User:𠥼迚 圕|𠥼迚 圕]]
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    <title>Kwasi Boachi</title>
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'''Kwasi Boachi''' (24 Afrilu 1827 - 9 Yuni 1904) Yariman Asanteman ne wanda mahaifinsa, Sarki [[Kwaku Dua I|Kwaku Dua Panin]] ya aika zuwa Netherlands tare da dan uwansa,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://face2faceafrica.com/article/this-ashanti-prince-became-the-first-black-engineer-in-the-world-in-the-1850s|title=This Ashanti prince became the first black engineer in the world in the 1850s|date=2019-10-14|website=Face2Face Africa|language=en|access-date=2020-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwame Poku, a cikin 1837, don samun ilimi a matsayin wani ɓangare na manyan shawarwari. tsakanin Ashanti da Dutch game da ɗaukar sojojin Ashanti don rundunar sojan Dutch East Indies.{{sfn|Van Kessel|2002}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://yen.com.gh/130092-ashanti-prince-kwasi-boakye-black-mining-engineer-world.html|title=Meet the Ashanti prince who was the first black Mining Engineer in the world|last=Crabbe|first=Nathaniel|date=2019-07-04|website=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news.|language=en|access-date=2020-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
[[File:Aquasie Boachi.jpg|thumb|Kwasi Boachi]]
Shi ɗan Kwaku Dua I ne wanda shine Sarki na takwas na Daular Asante.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; A zamanin cinikin bayi da bayan haka, mutane da yawa sun bar Afirka zuwa Amurka da Turai. Ya kasance cikin mutanen da suka bar bakin tekun Afirka don yin karatu, yayin da aka tilasta wasu fita daga nahiyar. Akwai yarjejeniyar da aka kulla tsakanin Kwaku Dua I da Sarki William I, cewa Kwasi Boakye zai dawo tare da dan uwansa, Kwame Poku bayan sun gama karatunsu. Kwame Poku ya koma Tekun Zinariya na Dutch kamar yadda aka tsara, Boachi ya zauna a Netherlands. An horar da shi a matsayin injiniyan ma'adinai a Delft Royal Academy, daga inda ya kammala karatunsa a 1847.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Aiki ==
A watan Yuli 1847, Boachi ya yi laccoci a Freiberg Mining Academy (Technische Universitat Bergakademie) a Jamus. A lokacin karatunsa ya zauna tare da Caroline Geudtner a Petersstrasse.

An aika da Boachi zuwa Dutch East Indies a cikin 1850, inda ya sami kansa yana nuna wariya ta hanyar babbansa, Cornelius de Groot van Embden, wanda ya karɓi diyya ta kuɗi a cikin 1857.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thepostghana.com/meet-kwasi-boakye-otumfuo-kwaku-duas-son-who-was-sent-to-the-netherlands-to-study-but-never-returned/|title=Meet Kwasi Boakye, Otumfuo Kwaku Dua's son who was sent to the Netherlands to study but never returned|date=2019-05-19|website=THE POST|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-15|archive-date=2023-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604101131/https://thepostghana.com/meet-kwasi-boakye-otumfuo-kwaku-duas-son-who-was-sent-to-the-netherlands-to-study-but-never-returned/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zama memba kuma wakili ga Dutch East Indies kuma a cikin 1871.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; A matsayin wani ɓangare na diyya, an ba shi wani yanki a Bantar Peteh, kudu da Buitenzorg. Boachi ya mutu a wannan gida a cikin 1904.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.afrinik.com/kwasi-boakye-ghanaian-prince-worlds-first-black-mining-engineer/|title=Kwasi Boakye, the Ghanaian prince and world's first black mining engineer|date=2019-07-07|website=Afrinik|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Jama'a wanda daga baya aka canza shi zuwa Ƙungiyar Injiniya Delft.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Gada ==
[[File:Daguerrotype of Aquasie boachie.jpg|thumb|Kwasi Boachi]]
Marubuci dan kasar Holland Arthur Japin ya rubuta wani labari na almara na tarihi wanda ya dogara da rayuwar 'yan uwan ​​Boachi, [[The Two Hearts of Kwasi Boachi|Zukatan Biyu na Kwasi Boachi]], wanda aka saki a 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; An nada shi memba na girmamawa a cikin 1893.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==

=== Bayanan ƙasa ===
&lt;references /&gt;
=== Littafin tarihin ===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite web|title=Twee Ashanti-prinsen|url=https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/beleven/nieuws/twee-ashanti-prinsen|series=Beleven|language=nl|publisher=[[Nationaal Archief]]|date=2018-08-02|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829180627/https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/beleven/nieuws/twee-ashanti-prinsen|archive-date=2019-08-29|access-date=2019-08-29|df=dmy-all|ref={{sfnref|NA|2018}}}}
*{{cite book|last=Blakely|first=A.|date=1993|title=Blacks in the Dutch World: The Evolution of Racial Imagery in a Modern Society|location=Bloomington|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|isbn=9780253311917}}
*{{cite journal|last=Boachi|first=K.|date=1855|title=Onderzoek naar de kolen, gevonden langs het strand der Meeuwenbaai|url=https://archive.org/stream/natuurkundigtijd09koni#page/48/mode/2up|journal=Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië|language=nl|volume=9|pages=49–52|oclc=7830420}}
*{{cite journal|last=Boachi|first=K.|date=1856a|title=Onderzoek naar het aanwezen van steenkolen in het terrein aan Tjiletoekbaai|url=https://archive.org/stream/natuurkundigtijd11koni#page/460/mode/2up|journal=Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië|language=nl|volume=11|pages=461–464|oclc=7830420}}
*{{cite journal|last=Boachi|first=K.|date=1856b|title=Mededeelingen over de Chinezen op het eiland Java|journal=[[Bijdr. Taal- Land- Volkenkd.]]|language=nl|volume=4|issue=4|pages=278–301|doi=10.1163/22134379-90001138|jstor=25733740|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|last=Ramaer|first=J. C.|date=1927|title=Boachi, Aquasi|url=https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/molh003nieu07_01/molh003nieu07_01_0258.php|encyclopedia=[[Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek]]|lang=nl|volume=7|location=Leiden|publisher=Sijthoff|pages=144–148|oclc=309920700}}
*{{cite book|last=Van Kessel|first=I.|date=2002|chapter=Black Dutchmen|chapter-url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/15592620.pdf|title=Merchants, missionaries &amp; migrants|location=Amsterdam|publisher=KIT|oclc=773518672|pages=133–149|access-date=2021-08-22|archive-date=2020-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802224749/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/15592620.pdf|url-status=dead}}
{{refend}}</text>
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'''Kwasi Amoako-Attah'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-02-16|title=Nana Addo’s government undertook over 50 road projects in first term – Amoako-Attah|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2021/02/nana-addos-government-undertook-over-50-road-projects-in-first-term-amoako-attah/|access-date=2021-02-16|website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; (an haife shi 5 ga Agusta 1951) lauya ne ɗan ƙasar Ghana, mashawarcin gudanarwa kuma ɗan siyasa. Shi ne dan majalisar wakilai na mazabar Atiwa ta Yamma a yankin Gabashin Ghana. Shi memba ne na Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Patriotic Party kuma, har zuwa 2017. A yanzu shi ne Ministan Hanyoyi da Hanyoyi na Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Contractors who do shoddy work to pay more for maintenance - Roads Minister warns - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/contractors-who-do-shoddy-work-to-pay-more-for-maintenance-roads-minister-warns/|access-date=2021-05-20|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Kwesi Amoako Atta a ranar 5 ga Agustan shekarar 1951 a Akyem-Awenare a Yankin Gabashin Ghana. Ya halarci Kwalejin Jihar Abuakwa inda ya karɓi takardar shedar GCE Ordinary Level sannan ya ci gaba da zuwa Babban Makarantar Tarkwa don takardar shaidar sa ta GCE Advanced Level.&lt;ref name=&quot;ode&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.odekro.org/person/kwasi-amoako-attah/|title=Kwasi Amoako Attah|publisher=Odekro|accessdate=22 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728124723/http://www.odekro.org/person/kwasi-amoako-attah/|archive-date=2017-07-28|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tar&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=62|title=Hon. Kwasi Amoako-Attah|publisher=Parliament of Ghana|accessdate=22 July 2017|archive-date=25 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425090334/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=62|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Kimiyyar Gudanarwa daga Jami'ar Ghana, Legon. Daga nan ya zarce zuwa Makarantar Shari'a ta Ghana, Makola sannan aka kira shi zuwa Bar na Ghana a 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;asyy&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5522|title=Amoako-Attah, Kwasi|publisher=GhanaMPs|accessdate=22 July 2017|archive-date=29 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929223050/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5522|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sami Babbar Jagora ta Harkokin Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;mps&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=74|title=Full MP Detalis|publisher=Ghana MPS|accessdate=22 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar aiki ==
Bayan kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Ghana, Atta ya yi aiki daga shekarar 1979 zuwa 1985 a yanzu Hukumar da ke sayar da Nama a matsayin manajan yanki. Daga nan ya shiga Unilever Ghana, inda aka fara sanya shi manajan kamfani sannan ya zama shugaban dabaru da talla.&lt;ref name=&quot;gog&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/ministers/3425-kwasi-amoako-atta-roads-and-highways|title=Governance Kwasi Amoako-Atta – Roads and Highways|publisher=Government of Ghana|accessdate=22 July 2017|archive-date=25 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725123011/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/ministers/3425-kwasi-amoako-atta-roads-and-highways|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da aka kira shi zuwa mashayar Ghana, ya shiga sashen shari'a, inda ya hau matsayin mai ba da shawara kan shari'a na rukunin Vlisco Ghana Group.&lt;ref name=&quot;gog&quot; /&gt; Ya bar kamfanin a shekarar 2010 don neman sana'ar siyasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;tar&quot; /&gt;

== Rayuwar siyasa ==
Atta ya shiga fagen siyasar Ghana a shekarar 2010 lokacin da yayi takarar kujerar Atiwa ta yamma. Sauran 'yan takara uku, wato Emmanuel Atta Twum na National Democratic Congress, George Padmore Apreku na New Vision Party, da Kasum Abdul-Karim na Babban Taron Jama'a suma sun fafata a zaben cike gurbin Atiwa da aka gudanar a ranar 31 ga Agusta 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;swear&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ghananewsagency.org/politics/amoako-atta-sworn-in-as-mp-for-new-atiwa--21542|title=Amoako Atta sworn in as MP for new Atiwa|publisher=Ghana News Agency|date=19 October 2010|accessdate=22 July 2017|archive-date=17 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817081032/http://ghananewsagency.org/politics/amoako-atta-sworn-in-as-mp-for-new-atiwa--21542|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Atta ya lashe zaben ta hanyar samun kuri'u 20,282 daga cikin kuri'u 27,540, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 75.0 na jimillar kuri'u masu inganci.&lt;ref name=&quot;dasfas&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=189487|title=Atiwa MP is dead|publisher=Ghanaweb|date=1 July 2010|accessdate=22 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Joyce Bamford-Addo ta rantsar da shi a [[Majalisar Ghana|majalisar dokokin Ghana]] a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;swear&quot; /&gt; Ya ci gaba da lashe zabukan mazabar Atiwa guda biyu da suka biyo baya a zaben 'yan majalisu na 2012 da na majalisar wakilai na 2016.

== Ministan hanyoyi da manyan hanyoyi ==
A watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, Shugaba Nana Akuffo-Addo ya zabi Atta a matsayin ministan hanyoyi da manyan hanyoyi a Ghana. An dora wa Atta aikin inganta hanyoyin birane da masu ciyarwa a cikin ƙasar, musamman waɗanda ke cikin bel ɗin aikin gona na Ghana. Hakan zai inganta samar da abinci a kasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;riad&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/748870/full-list-of-ministers-designate.html|title=Full List of Ministers Designate|publisher=Modern Ghana|date=12 January 2017|accessdate=22 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Binciken majalisar ===
Kwamitin nade -nade na majalisar ya gana da Atta a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairun 2017 inda suka tantance shi kan hangen nesan sa na ma'aikatar. Ya gaya wa kwamitin hangen nesan sa na sarrafa duk wuraren da ake biyan haraji a kasar. Ya bayyana cewa kafin aiwatar da aikin sarrafa kansa, shi da kansa zai sa ido kan daukar nakasassu a matsayin masu karbar kudin haraji a wurare daban -daban na kudin shiga a fadin kasar nan. Wannan manufar za ta tabbatar da cewa kashi hamsin cikin dari na duk masu tara kuɗin za su zama nakasassu.&lt;ref name=&quot;moysh&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2017/February-1st/50-of-toll-booth-staff-to-be-persons-with-disability-roads-minister-designate.php|title=50% of toll booth staff to be persons with disability – Roads Minister-designate|publisher=My Joy Online|date=2 February 2017|accessdate=22 July 2017|archive-date=24 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724131707/http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2017/February-1st/50-of-toll-booth-staff-to-be-persons-with-disability-roads-minister-designate.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Atta, wannan zai rage nauyin tattalin arzikin kasar ga kula da mutanen da ke da nakasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;pwd&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/politics/Kwesi-Amoako-Atta-appears-before-Appointments-Committee-Highlights-506398|title=Kwesi Amoako-Atta appears before Appointments Committee – Highlights|publisher=Ghana Web|date=2 February 2017|accessdate=22 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akuffo-Addo ya rantsar da dukkan ministocin da majalisar ta amince da su a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghwebswear&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/President-swears-in-last-batch-of-sector-ministers-509140|title=President swears in last batch of sector ministers|publisher=Ghana WEB|date=11 February 2017|accessdate=20 July 2017|archive-date=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807193826/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/President-swears-in-last-batch-of-sector-ministers-509140|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Atta yana cikin wasu ministoci goma da suka karbi takardun ministocin su don fara aiki a ma'aikatun su daban-daban.&lt;ref name=&quot;joyswear2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2017/February-10th/akufo-addo-swears-in-final-batch-of-ministerial-nominees.php|title=Akufo-Addo swears in final batch of Ministerial nominees|publisher=My Joy Online|date=10 February 2017|accessdate=20 July 2017|archive-date=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807232637/http://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2017/February-10th/akufo-addo-swears-in-final-batch-of-ministerial-nominees.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan minista ===
A watan Yulin shekarar 2017 ya ƙaddamar da Shirin Toll Initiative na Mutane da nakasa. Rukunin farko na mutane nakasassu 80 sun kammala shirin horaswa kuma an raba musu rumfunan karbar haraji da za su yi aiki a ciki.&lt;ref name=&quot;tollb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://citifmonline.com/2017/07/05/toll-booth-job-for-pwds-govt-kicks-off-with-80-people/|title=Toll booth job for PWDs; gov't kicks off with 80 people|publisher=Citifmonline|date=5 July 2017|accessdate=22 July 2017|archive-date=19 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419214230/https://citifmonline.com/2017/07/05/toll-booth-job-for-pwds-govt-kicks-off-with-80-people/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Atta ya sake nanata cewa jimillar nakasassu 200 za a dauki aikin a karkashin shirin.&lt;ref name=&quot;tollb&quot; /&gt; A halin yanzu shi ne Ministan hanyoyi da manyan hanyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Roads being fixed since 2017 — Minister|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/roads-being-fixed-since-2017-minister.html?fbclid=IwAR3tjnIqI1j-slKieMLz2A2CPCkar3YcuAlV4C6yEJlI2qe-SAWvK1cMqZQ|access-date=2021-05-17|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar mutum ==
Atta ya yi aure yana da yara huɗu. Shi memba ne na Cocin Presbyterian na Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;asyy&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ha</title>
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'''Ha na''' iya nufin to:

== Hukumomi da kungiyoyi ==

* Hukumar lafiya
* Hells Angels, kungiyar babur
* Rashin Gida Australia, kungiya mafi kankanta don mutane marasa gida da ayyuka
* 'Yan luwadi Ba a san su ba, shirin tsohon Dan luwadi ne don ma'amala da abubuwan da ba aso
* Hukumomin Gidajen Hong Kong

== Zane Zane, Nishadi, Da kafofin Watsa Labarai ==

* &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwFw&quot;&gt;Ha&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (Doseone album), 2005
* &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwGg&quot;&gt;Ha&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (Talvin Singh album), 2002
* &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwHQ&quot;&gt;Ha!&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (Kill Joke album), 1982
* &quot;Ha&quot; (waƙa), ta Juvenile
* Ha! (Tashar TV), tashar talabijin ta Amurka mai ban dariya
* ''kamar Arbeiderblad'', jaridar Norway
* ''Human Action'', littafi ne daga masanin tattalin arzikin Austriya Ludwig von Mises
* Kamfanin Jim Henson, wanda aka fi sani da ha!

== Harsuna da haruffa ==

* Ha (Javanese) (ꦲ), wasika a cikin Harshen Javanese
* Ha (kana), a cikin rubutun Jafananci na syllabic
* &lt;big&gt;ه&lt;/big&gt; ( hāʾ ), &lt;big&gt;ح&lt;/big&gt; ( ḥāʾ ), ko &lt;big&gt;خ&lt;/big&gt; ( ḫāʾ ), haruffan Larabci
* Harshen Ha, harshen mutanen Ha a gabashin Afirka
* [[Harshen Hausa|Yaren Hausa]], lambar ISO 639-1 HA

== Wurare ==

* Ha, Bhutan
* Ha, Norway
* Ha Gorge, Girka
* Yankin lambar HA, kungiyar gundumomin gidan waya na Ingilishi a arewa maso yammacin birnin London
* Henan, lardin China (Guobiao taƙaice HA)

== Kimiyya Da Fasaha ==

=== Kimiyya ===

* Hahnium, wani kashi yanzu ake kira Dubnium
* Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic acid), tsarin carbohydrate
* Hydroxylapatite, ma'adinai

=== Magani ===

* Hyperandrogenic anovulation, wanda kuma ake kira polycystic ovary syndrome
* Damuwa da lafiya (HA) ko hypochondriasis (hypochondria)
* Hemagglutinin (mura) (HA), glycoprotein antigenic daga ƙwayoyin cutar mura
* Gwajin Hemagglutination, auna ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta

=== Sauran Amfani A kimiyya Da Fasaha ===

* ha (prefix aiki) (rabi), prefix don wasu ayyukan trigonometric a lissafi
* Hartree, atomic unit na makamashi
* Hekta (ha), yanki na yanki
* Hectoampere, naúrar wutar lantarki
* Babban samuwa, kirar tsarin da aiwatarwa tare da ra'ayi don haɓaka sabis
* Kwancen sa’a, a cikin ilmin taurari, daya daga cikin masu daidaita tsarin daidaita daidaiton daidaitawa
* H &lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;, ko madadin hasashe, a cikin gwajin kididdiga

== Sunayen sunaye ==

* Ha (sunan mahaifi na kasar Sin) ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]]), wanda aka samo a cikin ''Sunayen Sunaye Dari''
* Ha (sunan mahaifi na Koriya) ( [[wiktionary:하|하]], 河 ko 夏)
* Sunan Hà, Vietnamese
* Samun Hạ asalin sunan farko
* Xia (sunan mahaifi) ([[wiktionary:夏|夏]]), wanda aka yiwa romanized kamar Ha in Cantonese, Korean and Vietnamese pronunciation

== Sufuri ==

* British Rail Class 71, locomotive (nau'in nau'in HA a ƙarƙashin shirin pre-TOPS na Yankin Kudancin)
* Kamfanin jirgin saman Hawaiian (mai tsara IATA HA)
* Hukumar Babbar Hanya, ko (HA), tsohon sunan Highways England, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Ingila

== Sauran Amfani ==

* Ha (mythology)
* Ha, Daya daga cikin alloli Heng da Ha
* Ha Mutane, Mutanen Tanzaniya
* Appantice Hospitalman, Daraktan Sojojin Ruwa Na Amurka

== Duba kuma ==

* Hai (disambiguation)
* Haha (rashin fahimta)
* Yana da (disambiguation).</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Oxford Gardens</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347144892|Oxford Gardens]]&quot;</comment>
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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above summary&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;&quot; |Gidajen Oxford
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Oxford_Gardens_poster.png|frameless]]&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt;Hoton wasan kwaikwayo&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |An ba da umarni daga
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Obi Emelonye]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |Shirin da aka yi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Obi Emelonye
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |Labari daga
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* Emil Garuba
* Brenda Ogbuka
* Echebu Garuba
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |An samar da shi ta hanyar
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Obi Emelonye
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |Fitowa
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* [[Ngo Okafor|Ngoli Okafor]]
* Ngozi Thompson Igwebike
* Savanah Roy
* Nnenna Ani
* D'Richy Obi-Emelonye
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |Hotuna
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Keidrych Wasly
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |An shirya shi ta hanyar
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Ben Nugent
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Kamfanin samarwa&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;vertical-align: middle;&quot;&gt;M-Net&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;&quot;&gt;Ranar fitarwa&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist film-date&quot;&gt;
* 18 Disamba 2015 &lt;span style=&quot;display: none;&quot;&gt; (&lt;span class=&quot;bday dtstart published updated itvstart&quot;&gt;2015-12-18&lt;/span&gt;)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt; (Nijeriya) &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |Kasar
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Najeriya
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |Harshe
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Turanci
|}
An harbe shi a [[Landan]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da kuma [[Najeriya]] an fara shine a ranar 18 ga  watan Disamba 2015, an saki lambunan Oxford a matsayin aikin hadin gwiwa tsakanin Obi Emelonye da M-Net ta hanyar fina-finai na asali yan Afirka. Fim ne mai taken dambe wanda ke da alaƙa da sa'a, soyayya da ceto

* [[Ngo Okafor|Ngoli Okafor]]
* Ngozi Thompson Igwebike
* Savanah Roy
* Nnenna Ani a matsayin PC Ogon
* D'Richy Obi-Emelonye
* Benjamin Green a matsayin Michael Frost
* Gimbiya Abiye a matsayin Mrs. Onohia</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Haƙƙoƙin Mata</title>
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[[File:International_Day_for_Women_in_Maritime_2024_at_International_Maritime_Organization_(IMO)_Symposium_on_17_May_2024_-_9.jpg  |thumb|Ranar Mata ta Duniya a Maritime 2024 a International Maritime Organisation (IMO) Taro a ranar 17 ga Mayu 2024 ]] 
[[File:Demonstration_for_women%27s_rights_in_Piazza_del_Popolo,_Rome_Italy.jpg  |thumb|Zanga-zangar kare hakkin mata a Piazza del Popolo, Rome Italiya. ]] 
[[File:Annie_Kenney_and_Christabel_Pankhurst.jpg|thumb| Annie Kenney da Christabel Pankhurst suna yakin neman zaben mata ]]
'''Haƙƙin Mata'''

[[Haƙƙoƙi|Haƙƙoƙin mata]] da suke dashi a cikin al'umma da kuma 'yan mata a dukannin duniya. Sun kafa ginshiƙin yunƙurin ƴancin mata a ƙarni na sha-tara (19) da ƙungiyoyin mata a ƙarni na ashirin (20) da kuma na ashirin da ɗaya (21). A wasu ƙasashe, waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ana kafa su ne ko kuma suna goyon bayan doka, al'adar gida, da ɗabi'a yayin da kuma a wasu ake watsi da su kuma ana danne su. Sun bambanta da manyan ra'ayoyi game da [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|haƙƙin ɗan adam]] ta hanyar iƙirarin nuna ƙyama na tarihi dana al'ada game da aiwatar da haƙƙin mata da ƴan mata, don goyon bayan maza da mata. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hosken&quot;&gt;Hosken, Fran P., 'Towards a Definition of Women's Rights' in ''Human Rights Quarterly'', Vol. 3, No. 2. (May 1981), pp. 1–10.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;UN Women. (2021). ''Women’s rights are human rights''. United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2014/6/women-s-rights-are-human-rights&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;UN Women. ''Women’s Rights Are Human Rights''. United Nations, 2021, &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2014/6/women-s-rights-are-human-rights&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Batutuwa fiye haɗe da ra'ayi na mata hakkin sun haɗa da 'yancin jiki, mutunci da ƴancin kai, ya zama free daga jima'i cin zarafi, zuwa zaɓe, ya riƙe jama'a ofishin, shiga cikin shari'a kwangila, don samun dai dai ƴancin a cikin dokar iyali, aiki, ko [[Daidaiton Albashi Don Aikin Dai-Dai|daidaiton albashi]], samun haƙƙin haifuwa, [[Hakkin Mallakar Ƙasa|mallakar dukiya]], da ilimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;quarterly2&quot;&gt;Lockwood, Bert B. (ed.), ''Women's Rights: A &quot;Human Rights Quarterly&quot; Reader'' (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), {{ISBN|978-0-8018-8374-3}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Human Rights Watch. (2020). ''World Report 2020: Women’s Rights''. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Tsohon tarihi ===

==== Mesopotamiya ====
[[File:Disk_of_Enheduanna_(2).jpg|right|thumb| Hoton bas-relief na tsohuwar Sumerian da ke nuna mawaƙin Enheduanna]]
Mata a zamanin Sumer za su iya saya, mallaka, sayarwa, da gadon dukiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kramer19632&quot;&gt;{{citation|last1=Kramer|first1=Samuel Noah|title=The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character|year=1963|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago, Illinois|isbn=978-0-226-45238-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/sumerianstheirhi00samu/page/78 78]|url=https://archive.org/details/sumerianstheirhi00samu/page/78}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna iya shiga cikin kasuwanci&lt;ref name=&quot;Kramer19632&quot; /&gt; kuma subayar da shaida a kotu a matsayin shaidu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kramer19632&quot; /&gt; Duk da haka, mazajensu za [[Saki|su iya sake]] su don rashin kuskure,&lt;ref name=&quot;Kramer19632&quot; /&gt; kuma mijin da ya sake aure zai iya sake auren wata mace cikin sauƙi, muddin matarsa ta farko ba ta haifa masa zuriya ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kramer19632&quot; /&gt; Abubuwan bautar mata, irin su Inanna, sun kasance suna bauta wa ko'ina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nemet19982&quot;&gt;{{citation|last=Nemet-Nejat|first=Karen Rhea|author-link=Karen Rhea Nemet-Nejat|year=1998|title=Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia|publisher=Greenwood|series=Daily Life|isbn=978-0313294976|url=https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie00neme}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|182}}Mawaƙin Akkadian Enheduanna, firist ɗin Inanna kuma 'yar Sargon, ita ce fitacciyar mawaƙi wanda aka rubuta sunansa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Binkley|first=Roberta|date=2004|title=Rhetoric before and beyond the Greeks|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=9780791460993|page=47|chapter=Reading the Ancient Figure of Enheduanna}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsohuwar dokokin Babila sun yarda miji ya saki matarsa a kowane hali,&lt;ref name=&quot;Nemet19982&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|140}}amma yin hakan yana bukatar ya mayar mata da dukiyoyinta, wani lokacin kuma ya biya ta tara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nemet19982&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|140}}Yawancin dokoki sun hana mace ta nemi mijinta ya sake ta kuma sun tilasta wa macen da ta nemi saki kamar yadda aka kama ta tana zina .&lt;ref name=&quot;Nemet19982&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|140}}Wasu dokokin Babila da na Assuriya, sun ba wa mata ’yancin kashe aure da maza, kuma suna bukatar su biya tarar daidai gwargwado. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nemet19982&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|140}}Yawancin alloli na Gabas Semitic maza ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nemet19982&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|179}}

==== Masar ====
[[File:Hatshepsut.jpg|left|thumb| Mutum-mutumin fir'auna Hatshepsut na mace da aka nuno a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan]]
A zamanin da Misira, mata suna jin daɗin haƙƙoƙi ɗaya a ƙarƙashin doka kamar na namiji, duk da haka haƙƙin haƙƙin ya dogara da tsarin zamantakewa . Dukiyoyin ƙasa sun gangaro ne a cikin layin mata daga uwa zuwa diya, kuma mata suna da damar gudanar da nasu dukiyar. Mata a Misira ta d  a za su iya saya, sayarwa, zama abokin tarayya a kwangilar doka, zama masu zartarwa a cikin wasiyya da shaida ga takardun shari'a, kawo ƙarar kotu, da kuma renon yara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Joshua J. Mark|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/623/|title=Women in Ancient Egypt|publisher=[[World History Encyclopedia]]|date=4 November 2016|access-date=26 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Indiya ====
Mata a lokacin farkon zamanin Vedic &lt;ref name=&quot;infochange_women2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Madhok|first=Sujata|title=Women: Background &amp; Perspective|url=http://www.infochangeindia.org/WomenIbp.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724121920/http://www.infochangeindia.org/WomenIbp.jsp|work=InfoChange India|archive-date=24 July 2008|access-date=24 December 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; jin daɗin matsayi daidai da maza a kowa ne fanni na rayuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;vedam_towards_gender2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Mishra|first=R. C.|title=Women in India: towards gender equality|publisher=Authorspress|location=New Delhi|year=2006|isbn=9788172733063}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20101029125524/https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43902.htm Details.]&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyuka na tsohuwar nahawu na [[Indiya]] irin su Patanjali da Katyayana sun nuna cewa mata sun sami ilimi a farkon zamanin Vedic. &lt;ref&gt;''Varttika'' by [[Katyayana]], 125, 2477&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Comments to Ashtadhyayi 3.3.21 and 4.1.14 by [[Patanjali]]&lt;/ref&gt; Ayoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun nuna cewa mata sun yi aure tun balagagge kuma suna da ƴancin zabar mazajen nasu a wata al'ada da ake kira swayamvar ko kuma dangantaka ta rayuwa mai suna Gandharva aure .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Majumdar|editor-first2=A.D.|oclc=500545168|location=Bombay|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|page=394|title=The history and culture of the Indian people, volume I, the Vedic age|editor-link1=R. C. Majumdar|editor-last2=Pusalker|first1=R.C.|editor-first1=R.C.|editor-last1=Majumdar|contribution=Chapter XX: Language and literature|year=1951|author-link1=R. C. Majumdar|first2=A.D.|last2=Pusalker|title-link=The History and Culture of the Indian People}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Girka ====
&lt;div class=&quot;thumb tmulti tright&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner&quot; style=&quot;width:292px;max-width:292px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;trow&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tsingle&quot; style=&quot;width:174px;max-width:174px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; style=&quot;height:167px;overflow:hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tsingle&quot; style=&quot;width:114px;max-width:114px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; style=&quot;height:167px;overflow:hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;trow&quot; style=&quot;display:flex&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt; Ana tsammanin matan [[Athens]] masu daraja su sa kansu cikin ayyukan gida kamar wanke tufafi (hagu); a gaskiya, da yawa sun yi aiki (dama).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
[[Category:Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images]]
Ko da yake yawancin mata ba su da ƴancin siyasa da dai-daita a cikin biranen ƙasar Girka ta dā, sun sami ƴancin yin motsi har zuwa zamanin Archaic . &lt;ref name=&quot;:102&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Women of Ancient Greece|url=https://archive.org/details/worldhistoryseri00donn_0|url-access=registration|last=Nardo|first=Don|publisher=Lucent Books|year=2000|location=San Diego|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldhistoryseri00donn_0/page/28 28]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, bayanan sun kasance na mata a zamanin d Delphi, Gortyn, Thessaly, Megara, da Sparta mallakar ƙasar, mafi girman nau'i na dukiya mai zaman kansa a lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Gerhard|first=Ute|title=Debating women's equality: toward a feminist theory of law from a European perspective|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=2001|page=33|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMohyLfGDDsC&amp;q=women+right+to+property|isbn=978-0-8135-2905-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, bayan zamanin Archaic, 'yan majalisa sun fara kafa dokoki masu tilasta wariyar jinsi, wanda ya haifar da raguwar haƙƙin mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Mata a Athens na gargajiya ba su da mutuniyar doka kuma an ɗauka su zama wani ɓangare na ''oikos'' ''wanda kyrios'' namiji ke jagoranta. Har zuwa aure, mata suna ƙarƙashin kulawar mahaifinsu ko wani ɗan'uwan namiji. Da zarar ya yi aure, mijin ya zama ''kyrios'' mace . Kamar yadda aka hana mata gudanar da shari'a, ''kyrios'' za su yi hakan a madadinsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;google1142&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Blundell|first=Sue|title=Women in ancient Greece, Volume 1995, Part 2|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1995|page=114|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xfx1VaSIOgQC&amp;q=women+ancient+greece|isbn=978-0-674-95473-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matan Atinewa ba za su iya samun haƙƙoƙin dukiya ba ta hanyar kyauta, sadaki, da gado, kodayake ''kyrios ɗinta'' na da hakkin zubar da dukiyar mace.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Blundell|first=Sue|title=Women in ancient Greece, Volume 1995, Part 2|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1995|page=115|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xfx1VaSIOgQC&amp;q=women+ancient+greece|isbn=978-0-674-95473-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matan Atinewa kawai za su iya shiga kwangilar da bai kai darajar “ ''ma’auni'' na sha’ir” (ma’auni na hatsi), ba da damar mata su shiga ƙananan ciniki. &lt;ref name=&quot;google1142&quot; /&gt; An cire mata daga tsohuwar dimokaraɗiyya ta Athens, a bisa manufa da kuma a aikace. Bayi za su iya zama ƴan ƙasar Atina bayan an 'yanta su, amma babu wata mace da ta taɓa samun zama ɗan ƙasa a tsohuwar Athens.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Robinson|first=Eric W.|title=Ancient Greek democracy: readings and sources|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2004|page=302|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jug6crxEImIC&amp;q=Aristophanes+ecclesiazusae+women%27s+rights|isbn=978-0-631-23394-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Athens na gargajiya kuma an hana mata zama mawaƙa, masana, 'yan siyasa, ko masu fasaha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://digitalcommons.apus.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030&amp;context=saberandscroll|title=Social and Political Roles of Women in Athens and Sparta|last=Pry|first=Kay O|year=2012|journal=Sabre and Scroll|volume=1|issue=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513082146/http://digitalcommons.apus.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030&amp;context=saberandscroll|archive-date=13 May 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin Hellenistic a Athens, masanin falsafa Aristotle yana tunanin cewa mata za su kawo rikici da mugunta, don haka yana da kyau a ware mata daga sauran al'umma. Wannan rabuwa zai ƙunshi zama a cikin daki da ake kira ''gynaikeion'', yayin da yake kula da ayyuka a cikin gida kuma yana da ɗan ƙaramin haske tare da duniyar namiji. Hakan kuma ya kasance don tabbatar da cewa mata sun sami halaltattun ‘ya’ya daga mazajensu. Matan Atinewa ba su sami ilimi kaɗan ba, in ban da koyar da gida don ƙwarewa na yau da kullun kamar su dunƙule, saƙa, girki, da wasu ilimin kuɗi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

Ko da yake an cire matan Spartan a hukumance daga aikin soja da na siyasa, sun sami babban matsayi na uwayen jaruman Spartan. Yayin da maza ke yin aikin soja, mata sun ɗauki nauyin tafiyar da gidaje. Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe da aka daɗe a ƙarni na huɗu&amp;nbsp;BC, matan Spartan sun mallaki kusan kashi 35% zuwa 40% na duk filaye da kadarori na Spartan. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pomeroy&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Tierney|first=Helen|title=Women's studies encyclopaedia, Volume 2|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=1999|pages=609–10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2bDxJW3x4f8C&amp;q=spartan+women|isbn=978-0-313-31072-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin Hellenistic, wasu daga cikin mafi arziƙin Spartans mata ne. &lt;ref&gt;Pomeroy, Sarah B. ''Spartan Women''. Oxford University Press, 2002. p. 137 &lt;/ref&gt; Matan Spartan sun mallaki dukiyoyin nasu, da kuma dukiyoyin dangin maza da ba su da sojoji. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pomeroy&quot;&gt;Pomeroy, Sarah B. ''Goddess, Whores, Wives, and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity''. New York: Schocken Books, 1975. pp. 60–62.&lt;/ref&gt; 'Yan mata, da maza, sun sami ilimi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pomeroy&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Pomeroy|2002}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amma duk da ƴancin yancin motsi ga matan Spartan, rawar da suke takawa a fagen siyasa iri ɗaya ce da matan Athenia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;/&gt;

[[Plato|Plato ya]] yarda cewa ba wa mata yancin farar hula da na siyasa zai canza yanayin gida da na jihar sosai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Robinson|first=Eric W.|title=Ancient Greek democracy: readings and sources|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2004|page=300|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jug6crxEImIC&amp;q=Aristophanes+ecclesiazusae+women%27s+rights|isbn=978-0-631-23394-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aristotle, wanda Plato ya koyar, ya musanta cewa mata bayi ne ko kuma suna ƙarƙashin dukiya, yana mai cewa &quot;dabi'a ta bambanta tsakanin mace da bawa&quot;, amma ya ɗauki mata a matsayin &quot;sayi&quot;. Ya kara da cewa babban abin da mata ke yi a fannin tattalin arziki shi ne na kiyaye dukiyoyin gida da maza suka kirkira. A cewar Aristotle, aikin da mata ke yi bai ƙara wani amfani ba saboda &quot;fasahar sarrafa gida ba ta kama da fasahar samun arziki ba, domin ɗayan yana amfani da kayan da ɗayan ke bayarwa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Gerhard|first=Ute|title=Debating women's equality: toward a feminist theory of law from a European perspective|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=2001|pages=32–35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMohyLfGDDsC&amp;q=women+right+to+property|isbn=978-0-8135-2905-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sabanin ra'ayin Plato, masana falsafa na Stoic sunyi jayayya akan dai-daiton jinsi, rashin daidaiton jima'i yana cikin ra'ayinsu ya saba wa dokokin yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Colish2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Stoic Tradition from Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages: Stoicism in classical Latin literature|last=Colish|first=Marcia L.|year=1990|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-09327-0|pages=37–38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WY-2MeZqoK0C&amp;q=stoics%2Bslavery&amp;pg=PA36}}&lt;/ref&gt; A yin haka, sun bi ’yan Cynics, waɗanda suka yi jayayya cewa maza da mata su sanya tufafi iri ɗaya kuma su sami ilimi iri ɗaya. Har ila yau, suna ganin aure a matsayin abokantaka na ɗabi'a a tsakanin daidaikun mutane maimakon larura ta halitta ko zamantakewa kuma suna aiwatar da waɗannan ra'ayoyin a rayuwarsu da kuma koyarwarsu. Stoics sun karɓi ra'ayoyin Cynics kuma sun ƙara su cikin ra'ayoyinsu na dabi'ar ɗan adam, don haka sanya daidaiton jima'i akan tushen falsafanci mai ƙarfi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Colish2&quot; /&gt;

==== Roma ====
[[File:Pompeii_-_Fullonica_of_Veranius_Hypsaeus_2_-_MAN.jpg|right|thumb| Mata da ke aiki tare da wani mutum a wani kantin rini ( ''fullonica'' ), a kan wani zanen bango daga Pompeii]]
Dokokin Romawa, kwatankwacin dokar Atheniya, maza ne suka ƙirƙira su don goyon bayan maza.&lt;ref name=&quot;:042&quot;/&gt; Mata ba su da muryar jama'a kuma ba su da wani matsayi na jama'a, wanda ya inganta bayan karni na farko zuwa karni na 6 KZ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[[A. N. Sherwin-White]], ''Roman Citizenship'' (Oxford University Press, 1979), pp. 211, 268; Bruce W. Frier and Thomas A.J. McGinn, ''A Casebook on Roman Family Law'' (Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 31–32, 457, ''et passim''.&lt;/ref&gt; Matan da aka [[Romawa na Da|haifa a Roma ta dā]] ƴan ƙasa ne da suke more hakki na doka da kuma kāre da ba su kai ga waɗanda ba ƴan ƙasa ba ko kuma bayi . Al'ummar Romawa, duk da haka, ta kasance ta ubangida, kuma mata ba za su iya yin zabe ba, ba za su iya rike mukaman gwamnati, ko kuma su yi aikin soja ba. &lt;ref&gt;[[A.N. Sherwin-White]], ''Roman Citizenship'' (Oxford University Press, 1979), pp. 211 and 268; Bruce W. Frier and Thomas A.J. McGinn, ''A Casebook on Roman Family Law'' (Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 31–32, 457, ''et passim''.&lt;/ref&gt; Matan manyan mutane sun yi tasiri a siyasance ta hanyar aure da uwa. A lokacin Jamhuriyar Roma, an lura da iyayen ’yan’uwan Gracchus da na Julius Kaisar a matsayin mata masu kyau da suka ci gaba da aikin ƴaƴansu. A lokacin daular mulkin mallaka, matan dangin sarki na iya samun iko na siyasa da yawa kuma ana nuna su akai-akai a cikin fasahar hukuma da kuma tsabar kuɗi. &lt;ref&gt;Walter Eck, &quot;The Emperor and His Advisors&quot;, ''Cambridge Ancient History'' (Cambridge University History, 2000), p. 211.&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban jigon al’ummar Romawa shi ne ’yan ''uwa uba'' ko kuma shugaban gidan da yake ba da ikonsa bisa dukan ƴaƴansa, bayinsa, da matarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:042&quot;/&gt; Ƴan mata suna da hakkin gado daidai da maza idan mahaifinsu ya mutu ba tare da barin wasiyya ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;David Johnston 1999 p. 134&quot;&gt;David Johnston, ''Roman Law in Context'' (Cambridge University Press, 1999), chapter 3.3; Frier and McGinn, '' A Casebook on Roman Family Law'', Chapter IV; Yan Thomas, &quot;The Division of the Sexes in Roman Law&quot;, in ''A History of Women from Ancient Goddesses to Christian Saints'' (Harvard University Press, 1991), p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt; Hakazalika da matan Athenia, matan Romawa suna da mai kula da su ko kuma kamar yadda ake kira &quot;masu koyarwa&quot; wanda ke kula da duk ayyukanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:042&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History: 4 Volume Se|last=Smith|first=Bonnie G|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-514890-9|location=London, UK|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_k2h2/page/422 422–25]|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_k2h2/page/422}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan horon yana da iyakacin ayyukan mata amma a ƙarni na farko zuwa karni na shida KZ, koyarwa ya zama mai annashuwa sosai kuma an karɓi mata don shiga ƙarin ayyukan jama'a kamar mallaka ko sarrafa dukiya ko kuma yin aiki a matsayin masu kula da birni don wasannin gladiator da sauran ayyukan nishaɗi &lt;ref name=&quot;:042&quot;/&gt; Jiha ta samu kwarin gwiwar haihuwa. A shekara ta ( 27-14) KZ, ''ius tritium liberorum'' (&quot;haƙƙin doka na 'ya'ya uku&quot;) ya ba da daraja ta alama da gata na shari'a ga macen da ta haifi 'ya'ya uku kuma ta 'yantar da ita daga kowane matsayi na namiji. &lt;ref&gt;Yan Thomas, &quot;The Division of the Sexes in Roman Law&quot;, in ''A History of Women from Ancient Goddesses to Christian Saints'' (Harvard University Press, 1991), p. 133.&lt;/ref&gt;

A farkon lokacin Jamhuriyar Romawa, amarya ta wuce daga ikon mahaifinta zuwa &quot;hannu&quot; ''(manus)'' na mijinta. Daga nan sai ta zama mai biyayya ga ''potestas'' mijinta, ko da yake zuwa wani karami mataki fiye da ƴaƴansu. &lt;ref&gt;Frier and McGinn, ''A Casebook on Roman Family Law'', p. 20.&lt;/ref&gt; An yi watsi da wannan babban nau'i na ''auren manus'' a zamanin [[Julius Caesar|Julius Kaisar]], lokacin da mace ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon mahaifinta ta doka ko da ta koma gidan mijinta. Wannan tsarin yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka sa matan Romawa suka sami ’yancin kai. &lt;ref&gt;[[Eva Cantarella]], ''Pandora's Daughters: The Role and Status of Women in Greek and Roman Antiquity'' (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987), pp. 140–41; J.P. Sullivan, &quot;Martial's Sexual Attitudes&quot;, ''Philologus'' 123 (1979), p. 296, specifically on sexual freedom.&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da cewa mata sai sun amsa wa ubanninsu a cikin al’amuran shari’a, amma ba su da cikakken bincikensa a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum, &lt;ref&gt;Beryl Rawson, &quot;The Roman Family&quot;, in ''The Family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives'' (Cornell University Press, 1986), p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma mazajensu ba su da ikon shari’a a kansu. &lt;ref&gt;Frier and McGinn, ''A Casebook on Roman Family Law'', pp. 19–20, 22.&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da mahaifin mace ya rasu, sai ta sami ƴanci a shari'a ''( sui iuris )'' . Matar aure tana riƙe da mallakar duk wata dukiya da ta kawo cikin auren. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated19&quot;&gt;Frier and McGinn, ''A Casebook on Roman Family Law'', pp. 19–20.&lt;/ref&gt; Ƴan mata suna da hakkin gado daidai da maza idan mahaifinsu ya mutu ba tare da barin wasiyya ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;David Johnston 1999 p. 134&quot;&gt;David Johnston, ''Roman Law in Context'' (Cambridge University Press, 1999), chapter 3.3; Frier and McGinn, '' A Casebook on Roman Family Law'', Chapter IV; Yan Thomas, &quot;The Division of the Sexes in Roman Law&quot;, in ''A History of Women from Ancient Goddesses to Christian Saints'' (Harvard University Press, 1991), p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt; A karkashin dokar Romawa na gargajiya, miji ba shi da ikon cin zarafin matarsa ta jiki ko tilasta mata ta yi jima'i. &lt;ref&gt;Frier and McGinn, ''A Casebook on Roman Family Law'', p. 95.&lt;/ref&gt; Dukan matar ya isa dalilin rabuwar aure ko wani hukunci na shari'a akan mijin. &lt;ref&gt;Garrett G. Fagan, &quot;Violence in Roman Social Relations&quot;, in ''The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations'' (Oxford University Press, 2011), p. 487.&lt;/ref&gt;

Domin matsayinsu na doka na ƴan ƙasa da kuma matakin da za su iya ƴantar da su, mata a Roma ta dā za su iya mallakar dukiya, su shiga kwangila, da kuma yin kasuwanci. &lt;ref&gt;Frier and McGinn, ''A Casebook on Roman Family Law,'' p. 461; W.V. Harris, &quot;Trade&quot;, in ''The Cambridge Ancient History: The High Empire A.D. 70–192'' (Cambridge University Press, 2000), vol. 11, p. 733.&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu sun samu kuma sun zubar da dukiya mai yawa, kuma an rubuta su cikin rubuce-rubuce a matsayin masu amfana wajen ba da gudummawar manyan ayyukan jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;Margaret L. Woodhull, &quot;Matronly Patrons in the Early Roman Empire: The Case of Salvia Postuma&quot;, in ''Women's Influence on Classical Civilization'' (Routledge, 2004), p. 77.&lt;/ref&gt; Matan Romawa suna iya zuwa kotu kuma su yi gardama, ko da yake al’ada ce mutum ya wakilce su. &lt;ref&gt;Richard A. Bauman, ''Women and Politics in Ancient Rome'' (Routledge, 1992, 1994), p. 50.&lt;/ref&gt; A lokaci guda kuma an yi watsi da su a matsayin jahilci da raunan hankali don aiwatar da doka, kuma masu aiki da tasiri a cikin al'amuran shari'a - wanda ya haifar da wata doka da ta iyakance mata zuwa gudanar da shari'o'i a madadin kansu maimakon wasu'. &lt;ref&gt;Bauman, ''Women and Politics'', pp. 50–51; Juvenal, ''Satire'' 6, on women busy in the courts.&lt;/ref&gt; Amma ko da bayan an sanya wannan takunkumin, akwai misalai da yawa na mata suna ɗaukar matakai na sanin yakamata a cikin lamuran shari'a, gami da faɗar dabarun shari'a ga mazajensu. &lt;ref&gt;Bauman, ''Women and Politics'', pp. 51–52.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dokar Roma ta amince da fyaɗe a matsayin laifi wanda wanda aka azabtar ba shi da wani laifi &lt;ref&gt;Ariadne Staples, ''From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins: Sex and Category in Roman Religion'' (Routledge, 1998), pp. 81–82; Jane F. Gardner, ''Women in Roman Law and Society'' (Indiana University Press, 1991), pp. 118ff. Roman law also recognized [[Sexuality in ancient Rome#The rape of men|rape committed against males]].&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma babban laifi. &lt;ref&gt;Amy Richlin, &quot;Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the ''cinaedus'' and the Roman Law against Love between Men&quot;, ''Journal of the History of Sexuality'' 3.4 (1993), pp. 562–63.&lt;/ref&gt; An dauki fyaden da aka yi wa wata mata a matsayin hari ga danginta da mutuncin mahaifinta, kuma an kunyata wadanda aka yi wa fyaɗe saboda sun bar sunan mahaifinta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:042&quot;/&gt; A matsayin doka, za a iya yin fyaɗe ga ɗan ƙasa kawai. Za a iya gurfanar da fyaden da aka yi wa bawa ne kawai a matsayin lalacewa ga dukiyar mai ita. &lt;ref&gt;Under the ''[[Lex Aquilia]];'' Thomas A.J. McGinn, ''Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome'' (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 314; Gardner, ''Women in Roman Law and Society'', p. 119.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Bronze_young_girl_reading_CdM_Paris.jpg|thumb| Hoton tagulla na wata budurwa tana karatu (karni na farko)]]
Sarkin Roma na farko, [[Augustus]], ya tsara hawansa zuwa ikonsa kawai a matsayin komawa ga ɗabi'a na al'ada, kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya daidaita halin mata ta hanyar dokokin ɗabi'a. Zina, wanda ya kasance al'amarin iyali mai zaman kansa a ƙarƙashin jamhuriyar, an yi masa laifi, &lt;ref&gt;Beth Severy, ''Augustus and the Family at the Birth of the Empire'' (Routledge, 2002; Taylor &amp; Francis, 2004), p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin haramtacciyar jima'i ''(stuprum)'' wanda ya faru tsakanin ɗan ƙasa da matar aure, ko tsakanin matar aure da kowane namiji. fiye da mijinta. Saboda haka, mace mai aure za ta iya yin jima'i da mijinta kawai, amma mai aure bai yi zina ba sa'ad da ya yi jima'i da karuwa, bawa, ko wani mutum mai daraja ''(infamis)'' . &lt;ref&gt;Thomas McGinn, &quot;Concubinage and the Lex Iulia on Adultery&quot;, ''Transactions of the American Philological Association'' 121 (1991), p. 342; Nussbaum, &quot;The Incomplete Feminism of Musonius Rufus&quot;, p. 305, noting that custom &quot;allowed much latitude for personal negotiation and gradual social change&quot;; [[Elaine Fantham]], &quot;''Stuprum'': Public Attitudes and Penalties for Sexual Offences in Republican Rome&quot;, in ''Roman Readings: Roman Response to Greek Literature from Plautus to Statius and Quintilian'' (Walter de Gruyter, 2011), p. 124, citing [[Papinian]], ''De adulteriis'' I and [[Modestinus]], ''Liber Regularum'' I. [[Eva Cantarella]], ''Bisexuality in the Ancient World'' (Yale University Press, 1992, 2002, originally published 1988 in Italian), p. 104; Catherine Edwards, ''The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome'' (Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 34–35.&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin karuwai a Romawa ta dā bayi ne, ko da yake wasu bayi an kare su daga tilasta yin karuwanci ta hanyar wani sashe na kwangilar tallace-tallace. &lt;ref&gt;McGinn, ''Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law'', pp. 288ff.&lt;/ref&gt; Mace mai ƴanci da ta yi aiki a matsayin karuwa ko mai ''shayarwa ta rasa matsayinta na zamantakewa kuma ta zama maras kyau'', &quot;marasa mutunci&quot;; ta hanyar ba da gawarta a bainar jama'a, ta yadda ta mika hakkinta na kare ta daga cin zarafi ko cin zarafi ta jiki. &lt;ref&gt;Gardner, ''Women in Roman Law and Society'', p. 119; McGinn, ''Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome'', p. 326.&lt;/ref&gt;

Falsafar Stoic ta rinjayi ci gaban dokar Romawa. Stoics na zamanin Imperial kamar Seneca da Musonius Rufus sun haɓaka ka'idodin alaƙa kawai . Duk da yake ba suna ba da shawarar daidaito a cikin al'umma ko a ƙarƙashin doka ba, sun ɗauka cewa yanayi yana ba wa maza da mata daidaitattun iyawa ga nagarta da kuma daidaitattun wajibai don yin aiki nagari, don haka maza da mata suna da bukata daidai ga ilimin falsafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Colish2&quot;/&gt; Ana ganin wadannan ɗabi’un falsafa a tsakanin masu mulki sun taimaka wajen inganta matsayin mata a karkashin Daular.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ratnapala|first=Suri|title=Jurisprudence|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2009|pages=134–35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNwdWlXxZt8C&amp;q=Stoic+law+women|isbn=978-0-521-61483-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Roma ba ta da tsarin makarantun da gwamnati ke tallafawa, kuma ilimi yana samuwa ga waɗanda za su iya biya kawai. Da alama ƴaƴan ' yan majalisar dattawa da na dattawa sun sami ilimin firamare akai-akai (shekaru 7 zuwa 12). &lt;ref&gt;[[Marietta Horster]], &quot;Primary Education&quot;, in ''The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World'' (Oxford University Press, 2011), p. 90.&lt;/ref&gt; Ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ba, mutane kaɗan ne suka sami ilimi fiye da wannan matakin. Ana iya koyar da ƴan mata da ba su da tawali’u don su taimaka da sana’ar iyali ko kuma su koyi karatu da zai taimaka musu su yi aiki a matsayin marubuta da sakatarori. &lt;ref&gt;Beryl Rawson, ''Children and Childhood in Roman Italy'' (Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 80.&lt;/ref&gt; Matar da ta samu matsayi mafi girma a zamanin d ¯ a don koyonta ita ce Hypatia ƴar Iskandariya, wacce ta koyar da samari darussa da suka ci gaba da kuma ba da shawara ga sarakunan Romawa na Masar kan harkokin siyasa. Tasirinta ya sa ta yi rikici da bishop na Iskandariya, Cyril, wanda wataƙila ya kasance yana da hannu wajen mutuwarta ta tashin hankali a shekara ta 415 a hannun ƴan gungun Kiristoci. &lt;ref&gt;Teresa Morgan, &quot;Education&quot;, in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome (Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 20.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Dextrorum_iunctio_edited.JPG|thumb| Ma'aurata suna haɗa hannu cikin aure, waɗanda Romawa suka tsara a matsayin tubalin ginin al'umma kuma a matsayin haɗin gwiwar abokan hulɗar da suke aiki tare don haifa da renon yara, gudanar da al'amuran yau da kullum, gudanar da rayuwa mai kyau, da jin daɗin soyayya &lt;ref&gt;[[Martha C. Nussbaum]], &quot;The Incomplete Feminism of Musonius Rufus, Platonist, Stoic, and Roman&quot;, in ''The Sleep of Reason: Erotic Experience and Sexual Ethics in Ancient Greece and Rome'' (University of Chicago Press, 2002), p. 300; Sabine MacCormack, &quot;Sin, Citizenship, and the Salvation of Souls: The Impact of Christian Priorities on Late-Roman and Post-Roman Society&quot;, ''Comparative Studies in Society and History'' 39.4 (1997), p. 651.&lt;/ref&gt;]]

==== Daular Byzantine ====
Tun da ainihin dokar Byzantine ta dogara ne akan dokar Romawa, matsayin shari'a na mata bai canza sosai ba daga ayyukan ƙarni na 6. Amma har yanzu ana ci gaba da takura wa mata a rayuwar jama'a da kuma kiyayya ga mata masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History: 4 Volume Set|last=Smith|first=Bonnie G|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-514890-9|location=London, UK|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_k2h2/page/440 440–42]|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_k2h2/page/440}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban tasiri na al'adun Girkanci ya ba da gudummawa ga tsauraran halaye game da matsayin mata na cikin gida maimakon zama na jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; Haka kuma an samu karuwar mata wadanda ba karuwai ba, bayi ko masu nishadantarwa da ake lullube su gaba daya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; Kamar dokar Roman da ta gabata, mata ba za su iya zama shaidu na doka ba, gudanar da mulki ko gudanar da aikin banki amma har yanzu suna iya gadon kadarori da mallakar filaye. &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

A matsayinka na mai mulki, an yi amfani da tasirin ikkilisiya don goyon bayan kawar da nakasa da tsohuwar doka ta gindaya game da rashin aure da rashin haihuwa, na ƙarin wurare don shiga rayuwar addini, da kuma tanadin da ya dace ga matar. Ikklisiya ta kuma tallafa wa ikon siyasa na waɗanda suke abokantaka da limaman coci. Justinian ya ba da izini nadin iyaye mata da kakanni a matsayin masu koyarwa.

Constantine ya tsawaita dokar hana auren ƴan majalisar dattawa da wasu mazan da ke da mata masu karamin ƙarfi amma Justinian ya cire shi gaba daya . An hana aure na biyu, musamman ta hanyar sanya doka ta sanya sharadin cewa hakkin gwauruwa na mallakar dukiya ya daina yin aure, kuma kundin tsarin mulkin Leonine a karshen karni na 9 ya sanya hukuncin auren uku. Haka tsarin mulki ya sa kyautar firist ya zama abin da ya dace na bikin aure.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Women|volume=23|pages=782&amp;ndash;788; see page 783|quote=The chief differences between canon and Roman law were in the law of marriage... The benediction of a priest was made a necessary part of the ceremony}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== China ====
[[File:Bound_feet_(X-ray).jpg|right|thumb| Daure kafa, al'adar da aka saba yi wa matan kasar Sin a tsakanin karni na 10 zuwa farkon karni na 20. Hoton yana nuna X-ray mai ƙafa biyu masu ɗaure.]]
Mata a cikin tarihi da tsohuwar ƙasar Sin ana daukar su a matsayin ƙasa kuma suna da matsayi na doka bisa [[Konfushiyanci|ka'idar Confucian]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History: 4 Volume Set|last=Smith|first=Bonnie G|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-514890-9|location=London, UK|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_k2h2/page/426 426–27]|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_k2h2/page/426}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Imperial China, &quot; Biyayya ta Uku &quot; ta ciyar da ƴaƴa mata su yi biyayya ga ubanninsu, mata su yi biyayya ga mazajensu, da gwauraye su yi biyayya ga ƴaƴansu. Mata ba za su iya gadon kasuwanci ko dukiya ba &lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot; /&gt; kuma dole ne maza su ɗauki ɗa don irin waɗannan dalilai na kuɗi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot; /&gt; Marigayi dokar daular ta kuma ƙunshi nau'ikan saki bakwai daban-daban. Ana iya korar mace idan ta kasa haifi ɗa, ta yi zina, ta yi rashin biyayya ga surukanta, ta yi magana fiye da kima, ta yi sata, ta yi kishi mai yawa, ko kuma ta yi fama da wata cuta da ba za ta warke ba ko kuma ta sha wahala. &lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot; /&gt; Amma kuma akwai iyakoki ga miji – misali, ba zai iya saki ba idan ta lura da wuraren makokin surukanta, idan ba ta da iyali da za ta koma, ko kuma dangin miji sun kasance matalauta kuma tun daga lokacin sun zama matalauta. mai arziki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot; /&gt;

Matsayin mata a kasar Sin ma ya yi kadan, saboda al'adar daure kafa .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2015}} Game da 45% na kasar Sin da mata ya daure ƙafãfunsu a cikin karni na 19th. Ga manyan azuzuwan, kusan 100%. A shekara ta 1912, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta ba da umarnin dakatar da daurin kafa. Haɗin ƙafa ya haɗa da canza tsarin kashi ta yadda ƙafafu suka kasance kusan inci huɗu kawai. Ƙafafun da aka ɗaure sun haifar da wahalar motsi, don haka ya iyakance ayyukan mata sosai.

Saboda al'adar zamantakewar jama'a cewa maza da mata kada su kasance kusa da juna, matan kasar Sin sun ƙi yarda da jinya daga likitocin likitocin Yammacin Turai. Wannan ya haifar da babbar buƙata ga likitocin mata na likitancin Yammacin Turai a China. Don haka, mace mai wa'azin likitanci Dr. Mary H. Fulton (1854-1927)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04TOSAAACAAJ|title=Inasmuch|author=Mary H. Fulton|editor=The United Study of Forring|publisher=BiblioBazaar|year=2010|isbn=978-1140341796}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta aiko da Hukumar Ofishin Jakadancin Ƙasashen Waje na Cocin Presbyterian (Amurka) don samo kwalejin likitanci na farko ga mata a China. An san shi da Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Hakkin Mata (夏葛女子醫學院), &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=PANG Suk Man|url=http://lib-nt2.hkbu.edu.hk/cil-image/theses/abstracts/b15564174a.pdf|title=The Hackett Medical College for Women in China (1899–1936)|publisher=Hong Kong Baptist University|date=February 1998|access-date=10 October 2015|archive-date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016090221/http://lib-nt2.hkbu.edu.hk/cil-image/theses/abstracts/b15564174a.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cqvip.com/qk/83891A/200203/6479902.html|title=中国近代第一所女子医学院－－夏葛医学院-【维普网】-仓储式在线作品出版平台-www.cqvip.com|publisher=Cqvip.com|access-date=9 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; an ba da kwalejin a Guangzhou, China, ta babban gudummawa daga Edward AK Hackett (1851-1916) na Indiana, Amurka. Makasudin kwalejin an yi shi ne don yada addinin Kiristanci da likitancin zamani da daukaka martabar matan Sinawa a cikin al'umma. &lt;ref name=&quot;RebeccaChan&quot;&gt;Rebecca Chan Chung, Deborah Chung and Cecilia Ng Wong, &quot;Piloted to Serve&quot;, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=纪念钟陈可慰 100 周年 (1920-2020)|url=http://www.cnac.org/rebeccachan_piloted_to_serve_01.pdf|access-date=2020-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A zamanin jamhuriyar Sin (1912-49) da kuma gwamnatocin ƙasar Sin da suka gabata, an sayo mata da sayar da su bauta bisa ka'ida ta hanyar bautar gida. Waɗannan matan an san su da Mui Tsai . Wata ƴar kasar Amurka Agnes Smedley ce ta rubuta rayuwar Mui Tsai a cikin littafinta na ''Hotunan Matan Sinawa a cikin juyin juya hali'' . &lt;ref&gt;Parts of this book are available online here, at Google Books.&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da haka, a shekarar 1949 da ƴasar Sin da aka kifar da kwaminisanci guerillas jagorancin Mao Zedong, da kuma [[Sin|Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasar Sin]] da aka kafa a wannan shekara. A watan Mayu na shekarar 1950, Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin ta kafa sabuwar dokar aure don magance sayar da mata cikin bauta. Wannan ya haramta auren ta hanyar wakili kuma ya sanya auren ya zama halal muddin ma'auratan biyu sun yarda. Sabuwar dokar aure ta ɗaga shekarun aure zuwa 20 ga maza da 18 na mata. Wannan wani muhimmin bangare ne na sake fasalin filaye na karkara domin ba za a iya sayar da mata bisa doka ba ga masu gidaje. Taken a hukumance shi ne &quot;Maza da mata daidai suke; kowa ya cancanci gishirin sa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|journal=The Developing Economies|volume=48|number=2|date=June 2010|page=B5|first=Noboro|last=Niida|title=Land Reform and New Marriage Law in China|url=http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Periodicals/De/pdf/64_01_01.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403010912/http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Periodicals/De/pdf/64_01_01.pdf|archive-date=3 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
{{Div col}}
* [[Female education]]
* ''[[Wahre und Falsche &quot;Frauen-Emanzipation&quot;]]'', an early essay
* [[Gender apartheid]]
* [[Gender Inequality Index]]
* [[Gendercide]]
* [[History of feminism]]
* [[Index of feminism articles]]
* [[Legal rights of women in history]]
* [[List of civil rights leaders]]
* [[List of feminists]]
* [[List of suffragists and suffragettes]]
* [[List of women's organizations]]
* [[List of women's rights activists]]
* [[Men's rights movement]]
* [[Misogyny]]
* [[Pregnant patients' rights]]
* [[Sex workers' rights]]
* [[Simone de Beauvoir Prize]]
* [[Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)]]
* [[Timeline of women's suffrage]]
* [[Women's rights in 2014]]
* [[Women's Social and Political Union]]
{{div col end}}


 {{reflist|group=note}}

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Haƙƙoƙin Mata]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>0hnldt4g9i8jjop6myn2hfb7cpk176y</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Madeleine Albright</title>
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'''Madeleine Jana Korbel Albright''' ko '''Marie Jana Korbelová''' (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 1937 - Maris 23, shekarar 2022). Jami'ar diflomasiyyar [[Amurka]] ce wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatariyar harkokin wajen Amurka ta 64 daga shekara ta 1997 zuwa 2001. Memba ce ta jam'iyyar Democrat, ta kuma kasance jakadiyar [[Amurka]] a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga shekara ta 1993 zuwa 1997 duka a gwamnatin Clinton. Albright ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama sakatariyar Gwamnati.

==Karatu==
Albright ta yi hijira tare da danginta zuwa Amurka a cikin shekara ta 1948 daga Jamhuriyar Kwaminisanci Czechoslovakia. Mahaifinta, jami'in diflomasiyya Josef Korbel, ya zaunar da dangi a [[Denver]], Colorado, kuma ta zama 'yar [[Amurka]] a shekara ta 1957.
[[Fayil:Madeleine Albright during a press conference.jpg|thumb|Madeleine Albright]]
Albright ta kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Wellesley a shekara ta1959 kuma ta sami digiri na uku daga Jami'ar Columbia a shekara ta 1975, tana rubuta kasidarta kan Spring Prague. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar Sanata Edmund Muskie kafin ta sami matsayi a ƙarƙashin Zbigniew Brzezinski a Kwamitin Tsaro na Ƙasa. Ta yi aiki a wannan matsayi har zuwa shekara ta 1981, lokacin da Shugaba Jimmy Carter ya bar ofis.

==Ayyuka==
Bayan ta bar Majalisar Tsaro ta Ƙasa, Albright ta shiga sashin ilimi na Jami'ar Georgetown kuma ta shawarci 'yan takarar Democrat game da manufofin kasashen waje. Bayan nasarar [[Bill clinton|Bill Clinton]] a zaben shugaban kasa na shekara ta 1992, Albright ta taimaka sosai wajen hada kwamitin tsaron kasa.Shugaba Clinton ta naɗa ta a matsayin jakadiyar [[Amurka]] a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a shekarar 1993. Ta rike wannan mukamin har zuwa shekarar 1997, inda ta zama sakatariyar harkokin wajen kasar. Albright tayi aiki a wannan matsayin har sai Clinton ya bar ofis a shekarar 2001.

Albright ta yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Albright Stonebridge Group, kamfanin tuntuɓar, kuma ita ce Farfesa Michael da Virginia Mortara Wanda aka baiwa Farfesa a cikin Ayyukan Diflomasiya a Makarantar Sabis na Harkokin Waje na Jami'ar Georgetown. Shugaban Amurka [[Barack Obama]] ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Shugaban kasa ta 'Yanci a watan Mayun shekara ta 2012. Albright tayi aiki a hukumar kula da hulda da kasashen waje.

== Digiri na girmamawa da kyaututtuka ==
[[File:Medlin_Olbrajt_(Madeleine_Albright)_Square_in_Prishtinë,_Kosovo.jpg|thumb|Dandalin Medlin Olbrajt a Pristina, Kosovo mai suna don girmama Madeleine Albright]]

Albright ta sami digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Brandeis a shekara ta (1996), Jami'ar Washington a shekara ta (2002), Kwalejin Smith a shekara ta (2003), Jami'ar Washington a St. Louis a shekara ta (2003), Jami'ar Winnipeg a shekara ta (2005), Jami'ar [[North Carolina]] a Chapel Hill a shekara ta (2007), Kwalejin Knox a shekara ta (2008), Kwalejin Dickinson a shekara ta (2014), da Jami'ar Tufts a shekara ta (2015).

A cikin a shekara ta 1998, an kuma shigar da Albright cikin Babban Taron Mata na Ƙasa. Albright ita ce mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Hanno R. Ellenbogen ta zama 'yar ƙasa ta Prague Society for International Cooperation. A cikin watan Maris a shekara ta 2000 Albright ta sami lambar yabo ta Azurfa ta Jan Masaryk a wani biki a Prague wanda Gidauniyar Bohemian da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Czech suka dauki nauyi. A cikin shekarar 2010, an shigar da ita cikin Babban Fame na Mata na Colorado.

An kuma zaɓi Albright don farkon shekarar 2021 Forbes 50 Sama da 50; wanda ta ƙunshi ƴan kasuwa, shugabanni, masana kimiyya, da masu ƙirƙira waɗanda suka haura shekaru 50.

== Rayuwa ta sirri==
Albright ta auri Joseph Albright a shekara ta 1959.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated3&quot;&gt;Albright, 2003, p. 47.&lt;/ref&gt; Ma’auratan sun haifi ‘ya’ya mata uku kafin su rabu a shekarar 1982. Ta taso Roman Katolika, amma ta koma Cocin Episcopal a lokacin aurenta a shekarar 1959. Iyayenta sun tuba daga addinin Yahudanci zuwa Katolika a cikin shekara ta 1941, a lokacin ƙuruciyarta, yayin da har yanzu suke cikin Czechoslovakia, a ƙoƙarin guje wa tsananta wa Yahudawa kafin su ƙaura zuwa Amurka ba su taɓa tattauna zuriyarsu ta Yahudawa da ita daga baya ba.

Lokacin da jaridar ''Washington Post'' ta ba da rahoto game da al'adun Yahudawa na Albright jim kaɗan bayan ta zama Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Amurka a shekara ta 1997, Albright ta ce rahoton &quot;babban abin mamaki ne&quot;. Albright ta ce ba ta koyi ba har sai da ta kai shekara 59 cewa iyayenta duka an haife su kuma sun girma a cikin iyalan Yahudawa. Kimanin danginta goma sha biyu a Czechoslovakia—ciki har da kakaninta uku—an kashe su a cikin [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]].

Baya ga Ingilishi, Rashanci, da Czech, Albright ta yi magana da [[Faransanci]], [[Jamus|Jamusanci]], Yaren mutanen [[Poland]], da Serbo-Croatian. Ta kuma fahimci harshen Slovak.
[[Fayil:Madeleine Albright at Albright Institute public forum.jpg|thumb|Madeleine Albright]]
Albright ta ambaci yanayin lafiyar jikinta da tsarin motsa jiki a cikin tambayoyi da yawa.A cikin shekarar 2006, ta ce tana da ikon yin danna ƙafa {{Convert|400|lbs|kg|-1}}. An jera Albright a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin hamsin mafi kyawun sutura sama da 50 ta ''The Guardian'' a cikin watan Maris a shekara ta  2013.

==Mutuwa==
Albright ta mutu daga cutar kansa a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], a ranar 23 ga watan Maris, a shekara 2022, tana da shekaru 84. ’Yan siyasa da dama sun jinjina mata, ciki har da shugaban kasa Bill Clinton, [[George W. Bush]], Barack Obama da [[Joe Biden]], da kuma tsohon firaministan Burtaniya [[Tony Blair]].

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Haifaffun 1937]]
[[Category:Mutuwan 2022]]</text>
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    <title>Kwalejin Sulaiman Al Rajhi</title>
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'''Jami'ar Sulaiman Al-Rajhi'''  (a hukumance an rage masa suna '''SRC''' ) ( {{Lang-ar|جامعة سليمان الراجحي}}   ) jami'a ce mai zaman kanta, jami'ar bincikie, wacce ta ƙunshi kwalejojin da suka kammala digiri uku: ''Medicine'', ''Nursing'' da kimiyar hadin magungunada kuma asibitin jami'a na zamani. Gidauniyar Sulaiman Bin Abdul Aziz Al Rajhi ''Charitable Foundation'' ce ta kafa jami'ar kuma tana cikin Al Bukayriyah, [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]].&lt;ref name=USSABC150309&gt;[http://www.us-sabc.org/custom/news/details.cfm?id=392 &quot;Al Rajhi to Establish University in Al-Qassim&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728145449/http://www.us-sabc.org/custom/news/details.cfm?id=392 |date=2011-07-28 }}, ''US-Saudi Arabian Business Council'', March 15, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manufar da hangen nesa ==
Jami'ar Sulaiman Al Rajhi tana da burin samar da ƙwararrun ma'aikata kamar yadda ake buƙata don haɓakawa. Aikin kafa Kwalejojin Kimiyyar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a da Asibitin Jami'a an tsara shi don ƙara haɓaka ilimin kimiyyar kiwon lafiya, kula da marasa lafiya da binciken ilimin halittu don dacewa da daidaitattun ƙasashen duniya.&lt;ref name=Philosophy&gt;[http://sr.edu.sa/site/index.php/univeristy/philosophy-a-role-of-the-university &quot;Philosophy &amp; Role of SRC&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130418052621/http://sr.edu.sa/site/index.php/univeristy/philosophy-a-role-of-the-university |date=2013-04-18 }}, ''SRC's Philosophy to Brighter Future!''.&lt;/ref&gt; Dalilin kafa jami'ar ya samo asali ne sakamakon ƙididdigar kiyasin bukatar neman ilimi a masarautar.&lt;ref name=Rationale&gt;[http://sr.edu.sa/site/index.php/univeristy/rationale &quot;The Rationale behind SRC's Establishment&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419030847/http://sr.edu.sa/site/index.php/univeristy/rationale |date=2013-04-19 }}, ''Sowing the Seeds of Success in the Sun''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Harabar ==
Babban harabar jami'ar yana kusa da babbar hanyar Madina zuwa Riyadh harabar jami'ar SRC na musamman kusa da babbar hanyar da ta hada [[Riyadh]] da [[Madinah|Madina]] kuma tana da kusan 370.&amp;nbsp;km daga [[Riyadh]] babban birnin kasar. Idan aka kammala aikin zai kai kadada 10,100.&lt;ref name=&quot;SRC Future Campus&quot;&gt;{{cite web| last =| first =| author-link =| title =Location Map| work =| publisher =Sulaiman Al Rajhi University| date =| url =https://maps.google.com.sa/maps/ms?msid=204837877431140984585.0004e0283ed8145eb1f92&amp;msa=0&amp;ll=26.142552,43.731916&amp;spn=0.011037,0.021136| format =| doi =}}{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mulki ==
Tun daga watan Janairun 2008, an nada Farfesa Dr. Saleh Bin Abdullah Al Damegh a matsayin babban mai kulawa kuma shugaban jami'ar Sulaiman Al Rajhi. A karshen jawabinsa Sheikh Al Rajhi ya nuna cewa an ba da umarnin kula da jami'ar ga Prof. Dr. Saleh Bin Abdullah Al Damegh, saboda dogon tarihinsa na ilimi da kuma gogewar da ya yi a fannin likitanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sr.edu.sa/en/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=61:agreement&amp;catid=1:latest-news|title=Leadership at SRC|publisher=Sulaiman Al Rajhi University}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abokan hulɗa ==

=== Jami'ar Maastricht &amp; UMC+ ===
[[File:Contract_signing.jpg|thumb|250x250px| Daga dama zuwa hagu: Prof. Saleh Al Damegh, Dr. Khalid Al Rajhi da Prof. Martin Paul ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kwangilar a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2008.]]
A kokarin samar da &quot;tsibirin na kwarai,&quot; Jami'ar Sulaiman Al Rajhi ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna a karkashin kulawar H. Dr. Khalid bin Mohammad Al Angary, ministar ilimi mai zurfi ta Saudiyya, Ms. Maria Josephina Arnoldina, ministar Netherlands. Minista na harkokin tattalin arziki, da kuma gaban Dr. Mohammed Al Ohali, mataimakin ma'aikatar ilimi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ameinfo.com/173331.htmloption=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=61:agreement&amp;catid=1:latest-news|title=Al Rajhi University signs cooperation agreement memo with Maastricht University|publisher=AMEinfo|accessdate=October 14, 2008}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== KPMG ===
Yarjejeniyar da ke tsakanin KPMG da SRC ta zama ginshiƙi na babban yunƙuri da Jami'ar da KPMG ke yi don gina ƙungiyoyin duniya da ƙarfin aiki na SRC. Jami’ar na son mayar da hankali ne musamman wajen bayar da ilimin likitanci da ilimin kiwon lafiya kuma za ta hada da asibitin jami’ar da za ta yi hidima ga al’ummar yankin da kuma likitocin da za su kasance. &lt;ref name=&quot;KPMG&quot;&gt;[http://www.bi-me.com/main.php?id=33297&amp;t=1&amp;c=13&amp;cg=2&amp;mset=1021 &quot;SRC-KPMG Partnership&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171842/http://www.bi-me.com/main.php?id=33297&amp;t=1&amp;c=13&amp;cg=2&amp;mset=1021 |date=2016-03-03 }}, ''SRC partners with KPMG'', March 16, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Koyarwa ==
[[File:PBL_session_2.JPG|left|thumb|230x230px| Farfesa Cees van der Vleuten yana tattaunawa da ɗalibai yayin ɗayan bita na PBL.]]
Jami'ar farko ta shafi kiwon lafiya da bincike kuma, don haka, Turanci shi ne matsakaicin koyarwa a SRC. Ilimin likitanci na SRC ya dogara ne a kan tsarin karatun likitanci na Jami'ar Maastricht  saboda haka za a koyar da ɗaliban da suka yi rajista a Jami'ar Sulaiman Al Rajhi ta amfani da tsarin ilimi na koyo na tushen matsala (PBL). Dangane da falsafar PBL na Maastricht, SRC ta yi imanin cewa yakamata ɗalibai su kasance da alhakin daukar nauyin iliminsu na ilimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;UM Medical Curriculum&quot;&gt;{{cite web
  | last = 
  | first = 
  | author-link = 
  | title = UM Curriculum Exported to Saudi Arabia
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  | publisher = Sulaiman Al Rajhi University
  | date = 
  | url = http://sr.edu.sa/en/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=86:maastricht-medical-education-exported-to-saudi-arabia&amp;catid=1:latest-news&amp;Itemid=84
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  | access-date = 2022-10-08
  | archive-date = 2011-10-08
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111008010258/http://sr.edu.sa/en/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=86:maastricht-medical-education-exported-to-saudi-arabia&amp;catid=1:latest-news&amp;Itemid=84
  | url-status = dead
  }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ɓangarorin lafiya ==
Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta SRC ta fara shirin karatun likitanci na farko na tushen matsala (PBL) a ƙarshen Satumba 2010, bisa ga sabuwar shekarar karatu ta Jami'ar Maastricht na 2010-2011. Kwalejin likitanci ta ƙunshi sassa masu zuwa: 

* Sashen ilimin halittar jiki
* Sashen Biochemistry
* Sashen Nazarin Jiki
* Sashen ilimin cututtuka
* Sashen Microbiology &amp; Clinical Parasitology
* Sashen Kimiyyar Magunguna &amp; Magungunan Magunguna
* Sashen Likitan Shari'a/Hukuncin Shari'a
* Sashen Iyali &amp; Magungunan Al'umma
* Sashen Magungunan Ciki (ciki har da Likitan tabin hankali, Likitan fata, Neurology, Ilimin zuciya &amp; Radiology)
* Sashen tiyata (ciki har da Orthopedics, ENT, Ophthalmology &amp; Anesthesiology)
* Sashen kula da lafiyar mata da mata
* Sashen kula da lafiyar yara
* Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Labbin Kimiyya

== Ƙarin hotuna ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:SRC Campus area usage.jpg||
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.sr.edu.sa Official website of Sulaiman Al Rajhi Colleges] .
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110718095810/http://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/web/Sitewide/Nieuws/MaastrichtMedicalEducationInSaudiArabia.htm Maastricht ilimin likitanci a Saudi Arabia] .
* [http://www.unimaas.nl/default.asp?template=werkveld.htm&amp;id=RA2NDKR02CK2NDMS6WEX&amp;taal=nl Jami'ar Maastricht tana gudanar da Koyarwar hunturu ta PBL ta 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307110654/http://www.unimaas.nl/default.asp?template=werkveld.htm&amp;id=RA2NDKR02CK2NDMS6WEX&amp;taal=nl |date=2012-03-07 }}.</text>
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{{Databox}}
[[Fayil:Hearings Maroš Šefčovič (Slovakia) - Vice president-designate - interinstitutional relations and foresight. (48821462467).jpg|thumb|Lucy Nethsingha]]
'''Lucy Kathleen Nethsingha''' &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cambridge.gov.uk/media/7260/statement-of-persons-nominated-european-parliament-2019.pdf &quot;European Parliamentary Election – Eastern Region, Thursday 23 May 2019 Statement of Parties and Individual Candidates Nominated and Notice of Poll&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620001856/https://www.cambridge.gov.uk/media/7260/statement-of-persons-nominated-european-parliament-2019.pdf |date=20 June 2019 }}, Cambridge City Council, 25 April 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; (an haife ta a ranar 6 Fabrairu shekara ta 1973)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lucy NETHSINGHA | MEPs&quot;. ''www.europarl.europa.eu''. European Parliament. Retrieved 10 July 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;  'yar siyasan Liberal Democrat ne, memba ce a Majalisar gundumar Cambridgeshire tun 2009. Ta kasance memba a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai (MEP) na Gabashin Ingila daga 2019 har zuwa ficewar Burtaniya daga EU a shekara ta 2020.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The UK's European elections 2019&quot;. ''BBC News''. Retrieved 26 May 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance shugabar kwamitin Parliament's Committee on Legal Affairs (JURI).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;New Chair and Vice-Chairs of the JURI Committee&quot;. European Parliament. 10 July 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Kuruciya ==
Ta halarci makarantar &quot;Penair School&quot;, da ke Truro, lokacin tana da shekaru 16. Ta halarci ajinta na shida na Makarantar Truro, sannan ta sami digiri na BSc a digiri a fannin ilimin halin dan Adam daga Jami'ar Southampton.

== Siyasa ==
Nethsingha ta yi aiki a matsayin kansilar Liberal Democrat a birnin Gloucester daga shekara ta 2004 zuwa shekara ta 2008.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Council agenda, 22 June 2004&quot; (PDF). ''Gloucester City Council''. Retrieved 26 June 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Council minutes, 13 March 2008&quot; (PDF). ''Gloucester City Council''. Retrieved 26 June 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;   Bayan ƙaura zuwa Cambridgeshire, an zaɓi Nethsingha a sashin Newnham a Majalisar gundumar Cambridgeshire a matsayin 'yar Democrat a zaɓen 2009, &lt;ref&gt;[https://cambridgeshire.cmis.uk.com/ccc_live/Councillors/tabid/63/ctl/ViewCMIS_Person/mid/383/id/328/Default.aspx &quot;Councillor Lucy Nethsingha&quot;], ''Cambridgeshire County Council''. Retrieved 27 May 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta kasance shugabar ƙungiyar Democrat ta Liberal a majalisar tun 2015 (ta kasance mataimakiyar shugaba tun daga 2015). 2011). &lt;ref&gt;[https://cambridgeshire.cmis.uk.com/CCC_live/Document.ashx?czJKcaeAi5tUFL1DTL2UE4zNRBcoShgo=b7zQG6gpIqmQPm0HRAV6MXbtfMahX5OFdtlMnStZKBsINQ3QepRu7w%3d%3d&amp;rUzwRPf%2bZ3zd4E7Ikn8Lyw%3d%3d=pwRE6AGJFLDNlh225F5QMaQWCtPHwdhUfCZ%2fLUQzgA2uL5jNRG4jdQ%3d%3d&amp;mCTIbCubS &quot;County Council: Minutes, 12 May 2015&quot;], Cambridgeshire County Council, p. 10. Retrieved 27 May 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Councillors Neil McGovern, Andy Pellew, Simon Brierley, et al., [https://kingshedgesfocus.blogspot.com/2011/06/county-council-liberal-democrats-name.html &quot;County Council Liberal Democrats name their new team&quot;], ''Focus on King's Hedges'', 22 June 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma wakilci gundumar Newnham a Majalisar Birnin Cambridge a shekara ta 2016. &lt;ref&gt;[https://democracy.cambridge.gov.uk/mgUserInfo.aspx?UID=1454 &quot;Councillor Lucy Nethsingha&quot;], ''Cambridge City Council''. Retrieved 27 May 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta fito takara zaben mazabar majalisar dokokin Cambridgeshire ta Arewa maso Gabas a babban zaben 2015 inda batayi nasara ba, yayin da ta kare a matsayi na hudu cikin 'yan takara biyar da kuri'u 2,314 (4.5%). &lt;ref&gt;[http://democraticdashboard.com/constituency/north-east-cambridgeshire &quot;North East Cambridgeshire&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706035526/https://democraticdashboard.com/constituency/north-east-cambridgeshire |date=2022-07-06 }}, ''Democratic Dashboard''. Retrieved 27 May 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; A babban zaben gama gari da aka gudanar bayan shekaru biyu, ta tsaya takara a South East Cambridgeshire kuma ta zo karshe cikin 'yan takara uku da kuri'u 11,958 (19.0%). &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/E14000937 &quot;Cambridgeshire South East parliamentary constituency – Election 2017&quot;], ''[[BBC News]]''. Retrieved 27 May 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nethsingha ta zama 'yar Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a zaben 2019, har zuwa shekara ta 2020 lokacin da Burtaniya ta bar EU.

Bayan zaben majalisar karamar hukumar Cambridgeshire a shekara ta 2021 ta zama shugabar majalisar bayan amincewa da yarjejeniya da kungiyoyin kwadago da masu zaman kansu suka gabatar.&lt;ref&gt;Hatton, Benjamin (20 May 2021). &quot;Lib Dem Lucy Nethsingha officially selected as leader of Cambridgeshire County Council&quot;. ''Cambridgeshire Live''. Retrieved 14 June 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Rayuwa da sana'a ==
[[Fayil:Lucy Nethsingha Brighton 2018.jpg|thumb|Lucy Nethsingha]]
Nethsingha ta tashi ne a Cornwall, wanda ta ce ya sa ta san mahimmancin kula da muhalli. Ita malama ce kuma tana da digiri na biyu a jami’ar Cambridge University. Tayi aure kuma tana da ‘ya’ya uku.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.libdems.org.uk/lucy-nethsingha &quot;Lucy Nethsingha&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527093133/https://www.libdems.org.uk/lucy-nethsingha |date=2019-05-27 }}, ''Liberal Democrats''. Retrieved 27 May 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Mijinta, Andrew Nethsingha, wanda Darakta ne na waka kuma dalibin St John's College, Cambridge, tun 2007.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-42929 &quot;Nethsingha, Andrew Mark&quot;], ''[[Who's Who]]'' (online ed., [[Oxford University Press]], December 2018). Retrieved 27 May 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://cambridgeshire.cmis.uk.com/ccc_live/Document.ashx?czJKcaeAi5tUFL1DTL2UE4zNRBcoShgo=sjWr6pnH1hMU4qvmlmN4boE2%2bDv4nnhz41bDNpx3NE3EgqnmkdfAjQ%3d%3d&amp;rUzwRPf%2bZ3zd4E7Ikn8Lyw%3d%3d=pwRE6AGJFLDNlh225F5QMaQWCtPHwdhUfCZ%2fLUQzgA2uL5jNRG4jdQ%3d%3d&amp;mCTIbCu &quot;Register of members' disclosable pecuniary interests&quot;], Cambridgeshire County Council, 6 May 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nassoshi ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1973]]</text>
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    <title>Kwabena Appiah-Pinkrah</title>
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'''Kwabena Appiah-Pinkrah''' (an haife shi a watan Agusta 23, 1947)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-05-06|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Appiah-Pinkrah, Kwabena|url=http://ghanamps.gov.gh/mps/details.php?id=80|access-date=2020-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506210608/http://ghanamps.gov.gh/mps/details.php?id=80|archive-date=6 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; mashawarci ne&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-05-06|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Appiah-Pinkrah, Kwabena|url=http://ghanamps.gov.gh/mps/details.php?id=80|access-date=2020-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506210608/http://ghanamps.gov.gh/mps/details.php?id=80|archive-date=6 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ɗan siyasar Ghana na Jamhuriyar Ghana. Shi ne dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Akrofoum na yankin Ashanti na Ghana a majalisa ta 4 da 5 da 6 da ta 7 a jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=32|access-date=2020-07-08|website=www.parliament.gh|archive-date=2024-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418064908/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=32|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi mamba na New Petriotic Party ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=32|access-date=2020-08-02|website=www.parliament.gh|archive-date=2024-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418064908/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=32|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Appiah-Pinkrah a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 1947.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Ya fito daga Akrofoum, wani gari a yankin Ashanti na Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mps&quot;/&gt; Ya fito ne daga Jami'ar Fairleigh Dickson a Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ya yi digirin digirgir a fannin nazarin kasa da kasa daga jami'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mps&quot; /&gt; Ya sami difloma (digiri mafi girma) daga Jami'ar Bremen West Germany.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Aiki ==
Appiah-Pinkrah mashawarcin gudanarwa ne da ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;mps&quot;/&gt; Shi ne Shugaba na Global Linkages Company Limited a Accra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Ghosh|first=Bimal|title=Gains from Global Linkages|chapter=Prospects and Areas of International Co-operation|date=1997|pages=116–140|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-349-25424-8|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-25422-4_6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
Appiah-Pinkrah memba a New Patriotic Party ne. Ya zama dan majalisa daga watan Janairun 2005 bayan ya zama wanda ya yi nasara a babban zabe a watan Disamba 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=Ghana Election 2004 Results - Akrofuom Constituency|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/ashanti/6/index.php|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011114334/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/ashanti/6/index.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Elections 2004; Ghana's Parliamentary and Presidential Elections|publisher=Electoral Commission of Ghana; Friedrich Ebert Stiftung|year=2005|location=Accra|pages=118}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun a wancan lokaci ya yi wa’adi hudu a jere a kan karagar mulki.&lt;ref name=&quot;mps&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5295|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Appiah-Pinkrah, Kwabena|website=www.ghanamps.com|access-date=2020-01-25|archive-date=2020-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109123921/http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5295|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Akrofoum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; An zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisa na wannan mazaba a majalisa ta hudu da ta biyar da ta shida da ta bakwai a jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ya kasance memba na kwamitin kananan hukumomi da raya karkara da kwamitin tabbatar da gwamnati a majalisar dokoki ta 7 a jamhuriya ta hudu ta Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Zabe ==
An zabi Appiah-Pinkrah a matsayin 'yar majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Akrofoum na yankin Ashanti na Ghana a karon farko a babban zaben Ghana na shekara ta 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Ya yi nasara akan tikitin New Patriotic Party.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Mazabarsa wani bangare ne na kujeru 36 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 39 da New Patriotic Party ta lashe a wancan zaben na yankin Ashanti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-08-10|title=Statistics of Presidential and Parliamentary Election Results|url=https://www.fact-checkghana.com/statistics-presidential-parliamentary-election-results/|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Fact Check Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; New Patriotic Party ta samu rinjayen kujeru 128 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 230.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=Ghana Election 2004 Results - President|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/president/index.php|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106102817/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/president/index.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; An zabe shi da kuri'u 10,808 daga cikin 15,645 masu inganci da aka jefa kwatankwacin kashi 70.4% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; An zabe shi a kan Joseph K. Abim na National Democratic Congress.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Ya samu kashi 29.6% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; 

A shekara ta 2008, ya ci zaben gama gari a kan tikitin New Patriotic Party na wannan mazaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=Ghana Election 2008 Results - Akrofuom Constituency|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/ashanti/6/index.php|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011114334/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/ashanti/6/index.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Ghana Elections 2008|publisher=Friedrich Ebert Stiftung|year=2010|location=Ghana|pages=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mazabarsa tana cikin kujeru 34 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 39 da New Patriotic Party ta lashe a wancan zaben na yankin Ashanti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=Ghana Election 2008 Results - Ashanti Region|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/ashanti/index.php|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807211816/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/ashanti/index.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; New Patriotic Party ta lashe kujerun 'yan majalisa 109 daga cikin kujeru 230.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=Ghana Election 2004 Results - President|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/president/index.php|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106102817/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/president/index.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; An zabe shi da kuri'u 8,976 daga cikin 14,606 masu inganci da aka jefa kwatankwacin kashi 61.45% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; An zabe shi a kan Opoku Ampofo Manu na National Democratic Congress, Anthony Kwakye Ameyaw na Convention People's Party da Boniface Nickson dan takara mai zaman kansa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Wadannan sun samu kashi 32.38%, 4.92% da 1.24% bi da bi na yawan kuri'un da aka kada.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Appiah-Pinkrah Kirista ce.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Yana da dangantaka da Methodist Church.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Yana da aure da ‘ya’ya hudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;mps&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kwame Anyimadu-Antwi</title>
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'''Kwame Anyimadu-Antwi''' (an haife shi 12 ga wata Afrilu, shekara ta 1962) lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan ƙasar Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=UKGCC|date=2018-07-05|title=HON. KWAME ANYIMADU-ANTWI|url=https://ukgcc.com.gh/hon-kwame-anyimadu-antwi/|access-date=2020-12-25|website=UK-Ghana Chamber of Commerce|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi dan majalisa ne mai wakiltar mazabar Asante-Akim ta tsakiya a majalisar dokoki ta bakwai kuma majalisa ta 8 a jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu a yankin Ashanti, mukamin da ya rike tun shekarar 2009. Yana wakiltar New Patriotic Party.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5296 | Ghana MPs - MP Details - Anyimadu-Antwi, Kwame&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-have-lost-my-best-friend-Asante-Akim-MP-514848|title='I have lost my best friend' – Asante Akim MP / General News 2017-03-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Parliamentarians-have-let-Ghanaians-down-Anyimadu-Antwi-469286|title=Parliamentarians have let Ghanaians down – Anyimadu-Antwi / General News 2016-09-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Agency|first=Ghana News|date=2020-02-18|title=Asante-Akim Central NPP youth invades Party office over nomination forms|url=https://newsghana.com.gh/asante-akim-central-npp-youth-invades-party-office-over-nomination-forms/|access-date=2020-07-04|website=News Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A halin yanzu, shi memba ne na hukumar VRA&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Volta River Authority {{!}} Board Chairman and Members|url=https://www.vra.com/about_us/board_chairman_and_members.php|access-date=2022-02-04|website=www.vra.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma kuma shugaban hukumar kula da kashe gobara ta Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=GHANA NATIONAL FIRE SERVICE COUNCIL|url=https://www.mint.gov.gh/ghana-national-fire-service-council/|access-date=2022-02-04|website=Ministry of the Interior│Republic of Ghana|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Anyimadu-Antwi ya halarci KNUST kuma yayi BSc a Land Economy. Ya sami takardar shaidar a fannin Tsare-tsare da Gudanarwa a GIMPA, da MBA a Jami'ar Ghana, Legon. Ya cancanci zama Barista a Law kuma an kira shi Barista a Makarantar Shari'a ta Ghana. Yana da digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a (LLM) a Dokar Kayayyakin Hankali daga Jami'ar London.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Anyimadu-Antwi, Kwame|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5296|access-date=2020-12-26|website=www.ghanamps.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=43#|title=Parliament of Ghana|website=www.parliament.gh|access-date=2020-01-11}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haife Anyimadu-Antwi a ranar 12 ga Afrilu 1962. Ya fito daga Patriensa a yankin Ashanti.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghanamps.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Anyimadu-Antwi, Kwame|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=76|access-date=2020-07-04|website=www.ghanamps.com|archive-date=2024-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927060614/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=76|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Masanin Ilimi ne ta hanyar sana'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Ghana Members of Parliament Website|url=http://ghanamps.com/home/|access-date=2020-07-06|website=ghanamps.com|archive-date=2020-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630032143/http://ghanamps.com/home/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki a sashin kimar ƙasa a matsayin mai ba da taimako daga 1989 zuwa 1991. Daga nan ya ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin jami’in kula da gidaje don taimaka wa manaja a Kamfanin Inshora na Jihar Ghana amma yanzu shi ne babban jami’in gudanarwa a gidaje (private consultant).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Shi memba na New Patriotic Party ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Members of Parliament|url=https://www.fact-checkghana.com/members-of-parliament/|access-date=2022-02-04|website=Fact Check Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya taba zama dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Asante-Akim ta Arewa inda ya gaji tsohon ministan kudi da tsare-tsare, Marigayi Kwadwo Baah-Wiredu na wa'adi daya tsakanin 2009 zuwa 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Asante Akim North Summary - 2008 Elections|url=https://www.modernghana.com/ghanahome/ghanavotes/2008/result_constituency.asp?constituency_id=201|access-date=2020-12-25|website=www.modernghana.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Anyimadu-Antwi succeeds Baah-Wiredu as MP for Asante Akim North|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/185926/anyimadu-antwi-succeeds-baah-wiredu-as-mp-for-asan.html|access-date=2020-12-26|website=Modern Ghana|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2012, an sake fasalin Asante Akim North kuma aka raba biyu haihuwar mazabar Asante Akim ta tsakiya wacce ta faɗo a ƙarƙashin Asante Akim-Central Municipal da kuma Mazabar Asante Akim ta Arewa. A zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki na 2012, daga nan ya koma Asante Akim Central don tsayawa takarar dan majalisa wanda ya yi nasara.

Ya tsaya takarar zama dan majalisa mai zuwa a zaben 2016 na Asante Akim Central a yankin Ashanti na Ghana. An zabe shi a karo na uku bayan ya kayar da ‘yan adawar sa a babban zaben kasar na 2016, inda ya lashe kashi 75.90% na yawan kuri’un da aka kada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Asante Akim Central Summary - 2016 Elections|url=https://www.modernghana.com/ghanahome/ghanavotes/2016/result_constituency.asp?constituency_id=1065|access-date=2020-12-25|website=www.modernghana.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Disambar 2020, ya sake tsayawa takara a zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NPP Parliamentary Primaries: Possible Winning Candidates|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1010599/npp-parliamentary-primaries-possible-winning-cand.html|access-date=2020-07-04|website=Modern Ghana|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Online|first=Peace FM|title=Asante-Akim Central NPP Youth Invade Party Office Over Nomination Forms|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/202002/401391.php|access-date=2020-07-04|website=Peacefmonline.com - Ghana news|archive-date=2023-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502135111/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/202002/401391.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; inda ya samu kuri'u 22,681 da ke wakiltar kashi 52.72% a kan abokin takararsa Richard Adu Darko, dan takara mai zaman kansa wanda ya samu kuri'u 12,570 da ke wakiltar kashi 29.22% na kuri'un da aka kada na wakilci a majalisar dokokin Ghana ta 8.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020-12-09|title=Asante Akim Central Summary - 2020 Elections|url=https://www.modernghana.com/ghanahome/ghanavotes/2020/result_constituency.asp?constituency_id=1376|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-25|website=www.modernghana.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Online|first=Peace FM|title=Anti-LGBTQ+ Bill: Gays Haven't Demanded For Rights - NPP MP Explains|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/202110/453981.php|access-date=2022-02-04|website=Peacefmonline.com - Ghana news|archive-date=2023-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429154236/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/202110/453981.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kwamitoci ===
Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin samar da ayyukan yi, jin dadin jama'a da kamfanoni na jiha na majalisar dokoki ta 7 na jamhuriya ta hudu ta Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=raskorsa|date=2020-01-06|title=Chairpersons Of Parliamentary Select Committees On Trade, Transport And State Enterprise Evaluate Maritime And Port Industry In 2019|url=http://www.ghananews247.com/2020/01/06/chairpersons-of-parliamentary-select-committees-on-trade-transport-and-state-enterprise-evaluate-maritime-and-port-industry-in-2019/|access-date=2020-12-25|website=Ghananews247|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126235509/http://www.ghananews247.com/2020/01/06/chairpersons-of-parliamentary-select-committees-on-trade-transport-and-state-enterprise-evaluate-maritime-and-port-industry-in-2019/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A halin yanzu, shi ne shugaban kwamitin tsarin mulki, shari'a da harkokin majalisa,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-10-27|title=Anti-LGBTQ+ Bill: Anyimadu-Antwi backs Speaker's decision to make sitting public - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/anti-lgbtq-bill-anyimadu-antwi-backs-speakers-decision-to-make-sitting-public/|access-date=2022-02-04|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=GNA|title=Ghana affirms commitment towards implementation of African Court’s decision {{!}} News Ghana|url=https://newsghana.com.gh/ghana-affirms-commitment-towards-implementation-of-african-courts-decision/|access-date=2022-02-04|website=newsghana.com.gh/|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; mamba a kwamitin kudi da kuma mamba a kwamitin oda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=159|access-date=2022-02-04|website=www.parliament.gh}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Yana da aure da ‘ya’ya hudu. Shi Kirista ne kuma memba na cocin Presbyterian.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghanamps.com&quot; /&gt; Shi ma memba ne a kungiyar lauyoyin Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 2017, 'yarsa ta kashe kanta ta hanyar rataye kanta a KNUST.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-03-01|title=My daughter’s suicide came to me like ‘thunder’ – MP breaks silence|url=https://citifmonline.com/2017/03/my-daughters-suicide-came-to-me-like-thunder-mp-breaks-silence/|access-date=2022-02-04|website=Citi 97.3 FM - Relevant Radio. Always|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430093036/https://citifmonline.com/2017/03/my-daughters-suicide-came-to-me-like-thunder-mp-breaks-silence/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kwame Asafu Adjei</title>
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[[Fayil:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-43-65.jpg|thumb|kwame acikin mutane]]
'''Kwame Asafu Adjei'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kwame Asafu-Adjei|url=https://www.thepublisheronline.com/branded-chocolates-cocobod-ceo-deserves-praise-npp-mp/kwame-asafu-adjei/|access-date=2022-08-30|website=The Publisher Online|language=en-GB|archive-date=2022-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830225314/https://www.thepublisheronline.com/branded-chocolates-cocobod-ceo-deserves-praise-npp-mp/kwame-asafu-adjei/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; dan siyasan Ghana ne kuma dan majalisar wakilai ta bakwai a jamhuriya ta hudu ta Ghana, mai wakiltar mazabar Nsuta-Kwamang-Beposo a yankin Ashanti a kan tikitin New Patriotic Party.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5354|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Asafu-Adjei, Kwame|website=www.ghanamps.com|access-date=2020-02-10|archive-date=2020-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109114300/http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5354|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Starrfm.com.gh|date=2022-08-13|title=Asanteman walk for Alan not political - Asafo Adjei — Starr Fm|url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2022/08/asanteman-walk-for-alan-not-political-asafo-adjei/|access-date=2022-08-30|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010171825/https://starrfm.com.gh/2022/08/asanteman-walk-for-alan-not-political-asafo-adjei/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bonney|first=Abigail|date=2022-08-16|title=NPP should've paid us for awakening interest of Ashanti members - Former NPP MP|url=https://www.adomonline.com/npp-shouldve-paid-us-for-awakening-interest-of-ashanti-members-former-npp-mp/|access-date=2022-08-30|website=Adomonline.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Adjei a ranar 10 ga Oktoba 1950 a wani gari mai suna Nsuta a cikin yankin Ashanti. Ya sami digiri na biyu na Kimiyya a fannin Tattalin Arziki na Noma daga Jami'ar Jihar Tennessee, Nashville, Amurka a 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Aiki ==
Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban jami'in gudanarwa na Asafaco Consult Company Limited a Accra. Ya kasance Mataimakin Darakta na Manufofi, Tsare-tsare, Kulawa da Kima (PPME) kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Tsare-tsaren Dabbobi a MOFA.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
An zabe shi a majalisa ta shida a jamhuriya ta 4 ta Ghana a ranar 7 ga watan Janairun 2013 bayan ya tsaya takara a babban zaben Ghana na shekarar 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/election2012/parliament.constituency.php?ID=136&amp;res=pm|title=Parliamentary Results - Nsuta, Kwamang, BeposoConstituency|website=www.ghanaweb.com|access-date=2020-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ne aka sake zabe shi a majalisa ta bakwai a jamhuriya ta hudu ta Ghana a ranar 7 ga watan Janairun 2017 bayan da ya samu kashi 51.03% na sahihin kuri'un da aka kada a babban zaben Ghana na 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/ashanti/31/|title=NDC Primaries: Nsuta Kwamang Constituency|last=|first=|date=|website=Peace FM Online|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330202829/http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/ashanti/31/|archive-date=2017-03-30|access-date=2020-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsohon dan majalisa ne mai wakiltar mazabar Nsuta-Kwamang-Beposo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-01-13|title=Kwame Asafu Adjei: Bawumia loudly silent on Gideon Boako’s disrespect - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/kwame-asafu-adjei-bawumia-loudly-silent-on-gideon-boakos-disrespect/|access-date=2022-08-30|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2017, ya kasance shugaban riko na al'amuran abinci, noma da koko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-06-28|title=NDC Gave Fertilizers To Party Activists - NPP|url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/ndc-gave-fertilizers-party-activists-npp/|access-date=2022-08-30|website=DailyGuide Network|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Shi Kirista ne kuma ya yi aure da ‘ya’ya uku.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==
[[Category:Haifaffun 1950]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Kwaku Agyemang-Manu</title>
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[[Fayil:KWAKU AGYEMAN-MANU (cropped).jpg|thumb|ɗan siyasar ƙasar Ghana '''Kwaku Agyemang-Manu''']]
'''Kwaku Agyemang-Manu,''' (an haife shi a  watan Satumba 6, 1955) ɗan siyasan kasar Ghana. Shi ne dan majalisa mai wakiltar Dorma ta tsakiya kuma ministan lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://ghanahealthnest.com/kwaku-agyemang-manu-health-minister-akufo-addo-ghana/|title=Hon. Kwaku Agyemang Manu is New Health Minister|date=2017-01-10|newspaper=Ghana Health Nest|access-date=2017-02-09|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211093705/http://ghanahealthnest.com/kwaku-agyemang-manu-health-minister-akufo-addo-ghana/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.com.gh/bio/politicians/kwaku-agyemany-manu?ajax=true|title=Kwaku Agyemany-Manu - Kwaku Agyemany-Manu - Pulse|last=Pulse|website=pulse.com.gh|language=en-US|access-date=2017-02-09|archive-date=2017-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211082633/http://pulse.com.gh/bio/politicians/kwaku-agyemany-manu?ajax=true|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-21|title=178 Covid-19 In School – Health Minister|url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/178-covid-19-in-school-health-minister/|access-date=2020-07-25|website=DailyGuide Network|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=106|access-date=2020-07-25|website=www.parliament.gh|archive-date=2023-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328055124/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=106|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Minister|url=https://www.moh.gov.gh/hon-kwaku-agyeman-manu/|access-date=2020-07-25|website=Ministry Of Health|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lack of facilities impede healthcare service delivery in Oti - Osei Kufuor Afreh - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/lack-of-facilities-impede-healthcare-service-delivery-in-oti-osei-kufuor-afreh/|access-date=2021-05-19|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance Akantan Gudanarwa na Chartered kuma ya sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki da kididdiga daga Jami'ar Ghana 

, a 1989.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kwaku Agyeman-Manu, Biography|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Kwaku-Agyeman-Manu-2380|access-date=2022-08-10|website=www.ghanaweb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Agyeman-Manu a Dormaa Ahenkro a yankin Brong Ahafo a lokacin a yanzu yankin Bono. Ya sami matakinsa na G.C.E a 1973 da G.C.E Advanced Level a 1975. Shi ne Chartered Management Accountant kuma Associate Member a 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=191|access-date=2022-01-17|website=www.parliament.gh|archive-date=2023-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204133221/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=191|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; sannan ya sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki da kididdiga daga jami'ar Ghana a shekarar 1979. Sannan ya kammala karatunsa na  akan gudanar da Accountancy a London School of Accountancy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=2574|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Agyeman-Manu, Kwaku|website=ghanamps.com|access-date=2017-02-09|archive-date=2024-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928231622/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=2574|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Ya kasance Daraktan kudi a Kamfanin Ghamot da kuma Kamfanin Toyota Ghana Company Limited. Ya kuma kasance Mataimakin Babban Akanta a Kamfanin Kamfanin Timber na MIM.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

=== Aikin siyasa ===
Agyeman-Manu dan jam'iyyar New Patriotic Party ne kuma dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Dorma ta tsakiya a yankin Brong Ahafo na kasar Ghana a lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Ya taba zama shugaban kwamitin kula da asusun gwamnati a majalisar dokokin da ta shude kuma ya kasance shugaban riko na hukumar lafiya ta kasa a shekarar 2006, sannan kuma mataimakin ministan kudi da tsare-tsare na tattalin arziki karkashin gwamnatin tsohon shugaban kasa Kufuor (2001 zuwa 2008).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Be-discreet-in-last-minute-deals-Agyemang-Manu-to-gov-t-496270|title=Be discreet in last minute deals - Agyemang-Manu to gov't|website=www.ghanaweb.com|access-date=2017-02-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan gwamnati, ya yi mataimakin minista a ma’aikatun kasuwanci da masana’antu da harkokin cikin gida da kudi da sadarwa da hanyoyi da sufuri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/profile-of-1st-batch-of-prez-akufo-addo-s-minister-designates.html|title=Profile of 1st batch of Akufo-Addo's minister designates - Graphic Online {{!}} Ghana News|last=Graphic.com.gh|newspaper=Graphic Online|access-date=2017-02-09|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki a Hukumar Kula da Makamai kamar Hukumar Kula da Kananan Makamai ta Ghana, Hukumar Kula da Harajin Ghana, Bankin Ghana, da Kwamitin aiwatar da rarrabuwar kawuna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Ministan majalisar ===
A watan Mayu, 2017, Shugaba Nana Akufo-Addo ya nada Kwaku Agyemang-Manu a matsayin wani bangare na ministoci goma sha tara da za su kafa majalisar ministocinsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;carbi&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=FM|first1=Citi|title=Arts Minister Catherine Afeku makes it to Cabinet|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Arts-Minister-Catherine-Afeku-makes-it-to-Cabinet-542839|website=ghanaweb.com|publisher=ghanaweb|accessdate=7 July 2017|archive-date=31 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731025902/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Arts-Minister-Catherine-Afeku-makes-it-to-Cabinet-542839|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; An mika sunayen ministoci 19 ga majalisar dokokin Ghana kuma kakakin majalisar Rt. Hon. Farfesa Mike Ocquaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;carbi&quot; /&gt; A matsayinsa na Ministan Majalisar Zartaswa, Agyemang-Manu na cikin da'irar shugaban kasa kuma yana ba da taimako ga muhimman manufofin yanke shawara ga kasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;carbi&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kwaku Agyemang - Manu, Biography|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Kwaku-Agyemang-Manu-2380|access-date=2020-12-07|website=www.ghanaweb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Kwamitin ====
Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Riko da Mambobi na Kwamitin Riba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Agyeman-Manu Kirista ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;Yana da aure kuma yana da ’ya’ya shida sananne.

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 1955]]</text>
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'''Kwabena Twum-Nuamah''' (an haife shi 17 Janairu 1978) ɗan siyasan Ghana ne kuma likita.&lt;ref name=&quot;parl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=75|title=Parliament of Ghana|access-date=2022-11-15|archive-date=2023-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324060013/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=75|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mps&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=2596|title=MPS|access-date=2022-11-15|archive-date=2024-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927060634/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=2596|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dan New Patriotic Party ne kuma dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar Berekum East. Shi ne kuma shugaban kwamitin zaɓe na majalisar dokoki kan harkokin kiwon lafiya kuma memba a kwamitin kuɗi.&lt;ref name=&quot;parl&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghananewsagency.org/health/management-of-health-facilities-urge-to-be-innovative-121479|title=Ghana News Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Twum-Nuamah a shekara ta 1978 a Berekum, Ghana. Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah inda ya samu digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin halittu (2000-2003), babban Masters na Commonwealth a Gudanar da Kasuwanci (CEMBA) Janar Gudanarwa (2009-2012) da MSc Public Health (2009-2012). 2011-2012).&lt;ref name=&quot;mps&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/parliamentatian.php?ID=185|title=Ghana Parliament member Dr. Kwabena Twum-Nuamah|website=www.ghanaweb.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108025952/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/parliamentatian.php?ID=185|archive-date=2018-11-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5540|title=MPS|access-date=2022-11-15|archive-date=2024-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927163548/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5540|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Twum-Nuamah shi ne shugaban kwamitin tantance 'yan majalisu na majalisar dokoki ta 7 ta jamhuriya ta hudu a Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://dailyguideafrica.com/e47-1m-lifeline-for-legon-hospital/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805110813/http://dailyguideafrica.com/e47-1m-lifeline-for-legon-hospital/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=5 August 2018|title=usurped title}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance memba a New Patriotic Party tun 2013. Ya tsaya takarar majalisa a zaben 2013 na majalisar dokoki a sabuwar mazabar Berekum West.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.berekumcity.com/news/municipal-news/dr-kwabena-nuamah-twum-to-lead-npp-in-berekum-east|title=Dr. Kwabena Nuamah Twum to Lead NPP in Berekum East|access-date=2022-11-15|archive-date=2023-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007213933/https://www.berekumcity.com/news/municipal-news/dr-kwabena-nuamah-twum-to-lead-npp-in-berekum-east|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya ci gaba da rike kujerarsa a zaben ‘yan majalisar dokokin Ghana na shekarar 2016. Ya kuma kasance mamba a kwamitin zabar kudi na ‘yan majalisar dokoki.&lt;ref name=&quot;parl&quot; /&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Twum-Nuamah tana da aure (mai 'ya'ya uku). Shi Kirista ne (Methodist).

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Haihuwan 1978]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kwasi Etu-Bonde</title>
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'''Kwasi Etu-Bonde''' ɗan siyasan Ghana ne kuma ɗan majalisar wakilai ta baƙwai a jamhuriyar Ghana ta huɗu mai wakiltar mazaɓar Kintampo ta Arewa a yankin Bono ta gabas a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=141 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930222954/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=141 |archive-date=30 September 2023 |access-date=17 February 2019 |website=Parliament Of Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bonney |first=Abigail |date=2021-02-02 |title=Former NDC Chairman dead! |url=https://www.adomonline.com/former-ndc-chairman-passes-on-photo-2/ |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=Adomonline. |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2019-09-19 |title=Bluecrest University College offers scholarship to 30 SHS students |url=https://www.ghanaiantimes.com.gh/bluecrest-university-college-offers-scholarship-to-30-shs-students/ |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=Ghanaian Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2019, ya kasance dan majalisar wakilai na 2 mafi kyawu a yankin Bono Gabas. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kintampo North MP Ranked 2nd Best Performing MP In Bono East |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/938404/kintampo-north-mp-ranked-2nd-best-performing-mp-in-bono-east.html |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
Kwasi Etu-Bonde an haife shi a [[Vume]] a yankin Volta na Ghana a ranar 13 ga Oktoban shekarar 1968 ɗan siyasan Ghana ne kuma ɗan majalisa na bakwai na Jamhuriyyar Ghana ta huɗu mai wakiltar mazabar Kintampo ta Arewa a yankin Brong-Ahafo kan tikitin jam'iyyar Democratic Congress.

== Ilimi ==
Etu-Bonde yayi karatu a [[Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Gudanar da Jama'a ta Ghana|GIMPA]] (SME, Development and Management) inda ya sami EMBA a 2004. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Etu-Bonde ɗan kasuwa ne kuma Shugaba na SKY-3 Investments Limited da Sustenance Agro Ventures dake Kintampo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Bonde, Kwasietu |url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5523 |access-date=2019-04-27 |website=GhanaMps. |archive-date=2019-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426192302/http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5523 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi mai yin doka ne kuma masanin noma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ntiamoah |first=Christina |date=2018-03-12 |title=Agriculture Not Backbone of Ghana’s Economy – Honorable Kwasi-Etu Bonde |url=https://ritefmonline.org/agriculture-not-backbone-of-ghanas-economy-honorable-kwasi-etu-bonde/ |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=Rite 90.1FM |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
A shekarar 2015 ya tsaya takara kuma ya lashe zaɓen fidda gwani na majalisar dokokin NDC na mazaɓar Kintampo ta Arewa a yankin Bono Gabas ta Ghana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Electorates task parliamentary candidates to promote peace |url=https://ghanaguardian.com/electorates-task-parliamentary-candidates-promote-peace |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=The Ghana Guardian News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya lashe wannan kujera ta majalisar dokoki a lokacin babban zaɓen Ghana na 2016 . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Ya yi nasara da kuri'u 22,407 inda ya samu kashi 53.89% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada yayin da dan takarar majalisar NPP Nkangmah Mateerl Charles ya samu kuri'u 17,610 wanda ya zama kashi 42.36% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana Election Results |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/pal/50/index.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116173202/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/pal/50/index.php |archive-date=16 November 2022 |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=Ghana Elections 2012 - Peace FM}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Joseph Kwame Kumah]] ne ya gaje shi a lokacin zaɓen fidda gwani na National Democratic Congress a mazabar Kintampo ta Arewa bayan ya ƙi tsayawa takara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kintampo North Constituency elects Mr. Joseph Kwame Kumah for NDC |url=http://www.ghanadistricts.com/Home/Reader/15d3016-9872-4f89-bc |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=GhanaDistricts.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Etu-Bonde na da aure da ‘ya’ya biyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Addini ==
Etu-Bonde Kirista ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]]</text>
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    <title>Abdulrahman AbdulRazaq</title>
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'''AbdulRahman AbdulRazaq''' (An haife shi ne a ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairu,Shekara ta 1960) Abdulrahman ɗan siyasa ne a [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]], wanda ya yi gwamnan [[Ȯra Kwara|jihar Kwara]] tun a shekarar 2019.  A baya shi ne Shugaban Kamfanin First Fuels Limited.  Ya yi takarar gwamnan [[Ȯra Kwara|jihar Kwara]] a shekarar 2003, 2007 da 2011 a karkashin jam’iyyar Congress for Progressive Change, inda [[Bukola Saraki|Abubakar Bukola Saraki]] ya doke shi a shekarar 2003 da 2007, da [[Abdulfatah Ahmed]] a 2011.  Sai dai a shekarar 2019, ya sake tsayawa takara a ƙarƙashin jam’iyyar siyasa mai mulki a Najeriya, [[All Progressives Congress|APC]], kuma ya zama gwamnan [[Ȯra Kwara|jihar Kwara]], bayan ya lashe zaɓen gwamna a 2019 a jihar.  A cikin 2021 ya gabatar da Kwara LEARN a cikin ilimin asali don ƙarfafa malamai. 

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haife shi a [[Ilorin ta Yamma|karamar hukumar Ilorin ta yamma]] .  AbdulRahman ɗan Alh. AGF AbdulRazaq SAN., Lauyan Arewa na farko a Najeriya. 

Ya halarci makarantar Capital School [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] tsakanin 1966 zuwa 1968; Bishop Smith Memorial School [[Ilorin]] tsakanin 1970 zuwa 1971; da kuma Government College Kaduna inda aka ce ya ci [[Jarabawar Kammala Makarantun Sakandare a Yammacin Afurka (WASSCE)|jarrabawar sa ta sakandare ta yammacin Afirka]] a shekarar 1976 (WASSCE).  

== Sana'a ==

=== Siyasa ===
Ya shiga siyasa ne a shekarar 1999 lokacin da Najeriya ta koma kan turbar dimokradiyya. A 2011, bai yi nasara a zaɓen gwamna a jihar Kwara a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar Congress for Progressive Change (CPC)  sannan kuma ya sake tsayawa takarar Sanatan Kwara ta tsakiya a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) a 2011 kuma bai yi nasara ba. 2015.  Ya lashe zaɓen fidda gwani na gwamna na jam’iyyar [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressive Congress]] na [[Ȯra Kwara|jihar Kwara]] a watan Oktoba 2018.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Abdulrazaq Abdulrahman.jpg|thumb|Abdulrahman AbdulRazaq]]
An zaɓe shi a matsayin gwamnan [[Ȯra Kwara|jihar Kwara]] a zaɓen gwamna na 2019 da aka gudanar a ranar 9 ga Maris 2019 kuma aka rantsar da shi a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2019. 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Yana auren Olufolake Molawa Davies Abdulrazaq  kuma ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya maza uku. 

== Nassoshi ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;
[[Category:Haihuwan 1960]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Oga Bello</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357083113|Oga Bello]]&quot;</comment>
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Adebayo Salami i (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1952), wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na mataki &quot;Oga Bello&quot; shi ne tsohon dan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, mai shirya fim, kuma darektan. [1].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria HomePage - Breaking News, Business, Sports, Entertainment and Video News |url=http://m.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/30122/3/i-was-beaten-blue-black-for-acting-oga-bello.html |access-date=1 January 2015 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 August 2021 |title=Popular film star, Oga Bello loses mum {{!}} The Nation Nigeria |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/popular-film-star-oga-bello-loses-mum/amp/ |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=thenationonlineng.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Salami 'yar asalin Pakata Oloje ce, [[Ilorin]], [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] . An haife shi a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1953 a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] inda ya sami karatun firamare da sakandare.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tunde Akanbi, Ilorin |title=Voice Of Nigeria - Actor advocates promotion of indigenous languages |url=http://www.voiceofnigeria.org/nigeria/actor-advocates-promotion-of-indigenous-languages.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101040056/http://www.voiceofnigeria.org/nigeria/actor-advocates-promotion-of-indigenous-languages.html |archive-date=1 January 2015 |access-date=1 January 2015 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Adebayo Salami ya halarci Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Adebodun, sannan daga baya ya tafi Makarantar Wasannin Legas,  makarantar da ke da alaƙa da [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]].

== Ayyuka ==
Ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta 1964, tare da ƙungiyar da ake kira Young Concert Party, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ojo Ladipo, wanda aka fi sani da Baba Mero . Bayan 'yan shekaru, kungiyar ta canza sunanta zuwa Ojo Ladipo Theatre Group kuma daga baya ta zama Awada Kerikeri Theatre Group .  Bayan rasuwar Ojo Ladipo a shekara ta 1978, Salami ya ɗauki matsayin shugabancin kungiyar, wanda ya kawo shi cikin haske.

Ya fito a fim din Yoruba na farko, ''Ajani Ogun'', inda marigayi [[Adeyemi Afolayan]], mahaifin [[Kunle Afolayan]] da [[Gabriel Afolayan]] ya taka rawar gani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=AJIBADE ALABI |title=Oga Bello tells all about career, family &amp; kids - Newswatch Times |url=http://www.mynewswatchtimesng.com/oga-bello-tells-career-family-kids/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101035500/http://www.mynewswatchtimesng.com/oga-bello-tells-career-family-kids/ |archive-date=1 January 2015 |access-date=1 January 2015 |website=Newswatch Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma nuna shi a cikin fim mai suna ''Kadara'' ta Adeyemi Afolayan (Ade Love). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ADEBAYO SALAMI (OGA BELLO) RETURNS TO STAGE WITH 'OLOKOOBA' AT 50! |url=http://e247mag.com/adebayo-salami-oga-bello-returns-to-stage-with-olokooba-at-50/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101044456/http://e247mag.com/adebayo-salami-oga-bello-returns-to-stage-with-olokooba-at-50/ |archive-date=1 January 2015 |access-date=1 January 2015 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ya fito a cikin shahararren jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya ''Comedy rabin sa'a'' tare da sunan mataki Oga Bello . 

Ya samar da fim dinsa na farko, ''[[Ogun]] Ajaye'', a 1985, daga shagon Awada Kerikeri . 

Tun daga shekara ta 1985, ya samar, ya ba da umarni, kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Yoruba.

Ya kasance memba na farko na Ƙungiyar Masu Ayyukan Wasanni na Najeriya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TAMAPAN house of division and cheap Nollywood politics |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2014/02/tamapan-house-of-division-and-cheap-nollywood-politics/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101040115/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2014/02/tamapan-house-of-division-and-cheap-nollywood-politics/ |archive-date=1 January 2015 |access-date=1 January 2015 |website=Daily Independent, Nigerian Newspaper}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Confusion in Yoruba movie sector |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2014/02/confusion-in-yoruba-movie-sector/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101040156/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2014/02/confusion-in-yoruba-movie-sector/ |archive-date=1 January 2015 |access-date=1 January 2015 |website=Daily Independent, Nigerian Newspaper}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Salami ta auri mata biyu kuma tana da 'ya'ya goma sha takwas (9 maza da 9 mata, ciki har da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo [[Femi Adebayo]]) 

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Shekara
!Fim din
!Matsayi
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2024
|&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwcQ&quot;&gt;Ƙofofi Bakwai&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Otun
|-
|&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwdg&quot;&gt;Hanyar da za a haɗu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Mahaifin Dunni
|-
|2022
|''[[Aníkúlápó]]''
|Babban Oyo
|-
|2020
|Omo Ghetto (The Saga) 
|Baba Onibaba
|-
|1996
|''[[Owo Blow|Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa]]''
|Shugaban Majalisar
|}

== Kyaututtuka ==

* 2014 [[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] 

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin mutanen Yoruba
* [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]]

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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Adebayo Salami i (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1952), wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na mataki &quot;Oga Bello&quot; shi ne tsohon dan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, mai shirya fim, kuma darektan. [1].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria HomePage - Breaking News, Business, Sports, Entertainment and Video News |url=http://m.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/30122/3/i-was-beaten-blue-black-for-acting-oga-bello.html |access-date=1 January 2015 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 August 2021 |title=Popular film star, Oga Bello loses mum {{!}} The Nation Nigeria |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/popular-film-star-oga-bello-loses-mum/amp/ |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=thenationonlineng.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Salami 'yar asalin Pakata Oloje ce, [[Ilorin]], [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] . An haife shi a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1953 a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] inda ya sami karatun firamare da sakandare.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tunde Akanbi, Ilorin |title=Voice Of Nigeria - Actor advocates promotion of indigenous languages |url=http://www.voiceofnigeria.org/nigeria/actor-advocates-promotion-of-indigenous-languages.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101040056/http://www.voiceofnigeria.org/nigeria/actor-advocates-promotion-of-indigenous-languages.html |archive-date=1 January 2015 |access-date=1 January 2015 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Adebayo Salami ya halarci Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Adebodun, sannan daga baya ya tafi Makarantar Wasannin Legas,  makarantar da ke da alaƙa da [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]].

== Ayyuka ==
Ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta 1964, tare da ƙungiyar da ake kira Young Concert Party, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ojo Ladipo, wanda aka fi sani da Baba Mero . Bayan 'yan shekaru, kungiyar ta canza sunanta zuwa Ojo Ladipo Theatre Group kuma daga baya ta zama Awada Kerikeri Theatre Group .  Bayan rasuwar Ojo Ladipo a shekara ta 1978, Salami ya ɗauki matsayin shugabancin kungiyar, wanda ya kawo shi cikin haske.

Ya fito a fim din Yoruba na farko, ''Ajani Ogun'', inda marigayi [[Adeyemi Afolayan]], mahaifin [[Kunle Afolayan]] da [[Gabriel Afolayan]] ya taka rawar gani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=AJIBADE ALABI |title=Oga Bello tells all about career, family &amp; kids - Newswatch Times |url=http://www.mynewswatchtimesng.com/oga-bello-tells-career-family-kids/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101035500/http://www.mynewswatchtimesng.com/oga-bello-tells-career-family-kids/ |archive-date=1 January 2015 |access-date=1 January 2015 |website=Newswatch Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma nuna shi a cikin fim mai suna ''Kadara'' ta Adeyemi Afolayan (Ade Love). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ADEBAYO SALAMI (OGA BELLO) RETURNS TO STAGE WITH 'OLOKOOBA' AT 50! |url=http://e247mag.com/adebayo-salami-oga-bello-returns-to-stage-with-olokooba-at-50/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101044456/http://e247mag.com/adebayo-salami-oga-bello-returns-to-stage-with-olokooba-at-50/ |archive-date=1 January 2015 |access-date=1 January 2015 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ya fito a cikin shahararren jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya ''Comedy rabin sa'a'' tare da sunan mataki Oga Bello . 

Ya samar da fim dinsa na farko, ''[[Ogun]] Ajaye'', a 1985, daga shagon Awada Kerikeri . 

Tun daga shekara ta 1985, ya samar, ya ba da umarni, kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Yoruba.

Ya kasance memba na farko na Ƙungiyar Masu Ayyukan Wasanni na Najeriya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TAMAPAN house of division and cheap Nollywood politics |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2014/02/tamapan-house-of-division-and-cheap-nollywood-politics/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101040115/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2014/02/tamapan-house-of-division-and-cheap-nollywood-politics/ |archive-date=1 January 2015 |access-date=1 January 2015 |website=Daily Independent, Nigerian Newspaper}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Confusion in Yoruba movie sector |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2014/02/confusion-in-yoruba-movie-sector/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101040156/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2014/02/confusion-in-yoruba-movie-sector/ |archive-date=1 January 2015 |access-date=1 January 2015 |website=Daily Independent, Nigerian Newspaper}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Salami ta auri mata biyu kuma tana da 'ya'ya goma sha takwas (9 maza da 9 mata, ciki har da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo [[Femi Adebayo]]) 

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Shekara
!Fim din
!Matsayi
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2024
|&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwcQ&quot;&gt;Ƙofofi Bakwai&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Otun
|-
|&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwdg&quot;&gt;Hanyar da za a haɗu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Mahaifin Dunni
|-
|2022
|''[[Aníkúlápó]]''
|Babban Oyo
|-
|2020
|Omo Ghetto (The Saga) 
|Baba Onibaba
|-
|1996
|''[[Owo Blow|Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa]]''
|Shugaban Majalisar
|}

== Kyaututtuka ==

* 2014 [[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] 

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin mutanen Yoruba
* [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]]

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>ozsdb2srr93tr1k76ofydmozx6q4hn7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861303</id>
      <parentid>861302</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T14:32:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ashiru Lawal</username>
        <id>24821</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>861303</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5280" sha1="milw56sz8lmmstebo9j1indglhzjyhk" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

Adebayo Salami i (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1952), wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na mataki &quot;Oga Bello&quot; shi ne tsohon dan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, mai shirya fim, kuma darektan. [1].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria HomePage - Breaking News, Business, Sports, Entertainment and Video News |url=http://m.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/30122/3/i-was-beaten-blue-black-for-acting-oga-bello.html |access-date=1 January 2015 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 August 2021 |title=Popular film star, Oga Bello loses mum {{!}} The Nation Nigeria |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/popular-film-star-oga-bello-loses-mum/amp/ |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=thenationonlineng.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Salami 'yar asalin Pakata Oloje ce, [[Ilorin]], [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] . An haife shi a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1953 a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] inda ya sami karatun firamare da sakandare.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tunde Akanbi, Ilorin |title=Voice Of Nigeria - Actor advocates promotion of indigenous languages |url=http://www.voiceofnigeria.org/nigeria/actor-advocates-promotion-of-indigenous-languages.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101040056/http://www.voiceofnigeria.org/nigeria/actor-advocates-promotion-of-indigenous-languages.html |archive-date=1 January 2015 |access-date=1 January 2015 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Adebayo Salami ya halarci Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Adebodun, sannan daga baya ya tafi Makarantar Wasannin Legas,  makarantar da ke da alaƙa da [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]].

== Ayyuka ==
Ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta 1964, tare da ƙungiyar da ake kira Young Concert Party, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ojo Ladipo, wanda aka fi sani da Baba Mero . Bayan 'yan shekaru, kungiyar ta canza sunanta zuwa Ojo Ladipo Theatre Group kuma daga baya ta zama Awada Kerikeri Theatre Group .  Bayan rasuwar Ojo Ladipo a shekara ta 1978, Salami ya ɗauki matsayin shugabancin kungiyar, wanda ya kawo shi cikin haske.

Ya fito a fim din Yoruba na farko, ''Ajani Ogun'', inda marigayi [[Adeyemi Afolayan]], mahaifin [[Kunle Afolayan]] da [[Gabriel Afolayan]] ya taka rawar gani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=AJIBADE ALABI |title=Oga Bello tells all about career, family &amp; kids - Newswatch Times |url=http://www.mynewswatchtimesng.com/oga-bello-tells-career-family-kids/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101035500/http://www.mynewswatchtimesng.com/oga-bello-tells-career-family-kids/ |archive-date=1 January 2015 |access-date=1 January 2015 |website=Newswatch Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma nuna shi a cikin fim mai suna ''Kadara'' ta Adeyemi Afolayan (Ade Love). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ADEBAYO SALAMI (OGA BELLO) RETURNS TO STAGE WITH 'OLOKOOBA' AT 50! |url=http://e247mag.com/adebayo-salami-oga-bello-returns-to-stage-with-olokooba-at-50/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101044456/http://e247mag.com/adebayo-salami-oga-bello-returns-to-stage-with-olokooba-at-50/ |archive-date=1 January 2015 |access-date=1 January 2015 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ya fito a cikin shahararren jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya ''Comedy rabin sa'a'' tare da sunan mataki Oga Bello . 

Ya samar da fim dinsa na farko, ''[[Ogun]] Ajaye'', a 1985, daga shagon Awada Kerikeri . 

Tun daga shekara ta 1985, ya samar, ya ba da umarni, kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Yoruba.

Ya kasance mamba na farko na Ƙungiyar Masu Ayyukan Wasanni na Najeriya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TAMAPAN house of division and cheap Nollywood politics |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2014/02/tamapan-house-of-division-and-cheap-nollywood-politics/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101040115/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2014/02/tamapan-house-of-division-and-cheap-nollywood-politics/ |archive-date=1 January 2015 |access-date=1 January 2015 |website=Daily Independent, Nigerian Newspaper}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Confusion in Yoruba movie sector |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2014/02/confusion-in-yoruba-movie-sector/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101040156/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2014/02/confusion-in-yoruba-movie-sector/ |archive-date=1 January 2015 |access-date=1 January 2015 |website=Daily Independent, Nigerian Newspaper}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Salami ta auri mata biyu kuma tana da 'ya'ya goma sha takwas (9 maza da 9 mata, ciki har da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo [[Femi Adebayo]]) 

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Shekara
!Fim din
!Matsayi
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2024
|&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwcQ&quot;&gt;Ƙofofi Bakwai&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Otun
|-
|&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwdg&quot;&gt;Hanyar da za a haɗu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|Mahaifin Dunni
|-
|2022
|''[[Aníkúlápó]]''
|Babban Oyo
|-
|2020
|Omo Ghetto (The Saga) 
|Baba Onibaba
|-
|1996
|''[[Owo Blow|Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa]]''
|Shugaban Majalisar
|}

== Kyaututtuka ==

* 2014 [[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] 

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin mutanen Yoruba
* [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]]

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>milw56sz8lmmstebo9j1indglhzjyhk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lamin Conateh</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>46119</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861707</id>
      <parentid>320381</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T23:40:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>861707</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1737" sha1="1dp4kpc3aoqec4qm3xglo3te60ofpna" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Lamin Conateh''' (An haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba 1981 a Bakau &lt;ref&gt;[http://gambiasports.gm/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=57&amp;Itemid=43 gambiasports.gm]{{Dead link|date=December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; )&lt;ref&gt;Lamin Conateh at National-Football-Teams.com&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne [[Gambiya|na ƙasar Gambia]], wanda a halin yanzu yake buga wasa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Arameiska-Syrianska Botkyrka IF. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.fotbolltransfers.com/?p=viewPlayer&amp;id=1048 |title=Lamin Conateh - Fotbolltransfers.com |access-date=2023-04-02 |archive-date=2025-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810214151/https://fotbolltransfers.com/?p=viewPlayer&amp;id=1048 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Conateh ya fara aiki da [[:de:Steve Biko FC|kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Steve Biko]] a shekarar 1999 ya rattaba hannu da kulob ɗin Wallidan FC Ya bar kungiyar bayan lashe [[Gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa ta ƙasar Gambia|gasar zakarun kasar Gambia hudu na D1]] sannan ya koma Bakau United Football Club a watan Yulin 2005. Bayan nasarar gwaji a cikin watan Janairu 2007 ya sanya hannu tare da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Superettan club Assyriska Föreningen. &lt;ref&gt;[http://wow.gm/africa/gambia/article/2008/7/1/star-profile-lamin-conateh-gambia-assiriskas-rocky-defender Star profile: Lamin Conateh Gambia &amp; Assiriskas rocky defender] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402112433/http://wow.gm/africa/gambia/article/2008/7/1/star-profile-lamin-conateh-gambia-assiriskas-rocky-defender |date=2023-04-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Bakaye ya buga wa kasarsa wasanni uku a matakin kasa da kasa.

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 1981]]</text>
      <sha1>1dp4kpc3aoqec4qm3xglo3te60ofpna</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ciwon nono</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>48463</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861761</id>
      <parentid>628774</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T07:33:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322610527|Breast disease]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861761</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5551" sha1="9ia2svsynphxyrok65tpuxhb4aa4z17" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;'''Cututtukan nono''' sun hada da yanayi da yawa. Alamomin da aka fi sani da su sune ƙirji, [[ciwon nono]], da fitar da maɗaukaki.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Salzman |first=B |last2=Fleegle |first2=S |last3=Tully |first3=AS |date=15 August 2012 |title=Common breast problems. |journal=American Family Physician |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=343–9 |pmid=22963023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawancin cututtukan nono ba su da cutar kansa.&lt;ref name=&quot;urlMedlinePlus: Breast Diseases&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=MedlinePlus: Breast Diseases |url=https://www.medlineplus.gov/breastdiseases.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705055617/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/breastdiseases.html |archive-date=2016-07-05 |access-date=2018-03-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake cututtukan nono na iya zama marasa lahani, ko kuma wadanda ba rayayyu ba suna barazanar rayuwa har yanzu akwai haɗarin da ke tattare da yiwuwar kamuwa da ciwon nono daga baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Non-Cancerous Breast Conditions {{!}} Benign Conditions |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/non-cancerous-breast-conditions.html#:~:text=Benign%20(non%2Dcancerous)%20breast,getting%20breast%20cancer%20later%20on. |website=www.cancer.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciwon daji ==
[[Fayil:Early_signs_of_breast_cancer_hariadhi_svg.svg|thumb|Alamun gargadi na farko na ciwon nono[[Sankaran Nono|Ciwon daji na mama]]]]
Ciwon [[nono]] wani abu ne mai banƙyama a cikin nono sakamakon neoplasia. Neoplasm na nono na iya zama mai kyau, kamar a cikin Fibroadenoma, ko kuma yana iya zama mummunan, a wannan yanayin ana kiransa ciwon nono. Kowane shari'a yawanci ana gabatar da shi azaman ƙwayar nono. Kimanin kashi 7% na kumburin nono sune fibroadenomas kuma kashi 10% ciwon nono ne, sauran su ne wasu yanayi masu kyau ko babu cuta.

Ciwon daji na Phyllodes ciwon daji ne na fibroepithelial wanda zai iya zama mai kyau, mai iyaka ko mai cutarwa.

=== Ciwon nono ===
Ciwon daji na mama shine ciwon daji na ƙwayoyin nono, wanda ya fi fitowa daga bututun madara. A duk duniya, ciwon nono shine babban nau'in ciwon daji a cikin mata, wanda ya kai kashi 25% na dukkan lokuta. Ya fi yawa a cikin mata sama da shekaru 50.

Alamun ciwon nono na iya haɗawa da kumfa a cikin nono, canji a cikin siffar nono, zubar da fata, ruwa da ke fitowa daga maɓallin, sabon maɓallin da aka juya, ko ja ko fata.[1] Hakanan ana iya yin ganewar asali lokacin da ciwon daji ba shi da alamomi, ta hanyar shirye-shiryen tantance ciwon nono, kamar mammograms. Sakamakon ciwon nono ya bambanta dangane da nau'in ciwon daji, girman cutar, da shekarun mutum.[2] Yawan rayuwa a cikin kasashe masu tasowa suna da yawa, tare da tsakanin 80% da 90% na waɗanda ke Ingila da Amurka da ke da rai aƙalla shekaru 5. [3][4][5]

== Canjin nono na Fibrocystic ==
Har ila yau ana kiranta: cutar nono ta fibrocystic, mastitis na cystic mai tsanani, diffuse cystic mastopathy, dysplasia na mama

== Cutar cuta da kumburi ==
Wadannan na iya haifar da wasu ta hanyar rauni, ɓoyewa / maye gurbin madara, motsawar hormonal, kamuwa da cuta ko halayen autoimmune. Sauye-sauye da ba su da alaƙa da shayarwa suna buƙatar gwajin endocrinological.

* ƙwayoyin cuta
* mastitis daga maye ko magungunan ruwa
* mastitis
* ciwon ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa mai tsananiAbsen da ke cikin ƙwaƙwalwa
* [[tarin fuka]] na nono
* [[Tunjere|syphilis]] na nono
* Absen da ke tattare da bayaabscess
* actinomycosis na nono
* ciwon ectasia na duct
* [[Cutar nono]]

== Sauran yanayin nono ==

* Cutar Mondor
* Cutar nono ta Paget
* zubar da maƙarƙashiya, galactorrhea
* ciwon nono
* [[Ciwon nono|mastalgia]]
* galactocoele

== Rashin jituwa na hankali ==
Cututtukan nono na iya haifar da damuwa mai yawa saboda tsoron cutar kansa da kuma haɗuwa da ciwon nono.[1]

Matsalar tunani na iya zuwa ta hanyar damuwa.[1] Bugu da ƙari, matakan damuwa na iya haɗawa da masu canji kamar ilimi da ingancin ba da shawara, tallafin zamantakewa, tarihin likita da iyali na ciwon nono, da halaye na mutum, musamman damuwa da kyakkyawan fata.[1]

Har ila yau, rashin tabbas yana ba da gudummawa ga damuwa ta tunani kuma yana iya haifar da canje-canje na halayyar, kamar rage ƙarin bin diddigin tantancewa ko ƙara amfani da mammography saboda tsoron ganewar cutar kansar mama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Montgomery |first=Mariann |date=2010-01-01 |title=Uncertainty During Breast Diagnostic Evaluation: State of the Science |url=http://onf.ons.org/onf/37/1/uncertainty-during-breast-diagnostic-evaluation-state-science |journal=Oncology Nursing Forum |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=77–83 |doi=10.1188/10.ONF.77-83 |issn=0190-535X |pmid=20044342 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shirye-shiryen jimrewa da tallafin zamantakewa na iya zama da fa'ida wajen rage damuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Montgomery |first=Mariann |last2=McCrone |first2=Susan H. |date=2010-10-07 |title=Psychological distress associated with the diagnostic phase for suspected breast cancer: systematic review |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05439.x |journal=Journal of Advanced Nursing |volume=66 |issue=11 |pages=2372–2390 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05439.x |issn=0309-2402 |pmid=21039773 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙananan lokutan bincike na iya inganta gamsuwa amma bazai rage damuwa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tabbatar da cutar kansa da sauri na iya kara damuwa saboda raguwar lokacin daidaitawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>9ia2svsynphxyrok65tpuxhb4aa4z17</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861762</id>
      <parentid>861761</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T07:34:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>861762</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5564" sha1="f5n09yk3xygrqxwnnol36b5fdsiulz3" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;'''Cututtukan nono''' sun hada da yanayi da yawa. Alamomin da aka fi sani da su sune ƙirji, [[ciwon nono]], da fitar da maɗaukaki.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Salzman |first=B |last2=Fleegle |first2=S |last3=Tully |first3=AS |date=15 August 2012 |title=Common breast problems. |journal=American Family Physician |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=343–9 |pmid=22963023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Databox}}

Yawancin cututtukan nono ba su da cutar kansa.&lt;ref name=&quot;urlMedlinePlus: Breast Diseases&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=MedlinePlus: Breast Diseases |url=https://www.medlineplus.gov/breastdiseases.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705055617/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/breastdiseases.html |archive-date=2016-07-05 |access-date=2018-03-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake cututtukan nono na iya zama marasa lahani, ko kuma wadanda ba rayayyu ba suna barazanar rayuwa har yanzu akwai haɗarin da ke tattare da yiwuwar kamuwa da ciwon nono daga baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Non-Cancerous Breast Conditions {{!}} Benign Conditions |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/non-cancerous-breast-conditions.html#:~:text=Benign%20(non%2Dcancerous)%20breast,getting%20breast%20cancer%20later%20on. |website=www.cancer.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciwon daji ==
[[Fayil:Early_signs_of_breast_cancer_hariadhi_svg.svg|thumb|Alamun gargadi na farko na ciwon nono[[Sankaran Nono|Ciwon daji na mama]]]]
Ciwon [[nono]] wani abu ne mai banƙyama a cikin nono sakamakon neoplasia. Neoplasm na nono na iya zama mai kyau, kamar a cikin Fibroadenoma, ko kuma yana iya zama mummunan, a wannan yanayin ana kiransa ciwon nono. Kowane shari'a yawanci ana gabatar da shi azaman ƙwayar nono. Kimanin kashi 7% na kumburin nono sune fibroadenomas kuma kashi 10% ciwon nono ne, sauran su ne wasu yanayi masu kyau ko babu cuta.

Ciwon daji na Phyllodes ciwon daji ne na fibroepithelial wanda zai iya zama mai kyau, mai iyaka ko mai cutarwa.

=== Ciwon nono ===
Ciwon daji na mama shine ciwon daji na ƙwayoyin nono, wanda ya fi fitowa daga bututun madara. A duk duniya, ciwon nono shine babban nau'in ciwon daji a cikin mata, wanda ya kai kashi 25% na dukkan lokuta. Ya fi yawa a cikin mata sama da shekaru 50.

Alamun ciwon nono na iya haɗawa da kumfa a cikin nono, canji a cikin siffar nono, zubar da fata, ruwa da ke fitowa daga maɓallin, sabon maɓallin da aka juya, ko ja ko fata.[1] Hakanan ana iya yin ganewar asali lokacin da ciwon daji ba shi da alamomi, ta hanyar shirye-shiryen tantance ciwon nono, kamar mammograms. Sakamakon ciwon nono ya bambanta dangane da nau'in ciwon daji, girman cutar, da shekarun mutum.[2] Yawan rayuwa a cikin kasashe masu tasowa suna da yawa, tare da tsakanin 80% da 90% na waɗanda ke Ingila da Amurka da ke da rai aƙalla shekaru 5. [3][4][5]

== Canjin nono na Fibrocystic ==
Har ila yau ana kiranta: cutar nono ta fibrocystic, mastitis na cystic mai tsanani, diffuse cystic mastopathy, dysplasia na mama

== Cutar cuta da kumburi ==
Wadannan na iya haifar da wasu ta hanyar rauni, ɓoyewa / maye gurbin madara, motsawar hormonal, kamuwa da cuta ko halayen autoimmune. Sauye-sauye da ba su da alaƙa da shayarwa suna buƙatar gwajin endocrinological.

* ƙwayoyin cuta
* mastitis daga maye ko magungunan ruwa
* mastitis
* ciwon ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa mai tsananiAbsen da ke cikin ƙwaƙwalwa
* [[tarin fuka]] na nono
* [[Tunjere|syphilis]] na nono
* Absen da ke tattare da bayaabscess
* actinomycosis na nono
* ciwon ectasia na duct
* [[Cutar nono]]

== Sauran yanayin nono ==

* Cutar Mondor
* Cutar nono ta Paget
* zubar da maƙarƙashiya, galactorrhea
* ciwon nono
* [[Ciwon nono|mastalgia]]
* galactocoele

== Rashin jituwa na hankali ==
Cututtukan nono na iya haifar da damuwa mai yawa saboda tsoron cutar kansa da kuma haɗuwa da ciwon nono.[1]

Matsalar tunani na iya zuwa ta hanyar damuwa.[1] Bugu da ƙari, matakan damuwa na iya haɗawa da masu canji kamar ilimi da ingancin ba da shawara, tallafin zamantakewa, tarihin likita da iyali na ciwon nono, da halaye na mutum, musamman damuwa da kyakkyawan fata.[1]

Har ila yau, rashin tabbas yana ba da gudummawa ga damuwa ta tunani kuma yana iya haifar da canje-canje na halayyar, kamar rage ƙarin bin diddigin tantancewa ko ƙara amfani da mammography saboda tsoron ganewar cutar kansar mama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Montgomery |first=Mariann |date=2010-01-01 |title=Uncertainty During Breast Diagnostic Evaluation: State of the Science |url=http://onf.ons.org/onf/37/1/uncertainty-during-breast-diagnostic-evaluation-state-science |journal=Oncology Nursing Forum |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=77–83 |doi=10.1188/10.ONF.77-83 |issn=0190-535X |pmid=20044342 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shirye-shiryen jimrewa da tallafin zamantakewa na iya zama da fa'ida wajen rage damuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Montgomery |first=Mariann |last2=McCrone |first2=Susan H. |date=2010-10-07 |title=Psychological distress associated with the diagnostic phase for suspected breast cancer: systematic review |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05439.x |journal=Journal of Advanced Nursing |volume=66 |issue=11 |pages=2372–2390 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05439.x |issn=0309-2402 |pmid=21039773 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙananan lokutan bincike na iya inganta gamsuwa amma bazai rage damuwa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tabbatar da cutar kansa da sauri na iya kara damuwa saboda raguwar lokacin daidaitawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Laifuka a Benin</title>
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[[File:Car_Police_Renault.jpg|thumb| Motocin ‘yan sandan Benin sun yi fakin.]]
'''Laifukan da ake aikatawa a [[Benin|kasar Benin]]''' sun yi yawa kuma musamman kan masu ziyara.&lt;ref name=OSAC&gt;{{cite web|title=Benin 2012 OSAC Crime and Safety Report|url=https://www.osac.gov/Pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=12062|accessdate=31 October 2012|date=25 February 2012|archive-date=11 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311221931/https://www.osac.gov/Pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=12062|url-status=dead}}''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.''&lt;/ref&gt;

== Laifi ta nau'in ==

=== Yin fashi ===
Laifukan kananan laifuka sun zama [[Ruwan ƙasa|ruwan]] dare a duk fadin kasar Benin.  fashin titi babbar matsala ce a [[Cotonou]] . Fashi da mugging na faruwa ne tare da Boulevard de France (hanyar bakin teku ta Marina da Novotel Hotels) da kuma kan rairayin bakin teku masu kusa da otal-otal da baƙi na duniya ke zuwa. Galibin al'amuran da aka ruwaito sun hada da amfani da karfi, sau da yawa ta hanyar masu dauke da makamai, tare da wani dan karamin rauni ga wanda abin ya shafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.countryreports.org/travel/Benin/crimes.htm|title=Benin Crime.  Safety and crime information for travel and tourism in Benin - CountryReports|website=www.countryreports.org|language=en|access-date=2018-06-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ko da a cikin sa'o'in rana, 'yan kasashen waje da ke bakin tekun da ke kusa da Cotonou na yawan fama da fashi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2016}}

Ana ci gaba da samun karuwar yawan fashi da sace -sacen motoci bayan duhu, a cikin babban birnin kasar Cotonou da kuma kan manyan tituna da kauyukan da ke wajen manyan biranen kasar. Tafiya ta kan kasa zuwa [[Najeriya]] na da hadari a kusa da kan iyakar Benin da Najeriya saboda [[Banditry|shingayen]] binciken ababen hawa da 'yan fashi da makami.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2016}}

=== Fataucin mutane ===

=== Fataucin miyagun kwayoyi ===
Fataucin muggan kwayoyi a kasar Benin na karuwa, musamman saboda lallausan kan iyakoki da rashin tsoma bakin gwamnati na safarar miyagun kwayoyi. A yayin da kasashen da ke makwabtaka da juna ke kokarin yaki da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi, masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi na amfani da kasar Benin wajen safarar kwayoyi daga Kudancin Amurka zuwa Amurka da Turai. Amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin Benin ya yi ƙasa sosai, tare da marijuana shine maganin zaɓi. Ana noman tabar wiwi a tsakiyar yankin Benin. 

=== Zamba ===
Akwai babban adadin katin kiredit da na'ura mai sarrafa kansa (ATM) damfara, wanda akasari ke yiwa baki hari.&lt;ref&gt;[https://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1066.html &quot;Benin&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704070446/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1066.html|date=July 4, 2008}}. [[U.S. Department of State]]. ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.''&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cin hanci da rashawa ===
A shekarar 2011, kungiyar Transparency International ta zabi kasar Benin a matsayin kasa ta 100 a cikin kasashe 182 a kan cin hanci da rashawa. Makin Benin ya kasance 3 tare da 10 shine mafi kyawun maki.&lt;ref name=TI&gt;{{cite web|title=2011 Corruption Perceptions Index|url=https://www.osac.gov/Pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=12062|publisher=Transparency International|accessdate=31 October 2012|archive-date=11 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311221931/https://www.osac.gov/Pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=12062|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nassoshi ==</text>
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    <title>Turawa</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351304283|Turawa]]&quot;</comment>
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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;fn org&quot;&gt;Turawa&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-subheader&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;category&quot;&gt;Ƙauyen&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |[[File:POL_Turawa_palac.JPG|250x250px|Turawa Palace]]&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-caption&quot;&gt;Fadar Turawa&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Location map/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;locmap&quot; style=&quot;width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;width:250px;padding:0&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:relative;width:250px&quot;&gt;[[Fayil:Poland_adm_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Turawa is located in Poland]]&lt;div class=&quot;od notheme&quot; style=&quot;top:68.462%;left:39.879%;font-size:91%&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;id&quot; style=&quot;left:-3px;top:-3px&quot;&gt;[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Turawa]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;pr&quot; style=&quot;width:6em;left:4px&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Turawa&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding-top:0.2em&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |Hanyar sadarwa: 50°45′N 18°4′E / 50.750°N 18.067°E / 50. 750; 18.067&lt;indicator name=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Turawa&amp;params=50_45_N_18_4_E_region:PL_type:city(900) &lt;span class=&quot;geo-default&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dms&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;latitude&quot;&gt;50°45′N&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;longitude&quot;&gt;18°4′E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-multi-punct&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &amp;#xfeff;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-nondefault&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dec&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;50.750°N 18.067°E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &lt;span class=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;50.750; 18.067&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/indicator&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Kasar
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[File:Flag_of_Poland.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;[[Poland]]
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Gudanarwa
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Opole
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Gundumar
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Opole
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Gmina
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Turawa
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Yawan jama'a (&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt; (kimanin.) &lt;/div&gt;) 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |900
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Yankin lokaci
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |UTC+1 (CET) 
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;• Lokacin bazara (DST) &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |UTC+2 (CEST) 
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Rijistar mota
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |OPO
|}
'''Turawa''' [tuˈrava] [[Ƙauye|ƙauyen]] ne a cikin Opole County, Opole Voivodeship, a kudancin Poland . [1] Shi ne wurin zama na gmina (gundumar gudanarwa) na Gmina Turawa .

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Turawa-Sammlung_Duncker_(5363685).jpg|left|thumb|Ra'ayi na fadar a ƙarni na 19]]
Kodayake ba a san asalin ƙauyen ba, labari na yankin ya bayyana cewa Dukes na Opole na Daular Piast na Poland sun yi amfani da gandun daji masu arziki a kusa da ƙauyen a matsayin filin farauta. A cewar masanin harshe Heinrich Adamy, sunan ya fito ne daga kalmar Polish ''tur'', ma'ana &quot;aurochs&quot;, wanda ya gina gidan farauta a yankin. Takardun farko da suka ambaci Turawa sun fito ne daga farkon karni na 16, kuma sun ambaci gidaje biyu, dukansu suna Kuchar, na ƙauyen Kotorz Wielki. Ɗaya daga cikinsu shine Turawa, yayin da na biyu ya kasance a wani shafin da yanzu Turawa Reservoir ya mamaye. Wataƙila Georg von Königsfeld ne ya ba da sunan a kusa da shekara ta 1562, mai mallakar gidan da aka zauna. Ginin, tare da ƙauyukansa na Marszałki da Łyczyna sun ci gaba da kasancewa cikin ƙauyen Kotorz Wielki har zuwa karni na sha takwas. A cikin shekara ta 1712, Franz Karl von Blankovsky ya sayar da ƙauyen da dukiyar da ke kewaye da shi ga Martin Scholtz von Löwencron na Kamieniec da Wieszowa, wanda ya fara gina fadar yanzu. Prussia ta mamaye ƙauyen bayan Yaƙe-yaƙe na Silesian, kuma daga 1871 zuwa 1945 ya kasance wani ɓangare na Jamus. Dan Martin Scholtz, Joseph, ya mutu ba tare da haihuwa ba a shekara ta 1759 kuma gwauruwarsa, Anna Barbara von Garnier, ta sake auren Franz Adam Count von Gaschin . Bayan mutuwarta a 1804, Turawa ta mallaki ɗan'uwa, Franz Xavier von Garnier na shekaru da yawa. Daga wannan lokacin har zuwa ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] ƙauyen mallakar iyalin von Garnier ne, waɗanda a cikin 1841 suka sami taken ƙidaya (tare da sunan Count von Garnier-Turawa.) A waɗannan lokutan Turawa tana da mazauna 581. Mai mallakar Turawa na ƙarshe shi ne Hubertus Count von Garnier-Turawa, memba na Jamusanci na Landtag na Prussia (1925-1932), wanda ya yi kira ga sake fasalin iyakar Poland da Jamus tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe ko dai cikin salama ko ta hanyar karfi. Ya mutu a 1952 a Unterwössen a Bavaria .

A ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha tara, an gina ɗakin sujada da makabartar a kan Bald Hill kusa da ƙauyen, wanda aka ɗauka ɗaya daga cikin kyawawan gine-ginen addini a Turawa. Koyaya, bayan 1945 an lalata ginin a matsayin wani ɓangare na yakin da gwamnatin Kwaminisanci ke yi na adawa da Jamus. A shekara ta 1965 an fashe ɗakin sujada, kuma a shekara ta 1976 an cire rushewar.

A shekarun 1930, an yi la'akari da wani aiki a Opole (a lokacin Oppeln) don gina ma'ajiyar ruwa ta wucin gadi don kare birnin daga ambaliyar ruwa. Hubertus von Garnier ya bayar da nasa filayen a yammacin Turawa don aikin. A shekarar 1933, an mika aikin ga gwamnatin Jamus, inda ya sami amincewar Adolf Hitler. An kammala ginin ma'ajiyar ruwa mai fadin murabba'in kilomita 22 (mita 8.5) a shekarar 1938. Sakamakon aikin, ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye wasu ƙananan ƙauyuka, kuma an mayar da yawancin 'yan ƙasarsu zuwa Turawa.

A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Jamusawa sun gudanar da sansanonin E394 da E560 na sansanin fursunoni yaki na Stalag VIII-B/344 a ƙauyen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Working Parties |url=https://www.lamsdorf.com/working-parties.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029103834/https://www.lamsdorf.com/working-parties.html |archive-date=29 October 2020 |access-date=11 November 2021 |website=Lamsdorf.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan shan kashi na Jamus a yakin, a 1945, ƙauyen ya sake zama wani ɓangare na Poland, kodayake tare da mulkin kwaminisanci na [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet]], wanda ya kasance a mulki har zuwa faduwar Kwaminisanci a cikin shekarun 1980. Tun daga shekara ta 1945, Turawa ya zama wurin zama na gari (''gmina''), tare da wójt na farko, Roch Stotko .

== Fadar sarauta ==
Ginin a kan fadar yanzu a Turawa ya fara ne a cikin 1730 bisa umarnin Martin Scholtz von Löwenckron don tsare-tsaren masanin gine-ginen Opole Adam Tentschert. A shekara ta 1751 ɗansa, Joseph, ya faɗaɗa fadar, ya ƙara ɗakin sujada tare da hasumiyar kararrawa. An sake fadada shi a cikin 1761 tare da gina reshen arewa da ƙofar shiga. A cikin 1847 Karl Count von Garnier ya sake gyara fadar da aka yi watsi da ita gaba ɗaya. A shekara ta 1937, dangin von Garnier sun ba da fadar don a yi amfani da ita a matsayin gidan marayu. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, a 1949, an ba da fadar ga Gidan Yara na Turawa . Bayan gobara a ofisoshin ginin majalisa na gundumar, ya kuma sanya ofisoshin birni na ɗan lokaci. Tsakanin 1964 da 1965 an sake fasalin fadar don dacewa da bukatun marayu. Har zuwa yau, yana adana cakuda Baroque, neo-Renaissance, da gine-ginen neo-Rococo, gami da wuraren wuta na marmara, ɗakunan littattafai na Baroque, yaudarar bango da stucco, da kuma babban ɗakin biki. Gidan shakatawa da ke kewaye da fadar ya cika da tsofaffin bishiyoyi masu ban sha'awa, gami da farin itacen oak, ash, da Linden.

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Ladi Ladebo</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-20T11:46:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Momi Hauwa</username>
        <id>46145</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An kirkira ta fassara &quot;Death&quot; daga shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354339126|Ladi Ladebo]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Raymond Oladipupo Ladebo''' wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na Ladi Ladebo (7 ga Mayu 1942 - 16 ga Afrilu 2021) [1] ya kasance mai shirya fina-finai na Najeriya. Ya kasance daya daga cikin masu gabatarwa na Golden Age na fina-finai na Najeriya na baya, musamman a lokacin kyakkyawan fata na shekarun 1970s.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladi_Ladebo#cite_note-2&lt;/ref&gt; Ya taba aiki a matsayin mai sharhi kan kafofin watsa labarai da mai lissafi kafin ya shiga masana'antar fina-finai. An kuma san shi da laƙabi na Uncle Ladi . [3]

== Ayyuka ==
Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare a [[Najeriya]], Ladi ya tafi Amurka don neman ilimi mafi girma. Ya sami digiri na [[Kasuwancin yanar gizo|Tallace-tallace]] da kasuwanci daga jami'o'i a Amurka. Ya fara zuwa Jami'ar Jihar Bowling Green a [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]] kuma ya sami B.S. a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci a shekarar 1968. A watan Agustan 1969, ya sami digiri na MBA a cikin Kasuwanci daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar New York . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 April 2021 |title=Odumosu mourns veteran filmmaker, Ladi Ladebo |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/odumosu-mourns-veteran-filmmaker-ladi-ladebo/ |access-date=27 May 2021 |website=Tribune Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TV5MONDE : Les cinémas d'Afrique - page 8 |url=http://www.tv5.org/cms/cinema/p-779-Ladebo.htm?ficheId=2346&amp;position=113&amp;search=realisateur&amp;recherche=&amp;pays=0&amp;categorie=0&amp;genre=0&amp;annee=&amp;page=8&amp;action=ok&amp;lettre=&amp;cfid=779 |access-date=27 May 2021 |website=TV5MONDE |language=fr }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya shiga masana'antar fina-finai ta hanyar talla. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sharhi na kafofin watsa labarai da kuma mai ba da lissafi ga kamfanin talla na duniya na Ogilvy da Mather na tsawon shekaru uku tsakanin 1969 da 1972. Kwarewarsa ta aiki ga wata hukumar talla ta duniya ta ba shi damar yin aiki a matsayin mataimakin samarwa a fina-finai na Amurka da kuma a matsayin mai samar da layi don shirye-shiryen talabijin na Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Raymond Ladebo |url=https://www.amazon.com/Raymond-Ladebo/e/B007BMVHAC?ref=dbs_a_mng_rwt_scns_share |access-date=27 May 2021 |website=www.amazon.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya fara aiki tare da tsohon dan wasan Afirka na Amurka Ossie Davis a fina-finai. Ya rubuta rubutun kuma shi ne furodusa na fim din Amurka na 1976 Countdown a mintuna, wanda Ossie Davis ya jagoranta. Countdown a mintuna an dauke shi fim na farko da baƙar fata na Amurkawa suka yi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 May 2021 |title=Paying tribute to a pioneer of Nigerian cinema |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57156147 |access-date=27 May 2021 |website=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, ya nuna haɗin gwiwa na farko tsakanin Ossie Davis da Ladi Ladebo a fina-finai. Ya kuma ba da umarnin fina-finai kaɗan ciki har da Bisi, Daughter of the River (1977) da Silent Sufferer, wanda ya kasance haɗin gwiwa tare da [[UNESCO]] da UNPFA. Ya fara yin fina-finai na bayar da shawarwari bayan 1977 sau da yawa yana aiki tare da kungiyoyin masu ba da kuɗi kamar UNESCO da UNPFA . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ladebo ya kuma samar da fina-finai da sanannen fim dinsa a matsayin mai gabatarwa Vendor, wanda aka saki a 1992 ya sami kyaututtuka huɗu ciki har da Darakta mafi kyau da Fim mafi kyau a lokacin bikin bikin fina-falla na Najeriya a shekarar 1992. An saki fim dinsa na karshe na Heritage a shekara ta 2003, kuma an fara gabatar da shi a Burtaniya a shekara ta 2004 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Khalili na Makarantar Nazarin Gabas da Afirka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Ya kuma samar da shirye-shiryen talabijin kuma shirye-shirye na talabijin mai suna Thrift Collector na ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryenta uku da Gidan Tarihi na Rotterdam ya zaba a matsayin Mafi kyawun Soaps na TV akan Jama'a da Ci gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Thrift Collector |url=https://www.ladi-ladebofilms.net/index.php/films/baba-tc-the-thrift-collector |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011041036/https://www.ladi-ladebofilms.net/index.php/films/baba-tc-the-thrift-collector |archive-date=11 October 2020 |access-date=27 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Career ==
Ya fara yin fina-finai na bayar da shawarwari bayan shekara ta 1977 sau da yawa yana aiki tare da kungiyoyin masu ba da kuɗi kamar UNESCO da UNPFA . &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Ladebo ya mutu a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2021 yana da shekaru 78 a [[Landan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;


Ladebo ya mutu a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2021 yana da shekaru 78 a [[Landan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 May 2021 |title=Paying tribute to a pioneer of Nigerian cinema |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57156147 |access-date=27 May 2021 |website=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Ladebo ya mutu ne a ranar 16 ga Afrilu  na 2021 yana da shekaru 78 a [[Landan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 May 2021 |title=Paying tribute to a pioneer of Nigerian cinema |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57156147 |access-date=27 May 2021 |website=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* Ladi LadeboaIMDb
{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]]
[[Rukuni:Daraktocin fim a harshen yarbanci]]
[[Rukuni:Furodusa]]</text>
      <sha1>o2w1seztovnwvfg45bzb4nbwg6tc9ly</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Emem Isong</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>54203</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861282</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-19T13:36:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ashiru Lawal</username>
        <id>24821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344096093|Emem Isong]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861282</origin>
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'''Emem Isong''' listenⓘ marubuci ne na [[Najeriya]], Mai shirya fim-finai, kuma darektan fina-fakka. An fi saninta da fina-finai a cikin harshen Ingilishi, kuma sanannen mutum ne a masana'antar [[Nollywood]]. An saki fasalin ta na biyu a matsayin darektan, Code of Silence, wanda ke hulɗa da fyade a Najeriya, a cikin 2015.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Isong, ta farko cikin yara huɗu, an haife ta ne a ranar 5 ga Satumba kuma ta fito ne daga yankin Ikono na [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]] a Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Birth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=iROKOtv Nollywood Icon Birthday: Emem Isong |url=http://blog.irokotv.com/irokotv-nollywood-icon-birthday-eme/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810064730/http://blog.irokotv.com/irokotv-nollywood-icon-birthday-eme/ |archive-date=10 August 2018 |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=IrokoTV Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sami digiri na farko a fannin wasan kwaikwayo daga [[Jami'ar Calabar]] da difloma a kimiyyar kwamfuta daga Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta (NCR). &lt;ref name=&quot;EDUCATION&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong |url=http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/people/emem_isong |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117211340/http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/people/emem_isong |archive-date=17 November 2016 |access-date=16 November 2016 |website=Sodas 'N' Popcorn}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2024, ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin fina-finai da zane-zane na kafofin watsa labarai daga Jami'ar Creative Arts, Ingila.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-12-13 |title=Nollywood's Emem Misodi picks UCA for PhD |url=https://www.uca.ac.uk/blogs/leading-nollywood-filmmaker-picks-uca-for-phd/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=University for the Creative Arts - UCA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ayyukan Isong a cikin fim ya fara ne a 1994 lokacin da ta rubuta rubutun kuma ta hada fim din Jezebel . Shirin farko da ta yi shi ne Breaking Point (1996). Daga baya ta yi aiki tare da Remmy Jez na tsawon shekaru takwas a matsayin furodusa. Dangantakar sana'a ta ƙare a shekara ta 2008, bayan haka ta hada kai da fim din Reloaded .&lt;ref name=&quot;Prolific&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Olehi |author-link=Uche |title=How Emem Isong emerged Nollywood’s most prolific filmmaker |url=http://encomium.ng/how-emem-isong-emerged-nollywoods-most-prolific-filmmaker/ |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Encomium}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta rubuta ko kuma ta samar da fina-finai kamar su Reloaded, Breaking Point, She Devil, A Minute To Midnight, Play Boy, Private Sin, Master Stroke, Rumours, Shattered Illusion, Promise Me Forever da Emotional Crack (screenplay).  An nuna wannan na ƙarshe a bikin fina-finai na Afirka a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong Biography/ Profile |url=http://www.nigeriamoviesreview.com/celebrities/emem-isong-biography-profile/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603010750/http://www.nigeriamoviesreview.com/celebrities/emem-isong-biography-profile/ |archive-date=3 June 2017 |access-date=22 September 2016 |publisher=Nigeria Movies Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma san ta da hotunan yaren Yoruba kuma sananniya ce a wannan masana'antar.

Fim din Isong ya nuna wasan kwaikwayo na farko na 'yan wasan Nollywood, ciki har da [[Stephanie Okereke Linus|Stephanie Okereke]] da [[Dakore Egbuson-Akande|Dakore Egbuson]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;GAY&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lindsey Green-Simms |last2=Unoma Azuah |date=2012 |title=The Video Closet: Nollywood's gay-themed movies |journal=Transition |publisher=Indiana University Press |issue=107 |pages=32–49 |jstor=10.2979/transition.107.32}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2014, Isong ta ba da umarnin fim dinta na farko na ''[[Champagne]]'', wanda aka fara bugawa a [[Silverbird Galleria]] a [[Tsibirin Victoria, Lagos|Tsibirin Victoria, Legas]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;BN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cute Couple! Emem Isong &amp; Hubby Misodi Akama for ‘Champagne’ Movie Premiere |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/12/cute-couple-emem-isong-hubby-misodi-akama-for-champagne-movie-premiere/ |access-date=22 September 2016 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Agustan 2015, ta fitar da fim din Code of Silence, fim dinta na biyu wanda ta kuma samar, tare da hadin gwiwar Royal Arts Academy da Nollywood Workshop.&lt;ref name=&quot;#SHEVOICES&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong |url=http://tv.awlo.org/shevoices/portfolio/ememisong/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104142137/http://tv.awlo.org/shevoices/portfolio/ememisong/ |archive-date=4 November 2016 |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=African Women Leadership Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din, wanda ke magana ne game da [[Rape in Nigeria|fyade a Najeriya]], taurari [[Makida Moka]], [[Patience Ozokwor]], [[Ini Edo]], da [[Omoni Oboli]].

Isong has served as a speaker at the Afrinolly masterclass series and also as a judge for the MTN Afrinolly short film competition in 2013. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;&amp;amp;nbsp;Dead link tagged October 2025&quot;&gt;dead link&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AFRINOLLY&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Afrinolly MasterClass Series With Charles Aniagolu and Emem Isong |url=http://bits.ng/?p=11224 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104142415/http://bits.ng/?p=11224 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Bits}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;THRILL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong Biography/ Profile |url=http://www.nigeriamoviesreview.com/celebrities/emem-isong-biography-profile/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603010750/http://www.nigeriamoviesreview.com/celebrities/emem-isong-biography-profile/ |archive-date=3 June 2017 |access-date=22 September 2016 |website=Nigeria Movies Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyauta ==
An bayyana Isong a matsayin maverick a cikin New Nollywood motsi wanda masu shirya fina-finai suka rarraba wanda ba kawai suke da sha'awar samar da fina-fukkuka ba, amma a cikin ƙirƙirar ayyuka masu mahimmanci da fasaha. Ta yi aiki tare da marubuta daban-daban kamar Rita Onwurah, Karyn Udeh, Toiyoabasi Ekong, Jane Nwachukwu, da Vivian Chiji kuma fina-finai sun nuna 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ciki har da [[Adesua Etomi]], [[Nancy Isime]] da [[Daniel Etim Effiong]] . Wadannan fina-finai galibi ana rarraba su ta hanyar ƙarin ƙoƙari da masu shirya fina-fakkaatu suka yi don tabbatar da ba kawai hanyoyin ba har ma da kayan aikin samarwa da masu shirya fim suka yi amfani da su suna da inganci sosai. Ba game da samarwa ba ne don samarwa amma don fasaha. Wadannan fina-finai kuma ana yin su ne don samun roko na cikin gida da na duniya kamar yadda galibi ana fitar da su a gidajen silima na Najeriya da na kasashen waje. Wannan canjin daga samar da bidiyo na gida zuwa kallon fina-finai shima wani bangare ne na wannan motsi na New Nollywood.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEW NOLLYWOOD 2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Haynes |first=Jonathan |date=1 January 2014 |title=Close-Up:Nollywood—A Worldly Creative Practice: &quot;New Nollywood&quot;:Kunle Afolayan |journal=Black Camera |publisher=Indiana University Press |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=53–73 |doi=10.2979/blackcamera.5.2.53 |jstor=10.2979/blackcamera.5.2.53}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;POSTCOLONIAL EXOTIC&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Alessandro Jedlowski |date=1 March 2014 |title=Nigerian Videos in the Global Arena: The Postcolonial Exotic Revisited |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/538435 |journal=The Global South |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=157–178 |issn=1932-8656}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Isong is also known for her role in founding the Royal Arts Academy in 2010 and her subsequent role as the academy's CEO. The Royal Arts Academy which she started with [[Uduak Isong Oguamanam|Uduak Oguamanam]], Anietie Isong, and actress [[Monalisa Chinda]], is based in [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]], Lagos State, Nigeria. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;&amp;amp;nbsp;Dead link tagged October 2025&quot;&gt;dead link&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ROYAL ARTS ACADEMY&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong opens acting academy |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/movie-news/85-film-tv-workshop/7129-emem-isong-opens-acting-academy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209070904/https://www.nigeriafilms.com/movie-news/85-film-tv-workshop/7129-emem-isong-opens-acting-academy |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Nigeria Films}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its mandate is to empower students by giving them the necessary tools required to take part in all aspects of film creation and production preparing them to compete in both the Nigerian and international film industries.&lt;ref name=&quot;R A ACADEMY&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=http://royalartsacademy.com.ng/about-raa/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014061503/http://royalartsacademy.com.ng/about-raa/ |archive-date=14 October 2016 |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Royal Arts Academy}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;&amp;amp;nbsp;Dead link tagged October 2025&quot;&gt;dead link&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;R A Academy 2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong's Royal Arts Academy To Improve Film-Making in Nigeria |url=http://www.nigeriamovienetwork.com/articles/read-emem-isongs-royal-arts-academy-to-improve-film-making-in-nigeria_80.html |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Nigeria Movie Network}}&lt;/ref&gt; Students are also given opportunities to win funding to produce films for public release.&lt;ref name=&quot;EMPOWER&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tosan |date=27 October 2015 |title=Royal Arts Academy spotlights Film Contest and Awards |url=http://trendyafrica.com/royal-arts-academy-spotlights-film-contest-and-awards/ |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Trendy Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
An san Isong da zama mai zaman kansa kuma ba ya ba da tambayoyi. Wannan, a cewarta, saboda tana son a cinye aikinta a kan cancanta shi kaɗai ba tare da rayuwarta ta rinjayi masu kallo ba. Isong ta auri Misodi Akama,  tare da ita tana da tagwaye da aka haifa a shekara ta 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;BN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cute Couple! Emem Isong &amp; Hubby Misodi Akama for ‘Champagne’ Movie Premiere |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/12/cute-couple-emem-isong-hubby-misodi-akama-for-champagne-movie-premiere/ |access-date=22 September 2016 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/12/cute-couple-emem-isong-hubby-misodi-akama-for-champagne-movie-premiere/ &quot;Cute Couple! Emem Isong &amp; Hubby Misodi Akama for 'Champagne' Movie Premiere&quot;]. Bella Naija&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 September&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 July 2016 |title=Nollywood Producer Emem Isong &amp; her Twins in New Adorable Photos |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/07/nollywood-producer-emem-isong-her-twins-in-new-adorable-photos/ |access-date=22 September 2016 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gbenga Bada |date=5 June 2015 |title=Movie producer pour encomium on son as he turns 8 |url=http://pulse.ng/celebrities/emem-isong-movie-producer-pour-encomium-on-son-as-he-turns-8-id3834021.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104141351/http://pulse.ng/celebrities/emem-isong-movie-producer-pour-encomium-on-son-as-he-turns-8-id3834021.html |archive-date=4 November 2016 |access-date=4 November 2016 |website=Pulse}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

=== Mai gabatarwa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken fim din
|-
|2024
|''Rashin yin shiru''
|-
|2023
|''Haka ne zuwa Har abada''
|-
|2022
|''Yin rawa tare da Ni''
|-
|2021
|''Magungunan da ke da zafi''
|-
|2020
|''[[Special Jollof|Jollof na Musamman]]''
|-
|2019
|''Yarinyar da take mafarkinta''
|-
|2018
|''Mr. &amp; Mrs. Right''
|-
|2017
|''[[Body Language (fim na 2017)|Harshe na Jiki]]''
|-
|2016
|''[[Ayamma]]''
|-
|2015
|''Kada ka yi makao''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2014
|''[[Apaye|Ka yi watsi da shi]]''
|-
|''Yin Ƙarƙashin Ƙofar Sama''
|-
|2013
|''Mantawa da Yuni''
|-
|2012
|''Lining na azurfa''
|-
|2011
|''Zan Yi Da Hanyar da nake Da ita''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2010
|''Kiss da Tell''
|-
|''Fashewa''
|-
|''Tsayawa da Bege''
|-
|''Tunanin Yaƙi''
|-
|2009
|''Edikan''
|-
|2008
|[[Reloaded (2009 fim)|''An sake caji'']]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2007
|''Lokaci don Ƙauna''
|-
|''Kasuwancin da ba a gama ba''
|-
|''Yahoo Miliyanari''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2006
|''Wasanni Maza suna Wasan''
|-
|''Rashin rauni''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2005
|''Bayan Ƙofofin da aka rufe''
|-
|''Dare mafi duhu''
|-
|''Ƙarya marar Ƙarshe''
|-
|''Wasanni Mata suna Wasan''
|-
|''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan mata a cikin Hood''
|-
|''Ina jin ku''
|-
|''Maza Suna kuka''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2004
|''Shawarwari Mai Muhimmanci''
|-
|''Don Gaskiya''
|-
|''Jagora''
|-
|''Alkawari Ni Har abada''
|-
|2003
|''Zunubi na sirri''
|-
|1996
|''Matsalar Mataki''
|-
|1994
|''Yezabila''
|}

=== Marubuci ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken fim din
|-
|2011
|''Zan Yi Da Hanyar da nake Da ita''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2008
|''Fashewa''
|-
|''Zuciya tana bugun''
|-
|[[Reloaded (2009 fim)|''An sake caji'']]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2007
|''Lokaci don Ƙauna''
|-
|''Kasuwancin da ba a gama ba''
|-
|''Yahoo Miliyanari''
|-
|2006
|''Wasanni Maza suna Wasan''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2005
|''Mahimmanci Makafi''
|-
|''Dare mafi duhu''
|-
|''Rashin Jinƙai''
|-
|''Ina jin ku''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2004
|''Bautar''
|-
|''Alkawari Ni Har abada''
|-
|2003
|''Rashin jin daɗi''
|-
|1994
|''Yezabila''
|}

=== Daraktan ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken fim din
|-
|2014
|''[[Champagne]]''
|-
|2015
|[[Code of Silence (fim na 2015)|''Dokar Shiru'']]
|}

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==

* ZAFAA Awards, in the category of Best Producer for the film ''Memories of my Heart'' (2010).
* Wow Divas, Outstanding Contribution to Raising Awareness, Understanding and Hope to those Affected by Autism Spectrum Disorder and Advocating for them through her film ''Silver Lining'' (2012).
* [[Kyautar ELOY|ELOY Awards]], Best Movie Producer of the Year for ''I'll Take My Chances'' (2011).
* [[Best of Nollywood Awards|Best of Nollywood]], Special Recognition Award.
* Ntanla Awards, Industry Merit Awards.
* Nigeria's Integrity Film Awards (HomeVida) in the category Family/Child Friendly Category for the film ''Knocking on the Heavens Door'' (2014).
* Africa Movie Awards in the category of Best Scriptwriter for the film ''Reloaded'' (2008). {{Ana bukatan hujja|reason=This claim needs a reliable source; this award is not stated in other sources in this section|date=October 2025}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs a reliable source; this award is not stated in other sources in this section (October 2025)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
* ''City People'' Awards in the categories of Best Producer of the Year, and Best Screenplay for the film ''Reloaded'' (2008). {{Ana bukatan hujja|reason=This claim needs a reliable source; this award is not stated in other sources in this section|date=October 2025}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs a reliable source; this award is not stated in other sources in this section (October 2025)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>dw6ejmss909yr0psnpxqin0k09iyu5p</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861286</id>
      <parentid>861282</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T13:47:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ashiru Lawal</username>
        <id>24821</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>861286</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15523" sha1="27it2rse4qlooie09579wkpd487fl9d" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Emem Isong''' listenⓘ marubuci ne na [[Najeriya]], Mai shirya fim-finai, kuma darektan fina-fakka. An fi saninta da fina-finai a cikin harshen Ingilishi, kuma sanannen mutum ne a masana'antar [[Nollywood]]. An saki fasalin ta na biyu a matsayin darektan, Code of Silence, wanda ke hulɗa da fyade a Najeriya, a cikin 2015.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Isong, ta farko cikin yara huɗu, an haife ta ne a ranar 5 ga Satumba kuma ta fito ne daga yankin Ikono na [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]] a Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Birth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=iROKOtv Nollywood Icon Birthday: Emem Isong |url=http://blog.irokotv.com/irokotv-nollywood-icon-birthday-eme/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810064730/http://blog.irokotv.com/irokotv-nollywood-icon-birthday-eme/ |archive-date=10 August 2018 |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=IrokoTV Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sami digiri na farko a fannin wasan kwaikwayo daga [[Jami'ar Calabar]] da difloma a kimiyyar kwamfuta daga Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta (NCR). &lt;ref name=&quot;EDUCATION&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong |url=http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/people/emem_isong |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117211340/http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/people/emem_isong |archive-date=17 November 2016 |access-date=16 November 2016 |website=Sodas 'N' Popcorn}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2024, ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin fina-finai da zane-zane na kafofin watsa labarai daga Jami'ar Creative Arts, Ingila.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-12-13 |title=Nollywood's Emem Misodi picks UCA for PhD |url=https://www.uca.ac.uk/blogs/leading-nollywood-filmmaker-picks-uca-for-phd/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=University for the Creative Arts - UCA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ayyukan Isong a cikin fim ya fara ne a 1994 lokacin da ta rubuta rubutun kuma ta hada fim din Jezebel . Shirin farko da ta yi shi ne Breaking Point (1996). Daga baya ta yi aiki tare da Remmy Jez na tsawon shekaru takwas a matsayin furodusa. Dangantakar sana'a ta ƙare a shekara ta 2008, bayan haka ta hada kai da fim din Reloaded .&lt;ref name=&quot;Prolific&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Olehi |author-link=Uche |title=How Emem Isong emerged Nollywood’s most prolific filmmaker |url=http://encomium.ng/how-emem-isong-emerged-nollywoods-most-prolific-filmmaker/ |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Encomium}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta rubuta ko kuma ta samar da fina-finai kamar su Reloaded, Breaking Point, She Devil, A Minute To Midnight, Play Boy, Private Sin, Master Stroke, Rumours, Shattered Illusion, Promise Me Forever da Emotional Crack (screenplay).  An nuna wannan na ƙarshe a bikin fina-finai na Afirka a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong Biography/ Profile |url=http://www.nigeriamoviesreview.com/celebrities/emem-isong-biography-profile/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603010750/http://www.nigeriamoviesreview.com/celebrities/emem-isong-biography-profile/ |archive-date=3 June 2017 |access-date=22 September 2016 |publisher=Nigeria Movies Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma san ta da hotunan yaren Yoruba kuma sananniya ce a wannan masana'antar.

Fim din Isong ya nuna wasan kwaikwayo na farko na 'yan wasan Nollywood, ciki har da [[Stephanie Okereke Linus|Stephanie Okereke]] da [[Dakore Egbuson-Akande|Dakore Egbuson]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;GAY&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lindsey Green-Simms |last2=Unoma Azuah |date=2012 |title=The Video Closet: Nollywood's gay-themed movies |journal=Transition |publisher=Indiana University Press |issue=107 |pages=32–49 |jstor=10.2979/transition.107.32}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2014, Isong ta ba da umarnin fim dinta na farko na ''[[Champagne]]'', wanda aka fara bugawa a [[Silverbird Galleria]] a [[Tsibirin Victoria, Lagos|Tsibirin Victoria, Legas]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;BN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cute Couple! Emem Isong &amp; Hubby Misodi Akama for ‘Champagne’ Movie Premiere |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/12/cute-couple-emem-isong-hubby-misodi-akama-for-champagne-movie-premiere/ |access-date=22 September 2016 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Agustan 2015, ta fitar da fim din Code of Silence, fim dinta na biyu wanda ta kuma samar, tare da hadin gwiwar Royal Arts Academy da Nollywood Workshop.&lt;ref name=&quot;#SHEVOICES&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong |url=http://tv.awlo.org/shevoices/portfolio/ememisong/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104142137/http://tv.awlo.org/shevoices/portfolio/ememisong/ |archive-date=4 November 2016 |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=African Women Leadership Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din, wanda ke magana ne game da [[Rape in Nigeria|fyade a Najeriya]], taurari [[Makida Moka]], [[Patience Ozokwor]], [[Ini Edo]], da [[Omoni Oboli]].

Isong has served as a speaker at the Afrinolly masterclass series and also as a judge for the MTN Afrinolly short film competition in 2013. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;&amp;amp;nbsp;Dead link tagged October 2025&quot;&gt;dead link&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AFRINOLLY&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Afrinolly MasterClass Series With Charles Aniagolu and Emem Isong |url=http://bits.ng/?p=11224 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104142415/http://bits.ng/?p=11224 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Bits}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;THRILL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong Biography/ Profile |url=http://www.nigeriamoviesreview.com/celebrities/emem-isong-biography-profile/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603010750/http://www.nigeriamoviesreview.com/celebrities/emem-isong-biography-profile/ |archive-date=3 June 2017 |access-date=22 September 2016 |website=Nigeria Movies Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyauta ==
An bayyana Isong a matsayin maverick a cikin New Nollywood motsi wanda masu shirya fina-finai suka rarraba wanda ba kawai suke da sha'awar samar da fina-fukkuka ba, amma a cikin ƙirƙirar ayyuka masu mahimmanci da fasaha. Ta yi aiki tare da marubuta daban-daban kamar Rita Onwurah, Karyn Udeh, Toiyoabasi Ekong, Jane Nwachukwu, da Vivian Chiji kuma fina-finai sun nuna 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ciki har da [[Adesua Etomi]], [[Nancy Isime]] da [[Daniel Etim Effiong]] . Wadannan fina-finai galibi ana rarraba su ta hanyar ƙarin ƙoƙari da masu shirya fina-fakkaatu suka yi don tabbatar da ba kawai hanyoyin ba har ma da kayan aikin samarwa da masu shirya fim suka yi amfani da su suna da inganci sosai. Ba game da samarwa ba ne don samarwa amma don fasaha. Wadannan fina-finai kuma ana yin su ne don samun roko na cikin gida da na duniya kamar yadda galibi ana fitar da su a gidajen silima na Najeriya da na kasashen waje. Wannan canjin daga samar da bidiyo na gida zuwa kallon fina-finai shima wani bangare ne na wannan motsi na New Nollywood.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEW NOLLYWOOD 2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Haynes |first=Jonathan |date=1 January 2014 |title=Close-Up:Nollywood—A Worldly Creative Practice: &quot;New Nollywood&quot;:Kunle Afolayan |journal=Black Camera |publisher=Indiana University Press |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=53–73 |doi=10.2979/blackcamera.5.2.53 |jstor=10.2979/blackcamera.5.2.53}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;POSTCOLONIAL EXOTIC&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Alessandro Jedlowski |date=1 March 2014 |title=Nigerian Videos in the Global Arena: The Postcolonial Exotic Revisited |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/538435 |journal=The Global South |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=157–178 |issn=1932-8656}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Isong is also known for her role in founding the Royal Arts Academy in 2010 and her subsequent role as the academy's CEO. The Royal Arts Academy which she started with [[Uduak Isong Oguamanam|Uduak Oguamanam]], Anietie Isong, and actress [[Monalisa Chinda]], is based in [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]], Lagos State, Nigeria. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;&amp;amp;nbsp;Dead link tagged October 2025&quot;&gt;dead link&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ROYAL ARTS ACADEMY&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong opens acting academy |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/movie-news/85-film-tv-workshop/7129-emem-isong-opens-acting-academy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209070904/https://www.nigeriafilms.com/movie-news/85-film-tv-workshop/7129-emem-isong-opens-acting-academy |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Nigeria Films}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its mandate is to empower students by giving them the necessary tools required to take part in all aspects of film creation and production preparing them to compete in both the Nigerian and international film industries.&lt;ref name=&quot;R A ACADEMY&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=http://royalartsacademy.com.ng/about-raa/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014061503/http://royalartsacademy.com.ng/about-raa/ |archive-date=14 October 2016 |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Royal Arts Academy}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;&amp;amp;nbsp;Dead link tagged October 2025&quot;&gt;dead link&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;R A Academy 2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong's Royal Arts Academy To Improve Film-Making in Nigeria |url=http://www.nigeriamovienetwork.com/articles/read-emem-isongs-royal-arts-academy-to-improve-film-making-in-nigeria_80.html |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Nigeria Movie Network}}&lt;/ref&gt; Students are also given opportunities to win funding to produce films for public release.&lt;ref name=&quot;EMPOWER&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tosan |date=27 October 2015 |title=Royal Arts Academy spotlights Film Contest and Awards |url=http://trendyafrica.com/royal-arts-academy-spotlights-film-contest-and-awards/ |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Trendy Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
An san Isong da zama mai zaman kansa kuma ba ya ba da tambayoyi. Wannan, a cewarta, saboda tana son a cinye aikinta a kan cancanta shi kaɗai ba tare da rayuwarta ta rinjayi masu kallo ba. Isong ta auri Misodi Akama,  tare da ita tana da tagwaye da aka haifa a shekara ta 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;BN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cute Couple! Emem Isong &amp; Hubby Misodi Akama for ‘Champagne’ Movie Premiere |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/12/cute-couple-emem-isong-hubby-misodi-akama-for-champagne-movie-premiere/ |access-date=22 September 2016 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/12/cute-couple-emem-isong-hubby-misodi-akama-for-champagne-movie-premiere/ &quot;Cute Couple! Emem Isong &amp; Hubby Misodi Akama for 'Champagne' Movie Premiere&quot;]. Bella Naija&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 September&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 July 2016 |title=Nollywood Producer Emem Isong &amp; her Twins in New Adorable Photos |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/07/nollywood-producer-emem-isong-her-twins-in-new-adorable-photos/ |access-date=22 September 2016 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gbenga Bada |date=5 June 2015 |title=Movie producer pour encomium on son as he turns 8 |url=http://pulse.ng/celebrities/emem-isong-movie-producer-pour-encomium-on-son-as-he-turns-8-id3834021.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104141351/http://pulse.ng/celebrities/emem-isong-movie-producer-pour-encomium-on-son-as-he-turns-8-id3834021.html |archive-date=4 November 2016 |access-date=4 November 2016 |website=Pulse}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

=== Mai gabatarwa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken fim din
|-
|2024
|''Rashin yin shiru''
|-
|2023
|''Haka ne zuwa Har abada''
|-
|2022
|''Yin rawa tare da Ni''
|-
|2021
|''Magungunan da ke da zafi''
|-
|2020
|''[[Special Jollof|Jollof na Musamman]]''
|-
|2019
|''Yarinyar da take mafarkinta''
|-
|2018
|''Mr. &amp; Mrs. Right''
|-
|2017
|''[[Body Language (fim na 2017)|Harshe na Jiki]]''
|-
|2016
|''[[Ayamma]]''
|-
|2015
|''Kada ka yi makao''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2014
|''[[Apaye|Ka yi watsi da shi]]''
|-
|''Yin Ƙarƙashin Ƙofar Sama''
|-
|2013
|''Mantawa da Yuni''
|-
|2012
|''Lining na azurfa''
|-
|2011
|''Zan Yi Da Hanyar da nake Da ita''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2010
|''Kiss da Tell''
|-
|''Fashewa''
|-
|''Tsayawa da Bege''
|-
|''Tunanin Yaƙi''
|-
|2009
|''Edikan''
|-
|2008
|[[Reloaded (2009 fim)|''An sake caji'']]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2007
|''Lokaci don Ƙauna''
|-
|''Kasuwancin da ba a gama ba''
|-
|''Yahoo Miliyanari''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2006
|''Wasanni Maza suna Wasan''
|-
|''Rashin rauni''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2005
|''Bayan Ƙofofin da aka rufe''
|-
|''Dare mafi duhu''
|-
|''Ƙarya marar Ƙarshe''
|-
|''Wasanni Mata suna Wasan''
|-
|''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan mata a cikin Hood''
|-
|''Ina jin ku''
|-
|''Maza Suna kuka''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2004
|''Shawarwari Mai Muhimmanci''
|-
|''Don Gaskiya''
|-
|''Jagora''
|-
|''Alkawari Ni Har abada''
|-
|2003
|''Zunubi na sirri''
|-
|1996
|''Matsalar Mataki''
|-
|1994
|''Yezabila''
|}

=== Marubuci ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken fim din
|-
|2011
|''Zan Yi Da Hanyar da nake Da ita''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2008
|''Fashewa''
|-
|''Zuciya tana bugun''
|-
|[[Reloaded (2009 fim)|''An sake caji'']]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2007
|''Lokaci don Ƙauna''
|-
|''Kasuwancin da ba a gama ba''
|-
|''Yahoo Miliyanari''
|-
|2006
|''Wasanni Maza suna Wasan''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2005
|''Mahimmanci Makafi''
|-
|''Dare mafi duhu''
|-
|''Rashin Jinƙai''
|-
|''Ina jin ku''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2004
|''Bautar''
|-
|''Alkawari Ni Har abada''
|-
|2003
|''Rashin jin daɗi''
|-
|1994
|''Yezabila''
|}

=== Daraktan ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken fim din
|-
|2014
|''[[Champagne]]''
|-
|2015
|[[Code of Silence (fim na 2015)|''Dokar Shiru'']]
|}

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==

* ZAFAA Awards, in the category of Best Producer for the film ''Memories of my Heart'' (2010).
* Wow Divas, Outstanding Contribution to Raising Awareness, Understanding and Hope to those Affected by Autism Spectrum Disorder and Advocating for them through her film ''Silver Lining'' (2012).
* [[Kyautar ELOY|ELOY Awards]], Best Movie Producer of the Year for ''I'll Take My Chances'' (2011).
* [[Best of Nollywood Awards|Best of Nollywood]], Special Recognition Award.
* Ntanla Awards, Industry Merit Awards.
* Nigeria's Integrity Film Awards (HomeVida) in the category Family/Child Friendly Category for the film ''Knocking on the Heavens Door'' (2014).
* Africa Movie Awards in the category of Best Scriptwriter for the film ''Reloaded'' (2008). {{Ana bukatan hujja|reason=This claim needs a reliable source; this award is not stated in other sources in this section|date=October 2025}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs a reliable source; this award is not stated in other sources in this section (October 2025)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
* ''City People'' Awards in the categories of Best Producer of the Year, and Best Screenplay for the film ''Reloaded'' (2008). {{Ana bukatan hujja|reason=This claim needs a reliable source; this award is not stated in other sources in this section|date=October 2025}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs a reliable source; this award is not stated in other sources in this section (October 2025)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>27it2rse4qlooie09579wkpd487fl9d</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861297</id>
      <parentid>861286</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T14:22:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ashiru Lawal</username>
        <id>24821</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>861297</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15524" sha1="mtzmu7ev695howpvgw3v1hmtmlbhrfu" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Emem Isong''' listenⓘ marubuci ne na [[Najeriya]], Mai shirya fim-finai, kuma darektan fina-fakka. An fi saninta da fina-finai a cikin harshen Ingilishi, kuma sanannen mutum ne a masana'antar [[Nollywood]]. An saki fasalin ta na biyu a matsayin darektan, Code of Silence, wanda ke hulɗa da fyade a Najeriya, a cikin 2015.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Isong, ta farko cikin yara huɗu, an haife ta ne a ranar 5 ga Satumba kuma ta fito ne daga yankin Ikono na [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]] a Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Birth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=iROKOtv Nollywood Icon Birthday: Emem Isong |url=http://blog.irokotv.com/irokotv-nollywood-icon-birthday-eme/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810064730/http://blog.irokotv.com/irokotv-nollywood-icon-birthday-eme/ |archive-date=10 August 2018 |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=IrokoTV Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sami digiri na farko a fannin wasan kwaikwayo daga [[Jami'ar Calabar]] da difloma a kimiyyar kwamfuta daga Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta (NCR). &lt;ref name=&quot;EDUCATION&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong |url=http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/people/emem_isong |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117211340/http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/people/emem_isong |archive-date=17 November 2016 |access-date=16 November 2016 |website=Sodas 'N' Popcorn}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2024, ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin fina-finai da zane-zane na kafofin watsa labarai daga Jami'ar Creative Arts, Ingila.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-12-13 |title=Nollywood's Emem Misodi picks UCA for PhD |url=https://www.uca.ac.uk/blogs/leading-nollywood-filmmaker-picks-uca-for-phd/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=University for the Creative Arts - UCA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ayyukan Isong a cikin fim ya fara ne a 1994 lokacin da ta rubuta rubutun kuma ta haɗa fim din Jezebel . Shirin farko da ta yi shi ne Breaking Point (1996). Daga baya ta yi aiki tare da Remmy Jez na tsawon shekaru takwas a matsayin furodusa. Dangantakar sana'a ta ƙare a shekara ta 2008, bayan haka ta hada kai da fim din Reloaded .&lt;ref name=&quot;Prolific&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Olehi |author-link=Uche |title=How Emem Isong emerged Nollywood’s most prolific filmmaker |url=http://encomium.ng/how-emem-isong-emerged-nollywoods-most-prolific-filmmaker/ |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Encomium}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta rubuta ko kuma ta samar da fina-finai kamar su Reloaded, Breaking Point, She Devil, A Minute To Midnight, Play Boy, Private Sin, Master Stroke, Rumours, Shattered Illusion, Promise Me Forever da Emotional Crack (screenplay).  An nuna wannan na ƙarshe a bikin fina-finai na Afirka a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong Biography/ Profile |url=http://www.nigeriamoviesreview.com/celebrities/emem-isong-biography-profile/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603010750/http://www.nigeriamoviesreview.com/celebrities/emem-isong-biography-profile/ |archive-date=3 June 2017 |access-date=22 September 2016 |publisher=Nigeria Movies Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma san ta da hotunan yaren Yoruba kuma sananniya ce a wannan masana'antar.

Fim din Isong ya nuna wasan kwaikwayo na farko na 'yan wasan Nollywood, ciki har da [[Stephanie Okereke Linus|Stephanie Okereke]] da [[Dakore Egbuson-Akande|Dakore Egbuson]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;GAY&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lindsey Green-Simms |last2=Unoma Azuah |date=2012 |title=The Video Closet: Nollywood's gay-themed movies |journal=Transition |publisher=Indiana University Press |issue=107 |pages=32–49 |jstor=10.2979/transition.107.32}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2014, Isong ta ba da umarnin fim dinta na farko na ''[[Champagne]]'', wanda aka fara bugawa a [[Silverbird Galleria]] a [[Tsibirin Victoria, Lagos|Tsibirin Victoria, Legas]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;BN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cute Couple! Emem Isong &amp; Hubby Misodi Akama for ‘Champagne’ Movie Premiere |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/12/cute-couple-emem-isong-hubby-misodi-akama-for-champagne-movie-premiere/ |access-date=22 September 2016 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Agustan 2015, ta fitar da fim din Code of Silence, fim dinta na biyu wanda ta kuma samar, tare da hadin gwiwar Royal Arts Academy da Nollywood Workshop.&lt;ref name=&quot;#SHEVOICES&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong |url=http://tv.awlo.org/shevoices/portfolio/ememisong/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104142137/http://tv.awlo.org/shevoices/portfolio/ememisong/ |archive-date=4 November 2016 |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=African Women Leadership Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din, wanda ke magana ne game da [[Rape in Nigeria|fyade a Najeriya]], taurari [[Makida Moka]], [[Patience Ozokwor]], [[Ini Edo]], da [[Omoni Oboli]].

Isong has served as a speaker at the Afrinolly masterclass series and also as a judge for the MTN Afrinolly short film competition in 2013. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;&amp;amp;nbsp;Dead link tagged October 2025&quot;&gt;dead link&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AFRINOLLY&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Afrinolly MasterClass Series With Charles Aniagolu and Emem Isong |url=http://bits.ng/?p=11224 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104142415/http://bits.ng/?p=11224 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Bits}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;THRILL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong Biography/ Profile |url=http://www.nigeriamoviesreview.com/celebrities/emem-isong-biography-profile/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603010750/http://www.nigeriamoviesreview.com/celebrities/emem-isong-biography-profile/ |archive-date=3 June 2017 |access-date=22 September 2016 |website=Nigeria Movies Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyauta ==
An bayyana Isong a matsayin maverick a cikin New Nollywood motsi wanda masu shirya fina-finai suka rarraba wanda ba kawai suke da sha'awar samar da fina-fukkuka ba, amma a cikin ƙirƙirar ayyuka masu mahimmanci da fasaha. Ta yi aiki tare da marubuta daban-daban kamar Rita Onwurah, Karyn Udeh, Toiyoabasi Ekong, Jane Nwachukwu, da Vivian Chiji kuma fina-finai sun nuna 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ciki har da [[Adesua Etomi]], [[Nancy Isime]] da [[Daniel Etim Effiong]] . Wadannan fina-finai galibi ana rarraba su ta hanyar ƙarin ƙoƙari da masu shirya fina-fakkaatu suka yi don tabbatar da ba kawai hanyoyin ba har ma da kayan aikin samarwa da masu shirya fim suka yi amfani da su suna da inganci sosai. Ba game da samarwa ba ne don samarwa amma don fasaha. Wadannan fina-finai kuma ana yin su ne don samun roko na cikin gida da na duniya kamar yadda galibi ana fitar da su a gidajen silima na Najeriya da na kasashen waje. Wannan canjin daga samar da bidiyo na gida zuwa kallon fina-finai shima wani bangare ne na wannan motsi na New Nollywood.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEW NOLLYWOOD 2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Haynes |first=Jonathan |date=1 January 2014 |title=Close-Up:Nollywood—A Worldly Creative Practice: &quot;New Nollywood&quot;:Kunle Afolayan |journal=Black Camera |publisher=Indiana University Press |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=53–73 |doi=10.2979/blackcamera.5.2.53 |jstor=10.2979/blackcamera.5.2.53}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;POSTCOLONIAL EXOTIC&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Alessandro Jedlowski |date=1 March 2014 |title=Nigerian Videos in the Global Arena: The Postcolonial Exotic Revisited |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/538435 |journal=The Global South |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=157–178 |issn=1932-8656}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Isong is also known for her role in founding the Royal Arts Academy in 2010 and her subsequent role as the academy's CEO. The Royal Arts Academy which she started with [[Uduak Isong Oguamanam|Uduak Oguamanam]], Anietie Isong, and actress [[Monalisa Chinda]], is based in [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]], Lagos State, Nigeria. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;&amp;amp;nbsp;Dead link tagged October 2025&quot;&gt;dead link&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ROYAL ARTS ACADEMY&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong opens acting academy |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/movie-news/85-film-tv-workshop/7129-emem-isong-opens-acting-academy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209070904/https://www.nigeriafilms.com/movie-news/85-film-tv-workshop/7129-emem-isong-opens-acting-academy |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Nigeria Films}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its mandate is to empower students by giving them the necessary tools required to take part in all aspects of film creation and production preparing them to compete in both the Nigerian and international film industries.&lt;ref name=&quot;R A ACADEMY&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=http://royalartsacademy.com.ng/about-raa/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014061503/http://royalartsacademy.com.ng/about-raa/ |archive-date=14 October 2016 |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Royal Arts Academy}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;&amp;amp;nbsp;Dead link tagged October 2025&quot;&gt;dead link&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;R A Academy 2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong's Royal Arts Academy To Improve Film-Making in Nigeria |url=http://www.nigeriamovienetwork.com/articles/read-emem-isongs-royal-arts-academy-to-improve-film-making-in-nigeria_80.html |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Nigeria Movie Network}}&lt;/ref&gt; Students are also given opportunities to win funding to produce films for public release.&lt;ref name=&quot;EMPOWER&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tosan |date=27 October 2015 |title=Royal Arts Academy spotlights Film Contest and Awards |url=http://trendyafrica.com/royal-arts-academy-spotlights-film-contest-and-awards/ |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Trendy Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
An san Isong da zama mai zaman kansa kuma ba ya ba da tambayoyi. Wannan, a cewarta, saboda tana son a cinye aikinta a kan cancanta shi kaɗai ba tare da rayuwarta ta rinjayi masu kallo ba. Isong ta auri Misodi Akama,  tare da ita tana da tagwaye da aka haifa a shekara ta 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;BN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cute Couple! Emem Isong &amp; Hubby Misodi Akama for ‘Champagne’ Movie Premiere |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/12/cute-couple-emem-isong-hubby-misodi-akama-for-champagne-movie-premiere/ |access-date=22 September 2016 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/12/cute-couple-emem-isong-hubby-misodi-akama-for-champagne-movie-premiere/ &quot;Cute Couple! Emem Isong &amp; Hubby Misodi Akama for 'Champagne' Movie Premiere&quot;]. Bella Naija&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 September&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 July 2016 |title=Nollywood Producer Emem Isong &amp; her Twins in New Adorable Photos |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/07/nollywood-producer-emem-isong-her-twins-in-new-adorable-photos/ |access-date=22 September 2016 |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gbenga Bada |date=5 June 2015 |title=Movie producer pour encomium on son as he turns 8 |url=http://pulse.ng/celebrities/emem-isong-movie-producer-pour-encomium-on-son-as-he-turns-8-id3834021.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104141351/http://pulse.ng/celebrities/emem-isong-movie-producer-pour-encomium-on-son-as-he-turns-8-id3834021.html |archive-date=4 November 2016 |access-date=4 November 2016 |website=Pulse}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

=== Mai gabatarwa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken fim din
|-
|2024
|''Rashin yin shiru''
|-
|2023
|''Haka ne zuwa Har abada''
|-
|2022
|''Yin rawa tare da Ni''
|-
|2021
|''Magungunan da ke da zafi''
|-
|2020
|''[[Special Jollof|Jollof na Musamman]]''
|-
|2019
|''Yarinyar da take mafarkinta''
|-
|2018
|''Mr. &amp; Mrs. Right''
|-
|2017
|''[[Body Language (fim na 2017)|Harshe na Jiki]]''
|-
|2016
|''[[Ayamma]]''
|-
|2015
|''Kada ka yi makao''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2014
|''[[Apaye|Ka yi watsi da shi]]''
|-
|''Yin Ƙarƙashin Ƙofar Sama''
|-
|2013
|''Mantawa da Yuni''
|-
|2012
|''Lining na azurfa''
|-
|2011
|''Zan Yi Da Hanyar da nake Da ita''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2010
|''Kiss da Tell''
|-
|''Fashewa''
|-
|''Tsayawa da Bege''
|-
|''Tunanin Yaƙi''
|-
|2009
|''Edikan''
|-
|2008
|[[Reloaded (2009 fim)|''An sake caji'']]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2007
|''Lokaci don Ƙauna''
|-
|''Kasuwancin da ba a gama ba''
|-
|''Yahoo Miliyanari''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2006
|''Wasanni Maza suna Wasan''
|-
|''Rashin rauni''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2005
|''Bayan Ƙofofin da aka rufe''
|-
|''Dare mafi duhu''
|-
|''Ƙarya marar Ƙarshe''
|-
|''Wasanni Mata suna Wasan''
|-
|''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan mata a cikin Hood''
|-
|''Ina jin ku''
|-
|''Maza Suna kuka''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2004
|''Shawarwari Mai Muhimmanci''
|-
|''Don Gaskiya''
|-
|''Jagora''
|-
|''Alkawari Ni Har abada''
|-
|2003
|''Zunubi na sirri''
|-
|1996
|''Matsalar Mataki''
|-
|1994
|''Yezabila''
|}

=== Marubuci ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken fim din
|-
|2011
|''Zan Yi Da Hanyar da nake Da ita''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2008
|''Fashewa''
|-
|''Zuciya tana bugun''
|-
|[[Reloaded (2009 fim)|''An sake caji'']]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2007
|''Lokaci don Ƙauna''
|-
|''Kasuwancin da ba a gama ba''
|-
|''Yahoo Miliyanari''
|-
|2006
|''Wasanni Maza suna Wasan''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2005
|''Mahimmanci Makafi''
|-
|''Dare mafi duhu''
|-
|''Rashin Jinƙai''
|-
|''Ina jin ku''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2004
|''Bautar''
|-
|''Alkawari Ni Har abada''
|-
|2003
|''Rashin jin daɗi''
|-
|1994
|''Yezabila''
|}

=== Daraktan ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken fim din
|-
|2014
|''[[Champagne]]''
|-
|2015
|[[Code of Silence (fim na 2015)|''Dokar Shiru'']]
|}

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==

* ZAFAA Awards, in the category of Best Producer for the film ''Memories of my Heart'' (2010).
* Wow Divas, Outstanding Contribution to Raising Awareness, Understanding and Hope to those Affected by Autism Spectrum Disorder and Advocating for them through her film ''Silver Lining'' (2012).
* [[Kyautar ELOY|ELOY Awards]], Best Movie Producer of the Year for ''I'll Take My Chances'' (2011).
* [[Best of Nollywood Awards|Best of Nollywood]], Special Recognition Award.
* Ntanla Awards, Industry Merit Awards.
* Nigeria's Integrity Film Awards (HomeVida) in the category Family/Child Friendly Category for the film ''Knocking on the Heavens Door'' (2014).
* Africa Movie Awards in the category of Best Scriptwriter for the film ''Reloaded'' (2008). {{Ana bukatan hujja|reason=This claim needs a reliable source; this award is not stated in other sources in this section|date=October 2025}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs a reliable source; this award is not stated in other sources in this section (October 2025)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
* ''City People'' Awards in the categories of Best Producer of the Year, and Best Screenplay for the film ''Reloaded'' (2008). {{Ana bukatan hujja|reason=This claim needs a reliable source; this award is not stated in other sources in this section|date=October 2025}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs a reliable source; this award is not stated in other sources in this section (October 2025)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>mtzmu7ev695howpvgw3v1hmtmlbhrfu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Joy Odiete</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>54214</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861875</id>
      <parentid>788228</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T10:20:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ashiru Lawal</username>
        <id>24821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347886573|Joy Odiete]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861875</origin>
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Joy Odiete darektan fina-finai ne kuma mai rarraba fina-fakkaatu na Najeriya. An san ta da rawar da ta taka a cikin Gone da Money Miss Road. Ita ce Shugaba na Blue Pictures nishaɗi   kuma mai haɗin gwiwa na Warner Brothers Pictures, Walt Disney Pictures da Black Sheep Entertainment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NIFSummit |title=Joy Efe Odiete - Nigerian International Film &amp; TV Summit |url=https://nifsummit.com/2017-speakers/distribution-summit-speakers/joy-efe-odiete |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=nifsummit.com |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Joy Odiete ta shiga masana'antar fina-finai a shekara ta 2005. Ta yi aiki tare da Silverbird Cinemas da Nu Metro Cinema kafin ta shiga cikin samar da fim kuma daga ƙarshe ta kafa gidan silima..

== Hotuna Masu Kyau ==
Ita ce manajan darakta na Blue Pictures Entertainment, kamfanin rarraba fina-finai na Najeriya wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 2006. Kamfanin rarraba yana kula da gidajen silima 54 da allo 215. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Us – Bluepictures Distribution |url=https://bluepicturesng.com/about-us-2/ |access-date=2022-07-30 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NIFSummit |title=Joy Efe Odiete - Nigerian International Film &amp; TV Summit |url=https://nifsummit.com/2017-speakers/distribution-summit-speakers/joy-efe-odiete |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=nifsummit.com |language=en-gb}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNIFSummit&quot;&gt;NIFSummit. [https://nifsummit.com/2017-speakers/distribution-summit-speakers/joy-efe-odiete &quot;Joy Efe Odiete - Nigerian International Film &amp; TV Summit&quot;]. ''nifsummit.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-10-23&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

* Money Miss Road (2022) 
* [[Gone (fim 2021)|''Ya tafi'']]
* Magungunan da ke da ƙishirwa (2021) 

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb name|9866788}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>nsikp64eyfey18m2phi4wk81bqmtqtk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861877</id>
      <parentid>861875</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T10:21:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ashiru Lawal</username>
        <id>24821</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>861877</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1981" sha1="0hqcbfbs005jka8bzsh4zzz2onwcvm9" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

Joy Odiete darektan fina-finai ne kuma mai rarraba fina-fakkaatu na Najeriya. An san ta da rawar da ta taka a cikin Gone da Money Miss Road. Ita ce Shugaba na Blue Pictures nishaɗi   kuma mai haɗin gwiwa na Warner Brothers Pictures, Walt Disney Pictures da Black Sheep Entertainment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NIFSummit |title=Joy Efe Odiete - Nigerian International Film &amp; TV Summit |url=https://nifsummit.com/2017-speakers/distribution-summit-speakers/joy-efe-odiete |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=nifsummit.com |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Joy Odiete ta shiga masana'antar fina-finai a shekara ta 2005. Ta yi aiki tare da Silverbird Cinemas da Nu Metro Cinema kafin ta shiga cikin samar da fim kuma daga ƙarshe ta kafa gidan silima..

== Hotuna Masu Kyau ==
Ita ce manajan darakta na Blue Pictures Entertainment, kamfanin rarraba fina-finai na Najeriya wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 2006. Kamfanin rarraba yana kula da gidajen silima 54 da allo 215. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Us – Bluepictures Distribution |url=https://bluepicturesng.com/about-us-2/ |access-date=2022-07-30 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NIFSummit |title=Joy Efe Odiete - Nigerian International Film &amp; TV Summit |url=https://nifsummit.com/2017-speakers/distribution-summit-speakers/joy-efe-odiete |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=nifsummit.com |language=en-gb}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNIFSummit&quot;&gt;NIFSummit. [https://nifsummit.com/2017-speakers/distribution-summit-speakers/joy-efe-odiete &quot;Joy Efe Odiete - Nigerian International Film &amp; TV Summit&quot;]. ''nifsummit.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-10-23&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

* Money Miss Road (2022) 
* [[Gone (fim 2021)|''Ya tafi'']]
* Magungunan da ke da ƙishirwa (2021) 

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb name|9866788}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Maguy Kakon</title>
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'''Maguy Kakon''' (an haife ta shekara 1953 a [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]] ) marubuci [[Moroko|yar ƙasar Moroko]] ce, [[ɗan siyasa]] kuma mai ba da shawara kan ƙasa.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
Maguy (Marie-Yvonne) An haifi Kakon ga dangin [[Yahudawa]] a [[Marrakesh|Marrakech.]]Iyayenta, David da Dina Gabay, suna ɗaya daga cikin ma'aurata mafi arziki a cikin birnin. Mahaifinta masanin masana'antu ne.Iyalinta sun ƙaura zuwa Paris a 1971.&lt;ref name=&quot;haaretz&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1083967.html |title=True to her dream |access-date=2023-09-10 |archive-date=2009-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903223908/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1083967.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan aurenta, ta zauna a [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]].

A shekara 2007, Kakon ta zama mace Bayahudiya ta farko da ta tsaya takarar kujerar gwamnati a Moroco. A matsayinta na shugabar jam'iyyar Social Center Party ( ''Parti center social'' ), ta tsaya takara a zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin Moroco na shekara 2007, amma ta kasa samun kujera lokacin da jam'iyyarta ba ta wuce mafi karancin matakin zabe ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;haaretz&quot;/&gt; A shekara 2009, ta yi takara a zaɓen gundumar Casablanca. A cikin shekara 2011, ta sanar da cewa za ta tsaya takara a zaben majalisar dokokin Moroco  a shekara 2011. 

Maguy Kakon ya auri Aime Kakon, daya daga cikin manyan gine-ginen kasar Maroko. Suna da yara hudu. &lt;ref name=&quot;haaretz&quot;/&gt; Mahaifiyar Kakon da ƙanwarsa suna zaune a Holon, Isra'ila. &lt;ref name=&quot;haaretz&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan zamantakewa ==
Kakon ta fara aikin bayar da shawarwari a karkashin kulawar kungiyar mata ta Amurka, kungiyar kare hakkin mata ta farko a kasar Maroko. &lt;ref name=&quot;haaretz&quot;/&gt; Tana da himma wajen inganta ilimi ga mata.Ta yi imanin cewa ilimantar da mata zai canza fuskar al'ummar Moroco.&lt;ref name=&quot;haaretz&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukan da aka buga ==

* ''La Cuisine juive du Maroc de mere en fille'' (Abincin Yahudawa na Maroko: Daga uwa zuwa 'yarsa)
* ''Hadisai et coutumes des Juifs du Maroc'' (Hadisai da al'adun Yahudawa na Maroko)

== Nassoshi ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 1953]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Maganin gina jiki na Algal</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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[[Fayil:Three early medicine bottles.jpg|thumb|Kwalaban magani]]
'''Maganin sinadarai na algal''' sun ƙunshi cakuda gishirin sinadarai da ruwa. Wani lokaci ana kiranta&quot;Growth Media&quot;,mafita na gina jiki (tare da carbon dioxide da haske), samar da kayan da ake buƙata don girma algae. [[Maganin kunama|Maganin]] abinci mai gina jiki (misali, maganin Hoagland), sabanin takin mai magani, an tsara su musamman don amfani acikin yanayin ruwa kuma abun da ke ciki yafi daidai.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rfi.fr/ha/shirye-shirye/muhallinka-rayuwarka/20210821-illolin-rashin-bin-ka-ida-wajen-amfani-da-magunguna-yayin-adana-amfanin-gona&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Al'adun algae|Jerin tarin al'adun algal]]
* [[Al'adun algae|Algaculture]]
* Algal man fetur
* Shirin Nau'in Ruwa
* Hydroponics
* Seri microalgae tarin al'adu
* Chu 13, algal girma matsakaici

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

* [http://web.biosci.utexas.edu/utex/media.aspx Jami'ar Texas Recipes Media girma] .
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070328054435/http://www.ccac.uni-koeln.de/textfiles/media.htm Jami'ar Cologne Kafofin watsa labarun girma]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051221231334/http://ccmp.bigelow.org/future/hmenuz.php?daurl=http://ccmp.bigelow.org/future/mediarecipes.html Girke-girke na Media Media] da [https://web.archive.org/web/20051222000424/http://ccmp.bigelow.org/future/hmenuz.php?daurl=http://ccmp.bigelow.org/future/Kits_Media_Seawater.html Matsakaicin Al'adu] (CCMP, Laboratory Bigelow don Kimiyyar Teku)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Akin Alabi</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344786153|Akin Alabi]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Akin Alabi''', Akin_Alabi.waviborn a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya, Daraktan bidiyon kiɗa ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], marubuci kuma ɗan kasuwa.  Ya shahara a matsayin daya daga cikin daraktocin bidiyo waɗanda suka fara zamanin samar da bidiyon kiɗa na hiphop a Najeriya  kuma ya yi aiki tare da manyan masu fasaha da yawa ciki har da 9ice, Timaya, [[Tope Alabi]], [[Onyeka Onwenu]], Reminisce, Tim Godfrey (mai kiɗa) , Ayanjesu, Paul Ik Dairo da sauransu da yawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Adewale |first=Adedeji |date=December 2010 |title=Yoruba Culture &amp; its Influence on the Development of Modern Popular Music in Nigeria |url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2257/1/Adedeji%2C_Adewale.pdf |pages=290 |access-date=15 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yaronta da ilimi ==
Alabi asalinsa daga [[Ekiti|Jihar Ekiti]] ya fara tafiyarsa ta ilimi a Lara Day Nursery da Makarantar Firamare, [[Ikeja]] Lagos, kuma daga baya ya sami Takardar shaidar Makarantar Ordinary Level daga [[Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Idoani]], [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]]. Bayan haka, ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Ilorin]], [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] don nazarin Gudanar da Kasuwanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Keetu |date=3 September 2016 |title=Top 10 Music Video Directors in Nigeria: Biographies &amp; Their Charges |url=https://www.theinfofinder.com/top-10-music-video-directors-in-nigeria-biographies-their-charges/2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092405/https://www.theinfofinder.com/top-10-music-video-directors-in-nigeria-biographies-their-charges/2/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=The Info Finder}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Alabi, wanda ke cikin rubuce-rubuce da zane-zane a lokacin da yake jami'a, ya furta a lokacin daya daga cikin tambayoyinsa  cewa sha'awarsa ga kiɗa ta sa ya sauke kundi a 1999.[6] Abin takaici, a lokacin da Uzodinma Ukpechi (ɗaya daga cikin manyan dakarun da ke bayan kyamara a lokacin) ya ba shi lissafin, Alabi ya yi iƙirarin ya yanke shawarar samun kayan aiki tare da kuɗin. Ilimin zane-zane da samar da sauti ya zama dandamali don bincika ƙwarewarsa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kola |first=Tijani |title=Music Video Director, Akin Alabi, Speaks – I don't like to please people |url=https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043036/https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Rhodies World}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya sa ya sauke kundi a cikin 1999. Abin takaici, a lokacin da Uzodinma Ukpechi, (ɗaya daga cikin manyan dakarun da ke bayan kyamara a lokacin) ya ba shi lissafin, Alabi ya yi iƙirarin ya yanke shawarar samun kayan aiki tare da kuɗin. Ayyukansa na zane-zane da ilimin samar da sauti sun zama dandamali don bincika kwarewarsa.

Bayan ya harbe bidiyon kiɗa don mai zane mai zuwa da ake kira Nachur for Blac a cikin 2004, Akin ya zama sananne a cikin 2005 tare da bidiyon kiɗan Big Bamo da waƙar Paul Play mai taken Crazy . Akin wanda kuma ƙwararren mai ɗaukar hoto ne, yanzu ana iya sanya shi cikin mafi kyawun bidiyon kiɗa da masu gudanar da bidiyon gida a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Akin Alabi |url=http://www.explode.com.ng/facilitators/akin-alabi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043103/http://www.explode.com.ng/facilitators/akin-alabi/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Explode.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayinsa na mai zane-zane, ya kafa wata kungiya tare da matarsa mai suna T.I.V &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onos |date=22 April 2013 |title=New Video: T.I.V – Vanity |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/04/new-video-t-i-v-vanity/ |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya ci gaba da sakin wakar, Komole a shekarar 2012 wacce ta ci gaba da lashe kyaututtuka da yawa ciki har da Nigeria Music Video Awards (NMVA) don mafi kyawun amfani da wasan kwaikwayo, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tyler |date=27 November 2014 |title=Winners List – The Nigeria Music Video Awards (NMVA) 2014 |url=http://tooxclusive.com/editorial/winners-list-nigeria-music-video-awards-nmva-2014/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215102810/http://tooxclusive.com/editorial/winners-list-nigeria-music-video-awards-nmva-2014/ |archive-date=15 February 2019 |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Too Exclusive}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nominee for Nigeria Music Video Award (NM VA) a karkashin rukunin Best Gospel Video.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kola |first=Tijani |title=Music Video Director, Akin Alabi, Speaks – I don't like to please people |url=https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043036/https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Rhodies World}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ayyukansa na bidiyo sun haɗa da waƙar da Konga ta buga mai taken Kabakaba, Komole ta TIV ft Vector, 'Gugbbamamu' da 'Babu kuskure' ta 9ice; 'Yankuliya,' 'Allah ina rokon,' 'Idan zan ce' ta Timaya; 'Promise Land' ta Paul Play; 'Crazy' ta Julius Agwu; 'Ariya' ta Ayuba; 'Bu nwanem' ta Onyeka Onwenu; 'Kabaka Tiba' ta Koro' ta Kgb; RCCG Gidan Kharou'

Shi ne mahaliccin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na raye-raye a kan karin magana na Najeriya da ake kira My Nigerian Proverb yana nunawa yau da kullun a kan African Magic, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=TV GUIDE |url=https://africamagic.dstv.com/channel/africa-magic-yoruba |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Africa Magic}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Trybetv]], YangaTv (UK) da kuma BRT Buses a Legas. A cikin 2018, ya fitar da wani littafi game da Misalai na Yoruba mai taken Akomolowe: Littafin Misalai na Yarinya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Akomolewe |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRfvJwqnikA |access-date=15 February 2019 |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da sha'awar al'adun Afirka kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki akan amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na gani don kiyaye al'adun Yoruba musamman. Yana da kyaututtuka da yawa ga sunansa ciki har da lambar yabo ta City People ta 2012 don Darakta Mafi Kyawun Bidiyo, lambar yabo ta TAVA don Daraktocin Bidiyo Mafi Kyawun da Bidiyo mafi Kyawun RnB.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Alabi ta auri Bunmi Alabi a shekara ta 2008 kuma tare suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu kuma suna zaune a Legas Najeriya.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Akin Alabi''', Akin_Alabi.waviborn a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya, Daraktan bidiyon kiɗa ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], marubuci kuma ɗan kasuwa.  Ya shahara a matsayin daya daga cikin daraktocin bidiyo waɗanda suka fara zamanin samar da bidiyon kiɗa na hiphop a Najeriya  kuma ya yi aiki tare da manyan masu fasaha da yawa ciki har da 9ice, Timaya, [[Tope Alabi]], [[Onyeka Onwenu]], Reminisce, Tim Godfrey (mai kiɗa) , Ayanjesu, Paul Ik Dairo da sauransu da yawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Adewale |first=Adedeji |date=December 2010 |title=Yoruba Culture &amp; its Influence on the Development of Modern Popular Music in Nigeria |url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2257/1/Adedeji%2C_Adewale.pdf |pages=290 |access-date=15 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yaronta da ilimi ==
Alabi asalinsa daga [[Ekiti|Jihar Ekiti]] ya fara tafiyarsa ta ilimi a Lara Day Nursery da Makarantar Firamare, [[Ikeja]] Lagos, kuma daga baya ya sami Takardar shaidar Makarantar Ordinary Level daga [[Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Idoani]], [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]]. Bayan haka, ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Ilorin]], [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] don nazarin Gudanar da Kasuwanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Keetu |date=3 September 2016 |title=Top 10 Music Video Directors in Nigeria: Biographies &amp; Their Charges |url=https://www.theinfofinder.com/top-10-music-video-directors-in-nigeria-biographies-their-charges/2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092405/https://www.theinfofinder.com/top-10-music-video-directors-in-nigeria-biographies-their-charges/2/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=The Info Finder}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Alabi, wanda ke cikin rubuce-rubuce da zane-zane a lokacin da yake jami'a, ya furta a lokacin daya daga cikin tambayoyinsa  cewa sha'awarsa ga kiɗa ta sa ya sauke kundi a 1999.[6] Abin takaici, a lokacin da Uzodinma Ukpechi (ɗaya daga cikin manyan dakarun da ke bayan kyamara a lokacin) ya ba shi lissafin, Alabi ya yi iƙirarin ya yanke shawarar samun kayan aiki tare da kuɗin. Ilimin zane-zane da samar da sauti ya zama dandamali don bincika ƙwarewarsa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kola |first=Tijani |title=Music Video Director, Akin Alabi, Speaks – I don't like to please people |url=https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043036/https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Rhodies World}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya sa ya sauke kundi a cikin 1999. Abin takaici, a lokacin da Uzodinma Ukpechi, (ɗaya daga cikin manyan dakarun da ke bayan kyamara a lokacin) ya ba shi lissafin, Alabi ya yi iƙirarin ya yanke shawarar samun kayan aiki tare da kuɗin. Ayyukansa na zane-zane da ilimin samar da sauti sun zama dandamali don bincika kwarewarsa.

Bayan ya harbe bidiyon kiɗa don mai zane mai zuwa da ake kira Nachur for Blac a cikin 2004, Akin ya zama sananne a cikin 2005 tare da bidiyon kiɗan Big Bamo da waƙar Paul Play mai taken Crazy . Akin wanda kuma ƙwararren mai ɗaukar hoto ne, yanzu ana iya sanya shi cikin mafi kyawun bidiyon kiɗa da masu gudanar da bidiyon gida a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Akin Alabi |url=http://www.explode.com.ng/facilitators/akin-alabi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043103/http://www.explode.com.ng/facilitators/akin-alabi/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Explode.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayinsa na mai zane-zane, ya kafa wata kungiya tare da matarsa mai suna T.I.V &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onos |date=22 April 2013 |title=New Video: T.I.V – Vanity |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/04/new-video-t-i-v-vanity/ |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya ci gaba da sakin wakar, Komole a shekarar 2012 wacce ta ci gaba da lashe kyaututtuka da yawa ciki har da Nigeria Music Video Awards (NMVA) don mafi kyawun amfani da wasan kwaikwayo, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tyler |date=27 November 2014 |title=Winners List – The Nigeria Music Video Awards (NMVA) 2014 |url=http://tooxclusive.com/editorial/winners-list-nigeria-music-video-awards-nmva-2014/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215102810/http://tooxclusive.com/editorial/winners-list-nigeria-music-video-awards-nmva-2014/ |archive-date=15 February 2019 |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Too Exclusive}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nominee for Nigeria Music Video Award (NM VA) a karkashin rukunin Best Gospel Video.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kola |first=Tijani |title=Music Video Director, Akin Alabi, Speaks – I don't like to please people |url=https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043036/https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Rhodies World}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ayyukansa na bidiyo sun haɗa da waƙar da Konga ta buga mai taken Kabakaba, Komole ta TIV ft Vector, 'Gugbbamamu' da 'Babu kuskure' ta 9ice; 'Yankuliya,' 'Allah ina rokon,' 'Idan zan ce' ta Timaya; 'Promise Land' ta Paul Play; 'Crazy' ta Julius Agwu; 'Ariya' ta Ayuba; 'Bu nwanem' ta Onyeka Onwenu; 'Kabaka Tiba' ta Koro' ta Kgb; RCCG Gidan Kharou'

Shi ne mahaliccin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na raye-raye a kan karin magana na Najeriya da ake kira My Nigerian Proverb yana nunawa yau da kullun a kan African Magic, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=TV GUIDE |url=https://africamagic.dstv.com/channel/africa-magic-yoruba |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Africa Magic}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Trybetv]], YangaTv (UK) da kuma BRT Buses a Legas. A cikin 2018, ya fitar da wani littafi game da Misalai na Yoruba mai taken Akomolowe: Littafin Misalai na Yarinya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Akomolewe |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRfvJwqnikA |access-date=15 February 2019 |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da sha'awar al'adun Afirka kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki akan amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na gani don kiyaye al'adun Yoruba musamman. Yana da kyaututtuka da yawa ga sunansa ciki har da lambar yabo ta City People ta 2012 don Darakta Mafi Kyawun Bidiyo, lambar yabo ta TAVA don Daraktocin Bidiyo Mafi Kyawun da Bidiyo mafi Kyawun RnB.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Alabi ta auri Bunmi Alabi a shekara ta 2008 kuma tare suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu kuma suna zaune a Legas Najeriya.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>3cup9n6uqg9pw7nn3avj3x99urrpgjt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861307</id>
      <parentid>861306</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T14:41:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ashiru Lawal</username>
        <id>24821</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>861307</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6690" sha1="imhe9dy8b3ss29bd4upvjm8vku0bu2c" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
 

'''Akin Alabi''', Akin_Alabi.waviborn a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya, Daraktan bidiyon kiɗa ne [[Ɗan Najeriya|Na Najeriya]], marubuci kuma ɗan kasuwa.  Ya shahara a matsayin daya daga cikin daraktocin bidiyo waɗanda suka fara zamanin samar da bidiyon kiɗa na hiphop a Najeriya  kuma ya yi aiki tare da manyan masu fasaha da yawa ciki har da 9ice, Timaya, [[Tope Alabi]], [[Onyeka Onwenu]], Reminisce, Tim Godfrey (mai kiɗa) , Ayanjesu, Paul Ik Dairo da sauransu da yawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Adewale |first=Adedeji |date=December 2010 |title=Yoruba Culture &amp; its Influence on the Development of Modern Popular Music in Nigeria |url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2257/1/Adedeji%2C_Adewale.pdf |pages=290 |access-date=15 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yaronta da ilimi ==
Alabi asalinsa daga [[Ekiti|Jihar Ekiti]] ya fara tafiyarsa ta ilimi a Lara Day Nursery da Makarantar Firamare, [[Ikeja]] Lagos, kuma daga baya ya sami Takardar shaidar Makarantar Ordinary Level daga [[Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Idoani]], [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]]. Bayan haka, ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Ilorin]], [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] don nazarin Gudanar da Kasuwanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Keetu |date=3 September 2016 |title=Top 10 Music Video Directors in Nigeria: Biographies &amp; Their Charges |url=https://www.theinfofinder.com/top-10-music-video-directors-in-nigeria-biographies-their-charges/2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092405/https://www.theinfofinder.com/top-10-music-video-directors-in-nigeria-biographies-their-charges/2/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=The Info Finder}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Alabi, wanda ke cikin rubuce-rubuce da zane-zane a lokacin da yake jami'a, ya furta a lokacin daya daga cikin tambayoyinsa  cewa sha'awarsa ga kiɗa ta sa ya sauke kundi a 1999.[6] Abin takaici, a lokacin da Uzodinma Ukpechi (ɗaya daga cikin manyan dakarun da ke bayan kyamara a lokacin) ya ba shi lissafin, Alabi ya yi iƙirarin ya yanke shawarar samun kayan aiki tare da kuɗin. Ilimin zane-zane da samar da sauti ya zama dandamali don bincika ƙwarewarsa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kola |first=Tijani |title=Music Video Director, Akin Alabi, Speaks – I don't like to please people |url=https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043036/https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Rhodies World}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya sa ya sauke kundi a cikin 1999. Abin takaici, a lokacin da Uzodinma Ukpechi, (ɗaya daga cikin manyan dakarun da ke bayan kyamara a lokacin) ya ba shi lissafin, Alabi ya yi iƙirarin ya yanke shawarar samun kayan aiki tare da kuɗin. Ayyukansa na zane-zane da ilimin samar da sauti sun zama dandamali don bincika kwarewarsa.

Bayan ya harbe bidiyon kiɗa don mai zane mai zuwa da ake kira Nachur for Blac a cikin 2004, Akin ya zama sananne a cikin 2005 tare da bidiyon kiɗan Big Bamo da waƙar Paul Play mai taken Crazy . Akin wanda kuma ƙwararren mai ɗaukar hoto ne, yanzu ana iya sanya shi cikin mafi kyawun bidiyon kiɗa da masu gudanar da bidiyon gida a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Akin Alabi |url=http://www.explode.com.ng/facilitators/akin-alabi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043103/http://www.explode.com.ng/facilitators/akin-alabi/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Explode.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayinsa na mai zane-zane, ya kafa wata kungiya tare da matarsa mai suna T.I.V &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onos |date=22 April 2013 |title=New Video: T.I.V – Vanity |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/04/new-video-t-i-v-vanity/ |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya ci gaba da sakin wakar, Komole a shekarar 2012 wacce ta ci gaba da lashe kyaututtuka da yawa ciki har da Nigeria Music Video Awards (NMVA) don mafi kyawun amfani da wasan kwaikwayo, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tyler |date=27 November 2014 |title=Winners List – The Nigeria Music Video Awards (NMVA) 2014 |url=http://tooxclusive.com/editorial/winners-list-nigeria-music-video-awards-nmva-2014/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215102810/http://tooxclusive.com/editorial/winners-list-nigeria-music-video-awards-nmva-2014/ |archive-date=15 February 2019 |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Too Exclusive}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nominee for Nigeria Music Video Award (NM VA) a karkashin rukunin Best Gospel Video.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kola |first=Tijani |title=Music Video Director, Akin Alabi, Speaks – I don't like to please people |url=https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043036/https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Rhodies World}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ayyukansa na bidiyo sun haɗa da waƙar da Konga ta buga mai taken Kabakaba, Komole ta TIV ft Vector, 'Gugbbamamu' da 'Babu kuskure' ta 9ice; 'Yankuliya,' 'Allah ina rokon,' 'Idan zan ce' ta Timaya; 'Promise Land' ta Paul Play; 'Crazy' ta Julius Agwu; 'Ariya' ta Ayuba; 'Bu nwanem' ta Onyeka Onwenu; 'Kabaka Tiba' ta Koro' ta Kgb; RCCG Gidan Kharou'

Shi ne mahaliccin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na raye-raye a kan karin magana na Najeriya da ake kira My Nigerian Proverb yana nunawa yau da kullun a kan African Magic, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=TV GUIDE |url=https://africamagic.dstv.com/channel/africa-magic-yoruba |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Africa Magic}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Trybetv]], YangaTv (UK) da kuma BRT Buses a Legas. A cikin 2018, ya fitar da wani littafi game da Misalai na Yoruba mai taken Akomolowe: Littafin Misalai na Yarinya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Akomolewe |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRfvJwqnikA |access-date=15 February 2019 |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da sha'awar al'adun Afirka kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki akan amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na gani don kiyaye al'adun Yoruba musamman. Yana da kyaututtuka da yawa ga sunansa ciki har da lambar yabo ta City People ta 2012 don Darakta Mafi Kyawun Bidiyo, lambar yabo ta TAVA don Daraktocin Bidiyo Mafi Kyawun da Bidiyo mafi Kyawun RnB.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Alabi ta auri Bunmi Alabi a shekara ta 2008 kuma tare suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu kuma suna zaune a Legas Najeriya.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>imhe9dy8b3ss29bd4upvjm8vku0bu2c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861308</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ashiru Lawal</username>
        <id>24821</id>
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      <origin>861308</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6691" sha1="hhymu445d7ke7cpzbdz998mmus7aznz" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
 

'''Akin Alabi''', Akin_Alabi.waviborn a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya, Daraktan bidiyon kiɗa ne [[Ɗan Najeriya|Na Najeriya]], marubuci kuma ɗan kasuwa.  Ya shahara a matsayin daya daga cikin daraktocin bidiyo waɗanda suka fara zamanin samar da bidiyon kiɗa na hiphop a Najeriya  kuma ya yi aiki tare da manyan masu fasaha da yawa ciki har da 9ice, Timaya, [[Tope Alabi]], [[Onyeka Onwenu]], Reminisce, Tim Godfrey (mai kiɗa) , Ayanjesu, Paul Ik Dairo da sauransu da yawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Adewale |first=Adedeji |date=December 2010 |title=Yoruba Culture &amp; its Influence on the Development of Modern Popular Music in Nigeria |url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2257/1/Adedeji%2C_Adewale.pdf |pages=290 |access-date=15 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yaronta da ilimi ==
Alabi asalinsa daga [[Ekiti|Jihar Ekiti]] ya fara tafiyarsa ta ilimi a Lara Day Nursery da Makarantar Firamare, [[Ikeja]] Lagos, kuma daga baya ya sami Takardar shaidar Makarantar Ordinary Level daga [[Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Idoani]], [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]]. Bayan haka, ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Ilorin]], [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] don nazarin Gudanar da Kasuwanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Keetu |date=3 September 2016 |title=Top 10 Music Video Directors in Nigeria: Biographies &amp; Their Charges |url=https://www.theinfofinder.com/top-10-music-video-directors-in-nigeria-biographies-their-charges/2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092405/https://www.theinfofinder.com/top-10-music-video-directors-in-nigeria-biographies-their-charges/2/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=The Info Finder}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Alabi, wanda ke cikin rubuce-rubuce da zane-zane a lokacin da yake jami'a, ya furta a lokacin daya daga cikin tambayoyinsa  cewa sha'awarsa ga kiɗa ta sa ya sauke kundi a 1999.[6] Abin takaici, a lokacin da Uzodinma Ukpechi (ɗaya daga cikin manyan dakarun da ke bayan kyamara a lokacin) ya ba shi lissafin, Alabi ya yi iƙirarin ya yanke shawarar samun kayan aiki tare da kuɗin. Ilimin zane-zane da samar da sauti ya zama dandamali don bincika ƙwarewarsa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kola |first=Tijani |title=Music Video Director, Akin Alabi, Speaks – I don't like to please people |url=https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043036/https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Rhodies World}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya sa ya sauke kundi a cikin 1999. Abin takaici, a lokacin da Uzodinma Ukpechi, (ɗaya daga cikin manyan dakarun da ke bayan kyamara a lokacin) ya ba shi lissafin, Alabi ya yi iƙirarin ya yanke shawarar samun kayan aiki tare da kuɗin. Ayyukansa na zane-zane da ilimin samar da sauti sun zama dandamali don bincika kwarewarsa.

Bayan ya harbe bidiyon kiɗa don mai zane mai zuwa da ake kira Nachur for Blac a cikin 2004, Akin ya zama sananne a cikin 2005 tare da bidiyon kiɗan Big Bamo da waƙar Paul Play mai taken Crazy . Akin wanda kuma ƙwararren mai ɗaukar hoto ne, yanzu ana iya sanya shi cikin mafi kyawun bidiyon kiɗa da masu gudanar da bidiyon gida a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Akin Alabi |url=http://www.explode.com.ng/facilitators/akin-alabi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043103/http://www.explode.com.ng/facilitators/akin-alabi/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Explode.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayin sa na mai zane-zane, ya kafa wata kungiya tare da matarsa mai suna T.I.V &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onos |date=22 April 2013 |title=New Video: T.I.V – Vanity |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/04/new-video-t-i-v-vanity/ |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya ci gaba da sakin wakar, Komole a shekarar 2012 wacce ta ci gaba da lashe kyaututtuka da yawa ciki har da Nigeria Music Video Awards (NMVA) don mafi kyawun amfani da wasan kwaikwayo, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tyler |date=27 November 2014 |title=Winners List – The Nigeria Music Video Awards (NMVA) 2014 |url=http://tooxclusive.com/editorial/winners-list-nigeria-music-video-awards-nmva-2014/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215102810/http://tooxclusive.com/editorial/winners-list-nigeria-music-video-awards-nmva-2014/ |archive-date=15 February 2019 |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Too Exclusive}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nominee for Nigeria Music Video Award (NM VA) a karkashin rukunin Best Gospel Video.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kola |first=Tijani |title=Music Video Director, Akin Alabi, Speaks – I don't like to please people |url=https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043036/https://rhodiesworld.com/music-video-director-akin-alabi-speaks-i-dont-like-to-please-people/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=Rhodies World}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ayyukansa na bidiyo sun haɗa da waƙar da Konga ta buga mai taken Kabakaba, Komole ta TIV ft Vector, 'Gugbbamamu' da 'Babu kuskure' ta 9ice; 'Yankuliya,' 'Allah ina rokon,' 'Idan zan ce' ta Timaya; 'Promise Land' ta Paul Play; 'Crazy' ta Julius Agwu; 'Ariya' ta Ayuba; 'Bu nwanem' ta Onyeka Onwenu; 'Kabaka Tiba' ta Koro' ta Kgb; RCCG Gidan Kharou'

Shi ne mahaliccin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na raye-raye a kan karin magana na Najeriya da ake kira My Nigerian Proverb yana nunawa yau da kullun a kan African Magic, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=TV GUIDE |url=https://africamagic.dstv.com/channel/africa-magic-yoruba |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Africa Magic}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Trybetv]], YangaTv (UK) da kuma BRT Buses a Legas. A cikin 2018, ya fitar da wani littafi game da Misalai na Yoruba mai taken Akomolowe: Littafin Misalai na Yarinya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Akomolewe |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRfvJwqnikA |access-date=15 February 2019 |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da sha'awar al'adun Afirka kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki akan amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na gani don kiyaye al'adun Yoruba musamman. Yana da kyaututtuka da yawa ga sunansa ciki har da lambar yabo ta City People ta 2012 don Darakta Mafi Kyawun Bidiyo, lambar yabo ta TAVA don Daraktocin Bidiyo Mafi Kyawun da Bidiyo mafi Kyawun RnB.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Alabi ta auri Bunmi Alabi a shekara ta 2008 kuma tare suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu kuma suna zaune a Legas Najeriya.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>hhymu445d7ke7cpzbdz998mmus7aznz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Andrew Dosunmu</title>
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      <comment>/* Sana'a */</comment>
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'''Andrew Dosunmu''' [[Ɗan Nijeriya|dan Najeriya]] ne mai ɗaukar hoto kuma mai shirya fina-finai da ya yi fice a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] bayan ya jagoranci faifan bidiyo na waƙoƙi ga fitattun mawaƙan da suka haɗa da; [[Isaac Hayes]], [[Angie Stone]], [[Common (rapper)|Common]], [[Tracy Chapman]], [[Wyclef Jean]], [[Kelis]], [[Aaron Neville]], [[Talib Kweli]], da [[Maxwell (musician)|Maxwell]].&lt;ref name=autogenerated1&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hautefashionafrica.com/art/andrew-dosunmu/ |title=Andrew Dosunmu |publisher=hautefashionafrica.com |date=27 February 2008 |accessdate=7 December 2011 |archive-date=25 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225063053/http://www.hautefashionafrica.com/art/andrew-dosunmu/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shi ne darektan fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayon da akayi a shekarar 2011 ''[[Restless City]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.restlesscityfilm.com/ |title=Restless City: A Film by Andrew Dosunmu |publisher=Restlesscityfilm.com |date= |accessdate=7 December 2011 |archive-date=6 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206073730/http://www.restlesscityfilm.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda aka fara a 2011 Sundance Film Festival. Fim ɗinsa na gaba, ''[[Mother of George]]'' na 2013, kuma an fara haska shi a Sundance, kuma an haska shi a bikin Fim na Maryland 2013 gabanin rufe taron. Dosunmu yana zaune ne a biranen New [[New York (birni)|York]] da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Najeriya]].

== Sana'a ==
'''Hotuna'''
Dosunmu ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mataimakin mai zane a gidan kayan gargajiya na Yves Saint Laurent. Daga baya ya zama darektan ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire (ya yi aiki a matsayi ga irin waɗannan masu fasaha kamar Erykah Badu da Maƙiyin Jama'a ) da kuma mai ɗaukar hoto na zamani, tare da hotunansa sun bayyana a cikin mujallu daban-daban na duniya. A cikin 2007, an girmama shi tare da buƙatar yayi magana a taron TED Global. Dosunmu ya ba da umarni da ɗaukar hoto da yawa tallace-tallace don buga talla da haskaka a TV ga kamfanoni irin su AT &amp; T, General Motors, Levi's, Giordano Jeans, Kenneth Cole, ''Buddy System'' for ABC, ''My Kind of Town'' for AMES, ''Soul food'' don Showtime. Hotuna daga shirinsa ''na Wasan [[Afirka]]'' an buga shi a cikin coffee-table book daga PowerHouse Books. An zaɓi Dosunmu kwanan nan don shiga cikin masu jerin baje kolin hotuna ''Snap Hukunce-hukunce: Sabbin Matsayi a cikin Hoto na Zamani'' a Cibiyar Hoto ta Duniya.&lt;ref name=autogenerated1 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.icp.org/ |title=Home &amp;#124; International Center of Photography |publisher=Icp.org |date= |accessdate=7 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dosunmu ya kasance mai ba da gudummawar daukar hoto don wallafe-wallafen kamar ''Vibe'', ''Clam'', ''Fader'', ''Face'', ''Paper'', ''Interview'', ''iD'', ''Vogue Hommes'' - [[Faransa]] da [[Italiya]], ''Complex'', da ''Ebony.''

== Bada umarni ==
Dosunmu ya fara fitowa a matsayin darakta tare da bidiyon waka na Isaac Hayes a 1996. Ya ci gaba da jagorantar bidiyon kiɗa don sauran masu fasaha da suka haɗa da Angie Stone, Common, Wyclef Jean, Kelis, Aaron Neville, Maxwell, Tracy Chapman da Talib Kweli. Takardun shirinsa na 1999 &quot; ''Hot Irons'' &quot;, ya lashe mafi kyawun shirin gaskiya a FESPACO. Dosunmu ya shirya shirye-shiryen wani shiri na gidan talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu da ya yi ƙaurin suna ''Yizo, Yizo'', wanda ke nuna muhawarar manufofin ilimi a wata makarantar sakandare ta [[Johannesburg]] a Afirka ta Kudu bayan mulkin wariyar launin fata. A shekara ta 2010, an ci gaba da gasar cin kofin duniya na farko a Afirka, Dosunmu ya sake fitar da wani shirin wasan kwaikwayo, ''Wasan Afirka'', inda ya yi nazari kan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a nahiyar da kuma dangantakarta da al'adun Afirka a cikin dukkanin bambancinta. Komawa zuwa yin fina-finai na fim ya zo a cikin 2011 tare da fim ɗin ''Restless City'', wanda ya fara a bikin Fim na Sundance don sake dubawa gabaɗaya.

== Fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Shekara !! Suna !! Matsayi !! Genre !!class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Awards
|-
| 1999 || ''Hot Irons'' || Director      || Documentary || Best Documentary FESPACO and Reel Award
|-
| 2004 || ''Yizo Yizo'' || Director || TV series || 
|-
| 2010 || ''The African Game'' || Director/producer || Documentary/sports || 
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Restless City]]'' || Director || Drama/music ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Mother of George]]'' || Director || Drama || Closing night selection, [[Maryland Film Festival]]
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Where Is Kyra?]]'' || Director/Story writer || Drama || 
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Beauty (2022 film)|Beauty]]'' || Director || Drama, romance ||
|-
|2023
|Circus Maximus
|Director &quot;Hyaena&quot;
|Music
|
|}

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}

==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje==
*{{IMDb name|0234506}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kwalejin Noma da Fasaha ta Jihar Oyo</title>
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'''Kwalejin noma da fasaha ta jihar Oyo''' kuma ana kiranta da ( '''OYSCATECH''' ), babbar jami'a ce dake Igboora a [[Oyo (jiha)|jihar Oyo]], Najeriya. An kafa ta ne a shekara ta 2006 kuma ta himmatu wajen samar da ingantaccen ilimi da horarwa a [[Noma|fannin Noma]] da fasaha da sauran fannonin makamantansu. Kwalejin tana ba da shirye-shiryen ilimi iri-iri kamar takaddun shaida, difloma da digiri wanda ke rufe ra'ayoyi kamar samar da amfanin gona, Injiniyan [[Noma]], kimiyyar kwamfuta da makamantansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oyo state College of Agriculture and Technology |url=https://therealmina.com/oyo-state-college-of-agriculture-and-technology-courses-and-admission-requirements/ |website=Therealmina |access-date=2023-12-26 |archive-date=2023-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211171051/https://therealmina.com/oyo-state-college-of-agriculture-and-technology-courses-and-admission-requirements/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Olawore |first=Opeyemi |date=2023-05-30 |title=Excellence in agric, technology and management: The OYSCATECH example |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/?p=682287 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Makarantar polytechnic ce ta jiha a [[Oyo (jiha)|jihar Oyo]] a yankin Kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]] . Tana samun karbuwa da karbuwa a hukumance daga Hukumar Kula da Fasaha ta Kasa (NBTE) a [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-05-26 |title=Oyo State College Of Agriculture And Technology Courses And Requirements {{!}}Golden News |url=https://goldennewsng.com/oyo-state-college-of-agriculture-and-technology-courses-and-requirements/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=goldennewsng.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213180510/https://goldennewsng.com/oyo-state-college-of-agriculture-and-technology-courses-and-requirements/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Olawore |first=Opeyemi |date=2023-05-30 |title=Excellence in agric, technology and management: The OYSCATECH example |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/?p=682287 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shirye-shirye ==
Kwalejin Aikin Gona da Fasaha ta jihar Oyo tana ba da darussa da dama a fannin Noma, fasaha da sauran fannonin da suka shafi;

# Fasahar Noma
# Samar da Dabbobi da Fasahar Lafiya
# Kifi da Fasaha
# Gudanar da Jama'a
# Kimiyyan na'urar kwamfuta
# Kididdiga
# Gudanar da Kasuwanci da Gudanarwa
# Gudanarwar Estate da Ƙimar
# Tsarin Birni da Yanki
# Fasahar Injiniyan Noma
# Fasahar Injiniyan Lantarki da Lantarki
# Kayayyakin amfanin gona da Fasahar Kariya
# Darussan Koyar da Sana'a da Kasuwanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-19 |title=Lists of The Courses Offered at The Oyo State College of Agriculture and Technology (OYSCATECH) and Their School Fees |url=https://9japolytv.com/lists-of-the-courses-offered-at-the-oyo-state-college-of-agriculture-and-technology-oyscatech-and-their-school-fees/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=9jaPolyTv |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213175032/https://9japolytv.com/lists-of-the-courses-offered-at-the-oyo-state-college-of-agriculture-and-technology-oyscatech-and-their-school-fees/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;   &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;   
#
#
#
#
#
#

== Nassoshi ==

[[Category:Sarakuna na Afrika]]
[[Category:Sarakuna]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Maggie Kigozi</title>
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'''Margaret Blick Kigozi''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Maggie Kigozi''', likita ce 'yar ƙasar [[Uganda]], mai ba da shawara kan kasuwanci, malama, kuma 'yar wasa. Ita ce mai ba da shawara a Hukumar Raya Masana'antu ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]] (UNIDO). Ta taɓa zama babbar darektar hukumar zuba jari ta [[Uganda]] (UIA), daga shekarun 1999 har zuwa 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=14 September 2011|  url=http://observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=15041&amp;Itemid=68|title=Maggie Kigozi Looks Back at UIA Days| first=Milly|last=Kibombo|accessdate=21 July 2014|publisher=[[The Observer (Uganda)|The Observer]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Fage ==
An haifi  Margaret Blick a Fort Portal 'ya ce ga George William Blick, injiniyan farar hula tare da Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Sufuri ta Uganda da Molly Johnson Blick, mai zanen kaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/641713-maggie-kigozi-s-mother-collapses-dies-after-dinner.html|title=Maggie Kigozi's Mother Collapses, Dies After Dinner|publisher=[[New Vision]]|date=16 April 2014|first2=Nicholas|last2=Oneal|first1=Hellen|last1=Mukiibi|access-date=22 July 2014|archive-date=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808234627/http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/641713-maggie-kigozi-s-mother-collapses-dies-after-dinner.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=8 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808234627/http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/641713-maggie-kigozi-s-mother-collapses-dies-after-dinner.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Duk iyayenta duka suna da mahaifinsu ɗan [[Ingila]] da kuma mahaifiyar su 'yar Baganda. Mahaifinta da 'yan uwanta sun kasance zakaru masu tuka babur a [[Uganda]] da Gabashin [[Afirka]] a shekarun 1960 da 1970. Ita kanta Margaret ta kasance mai hazaƙan mai tuka babur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| 
url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/ugandaat50/Maggie+Kigozi+ambassador+++investment/-/1370466/1475384/-/12bbmmwz/-/index.html|
title=Dr. Maggie Kigozi: Our Ambassador for Investment|
first=Brian|last=Magoba|date=11 August 2012|accessdate=21 July 2014|newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Aga Khan a [[Kampala]], Makarantar Gayaza a gundumar Wakiso don karatunta na yau da kullun da Kololo Senior Senior School, a [[Kampala]], don karatunta na Advanced Level. A shekarar 1970, kafin ta cika shekara 20, ta shiga Makarantar koyon aikin likitanci ta Jami'ar Makerere, inda ta kammala karatun a shekarar 1974 da digirin farko na likitanci da kuma digiri na farko a fannin tiyata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.ugpulse.com/people/dr-maggie-kigozi-african-women-s-week-2010/1181/ug.aspx|title=Dr. Maggie Kigozi: A Portrait of A Successful African Woman In Business, Home And Society|date=17 August 2010|first=Walakira|last=Nyanzi|accessdate=21 July 2014| publisher=UgPulse.Com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Bayan ta yi horo na shekara guda a [[Uganda]], ta yi hijira zuwa [[Zambiya|Zambia]] a [[Kudancin Afirka]], inda ta yi aikin likitanci, daga shekarun 1977 zuwa 1979. Ta koma Uganda ne a shekarar 1979 bayan cire [[Idi Amin]] daga mulki, amma sai da ta gudu zuwa makwabciyarta [[Kenya]], bayan Milton Obote ya kwace mulki a shekarar 1980. Ta ci gaba da aikin likitanci a Kenya har zuwa shekara ta 1986, lokacin da ta sake komawa [[Uganda]], bayan wani sauyin gwamnati a [[Kampala]]. Ta yi aiki a matsayin likita ga 'yan majalisar dokokin [[Uganda]] da iyalansu, daga shekarun 1986 zuwa 1994. An ruwaito ta  ta kasance mai sha'awar ilimin yara a lokacin aikinta na likitanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2022-04-29 |title=From Dr Maggie we learn not to limit ourselves |url=https://thepearlmagazine.com/from-dr-maggie-we-learn-not-to-limit-ourselves/ |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=The Pearl |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418031708/https://thepearlmagazine.com/from-dr-maggie-we-learn-not-to-limit-ourselves/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A cikin shekarar 1994, bayan mutuwar mijinta kwatsam, ta shiga Crown Bottlers [[Uganda]] Limited (Pepsi), a matsayin darektar tallace-tallace. A lokacin da take aiki a Crown Bottlers, an naɗa ta mamba a kungiyar masana'antun Uganda. Ta yi aiki a kamfanin kwalabe har zuwa lokacin da aka naɗa ta babbar darekta a Hukumar Zuba Jari ta [[Uganda]] (UIA) a shekarar 1999. Ita ce mutum ta farko kuma mace ta farko da ta fara aiki a wannan matsayi a UIA.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|accessdate=21 July 2014|
url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Farming/-/689860/2145836/-/eqw4ws/-/index.html|title=Dr. Maggie Kigozi on Investing in Mixed Farming And Managing Her 300 Acre Farm|first=Dorothy|last=Nakaweesi|
date=15 January 2014|publisher=[[Daily Monitor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Baya ga alhakin da aka riga aka ambata, Kigozi tana da ƙarin ayyuka masu zuwa:

* Babbar Scout na Ƙungiyar Scout na [[Uganda]]
* Mataimakiyar Farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Makerere
* Memba na Hukumar Ba da Shawarar Banki ta Duniya (GBA).
* Patron, Wakiliyar Canji na Uganda da Junior Chamber International
* Daraktar Hukumar Kula da Fitar da kayayyaki ta Uganda
* Memba, ta kwamitin gudanarwa, Crown Beverages Limited-Masu masana'antu da masu rarraba Pepsi-Cola a [[Uganda]]
* Wacce ta kafa Hukumar Zuba Jari ta [[Uganda]] Mata 'Yan Kasuwa na Network
* Jami'iyyar Focal Point na Dandalin Kasuwancin [[Asiya]] na Afirka
* Patron [[Uganda|Ugandan]] Diaspora Network
* 'Yar wasan da ta wakilci Uganda a [[Tennis|wasan tennis na lawn]], wasan tennis, hockey da kuma squash.
* Har zuwa shekara ta 2011, Dokta Kigozi ta kasance Shugabar Jami'ar Nkumba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=13 January 2014|url=http://www.africaontheblog.com/prof-maggie-kigozi-on-african-leadership-and-women/|title=Professor Maggie Kigozi On African Leadership And Women|accessdate=18 February 2015|publisher=Africa on the Blog|archive-date=23 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123211507/http://www.africaontheblog.com/prof-maggie-kigozi-on-african-leadership-and-women/|url-status=dead|archivedate=23 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123211507/http://www.africaontheblog.com/prof-maggie-kigozi-on-african-leadership-and-women/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Kafin ta bar [[Uganda]] zuwa [[Zambiya|Zambia]] a shekarar 1977, Blick ta auri Fredrick Serwano Kigozi. Tare suna da yara uku, Fred, Michelle da Daniel Kigozi. Fredrick Kigozi ya mutu kwatsam a shekara ta 1994.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/639903-eng-daniel-kigozi-the-forgotten-hero.html|title=Engineer Daniel Kigozi: The Forgotten Hero|publisher=[[New Vision]]|date=17 February 2013|accessdate=21 July 2014|first=Carol|last=Natukunda}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Ita ce mahaifiyar mawakin hip-hop na [[Uganda]] Navio.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Walter |title=Celebrity Gossip Ugandan Rapper Navio Opens Up About His Mother's Condition |url=http://chano8.com/ugandan-rapper-navio-opens-up-about-his-mothers-condition/ |accessdate=26 March 2019 |agency=Chano8 |archive-date=26 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326063003/http://chano8.com/ugandan-rapper-navio-opens-up-about-his-mothers-condition/ |url-status=dead |archivedate=26 March 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326063003/http://chano8.com/ugandan-rapper-navio-opens-up-about-his-mothers-condition/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Hukumar Zuba Jari ta [[Uganda]]
* Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna ta Kasa
* Jerin mutane mafi arziki a [[Uganda]]
* Majalisar [[Uganda]]
* Makarantar Magunguna ta Jami'ar Makerere

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Haifaffun 1950]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>La gazza ladra</title>
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{{Databox}}'''La gazza ladra''' wani melodramma ne ko opera semiseria a cikin ayyuka biyu na Gioachino Rossini, tare da litattafan Giovanni Gherardini wanda ya dogara da La pie voleuse na Théodore Baudouin d'Aubigny da Louis-Charles Caigniez . '''''Magpie mai sata''''' ya fi sananne ne ga gabatarwa, wanda ya zama sananne a cikin kiɗa don amfani da drum din tarko. Wannan ɓangaren da ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba a cikin gabatarwa na Rossini yana haifar da hoton babban batun ''wasan kwaikwayo'': mai basira, mai ɓarawo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/nfl-shutdown-corner/former-patriots-tight-end-aaron-hernandez-indicted-for-witness-intimidation-200836096.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-01-31 |archive-date=2015-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511215707/http://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/nfl-shutdown-corner/former-patriots-tight-end-aaron-hernandez-indicted-for-witness-intimidation-200836096.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rossini  rubuta da sauri, kuma La gazza ladra ba banda ba ne. Wani tarihin rayuwa na karni na 19 ya ambato shi yana cewa mai gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo na farko ya kulle shi a cikin ɗaki a saman La Scala ranar da ta gabata tare da umarni don kammala wasan kwaikwayo har yanzu ba a gama ba. Ya kasance a ƙarƙashin kulawar ma'aikata huɗu waɗanda aikinsu shine ya jefa kowane shafi da aka kammala daga taga zuwa ga mai kwafin da ke ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20130624014302/http://bostonherald.com/news_opinion/local_coverage/2013/06/source_aaron_hernandez_barred_by_patriots&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://archive.today/20130629100514/http://www.cbssports.com/nfl/blog/eye-on-football/22550035/nfl-releases-statement-on-status-of-aaron-hernandez&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.sbnation.com/nfl/2011/9/19/2435556/aaron-hernandez-injury-new-england-patriots&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin wasan kwaikwayon ==
Ayyukan farko  The Thieving Magpie ya kasance a ranar 31 ga Mayu 1817, a La Scala, garin  Milan . A cikin 1818, Rossini ya sake fasalin wasan kwaikwayo don samar da shi a Pesaro; sannan a cikin 1819 don Teatro del Fondo, a Naples; a cikin 1820 don Teatro di San Carlo, a Naple; kuma a cikin 1866 ya sake fashe da kiɗa don yin wasan kwaikwayo a Paris. Binciken 1866 ya haɗa da kayan ado da bambance-bambance da aka rubuta musamman ga Giuseppina Vitali, wanda ke raira waƙar rawar Ninetta. Ya sake sake fasalin rawar a 1867 tare da kayan ado da cadenzas ga Adelina Patti.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_Inside:_The_Mind_of_Aaron_Hernandez&lt;/ref&gt;

kwaikwayo  farko na The Thieving Magpie a Ingila ya kasance a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Sarki, London, a ranar 10 ga Maris 1821. Wani wasan kwaikwayo na harshen Faransanci ta amfani da asalin taken kayan asalin Faransanci (La pie voleuse) a cikin sigar da Castil-Blaze ya fassara an fara shi a Lille, Faransa, a ranar 15 ga Oktoba 1822. Faransanci na farko da aka yi a Amurka ya kasance a Théâtre d'Orléans, New Orleans, a ranar 30 ga Disamba 1824.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/nfl-shutdown-corner/former-patriots-tight-end-aaron-hernandez-indicted-for-witness-intimidation-200836096.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-01-31 |archive-date=2015-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511215707/http://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/nfl-shutdown-corner/former-patriots-tight-end-aaron-hernandez-indicted-for-witness-intimidation-200836096.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/201012190nwe.htm&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1941, Riccardo Zandonai ya kirkiro wani nau'i na The Thieving Magpie don farfado da wasan kwaikwayo a Pesaro . A shekara ta 1979, Alberto Zedda ya shirya ainihin abun da Rossini ya tsara na wasan kwaikwayo don bugawa ta Fondazione Rossini. A cikin 2013, Bronx Opera na Birnin New York ya yi wani Turanci na La gazza ladra .&lt;ref&gt;http://nesn.com/2013/07/aaron-hernandezs-all-american-brick-removed-from-outside-florida-gators-stadium-photos/{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayi ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Matsayi
!Irin murya
!Farko Cast, 31 Mayu 1817 (Director: Alessandro Rolla)
|-
|Ninetta, ''Bawan Fabrizio''
|soprano
|Teresa Belloc-Giorgi
|-
|Fabrizio Vingradito, wani ''manomi mai arziki''
|bass
|Vincenzo Botticelli
|-
|Lucia, ''matarsa''
|mezzo-soprano
|Marietta Castiglioni
|-
|Giannetto, ''ɗansa, soja'' ne
|tenor
|Savino Monelli
|-
|Fernando Villabella, ''Mahaifin Ninetta, soja ne''
|bass-baritone
|Filippo Galli
|-
|Gottardo the Podestà, ''Magajin garin''
|bass
|Antonio Ambrosi
|-
|Pippo, ''wani matashi manomi, wanda Fabrizio ya yi aiki da shi''
|contralto
|Teresa Gallianis
|-
|Giorgio, ''bawan magajin gari''
|bass
|Paolo Rosignoli
|-
|Isacco, ''mai sayarwa''
|tenor
|Francesco Biscottini
|-
|Antonio, ''mai kula da kurkuku''
|tenor
|Francesco Biscottini
|-
|Ernesto, ''soja, aboki na Fernando''
|bass
|Alessandro De Angeli
|}

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>na6z8nnlslob7ljkb42fivf5j0x6lnq</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Razz Guy (fim)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>68628</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861630</id>
      <parentid>852685</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:54:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Momi Hauwa</username>
        <id>46145</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Tsarin labari */  matashin Nan Mai suna Razz</comment>
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Matashin Nan Mai suna  Razz  dan wasan kwaikwayo [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] na 2021 wanda [[Udoka Oyeka]] ya jagoranta, wanda Egbemawei Sammy ya rubuta,   kuma Trino Motion Pictures ta samar da shi.

An sake shi a cikin fina-finai a ranar 19 ga Maris 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Starring Nancy Isime, Lasisi Elenu, Ibrahim Suleiman, Here's a Teaser + BTS Shots from Udoka Oyeka's Coming Film &quot;The Razz Guy&quot; |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/02/the-razz-guy-bts-teaser/ |access-date=2020-03-19 |website=Bellanaija}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin labari ==
Fim din ya biyo bayan babban jami'in zartarwa mar ladabi da rashin mutunci wanda aka sanya shi don kula da haɗin kasuwancin duniya. Girmansa da girman kai ya sa ya la'ana daga mai tsabtace ofis, wanda ya sa ya rasa ikonsa na magana da Turanci mai kyau kafin muhimmin yarjejeniya. Dole ne ya sami hanyar da za ta cire la'anar kuma ta tabbatar da haɗuwa ko kuma ya yi murabus ga makomarsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Movie Review: 'The Razz Guy' Shows That In The Midst Of Laughter There Are Lessons To Be Learnt |url=https://koko.ng/movie-review-the-razz-guy/ |access-date=2020-03-19 |website=Koko}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lasisi Elenu Star in New Comedy Movie &quot;The Razz Guy&quot; |url=https://www.newswatch.ng/lasisi-elenu-star-in-new-comedy-movie-the-razz-guy/ |access-date=2020-03-19 |website=Koko}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yan wasa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 

== Saki ==
An harbe fim din a cikin 2019, kuma an saki trailer din a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 2020. An fara gabatar da Razz Guy a ranar 14 ga Maris 2021 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-03-19 |title=Movie Review: 'The Razz Guy' Shows That In The Midst Of Laughter There Are Lessons To Be Learnt |url=https://koko.ng/movie-review-the-razz-guy/ |access-date=2020-03-19 |website=Koko TV |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an sake shi a cikin fina-finai a ranar 19 ga Maris 2021.

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Kyautar
!Sashe
!Mai karɓa
!Sakamakon
!Ref
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2023
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]]
|Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Comedy Drama, Movie ko TV Series
|Nosa Afolabi|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/news/full-list-here-are-all-our-amvca-9-nominees/news |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=AMVCA - Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako
|Bucci Franklin|{{Nom}}
|}

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin fina-finan Najeriya na 2021|Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya na 2021]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>j4fx5fu84lxv8hgzrl8t3o3tauxiss8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dwindle (fim)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>68630</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861803</id>
      <parentid>857393</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T08:17:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Momi Hauwa</username>
        <id>46145</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Makirci */</comment>
      <origin>861803</origin>
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      <text bytes="2788" sha1="kkbjixou1ab81nag485uyqcxvxpqzp9" xml:space="preserve">
 

{{Databox}}

Dwindle fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] na 2021 wanda Darlington Abuda ya rubuta kuma [[Kayode Kasum]] da Dare Olaitan suka ba da umarni. Mimi Bartels ce ta samar da shi don FilmOne Productions . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2021-04-09 |title=Teaser for &quot;Dwindle&quot; starring Funke Akindele-Bello &amp; Bisola Aiyeola Will Leave You Wanting More |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/04/teaser-for-dwindle/ |access-date=2021-06-24 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Makirci ==
Yana ba da labarin Sogo da Buta, abokai guda biyu waɗanda suka sace mota kuma suka shiga cikin igiya, da kuma yadda rayuwarsu ta canza sosai lokacin da suka haɗu da masu kisan kai waɗanda suka sace gwamnan jihar su

== Masu ba da labari ==

* [[Funke Akindele]] a matsayin Jami'in Tolani
* [[Bisola Aiyeola]] a matsayin Jami'in Juliet
* [[Jide Kene Achufusi|Jidekene Achufusi]] a matsayin Chinedu
* [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Fuku
* Harriet Akinola a matsayin Uwar Todun
* Jude Chukwuka a matsayin Uba na Todun
* Mary Chukwuma a matsayin mace mai tsarki
* [[Jibola Dabo]] a matsayin Gwamna Otunta
* Martha Ehinome a matsayin Ajoke Kasum
* Oli Ekun a matsayin ilmin sunadarai
* Temisan Emmanuel a matsayin Tobi Williams
* Rotimi Fakunle a matsayin Jami'in Michael
* Ikponmwosa Gold a matsayin Jami'in Abani
* [[Efa Iwara]] a matsayin Collins
* David 'Mista Nollywood' Patrick a matsayin mai tsaron jiki
* Maxwell Nwoye a matsayin mai tsaron jiki
* Feyifunmi Oginni a matsayin Uber Driver
* Feyisayo Ogundipe a matsayin mai ba da labarai
* Immaculata Oko a matsayin Kayin Damola
* Tope Olowoniyan a matsayin Todun
* Jide 'JBlaze' Oyegbile a matsayin Ikenna
* [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Oga Landlord
* [[Broda Shaggi]] a matsayin Buta
* [[Lateef Adedimeji|Adedimeji Lateef]] a matsayin Fuku
* [[Timini Egbuson]] a matsayin Josiah Otunba
* Steve Chuks a matsayin Jide
* Demi Banwo a matsayin Ogogoro
* [[Efa Iwara]] a matsayin Collins
* [[Uzor Arukwe]] a matsayin Mai Tsarki na Mutum.

== Saki ==
An sake shi a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 16 ga Yuli 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2021-03-17 |title=Go Behind-the-Scenes of Kayode Kasum's Coming Movie &quot;Dwindle&quot; Starring Jidekene Achufusi &amp; Broda Shaggi |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/03/kayode-kasum-dwindle-bts/ |access-date=2021-06-24 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Kyautar
!Sashe
!Mai karɓa
!Sakamakon
!Ref
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2022
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]]
|Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Comedy
|Bisola Aiyeola|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|-
|Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Comedy
|Broda Shaggi|{{Won}}
|}

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>kkbjixou1ab81nag485uyqcxvxpqzp9</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Kène ya ma kène...</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>69117</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861671</id>
      <parentid>372530</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T21:37:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>861671</origin>
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      <text bytes="2078" sha1="9vnlz1cb6ei187e4u95dyl5jjewt6x9" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Kène ya ma kène...''''' ko '''''Sau ɗaya a Lokacinmu''''' ( {{Lang-fr|Un Conte de Faits}}  ) [[Documentary film|Fim]] ne [[Film|na]] shekarar 2010 [[Tunisiya|na Tunisiya]] wanda [[Hichem Ben Ammar]] ya ba da umarni. Jaruman shirin akwai Bacem Anas Romdhani.

== Takaitaccen bayani ==
A cikin sanannen unguwa a birnin [[Tunis]], wani trombonist ya yi mafarki na dansa, Bacem Anas Romdhani, ya zama babban [[Mawaƙi|mawaki]]. Ɗan ya mai da mafarkin mahaifinsa nasa, kuma yana haɓaka fasaha na ban mamaki tare da violin. Bayan ya lashe gasa da dama na duniya, an ba shi damar shiga babbar makarantar Yehudi Menuhin a Landan. Fim ɗin ya nuna tafiyar Anès, game da cikas da yake fuskanta a kan hanya, da kuma sauyin halittarsa yayin da yake a Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=projettut|date=2020-04-14|title=UN CONTE DE FAITS, DOCUMENTAIRE DE HICHEM BEN AMMAR (2010)|url=http://cinematunisien.com/blog/2020/04/14/un-conte-de-faits-documentaire-de-hichem-ben-ammar-2010/|access-date=2022-01-11|website=Cinema Tunisien|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Ammar|first=Hichem Ben|title=Kène ya ma kène fi hadha ezzamène|date=2010-11-14|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1786536/|type=Documentary|publisher=5/5 Productions, Studio l'Équipe|access-date=2022-01-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Films {{!}} Africultures : Un Conte de Faits|url=http://africultures.com/films/?no=9667|access-date=2022-01-11|website=Africultures|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=&quot;kène ya ma kène…&quot;, nouveau film de Hichem Ben Ammar|url=https://www.turess.com/fr/infotunisie/29657|access-date=2022-01-11|website=Turess|archive-date=2022-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111034400/https://www.turess.com/fr/infotunisie/29657|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yan wasan shirin ==
* [[Bacem Anas Romdhani]]

== Lambar yabo ==
*Verona African Film Festival 2010
*African, Asian and Latin American Film Festival of Milan 2010

== Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin Hadi na waje ==
*{{IMDb title|id=tt1786536}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kene Ya Ma Kene}}
[[Category:Fim]]</text>
      <sha1>9vnlz1cb6ei187e4u95dyl5jjewt6x9</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Charlie Charlie (fim)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>69407</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861954</id>
      <parentid>380245</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T11:44:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ashiru Lawal</username>
        <id>24821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348147495|Charlie Charlie (film)]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861954</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2553" sha1="o7e7dx2jojigei09iob4c39ryyzatus" xml:space="preserve">'''''Charlie Charlie''''' is a 2021 Nigerian film produced by [[Charles Uwagbai]] and Monica Swaida, and directed by Charles Uwagbai. It explores themes of human trafficking and money laundering.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muaz |first=Hassan |date=2021-06-14 |title=Omoni Oboli, Alexx Ekubo, Chioma Akpotha tackle human trafficking with Charlie Charlie movie - |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/omoni-oboli-alexx-ekubo-chioma-akpotha-tackle-human-trafficking-with-charlie-charlie-movie/ |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=The Eagle Online |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film stars [[Omoni Oboli]], Monica Swaida, [[Mary Njoku|Mary Remmy Njoku]], Alexx Ekubo, [[Chioma Chukwuka|Chioma Akpotha]], [[Daidaitaccen Yanayi|Etinosa Idemudia]], and [[Prince David Osei]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Bayani game da shi ==
Fim din ya kewaye da mutane biyu iri ɗaya; memba na ƙungiyar miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma mutumin da ba shi da laifi. Mutumin da ba shi laifi ya yi kuskure ga dillalin miyagun ƙ ƙwayoyi kuma an kama shi a cikin ayyukan miyagun ƙwalwa da ke gudanar da Najeriya ta Ghana, Morocco zuwa Turai. Wannan kuskuren ainihi ya sa kungiyar ta rasa kudi wanda ya dawo kan su biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muaz |first=Hassan |date=2021-06-14 |title=Omoni Oboli, Alexx Ekubo, Chioma Akpotha tackle human trafficking with Charlie Charlie movie - |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/omoni-oboli-alexx-ekubo-chioma-akpotha-tackle-human-trafficking-with-charlie-charlie-movie/ |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=The Eagle Online |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMuaz2021&quot;&gt;Muaz, Hassan (2021-06-14). [https://theeagleonline.com.ng/omoni-oboli-alexx-ekubo-chioma-akpotha-tackle-human-trafficking-with-charlie-charlie-movie/ &quot;Omoni Oboli, Alexx Ekubo, Chioma Akpotha tackle human trafficking with Charlie Charlie movie -&quot;]. ''The Eagle Online''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-07-29&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Masu ba da labari ==

* [[Femi Adebayo]]
* [[Chioma Chukwuka|Chioma Chukwuka Akpotha]]
* Sani Danja
* Alexx Ekubo
* [[Daidaitaccen Yanayi]]
* Abimbola Kazeem
* Funky Mallam
* [[Omoni Oboli]]
* [[Prince David Osei|Yarima David Osei]]
* Mary Remmy
* Monica Swaida
* Oluwatoyin Albert Tomama

== Fitarwa ==
An harbe fim din a Legas, Ghana, da Turai.

== Saki ==
An nuna fim din a asirce a Cibiyar Fim ta PEFTI a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] kafin a fitar da shi a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 16 ga Yuli, 2021. 

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>o7e7dx2jojigei09iob4c39ryyzatus</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861957</id>
      <parentid>861954</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T11:46:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ashiru Lawal</username>
        <id>24821</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>861957</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1767" sha1="6z1jlqznui84hksncss35b6c4h51qbm" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

== Bayani game da shi ==
Fim din ya kewaye da mutane biyu iri ɗaya; memba na ƙungiyar miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma mutumin da ba shi da laifi. Mutumin da ba shi laifi ya yi kuskure ga dillalin miyagun ƙ ƙwayoyi kuma an kama shi a cikin ayyukan miyagun ƙwalwa da ke gudanar da Najeriya ta Ghana, Morocco zuwa Turai. Wannan kuskuren ainihi ya sa kungiyar ta rasa kudi wanda ya dawo kan su biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muaz |first=Hassan |date=2021-06-14 |title=Omoni Oboli, Alexx Ekubo, Chioma Akpotha tackle human trafficking with Charlie Charlie movie - |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/omoni-oboli-alexx-ekubo-chioma-akpotha-tackle-human-trafficking-with-charlie-charlie-movie/ |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=The Eagle Online |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMuaz2021&quot;&gt;Muaz, Hassan (2021-06-14). [https://theeagleonline.com.ng/omoni-oboli-alexx-ekubo-chioma-akpotha-tackle-human-trafficking-with-charlie-charlie-movie/ &quot;Omoni Oboli, Alexx Ekubo, Chioma Akpotha tackle human trafficking with Charlie Charlie movie -&quot;]. ''The Eagle Online''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-07-29&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Masu ba da labari ==

* [[Femi Adebayo]]
* [[Chioma Chukwuka|Chioma Chukwuka Akpotha]]
* Sani Danja
* Alexx Ekubo
* [[Daidaitaccen Yanayi]]
* Abimbola Kazeem
* Funky Mallam
* [[Omoni Oboli]]
* [[Prince David Osei|Yarima David Osei]]
* Mary Remmy
* Monica Swaida
* Oluwatoyin Albert Tomama

== Fitarwa ==
An harbe fim din a Legas, Ghana, da Turai.

== Saki ==
An nuna fim din a asirce a Cibiyar Fim ta PEFTI a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] kafin a fitar da shi a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 16 ga Yuli, 2021. 

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>6z1jlqznui84hksncss35b6c4h51qbm</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lahoucine Ibourka</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>73172</id>
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        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="2628" sha1="livlhp31l1zco1vr5hvwwuzxqhmjoh2" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Fayil:Da hmad.png|thumb|Lahoucine Ibourka]]
'''Lahoucine Ibourka''' (a cikin Larabci) (1938, Arbaa Rasmouka - 3 ga Yulin 1999, [[Marrakesh]]) wanda aka fi sani da ''Da Hmad'', dangane da sunan halin da ya taka a fim, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Maroko da ke yin wasan kwaikwayo a Tachelhit . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.atigmedia.ma/%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%87%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A8-%D8%AF%D8%A7/|title=من هو الفنان الحسين ابوركا المشهور ب داحمد بوتفوناست؟بقلم محمد الوافي - أتــــــيك مـــــيديا {{!}} ATIG media|date=2020-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221170735/https://www.atigmedia.ma/%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%87%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A8-%D8%AF%D8%A7/|access-date=2020-04-16|archive-date=2020-02-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Lahoucine Ibourka a 1938 a Douar Ait Brahim Youssef, wani karamin gari na Maroko a Arbaa Rasmouka . Ya fara aiki a [[Jema el-Fnaa|Jemaa el-Fnaa]], inda ya yi aiki tare da masu wasan kwaikwayo da masu ba da labari kafin a lura da shi kuma ya zama ƙwararren ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.  zama sananne sosai saboda rawar da ya taka na ''Da Hmad'' a fim din Boutfounaste, wanda aka harbe shi a cikin shekarun 1990.

== Fina-finai ==
Lahoucine Ibourka ya shiga cikin fina-finai kaɗan amma dukansu sun ba shi girmamawa a Maroko da ƙasashen waje. Farkon bayyanarsa a hukumance, tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar [[Mohammed Abaamran|Mohammed Abaamrane]], ya kasance a cikin fim din [[Boutfounaste]] wanda [[Archach Agourram]] ya jagoranta. Bayan fim dinsa  farko da ya yi nasara, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a fim din Moker, wanda [[Larbi Altit]] ya jagoranta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.amazighnews.net/films/Lahoucine-Ibourka.html|title=Lahoucine Ibourka|website=Amazighnews|language=fr-fr|access-date=2020-04-16|archive-date=2025-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212095525/https://www.amazighnews.net/films/Lahoucine-Ibourka.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Lahoucine Ibourka ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani a Marrakesh a ranar 3 ga Yuli 1999 wani lokaci kafin ya gama aiki a wani fim.  kasance mahaifin yara 9.

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Mohammed Abaamran]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Haifaffun 1938]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>livlhp31l1zco1vr5hvwwuzxqhmjoh2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lucie Memba</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-20T06:20:12Z</timestamp>
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        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="8788" sha1="ls89n47ldffdhtho7c9axwkcrypyh41" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Lucie Memba Bos.jpg|thumb|hoton lucui memba]]

 {{Infobox person|name=Lucie Memba|image=Lucie Memba Bos (cropped).jpg|caption=Lucie Memba Bos in 2021|birth_date={{Birth year and age|1987}}|birth_place=[[Dschang, West Region]], Cameroon)|education=|occupation=[[Film producer|Producer]], actress|years_active=1999–present|spouse=Samuel Eto'o|awards=2013	{{ubl|Cameroon Movies Merit Award (CMMA)|2014 Encrain Noir}}}}'''Lucie Memba Bos,''' (an Haife shi a shekara ta 1987), yar wasan [[Kamaru]] ce, mai shirya fina-finai wacce ta yi tauraro a cikin jerin shirye-shirye da fina-finai a cikin yaren Faransanci da Ingilishi.  An karrama ta ne a matsayin mafi kyawun jarumai a [[Sinima a Kamaru|Cinema na Kamaru]] don 'yar wasan Faransa da ke magana a Kamaru Movies Merit Award (CMMA) shekarar 2013, edition wanda Fred Keyanti ya shirya.Ta yi wasanta na farko a duniya tare da taurarin [[Nollywood]] a cikin fim ɗin Pink Poison wanda ke nuna [[Jim Iyke]]  kuma Far ta fito tare da ɗan Najeriya [[Dakore Egbuson-Akande|Dakore Akande]] .  A cikin shekarar 2014 ta ƙaddamar da samar da LMB bayan sunanta [Lucie Memba Bos]. Fim ɗin Aljannar Kamaru, har yanzu a cikin shekarar 2014. ita ce ta shirya fim ɗin [[La patrie d’abord|La patrie d'abord]], fim ɗin yaƙi na farko don karrama sojojin tsaron Kamaru da ke ƙarƙashin shirinta.  A watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, an zabe ta a matsayin mafi kyawun jarumar mata 'yar [[Kamaru]] don le TROPHEES FRANCOPHONES DU CINEMA a cikin fim din ''La Patrie D'abord'' .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.person.lucie-memba.27449.html|title=Nigercultures - Lucie Memba|website=nigercultures.net|access-date=22 September 2017|archive-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920191316/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.person.lucie-memba.27449.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=QUI EST LUCIE MEMBA BOS ?|url=http://www.culturebene.com/22506-qui-est-lucie-memba-bos.html|work=culturebene.com|language=french|date=1 August 2016|access-date=18 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tiptopstars.com/mtdv/movies/nollywood-movies/671-pink-poison-reloaded-culture-minister-visits-actors-on-location.html|title=TIPTOPSTARS - ONLINE MAGAZINE Array Pink Poison Reloaded: Culture minister visits actors on location|first=Ernest|last=Kanjo|website=www.tiptopstars.com|access-date=22 September 2017|archive-date=3 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203142533/http://www.tiptopstars.com/mtdv/movies/nollywood-movies/671-pink-poison-reloaded-culture-minister-visits-actors-on-location.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://irepcamer.com/2014/10/29/camer-flim-alert-far-movie-premiere/|title=CAMER FILM ALERT: THE &quot;FAR&quot; MOVIE PREMIERE THIS WEEKEND - I Rep Camer|date=29 October 2014|website=irepcamer.com|access-date=22 September 2017|archive-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920191110/http://irepcamer.com/2014/10/29/camer-flim-alert-far-movie-premiere/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.trophees-francophones.org/les-nominations|title=Trophées Francophones du Cinéma {{!}} 2017|website=www.trophees-francophones.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016174545/https://www.trophees-francophones.org/les-nominations|archive-date=2017-10-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;culturebene.com2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.culturebene.com/22506-qui-est-lucie-memba-bos.html|title=Qui est Lucie MEMBA BOS ? - Culturebene|date=1 August 2016|website=culturebene.com|access-date=22 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Rayuwar farko ==
[[Fayil:Casting du film Madame..Monsieur à la Première.jpg|thumb|Lucie Memba a cikin mutane ]]
An haifi Lucie a yankin Dschang West (Kamaru) kuma ta girma a Bafoussam inda ta fara yin samfura kuma ta koma wasan kwaikwayo, bayan digirinta a fannin falsafar Baccalauréat, ta koma [[Douala]] don wasu damammaki.  Kawo yanzu dai ba a buga ainihin ranar haihuwarta ba, wasu majiyoyi na cewa; An haife ta a shekarar 1987.

== Sana'a ==
Lucie ya fara fitowa a cikin &quot;Emoin A Seduire&quot; a cikin shekarar 1999 lokacin da [[Sinima a Kamaru|Cinema na Kamaru]] ke ci gaba. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; Ta yi fice a cikin shekarar 2008 kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Kamaru Movies Merit Award (CMMA) a matsayin mafi kyawun ƴar wasan kwaikwayo a Faransanci a cikin shekarar 2013, ta ƙaddamar da nata shirin Lucie Memba Bos (LMB). Ita ce mai shirya fim ɗin Kamaru na ''Aljanna'', an san aikinta a matsayin jagora kuma mai shirya fim ɗin [[La patrie d’abord|La patrie d'abord]], fim ɗin yaƙi na farko don girmamawa ga sojojin tsaron Kamaru kuma har yanzu a cikin shekarar 2014, ta haɗa kai. shirya &quot;Ntah Napi&quot; wanda ya lashe kyautar [[Ecrans Noirs Festival|Ecrans Noirs]] a cikin 2014 don mafi kyawun fim na Faransa  Tana ɗaya daga cikin [[Ɗan wasa|ƴan wasan kwaikwayo]] na Kamaru masu sa'a waɗanda ma'aikatar al'adu ta san aikinsu, tana cikin ƴan wasan da suka gana da minista. Ama Tutu Muna wacce ta ziyarci simintin gyare-gyare a cikin fim ɗin Pink Poison a Buea, shekarar 2013. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; A cikin shekarar 2016, an san ta a matsayin mafi kyawun ƙwararrun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta gidan yanar gizon mashahurin Kamaru Le Film Camerounais  Lucie, kuma an san ta da fim ɗin Fast Life tare da ɗan wasan Faransa [[Thomas Nguijol]] .  Har ila yau, tana aiki tare da (Tribe Africa Media) don tallafawa da nuna ƙauna ga [[Zabaya|Albinism]] a Kamaru a matsayin bikin tunawa da ranar zabiya ta Duniya.
[[Fayil:Blaise Pascal Tanguy &amp; Lucie Memba &amp; Alain Tenzon.jpg|thumb|Lucie Memba]]
A cikin watan Satumbar  shekarar 2017, Lucie ta dauki jagoranci a cikin wani sabon fim da ke fitowa tare da tauraron fina-finan [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] [[Zack Orji]] a wata hira da Dcoded TV, don sanin yadda take jin yin aiki da Zack Orji, in ji ta.
{{Cquote|I am overwhelmed with all of this. Its like a dream come true for me and Zack Orji is someone i respect and i have watched his movies over many years… To work with him on a film is just amazing. I can’t wait,”}}
Duk wannan ya cika ni. Ya zama kamar mafarki a gare ni kuma Zack Orji mutum ne da nake girmamawa kuma na kalli fina-finansa shekaru da yawa… Yin aiki tare da shi akan fim abin ban mamaki ne. Ba zan iya jira ba,&quot;

Baya ga aikinta na fim, a cikin 2008 an ɗauke ta aiki don yin aiki tare da Guinness [[Kamaru]] a matsayin wakiliyar talla.&lt;ref name=&quot;tendancespeoplemag.com3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://tendancespeoplemag.com/?p=2272|title=Lucie Memba Bos: Passionnée du 7ème art – Tendancespeoplemag|website=tendancespeoplemag.com|date=19 February 2017|access-date=22 September 2017}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
A cikin Satumba shekarar 2017, Lucie ya sadu da fitaccen dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Kamaru [[Samuel Eto'o]] a Douala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://dcodedtv.com/lucie-memba-gushes-over-samuel-etoo/|title=Lucie Memba gushes over meeting Samuel Eto'o|date=9 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Filmography ==

=== 2011-2020 ===

* ''Tsarin Allah''
* ''Deiting na shida''
* ''Napi 1 de Ousmane Stéphane et Sergio Marcello''
* ''Waka''
* ''Ƙasa ta farko''
* ''La maladi''
* ''Sirrin manufa''
* ''Nisa'' [[Dakore Egbuson-Akande|Dakore Akande]]
* ''Guba ruwan hoda'' da [[Jim Iyke]]
* ''Le Blanc D'Eyanga 2 tare da Thierry Ntamack''
* ''La Partrie D'abord''
* ''Rayuwa mai sauri''&lt;ref name=&quot;tendancespeoplemag.com2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://tendancespeoplemag.com/?p=2272|title=Lucie Memba Bos: Passionnée du 7ème art – Tendancespeoplemag|website=tendancespeoplemag.com|date=19 February 2017|access-date=22 September 2017}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2009 ===

* ''Gidan dadi na Ghislain Amougou''
* ''Sha'awa.'' ''Sunan mahaifi ma'aikacin Serge Kendjo''

=== 2008 ===

* ''Série Paradis d' Ousmane Stéphane''
* ''Série Le Monde De Loïc, De Raphaël Matouke''
* ''Kwayoyin cuta''

== Kyaututtuka da karramawa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
!Shekara
! Kyauta
! Kashi
! Mai karɓa
! Sakamako
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2017
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | RUNDUNAR FRANCOPHONES DU CINEMA
| Mafi kyawun Jaruma
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ita kanta | {{Nom}}
|-
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2013
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kyautar Kyautar Fina-Finan Kamaru (CMMA)
| Mafi kyawun Jaruma
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ita kanta | {{Won}}
|-
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2014
| Encrain Noir
| Mafi kyawun Fim na Faransa
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; | Aikinta | {{Won}}
|-
|}

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kamaru|Jerin 'Yan wasan Kamaru]]
* [[Sinima a Kamaru|Cinema na Kamaru]]

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

*
* {{IMDb name|4271355}} 

== Manazarta ==
[[Category:Haihuwan 1987]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>ls89n47ldffdhtho7c9axwkcrypyh41</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lina Bennani</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75831</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861715</id>
      <parentid>403161</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T03:23:32Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>861715</origin>
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      <text bytes="2628" sha1="m1mk4itg65spv5sv5y2b64wfujsusp7" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Lina Bennani''' (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1991) tsohuwar 'yar wasan [[Tennis]] ce ta Maroko.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Tennis : Lina Bennani s'illustre en Europe |url=https://www.libe.ma/Tennis-Lina-Bennani-s-illustre-en-Europe_a13844.html |work=[[Libération (Morocco)|Libération]] |date=9 September 2010 |language=fr }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Lina Bennani dans la cours des grands |url=https://lematin.ma/supplement/sport/2011/elite-1---Titre-honorifique-d-automne_Le-MAS-champion-inattendu/Tennis_Lina-Bennani-dans-la-cours-des-grands/144500.html |work=[[Le Matin (Morocco)|Le Matin]] |date=4 January 2011 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;


An haife shi a [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]], Bennani ya shiga gasar cin Kofin Fed guda shida na Morocco tsakanin 2008 da 2011, galibi a matsayin dan wasa biyu. Ta lashe kyautar roba guda daya, a kan Elaine Genovese ta Malta a shekarar 2010.

Bennani, wacce ta lashe lambobin ITF sau biyu sau uku, ta fafata a babban zane na gasar WTA ta gida, Morocco Open, sau ɗaya a cikin mutane biyu kuma sau huɗu a cikin sau biyu.

A Wasannin Pan Arab na 2011 a Doha, Bennani ta lashe lambobin tagulla a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na Morocco.

== Wasanni na ITF ==

=== Sau biyu: 4 (3-1) ===
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:97%&quot;
!Sakamakon
!A'a.
!Ranar
!Gasar
!Yankin da ke sama
!Abokin hulɗa
!Masu adawa
!Sakamakon
|- style=&quot;background:#f0f8ff;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#98fb98;&quot; |Wanda ya ci nasara
|1.
|31 ga watan Agusta 2008
|ITF La Marsa, Tunisia
|Yumbu
|[[Fatima El Allami]]{{Flagicon|MAR}}
|Davinia Lobbinger Mika Urbančič{{Flagicon|BEL}}&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|SLO}}
|4–6, 6–4, [11–9]
|- style=&quot;background:#f0f8ff;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#ffa07a;&quot; |Wanda ya zo na biyu
|1.
|12 ga Oktoba 2008
|ITF Espinho, Portugal
|Yumbu
|Veronika Domagala{{Flagicon|POL}}
|Fatima El Allami [[Catarina Ferreira]]{{Flagicon|MAR}}&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|POR}}
|1–6, 3–6
|- style=&quot;background:#f0f8ff;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#98fb98;&quot; |Wanda ya ci nasara
|2.
|19 ga Oktoba 2008
|ITF Lisbon, Portugal
|Yumbu
|Veronika Domagala{{Flagicon|POL}}
|Fatima El Allami Catarina Ferreira{{Flagicon|MAR}}&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|POR}}
|7–5, 4–6, [11–9]
|- style=&quot;background:#f0f8ff;&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#98fb98;&quot; |Wanda ya ci nasara
|3.
|18 ga Yulin 2010
|ITF Casablanca, Morocco
|Yumbu
|Anouk Tigu{{Flagicon|NED}}
|Laura Apaolaza-Miradevilla Montserrat Blasco-Fernandez{{Flagicon|ESP}}&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|ESP}}
|6–1, 6–2
|}

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1991]]</text>
      <sha1>m1mk4itg65spv5sv5y2b64wfujsusp7</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Tsuntsu mai laushi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>77252</id>
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      <id>861363</id>
      <parentid>412218</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T16:37:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322583241|Larva currens]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861363</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2738" sha1="96gbmruz71fohgv6gonnm7zfsk9ek7m" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = 
| synonym       = Nutria itch&lt;ref name=CDC2019&gt;{{cite web |title=CDC - DPDx - Strongyloidiasis |url=https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/strongyloidiasis/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=14 August 2023 |language=en-us |date=30 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| image         = Strongyloides stercoralis.jpg
| image_size    = 
| alt           = 
| caption       = [[Iodine]] stained [[Strongyloides stercoralis]]
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = [[Dermatology]]
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = 
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 
| deaths        = 
}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc; color:inherit;&quot; |Tsuntsu mai laushi
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Sauran sunaye
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Nutria ƙishirwa &lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2019&quot;&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;45&quot;&gt;[https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/strongyloidiasis/index.html &quot;CDC - DPDx - Strongyloidiasis&quot;]. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;46&quot;&gt;''www.cdc.gov''. 30 July 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;47&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;14 August&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |[[File:Strongyloides_stercoralis.jpg|frameless]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |[[Iodine]] mai launin [[Strongyloides stercoralis]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Dermatology|Kimiyyar fata]]
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Infobox/styles-images.css&quot; /&gt;Larva currens (Latin don tseren tsere), [[Yanayin fata]] ne mai ƙishirwa wanda ya haifar da kamuwa da ''Strongyloides stercoralis'' . 

An samo asali ne daga ƙaurawar intradermal na strongyloides kuma ya bambanta da [[Tsuntsu na fata|cutaneous larva migrans]] (wanda hookworm ya haifar) ta hanyar ƙaura mai sauri, sa hannu na perianal da kuma babban rukuni na urticaria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Arthur |first=Robert P. |date=1 August 1958 |title=Larva Currens |journal=A.M.A. Archives of Dermatology |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=186–90 |doi=10.1001/archderm.1958.01560080044007 |pmid=13558704}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin yanayin fata
* Jerin yanayin ƙaura na fata
* Ƙarƙashin ƙasa

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lynette Burger</title>
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'''Lynette Burger''' (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba 1980) tsohuwar 'yar Afirka ta Kudu ce mai tuka keke.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://inthebunch.co.za/2020/03/i-just-want-to-get-strong-again-says-lynette-burger-after-second-accident/|title=I just want to get strong again, says Lynette Burger after second accident|work=In the Bunch|publisher=Full Stop Communications|date=24 March 2020|accessdate=28 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta wakilci al'ummarta a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta UCI ta 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lynette Burger |url=http://www.procyclingstats.com/rider/Lynette_Burger |access-date=7 February 2015 |website=procyclingstats.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta lashe gasar tseren tseren tsere na kasa da kuma Tshwane Diamond Classic a shekarar 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lynette Burger {{!}} Biography, statistics &amp; news – In the Bunch |url=https://inthebunch.co.za/riders/lynette-burger/ |access-date=27 January 2020 |website=inthebunch.co.za |archive-date=17 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617164602/https://inthebunch.co.za/riders/lynette-burger/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Babban sakamako ==
 
{{div col start}}
;2006
: 2nd [[South African National Time Trial Championships|Time trial]], National Road Championships
;2008
: 3rd [[South African National Time Trial Championships|Time trial]], National Road Championships
;2009
: [[African Road Championships]]
::1st [[File:Gold medal africa.svg|15px]] Time trial
::2nd [[File:Silver medal africa.svg|15px]] Road race
: National Road Championships
::1st [[File:MaillotSudáfrica.PNG|20px]] [[South African National Road Race Championships|Road race]]
::2nd [[South African National Time Trial Championships|Time trial]]
;2011
: [[Cycling at the 2011 All-Africa Games|All-Africa Games]]
::1st [[File:Gold medal africa.svg|15px]] Road race
::3rd [[File:Bronze medal africa.svg|15px]] Time trial
;2015
: 1st [[File:Gold medal africa.svg|15px]] Team time trial, [[African Road Championships]]
: 3rd [[South African National Road Race Championships|Road race]], National Road Championships
;2018
: 3rd [[South African National Road Race Championships|Road race]], National Road Championships
{{div col end}}

==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Burger, Lynette}}

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1980]]</text>
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    <title>Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Comboni</title>
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[[Fayil:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 4.djvu|thumb|littafin da yayi magana aka combony tech college]]
'''Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Comboni'''(CCST), asalin Kwalejin Kombata ce mai zaman kanta a [[Khartoum]], [[Sudan]], wacce aka kafa a matsayin kwalejin fasaha tun shekara ta 2001. Ya koma makarantar da ta gabata don yara maza, wanda firistocin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] daga Italiya suka kafa a 1929.

== Tarihi ==
An kafa Kwalejin Comboni Khartoum a 1929 a matsayin makarantar yara maza ta firistocin Katolika da ke da alaƙa da aikin Bishop Daniele Comboni . Firistoci da 'yan majami'a ne ke gudanar da shi, wadanda suka isa Sudan don ci gaba da aikin Comboni a ilimi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Comboni College, Khartoum, Sudan {{!}} Archive {{!}} Diarna.org |url=http://archive.diarna.org/site/detail/public/931/ |access-date=2021-05-22 |website=archive.diarna.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun lokacin da ya fara, kwalejin ta ba da abinci ga ɗalibai da ke da asalin ƙasa da ƙasa, amma mafi yawansu yara ne na Sudan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Comboni College Khartoum 1955 |url=http://www-3.unipv.it/webarchaf/Comboniani/college/rules/comboni_college_khartoum_1955.htm |access-date=19 March 2013 |website=L'Archivio Fotografico dei Missionari Comboniani |archive-date=20 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320223804/http://www-3.unipv.it/webarchaf/Comboniani/college/rules/comboni_college_khartoum_1955.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 1999, iyaye sun nemi gudanarwa da su bunkasa wani sashi na sakandare. A shekara ta 2001, wannan shirin ya haifar da Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Comboni (CCST) a matsayin wata hukuma daban daga sassan firamare da sakandare na Kwalejin Comboni Khartoum.

== Shirye-shirye ==

* Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta (CS) 
* Fasahar Bayanai (IT) 
* [[Nazarin Ingilishi|Harshen Ingilishi da Littattafai]] (Eng) 
* Ilimi da Nazarin Addini
* Gajeren darussan a cikin ƙwarewar kwamfuta, harsuna, hanyoyin koyarwa da kulawa mai laushi

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Official website|http://www.combonikhartoum.com}}
[[Rukuni:Jami'o'i a Sudan]]</text>
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    <title>Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Kwara (Fasaha), Lafiagi</title>
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'''Kwalejin Ilimi ta [[Ȯra Kwara|Jihar Kwara]] (Fasaha), Lafiagi''' wata cibiyar ilimi ce ta gwamnati da ke Lafiagi, Jihar Kwar, [[Najeriya]] . Mai kula da yanzu shine Dr. Mohammed Dede Ibrahim .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=News Agency of |date=2018-02-22 |title=Governor Ahmed's wife establishes anti-cancer clubs in tertiary institutions |url=https://www.today.ng/news/nigeria/governor-ahmeds-wife-establishes-anti-cancer-clubs-tertiary-institutions-84881 |access-date=2021-09-03 |website=TODAY |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gov. Ahmed appoints new provosts for state-owned tertiary institutions |url=https://dailytrust.com/gov-ahmed-appoints-new-provosts-for-state-owned-tertiary-institutions |access-date=2021-09-03 |website=Daily Trust |language=en |archive-date=2021-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903002436/https://dailytrust.com/gov-ahmed-appoints-new-provosts-for-state-owned-tertiary-institutions |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hammed |first=Sulyman |date=2020-08-01 |title=Eid-el-Kabir: Kwara State College of Education (Technical), Lafiagi Felicitates with Muslim Faithfuls |url=https://naijatrusts.com/eid-el-kabir-kwara-state-college-of-education-technical-lafiagi-felicitates-with-muslim-faithfuls/ |access-date=2021-09-03 |website=Naijatrusts |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903002444/https://naijatrusts.com/eid-el-kabir-kwara-state-college-of-education-technical-lafiagi-felicitates-with-muslim-faithfuls/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-12-08 |title=Kwara college of education gets new governing council |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/north-central/430170-kwara-college-of-education-gets-new-governing-council.html |access-date=2021-09-03 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chris |last2=Olesin |first2=Abdullahi |date=2021-05-22 |title=Lafiagi Emirate Lauds Kwara’s Development Strides |url=https://leadership.ng/lafiagi-emirate-lauds-kwaras-development-strides/ |access-date=2021-09-03 |website=Leadership News - Nigeria News, Breaking News, Politics and more |language=en-GB |archive-date=2021-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903002440/https://leadership.ng/lafiagi-emirate-lauds-kwaras-development-strides/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-13 |title=Two Years of AbdulRazaq’s Administration in Kwara |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/06/13/two-years-of-abdulrazaqs-administration-in-kwara/ |access-date=2021-09-03 |website=THISDAYLIVE |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-07-06 |title=Gov AbdulRazaq okays N350m for Colleges of Educ, FADAMA in kwara |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/07/gov-abdulrazaq-okays-n350m-for-colleges-of-educ-fadama-in-kwara/ |access-date=2021-09-03 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An kafa Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Kwara (Fasaha), Lafiagi a cikin 1991. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gov. Ahmed appoints new provosts for state-owned tertiary institutions |url=https://dailytrust.com/gov-ahmed-appoints-new-provosts-for-state-owned-tertiary-institutions |access-date=2021-09-03 |website=Daily Trust |language=en |archive-date=2021-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903002436/https://dailytrust.com/gov-ahmed-appoints-new-provosts-for-state-owned-tertiary-institutions |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The College - Kwara State College of Education, Ilorin |url=https://www.kwcoeilorin.edu.ng/index.php/the-college |access-date=2021-09-03 |website=www.kwcoeilorin.edu.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-12-16 |title=How to Register Kwara State College of Education Ilorin Courses Online |url=https://schoolinfo.com.ng/kwara-state-college-of-education-ilorin-course-registration-portal/ |access-date=2021-09-03 |website=Schoolinfo.com.ng |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=John |first=Moses |date=2021-04-19 |title=Union threatens FG over 6 new FCE’s appointments |url=https://www.blueprint.ng/union-threatens-fg-over-6-new-fces-appointments/ |access-date=2021-09-03 |website=Blueprint Newspapers Limited |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-06-08 |title=Ajasin varsity signs MoU with two colleges |url=https://guardian.ng/features/education/ajasin-varsity-signs-mou-with-two-colleges/ |access-date=2021-09-03 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903002436/https://guardian.ng/features/education/ajasin-varsity-signs-mou-with-two-colleges/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-04-04 |title=Gov Ahmed appoints new provosts for state-owned tertiary institutions |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/in-kwara-gov-ahmed-appoints-new-provosts-for-state-owned-tertiary-institutions/1642mev |access-date=2021-09-03 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en |archive-date=2021-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903002441/https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/in-kwara-gov-ahmed-appoints-new-provosts-for-state-owned-tertiary-institutions/1642mev |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-10-15 |title=KWARA STATE COLLEGE ADMISSION |url=https://sampidia.com/kwara-state-college-of-education-2020-2021-admission/ |access-date=2021-09-03 |website=Sampidia |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwara governor approves promotion arrears for SUBEB teachers - P.M. News |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2021/07/26/kwara-governor-approves-promotion-arrears-for-subeb-teachers/ |access-date=2021-09-03 |website=pmnewsnigeria.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Laburaren Kwalejin ==
Gidan karatu na kwaleji yana da kayan aiki tare da albarkatun bayanai waɗanda ke tallafawa duk darussan da aka bayar a makarantar. Mai kula da ɗakin karatu na kwaleji mai suna Muhammed Abbas Ibrahim . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Management |url=https://kwacoetl.edu.ng/index.php/component/content/category/9-management?Itemid=101 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=kwacoetl.edu.ng |archive-date=2024-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131083630/https://kwacoetl.edu.ng/index.php/component/content/category/9-management?Itemid=101 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Darussa ==
Cibiyar tana ba da darussan da suka biyo baya;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Official List of Courses Offered in Kwar State College Of Education (Technical), Lafiagi (KWACOETL) - Myschool |url=https://myschool.ng/classroom/institution-courses/kwar-state-college-of-education-technical-lafiagi |access-date=2021-09-03 |website=myschool.ng |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Says |first=Mayowa Kolawole |date=2018-05-09 |title=List of Degree Courses Offered in Kwara State College of Education (Technical), Lafia |url=https://www.academia.com.ng/list-of-degree-courses-offered-in-kwara-state-college-of-education-technical-lafia/ |access-date=2021-09-03 |website=Academia Nigeria |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903002441/https://www.academia.com.ng/list-of-degree-courses-offered-in-kwara-state-college-of-education-technical-lafia/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ilimi da Kimiyya ta Siyasa
* Ilimi na Kasuwanci
* Ilimi da Nazarin Addini na Kirista
* Lissafi
* Ilimi da Harshen Turanci
* Ilimin Kwamfuta
* Tattalin Arziki
* Kimiyyar Haɗin Kai
* Laburaren karatu da Kimiyya ta Bayanai
* Ilimin ilmin halitta
* Ilimi na Fasaha
* Ilimi da Nazarin Jama'a
* Ilimin ilmin sunadarai

== Manazarta ==

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Official website|https://kwacoetl.edu.ng/}}</text>
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'''Cibiyar Horar da Fasaha ta Nairobi''' (NTTI) cibiyar koyar da fasaha ce da sana'a a [[Kenya]] . Ya zuwa Oktoba 2016, yana ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin TVET da aka amince da su a ƙasar. Ba kamar jami'o'in Kenya da Hukumar Ilimi ta Jami'o'i ke kula da su ba, cibiyoyin fasaha da sana'a suna samun izini daga Hukumar Ilimi da Horarwa ta Kenya.

== Wurin da yake ==
cibiyar a halin yanzu tana da cibiyar ilmantarwa guda ɗaya wacce ke aiki a matsayin babban [[Campus|harabar]]. Tana cikin [[Nairobi]]. Cibiyar Horar da Fasaha ta Nairobi tana cikin yankin Ngara tare da Mogira Road, a kan Park Road da Ring Road, tsakanin Kariokor da Pangani Police Station.

== Tarihi ==
Cibiyar Horarwa da Fasaha ta Nairobi ta samo [[Tarihi]] tun daga shekara ta 1951 lokacin da ta fara ne a matsayin &quot;Makarantar Sakandare ta zamani&quot; da ke ba da abinci ga mazaunan Asiya a unguwar. Kodayake makarantar sakandare ce, tsarin karatun da aka bayar a lokacin yana da son kai ga koyar da ƙwarewar sana'a wanda ya haɗa da Injiniyan Injiniya da Kasuwanci da Kasuwancin. A shekara ta 1953, an canza sunan makaranta zuwa Makarantar Fasaha kuma an fara jarrabawar Takardar shaidar Makarantar Cambridge a shekara ta 1954.A lokacin samun 'yancin kai kuma a cikin ruhun Hukumar Ilimi ta Ominde ta 1964, makarantar ta buɗe ƙofofinta ga dukkan kabilun. Shirin ya ci gaba da jaddada Ilimi na Fasaha kuma an fadada shi don haɗawa da ƙwarewar Injiniya, Woodwork, Electrical da Motor Vehicle. Dukkanin O-Level da A-level azuzuwan an saukar da su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nairobi Technical Training Institute (NTTI) |title=Institute's History |url=https://www.nairobitti.ac.ke/index.php/about-us/institute-s-history |access-date=4 May 2024 |archive-date=5 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405063304/https://www.nairobitti.ac.ke/index.php/about-us/institute-s-history |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Malamai ==
Cibiyar Horar da Fasaha ta Nairobi tana ba da darussan cikakken lokaci, na ɗan lokaci da maraice. Ana rarraba darussan zuwa Takaddun shaida, Diploma da Diploma mafi girma. Darussan cibiyar sun rufe fannoni da yawa ciki har da Injiniya da Injiniya Injiniya, Injiniya na Lantarki da Injiniyan lantarki, Gudanarwa da Cibiyoyin, Nazarin Kasuwanci, Lafiya da Kimiyya. Wasu daga cikin darussan da aka bayar a NIIT an jera su a ƙasa.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

* [http://www.nairobitti.ac.ke/ Cibiyar Horar da Fasaha ta Nairobi]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [[Google]] Maps by Google - Wurin Cibiyar Horar da Fasaha ta Nairobi: Gida NTTI[https://www.google.com/maps/place/Nairobi+Technical+Training+Institute/@-1.2729544,36.8340555,15z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0xc541be7ceb71e15e!8m2!3d-1.2729544!4d36.8340555 Samun NTTI]
* Cibiyar Horar da Fasaha ta Nairobi (NTTI): Darussan, Cibiyoyin da Sadarwa[https://web.archive.org/web/20161006060231/http://www.coursekenya.com/tvets/nairobi-technical-training-institute/ Darussan, Cibiyoyin da Saduwa]

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.nairobitti.ac.ke/ Gidan yanar gizon Cibiyar Horar da Fasaha ta Nairobi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611115236/https://www.nairobitti.ac.ke/ |date=2024-06-11 }}
* Google Maps by Google: [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Nairobi+Technical+Training+Institute/@-1.2729544,36.8340555,15z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0xc541be7ceb71e15e!8m2!3d-1.2729544!4d36.8340555 Wurin Cibiyar Horar da Fasaha ta Nairobi]
* Shirin Kenya: Cibiyar Horar da Fasaha ta Nairobi Darussan, Cibiyoyin da Sadarwa[https://web.archive.org/web/20161006060231/http://www.coursekenya.com/tvets/nairobi-technical-training-institute/ Darussan, Cibiyoyin da Saduwa]

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Jami'o'i a Afrika]]
[[Rukuni:Jami'o'i]]</text>
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'''Jami'ar Methodist ta [[Ghana]] (MUCG) ''' jami'a ce mai zaman kanta a Ghana . Tana a [[Accra]] a cikin [[Yankin Greater Accra|Babban Yankin Accra]] . An kafa shi a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2000 &lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=About the University |url=http://www.mucg.edu.gh/mucg/mucg/about-the-methodist-university-college-ghana.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070506041716/http://www.mucg.edu.gh/mucg/mucg/about-the-methodist-university-college-ghana.html |archive-date=May 6, 2007 |access-date=2007-03-15 |website=Official Website |publisher=Methodist University College Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikilisiyar Methodist ta Ghana bayan an ba shi izini daga Hukumar Kula da Ƙasashen Ƙasa a watan Agusta na shekara ta 2000. &lt;ref name=&quot;NAB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Accredited Institutions - University Colleges |url=http://www.nab.gov.gh/nabsite/pages/accredited_institute3.php?skey=unicol&amp;Search=Search |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019045941/http://www.nab.gov.gh/nabsite/pages/accredited_institute3.php?skey=unicol&amp;Search=Search |archive-date=2007-10-19 |access-date=2007-03-06 |publisher=National Accreditation Board}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara aikin ilimi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2000 a harabar makarantar Wesley Grammar.&lt;ref name=&quot;mcg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=Projects - Education - Private Tertiary Institutions |url=http://www.methodistchurch-gh.org/projects.htm#pti |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929122913/http://www.methodistchurch-gh.org/projects.htm |archive-date=2007-09-29 |access-date=2007-03-15 |website=Official Website |publisher=Methodist Church Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt; MUCG tana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri da digiri na biyu a fannoni daban-daban.

== Tarihi ==
A taron shekara-shekara na 37 a Sunyani a shekarar 1998, Ikilisiyar Methodist ta yanke shawarar kafa Kwalejin Jami'ar Methodist. Bayan cikakken shiri da hanyoyin, Kwalejin Jami'ar Methodist ta Ghana (MUCG) ta sami izini daga Hukumar Kula da Ƙasashen Kasa (NAB) a watan Agusta 2000. An ba da izini don alakar da ita da Jami'ar Ghana a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2002. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-19 |title=About - Methodist University Ghana |url=https://mug.edu.gh/about-us/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayyukan ilimi sun fara ne a MUCG a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2000. Kungiyar farko ta dalibai ta fara halartar laccoci a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2000, sannan rukuni na biyu ya biyo baya a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2001. An kafa jami'ar ne da manufar samar da ingancin ilimi na sakandare wanda ya dogara da ka'idodin Kirista da dabi'u. Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, MUCG ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fadada damar samun ilimi mafi girma da ingantaccen ilimi a Ghana.

== Ƙungiya ==
Jami'ar tana da fannoni biyar. Kowane ɗayan ya ƙunshi sassan da ke ba da rahoto ga dattawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;mcg&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;faculties&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Faculties of MCUG |url=http://www.mucg.edu.gh/faculties/faculties/faculties-of-mucg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070506042043/http://www.mucg.edu.gh/faculties/faculties/faculties-of-mucg.html |archive-date=May 6, 2007 |access-date=2007-03-15 |website=Official Website |publisher=Methodist University College Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kwalejin Gudanar da Kasuwanci ===

* Ma'aikatar Lissafi
* Ma'aikatar Bankin da Kudi
* Sashen Gudanar da Ilimin Dan Adam da Gudanarwa
* Ma'aikatar Tallace-tallace da Sayarwa

=== Faculty of Arts da General Studies ===

* Ma'aikatar Harsuna
* Ma'aikatar Nazarin Jama'a
* Ma'aikatar Nazarin Addini
* Sashen Nazarin Kiɗa da Wasanni

=== Kwalejin Nazarin Jama'a ===

* Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki
* Ma'aikatar Ilimin Halitta
* Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a

=== Faculty of Informatics da Mathematical Sciences ===

* Ma'aikatar Fasahar Bayanai
* Sashen Lissafi da Kididdiga
* Kimiyya ta yau da kullun

=== Kwalejin Kimiyya ===

* Babban Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona da Kasuwancin Noma.
* Ma'aikatar Gudanar da Ayyuka
* Ma'aikatar Nursing.&lt;ref name=&quot;mcg&quot;/&gt;

== Cibiyoyin karatu ==
Akwai makarantun uku.

* Dansoman Campus: Wannan shine babban harabar jami'ar, a cikin wani yanki na Accra.
* Cibiyar Tema: Cibiyar Satellite a cikin ɗakin makarantar sakandare ta Tema Methodist Day .
* Cibiyar Wenchi: B.Sc. Janar Aikin Gona, Diploma a Janar Nursing, shirye-shiryen Takaddun shaida a Agrobusiness, Aikin Goma da Horticulture suna gudana daga wannan harabar.&lt;ref name=&quot;mcg&quot;/&gt;

== Kasancewa ==
Jami'ar tana da alaƙa da [[Jami'ar Ghana]] tun watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2002. &lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;NAB&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UG&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=About Us - Profile of the University |url=http://www.ug.edu.gh/profile.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210231334/http://www.ug.edu.gh/profile.php |archive-date=2007-02-10 |access-date=2007-03-15 |website=Official Website |publisher=University of Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Koyaya, a ranar Talata, 30 ga Agusta, 2022, an ba jami'ar takardar shaidar shugaban kasa don ba da digiri na kansa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-09-01 |title=President Akufo-Addo presents presidential charters to three universities |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/President-Akufo-Addo-presents-presidential-charters-to-three-universities-1614992 |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en |archive-date=2023-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183042/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/President-Akufo-Addo-presents-presidential-charters-to-three-universities-1614992 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-31 |title=President Akufo-Addo presents Presidential Charters to three Universities - GhanaToday |url=https://ghanatoday.gov.gh/news/president-akufo-addo-presents-presidential-charters-to-three-universities/,%20https://ghanatoday.gov.gh/news/president-akufo-addo-presents-presidential-charters-to-three-universities/ |access-date=2022-09-02 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=3 Private universities receive charters |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-3-private-universities-receive-charters.html |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
{{reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100418160814/http://www.nab.gov.gh/nabsite/index.php Hukumar Kula da Kasa]
* [http://www.mucg.edu.gh/ Kwalejin Jami'ar Methodist ta Ghana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212014612/http://www.mucg.edu.gh/ |date=2009-12-12 }}
* [http://www.methodistchurch-gh.org/ Cocin Methodist na Ghana]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610135314/http://methodistchurch-gh.org/ |date=2017-06-10 }}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kwalejin Jami'ar Baptist ta Ghana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''kwalejin jami'a Baptist ta [[Ghana]]''' kwalejin jami'ar Kirista ce ta Baptist da ke [[Kumasi]] a Ghana . Jami'ar ta sami izini daga Hukumar, Kula da Kasa. Yana da alaƙa da Yarjejeniyar Baptist ta Ghana.

== Tarihi ==
An kafa makarantar ne a shekara ta 2006 ta Yarjejeniyar Baptist ta Ghana a [[Kumasi]] . &lt;ref&gt; Jacob Agyenim Boateng, [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Ghana-Baptist-Convention-is-rebranding-for-Christ-316107 Ejurahene donates 100 acres of land to Ghana Baptist Convention for construction of university], ghanaweb.com, Ghana, July 7, 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2022, ta sami kadada 100 na ƙasa a Ejura don gina harabar reshe.&lt;ref&gt;Amadu Kamil Sanah, [https://www.modernghana.com/news/1179074/ejurahene-donates-100-acre-land-to-ghana-baptist.html Ejurahene donates 100 acres of land to Ghana Baptist Convention for construction of university], modernghana.com, Ghana, August 24, 2022&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cibiya ==
Jami'ar tana da sansani biyu.

* Cibiyar Cibiyar - Amakom
* Cibiyar Abuakwa - Abuakwa

== Dangantaka ==
Kwalejin Jami'ar Baptist ta Ghana tana da alaƙa da [[Jami'ar Cape Coast]], Yarjejeniyar Baptist ta Gana da Ƙungiyar Jami'o'i Masu zaman kansu ta Ghana. &lt;ref&gt;Ghana Baptist University College, [https://gbuc.edu.gh/about/overview Overview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220225419/https://gbuc.edu.gh/about/overview |date=2023-02-20 }}, gbuc.edu.gh, Ghana, retrieved February 20, 2023&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://gtec.edu.gh/institution-category?page=12&amp;name=Private%20Tertiary%20Institutions%20Offering%20HND/Degree%20Programmes&amp;max=6 Hukumar Ilimi ta Gnana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617181053/https://gtec.edu.gh/institution-category?page=12&amp;name=Private%20Tertiary%20Institutions%20Offering%20HND%2FDegree%20Programmes&amp;max=6 |date=2024-06-17 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070320012544/http://www.gbconvention.org/ Taron Baptist na Ghana]
* [http://www.ug.edu.gh/ Jami'ar Ghana]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rashin lafiya</title>
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        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322584806|Mal morando]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861409</origin>
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      <text bytes="768" sha1="kzlmaa3k8x7hidrw532pyfxjaaoc8ze" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
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| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = [[Dermatology]]
| symptoms      = 
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}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}Mal morando wani yanayi ne na fata wanda ya haifar da onchocerciasis wanda ke nuna kumburi wanda ke tare da hyperpigmentation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrews&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 440 {{Rp|440}}

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Yanayin fata|Rashin rauni a fata]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jirgin ruwa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>861478</id>
      <parentid>749199</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:33:30Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334030319|Mareero]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3557" sha1="qcd1jm9mai5x41a6zkahx1zdsob1l8m" xml:space="preserve">'''Mareero Beach''', '''Xeebta Marero''' bakin teku ne da ke ( {{Convert|25|km|mi}} gabashin Bosaso . Tana da wurin zama a bakin teku, turare da sauran ƙungiyoyin murjani da ke noma tuddai, wuraren kiwo, bakin teku mai girma, kuma mafi mahimmanci tashar jiragen ruwa ta mareero, wacce take da zurfi don samar da wurin ajiye kaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mareero, Gobolka Bari, Somalia |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-54258.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tashar jiragen ruwa ta mareero ta zama hanyar shige da fice ba bisa ƙa'ida ba tsakanin [[Somaliya]] da [[Yemen]] da [[yankin Larabawa]] tun bayan rugujewar gwamnatin tsakiya ta Somaliya a farkon 1991. Al'ummomin kasuwanci na Somaliya sun yi amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa don fitarwa da shigo da kayayyaki tsawon ƙarni. A cewar rahotanni, jiragen ruwa dauke da makamai da aka yi fasakwaurin su daga Yemen sun tsaya a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Marero. &lt;ref name=&quot;Authorities in Somalia's Puntland Region Tout Capture of Weapons-laden Boat&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=voanews |first=voanews |title=Authorities in Somalia's Puntland Region Tout Capture of Weapons-laden Boat |url=https://www.voanews.com |access-date=September 23, 2017 |website=voanews |ref=Authorities in Somalia's Puntland Region Tout Capture of Weapons-laden Boat}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Authorities in Somalia's Puntland Region Tout Capture of Weapons-laden Boat |url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/authorities-somalias-puntland-region-tout-capture-weapons-laden-boat |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718023909/https://www.voanews.com/africa/authorities-somalias-puntland-region-tout-capture-weapons-laden-boat |archive-date=July 18, 2019 |website=Voice of America}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tekun Marero ya shahara saboda girman bakin tekunsa, inda baƙi da masu yawon buɗe ido ke tururuwa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.

== Tarihi ==
A ranar 23 ga Janairu, 2025, akalla dolphins 140 sun makale a gabar tekun Marero kusa da Bosaso, Puntland, rahotanni sun nuna cewa wasu dolphins suna da rai lokacin da ruwa ya tafi bakin teku, amma an tabbatar da mutuwar sama da 60. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=𝕯𝖗. 𝐗𝐈𝐃𝐃𝐈𝐆 |date=2025-01-24 |title=Puntland: Mass Dolphin Stranding Prompts Environmental Investigation in Bosaso of Bari Region |url=https://www.idilnews.com/puntland-mass-dolphin-stranding-prompts-environmental-investigation-in-bosaso-of-bari-region/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=Idil News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumomi, ciki har da Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Kamun Kifi ta Puntland, sun sami nasarar mayar da dolphins 30 zuwa teku. Duk da ikirarin cewa ana zubar da shara mai guba a cikin ruwan Somaliya, kungiyoyin kimiyya sun tattara samfuran ruwa, nama, ruwa, da [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]] don yin bincike. Duk da cewa ba a sami wani nau'in ruwa da ya mutu a bakin teku ba, binciken ya ci gaba da gano musabbabin. Jami'ai, ciki har da ministan kamun kifi, sun ziyarci wurin tare da kwararru daga jami'o'i da cibiyoyin ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-24 |title=Over 100 dolphins were washed ashore in Somalia's northeastern region of Puntland |url=https://hornobserver.com/articles/3144/Over-100-dolphins-were-washed-ashore-in-Somalias-northeastern-region-of-Puntland |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=hornobserver.com |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 January 2025 |title=More than 100 dead dolphins found on Somali coast, cause a mystery |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/more-than-100-dead-dolphins-found-somali-coast-cause-mystery-2025-01-24/ |website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Mareero Beach''', '''Xeebta Marero''' bakin teku ne da ke ( {{Convert|25|km|mi}} gabashin Bosaso . Tana da wurin zama a bakin teku, turare da sauran ƙungiyoyin murjani da ke noma tuddai, wuraren kiwo, bakin teku mai girma, kuma mafi mahimmanci tashar jiragen ruwa ta mareero, wacce take da zurfi don samar da wurin ajiye kaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mareero, Gobolka Bari, Somalia |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-54258.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tashar jiragen ruwa ta mareero ta zama hanyar shige da fice ba bisa ƙa'ida ba tsakanin [[Somaliya]] da [[Yemen]] da [[yankin Larabawa]] tun bayan rugujewar gwamnatin tsakiya ta Somaliya a farkon 1991. Al'ummomin kasuwanci na Somaliya sun yi amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa don fitarwa da shigo da kayayyaki tsawon ƙarni. A cewar rahotanni, jiragen ruwa dauke da makamai da aka yi fasakwaurin su daga Yemen sun tsaya a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Marero. &lt;ref name=&quot;Authorities in Somalia's Puntland Region Tout Capture of Weapons-laden Boat&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=voanews |first=voanews |title=Authorities in Somalia's Puntland Region Tout Capture of Weapons-laden Boat |url=https://www.voanews.com |access-date=September 23, 2017 |website=voanews |ref=Authorities in Somalia's Puntland Region Tout Capture of Weapons-laden Boat}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Authorities in Somalia's Puntland Region Tout Capture of Weapons-laden Boat |url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/authorities-somalias-puntland-region-tout-capture-weapons-laden-boat |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718023909/https://www.voanews.com/africa/authorities-somalias-puntland-region-tout-capture-weapons-laden-boat |archive-date=July 18, 2019 |website=Voice of America}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tekun Marero ya shahara saboda girman bakin tekunsa, inda baƙi da masu yawon buɗe ido ke tururuwa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.

== Tarihi ==
A ranar 23 ga Janairu, 2025, akalla dolphins 140 sun makale a gabar tekun Marero kusa da Bosaso, Puntland, rahotanni sun nuna cewa wasu dolphins suna da rai lokacin da ruwa ya tafi bakin teku, amma an tabbatar da mutuwar sama da 60. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=𝕯𝖗. 𝐗𝐈𝐃𝐃𝐈𝐆 |date=2025-01-24 |title=Puntland: Mass Dolphin Stranding Prompts Environmental Investigation in Bosaso of Bari Region |url=https://www.idilnews.com/puntland-mass-dolphin-stranding-prompts-environmental-investigation-in-bosaso-of-bari-region/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=Idil News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumomi, ciki har da Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Kamun Kifi ta Puntland, sun sami nasarar mayar da dolphins 30 zuwa teku. Duk da ikirarin cewa ana zubar da shara mai guba a cikin ruwan Somaliya, kungiyoyin kimiyya sun tattara samfuran ruwa, nama, ruwa, da [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]] don yin bincike. Duk da cewa ba a sami wani nau'in ruwa da ya mutu a bakin teku ba, binciken ya ci gaba da gano musabbabin. Jami'ai, ciki har da ministan kamun kifi, sun ziyarci wurin tare da kwararru daga jami'o'i da cibiyoyin ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-24 |title=Over 100 dolphins were washed ashore in Somalia's northeastern region of Puntland |url=https://hornobserver.com/articles/3144/Over-100-dolphins-were-washed-ashore-in-Somalias-northeastern-region-of-Puntland |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=hornobserver.com |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 January 2025 |title=More than 100 dead dolphins found on Somali coast, cause a mystery |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/more-than-100-dead-dolphins-found-somali-coast-cause-mystery-2025-01-24/ |website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Lafif Lakhdar</title>
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      <text bytes="4093" sha1="0rex76k9v3ixkjv9mslusu3si44m3t4" xml:space="preserve">'''Lafif Lakhdar''' (wanda kuma aka rubuta &quot; '''Al-Afif Al-Akhdar''' &quot; ko &quot; '''Afif Lakhdar''' &quot;) marubuci ne kuma dan jaridan  Faransa-Tunisiya. An haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar alif dari tara da talatin da hudu 1934 a Maktar kuma ya rasu ranar 26 ga Yuli 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=عاش فريدا ومات فريدا. اختار توقيت موته وطريقة موته - الأوان |url=http://www.alawan.org/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B4-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130726153035/http://www.alawan.org/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B4-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA.html |archive-date=2013-07-26 |access-date=2013-08-06 |publisher=Alawan.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ==
An haifi Lafi Lakhdar a cikin dangi matalauci.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2011}}&lt;/link&gt;Ya yi karatu a wata [[Makarantar Islamiyya|madrasa]] kuma ya &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5D; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)&quot;&gt;karatu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5B;&lt;/sup&gt; Jami'ar Ez-Zitouna da ke [[Tunis]] ; ya zama lauya a shekarar 1957. Ya bar [[Tunisiya|Tunisia]] a 1961 kuma ya koma [[Aljeriya|Algeria]], inda ya kasance daya daga cikin abokan [[Ahmed Ben Bella]] na kud da kud. Ya fara tafiya mai nisa a [[Gabas ta Tsakiya|gabas ta tsakiya]] . A 1979 ya zauna a [[Faransa]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;The Arab Spinoza&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Haaretz |title=The Arab Spinoza |url=http://artsci.wustl.edu/~marton/JihadRoots.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112073554/http://artsci.wustl.edu/~marton/JihadRoots.html |archive-date=January 12, 2011 |access-date=April 8, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayinsa na mai ra’ayin hagu ya halarci muhawarar zaman lafiya a kasashen musulmi. A matsayinsa na dan jarida ya yi aiki da jaridu da dama : ''Al-Hayat'', ''Al-Quds Al-Arabi'' da kuma kwanan nan ga mujallar ''Elaph'' ta yanar gizo.

== Littattafai ==

* ''Matsayin Addini'' (a Larabci), Dar al-Tali'a, Beyruth, 1972.
* ''L'organisation moderne'', Dar Al-Tali'a, Beyrouth, 1972.
* Mohamed Abd El Motaleb Al Houni, ''L'impasse arabe.'' ''Les Arabes face à la nouvelle stratégie américaine'', Gabatarwa daga L. Lakhdar, Paris, L'Harmattan, 2004 (  )
* ''Min Muhammad al-iman ila Muhammad at-tarikh'' (&quot;Muhammad: From Faith to History&quot;), Al-Kamel Verlag, Cologne, 2014.

== Labarun da aka zaba==

* &quot;Kaura Daga Salafiyya zuwa Ilimin Rationalist,&quot; a cikin Binciken Gabas ta Tsakiya na Harkokin Kasashen Duniya (Juzu'i na 9, Na 1, Mataki na 3, Maris 2005).

== Littafi mai tsarki ==

* Shaker Al-Nabulsi, Shaidanun Shaidan : Nazari na Tunanin Al-Afif Al-Akhdar, Beyruth, Arab Institute for Research &amp; Publishing, 2005 (  )

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin hadi na waje ==

* Labarai a cikin Larabci akan &quot;SSRCAW.org&quot; da suka shafi &quot;Arab Spring&quot; (2011) http://www.ssrcaw.org/default.asp?cid=&amp;serchtext=%C7%E1%DA%DD%ED%DD+%C7%E1%C3%CE%D6%D1
* “Shin Kur’ani Encyclopædia na Kimiyya ne ?&quot; (a Turanci) : http://almuslih.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=167:is-the-qurn-an-encyclopaedia-of-science-1&amp;catid=42:ethical-issues&amp;Itemid=210
* &quot;Me yasa musulunci ya gyara?&quot; (a Turanci) : [http://almuslih.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=153:why-reform-islam&amp;catid=38:obstacles-to-reform&amp;Itemid=207 http://almuslih.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=153:why-reform-islam&amp;catid=38:] cikas-to-reform&amp;Itemid=207
* Labarai akan MEMRI (cikin Turanci) Daga: https://web.archive.org/web/20110104065457/http://www.memri.org/subject/en/137.htm
* Labarin da aka buga a ''Haaretz'' (&quot;An Arab Spinoza&quot;), ''Herald Tribune'' (17 Maris 2006) : https://web.archive.org/web/20110112073554/http://artsci.wustl.edu/~marton/JihadRoots.html
* Labarun da aka zaba a cikin Larabci https://web.archive.org/web/20041129023408/http://www.yassar.freesurf.fr/authors/lakhdar.html
{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Lakhdar, Lafif}}
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'''Lucrezia Marinella''' (1571-1653) mawaki yace, marubuciya, masanin falsafa, mai jayayya, kuma mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin mata daga Jamhuriyar Venice . An fi saninta da littafinta mai suna The Nobility and Excellence of Women and the Defects and Vices of Men (1600). &lt;ref name=&quot;SEP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Deslauriers |first=Marguerite |title=Lucrezia Marinella (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/lucrezia-marinella/ |access-date=8 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; An lura da ayyukanta don kawo mata cikin al'ummar falsafa da kimiyya a lokacin marigayi Renaissance.

== Rayuwa ==
Lucrezia Marinella 'yar likita ce kuma masanin falsafar halitta, Giovanni Marinelli, wanda ya rubuta litattafai, wasu daga cikinsu suna kan lafiyar mata, tsabta da kyau.[1] Kodayake mahaifinta bai fito daga Venice ba, Lucrezia da iyalinta sun kasance &quot;cittadinaza&quot;. Ɗan'uwanta, Curzo Marinella, shi ma likita ne kuma Lucrezia ta auri likita Girolamo Vacca .[2] Babu wani daga cikin 'ya'yanta da aka haifa a Venice.[3] Mahaifinta na iya kasancewa muhimmiyar hanyar haɗi tsakanin karatunta na sirri da rubuce-rubuce da kuma duniya mai zurfi na fannonin wallafe-wallafen Venetian, gami da Accademia de&quot; Desiosi . [4][5]

Marinella kuma tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Giovanni Nicoló Doglioni wanda yake ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa makarantar Venetian. Ta sami goyon baya daga takwarorinta kuma tana da tasiri wajen kafa makarantar 'sabon' Venetian saboda salon rubuce-rubucenta mai ƙarfi da fahimtar haƙƙin mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kolsky |first=Stephen |date=2001 |title=Moderata Fonte, Lucrezia Marinella, Giuseppe Passi: An Early Seventeenth-Century Feminist Controversy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3735864 |journal=The Modern Language Review |volume=96 |issue=4 |pages=973–989 |doi=10.2307/3735864 |issn=0026-7937 |jstor=3735864 |s2cid=162224637}}&lt;/ref&gt; Marinella ta taimaka wa wasu marubuta mata su ci gaba da buga rubuce-rubucen su, wanda ya kasance da wuya ga mata a wannan lokacin saboda ƙuntatawa da yawa. Marubutan mata sun fara jayayya da ikirarin da wasu marubutan maza suka yi, kamar Giuseppe Passi, wanda ya nuna basirinsu da ƙwarewar rubuce-rubuce. Ba kamar sauran makarantu ba, an ba mata damar sukar da kuma musanta nuna bambanci game da ƙarancin mata, amma kuma suna da goyon baya daga wasu farfesa maza da abokan aiki.

A wannan zamanin, mata da yawa sun shiga masallatai ko kuma sun zama masu ba da kyauta (kamar sanannen Veronica Franco). Shigar da gidan ibada yana nufin cewa ba a tilasta wa mace ta yi aure ba kuma za ta iya bin ilimi da ci gaban ruhaniya. Amma, a lokaci guda [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Roman Katolika]] ya ci gaba da ra'ayoyi masu tsauri game da jinsi da tsammanin matsayin mata da yanayi. Koyaya, Lucrezia Marinella ba ta shiga gidan ibada ba kuma ba a matsa mata cikin aure ba. Ta fito ne daga dangin kwararru wanda ya karfafa karatunta sosai, kuma mahaifinta yana da matukar goyon baya. Kodayake, Marinella ta sami tallafi daga takwarorinta don jinkirta aure da ci gaba da karatunta har yanzu tana da shingen da yawa da ke hana ta rubutu. Ta rayu a lokacin Counter-Reformation wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin lokutan da suka fi wuya a tarihin Italiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=ALLEN |first=PRUDENCE |last2=SALVATORE |first2=FILIPPO |date=1992 |title=Lucrezia Marinelli and Woman's Identity in Late Italian Renaissance |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43444859 |journal=Renaissance and Reformation / Renaissance et Réforme |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=5–39 |issn=0034-429X |jstor=43444859}}&lt;/ref&gt; Italiya ta kasance a ƙarƙashin mulkin Mutanen Espanya wanda ya jagoranci cocin Katolika don mamaye 'yancin siyasa da kuma sanya sabbin ƙuntatawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Wadannan canje-canje na addini, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da wallafe-wallafen sun fara aiki lokacin da Marinella ta fara aikin rubuce-rubuce. Wadannan ƙuntatawa sun iyakance rubuce-rubucenta, amma an ƙarfafa ta ta dage daga ra'ayoyin da suka fito daga Kiristoci Neoplatonists.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Sun yi imani da cikakkiyar tunanin ɗan adam, dole ne mutane su rabu da bambancin jinsi da aka sani don zama mutum mai zaman kansa.

Kodayake rubuce-rubucen Lucrezia sun kawo ta suna, ta rayu a ɓoye. An yi imanin cewa rayuwar Lucrezia ita ce abin da ya ba ta damar rubuta abubuwa da yawa da wuri. Amma rayuwa ta ɓoyewa ta kasance sananne ga mata na matsayinta na zamantakewa a cikin karni na sha shida a Italiya. Ba ta yi tafiya ba, sai dai zuwa wuraren ibada na gida, babu wata shaida da ta tattara tare da wasu marubuta don tattaunawa, kuma babu wani rikodin ta har ma da halartar tarurruka da aka gudanar a makarantun waje.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2019}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Mata a Ƙarshen Zamanin Tsakiya da Farkon Renaissance ==
Hakkin mata da daidaito na mata sun kasance babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga rubuce-rubucen Marinella. A ƙarshen Zamanin Tsakiya da farkon zamanin Renaissance a Italiya, mata galibi mata ne da uwaye. Mata da yawa da ke son neman ilimi ko dai dole ne su kasance masu daraja, su shiga gidajen ibada, ko kuma su zama masu ba da kyauta. Mata galibi ba sa cikin tattaunawar siyasa kuma dole ne su kasance masu ban mamaki don a san su sosai a cikin wallafe-wallafen.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2019}}Marinella tana magana a cikin rubuce-rubucenta game da al'adar rashin daidaito na mata wanda ya ci gaba a duk al'adun Yamma kuma ya samo asali ne daga Ibrananci, Girkanci, Roman, da manufofin Kirista.

Kodayake Marinella na ɗaya daga cikin marubuta mata mafi kyau na lokacin, wanda ya haɗa da Moderata Fonte, Arcangela Tarabotti da Veronica Franco . Ayyukan Marinella galibi suna hulɗa da haƙƙin mata har ma ta tabbatar da cewa mata sun fi maza, wanda ya kasance sanannen gardama a wannan lokacin don ayyukan jayayya da falsafa.[1] Ta yi haka ne ta hanyar aikinta, La no Keni et l'eccellenza delle donne co' diffetti et mancamenti de gli uomini . [2] A mayar da martani ga rubuce-rubucen adawa da mata na Passi, ta lura cewa ba ta sha'awar tunanin maza ba. Rubuce-rubucenta galibi suna bin tushen tushen tunanin adawa da mata.

A cikin La no Keni et l'eccellenza delle donne co' diffetti et mancamenti de gli uomini, ta lura da tushen tunanin adawa da mata wanda za'a iya danganta shi da tasirin [[Aristotle]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kolsky |first=Stephen |year=2001 |title=Moderata Fonte, Lucrezia Marinella, Giuseppe Passi: An Early Seventeenth-Century Feminist Controversy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3735864 |journal=The Modern Language Review |volume=96 |issue=4 |pages=973–989 |doi=10.2307/3735864 |jstor=3735864 |s2cid=162224637}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ki yarda da ra'ayin mace mara cikakke, kamar yadda Aristotelians suka ba da shawarar. Marinella ta yi jayayya da imanin su cewa yanayin sanyi na mata ya bambanta da gaske, yana mai da su ƙasa da maza. Ta yi amfani da maganganun Aristotle don tallafawa a sauran muhawara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Marinella kuma ta rubuta a cikin salon soyayya ta fastoci, kamar yadda yake a ''Arcadia Felice'' . Wannan nau'in ya kasance a al'ada iyakance ga marubutan maza kuma ya ƙunshi haruffa maza; duk da haka ''Arcadia Felice'' ta bincika soyayya da lalata a matsayin rikitarwa na makirci maimakon ƙuduri.

Kotun Ferrara ta karfafa marubuta su yi gwaji tare da fastoci. Marinella ta rungumi rubuce-rubucen fastoci saboda ya ba ta damar bayyana al'umma da ke sake bayyana dangantakar tsakanin maza da mata. Rubuce-rubucen fastoci tsakanin marubutan maza har yanzu suna ƙarfafa dabi'un shugabanci kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga imani mai lahani game da yadda ya kamata mata su ba da guddina ga al'umma. Sabanin haka, wannan salon wallafe-wallafen ya ba da damar marubutan mata su yi gwaji da faɗaɗa ikon cin gashin kansu da iko a cikin tsarin zamantakewa. Marubutan mata sun ga rubuce-rubuce a matsayin nau'in bayyana kansu wanda aka hana shi a abubuwa da yawa na rayuwarsu. siffofin fastoci sun ba da cikakkiyar wuri mai tsarki ga Marinella don tsara cikakkun bayanai game da rayuwarta a cikin rubuce-rubucenta, kamar a Arcadia Felice . &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
[[Fayil:1601_Marinella_La_Nobilita.jpg|right|thumb|350x350px|Shafin taken na 1601 na Marinella's La nobilita, et l'eccellenza delle donne .]]
Ayyukanta ba tare da jayayya ba. Ta rubuta akai-akai don mayar da martani ga jayayya da mata; La nobilita, et l'eccellenza delle donne kare mata masu ilimi ne waɗanda ke da haƙƙin ra'ayinsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

Marinella marubuciya ce mai ladabi a cikin nau'o'i da yawa. Ayyukanta sun fito ne daga sharhin falsafa game da shayari zuwa ayyukan addini, kuma sun samo asali ne daga tushe daban-daban ciki har da ayyukan kimiyya da na almara. A rayuwarta, Marinella ta buga littattafai 10; wani lokacin akwai kusan shekaru 10 na shiru tsakanin ayyukanta, musamman bayan aurenta da Girolamo Vacca tsakanin 1606-1617.  Tattaunawarta ta farko, The Nobility and Excellence of Women and the Defects and Vices of Men, ta ga haske a cikin 1600, kuma an rubuta ta da sauri don mayar da martani ga Giuseppe Passi's diatribe game da lahani na mata, &quot;Dei donneschi difetti. &quot; Ya bayyana abin da ya ɗauka kuskuren mata ne ciki har da banza, haɗama, da wuce gona da iri. Amsar da Marinella ta yi game da ikirarin Passi na misogynist ya sa wasu mutane su nuna rashin amincewarsu da rubuce-rubucensa. Da yake cike da ra'ayoyi, Passi ya bayyana cewa ya yi imanin cewa an fassara shi ba daidai ba kuma a hankali ya kauce daga yada ra'ayoyinsa na tsattsauran ra'ayi game da mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;/&gt;

Marinella ta ɗauki ɓangaren farko na taken kanta daga fassarar Italiyanci na wata takarda ta Faransanci da ba a san ta ba, &quot;Della nobilita et eccellenza delle donne,&quot;  wanda aka buga a Venice a cikin 1549. Littafin ya kasance mai tsawo na jayayya game da hare-haren da aka kai wa mata da tsaron su. Har ila yau, ya kai hari kan maza saboda irin laifuffukan da Passi ya zargi mata. Tsarin rubutun ta ya biyo bayan na Passi, yayin da ta sanya kalaman da misalai a kan juna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Mutane da yawa sun lura cewa wannan shine rubuce-rubucen da ya fi tayar da hankali kuma mai yiwuwa ne ya sa Passi ya raina ilmantarwa da ra'ayoyin mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Marinella ita ce mace ta farko a Italiya da ta yi jayayya da wani mutum a cikin bugawa, kuma wannan shine kawai lokacin da ta rubuta a bayyane game da misogyny na Passi. Amsar da ta yi game da misogyny shine dalilin da ya sa har yanzu ana gane ta a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan misalai na ilimin mata. An yi tunanin cewa an buga La nobilita, et l'eccellenza delle donne da sauri saboda haɗin da Marinella ke da shi da Kwalejin Venetian.

A cikin aikinta ''Enrico'', Marinella ta zaɓi batun da ya kasance na addini da siyasa, kuma hakan ya gina a kan ayyukanta na baya. Ta jaddada gaskiyar cewa an cire mata daga tattaunawar siyasa a wannan lokacin. A cikin aikin, ta nuna girman kai na kishin kasa a Venice kuma ta fitar da wani nau'in Venetian na abubuwan da suka faru na Crusade na huɗu, wanda babu takardun Venetian da suka wanzu. Wannan batu a cikin tarihin Venice yana tunatar da mai karatu game da makomar Venice da shigo da ita. A cikin ''Enrico'', Marinella ta zaɓi yin rubutu a cikin ɗayan mafi girman nau'ikan wallafe-wallafen lokacinta, wanda shine saboda dalilai na al'adu ba tare da ni'ima ba a Venice. Mata masu gwagwarmayar Marinella a cikin ''Enrico'' suna sanye da makamai na namiji tare da alheri da mutunci; an rubuta su a matsayin masu daraja a cikin aiki da tunani, kuma a matsayin budurwa masu tsabta (Querelle des femmes).  ''Arcadia Felice'' kuma ta sake maimaita ra'ayin cewa soyayya tana ƙuntata ga mata kuma tana lalata 'yancinsu da kirkirarsu.

Ayyukan Marinella, Vita di Maria Vergine, wanda aka rubuta a 1602 sananne ne don ba da labarin rayuwar Budurwa Maryamu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brazeau |first=Bryan |date=2021-06-11 |title='Defying Gravity': Prose Epic and Heroic Style in Lucrezia Marinella's 1602 Vita di Maria Vergine |url=https://academic.oup.com/crj/article/13/1/107/6297009 |journal=Classical Receptions Journal |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=107–125 |doi=10.1093/crj/claa029 |issn=1759-5142}}&lt;/ref&gt; An rubuta shi a cikin aya da rubutu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Tushen wannan aikin sau da yawa shine abin da ke raba shi. Marinella ta yi amfani da haɗuwa da asusun Linjila da sauran Linjila kamar Pseudo-Matthew da Protoevangelium na Yakubu, waɗanda za a lura da su a matsayin apocryphal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Koyaya, an zargi Lucrezia Marinella da satar sassan wannan rubutun. Masanin kimiyya, [[Eleonora Carinci]], ta lura cewa aikinta ya yi daidai da Na Pietro Aretino.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Mata Katolika da yawa a cikin ƙarni na goma sha shida da na goma sha bakwai sun keɓe rubuce-rubuce ga Budurwa Maryamu. Marinella ta rubuta daya daga cikin ayyukan da suka fi tsayi kuma suka bayyana a kan Budurwa Maryamu. Ta ba da cikakken bayani game da mu'ujizai da Maryamu ta samu da kuma ikon da zai iya kewaye da halayyar mata da abubuwan da suke so. Muhimmancin Marinella, da sauran mata, da aka rarraba Maryamu a matsayin misali mai kyau ya kasance mai tasiri wajen sake rarraba manufar ga mata da iyawarsu.

A cikin aikin karshe na Marinella, Gargadi ga Mata da Sauran idan Da fatan alheri, tana da alama ta juya hanya a kan muhawara ta baya, &quot;yabon cikakken domestication na mata kuma yana ba da shawarar a cikin mafi ƙarfin kalmomin cewa suna guje wa ayyukan ilimi... [kuma] su kasance da ƙarfi a cikin ... bangaren sirri, suna barin duniyar siyasa da falsafar ga maza... Ta [ci gaba] jayayya da goyon bayan tsare-tsare ga mata, ta sanya mafi girma a kan ƙwarewar mata yayin da suke amfani da su kula da kuma ta haifi yara, kuma ta hanyar yin amfani da yara, kuma guje wa 'yancin mata' yanci' yanci mata a cikin wallafe-wallafen gida'[and] A kan ɓoye, Lucrezia ta rubuta: &quot;Na kuma bayyana wannan a cikin littafin da ake kira The Nobility and Excellence of Women, amma yanzu ina la'akari da batun a cikin hanyar da ta fi girma, ina da ra'ayi cewa ba sakamakon sarrafawa ba ne ko kuma aikin rai mai fushi, amma nufin da kuma tanadi na yanayi da Allah. &quot;  Duk da ƙoƙarinta da imani mai ƙarfi, rubuce-rubucenta na baya sun fi shafar da matsin lamba na al'umma kuma ta yi kama da cewa za a yarda da mata a yarda da su daidai da maza. A cikin ''Gargaɗin'', ta gargadi mata game da bin sana'o'i na sana'a daga gidansu saboda yadda tsarin ke ci gaba da zaluntar nasarar mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;/&gt;

Marinella ta sanannen Nobility and Excellence of Women, ya gabatar da muhawara da yawa na mata har yanzu ana nazarin su a yau. Imanin da ta yi cewa nazarin kimiyya ya kasance a cikin muhawara game da mata an bayyana shi a cikin wannan aikin. Ta bayyana bukatar samun daidaito a cikin adabi da kimiyya ga mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Dangane da da'awar cewa babu mata masu ilimi a fannin fasaha da kimiyya, Marinella ta ci gaba da lissafin nasarorin ilimi daban-daban na mata a cikin ƙarni da yawa, ta samo asali daga samfuran kamar Famous Women by [[Giovanni Boccaccio|Boccaccio]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;The Nobility and Excellence of Women, yana amfani da waɗannan misalai na baya don gina sabon ma'anar mace.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ana iya kallon wannan aikin ba kawai a matsayin gardamar haƙƙin mata ba, har ma da kallon damar mata a fannin kimiyya da ilimi. Sau da yawa ana kwatanta Noble da Excellence of Women da Moderata Fonte's The Worth of Women in academic circles.

=== Jerin ayyukan ===
---Marinella, L., 1595, La Colomba sacra, Poema eroico. Venice.

---, 1597, ''Vita del serafico da glorioso San Francesco. ''  An bayyana shi a cikin ottava rima. Ove idan spiegano ya yi watsi da shi, ya yi amfani da shi kuma ya yi amfani le shi, Venice.

---, 1598, ''Amore innamorato ed impazzato,'' Venice.

---, 1601a, La no Keni da Eccellenza delle donne co' diffetti da mancamenti de gli uomini. ''La no Keni da l'eccellenza delle suna ba da co' diffetti da mancamenti de gli uomini. ''Discorso di Lucrezia Marinella a cikin wani bangare na musamman, G , Venice.

---, 1601b, The Nobility and Excellence of Women, and the Defects and Vices of Men, Dunhill, A. (ed. da trans.), Chicago: Jami'ar Chicago Press, 1999.

---, 1602, ''La vita di Maria vergine imperatrice dell'universo. '' ''An bayyana shi a cikin prosa da ottava rima,'' Venice.

---, 1603, Rime sacre, Venice.

---, 1605, L'''Arcadia felice,'' Venice.

---, 1605a, L'Arcadia felice, F. Lavocat (ed.), Florence: Accademia toscana di scienze e lettere, 'La Colombaria&quot; 162, 1998.

---, 1605b, Vita del serafico, da kuma mai ɗaukaka San Francesco. ''Vita del serafico, da kuma glorioso San Francesco. An bayyana shi a cikin ottava rima,'' Venice.

---, 1606, ''Vita di Santa Giustina a cikin ottava rima,'' Florence.

---, 1617, La imperatrice dell'universo. ''Sarauniyar duniya. Waƙar jarumi,'' Venice.

---, 1617a, ''La vita di Maria Vergine imperatrice dell'universo,'' Venice.

---, 1617b, Vite de' dodeci heroi di Christo, da kuma na' Quatro Evangelisti, Venice.

---, 1624, De' gesti heroici e della vita maravilosa della serafica Santa Caterina da Siena, Venice.

---, 1635, L'''Enrico ovvero Bisanzio acquistato. '' . ''Waƙar jarumi,'' Venice.

---, 1645a, Essortationi alle donne et a gli altri se a loro7. a grado di Lucretia Marinella . Sashe na farko, Venice.

---, 1645b, Gargadi ga Mata da Sauran idan Sun yi Allah, L. Benedetti (ed. da trans.), Toronto: Cibiyar Nazarin Gyara da Renaissance, 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;SEP&quot;/&gt;

== Rayuwa da tasiri ==
Francesco Agostino della Chiesa ya bayyana ta a matsayin &quot;mace mai faɗakarwa da ilmantarwa&quot; kuma ya tabbatar da cewa &quot;ba zai yiwu a wuce ta ba&quot;.  Cristofero Bronzino, ta furta ta musamman a rubuce-rubuce da waka, mafi yawan nasarorin da aka samu a cikin waƙoƙi masu tsarki, kuma babban gwani ne a falsafar ɗabi'a da ta halitta.&quot;An kuma ce Arcangela Tarabotti tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu sha'awarta, amma zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarta an ce Lucrezia ta &quot;harbe&quot;  aikin mahaifinta a matsayin likita ya rinjayi kuma ya motsa ta sha'awar kimiyya.  Marinella ta keɓe The Nobility and Excellence of Women ga wani likita kuma abokiyar mahaifinta Lucio Scarano wanda ya yi sha'awar koyar da ita. A wani lokaci, ya kira ta &quot;The Greek ornament of our century&quot; kuma ya kwatanta ta da mawaki Korina.Marinella ta keɓe waƙarta ''Amoro Innamorato da Impazzato'' ga wata mata mai karatu: Caterina de 'Medici, Duchess na Mantua . 

== Mutuwa ==
Marinella ya mutu daga zazzabin cuta, wani nau'in zazzabin cizon sauro, a cikin Campiello dei Squillini a Venice a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 1653. An binne ta a cocin Ikklisiya na kusa da S. Pantaleone . 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Tushe ===

* Westwater, Lynn Lara. &quot;Muryar damuwa: Rubuce-rubucen mata da kuma adawa da mata a cikin karni na goma sha bakwai na Venice (Italiya, Lucrezia Marinella, Sara Copio Sullam, Arcangela Tarabotti).&quot; Dissertation Abstracts International. Sashe na A: Humanities da Social Sciences 64, No. 10 (2003): 3705. Nazarin Mata na Duniya, EBSCOhost
* Putnam, Christie-Anne, da Anna Riehl. &quot;Lucrezia Marinella da &quot;Querelle des Femmes&quot; a cikin karni na sha bakwai a Italiya. &quot; Jaridar Karni na Sha shida 41, lamba ta 4 (Winter 2010 20010): 1200-1201. Cikakken Binciken Ilimi, EBSCOhost
* Byars, Jana. &quot;Byars on Marinella&quot;. H-Net Reviews In The Humanities &amp; Social Sciences (Disamba 2012): 1-2. Cikakken Binciken Ilimi, EBSCOhost
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] &quot;The Nobility and Excellence of Women and the Defects and Vices of Men (Book).&quot; ISIS: Jaridar Tarihin Kimiyya a cikin Al'umma 92, No. 4 (Disamba 2001): 779.Cikakken Binciken Ilimi, EBSCOhost
* Marinella, Lucrezia, da Anne Dunhill. 1999. ''Girma da kyawawan halaye na mata, da lahani da mugunta na maza.'' Chicago: Jami'ar Chicago Press.
* Lucrezia Marinella De&quot; gesti eroici e della vita maravigliosa della Serafica S. Caterina da Siena De&quot; gesti éoici e delle vita maravigleosa della Serafic S. Catarina da Siina by Lucrezia Marinella Review by: Stephen Kolsky
* An samo asali ne daga littafin nan The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), [http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2012/entries/lucrezia-marinella/]

== Ƙarin karantawa ==

* Luca Piantoni, ''Mirabile kirista ed eloquenza sacra a cikin Lucrezia Marinelli'', a cikin Poesia e retorica del Sacro tra Cinque e Seicento, a cura di Elisabetta Selmi, Erminia Ardissino, Alessandria, Edizioni Dell'Orso, 2009, shafuffuka 435-445.&amp;nbsp;

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://gynocentrism.com/2013/09/12/lucrezia-marinella-gynocentrism-in-the-16th-century/ Lucrezia Marinella: gynocentrism a cikin 1600]
*  
* [http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&amp;UID=12525 Lucrezia Marinella Vacca a cikin The Literary Encyclopedia]
* (Hotuna) http://www.projectcontinua.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lucrezia-Marinelli-183x300.jpg {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250816163242/http://www.projectcontinua.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Lucrezia-Marinelli-183x300.jpg |date=2025-08-16 }}
* Querelle (Lucrezia Marinella Querelle.ca) shafin yanar gizon da aka sadaukar da shi ga ayyukan marubutan da ke ba da gudummawa ga bangaren mata na querelle des femmes .
[[Rukuni:Haihuwar 1571]]
[[Rukuni:Mutuwar 1653]]
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'''Laurie Hollis Glimcher''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1951) likita ce kuma masanin kimiyya na Amurka kuma tsohon shugaban kasa kuma Shugaba na Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Dana-Farber . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Laurie H. Glimcher, MD, named president of Dana–Farber Cancer Institute – Dana–Farber Cancer Institute {{!}} Boston, MA |url=http://www.dana-farber.org/Newsroom/News-Releases/laurie-h-glimcher-md-named-president-of-dana-farber-cancer-institute.aspx |access-date=2016-10-11 |website=www.dana-farber.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; An zabe ta a matsayin memba na American Philosophical Society a shekarar 2019.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2022}}Glimcher ya kasance a tsakiyar rikice-rikice da suka shafi Masu fafutukar kare hakkin dabbobi, &lt;ref name=&quot;Sun&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-10-30 |title=Weill Cornell Medicine Dean Accused of Chimp Abandonment |url=http://cornellsun.com/2015/10/29/weill-cornell-medicine-dean-accused-of-chimp-abandonment/ |access-date=2016-10-11 |website=[[The Cornell Daily Sun]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; biyan kuɗi na kamfanoni, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kowalczyk |first=Liz |last2=Ryley |first2=Spotlight fellow Sarah L. |last3=Arsenault |first3=Mark |date=April 3, 2021 |title=Boston's hospital chiefs moonlight on corporate boards at rates far beyond the national level |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/04/03/metro/bostons-hospital-chiefs-moonlight-corporate-boards-rates-far-beyond-national-rate/ |access-date=2021-08-08 |website=BostonGlobe.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma mummunar hali na bincike. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Top Cancer Center Seeks to Retract or Correct Dozens of Studies {{!}} News {{!}} The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/22/health/dana-farber-cancer-studies-retractions.html |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=www.nytimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken 2021 da ƙungiyar Boston Globe Spotlight ta yi ya nuna ayyukan Glimcher a kan allon kamfanoni da yawa, gami da Bristol Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, da Analog Devices.&lt;ref name=&quot;z189&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kowalczyk |first=Liz |last2=Ryley |first2=Spotlight fellow Sarah L. |last3=Arsenault |first3=Mark |date=2021-04-03 |title=Boston's hospital chiefs moonlight on corporate boards at rates far beyond the national level |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/04/03/metro/bostons-hospital-chiefs-moonlight-corporate-boards-rates-far-beyond-national-rate/ |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=BostonGlobe.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan wannan binciken, Glimcher ta ci gaba da karɓar diyya a kan allon riba, yayin da ta ninka albashinta zuwa dala miliyan 4 a kowace shekara a Dana-Farber . &lt;ref name=&quot;k980&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kowalczyk |first=Liz |date=2024-01-31 |title=Boston's hospital chiefs have turned away from sitting on outside boards |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2024/01/31/metro/boston-hospital-chiefs-outside-boards/ |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=BostonGlobe.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024, Glimcher ya sauka a matsayin Shugaban kasa da Shugaba na Dana-Farber.&lt;ref name=&quot;o622&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edelman |first=Larry |date=2024-09-03 |title=Dana-Farber CEO Laurie Glimcher to step down next month |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2024/09/03/business/dana-farber-glimcher-ebert-new-ceo/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=BostonGlobe.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Glimcher ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Winsor, makarantar masu zaman kansu ta mata a [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]], a shekarar 1968. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-12-02 |title=Laurie Glimcher '68 |url=http://www.winsor.edu/page/news-detail?pk=1143730 |access-date=2020-03-26 |website=Winsor School |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1972, ta kammala digiri na biyu daga Kwalejin Radcliffe, sannan ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard a shekara ta 1976.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Laurie H. Glimcher, MD - Dana–Farber Cancer Institute {{!}} Boston, MA |url=https://www.dana-farber.org/find-a-doctor/laurie-h-glimcher/ |access-date=2020-03-26 |website=www.dana-farber.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ta shiga kwamitin daraktocin Bristol-Myers Squibb a 1997 kuma ta yi ritaya daga kwamitin a 2017. Gidan bincikenta ya sami tallafi daga Merck &amp;amp;amp; Co don aikin da aka mayar da hankali kan haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin warkewa don maganin osteoporosis a cikin 2008. 

Daga 1991 zuwa 2012, Glimcher ya kasance Irene Heinz Given Farfesa na Immunology a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Harvard, farfesa a fannin kiwon lafiya a Makarantar Likita ta Harvard. A fannin kiwon lafiya, ƙwararre ce a cikin osteoporosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

Daga 2012 zuwa 2016, Glimcher ya yi aiki a matsayin Stephen da Suzanne Weiss Dean na Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Weill Cornell da kuma [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] Provost for Medical Affairs . &lt;ref name=&quot;bms.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bristol-Myers Squibb: Laurie H. Glimcher, M.D. |url=https://www.bms.com/about-us/leadership/board-of-directors.html |access-date=2016-12-08 |website=www.bms.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Fabrairun 2016, an nada Laurie Glimcher a matsayin Shugaban kasa da Shugaba na Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Dana-Farber. An yi la'akari da Glimcher don matsayin Dean na Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard amma ya juya matsayin don ya zama shugaban Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Dana-Farber . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-01 |title=Recruited to lead Harvard med, 'fearless' scientist chose Dana-Farber |url=https://www.statnews.com/2016/03/01/laurie-glimcher-dana-farber/ |access-date=2016-12-08 |website=STAT}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Dana-Farber, Glimcher ya haɗu a kan bincike don neman hanyoyin yaki da ciwon daji daga cikin tsarin rigakafin ɗan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat News&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bailey |first=Melissa |date=March 2016 |title=Recruited to lead Harvard Med, 'fearless' scientist chose Dana-Farber |url=https://www.statnews.com/2016/03/01/laurie-glimcher-dana-farber/ |access-date=26 April 2017 |website=Stat News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Dana-Farber wata cibiya ce da ke da alaƙa da Harvard, kamar yadda a halin yanzu tana ɗaya daga cikin asibitocin koyarwa. Glimcher, wacce ita ce mace ta farko da ta kasance shugabar kowane makarantar likita a jihar New York, ta zama mace ta farko ta jagoranci Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Dana-Farber.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-01-17 |title=Laurie Glimcher |url=https://theforum.sph.harvard.edu/expert-participants/laurie-glimcher/ |access-date=2020-11-03 |website=The Forum at Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2017, ta shiga kwamitin GlaxoSmithKline . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 22, 2017 |title=Cancer expert joins the overhaul at Glaxo - The Times |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/cancer-expert-joins-the-overhaul-at-glaxo-bh2hpt5hr |access-date=2021-07-21 |website=www.thetimes.co.uk/ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2020, ta shiga kwamitin Analog Devices . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2020 |title=Dana-Farber CEO joining Analog board - The Boston Globe |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2020/08/18/dana-farber-ceo-joining-analog-board/IF9oeZYcvj5HwgxASJDjcL/story.html |access-date=2020-11-17 |website=BostonGlobe.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
Binciken Glimcher ya mayar da hankali kan Tsarin rigakafi; an san ta da aiki na farko tare da bambancin tantanin halitta na T, bincikenta cewa Schnurri-3 yana sarrafa osteoblasts wanda ya haifar da haɗin gwiwa tare da Merck &amp;amp;amp; Co., da kuma binciken da XBP-1 ya taka a cikin lipogenesis da kuma amsawar furotin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Neill |first=US |date=1 July 2016 |title=A conversation with Laurie Glimcher. |journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=126 |issue=7 |pages=2392–3 |doi=10.1172/jci88964 |pmc=4922720 |pmid=27367182}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sedwick |first=Caitlin |date=2010-04-19 |title=Laurie Glimcher: Merging cell biology and immune function |journal=The Journal of Cell Biology |volume=189 |issue=2 |pages=192–193 |doi=10.1083/jcb.1892pi |pmc=2856904 |pmid=20404104}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matsayin Glimcher ya taimaka wajen gano Schnurri-3 (Shn3 don takaice) babban furotin ne na zinc wanda ke da alaƙa da Drosophila. Shn mai iko ne kuma mai mahimmanci mai kula da tsarin ƙashi na manya. Binciken ta yana da tasiri ga fahimtar [[Cutar Asthma|asma]], HIV, cututtukan hanji, da osteoporosis, da kuma a kusa da 2016, akan maganin rigakafin ciwon daji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-01 |title=Recruited to lead Harvard med, 'fearless' scientist chose Dana-Farber |url=https://www.statnews.com/2016/03/01/laurie-glimcher-dana-farber/ |access-date=2016-10-11 |website=STAT}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Glimcher ta zama mai sha'awar rigakafi a lokacin shekara ta farko ta makarantar likita a Harvard.&lt;ref name=&quot;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sedwick |first=Caitlin |date=19 April 2010 |title=Laurie Glimcher: Merging cell biology and immune function |journal=The Journal of Cell Biology |volume=189 |issue=2 |pages=192–193 |doi=10.1083/jcb.1892pi |pmc=2856904 |pmid=20404104}}&lt;/ref&gt; A can ta yi sha'awar dysregulation a cikin cututtukan rigakafi kuma, a cikin shekara ta huɗu a Harvard, ta gano furotin da aka sani da Nk1.1 (duba tantanin halitta mai kisan T), wanda ba da daɗewa ba ya zama sananne a duk faɗin ilimin rigakafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&quot; /&gt; Don wannan binciken, Glimcher ta zama mace ta farko da ta karbi kyautar Soma Weiss, girmamawa da mahaifinta ya samu shekaru 26 da suka gabata. A wannan lokacin, Glimcher ta yi aiki tare da mai ba da shawara Bill Paul, wanda ya ƙarfafa ta ta ci gaba da bincikenta da kanta bayan kammala makarantar likita.

Glimcher a halin yanzu tana jagorantar nata dakin gwaje-gwaje don bincike a cikin rigakafi. Tana da sha'awar nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin tsarin damuwa na ER a cikin neurons da aikin rigakafi da lalacewar neuro.&lt;ref name=&quot;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&quot;/&gt; Ayyukanta na baya sun haɗa da tsara aikin rigakafi kuma sun sauya zuwa osteobiology tare da mai da hankali kan Cutar ƙashi osteoporosis. Lab dinta na Harvard tana da kwangilar shekaru uku tare da Merck don maganin Fosamax, magani ga osteoporosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&quot; /&gt; Binciken Glimcher na yanzu yana neman amsa tambayar, &quot;Ta yaya tsarin rigakafi da tsarin damuwa na ER ke tasiri ga ci gaban ciwon daji da ci gaba?&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&quot; /&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da membobin ==
Glimcher ta sami lambar yabo ta L'Oréal-UNESCO don Mata a Kimiyya a shekarar 2014 saboda aikinta a fannin rigakafi da bincikenta game da kula da martani na rigakafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&quot;/&gt; A shekara ta 2014, ta sami lambar yabo ta Margaret Kripke Legend . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Margaret L. Kripke Legend Award |url=https://www.mdanderson.org/publications/promise/kripke-award-laurie-glimcher.h37-1589046.html |access-date=19 February 2022 |publisher=M. D. Anderson Cancer Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sami lambar yabo ta Steven C. Beering a shekarar 2015. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Steven C. Beering Award &amp;#124; Office of Faculty Affairs and Professional Development |url=http://faculty.medicine.iu.edu/awards-services/awards/beering-award/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711051648/http://faculty.medicine.iu.edu/awards-services/awards/beering-award/ |archive-date=2018-07-11 |access-date=2018-07-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2018, ta sami lambar yabo ta American Association of Immunologists Lifetime Achievement Award . &lt;ref name=&quot;Winners&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Past Recipients |url=https://www.aai.org/Awards/Career-Awards/AAI-Lifetime-Achievement-Award/Past-Recipients.aspx |access-date=19 September 2018 |website=The American Association of Immunologists}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An zabe ta a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa, Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa, Cibiyar Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka da Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amirka. Ita memba ce ta Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka, Ƙungiyar Masu Kula da Kwararrun Kwararrun, Ƙungiyar Amurka don Binciken Asibiti, Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Amurka, da Ƙungiyar Amurka ta Ci gaban Kimiyya.&lt;ref name=&quot;bms.com&quot;/&gt; Ta kasance shugabar kungiyar American Association of Immunologists daga 2003 zuwa 2004. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-12-02 |title=Laurie Glimcher '68 |url=https://www.winsor.edu/news-detail?pk=1143730 |access-date=2020-11-03 |website=Winsor School |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2020 an ba ta suna sabon memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Kimiyya na Tsayawa zuwa Ciwon daji . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr. Laurie Glimcher Named to Stand Up To Cancer Scientific Advisory Committee |url=https://standuptocancer.org/press/dr-laurie-glimcher-named-to-su2c-scientific-advisory-committee/ |access-date=2020-11-03 |website=Stand Up To Cancer |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110104504/https://standuptocancer.org/press/dr-laurie-glimcher-named-to-su2c-scientific-advisory-committee/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iyali ==
Glimcher 'yar Geraldine Lee (Bogolub) ce da Melvin J. Glimcher, wanda ya kasance majagaba a ci gaban gaɓoɓin wucin gadi yayin da yake shugaban sashen Orthopedics na Babban Asibitin Massachusetts. Iyalinta Yahudawa ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Israel |url=https://www.jakeforma.com/israel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Glimcher ta bi sawun mahaifinta ta hanyar zama cikakken farfesa a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard tana da shekaru 39; biyun sun zama abokan bincike.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stat News&quot;/&gt;

Ta auri Gregory Petsko, Farfesa na Neurology a Cibiyar Ann Romney don Cututtukan Neurologic a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard da Brigham da Asibitin Mata, wanda ya kasance darektan Cibiyar Binciken Kimiyya ta Rosenstiel da kuma shugaban ilimin kimiyyar halittu a Jami'ar Brandeis kafin ya koma Weill Cornell Medicine, inda ya zama darektan Helen da Robert Appel Alzheimer's Research Institute. Glimcher a baya ta auri Hugh Auchincloss,  wanda shine babban mataimakin Dokta Anthony Fauci,  kuma ya kasance shugaban Transplant Surgery a Brigham &amp; Women's Hospital, &lt;sup class=&quot;mw-ref reference&quot; cx-link=&quot;&quot; data-linkid=&quot;195&quot; href=&quot;./Jake_Auchincloss&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Jake Auchincloss&quot;&gt;Jake Auchincloss suggests he's the frontrunner to replace Joe Kennedy. His opponents are certainly treating him like one.&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;url&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.boston.com/news/politics/2020/07/31/jake-auchincloss-4th-district-race&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;accessdate&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;1&lt;/nowiki&gt; August 2020&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;publisher&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;Boston.com&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;date&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;July 31, 2020&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;}},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;i&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:0}}]}\&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=\&quot;true\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAw0\&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;cite about=\&quot;#mwt202\&quot; class=\&quot;citation news cs1\&quot; id=\&quot;CITEREFDeCosta-Clipa2020\&quot; data-ve-ignore=\&quot;true\&quot;&gt;DeCosta-Clipa, Nik (July 31, 2020). &lt;a class=\&quot;external text\&quot; href=\&quot;https://www.boston.com/news/politics/2020/07/31/jake-auchincloss-4th-district-race\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAw4\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot;&gt;\&quot;Jake Auchincloss suggests he's the frontrunner to replace Joe Kennedy. His opponents are certainly treating him like one\&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Boston.com&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=\&quot;reference-accessdate\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAw8\&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=\&quot;nowrap\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAxA\&quot;&gt;1 August&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; 2020&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}}&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-Nik_36-0&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;[./Laurie_Glimcher#cite_note-Nik-36 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;3&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; kuma tare da shi ta haifi 'ya'ya uku, Kalah, Hugh da Jake Auchincloss.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Glimcher Helps Women Balance Career, family |url=http://www.brighamandwomens.org/about_bwh/publicaffairs/news/publications/DisplayBulletin.aspx?articleid=3465 |access-date=October 16, 2017 |archive-date=October 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016175348/http://www.brighamandwomens.org/about_bwh/publicaffairs/news/publications/DisplayBulletin.aspx?articleid=3465 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Science is in the bones for dad, daughter |url=http://archive.boston.com/yourlife/health/diseases/articles/2006/08/21/science_is_in_the_bones_for_dad_daughter/ |access-date=October 16, 2017 |archive-date=April 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402050022/http://archive.boston.com/yourlife/health/diseases/articles/2006/08/21/science_is_in_the_bones_for_dad_daughter/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

'Yarta, Kalah Auchincloss, J.D., M.P.H., babban mataimakin shugaban bin ka'idoji ne kuma mataimakin babban lauya na Greenleaf Health kuma a baya ya kasance mataimakin Shugaban ma'aikata na kwamishinonin kula da abinci da magunguna guda biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kalah Auchincloss Joins Greenleaf Health as SVP |url=http://dc.citybizlist.com/article/446265/kalah-auchincloss-joins-greenleaf-health-as-svp |access-date=October 16, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɗanta na fari, Dokta Hugh Glimcher Auchincloss, shi ma likita ne, a halin yanzu likitan zuciya ne a Babban Asibitin Massachusetts . &lt;ref name=&quot;statnews.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-01 |title=Recruited to lead Harvard med, 'fearless' scientist chose Dana-Farber |url=https://www.statnews.com/2016/03/01/laurie-glimcher-dana-farber/ |access-date=October 16, 2017 |website=STAT}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yaronta ƙarami, Jake Auchincloss, a halin yanzu shi ne wakilin Gundumar majalisa ta 4 ta Massachusetts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-04 |title=Ex-Marine Jake Auchincloss wins crowded Democratic primary in race to fill House seat being vacated by Joe Kennedy III |url=https://apnews.com/f7827bd344e4bf4826c785d1dafc77de |access-date=2020-09-08 |website=AP NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Phillips |first=Lucas |date=January 3, 2021 |title=Auchincloss sworn in as Massachusetts' newest US House member - The Boston Globe |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/01/03/metro/auchincloss-sworn-massachusetts-newest-us-house-member/ |access-date=2021-01-04 |website=BostonGlobe.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Haɗin mata ==
Laurie Glimcher an dauke ta a matsayin mai gwagwarmayar kare hakkin mata a cikin al'ummar kimiyya ta yawancin takwarorinta.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2022}}Yayinda take a Harvard, ta hayar masu fasaha na dakin gwaje-gwaje tare da asusun bincikenta don tallafawa 'yan uwanta na postdoctoral bayan sun haifi jarirai don a ba su damar barin ta 6.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2022}}Wannan ya ci gaba da shiga cikin Glimcher tare da Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Kasa don ƙirƙirar irin wannan shirin tallafin postdoc kula da membobin iyali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-01 |title=Recruited to lead Harvard med, 'fearless' scientist chose Dana-Farber |url=https://www.statnews.com/2016/03/01/laurie-glimcher-dana-farber/ |access-date=2016-12-09 |website=STAT}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Glimcher ta yi aiki a cikin 2005 Larry Summers Task Force for Women in Science and Engineering, inda ta nuna takaici game da ci gaban mata a kimiyya.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2022}}Ta shiga wannan rundunar bayan an haifar da gardama lokacin da tsohon shugaban Harvard Larry Summers ya ba da shawarar cewa mata na iya yin kasa a kimiyya. Kodayake tana cikin kwamitin Larry Summers, Glimcher har yanzu ta yi imanin cewa har yanzu akwai ƙarin aiki da za a yi.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2022}}[ana buƙatar ƙaulin] An nakalto ta tana cewa: &quot;Babu isasshen mata a manyan mukamai na jagoranci, lokaci. Ba ta sami mafi kyawun gaske ba tun lokacin da nake makarantar likita. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Bayan an nada ta a makarantar likita ta Cornell nan da nan ta yi canje-canje game da haƙƙin mata. Ta kafa hutun haihuwa da aka biya, ta kirkiro cibiyoyin kula da yara da kuma wani shirin tallafin postdoc ga masu kula da farko. Bayan isa Cornell akwai 0 daga cikin kujerun sashen asibiti 19 da mata suka cika; a yau akwai 2.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Rikici na NYBC ==
A cikin 2015, Masu fafutukar kare hakkin dabbobi sun yi niyya ga Glimcher kan zanga-zangar da suka yi na janye tallafi ga chimpanzees a Laberiya ta Cibiyar Jinin New York inda Glimcher ya kasance a cikin kwamitin na tsawon shekaru biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sun&quot;/&gt;

== Rahoton Boston Globe Spotlight da jayayya ta kwamitin kamfanoni ==
Lokacin da Glimcher ta fara aiki a Dana-Farber, ta ci gaba da aiki a kwamitin kamfanin magunguna na Bristol Myers Squibb duk da cewa kamfanin yana da hannu a yakin shari'a tare da Dana-Farbert game da haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka da haƙƙin magani. Daga baya ta yi murabus daga wannan mukamin kuma ta shiga wani kwamitin samar da magunguna, a matsayin darektan GlaxoSmithKline . Matsayin Glimcher na biyu a matsayin Shugaba na Dana-Farber kuma a matsayin darektan allon kamfanoni da yawa an nuna shi a cikin labarin Boston Globe Spotlight &quot;Shugabannin asibitin Boston sun haskaka a kan allon kamfanini a farashi da ya wuce matakin ƙasa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kowalczyk |first=Liz |last2=Ryley |first2=Spotlight fellow Sarah L. |last3=Arsenault |first3=Mark |date=April 3, 2021 |title=Boston's hospital chiefs moonlight on corporate boards at rates far beyond the national level |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/04/03/metro/bostons-hospital-chiefs-moonlight-corporate-boards-rates-far-beyond-national-rate/ |access-date=2021-08-08 |website=BostonGlobe.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya haifar da kira da yawa tsakanin likitocin [[Jami'ar Harvard|Harvard]] da ma'aikatan asibitin na Boston don hana shugabannin asibiti yin aiki a kan allunan kamfanoni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kowalczyk |first=Liz |date=August 7, 2021 |title=A group of doctors, medical students seeks to prohibit Boston's hospital chiefs from working on corporate boards |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/08/07/metro/group-doctors-medical-students-seeks-prohibit-bostons-hospital-chiefs-working-corporate-boards/ |access-date=2021-08-08 |website=BostonGlobe.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rikici game da sarrafa bayanai ==
A watan Janairun 2024 Glimcher na daga cikin masu bincike hudu a Dana-Farber da ake zargi da karkatar da bayanai a cikin takardun bincike. An yi amfani da hotuna a cikin takardun ta hanyar da ta ba da shawarar yunkurin da aka yi na yaudarar masu karatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Top Cancer Center Seeks to Retract or Correct Dozens of Studies {{!}} News {{!}} The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/22/health/dana-farber-cancer-studies-retractions.html |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=www.nytimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi ƙoƙari ta gyara wasu daga cikin bayanan, duk da haka an janye shida daga cikin waɗannan takardun har sai ana jiran sakamakon binciken yayin da ake gyara wasu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Researchers Accused of Manipulating Data {{!}} News {{!}} The Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/1/12/dana-farber-research-misconduct-allegations/ |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=www.thecrimson.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dana-Farber to Retract 6 Papers, Correct 31 Following Data Manipulation Claims {{!}} News {{!}} The Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/1/22/dana-farber-issues-corrections/ |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=www.thecrimson.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Dana-Farber
* Rashin halayyar kimiyya

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty/laurie-glimcher/ Shafin gida na hukuma a Harvard]
{{GlaxoSmithKline}}{{Authority control}} 
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'''Daryl John Harper''', (An haife shi ne a ranar 23 ga watan Oktoba a shekarar 1951) tsohon dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne a kasar Australiya, wanda ya kasance mai kula da gwajin tsakanin 1998 da 2011. Ya kasance memba na ICC Elite Panel of Umpires daga 2002 har zuwa 2011 lokacin da ICC ta sanar da cewa ana dakatar da Harper a ƙarshen kwangilarsa a watan Yulin 2011. A watan Yunin 2011, biyo bayan zargi daga Indiya a lokacin jerin gwaje-gwaje na Indiya - West Indies Harper ya yi ritaya daga yin hukunci.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Harper a yankin Adelaide na Mile End a cikin 1951 kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Norwood kafin ya fara koyar da makarantar firamare. Ya yi ɗan gajeren aiki a matsayin mai ba da izini na ƙwallon ƙafa na Australiya kafin rauni ya tilasta masa ya bar.

== Ayyukan wasa ==
Harper ya taka leda a matsayin mai buga kwallo na hannun dama a gasar wasan kurket ta Adelaide don [[Teachers' College|Kwalejin Malamai]] da kungiyoyin East Torrens.

== Mai Shari'a ==
A shekara ta 1983 ya sauya zuwa mai yanke hukunci, inda ya fara buga wasan kurket na farko a shekarar 1987.

Harper ya fara fitowa a wasan kasa da kasa a watan Janairun 1994 lokacin da ya yi hukunci a One Day International (ODI) a Perth tsakanin New Zealand da Afirka ta Kudu. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1998 Harper ya fara gwajin gwaji lokacin da aka nada shi ya tsaya a gwajin Ashes na 2 a filin WACA tare da umpire Venkat; Harper kuma ya tsaya a MCG a gwajin 4 na wannan jerin. Bayan ci gaba zuwa National Grid Panel of International Umpires, Harper ya kuma fara bayyana a wasannin gwaji daga Australia a matsayin mai ba da izini mai zaman kansa.

A shekara ta 2002 Majalisar Cricket ta Duniya (ICC) ta gabatar da manufofin masu zaman kansu guda biyu da ke tsaye a kowane wasan gwaji, da kuma mai zaman kansa da kuma mai gida daya a cikin ODIs. Za a zaɓi masu yanke hukunci masu zaman kansu daga sabon kwamitin yanke hukunci na ICC Elite wanda ya ƙunshi ƙudurin ICC na manyan masu yanke hukunci 8 - 10 daga ko'ina cikin duniya. An haɗa Harper a cikin asalin layin don wannan kwamitin, a lokacin da aka zaba akan 'yan Australia Simon Taufel da Darrell Hair (duka biyu daga baya sun shiga kwamitin a 2003). Harper ya yi hukunci a wasan buɗewa na gasar cin Kofin Duniya na Cricket ta 2003 a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ya ci gaba da tsayawa a daya daga cikin wasan kusa da na karshe. A ranar 31 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2005 ya yanke hukunci a ODI na 100, wasan tsakanin Zimbabwe da New Zealand a Harare .

Ya kasance umpire na uku don gwaji na tsarin 'mai kunnawa' a cikin shekara ta 2009. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cricinfo |author-link=Cricinfo |title=Sarwan endures amid umpiring chaos |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/wiveng2009/content/story/392808.html |access-date=2010-02-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekara ta 2010, Ingila ta gabatar da korafi a kan Harper bayan an karɓi shawarar da aka kama a bayan shawarar saboda ƙarar da mai watsa shirye-shiryen gida ya bayar ba ta da kyau don gano gefen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cricinfo |author-link=Cricinfo |title=Harper howlers undermine UDRS |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/rsaveng09/content/story/444330.html |access-date=2010-02-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cricinfo |author-link=Cricinfo |title=ECB ask for reinstatement of lost review |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/rsaveng09/content/story/444425.html |access-date=2010-02-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ICC ta sauke Harper daga 2010 ICC World Twenty20 saboda &quot; dalilai na aikin gaba ɗaya&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cricinfo |author-link=Cricinfo |title=Daryl Harper won't stand at World Twenty20 |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/wt202010/content/story/451451.html |access-date=2010-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta sauke shi daga Kwamitin Elite a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2011. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Harper, de Silva removed from Elite Panel |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/current/story/516640.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; ICC daga baya ta bayyana cewa Harper zai tsaya a wasanni biyu na karshe; tsakanin West Indies da Indiya a Sabina Park da Windsor Park. 

Harper ya yi ritaya daga yin hukunci bayan wasu zargi masu tsanani daga Indiya a lokacin gwajin farko da West Indies. &lt;ref name=&quot;fox&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Motorsport Video &amp;#124;Motorsport Highlights, Replays, News, Clips |url=http://www.foxsports.com.au/cricket/australian-umpire-daryl-harper-retires-from-test-cricket-following-criticism-from-india-after-test-against-west-indies/story-e6frf3g3-1226084583736}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dave Richardson, manajan ICC Cricket, ya ce Harper ya sami &quot;rashin adalci&quot; daga 'yan wasan Indiya kuma cewa ainihin yanke shawara da ya yi da Indiya ya kasance a kashi 96 cikin dari, wanda ya kasance &quot;mafi girma sama da matsakaici&quot;. Harper ya ce ya sami kashi 94% na yanke shawara a wasan da ya dace, amma ya yarda ya yi kuskure biyu a wasan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-07-01 |title=Harper defends performance, concedes two errors |url=https://www.espn.com/cricket/story/_/id/22432183/got-94-my-decisions-correct-daryl-harper |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙididdigar Ƙasashen Duniya ==
Ya zuwa 4 ga Yuni 2010:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!
!Na farko
!Na Ƙarshe
!Jimillar
|-
|'''Gwaje-gwaje'''
|Ostiraliya da Ingila a Perth, Nuwamba 1998
|New Zealand v Pakistan a Wellington, Janairu 2011
|94
|-
|'''ODIs'''
|New Zealand v Afirka ta Kudu a Perth, Janairu 1994
|Bangladesh v Afirka ta Kudu a Dhaka, Maris 2011
|174
|-
|'''T20Is'''
|Afirka ta Kudu da West Indies a Johannesburg, Satumba 2007
|Pakistan v Sri Lanka a gidan Ubangiji, Yuni 2009
|10
|}

; Kyaututtuka

* Kyautar Bail na Bronze na ICC don ODIs 100.

; Jakadancin

* A watan Maris na shekara ta 2009, an sanar da Daryl Harper, a matsayin jakada ga Orana, wani kamfani na [[Adelaide]] wanda ke ba da aiki ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=International Cricket Council |url=http://icc-cricket.yahoo.net/the-icc/match_officials/panel_of_umpires.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105172332/http://icc-cricket.yahoo.net/the-icc/match_officials/panel_of_umpires.php |archive-date=5 November 2009 |access-date=17 June 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Shi jakada ne na The Adelaide Crows . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 May 2010 |title=New Crows Ambassador |url=http://www.afl.com.au/news/blogarticle/tabid/8123/newsid/94586/default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010012518/http://www.afl.com.au/news/blogarticle/tabid/8123/newsid/94586/default.aspx |archive-date=10 October 2012 |access-date=17 June 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin masu yanke hukunci na wasan kurket
* Jerin 'yan wasa na kasa da kasa na rana daya
* Jerin masu yanke hukunci na kasa da kasa na Twenty20

== manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>b1rxqhcm10daoyigkybnpcuz6qg638f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gregory Ojefua</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>98817</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861831</id>
      <parentid>731583</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T08:45:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Momi Hauwa</username>
        <id>46145</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Inda ya karanta bangaren    a shekaran</comment>
      <origin>861831</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="17756" sha1="46pqhiyhrd8j4f5hbktbvnywmapy4st" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Gregory Ojefua''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga Yuli) wanda aka fi sani da '''Greg &quot;Teddy Bear&quot; Ojefua''' [[Ɗan wasa|ɗan wasan kwaikwayo]] ne na Najeriya, Mai wasan kwaikwayo na murya, kuma Mai shirya fina finai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-03-09 |title=Greg Ojefua Becomes Environmentalist – Independent Newspaper Nigeria |url=https://independent.ng/greg-ojefua-becomes-environmentalist/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-08-08 |title=I Made Effort To Avoid Being Typecast As Comic Character – Gregory Ojefua – Independent Newspaper Nigeria |url=https://independent.ng/i-made-effort-to-avoid-being-typecast-as-comic-character-gregory-ojefua/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Ojefua ya fito ne daga [[Igueben]], [[Edo|Jihar Edo]], [[Najeriya]] amma an haife shi a Legas, [[Najeriya]], inda ya kammala karatun firamare da sakandare a garinsu kafin ya halarci [[Jami'ar Adekunle Ajasin]] da ke [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]] inda ya karanta bangaren Gudanar da Kasuwanci da Gudanarwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okuyeme |first=Tony |last2=Telegraph |first2=New |date=2022-01-28 |title=Featuring in Over Her Dead Body, an actor's dream – Ojefua - New Telegraph |url=https://newtelegraphng.com/featuring-in-over-her-dead-body-an-actors-dream-ojefua/,%20https://newtelegraphng.com/featuring-in-over-her-dead-body-an-actors-dream-ojefua/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=newtelegraphng.com |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ojefua ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo tun yana ƙarami amma ya shiga cikin fagen a shekaran 2015 tare da aikinsa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da fina-finai daban-daban. Ojefua ya taka rawa da yawa a fina-finai da talabijin. Ya sami karbuwa saboda yadda ya nuna [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|Odumegwu Ojukwu]] a cikin gajeren fim din The Encounter . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=punchng |date=2019-02-24 |title=Acting as Ojukwu, toughest role of my career – Gregory Ojefua |url=https://punchng.com/acting-as-ojukwu-toughest-role-of-my-career-gregory-ojefua/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Grace |first=Ihesiulo |date=2018-05-25 |title=Until when I no longer have time to go for auditions; then my career has blossom-Gregory Ojefua |url=https://dailytimesng.com/slim-not-equate-fit-gregory-ojefua/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=DAILY TIMES Nigeria |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!'''Year'''
!'''Title'''
!Role
!Notes/Ref.
|-
|2014
|''Up Creek Without a Paddle''
|Asari Dokubo
|Directed by [[Tarila Thompson]], the cast includes; [[Van Vicker]], [[Omotola Jalade Ekeinde]], [[Beverly Naya]], and [[Michael Ihnow]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-24 |title=Up Creek Without a Paddle - Nollywire |url=https://nollywire.com/titles/up-creek-without-a-paddle/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2015
|[[The Banker (fim na 2015)|''The Banker'']]
|Obi
|Directed by [[Ikechukwu Onyeka]], other cast include; [[Belinda Effah]], [[Mbong Amata]], [[Seun Akindele]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-02-08 |title=THE BANKER {{!}} Nollywood Movie Reviews {{!}} Talk African Movies |url=https://www.talkafricanmovies.com/the-banker/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=www.talkafricanmovies.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=REinvented |first=Nollywood |date=2015-06-19 |title=The Banker {{!}} Nigerian &amp; Nollywood Movies |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2015/06/the-banker1.html |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Nollywood Reinvented |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''The Encounter''
|General Emeka
|Directed by Tolu Ajayi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ade-Unuigbe |first=Adesola |date=2015-12-14 |title=Watch &quot;The Encounter&quot; – A Short Film Based on C. Odemegwu Ojukwu &amp; Emmanuel Ifeajuna |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/12/watch-the-encounter-a-short-film-based-on-c-odemegwu-ojukwu-emmanuel-ifeajuna/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2016
|''[[It's Her Day]]''
|Omonigho
|Directed by Aniedi Anwah and produced by [[Bovi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2016-08-02 |title=WATCH the Hilarious Trailer for &quot;It's Her Day&quot; starring Bovi, Ini Dima-Okojie, Shaffy Bello, Omoni Oboli &amp; More |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/08/watch-the-hilarious-trailer-for-its-her-day-starring-bovi-ini-dima-okojie-shaffy-bello-omoni-oboli-more/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=izuzu |first=chibumga |date=2016-09-16 |title=&quot;It's Her Day&quot; is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie/tz6vgqv |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404180737/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie/tz6vgqv |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''[[The Arbitration]]''
|Chijioke Utah
|Directed by Niyi Akinmolayan, other casts include; [[Somkele Iyamah]], [[Iretiola Doyle|Ireti Doyle]], [[OC Ukeje]] and [[Beverly Naya]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lawal |first=Babatunde |date=2022-08-19 |title=Movie recommendation of the week: Niyi Akinmolayan's The Arbitration |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/movie-recommendation-of-the-week-niyi-akinmolayans-the-arbitration/28egr94 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2016-08-02 |title=Watch the Official Trailer for 'The Arbitration' starring OC Ukeje, Adesua Etomi, Sola Fosudo, Ireti Doyle &amp; More |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/08/watch-the-official-trailer-for-the-arbitration-starring-oc-ukeje-adesua-etomi-sola-fosudo-ireti-doyle-more/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''[[Just Not Married]]''
|Ekun
|Directed by Uduak Obong Patrick, other casts include; Seun Aflabi, [[Ijeoma Grace Agu]], [[Stan Nze]] and [[Rotimi Salami]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2016-02-25 |title=Watch the Trailer for &quot;Just Not Married&quot; starring Judith Audu, Ijeoma Agu, Adeniyi Johnson &amp; More! |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/02/watch-the-trailer-for-just-not-married-starring-judith-audu-ijeoma-agu-adeniyi-johnson-more/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''[[Suru L'ere]]''
|Brume
|Directed by Mildred Okwo, other casts include; [[Kemi Lala Akindoju]], [[Rita Dominic]], [[Seun Ajayi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2016-02-01 |title=&quot;Suru L'ere&quot; set for Worldwide Premiere in Lagos on February 12 {{!}} Watch the New Trailer |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/02/suru-lere-set-for-worldwide-premiere-in-lagos-on-february-12/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Suru l' ere (Patience Pays) (2016) |url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/suru-l-ere-patience-pays-2016 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Men In Trouble''
|Nick
|Directed by Paul Omoruyi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Efoghe |first=Hope |date=2016-06-23 |title='MEN in trouble' sets to take over the industry |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/men-in-trouble-sets-to-take-over-the-industry/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Nigeriafilms |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203172802/https://www.nigeriafilms.com/men-in-trouble-sets-to-take-over-the-industry/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Virgin Bride''
|
|Directed by [[Sobe Charles Umeh]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Virgin Bride {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/virgin_bride |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Jimi Bendel''
|D.P.O John
|Directed by Ehizojie Ojesebholo&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jimi Bendel (2016) |url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/jimi-bendel-2016 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2017
|''[[Omoye]]''
|Reverend Father
|Directed by Uche Chukwu, other casts include; [[Kiki Omeili]], [[Rotimi Salami]], Omobola Akinde&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2017-10-09 |title=Tina Mba, Kiki Omeili &amp; Stan Nze feature in Domestic Violence Movie 'Omoye' showing in Cinema from October 27th – Watch the Official Trailer |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/10/campfire-films-omoye/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2017-10-24 |title=The Long Anticipated Movie against Domestic Violence powered by Natures Gentle Touch 'Omoye' Premieres |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/10/omoye-movie-against-domestic-violence/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[The Women (2017 film)|''The Women'']]
|Chubi Enweuzo
|Directed by Blessing Effiom Egbe, other casts include; [[Rita Dominic]], [[Kate Henshaw]], [[Omoni Oboli]], and [[Femi Branch]]
|-
|''[[Bariga Sugar]]''
|Soldier
|Directed by Ifeoma Nkiruka Chukwuogo, other casts include; [[Tina Mba]], [[Lucy Ameh]], Halima Olarewaju&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bariga Sugar |url=https://www.filmafrica.org/awards/bariga-sugar/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Film Africa |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Isaakiayodeji |date=2022-03-05 |title=Bariga Sugar (2017): Coming-of-Age in a Lagos Ghetto |url=https://www.filmratsclub.com/2022/03/05/bariga-sugar-2017-coming-of-age-in-a-lagos-ghetto/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Film Rats Club |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Trace''
|Gebu
|Directed by Olu Alvin, other casts include; [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]], [[Bayray McNwizu|Bhaira Mcwizu]], and [[Yvonne Enakhena]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2017-06-08 |title=Must Watch Trailer! Blossom Chukwujekwu, Gregory Ojefua &amp; More Star in Yvonne Enakhena's New Film &quot;Trace&quot; |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/06/must-watch-trailer-blossom-chukwujekwu-gregory-ojefua-star-yvonne-enakhenas-new-film-trace/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=MEDIA |first=OSG |date=2017-06-07 |title=Yvonne Enakhena Releases Teaser Trailer for Upcoming Movie 'Trace' |url=https://olorisupergal.com/189396/movies/yvonne-enakhena-releases-teaser-trailer-upcoming-movie-trace/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=OloriSuperGal |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Pursuit''
|
|Directed by [[Fiyin Gambo]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2017-12-28 |title=Watch Teaser for 19-year old Fiyin Gambo's Action Packed film &quot;Pursuit&quot; starring on BN |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/12/watch-teaser-19-year-old-fiyin-gambos-action-packed-film-pursuit-starring-bn/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''The Panic Room Encounters''
|Chief Detective Tare
|Directed by Wayde Wonder&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Panic Room Encounters - reviews and where to watch - good.film |url=https://good.film/title/movie/1125018/the-panic-room-encounters |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=good.film |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2018
|''[[Oga Bolaji]]''
|Omo
|Directed by [[Kayode Kasum]], other cast include; Ikponmwosa Gold and [[Omowumi Dada]]
|-
|[[Nigerian Prince (fim)|''Nigerian Prince'']]
|Henry
|Directed by [[Faraday Okoro]], other cast include; Antonio J Bell, Chinaza Uche, [[Bimbo Manuel]], [[Tina Mba]]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2019
|''The Coffin Salesman''
|Uwem's Friend
|[[Imoh Umoren]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okechukwu |first=Daniel |date=2019-05-16 |title=Watch the Hilarious Trailer for Imoh Umoren's 'The Coffin Salesman' |url=https://culturecustodian.com/watch-trailer-imoh-umoren-coffin-salesman/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.) |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Truth &amp; Tidings''
|Emenike
|Directed by Emeka Bishop Nwabunze, other cast include; [[Frederick Leonard (actor)|Frederick Leonard]] and [[Rachel Oniga]]
|-
|[[Three Thieves (fim 2019)|''Three Thieves'']]
|Rukevwe's Boss
|Directed by Udoka Oyeka, casts include; [[Angel Unigwe]], [[Shawn Faqua]], [[Enado Odigie]], [[Odunlade Adekola]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2019-09-11 |title=The Official Trailer for &quot;Three Thieves&quot; will have you Laughing Out Loud {{!}} WATCH Now on BN |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/09/three-thieves-movie-trailer/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-09-07 |title=Nollywood Movie Alert: Three Thieves – Independent Newspaper Nigeria |url=https://independent.ng/nollywood-movie-alert-three-thieves/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''[[Gold Statue]]''
|Rambo
|Director by [[Tade Ogidan]], other cast include; [[Gabriel Afolayan]], [[Kunle Remi]], [[Richard Mofe-Damijo]], and [[Sola Sobowale]]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2020
|[[Son of Mercy (fim)|''Son of Mercy'']]
|Biggie
|Directed by Amen Imasuen, cast include; [[Yul Edochie|Alex Ekubo]], [[Linda Osifo]] and [[Kelvin Ikeduba]]
|-
|''[[Soft Work]]''
|Nonso
|Directed by Darasen Richards, cast include; [[IK Ogbonna|Ik Ogbonna]], [[Yul Edochie|Alex Ekubo]] and [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]]
|-
|''[[Dear Bayo]]''
|Mugabe
|Directed by Imoh Umoren, other cast include; [[Martha Ehinome]] and [[Kelechi Udegbe]]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2021
|''Finding Forever''
|Kene
|Directed by Emeka Madu, cast include; [[Mike Godson]] and [[Debby Felix]]
|-
|''[[What Happened at St James]]''
|
|Directed by [[Marc Adebesin]], cast include; [[Zack Orji]], [[Ken Erics]] and [[Chimezie Imo]]
|-
|''April Showers''
|
|Directed by Richards Omos-Iboyi, other cast include; [[Kunle Remi]], [[Pere Egbi]] and [[Lilian Esoro]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2021-10-12 |title='April Showers' Movie set to hit the Cinemas Nationwide from October 15th |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/10/april-showers-pere/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Country Hard''
|Dinma's Landlord
|Directed by Paul Utomi, other cast include; [[Theresa Edem]], [[Timini Egbuson]] and [[Kehinde Bankole]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nwogu |first=Precious 'Mamazeus' |date=2021-11-08 |title=Paul Utomi debuts official trailer for 'Country Hard' |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/paul-utomi-debuts-official-trailer-for-country-hard/rtwwte4 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Beautifool''
|
|Directed by Richard Omos Iboyi, other cast include; [[Kunle Remi]], [[Tana Adelana]] and [[Kelvin Ikeduba]]
|-
|[[Collision course|''Collision Course'']]
|TARS Commander
|Director by [[Bolanle Austen-Peters]], other cast include; [[Chioma Chukwuka]], [[Daniel Etim Effiong]] and [[Zainab Balogun]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ovwe |first=Medeme |date=September 11, 2022 |title=Movie Review: 'Collision Course': Good film with bad vibes |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/553462-movie-review-collision-course-good-film-with-bad-vibes.html?tztc=1 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=www.premiumtimesng.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Dwindle (fim)|Dwindle]]
|Oga Landlord
|Directed by [[Kayode Kasum]]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2022
|''The Hookup''
|
|Directed by [[Uyoyou Adia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-17 |title=The Hookup - Nollywire |url=https://nollywire.com/titles/the-hookup/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Prayers For Nina''
|
|Directed by Kabat Esosa Egbon&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prayers for Nina (2022) |url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/prayers-for-nina-2022 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Inside Life''
|
|Directed by [[Clarence Peters]], other cast include [[Jide Kosoko]] and [[Scarlet Gomez]]
|-
|[[Over Her Dead Body (fim)|''Over Her Dead Body'']]
|Rasco
|Directed by [[Sola Osofisan]], other cast include; [[Nse Ikpe-Etim]] and [[Binta Ayo Mogaji]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jayne |first=Augoye |date=January 1, 2022 |title=New Nollywood movie, 'Over Her Dead Body' set for cinema release |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/503502-new-nollywood-movie-over-her-dead-body-set-for-cinema-release.html?tztc=1 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=www.premiumtimesng.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |2023
|''Fill in Station''
|
|Cast include; [[Elma Mbadiwe]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fill in Station {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/fill_in_station |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''[[The Trade (fim ɗin 2023)|The Trade]]''
|Ebuka
|Directed by Jadesola Osiberu, other cast include; [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]], [[Angel Unigwe]], [[Shawn Faqua]], and [[Chiwetalu Agu]]
|-
|''Badcop''
|Juma
|Directed by [[Abbey Abimbola]], other cast include; [[Ali Nuhu]], Etinosa Idemudia, [[Allwell Ademola]], [[Geoff Andre Feyaerts]]
|-
|''This Is Lagos''
|Omo Dada
|Directed by [[Kenneth Gyang]], other cast include; Mike Afolarin, [[Gabriel Afolayan]], [[Kate Henshaw]], and [[Enyinna Nwigwe]]
|-
|''[[A Tribe Called Judah]]''
|Pluto
|Directed by [[Funke Akindele]], Adeoluwa Owu, Edited by Valentine Chukwuma&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stephen |first=Onu |date=December 25, 2023 |title=MOVIE REVIEW: 'A Tribe Called Judah': Funke Akindele's masterpiece of drama with comedy |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/653898-movie-review-a-tribe-called-judah-funke-akindeles-masterpiece-of-drama-with-comedy.html?tztc=1 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=www.premiumtimesng.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kwalejoji da Jami'o'i na Baƙar Fata a Tarihi</title>
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'''Makarantun Tarihi na Bakar Fata a Amurka''' ('''HBCUs''') su ne cibiyoyin ilimi na gaba da sakandare da aka kafa a [[Amurka]] kafin shekarar 1964, da nufin samar da ilimi ga 'yan asalin Afirka-Amurka. An kafa yawancin su a yankin kudancin Amurka, musamman bayan yakin basasa na Amurka da kuma lokacin gyaran kasa (Reconstruction Era) tsakanin 1865 zuwa 1877. A wancan lokacin, yawancin jami'o'i da kwalejoji ba sa karɓar ɗaliban bakar fata, don haka aka buƙaci kafa HBCUs don cike wannan gibi.&lt;ref&gt;20 U.S. Code sec.1061, [https://USCode.house.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220095814/https://uscode.house.gov/|date=December 20, 2022}}https://USCode.house.gov  For a compact overview of HBCU history, see Walter R. Allen, Joseph O. Jewell, Kimberly A. Griffin, &amp; De'Sha S. Wolf, ''Historically Black Colleges and Universities: Honoring the Past, Engaging the Present, Touching the Future,'' 76 '''Journal of Negro Education''', pp. 263–280 (2007).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Brandy |title=Predominantly Black Institutions: Pathways to Black Student Educational Attainment |url=https://cmsi.gse.rutgers.edu/sites/default/files/PBIs.pdf |publisher=Center for Minority Serving Institutions }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ed.gov/edblogs/whhbcu/ |title=White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities |publisher=U.S. Department of Education |access-date=2008-04-23|date=2008-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005211025/http://sites.ed.gov/whhbcu/|archive-date=2015-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=In the face of inequality.|last=Wooten|first= Melissa E.|date=2016|publisher=State Univ of New York Press|isbn=978-1-4384-5690-4 |oclc=946968175}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Kafuwa da Manufa ===

Makarantar farko da aka kafa don bakar fata ita ce ''Cheyney University of Pennsylvania'' a shekarar 1837. Daga baya, aka kafa makarantu kamar Lincoln University (Pennsylvania) da ''Wilberforce University'' a [[Ohio]]. A lokacin gyaran kasa, ƙungiyoyin addini na Protestant sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa HBCUs, suna ba da horo ga malamai da masu sana'o'i.

A shekarar 1890, dokar Morrill Act ta biyu ta tilasta wa jihohin kudancin Amurka da ke da tsarin wariyar launin fata su samar da makarantu na gaba da sakandare ga bakar fata domin su ci gajiyar tallafin gwamnati. Wannan ya haifar da ƙarin HBCUs da aka kafa a matsayin jami'o'in gwamnati.

=== Matsaloli da Nasarori ===

A tsawon karni guda bayan soke bautar bayi a 1865, yawancin jami'o'i a kudancin Amurka sun hana bakar fata shiga saboda dokokin Jim Crow. A wasu sassan ƙasar, an yi amfani da ƙa'idodin shigar da ɗalibai masu iyaka don hana yawan bakar fata. HBCUs sun zama mafita ga bakar fata wajen samun ilimi mai zurfi, kuma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gina matsakaicin aji na bakar fata a Amurka.

== Muhimmancin HBCUs ==

A yau, akwai HBCUs 101 a Amurka, daga cikin 121 da suka wanzu a shekarun 1930. Wannan ya haɗa da jami'o'in gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. Daga cikin su:

* 27 na bayar da digirin digirgir (doctoral programs)
* 52 na bayar da digirin digiri na biyu (master's programs)
* 83 na bayar da digirin farko (bachelor's programs)
* 38 na bayar da digirin haɗin gwiwa (associate degrees)

HBCUs suna samar da kusan kashi 20% na dukkan masu digiri bakar fata a Amurka, da kuma kashi 25% na masu digiri a fannin kimiyya, fasaha, injiniya da lissafi (STEM). Manyan shugabanni da suka yi karatu a HBCUs sun haɗa da:

* [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]
* [[Thurgood Marshall]]
* [[Kamala Harris]]
==Shahararrun Tsoffin Daliban Makarantun HBCU==
{{Cleanup gallery|date=Janairu 2025}}

{{hatnote|Dubi kuma sassan &quot;Shahararrun tsoffin dalibai&quot; a kowace makarantun HBCU.}}

Makarantun HBCU suna da tarihin kafa shugabanni da dama a fannoni kamar kasuwanci, doka, kimiyya, ilimi, soja, nishadi, fasaha da kuma wasanni.

* Ralph Abernathy, mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam, malami – Clark Atlanta University, Alabama State University  
* Ed Bradley, bakar fata na farko da ya zama wakilin gidan gwamnatin White House a CBS News – Cheyney University of Pennsylvania  
* Toni Braxton, mawakiyar R&amp;B da ta lashe kyautar Grammy tare da fiye da miliyan 70 na kundin waka da aka sayar – Bowie State  
* Edward Brooke, bakar fata na farko da aka zaba zuwa Majalisar Dattawa ta Amurka ta hanyar kuri'a kuma ya zama babban Lauyan jihar Massachusetts – Howard University  
* Roscoe Lee Browne, jarumi kuma darakta – Lincoln University  
* James Clyburn, dan majalisar wakilai daga yankin 6 na South Carolina kuma babban jagora a majalisa ta 116 – South Carolina State University  
* Medgar Wiley Evers, shugaban fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam – Alcorn State University  
* Katherine Johnson, mai lissafi a NASA – West Virginia State University  
* Althea Gibson, bakar fata ta farko da ta lashe kofin Grand Slam a wasan tanis – Florida A&amp;M University  
* Nikki Giovanni, marubuciya – Fisk University  
* Alcee Hastings, dan majalisar wakilai daga yanki na 20 na Florida – Fisk University, Howard University, Florida A&amp;M University  
* Randy Jackson, daya daga cikin alkalai na farko a American Idol – Southern University  
* Lonnie Johnson, mai ƙirƙira, injiniya a NASA – Tuskegee University  
* Tom Joyner, bakar fata na farko da aka karɓa a National Radio Hall of Fame – Tuskegee University  
* Reginald Lewis, bakar fata na farko da ya kafa kamfani mai darajar biliyan daya – Virginia State  
* Claude McKay, marubuci – Tuskegee University  
* Ronald McNair, dan sama jannati – North Carolina A&amp;T State University  
* Rod Paige, bakar fata na farko da ya shugabanci ma’aikatar ilimi ta Amurka – Jackson State University  
* Walter Payton, daya daga cikin 'yan wasa mafiya ƙwazo a tarihin NFL – Jackson State University  
* Anika Noni Rose, muryar farko ta yarinya bakar fata a fina-finan Disney (Tiana) – Florida A&amp;M University  
* Jerry Rice, ana ganin shi a matsayin mafi kyau a matsayi na wide receiver a tarihin NFL – Mississippi Valley State  
* Stephen A. Smith, sanannen dan jarida da mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen wasanni – Winston-Salem State University  
* Megan Thee Stallion, mawakiya kuma jaruma da ta lashe Grammy – Texas Southern University  
* Leon H. Sullivan, wanda ya kirkiro da dokokin Sullivan don kawo karshen wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu – West Virginia State University  
* Wanda Sykes, mai ban dariya, marubuciya, kuma jaruma – Hampton University  
* André Leon Talley, bakar fata na farko da ya zama editan manyan labarai na mujallar Vogue – Virginia State  
* Tuskegee Airmen, sojojin sama na farko na bakar fata sun yi karatu a Tuskegee University  
* Alice Walker, marubuciya da mawakiyar shahararra – Spelman College  
* Ben Wallace, tsohon dan wasan NBA da ya halarci All-Star sau 4 – Virginia Union University  
* Doug Williams, bakar fata na farko da ya zama quarterback a gasar Super Bowl – Grambling State  
* Tramell Tillman, jarumi – Xavier University of Louisiana  

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
File:Booker T Washington retouched flattened-crop.jpg|Booker T. Washington, malami, mai jawabi, kuma mai ba da shawara (Hampton)
File:WEB DuBois 1918.jpg|W. E. B. Du Bois, masani a fannin zamantakewa, tarihici, da mai fafutuka (Fisk)
File:Thurgoodmarshall1967.jpg|Thurgood Marshall, alkalin farko bakar fata a kotun koli (Lincoln, Howard)
File:Martin Luther King Jr NYWTS.jpg|Martin Luther King Jr., jagoran fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam (Morehouse)
File:Toni Morrison.jpg|Toni Morrison, marubuciya da ta lashe kyautar Nobel (Howard)
File:AFGE Meets with Rev. Jesse Jackson (10196120025) (1).jpg|Jesse Jackson, malami da dan siyasa (North Carolina A&amp;T)
File:Spike Lee at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|Spike Lee, darakta da mai shirya fina-finai (Morehouse)
File:SamuelLJacksonCCJuly2010.jpg|Samuel L. Jackson, jarumi kuma mai shirya fina-finai (Morehouse)
File:Ruth J. Simmons (cropped).jpg|Ruth Simmons, shugabar farko bakar fata a jami’ar Ivy League (Dillard)
File:Oprah in 2014.jpg|Oprah Winfrey, mai gabatar da shiri da shugabar kafafen yada labarai (Tenn State)
File:Kamala Harris Vice Presidential Portrait (cropped).jpg|Kamala Harris, mataimakiyar shugaban Amurka (Howard)
File:-Hidden Figures- Film Celebration (NHQ201612100020) (cropped).jpg|Taraji P. Henson, jaruma (Howard)
File:Chadwick Boseman (28017825484) (cropped 2).jpg|Chadwick Boseman, jarumi kuma marubuci (Howard)
File:Common (12964) (cropped, Common).jpg|Common, mawaki kuma jarumi (Florida A&amp;M)
File:Strahan 2021 FOX (cropped).jpg|Michael Strahan, gwarzon NFL, dan kasuwa, mai shirin TV, kuma jarumi (Texas Southern)
File:Erykah Badu 2008.07.14 004.jpg|Erykah Badu, mawakiyar soul, ‘yar kasuwa kuma jaruma (Grambling State)
File:Leontyne Price (color) by Jack Mitchell.jpg|Leontyne Price, mashahuriyar mawakiya soprano (Central State)
File:Lionel Richie 2019.jpg|Lionel Richie, mawaƙi, marubucin waka, mai tsara waka, da kuma fuskar TV (Tuskegee)
File:Joycelyn Elders official portrait (cropped).jpg|Joycelyn Elders, bakar fata ta farko da ta zama Surgeon General a Amurka (Philander Smith)
File:Stacey Abrams by Gage Skidmore.jpg|Stacey Abrams, jagora a fafutukar hakkokin zabe, lauya, kuma marubuciya (Spelman)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Makarantu Masu Fice ==

Wasu daga cikin HBCUs da suka shahara sun haɗa da:

* [[Howard University]] – An kafa ta a 1867 a [[Washington, D.C.]], tana daya daga cikin manyan jami'o'in bincike na bakar fata.
* [[Morehouse College]] – Kwalejin maza da aka kafa a 1867 a [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia]], wacce ta samar da shugabanni da dama.
* [[Spelman College]] – Kwalejin mata da aka kafa a 1881 a Atlanta, Georgia.
* [[Tuskegee University]] – An kafa ta a 1881 a [[Alabama]], ta shahara wajen horar da malamai da injiniyoyi.
* [[North Carolina A&amp;T State University]] – Ita ce HBCU mafi girma a Amurka, tana da ƙwararru a fannin injiniya da noma.

== Kalubale da Ci gaba ==

Duk da nasarorin da HBCUs suka samu, suna fuskantar kalubale kamar ƙarancin tallafin kuɗi da kuma ƙarancin kayan aiki. Duk da haka, suna ci gaba da taka rawa wajen ba da ilimi ga bakar fata da kuma rage gibin da ke tsakanin launin fata a fannin ilimi da tattalin arziki.

A shekarar 2020, [[Virginia Union University]] ta kafa cibiyar bincike ta farko da ke mai da hankali kan HBCUs, wato ''Center for the Study of HBCUs'', domin ƙarfafa bincike da ci gaba a fannin.

== Kammalawa ==

HBCUs sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ba da damar ilimi ga bakar fata a Amurka, musamman a lokacin da aka hana su shiga jami'o'i na gargajiya. Duk da kalubalen da suke fuskanta, suna ci gaba da zama ginshiƙi wajen haɓaka ilimi, shugabanci da ci gaban al'umma.

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web |title=Historically black colleges and universities |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2025-05-25}}
* {{cite web |title=HBCU History Timeline |url=https://hbcufirst.com/resources/hbcu-history-timeline |website=HBCU First |access-date=2025-05-25}}
* {{cite web |title=Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/historically-black-colleges-and-universities |website=Britannica |access-date=2025-05-25}}

[[Category:Jami'o'i a Amurka]]
[[Category:Tarihin Bakar Fata a Amurka]]
[[Category:Ilmi a Amurka]]
[[Rukuni:Bauta a Afirka]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>MINUSCA</title>
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Ofishin Jakadancin Kasuwanci na Ƙungiya da Ƙungiya a [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]] (wanda ake kira '''MINUSCA''', wanda shine farkon sunan [[Faransanci]] Mission multidimensionnelle intégrée des Nations unies pour la stabilisation en Centrafrique) aikin kiyaye zaman lafiya ne na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], wanda ya fara a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 2014, don kare fararen hula na Jamhuriwar Afirka ta Tsakiyar a ƙarƙashin Babi na VII na Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Turai. Ya canza rundunar kiyaye zaman lafiya mai karfi 6,000 da ke karkashin jagorancin [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] da aka sani da MISCA zuwa aikin kiyaye zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma ya fara aiki a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2014. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tura tawagar sauyawa don kafa MINUSCA da shirya don sauya ikon daga MISCA zuwa MINUSCA.&lt;ref name=&quot;The UN Peacekeeping Mission in the Central African Republic&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The UN Peacekeeping Mission in the Central African Republic |url=http://www.betterworldcampaign.org/un-peacekeeping/missions/central-african-republic.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222205124/http://www.betterworldcampaign.org/un-peacekeeping/missions/central-african-republic.html |archive-date=22 December 2014 |access-date=1 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa 30 ga Satumba 2021, yana da sojoji sama da 15,000, 'yan sanda da ma'aikatan farar hula a ƙasa. Matsayinta shine:

* tallafawa tsarin sauyawa;
* sauƙaƙe taimakon jin kai;
* ingantawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam;
* goyon baya ga adalci da mulkin doka;
* Rashin makamai;
* Rashin aiki;
* sake hadewa;
* hanyoyin dawowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic |url=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/minusca/ |access-date=1 December 2014 |publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wakilin Musamman na Sakatare Janar na yanzu kuma shugaban MINUSCA shine Valentine Rugwabiza na [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] .

Kasashe 3 da suka fi ba da gudummawa sune Rwanda, [[Bangladesh]] da [[Pakistan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MINUSCA |url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/minusca |access-date=3 February 2025 |website=United Nations Peacekeeping |language=en |archive-date=19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419223317/https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/minusca/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

MINUSCA tana shiga cikin ayyukan [[Ɗan sanda|'yan sanda]] da na' yan bindiga a yankunan da ba a bayyana cibiyoyin gwamnati ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Howard |first=Lise Morjé |author-link=Lise Morjé Howard |last2=Vlavonou |first2=Gino |last3=Steinitz |first3=Nina |last4=Ilunga |first4=Yvan Yenda |date=2020-10-30 |title=Assessing the Effectiveness of the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic |url=https://effectivepeaceops.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/EPON-MINUSCA-Report.pdf |publisher=[[Norwegian Institute of International Affairs]] |pages=6, 24, 68, 55-56 |isbn=978-82-7002-348-6 |access-date=2025-07-13 |archive-date=2023-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107124429/https://effectivepeaceops.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/EPON-MINUSCA-Report.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:CAR2014.svg|thumb|300x300px|Aikace-aikacen MINUSCA a cikin 2014]]
Sojojin Séléka sun yi tawaye a shekarar 2013 wanda ya haifar da ƙarshen mulkin François Bozizé a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya. Ci gaba da aikata laifuka masu banƙyama na Séléka a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ya haifar da mummunar yanayi a Jamhuryar Afirka ta tsakiya, wanda hakan ya haifar da rikici daga juriya ta gwamnati zuwa rikici na addini. Daga baya aka gano bayanai cewa Séléka kungiya ce ta Musulmi da ke aikata take hakkin dan adam a kan kasarsu ta Kirista. Daga nan ne aka kafa 'yan bindiga na Kirista, suna kiran kansu Anti-Balaka, don yin yaƙi da Séléka.

Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ta fara raunana yayin da rikici ya ci gaba, tare da karuwar mace-mace da raguwar tsammanin rayuwa, wanda ya danganta da karuwar cututtukan da za a iya hanawa da magani. Har ila yau, rikici ya haifar da mutane 320,000 da suka tsere zuwa kasashe makwabta, gami da [[Cadi|Chadi]] da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], kuma tun daga shekarar 2017, ya bar kusan mutane 600,000 da suka rasa muhallinsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Africa :: Central African Republic — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/central-african-republic/ |access-date=2019-12-03 |website=www.cia.gov |archive-date=2018-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ct.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2017, Vietnam ta yi tarihi ta hanyar aika masu kiyaye zaman lafiya don shiga MINUSCA bayan kasar ta shiga aikin kiyaye zaman lafiya na farko a Sudan ta Kudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impressive Uncle Ho's soldiers in international friends' hearts |url=http://vufo.org.vn/Impressive-Uncle-Hos-soldiers-in-international-friends-hearts-12-730.html?lang=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanzu ==
A cikin shekara ta 2015, an tura wani rukuni daga Sojojin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (FARDC), mai lamba 807, zuwa CAR a matsayin wani ɓangare na MINUSCA. DRC ta kuma tura 'yan sanda 118. A watan Agustan 2015, zarge-zargen sun bayyana cewa sojoji uku na DRC sun yi wa 'yan mata uku fyade a garin Bambari, arewa maso gabashin babban birnin Bangui. An kuma yi zargin cin zarafin yara da cin zarafin su. A watan Janairun 2016, an ba da sanarwar cewa za a dawo da rukunin, saboda ya kasa cika bukatun &quot;bincike da shiri&quot; na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-01-08 |title=UN pulls DRC troops from Central Africa mission |url=https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/un-pulls-drc-troops-from-central-africa-mission-20160108 |access-date=2019-11-11 |website=News24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2017, an kaddamar da ayyukan Batatere, Damakongo da Hibou-2 a Bambari, Bokaranga da Bang, da Bangui, bi da bi, don dawo da zaman lafiya ko fitar da kungiyoyin makamai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-01-03 |title=La MINUSCA passe en revue avec la presse des activités marquantes de l'année 2017mission |url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/fr/la-minusca-passe-en-revue-avec-la-presse-des-activites-marquantes-de-lannee-2017 |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=United Nations Peacekeeping |language=fr |archive-date=2023-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225024714/https://peacekeeping.un.org/fr/la-minusca-passe-en-revue-avec-la-presse-des-activites-marquantes-de-lannee-2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamandojin Portuguese sun sami wasikar yabo yayin aikin Batatere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-03-06 |title=E hoje Comandos? |url=http://merlin37.com/rcacomandos |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=merlin37.com |language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin hare-haren da aka yi kwanan nan a CAR a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2018, MINUSCA da sojojin gwamnati sun fara wani aiki wanda zai kawar da 'yan bindiga, wadanda galibi Musulmi ne, a cikin gundumar kiyaye zaman lafiya ta [[Bangui]] 5, wanda kuma shine inda Kiristoci suka fi yawa. MINUSCA tana kalubalantar samun umarni wajen kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma kawar da makamai da kuma rushe 'yan wasan da ba na gwamnati ba saboda rashin juriya na ababen more rayuwa wajen amfani da rundunar soja.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Violence in the Central African Republic |url=https://cfr.org/interactive/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/violence-central-african-republic |access-date=2019-12-04 |website=Global Conflict Tracker |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2019, Sojojin Musamman na Bangladesh sun kaddamar da Operation Poupou, don dawo da motocin gwamnati da kuma dawo da 'yancin motsi a Zoukombo.

Kamar yadda aka tsawaita wa'adin MINUSCA kuma aka yi gyare-gyare a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2019, don dacewa da bukatun tallafawa Sojojin Afirka ta Tsakiya (FACA), za a sami wahala a yi la'akari da rashin ababen more rayuwa da albarkatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New MINUSCA Leadership Must Seize Opportunity for Progress in the Central African Republic |url=https://www.refugeesinternational.org/reports/2019/3/21/new-minusca-leadership-must-seize-opportunity-for-progress-in-car |access-date=2019-12-04 |website=Refugees International |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sabuntawa ga umarnin ya hada da MINUSCA don taimakawa tsarin zabe don sauyawa cikin lumana ga shugaban kasa da majalisa ta hanyar samar da ofisoshi masu kyau, tsaro, aiki, dabaru, da tallafin fasaha don zaben.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MINUSCA Mandate Renewal : What's In Blue |url=https://www.whatsinblue.org/2019/11/minusca-mandate-renewal.php |access-date=2019-12-04 |website=www.whatsinblue.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin kasafin kudin kiyaye zaman lafiya, MINUSCA tana karɓar kashi 14% na kasafin kudin, tare da jimlar $ 930,211,900 daga 2018-2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Central African Republic (MINUSCA) |url=https://betterworldcampaign.org/u-n-peacekeeping/central-african-republic-minusca/ |access-date=2019-12-03 |website=Better World Campaign |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128113346/https://betterworldcampaign.org/u-n-peacekeeping/central-african-republic-minusca/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; MINUSCA galibi ba a yarda da ita ba a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya saboda suna na zalunci da rashin tasiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

A ranar 12 ga Maris, 2021, Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kada kuri'a don kara girman rundunar MINUSCA, ta ba da ƙarin sojoji 2,750 da jami'an 'yan sanda 940 ga Ofishin Jakadancin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Security Council Increases Size of Central African Republic Stabilization Mission, Adopting Resolution 2566 (2021) by 14 Votes in Favour, with 1 Abstention |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/central-african-republic/security-council-increases-size-central-african-republic |access-date=2021-03-13 |website=reliefweb |publisher=United Nations OCHA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Satumbar 2021, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yanke shawarar janye wasu masu kiyaye zaman lafiya na Gabon 450 daga rundunar kiyaye zaman lafiya a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya bayan zarge-zargen cin zarafin jima'i da cin zarafin da gwamnatin Gabon ta bude bincike.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-15 |title=UN sends Gabon peacekeepers home from Central African Republic, following abuse allegations |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/09/1100032 |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=UN News |language=en |archive-date=2021-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009151103/https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/09/1100032 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; An soki masu kiyaye zaman lafiya na MINUSCA saboda yaduwar fyade da cin zarafin jima'i ga fararen hula.

A ranar 15 ga Mayu 2023 Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, [[António Guterres]] ya nada Humphrey Nyone a matsayin kwamandan rundunar MINUSCA. Ya gaji [[Daniel Sidiki Traoré]] a wannan matsayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;unsg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Major General Humphrey Nyone |url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/profiles/major-general-humphrey-nyone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027184150/https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/profiles/major-general-humphrey-nyone |archive-date=27 October 2023 |publisher=United Nations Secretary General}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jami'an 'yan sandan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya biyar daga Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango wadanda ke cikin ayarin motocin MINUSCA ne suka mutu a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2025, lokacin da wani jirginsu dauke da sulke ya fado ya shiga cikin kogi yayin da suke tsallaka wata gada da ke kusa da birnin Bangui a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN vehicle crash in Central African Republic leaves 5 police officers missing |url=https://apnews.com/article/un-peacekeepers-central-african-republic-2434ac1228917e901666a918bdf9ab91 |access-date=2019-12-04 |website=www.apnews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cece-kuce da take hakkin dan Adam ==
Aikin bai shahara sosai a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya saboda suna na tashin hankali da rashin inganci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

MINUSCA ta fuskanci suka sosai dangane da aikata fyade da cin zarafi ta hanyar dakarun zaman lafiya. Mata da dama sun ki kai korafi saboda tsoron ramuwar gayya ko kuma ganin rashin damuwa daga MINUSCA. Rahotanni sun bayyana fyade ta rukuni da barazanar kisa da dakarun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suka yi wa mata da suka sha wahala, inda lamarin ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarun 2022 da 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Debout |first=Barbara |date=16 October 2024 |title=Cin zarafin jima’i da dakarun zaman lafiya ya yi yawa a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya yayin da wadanda abin ya rutsa da su ke shiru |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/investigations/2024/10/16/peacekeeper-sex-abuse-rife-central-african-republic-survivors-stay-silent |work=The New Humanitarian}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayin martani kan zarge-zargen cin zarafin jima’i, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta janye kusan dakarun zaman lafiya na Gabon guda 450 a watan Satumbar 2021, wanda hakan ya haifar da bincike daga gwamnatin Gabon.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Tsarin Sojoji ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Adadin jami'ai daga kowace ƙasa daga 30 ga Satumba, 2022 (ba ya haɗa da ma'aikatan farar hula)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Masu bayar da gudummawar sojoji da 'yan sanda|url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/troop-and-police-contributors|access-date=2022-11-21|website=United Nations Peacekeeping|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Kasa
!Adadin jami'ai da aka tura
|-
|Rwanda
|2,668
|-
|Bangladesh
|1,417
|-
|Pakistan
|1,314
|-
|Misira
|1,175
|-
|Kamaru
|1,125
|-
|Zambiya
|930
|-
|Nepal
|835
|-
|Mauritania
|783
|-
|Moroko
|778
|-
|Burundi
|766
|-
|Senegal
|701
|-
|Tanzania
|457
|-
|Indonesia
|421
|-
|Tunisia
|387
|-
|Peru
|235
|-
|Portugal
|230
|-
|Kambodiya
|225
|-
|Kongo
|192
|-
|Sri Lanka
|113
|-
|Serbia
|78
|-
|Burkina Faso
|64
|-
|Jordan
|58
|-
|Côte d'Ivoire
|54
|-
|Benin
|45
|-
|Nijar
|39
|-
|Gambia
|32
|-
|Togo
|30
|-
|Bhutan
|187
|-
|Mali
|25
|-
|Gini
|19
|-
|Gana
|15
|-
|Kenya
|15
|-
|Rasha
|14
|-
|Jibuti
|13
|-
|Romaniya
|12
|-
|Brazil
|11
|-
|Amurka
|10
|-
|Vietnam
|9
|-
|Faransa
|8
|-
|Boliviya
|7
|-
|Najeriya
|7
|-
|Saliyo
|7
|-
|Turkiyya
|5
|-
|Gabon
|4
|-
|Guatemala
|4
|-
|Paraguay
|4
|-
|Moldova
|4
|-
|Jamhuriyar Czech
|3
|-
|Philippines
|3
|-
|Sipaniya
|3
|-
|Uruguay
|3
|-
|Zimbabwe
|3
|-
|Argentina
|2
|-
|Colombia
|2
|-
|Ecuador
|2
|-
|Kazakhstan
|2
|-
|Mexico
|2
|-
|Sweden
|2
|-
|'''Jimilla'''
|14,563
|}

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Mafita na tushen yanayi</title>
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'''Matsalolin tushen yanayi''' (ko tsarin tushen yanayi, kuma an taƙaita su azaman NBS ko NbS) sun bayyana haɓakawa da amfani da yanayi (Rayukan halittu) da hanyoyin halitta don magance matsalolin [[zamantakewa]] da muhalli iri-iri.&lt;ref&gt;Girardin, Cécile A. J.; Jenkins, Stuart; Seddon, Nathalie; Allen, Myles; Lewis, Simon L.; Wheeler, Charlotte E.; Griscom, Bronson W.; Malhi, Yadvinder (2021). &quot;Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now&quot;. Nature. 593 (7858): 191–194. Bibcode:2021Natur.593..191G. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 33981055&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan batutuwa sun hada da rage sauyin yanayi da daidaitawa, al'amurran da suka shafi tsaron bil'adama kamar tsaro na ruwa da abinci, da rage hadarin bala'i. Manufar ita ce, halittu masu juriya (ko na halitta, sarrafawa, ko sabon halitta) suna ba da mafita don amfanin al'ummomi da bambancin halittu.&lt;ref&gt;Eggermont, Hilde; Balian, Estelle; Azevedo, José Manuel N.; Beumer, Victor; Brodin, Tomas; Claudet, Joachim; Fady, Bruno; Grube, Martin; Keune, Hans (2015). &quot;Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe&quot; (PDF). Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society. 24 (4): 243–248. doi:10.14512/gaia.24.4.9. S2CID 53518417. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 May 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020&lt;/ref&gt; Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Ayyukan Aiki na 2019 ya ba da haske game da hanyoyin da suka dogara da yanayi a matsayin ingantacciyar hanya don yaƙar sauyin yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;Eggermont, Hilde; Balian, Estelle; Azevedo, José Manuel N.; Beumer, Victor; Brodin, Tomas; Claudet, Joachim; Fady, Bruno; Grube, Martin; Keune, Hans (2015). &quot;Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe&quot; (PDF). Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society. 24 (4): 243–248. doi:10.14512/gaia.24.4.9. hdl:10400.3/4170. S2CID 53518417. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 May 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, tsarin tushen yanayi don daidaita canjin yanayi na iya haɗawa da sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, maido da kariyar bakin teku, da samar da sanyaya cikin gida: 310

Manufar NBS tana da alaƙa da ra'ayin injiniyan muhalli da daidaitawar tushen muhalli: 284  NBS kuma suna da alaƙa, a ra'ayi ga aikin maido da muhalli. Tsarin gudanarwa mai dorewa shine muhimmin al'amari na ci gaban NBS da aiwatarwa.

Ƙoƙarin maido da Mangrove tare da bakin teku yana ba da misalin mafita mai tushen yanayi wanda zai iya cimma maƙasudai da yawa. Mangroves suna daidaita tasirin raƙuman ruwa da iska akan ƙauyuka ko biranen bakin teku, kuma suna sarrafa carbon. Suna kuma samar da wuraren gandun daji don rayuwar ruwa wanda ke da mahimmanci don dorewar kamun kifi. Bugu da kari, dazuzzukan mangrove na iya taimakawa wajen shawo kan zaizayar gabar teku sakamakon hawan matakin teku.

Koren rufin, rufin shuɗi da bangon kore (a matsayin ɓangare na kayan aikin kore) suma mafita ce ta yanayi waɗanda za a iya aiwatar da su a cikin birane. Za su iya rage tasirin tsibiran zafi na birane, kama ruwan guguwa, da kawar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iska, da kuma zama kamar nitsewar carbon. A lokaci guda, za su iya haɓaka bambancin halittu na gida.

Tsarin NBS da mafita suna haɓaka wani ɓangare na manufofin ƙasa da ƙasa kan sauyin yanayi. An haɗa su a cikin manufofin sauyin yanayi, zuba jarin kayayyakin more rayuwa, da hanyoyin kuɗin yanayi. Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta kara mai da hankali kan NBS tun daga 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Faivre, Nicolas; Fritz, Marco; Freitas, Tiago; de Boissezon, Birgit; Vandewoestijne, Sofie (2017). &quot;Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges&quot;. Environmental Research. 159: 509–518. Bibcode:2017ER....159..509F. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032. ISSN 0013-9351. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 28886502&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 42573101. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yana nunawa a yawancin nazarin shari'ar NBS na duniya wanda Debele et al (2023) ya yi nazari a cikin Turai. Duk da yake akwai fa'ida da yawa don haɓaka tsarin tushen yanayi da mafita a duniya, galibi suna fuskantar ƙalubale masu yawa yayin tsarawa da aiwatarwa.

IPCC ta yi nuni da cewa kalmar ita ce &quot;batun muhawara mai gudana, tare da damuwa cewa zai iya haifar da rashin fahimtar cewa NbS da kansa zai iya samar da mafita na duniya game da sauyin yanayi&quot;:  24   Don ƙarin fayyace wannan batu, IPCC ta kuma bayyana cewa &quot;tsarin tushen yanayi ba za a iya ɗaukar su azaman madadin, ko dalili na jinkirtawa, raguwa mai zurfi a cikin GH 6&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Wamsler, C.; Wickenberg, B.; Hanson, H.; Alkan Olsson, J.; Stålhammar, S.; Björn, H.; Falck, H.; Gerell, D.; Oskarsson, T.; Simonsson, E.; Torffvit, F. (2020). &quot;Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation&quot;. Journal of Cleaner Production. 247: 119154. Bibcode:2020JCPro.24719154W. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154. ISSN 0959-6526.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma’anar ==
[[File:ISS047-E-84351 Cape Coral, Florida (annotated).jpg|thumb|Mangroves suna kare gabar teku daga lalacewa (Cape Coral, Florida, Amurka)]]
Kungiyar Kasa da Kasa ta Kare Muhalli (IUCN) ta bayyana NBS a matsayin &quot;ayyuka na karewa, gudanar da su cikin dorewa, da kuma dawo da yanayi ko tsarin da aka gyara, wanda ke magance kalubalen al’umma yadda ya kamata da kuma daidaituwa, tare da samar da jin dadin ɗan adam da fa’idar bambancin halittu&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cohen-Shacham10&quot;&gt;Cohen-Shacham, E., G. Walters, C. Janzen, S. Maginnis (eds). 2016. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Xiii + 97 pp. Downloadable from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401093813/https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191|date=1 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kalubalen al’umma da suka shafi wannan sun haɗa da sauyin yanayi, tsaron abinci, rage haɗarin bala’i, da tsaron ruwa.

A takaice: &quot;Maganin da ya danganci yanayi su ne tsare-tsare da ke amfani da ayyukan halittu masu lafiya don kare muhalli amma kuma suna samar da fa’idodi na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa da yawa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Dubash, N.K., C. Mitchell, E.L. Boasson, M.J. Borbor-Cordova, S. Fifita, E. Haites, M. Jaccard, F. Jotzo, S. Naidoo, P. Romero-Lankao, M. Shlapak, W. Shen, L. Wu, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter13.pdf Chapter 13: National and sub-national policies and institutions]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.015&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|1403}} Ana amfani da su duka wajen rage sauyin yanayi da kuma daidaitawa.&lt;ref&gt;Lecocq, F., H. Winkler, J.P. Daka, S. Fu, J.S. Gerber, S. Kartha, V. Krey, H. Lofgren, T. Masui, R. Mathur, J. Portugal-Pereira, B. K. Sovacool, M. V. Vilariño, N. Zhou, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter04.pdf Chapter 4: Mitigation and development pathways in the near- to mid-term]. In IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.006&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|469}}

Ma’anar Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta NBS ta bayyana cewa wadannan hanyoyin &quot;suna samun wahayi da goyon baya daga yanayi, suna da saukin kashe kudi, suna samar da fa’idodi na muhalli, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a lokaci guda kuma suna taimakawa wajen gina juriya. Wadannan hanyoyin suna kawo karin yanayi da siffofi da tsare-tsaren halitta cikin birane, wuraren noma da teku, ta hanyar tsare-tsare da aka daidaita da yankin, masu amfani da albarkatu yadda ya kamata da kuma tsarin da ya dace&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Nature-Based Solutions - European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923161801/http://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index.cfm?pg=nbs |archive-date=23 September 2019 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2020, an sabunta ma’anar EC don kara jaddada cewa &quot;Maganin da ya danganci yanayi dole ne ya amfanar da bambancin halittu kuma ya tallafa wajen samar da ayyukan tsarin halittu daban-daban&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Wild |first1=Tom |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |title=Nature-based Solutions - State of the Art in EU-funded Projects |last2=Freitas |first2=Tiago |last3=Vandewoestijne |first3=Sofie |date=2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111152411/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research_by_area/documents/nbs_valorisationprojects_fullreport_web.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Rahoton Binciken Sauyin Yanayi na IPCC ya nuna cewa kalmar ''nature-based solutions'' &quot;ana amfani da ita sosai amma ba a ko’ina ba a cikin rubuce-rubucen kimiyya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;IPCC, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf Summary for Policymakers] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|24}} A shekarar 2017, kalmar NBS har yanzu ana daukarta a matsayin &quot;wanda ba a fayyace ba kuma mai rikitarwa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title='Nature-based solutions' is the latest green jargon that means more than you might think |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/541133b |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=541 |issue=7636 |pages=133–134 |doi=10.1038/541133b |pmid=28079099 |bibcode=2017Natur.541R.133. |s2cid=4455842 |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kalmar ''ecosystem-based adaptation'' (EbA) wani bangare ne na maganin da ya danganci yanayi kuma &quot;yana nufin kiyaye da kara juriya da rage raunin tsarin halittu da mutane a fuskantar mummunan tasirin sauyin yanayi&quot;.

=== Tarihin kalmar ===
Kalmar ''nature-based solutions'' an gabatar da ita daga masu aiki a ƙarshen shekarun 2000. A lokacin, kungiyoyin kasa da kasa kamar Kungiyar Kasa da Kasa ta Kare Muhalli (IUCN) da Bankin Duniya sun yi amfani da ita a cikin mahallin neman sabbin hanyoyin rage da daidaita tasirin sauyin yanayi ta hanyar aiki tare da tsarin halittu na yanayi maimakon dogaro da tsare-tsaren injiniya kawai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MacKinnon11&quot;&gt;MacKinnon, K., C. Sobrevila, V. Hickey. 2008. [https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/149141468320661795/biodiversity-climate-change-and-adaptation-nature-based-solutions-from-the-world-bank-portfolio Biodiversity, climate change and adaptation: nature-based solutions from the Word Bank portfolio]. Washington D.C.: World Bank.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cohen-Shacham10&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3}} 

Yawancin al’ummomin asali sun gane muhimmancin yanayi wajen samar da jin dadin ɗan adam a matsayin wani bangare na tsarin ilimin gargajiyarsu, amma wannan ra’ayi bai shiga cikin rubuce-rubucen kimiyya na zamani ba sai a shekarun 1970 tare da ra’ayin ayyukan tsarin halittu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cohen-Shacham10&quot; /&gt;{{rp|2}} 

IUCN ta ambaci NBS a cikin takardar matsayi ga Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin Yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2009. No time to lose – make full use of nature-based solutions in the post-2012 climate change regime. Position paper on the Fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 15). Gland: IUCN.&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma karɓi kalmar daga masu tsara manufofin Turai, musamman Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, a cikin rahoto&lt;ref name=&quot;European Commission 2015&quot;&gt;European Commission. 2015. Towards an EU Research and Innovation policy agenda for nature-based solutions &amp; re-naturing cities. Final Report of the Horizon2020 Expert Group on Nature-Based Solutions and Re-Naturing Cities. Brussels: European Commission.&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya jaddada cewa NBS na iya bayar da sabbin hanyoyin ƙirƙira don samar da ayyukan yi da ci gaba a matsayin wani bangare na tattalin arzikin kore. Kalmar ta fara bayyana a cikin manyan kafafen yada labarai a lokacin taron Global Climate Action Summit a California a watan Satumba 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2018 |title=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda |url=http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913112911/http://nathalieseddon.blogspot.com/2018/09/global-climate-action-summit-kicks-off.html |archive-date=13 September 2018 |access-date=13 September 2018 |website=Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manufofi da Tsarawa ==
[[File:Morro Strand State Beach (1).jpg|thumb|Kare muhalli na bakin teku a Morro Strand State Beach, San Luis Obispo County, California]]
Mafita na tushen yanayi suna jaddada amfani da yanayi cikin dorewa wajen warware haɗin kalubalen muhalli, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; NBS sun wuce ka’idojin gargajiya na kare bambancin halittu da gudanarwa ta hanyar mayar da hankali kan ɗan adam da kuma haɗa abubuwan al’umma kamar jin dadin ɗan adam, rage talauci, ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, da ka’idojin shugabanci.

Babban manufa ta NBS ita ce gudanar da yanayi cikin dorewa da amfani da shi wajen magance kalubalen al’umma.&lt;ref&gt;IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=2019-08-08}})
17. European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, resource efficiency &amp; raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, masu ruwa da tsaki daban-daban suna kallon NBS ta hanyoyi daban-daban.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Misali, IUCN ta sanya bukatar gudanar da tsarin halittu da aka gyara da kyau a zuciyar NBS, tare da babban buri na &quot;Tallafawa cimma manufofin ci gaban al’umma da kare jin dadin ɗan adam ta hanyoyin da suka dace da al’adu da dabi’un al’umma da kuma ƙarfafa juriya na tsarin halittu, ikon su na sabuntawa da samar da ayyuka&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCN16&quot;&gt;IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077|date=8 August 2019}})&lt;/ref&gt;

Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta jaddada cewa NBS na iya sauya kalubalen muhalli da na al’umma zuwa damar ƙirƙira, ta hanyar mai da albarkatun halitta zuwa tushen ci gaban kore da dorewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;European Commission 2015&quot; /&gt; A cikin wannan hangen nesa, mafita na tushen yanayi ga kalubalen al’umma &quot;suna kawo karin yanayi da siffofi da tsare-tsaren halitta cikin birane, wuraren noma da teku, ta hanyar tsare-tsare da aka daidaita da yankin, masu amfani da albarkatu yadda ya kamata da kuma tsarin da ya dace&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;ec.europa.eu&quot;&gt;European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, resource efficiency &amp; raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072645/http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf|date=13 December 2016}})&lt;/ref&gt; A sakamakon haka, NBS an ba da shawara a matsayin hanyar aiwatar da manufar &quot;nature-positive&quot; don dakatar da asarar yanayi da dawo da shi kafin shekarar 2030, tare da cikakken farfadowar yanayi kafin 2050.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Milner-Gulland |first1=E.J. |last2=Addison |first2=Prue |last3=Arlidge |first3=William N.S. |last4=Baker |first4=Julia |last5=Booth |first5=Hollie |last6=Brooks |first6=Thomas |last7=Bull |first7=Joseph W. |last8=Burgass |first8=Michael J. |last9=Ekstrom |first9=Jon |last10=zu Ermgassen |first10=Sophus O.S.E. |last11=Fleming |first11=L. Vincent |last12=Grub |first12=Henry M.J. |last13=von Hase |first13=Amrei |last14=Hoffmann |first14=Michael |last15=Hutton |first15=Jonathan |date=2021-01-22 |title=Four steps for the Earth: mainstreaming the post-2020 global biodiversity framework |journal=One Earth |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=75–87 |doi=10.1016/j.oneear.2020.12.011 |bibcode=2021OEart...4...75M |issn=2590-3322}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rukuni ==
IUCN ta ba da shawarar a ɗauki NBS a matsayin ra’ayi mai faɗi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cohen-Shacham10&quot; /&gt; Rukuni da misalan hanyoyin NBS bisa ga IUCN sun haɗa da:&lt;ref name=&quot;Cohen-Shacham10&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Rukunin hanyoyin NBS
!Misalai
|-
|Hanyoyin dawo da tsarin halittu
|Dawo da tsarin halittu, injiniyan yanayi, dawo da dajin shimfidar wuri
|-
|Hanyoyin da suka shafi matsaloli na musamman da tsarin halittu
|Daidaitawar tsarin halittu, rage tasirin sauyin yanayi ta tsarin halittu, ayyukan daidaitawar yanayi, rage haɗarin bala’i ta tsarin halittu
|-
|Hanyoyin da suka shafi gine-gine
|Tsarin halittu na yanayi, tsarin kore
|-
|Hanyoyin gudanar da tsarin halittu
|Gudanar da yankin bakin teku da aka haɗa, gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da aka haɗa
|-
|Hanyoyin kare tsarin halittu
|Hanyoyin kare yankuna ciki har da gudanar da yankunan da aka kiyaye
|}
== Nau’ukan ==
[[File:Fig 2 NbS.jpg|thumb|upright=1.46|Gabatarwar tsarin nau’ukan NBS.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Eggermont |first1=Hilde |last2=Balian |first2=Estelle |last3=Azevedo |first3=José Manuel N. |last4=Beumer |first4=Victor |last5=Brodin |first5=Tomas |last6=Claudet |first6=Joachim |last7=Fady |first7=Bruno |last8=Grube |first8=Martin |last9=Keune |first9=Hans |date=2015 |title=Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe |url=https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society |language=en |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=243–248 |doi=10.14512/gaia.24.4.9 |s2cid=53518417 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507073138/https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245631/file/Eggermont%20et%20al.%202015%20%28NBS%29.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |hdl=10400.3/4170}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Masana sun gabatar da tsarin nau’ukan NBS bisa ginshikai biyu:&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

# &quot;Yawan aikin injiniya da aka yi wa bambancin halittu da tsarin halittu a cikin NBS&quot;, da
# &quot;Yawan ayyukan tsarin halittu da kungiyoyin masu ruwa da tsaki da aka nufa da NBS&quot;.

Tsarin ya nuna cewa NBS na iya haɗa da ayyuka daban-daban a kan tsarin halittu (daga kariya, zuwa gudanarwa, ko ma ƙirƙirar sabbin tsarin halittu) kuma yana dogara da ra’ayin cewa idan aka nufa ayyuka da kungiyoyi da yawa, ikon samar da kowanne aiki zai ragu kuma ba zai iya cika bukatun kowane rukuni gaba ɗaya ba.  

Saboda haka, an bambanta nau’ukan NBS guda uku (mafita haɗe-haɗe suna iya kasancewa a wannan ginshiki a sarari da lokaci. Misali, a matakin shimfidar wuri, haɗa yankunan da aka kiyaye da kuma yankunan da ake gudanarwa na iya zama dole don cika manufofin aiki da dorewa):

=== Nau’i na 1 – Ƙaramin tsoma baki a cikin tsarin halittu ===
Nau’i na 1 yana ƙunshe da babu ko ƙaramin tsoma baki a cikin tsarin halittu, da nufin kiyaye ko inganta samar da ayyukan tsarin halittu a cikin da wajen waɗannan yankunan da aka kiyaye. Misalai sun haɗa da kare mangrove a wuraren bakin teku don rage haɗarin da ya shafi yanayi mai tsanani; da kafa yankunan da aka kiyaye na teku don kare bambancin halittu a cikin waɗannan wurare tare da fitar da kifi da sauran biomass zuwa wuraren kamun kifi. Wannan nau’i na NBS yana da alaƙa da ra’ayin ajiyar biosphere.

=== Nau’i na 2 – Wasu tsoma baki a cikin tsarin halittu da shimfidar wuri ===
Nau’i na 2 yana da alaƙa da hanyoyin gudanarwa da ke haɓaka tsarin halittu da shimfidar wuri masu dorewa da ayyuka da yawa (ko dai ana gudanar da su sosai ko kuma a hankali). Wadannan nau’ukan suna inganta samar da wasu ayyukan tsarin halittu fiye da abin da za a samu ta hanyar tsoma baki na gargajiya. Misalai sun haɗa da tsare-tsaren noma na zamani don ƙara ayyuka da yawa; amfani da agrobiodiversity don ƙara bambancin halittu, haɗin kai, da juriya a shimfidar wuri; da hanyoyin haɓaka nau’ikan itatuwa da bambancin kwayoyin halitta don ƙara juriya na daji ga abubuwan tsanani. Wannan nau’i na NBS yana da alaƙa da ra’ayin agroforestry.

=== Nau’i na 3 – Gudanar da tsarin halittu ta hanyoyi masu faɗi ===
Nau’i na 3 yana ƙunshe da gudanar da tsarin halittu ta hanyoyi masu faɗi sosai ko ma ƙirƙirar sabbin tsarin halittu (misali, tsarin halittu na wucin gadi tare da sabbin tsirrai da dabbobi don rufin kore da bangon kore don rage dumamar birane da tsabtace iska mai gurbatawa). Nau’i na 3 yana da alaƙa da ra’ayoyi kamar tsarin kore da shuɗi da kuma manufofi kamar dawo da wuraren da suka lalace sosai ko gurɓatattu da kuma yin birane masu kore. Wuraren da aka gina da tabkuna (constructed wetlands) misali ne na Nau’i na 3 NBS.

== Aikace-aikace ==
=== Rage kaidin sauyin yanayi da daidaitawa da shi ===
Babban [[Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ayyukan Sauyin Yanayi na 2019]] ya bayyana hanyoyin da suka dogara da dabi'a (NBS) a matsayin ingantacciyar hanya ta yaki da sauyin yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Misali, NBS a fannin [[ayyukan sauyin yanayi]] na iya hadawa da [[sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa]] ta hanyar dabi'a, maido da kariyar dabi'a ta [[gabar teku]], samar da sanyaya na cikin gida, da maido da [[Tarin gobarar dabi'a|tsarin gobarar dabi'a]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|310}}

[[Yurjejeniyar Paris]] ta yi kira ga dukkan bangarori da su amince da muhimmancin tsarin halittu na dabi'a wajen samar da ayyuka kamar su tace tare da adana iskar carbon (carbon sinks).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Harris, Duchess  |title=The Paris climate agreement |date=15 December 2018 |isbn=978-1-5321-5964-0 |oclc=1101137974}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sashi na 5.2 yana karfafa gwiwar bangarori da su amshi kiyayewa da sarrafa dabi'a a matsayin makami na kara yawan iskar carbon da aka adana, kuma Sashi na 7.1 yana karfafa bangarori da su gina juriya ga tsarin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da kuma tsarin halittu ta hanyar rarraba hanyoyin tattalin arziki da sarrafa albarkatun dabi'a cikin dorewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Article3&quot;&gt;[https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&amp;chapter=27&amp;clang=_en Paris Agreement (2015)], Paris, France&lt;/ref&gt; Yarjejeniyar ta yi ishara da ''dabi'a'' (tsarin halittu, albarkatun dabi'a, gandun daji) a wurare guda 13 mabanbanta. Wani bincike mai zurfi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nature-Based Solutions Policy Platform |url=http://www.nbspolicyplatform.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524092518/https://www.nbspolicyplatform.org/ |archive-date=2020-05-24 |access-date=13 September 2018 |website=www.nbspolicyplatform.org |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; na dukkan [[Kudirin gudunmawa da aka kaddara na kasa|Gudunmawar da aka Kaddara na Kasa]] (NDCs)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) {{!}} UNFCCC |url=https://unfccc.int/process/the-paris-agreement/nationally-determined-contributions/ndc-registry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913112909/https://unfccc.int/process/the-paris-agreement/nationally-determined-contributions/ndc-registry |archive-date=13 September 2018 |access-date=13 September 2018 |website=unfccc.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; da aka mika wa UNFCCC, ya bayyana cewa kusan NDCs 130 ko kashi 65% na wadanda suka sanya hannu sun bada himma ga hanyoyin da suka dogara da dabi'a a cikin alkawuransu na sauyin yanayi. Wannan yana nuna amincewa ta baki daya kan rawar da dabi'a ke takawa wajen cimma burukan sauyin yanayi. Sai dai kuma, kudurori na matakin koli da kyar suke fassara zuwa ingantattun ayyuka na zahiri da za a iya aunawa a kasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 2016 |title=Ecosystem-based adaptation: a win–win formula for sustainability in a warming world? |url=http://pubs.iied.org/17364IIED/?k=Ecosystem-based+Adaptation+EbA&amp;p=3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913112648/http://pubs.iied.org/17364IIED/?k=Ecosystem-based+Adaptation+EbA&amp;p=3 |archive-date=13 September 2018 |access-date=13 September 2018 |journal=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An samar da wata taswirar shaida ta tsarin duniya baki daya don tantancewa da kuma nuna tasirin NBS wajen [[daidaitawa da sauyin yanayi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Bayan an tantance nazarin shari'o'i (case studies) guda 386 ta amfani da shirye-shiryen kwamfuta, binciken ya gano cewa NBS na da tasiri daidai da dabarun sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa na gargajiya ko na zamani, idan ma ba su fi su ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Kashi 66% na shari'o'in da aka tantance sun bayar da sakamako mai kyau ga tsarin halittu (ecological outcomes), kashi 24% ba su ga wani canji ba a yanayin halittu, yayin da kasa da kashi 1% suka ba da rahoton mummunan tasiri. Bugu da kari, a kowane lokaci NBS na da kyakkyawan tasiri ga al'umma da kuma rage kaidin sauyin yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;
A taron [[Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ayyukan Sauyin Yanayi na 2019]], hanyoyin da suka dogara da dabi'a sun kasance daya daga cikin manyan jigogin da aka tattauna, kuma an dube su a matsayin ingantacciyar hanya ta yaki da sauyin yanayi. An kuma kafa wata &quot;Hadin gwiwa don Hanyoyin da suka Dogara da Dabi'a&quot; (Nature-Based Solution Coalition), wacce ta hada da kasashe da dama, karkashin jagorancin [[Sin]] da [[New Zealand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;

=== Yankunan birane ===
[[File:Chicago City Hall green roof edit.jpg|thumb|Misali na hanyoyin da suka dogara da dabi'a a yankin birni: [[Rufin ganye na dabi'a na Majalisar Birnin Chicago]]. Daya daga cikin amfaninsa shi ne rage tasirin [[tsibirin zafi na birni]],]]
Tun kusan shekarar 2017, bincike da dama sun ba da shawarwarin hanyoyin tsara da kuma aiwatar da hanyoyin da suka dogara da dabi'a a yankunan birane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Raymond |first1=Christopher M. |last2=Frantzeskaki |first2=Niki |last3=Kabisch |first3=Nadja |last4=Berry |first4=Pam |last5=Breil |first5=Margaretha |last6=Nita |first6=Mihai Razvan |last7=Geneletti |first7=Davide |last8=Calfapietra |first8=Carlo |date=2017 |title=A framework for assessing and implementing the co-benefits of nature-based solutions in urban areas |journal=Environmental Science &amp; Policy |volume=77 |pages=15–24 |doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2017.07.008 |bibcode=2017ESPol..77...15R |issn=1462-9011 |s2cid=55764441 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11572/200028}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Bush |first1=Judy |last2=Doyon |first2=Andréanne |date=2019 |title=Building urban resilience with nature-based solutions: How can urban planning contribute? |journal=Cities |volume=95 |article-number=102483 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2019.102483 |issn=0264-2751 |s2cid=211385632 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11343/233228}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Frantzeskaki |first=Niki |date=2019 |title=Seven lessons for planning nature-based solutions in cities |journal=Environmental Science &amp; Policy |volume=93 |pages=101–111 |doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2018.12.033 |issn=1462-9011 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2019ESPol..93..101F |hdl=1959.3/448876 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yana da matukar muhimmanci a ci gaba da amfani da gine-ginen zamani na kankare (grey infrastructures) tare da [[tsarin gine-gine na dabi'a|gine-ginen dabi'a]] (green infrastructure).&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Wenjie |last2=Wang |first2=Weiqi |last3=Huang |first3=Guoru |last4=Wang |first4=Zhaoli |last5=Lai |first5=Chengguang |last6=Yang |first6=Zhiyong |date=2021-02-15 |title=The capacity of grey infrastructure in urban flood management: A comprehensive analysis of grey infrastructure and the green-grey approach |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221242092100011X |journal=International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction |language=en |volume=54 |article-number=102045 |bibcode=2021IJDRR..5402045C |doi=10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102045 |issn=2212-4209 |s2cid=234190451|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bincike da dama sun tabbatar da cewa ko da yake NBS na da matukar tasiri kuma tana inganta juriya ga ambaliyar ruwa, ba za ta iya yin aiki ita kadai ba; dole ne ta kasance cikin hadin gwiwa da gine-ginen kankare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Kourtis |first1=Ioannis M. |last2=Bellos |first2=Vasilis |last3=Kopsiaftis |first3=George |last4=Psiloglou |first4=Basil |last5=Tsihrintzis |first5=Vassilios A. |date=2021-12-01 |title=Methodology for holistic assessment of grey-green flood mitigation measures for climate change adaptation in urban basins |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169421009355 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |language=en |volume=603 |article-number=126885 |bibcode=2021JHyd..60326885K |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126885 |issn=0022-1694 |s2cid=239659097|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Amfani da gine-ginen dabi'a kadai ko gine-ginen kankare kadai ba shi da tasiri kamar lokacin da aka hada su biyun wuri guda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; Lokacin da aka yi amfani da NBS tare da gine-ginen kankare, amfanin yakan wuce batun sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa kadai, har ya hada da inganta yanayin zamantakewa, kara tsotse iskar carbon, da kuma shirya birane don tsara juriya na gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

A shekarun 1970, wata shahararriyar hanya a Amurka ita ce ta [[Mafi kyawun tsarin sarrafawa don gurbatar ruwa|Mafi Kyawun Tsarin Sarrafawa]] (BMP) don amfani da dabi'a a matsayin samfuri na gine-gine da ci gaba, yayin da a Burtaniya kuma suke da tsarin sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa da ake kira &quot;[[tsarin magudanar ruwa mai dorewa]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Qi |first1=Yunfei |last2=Chan |first2=Faith Ka Shun |last3=Thorne |first3=Colin |last4=O'Donnell |first4=Emily |last5=Quagliolo |first5=Carlotta |last6=Comino |first6=Elena |last7=Pezzoli |first7=Alessandro |last8=Li |first8=Lei |last9=Griffiths |first9=James |last10=Sang |first10=Yanfang |last11=Feng |first11=Meili |date=October 2020 |title=Addressing Challenges of Urban Water Management in Chinese Sponge Cities via Nature-Based Solutions |journal=Water |language=en |volume=12 |issue=10 |page=2788 |doi=10.3390/w12102788 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani tsarin daban mai suna &quot;[[Tsarin birni mai kula da ruwa|Tsarin Birni Mai Kula da Ruwa]]&quot; (WSUD) ya fito ne daga Ostiraliya a shekarun 1990, yayin da [[Ci gaba mai karamin tasiri (Amurka da Kanada)|Ci Gaba Mai Karamin Tasiri]] (LID) ya fito daga Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Daga baya, New Zealand ta sake fasalin LID don samar da &quot;Tsarin Birni da Ci Gaba Mai Karamin Tasiri&quot; (LIUDD) tare da mayar da hankali kan amfani da masu ruwa da tsaki mabanbanta a matsayin harsashi. Sannan a shekarun 2000, kasashen yammacin duniya sun amshi tsarin &quot;[[Gine-ginen dabi'a don sarrafa ruwan hadari|Gine-ginen Dabi'a]]&quot; don sarrafa ruwan hadari da kuma habaka yanayin zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da muhalli don dorewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

A cikin wani shiri na Gwamnatin Kasar Sin, wato Shirin [[Birnin Soso|Biranen Soso]] (Sponge Cities Program), masu tsara gine-gine na amfani da [[Tsarin magudanar ruwa mai dorewa|gine-ginen dabi'a da na kankare]] a biranen Sin guda 30 a matsayin hanyar sarrafa ambaliyar ruwan sama da kuma kasadar sauyin yanayi bayan saurin bunkasar birane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

=== Bangarorin sarrafa ruwa ===
[[File:Flintenbreite constructed wetland.jpg|thumb|Misali na Nau'i na 3 na hanyoyin da suka dogara da dabi'a: [[Fadamar da aka gina da kanta]] don [[tace kazamin ruwa]] a wani rukunin [[Ginin dabi'a|gidan muhalli]] a Flintenbreite, Jamus]]
Game da lamuran da suka shafi ruwa, NBS na iya cimma wadannan abubuwa:&lt;ref&gt;UN-Water (2018) [http://www.unwater.org/publications/world-water-development-report-2018/ World Water Development Report 2018] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908083130/http://www.unwater.org/publications/world-water-development-report-2018/|date=8 September 2019}}, Geneva, Switzerland&lt;/ref&gt;
* Yin amfani da tsarin dabi'a don kara samun ruwa (misali, rike damshin [[kasa]], [[kara loda ruwan karkashin kasa]]),
* Inganta [[ingancin ruwa]] (misali, amfani da [[Fadama|fadamun dabi'a]] da [[fadamun da aka gina da kanta]] don tace [[kazamin ruwa]]; da kuma shingen bishiyoyi a gaba da gaba na koramu), da kuma
* Rage kasadun da ke tattare da bala'o'in da suka shafi ruwa da sauyin yanayi (misali, [[maido da filayen ambaliya]], [[rufin ganye na dabi'a]]).
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kuma yi kokarin inganta sauyin tunani zuwa ga NBS: jigon [[Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya]] na shekarar 2018 ya kasance &quot;Dabi'a don Ruwa&quot;, yayin da rahoton [[UN-Water|UN-Water]] da ke tafiya tare da shi wato [[Rahoton Ci Gaban Ruwa na Duniya na MDD]] ke dauke da lakabin &quot;Hanyoyin da suka Dogara da Dabi'a don Ruwa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;UN-Water (2018) [http://www.unwater.org/publications/world-water-development-report-2018/ World Water Development Report 2018: Nature-based Solutions for Water] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908083130/http://www.unwater.org/publications/world-water-development-report-2018/|date=8 September 2019}}, Geneva, Switzerland&lt;/ref&gt;

Misali, Cibiyar Muhalli ta Lancaster ta gina madatsun ruwa a matakai mabanbanta a kan filayen ambaliya tare da amfani da manhajar kwamfuta ta kwaikwayon yanayi (modelling software) wadda ke ba masu kallo damar lissafin gwargwadon yadda filin ambaliyar ya fadada lokacin da guguwa biyu suka afku. Manufar ita ce karkatar da kwararar ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa zuwa yankunan da za su iya fadada na ajiya a cikin muhallin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hankin |first1=Barry |last2=Page |first2=Trevor |last3=McShane |first3=Gareth |last4=Chappell |first4=Nick |last5=Spray |first5=Chris |last6=Black |first6=Andrew |last7=Comins |first7=Luke |date=2021-08-01 |title=How can we plan resilient systems of nature-based mitigation measures in larger catchments for flood risk reduction now and in the future? |journal=Water Security |language=en |volume=13 |article-number=100091 |bibcode=2021WatSe..1300091H |doi=10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100091 |issn=2468-3124 |s2cid=238840688 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maido da gandun daji don amfani mabanbanta ===
[[Maido da gandun daji]] na iya amfanar rukunin halittu mabanbanta (biodiversity) da kuma hanyoyin rayuwar bil'adama (misali, samar da abinci, katako, da kayayyakin magani). Bishiyoyi na asali mabanbanta sun fi samun damar jurewa sauyin yanayi fiye da bishiyoyin da aka dasa na kasuwanci (plantation forests). Fadada aikin gona shi ne babban ummul-haba'atin da ke janyo [[saran bishiyoyi]] a duniya baki daya.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAO &amp; UNEP-2020&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief |publisher=FAO &amp; UNEP |year=2020 |isbn=978-92-5-132707-4 |location=Rome |doi=10.4060/ca8985en |s2cid=241416114}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kiyasta asarar gandun daji da kusan hekta miliyan 4.7 kowace shekara a tsakanin 2010-2020. A daidai wannan lokacin, Asiya ce ta sami mafi girman karuwar yankin gandun daji, sai yankin Oceania da kuma Turai.&lt;ref name=&quot;GFRA2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Global Forest Resource Assessment 2020 |url=http://www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment/2020/en/ |access-date=20 September 2020 |website=www.fao.org |language=en |archive-date=20 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520105408/http://www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment/2020/en |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Maido da gandun daji, a matsayin bangare na dabarun ci gaban kasa, na iya taimaka wa kasashe su cimma muradun ci gaba mai dorewa.&lt;ref&gt;IUCN (2019), [https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/timber/meetings/2019/20191216/Forest_landscape_restoration_pathways_to_achieving_the_SDGs.pdf Forest landscape restoration pathways to achieving the SDGs], INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, a kasar Ruwanda, Hukumar Albarkatun Dabi'a ta Ruwanda, [[Cibiyar Albarkatun Duniya]] da IUCN sun kaddamar da wani shiri a shekarar 2015 don maido da gandun daji a matsayin fifikon kasa. Hanyoyin NBS da aka yi amfani da su sun hada da maido da tsarin halittu da kuma rage kaidin sauyin yanayi ta hanyar tsarin halittu, kuma shirin an yi shi ne don magance matsalolin al'umma kamar haka: samar da abinci, samar da ruwa, da kuma rage kasadar bala'o'i.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cohen-Shacham10&quot; /&gt;{{rp|50}} [[Babban Ganuwar Kore (Afirka)|Babban Ganuwar Kore]], wani yakin neman zabe ne na hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashen Afirka don yaki da kwararar hamada da aka kaddamar a shekarar 2007.

== Aiwatarwa ==
[[File:Tallinn, European Green Capital 2023.jpg|thumb|Misalin birni da ke amfani da hanyoyin da suka ginu da dabi'a: Tallinn, babban birnin Estonia, an ayyana shi a matsayin Babban Birnin Kore na Turai 2023 don nuna amincewa da kokarinsa na inganta sufuri mai dorewa, tattalin arzikin kore da kuma kiyaye muhalli.]]

=== Jagora don ingantaccen aiwatarwa ===
Sassaken bincike da rahotanni da dama sun ba da shawarar ka'idoji da tsare-tsare don jagorantar ingantaccen aiwatarwa mai dacewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cohen-Shacham10&quot; /&gt;{{rp|5}} Misali, babban ka'ida guda daya ita ce, hanyoyin da suka ginu da dabi'a (NBS) suna neman runguma ne, maimakon sauyawa, ka'idojin kiyaye dabi'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Anderson|first1=Carl C.|last2=Renaud|first2=Fabrice G.|date=19 February 2021|title=A review of public acceptance of nature-based solutions: The 'why', 'when', and 'how' of success for disaster risk reduction measures|journal=Ambio|volume=50|issue=8|pages=1552–1573|doi=10.1007/s13280-021-01502-4|pmid=33606249|issn=0044-7447|pmc=8249538|bibcode=2021Ambio..50.1552A }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cohen-Shacham|first1=Emmanuelle|last2=Andrade|first2=Angela|last3=Dalton|first3=James|last4=Dudley|first4=Nigel|last5=Jones|first5=Mike|last6=Kumar|first6=Chetan|last7=Maginnis|first7=Stewart|last8=Maynard|first8=Simone|last9=Nelson|first9=Cara R.|last10=Renaud|first10=Fabrice G.|last11=Welling|first11=Rebecca|date=2019|title=Core principles for successfully implementing and upscaling Nature-based Solutions|journal=Environmental Science &amp; Policy|volume=98|pages=20–29|doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2019.04.014|s2cid=182716739|issn=1462-9011|doi-access=free|bibcode=2019ESPol..98...20C }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya aiwatar da NBS su kadai ko kuma a hade su tare da sauran hanyoyin magance kalubalen al'umma (misali hanyoyin fasaha da aikin injiniya) kuma ana amfani da su a sikelin shimfidar kasa.

Masu bincike sun nuna cewa &quot;maimakon daukar NBS a matsayin madadin hanyoyin injiniya, kamata ya yi mu mayar da hankali kan lalubo hadin gwiwa tsakanin hanyoyin daban-daban&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Seddon |first1=Nathalie |last2=Chausson |first2=Alexandre |last3=Berry |first3=Pam |last4=Girardin |first4=Cécile A. J. |last5=Smith |first5=Alison |last6=Turner |first6=Beth |date=2020 |title=Understanding the value and limits of nature-based solutions to climate change and other global challenges |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=375 |issue=1794 |article-number=20190120 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2019.0120 |issn=0962-8436 |pmc=7017763 |pmid=31983344}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manufar NBS tana samun karbuwa a wajen kungiyoyin kiyaye dabi'a (misali tsara birane) kuma yanzu tana kan hanyarta ta zama babban bangare a cikin manufofi da shirye-shirye (manufofin canjin yanayi, doka, jarin ababen more rayuwa, da hanyoyin samar da kudade),&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Dhyani |first1=Shalini |title=Opportunities and Advances to Mainstream Nature-Based Solutions in Disaster Risk Management and Climate Strategy |date=2020 |work=Nature-based Solutions for Resilient Ecosystems and Societies |pages=1–26 |series=Disaster Resilience and Green Growth |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Singapore |doi=10.1007/978-981-15-4712-6_1 |isbn=978-981-15-4711-9 |s2cid=226611591 |last2=Karki |first2=Madhav |last3=Gupta |first3=Anil Kumar}}&lt;/ref&gt; kodayake NBS har yanzu tana fuskantar cikas da kalubale da dama wajen aiwatarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

Binciken shari'o'i da dama ya nuna cewa NBS na iya kasancewa mafi dacewa ta fuskar tattalin arziki fiye da ababen more rayuwa na fasaha na gargajiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Costa|first1=Sandra|last2=Peters|first2=Rik|last3=Martins|first3=Ricardo|last4=Postmes|first4=Luuk|last5=Keizer|first5=Jan Jacob|last6=Roebeling|first6=Peter|date=March 2021|title=Effectiveness of Nature-Based Solutions on Pluvial Flood Hazard Mitigation: The Case Study of the City of Eindhoven (The Netherlands)|journal=Resources|language=en|volume=10|issue=3|page=24|doi=10.3390/resources10030024|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aiwatar da NBS yana bukatar matakai kamar daidaita tsare-tsaren tallafin tattalin arziki, da samar da damammaki na kudaden kiyaye muhalli, da sauransu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

=== Amfani da tsarin bayanan labarin kasa (GIS) ===
Haka kuma, canjin yanayin dabi'a da na al'adu na takamaiman wuri ne ke nuna ingancin NBS, wanda ya hada da ilimin gargajiya, na gida da kuma na kimiyya. Ana iya amfani da tsarin bayanan labarin kasa (GIS) a matsayin kayan aikin bincike don tantance wuraren da za su iya yin nasara a matsayin NBS.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mubeen |first1=Adam |last2=Ruangpan |first2=Laddaporn |last3=Vojinovic |first3=Zoran |last4=Sanchez Torrez |first4=Arlex |last5=Plavšić |first5=Jasna |date=2021-08-01 |title=Planning and Suitability Assessment of Large-scale Nature-based Solutions for Flood-risk Reduction |journal=Water Resources Management |language=en |volume=35 |issue=10 |pages=3063–3081 |doi=10.1007/s11269-021-02848-w |issn=1573-1650 |s2cid=235781989 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2021WatRM..35.3063M }}&lt;/ref&gt; GIS na iya aiki ta hanyar da ake la'akari da yanayin wuri da suka hada da gangaren kasa, hanyoyin ruwa, amfani da kasa da kuma nau'ikan kasa yayin gudanar da bincike don dacewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Sau da yawa ana amfani da taswirorin da aka samar tare da taswirorin ambaliyar ruwa na tarihi don tantance yuwuwar karfin adana ruwan ambaliya a takamaiman wurare ta amfani da kayan aikin gina samfurin 3D.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;

=== Ayyukan da Tarayyar Turai ke tallafawa ===
Tun daga shekara ta 2016, kungiyar EU ta tallafa wa dandalin tattaunawa na masu ruwa da tsaki da dama (ThinkNature&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ThinkNature {{!}} Platform for Nature-Based Solutions|url=https://www.think-nature.eu/|access-date=5 September 2021|website=ThinkNature|language=en|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905131605/https://www.think-nature.eu/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;) don inganta dabarun hadin gwiwa, gwaji, da tura ingantattun hanyoyin NBS masu inganci da sabbin dabarun a fannoni daban-daban a hade.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Kirkirar irin wadannan dandaloli na hadin gwiwa tsakanin kimiyya, manufofi, kasuwanci da al'umma zai iya inganta karbuwar NBS a kasuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Nikolaidis|first1=Nikolaos P.|last2=Kolokotsa|first2=Dionyssia|last3=Banwart|first3=Steven A.|date=16 March 2017|title=Nature-based solutions: business|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=543|issue=7645|page=315|doi=10.1038/543315d|pmid=28300105|issn=0028-0836|bibcode=2017Natur.543..315N|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan aikin yana cikin shirin bincike da kirkire-kirkire na Horizon 2020 na kungiyar EU, kuma ya kwashe shekaru 3 yana gudana.

A cikin shekara ta 2017, a zaman wani bangare na Shugabancin Jamhuriyar Estonia na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Estonia da Jami'ar Tallinn sun shirya wani taron bita mai taken &quot;Nature-based Solutions: From Innovation to Common-use&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nbs2017.eu/|title=Nature-Based Solutions, Tallinn, 24–26 October 2017|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=21 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621015823/https://nbs2017.eu/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron ya mayar da hankali ne don karfafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin kwanannan matakai da shirye-shirye daban-daban da suka shafi NBS, tare da mai da hankali kan manufofi da gudanarwar NBS, bincike, da kuma kirkire-kirkire.

== Matsaloli ==
Kungiyar Indigenous Environmental Network ta bayyana cewa &quot;Mafita na tushen yanayi (NBS) kayan aikin greenwashing ne wanda bai magance tushen sauyin yanayi ba.&quot; kuma &quot;Gado na ikon mulkin mallaka yana ci gaba ta hanyar mafita na tushen yanayi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Nam Pham, Tamra Gilbertson, Joshua Witchger, Elisa Soto-Danseco, and Tom BK Goldtooth (2022) Nature-based solutions. Indigenous Environmental Network Climate Justice Program Briefing Series&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, ayyukan NBS na iya haɗa da sauya ƙasar da ba daji ba zuwa gonakin daji (don rage sauyin yanayi) amma wannan yana ɗauke da haɗarin rashin adalci na sauyin yanayi ta hanyar kwace ƙasa daga manoma ƙanana da makiyaya.&lt;ref&gt;Ara Begum, R., R. Lempert, E. Ali, T.A. Benjaminsen, T. Bernauer, W. Cramer, X. Cui, K. Mach, G. Nagy, N.C. Stenseth, R. Sukumar, and P.Wester, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter01.pdf Chapter 1: Point of Departure and Key Concepts]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 121–196, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.003.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|163}}

Sai dai, IPCC ta nuna cewa kalmar &quot;batun muhawara ne mai ci gaba, tare da damuwa cewa zai iya haifar da fahimtar kuskure cewa NBS shi kaɗai zai iya samar da mafita ta duniya ga sauyin yanayi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;{{rp|24}} Don fayyace wannan batu, IPCC ta kuma bayyana cewa &quot;tsarin da ya danganci yanayi ba za a iya ɗauka a matsayin madadin ko kuma dalilin jinkirta yanke gagarumin rage hayaki na GHG ba&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;Parmesan, C., M.D. Morecroft, Y. Trisurat, R. Adrian, G.Z. Anshari, A. Arneth, Q. Gao, P. Gonzalez, R. Harris, J. Price, N. Stevens, and G.H. Talukdarr, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter02.pdf Chapter 2: Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems and Their Services]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 197–377, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|203}}

Yawancin nazarin misalai na NBS suna fitowa daga ƙasashen Global North, wanda ya haifar da rashin bayanai ga ƙasashe masu matsakaici da ƙaramin kuɗi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Saboda haka, yawancin tsarin halittu da yanayi sun fita daga nazarin da ake da su da kuma nazarin kuɗi a waɗannan wurare. Ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike a cikin Global South don tantance ingancin NBS a kan yanayi, zamantakewa da ka’idojin muhalli.

== Ra’ayoyi masu alaƙa ==
NBS yana da alaƙa sosai da ra’ayoyi kamar hanyoyin tsarin halittu da injiniyan yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Wannan ya haɗa da ra’ayoyi kamar daidaitawar tsarin halittu&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;{{rp|284}} da tsarin kore.&lt;ref name=&quot;Benedict7&quot;&gt;Benedict, M.A., E.T. McMahon. 2006. Green Infrastructure: linking landscapes and communities. Washington D.C.: Island.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Misali, hanyoyin da suka danganci tsarin halittu suna ƙara samun goyon baya don daidaitawa da sauyin yanayi da rage tasirinsa daga kungiyoyi kamar United Nations Environment Programme da kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba kamar The Nature Conservancy. Wadannan kungiyoyi suna nuni da &quot;manufofi da matakai da ke la’akari da rawar ayyukan tsarin halittu wajen rage raunin al’umma ga sauyin yanayi, ta hanyar tsari mai fannonin da yawa da matakai daban-daban&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cowan3&quot;&gt;Cowan C., C. Epple, H. Korn, R. Schliep, J. Stadler (Eds.). 2010. Working with nature to tackle climate change. Report of the ENCA/BfN Workshop on &quot;Developing ecosystem-based approaches to climate change – Why, what and how, https://www.bfn.de/fileadmin/MDB/documents/service/Skript264.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326040150/http://www.bfn.de/fileadmin/MDB/documents/service/Skript264.pdf|date=26 March 2016}}&quot;. Bonn: Bundesamt für Naturschutz.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Shafukan mahaɗa==
'''Nature-based solutions in the context of climate change:'''
*[http://www.naturebasedsolutionsinitiative.org/ Nature-based Solutions Initiative] - interdisciplinary programme of research, education and policy advice based in the Departments of Biology and Geography at the University of Oxford
* [https://weadapt.org/knowledge-base/nature-based-solutions/an-introduction-to-nature-based-solutions/ An Introduction to Nature-based Solutions (by weADAPT)]
*Shortfilm by [[Greta Thunberg]] and [[George Monbiot]]: ''[https://www.conservation.org/video/nature-now-video-with-greta-thunberg Nature Now]'' 2020
*[https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-can-nature-based-solutions-help-address-climate-change Q&amp;A: Can 'nature-based solutions' help address climate change?] by CarbonBrief. 2021.

'''Nature-based solutions in other contexts:'''
* Sustainable cities: Nature-based solutions in urban design (The Nature Conservancy): https://vimeo.com/155849692
* Video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e8YxZATAiDE Think Nature: A guide to using nature-based solutions (IUCN)]</text>
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|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 125%;&quot; |Ma'aikatar Harkokin Tattalin Arziki da Makamashi ta Tarayya
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-subheader&quot; |''Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci da Wutar Lantarki''
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Federal_Ministry_for_Economic_Affairs_and_Energy_Logo.svg|200x200px]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efefef&quot; |Bayani na hukumar
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |An kafa shi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |23 Oktoba 1917 a matsayin ''Reichswirtschaftsamt''
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ikon iko
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Government of Germany|Gwamnatin Jamus]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Hedikwatar
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Berlin]]/[[Bonn]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ma'aikata
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |2,187
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Kasafin kudin shekara-shekara
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[€|Yuro]] biliyan 10,434 (2021) &lt;ref&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;531&quot;&gt;[https://www.bundeshaushalt.de/#/2021/soll/ausgaben/einzelplan/09.html &quot;Bundeshaushalt&quot;]. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;532&quot;&gt;''www.bundeshaushalt.de''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;533&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10 May&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ministan da ke da alhakin
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* Katherina Reiche, Ministan Harkokin Tattalin Arziki da Makamashi na Tarayya
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Shafin yanar gizo
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;url&quot;&gt;[http://www.bmwk.de www.bmwk.de]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/span&gt;
|}
'''Ma'aikatar Harkokin Tattalin Arziki da Makamashi ta Tarayya''' (Jamusanci: Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie, mai suna [ˈbʊndəsminɪsˌteːʁiʊm fyːɐ̯ ˈvɪʁt.ʃaft ʔʊnt ˈkliːmaˌʃʊts] i; an taƙaita '''BMWE''', tsohon BMWi) ma'aikatun matakin majalisa ce ta Tarayyar Jamus. A baya an san shi da &quot;Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki&quot;. An sake kirkireshi a shekara ta 2005 a matsayin &quot;Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki da Fasaha&quot; bayan an hade shi da wasu ma'aikatu don kafa Ma'aikatun Tattalin Ruwa da Aiki tsakanin 2002 da 2005. Ma'aikatar tana da shawara daga Majalisar Masu Ba da Shawara kan Tattalin Arziki na Dijital.{{IPA|de|ˈbʊndəsminɪsˌteːʁiʊm fyːɐ̯ ˈvɪʁt.ʃaft ʔʊnt ˈkliːmaˌʃʊts|pron|De-Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz.ogg}}{{IPA|de|ˈbʊndəsminɪsˌteːʁiʊm fyːɐ̯ ˈvɪʁt.ʃaft ʔʊnt ˈkliːmaˌʃʊts|pron|De-Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz.ogg}}{{IPA|de|ˈbʊndəsminɪsˌteːʁiʊm fyːɐ̯ ˈvɪʁt.ʃaft ʔʊnt ˈkliːmaˌʃʊts|pron|De-Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz.ogg}}

== Tarihi ==
Tsohon tarihin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Tattalin Arziki da Ayyukan Yanayi ta Tarayya ta yanzu shine ''Reichswirtschaftsamt'' (Ofishin Tattalin Ruwa na Reich), wanda aka kafa a 1917. A cikin 1919, wannan ya zama Reichswirtschaftsministerium (Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki ta Reich), wanda ya wanzu har zuwa 1945.

A cikin Jamus da ta mamaye bayan yaƙi, Ofishin Gudanarwa na Tattalin Arziki ne ke aiwatar da ayyukanta ( German   ) tsakanin 1946 zuwa 1949. Bayan kafuwar [[Jamus|Tarayyar Jamus]], ma'aikatar tattalin arziki ta tarayya ( German   ) ya kasance daga 1949 zuwa 1998. Daga Mayu 1971 zuwa Disamba 1972, an hade ta na wani dan lokaci da Ma'aikatar Kudi ta Tarayya, a Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki da Kudi ta Tarayya. A cikin 1998 an ƙara sashin fasaha na Ma'aikatar Bincike, wanda ya zama Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziƙi da Fasaha ta Tarayya.

Tsakanin 2002 da 2005, an haɗa shi da Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki da Fasaha ta Tarayya da kuma wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatu na Ayyuka da Harkokin Jama'a na Tarayya - ɗayan ɓangaren an haɗa shi tare da tsohuwar Ma'aunin Lafiya na Tarayya, sannan Ma'aikin Lafiya da Tsaron Jama'a. Wannan sauye-sauyen ya yi niyyar karfafa fannonin manufofi na tattalin arziki da kasuwar ma'aikata, wanda wa'adin na biyu na shugaban kasar Gerhard Schröder ya so ya mai da hankali, a hannu daya. Saboda sabon Ma'aikatar tana da girma sosai kuma tana da mahimmanci, ana kiranta sau da yawa a matsayin babban ma'aikatun (Superministerium) kuma ministan ta a matsayin ''Babban Minista'' (Superminister). An ga kirkirar sabuwar Ma'aikatar a ko'ina kamar yadda ta gaza, musamman saboda rashin aikin da mai rike da mukamin Wolfgang Clement ya yi.

A karkashin [[Grand coalition|Babban hadin gwiwa]] mai zuwa karkashin jagorancin [[Angela Merkel]], an sake fasalin fayil ɗin, kuma an sake kirkirar tsoffin Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki da Fasaha ta Tarayya, Ma'aikata da Harkokin Jama'a [[Federal Ministry of Health (Germany)|na Lafiya]] a matsayin Ma'aikatu ta Tattalin Ruwa da Fasaha. An sake masa suna zuwa Ma'aikatar Harkokin Tattalin Arziki da Makamashi ta Tarayya a cikin 2013.

* A cikin tsari na Tarayyar Tarayyar Jamus Ma'aikatar ta buga takardar gaskiya a kan tsarin horar da sana'a na musamman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fact-sheet Duale Ausbildung |url=https://www.bmwi.de/Redaktion/DE/Downloads/F/Faktenblaetter/fact-sheet-duale-ausbildung.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&amp;v=55 |website=bmwi.de |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarinsa ==
[[Fayil:InvalidenstrBerlin_12-2017_img2.jpg|thumb|Hedikwatar]]
[[Fayil:BundesministeriumfuerWirtschaftundKlimaschutz1.jpg|thumb|Gidan da ke gaba]]
[[Fayil:BundesministeriumfuerWirtschaftundKlimaschutz2.jpg|thumb|Gidan shiga]]
[[Fayil:2021-12-07_Unterzeichnung_des_Koalitionsvertrages_der_20._Wahlperiode_des_Bundestages_by_Sandro_Halank–018_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Robert Habeck, Green]]
An tsara Ma'aikatar zuwa sassan 10 da kuma sashen tsakiya guda ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Action |first=BMWK-Federal Ministry for Economics Affairs and Climate |title=Organisational Chart of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action. |url=https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Downloads/M-O/organisational-chart.html |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=www.bmwk.de |language=en |archive-date=2023-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819072549/https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Downloads/M-O/organisational-chart.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Gudanarwa ta Tsakiya - Z
* Manufofin Turai - E
* Manufofin Tattalin Arziki - I
* Tattalin Arziki da Tsaro na Makamashi - WE
* Yanayin Yanayi - K
* Manufofin Makamashi: Zafin zafi da Inganci - II
* Manufofin Makamashi: Wutar Lantarki da Grid - III
* Manufofin Masana'antu - IV
* Manufofin Tattalin Arziki na waje - V
* Manufofin dijital da Innovation - VI
* Manufofin SME - VII

Ma'aikatar tana da hedikwatar a Berlin.

== Hukumomi ==
Baya ga ayyukanta, Ma'aikatar tana kula da hukumomi masu zuwa: 

== Ministoci da Sakataren Jiha ==

=== Ministoci ===
'''Jam'iyyar Siyasa:'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sunan (An haife shi-ya mutu) &lt;br /&gt;
!Hoton
!Jam'iyyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Lokacin Ofishin
!Shugaba (Kwamitin) &lt;br /&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;7&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#EEEEFF&quot; |Ministan Tattalin Arziki na Tarayya
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{party color|CDU/CSU}}; color:white;&quot; |1
|'''Ludwig Erhard'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1897–1977)&lt;/small&gt;
|[[Fayil:Einde_bezoek_bondskanselier_dr_Ludwig_Erhard_en_gaf_persconferentie_in_het_Haag,_Bestanddeelnr_916-1330.jpg|114x114px]]
|CDU
|20 ga Satumba 1949
|16 ga Oktoba 1963
|[[First Adenauer cabinet|Na]]&quot; id=&quot;mwoA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Konrad Adenauer&quot;&gt;Adenauer (I • II • III • IV • V) &lt;br /&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{party color|CDU/CSU}}; color:white;&quot; |2
|'''Kurt Schmücker'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1919–1996)&lt;/small&gt;
|[[Fayil:Kurt_Schmücker1.jpg|104x104px]]
|CDU
|17 ga Oktoba 1963
|30 ga Nuwamba 1966
|Erhard (I • II) &lt;br /&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}; color:white;&quot; |3
|'''Karl Schiller'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1911–1994)&lt;/small&gt;
|[[Fayil:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F029983-0017,_Bonn,_SPD-Pressekonferenz,_Karl_Schiller_(crop).jpg|93x93px]]
|SPD
|1 ga Disamba 1966
|7 ga Yulin 1972
|Kiesinger (I) &lt;br /&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}; color:white;&quot; |4
|'''Helmut Schmidt'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1918–2015)&lt;/small&gt;
|[[Fayil:Helmut_Schmidt_(13.07.1977).jpg|106x106px]]
|SPD
|7 ga Yulin 1972
|15 ga Disamba 1972
|Brandt (I) 
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}} ; color:blue;&quot; |5
|'''Hans Friderichs'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt; (an haife shi a shekara ta 1931) &lt;/small&gt;
|[[Fayil:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F046793-0022,_Mainz,_FDP-Bundesparteitag,_Friderichs_(cropped).jpg|91x91px]]
|FDP
|15 ga Disamba 1972
|7 ga Oktoba 1977
|Brandt (II) Schmidt (I • II) &lt;br /&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}} ; color:blue;&quot; |6
|'''Otto Graf Lambsdorff'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1926–2009)&lt;/small&gt;
|[[Fayil:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F054879-0030,_Mainz,_FDP-Bundesparteitag,_Lambsdorff_(cropped).jpg|88x88px]]
|FDP
|7 ga Oktoba 1977
|17 ga Satumba 1982
|Schmidt (II • III) &lt;br /&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}; color:white;&quot; |7
|'''Manfred Lahnstein'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt; (an haife shi a shekara ta 1937) &lt;/small&gt;
|[[Fayil:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F064991-0014,_Bonn,_SPD-Pressekonferenz,_Manfred_Lahnstein_(cropped).jpg|90x90px]]
|SPD
|17 ga Satumba 1982
|1 ga Oktoba 1982
|Schmidt (III) &lt;br /&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}} ; color:blue;&quot; |8&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(6)}}
|'''Otto Graf Lambsdorff'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1926–2009)&lt;/small&gt;
|[[Fayil:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F054879-0030,_Mainz,_FDP-Bundesparteitag,_Lambsdorff_(cropped).jpg|88x88px]]
|FDP
|4 ga Oktoba 1982
|27 Yuni 1984
|Kohl (I • II) &lt;br /&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}} ; color:blue;&quot; |9
|'''Martin Bangemann'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1934–2022)&lt;/small&gt;
|[[Fayil:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F052010-0020,_Kiel,_FDP-Bundesparteitag,_Bangemann.jpg|117x117px]]
|FDP
|27 Yuni 1984
|9 ga Disamba 1988
|Kohl (II • III) &lt;br /&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}} ; color:blue;&quot; |10
|'''Helmut Haussmann'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt; (an haife shi a shekara ta 1943) &lt;/small&gt;
|[[Fayil:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F074463-0009,_Bonn,_Pressekonferenz_Koalitionsverhandlungen_(cropped).jpg|100x100px]]
|FDP
|9 ga Disamba 1988
|18 Janairu 1991
|Kohl (III) &lt;br /&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}; color:blue;&quot; |11
|'''Jürgen Möllemann'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1945–2003)&lt;/small&gt;
|[[Fayil:Jürgen_Möllemann_2002_(cropped).jpeg|112x112px]]
|FDP
|18 Janairu 1991
|21 ga Janairu 1993
|Kohl (IV) &lt;br /&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}; color:blue;&quot; |12
|'''Günter Rexrodt'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1941–2004)&lt;/small&gt;
|
|FDP
|21 ga Janairu 1993
|26 ga Oktoba 1998
|Kohl (IV • V) &lt;br /&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;background:#EEEEFF&quot; |Ministan Tattalin Arziki da Fasaha na Tarayya
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};&quot; |13
|'''Werner Müller'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1946–2019)&lt;/small&gt;
|[[Fayil:Wernermueller2002.jpg|98x98px]]
|&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAYg&quot;&gt;IND&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;small&gt; (don SPD) &lt;/small&gt; 
|27 ga Oktoba 1998
|22 ga Oktoba 2002
|Schröder (I) &lt;br /&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;background:#EEEEFF&quot; |Ministan Tattalin Arziki da Aiki na Tarayya
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}; color:white;&quot; |14
|'''Wolfgang Clement'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1940–2020)&lt;/small&gt;
|[[Fayil:Wolfgang_Clement.jpg|87x87px]]
|SPD
|22 ga Oktoba 2002
|22 ga Nuwamba 2005
|Schröder (II) &lt;br /&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;background:#EEEEFF&quot; |Ministan Tattalin Arziki da Fasaha na Tarayya
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{party color|Christian Social Union in Bavaria}}; color:white;&quot; |15
|'''Michael Glos'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt; (an haife shi a shekara ta 1944) &lt;/small&gt;
|[[Fayil:Michael_Glos_2012_(cropped).jpg|108x108px]]
|CSU
|22 ga Nuwamba 2005
|10 Fabrairu 2009
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Angela Merkel|Merkel]] (I) &lt;br /&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{party color|Christian Social Union in Bavaria}}; color:white;&quot; |16
|'''Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt; (an haife shi a shekara ta 1971) &lt;/small&gt;
|[[Fayil:Karl-Theodor_Freiherr_zu_Guttenberg_(4909820318).jpg|102x102px]]
|CSU
|10 Fabrairu 2009
|28 ga Oktoba 2009
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}} ; color:blue;&quot; |17
|'''Rainer Brüderle'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt; (an haife shi a shekara ta 1945) &lt;/small&gt;
|[[Fayil:Rainer_Brüderle-Carschten2.jpg|101x101px]]
|FDP
|28 ga Oktoba 2009
|12 ga Mayu 2011
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Angela Merkel|Merkel]] (II) &lt;br /&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}} ; color:blue;&quot; |18
|'''Philipp Rösler'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt; (an haife shi a shekara ta 1973) &lt;/small&gt;
|[[Fayil:Roesler-klein.jpg|97x97px]]
|FDP
|12 ga Mayu 2011
|17 ga Disamba 2013
|-
! colspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;background:#EEEEFF&quot; |Ministan Harkokin Tattalin Arziki da Makamashi na Tarayya
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}; color:white;&quot; |19
|'''Sigmar Jibra'ilu'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt; (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958) &lt;/small&gt;
|[[Fayil:2015-12_Sigmar_Gabriel_SPD_Bundesparteitag_by_Olaf_Kosinsky-66.jpg|92x92px]]
|SPD
|17 ga Disamba 2013
|27 Janairu 2017
|[[Angela Merkel|Merkel]] (III) &lt;br /&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}; color:white;&quot; |20
|'''Brigitte Zypries'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt; (an haife shi a shekara ta 1953) &lt;/small&gt;
|[[Fayil:WLP14-ri-0279-_Brigitte_Zypries_(SPD).jpg|113x113px]]
|SPD
|27 Janairu 2017
|14 Maris 2018
|[[Angela Merkel|Merkel]] (III) &lt;br /&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{party color|CDU/CSU}}; color:white;&quot; |21
|'''Peter Altmaier'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt; (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958) &lt;/small&gt;
|[[Fayil:2016-12-06_Peter_Altmaier_CDU_Parteitag_by_Olaf_Kosinsky-9.jpg|75x75px]]
|CDU
|14 Maris 2018
|8 ga Disamba 2021
|[[Angela Merkel|Merkel]] (IV) &lt;br /&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;background:#EEEEFF&quot; |Ministan Tarayya na Harkokin Tattalin Arziki da Yanayi
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}} ; color:white;&quot; |22
|'''Robert Habeck'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt; (an haife shi a shekara ta 1969) &lt;/small&gt;
|[[Fayil:2021-12-07_Unterzeichnung_des_Koalitionsvertrages_der_20._Wahlperiode_des_Bundestages_by_Sandro_Halank–018_(cropped).jpg|104x104px]]
|Green
|8 ga Disamba 2021
|6 ga Mayu 2025
|[[Olaf Scholz|Scholz]] (Scholz) &lt;br /&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;background:#EEEEFF&quot; |Ministan Harkokin Tattalin Arziki da Makamashi na Tarayya
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{party color|CDU/CSU}}; color:white;&quot; |23
|'''Katherina Reiche'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt; (an haife shi a shekara ta 1973) &lt;/small&gt;
|[[Fayil:Katherina_Reiche_CDU_Parteitag_2014_by_Olaf_Kosinsky-2.jpg|76x76px]]
|CDU
|6 ga Mayu 2025
|''Mai mulki''
|Merz (Merz) &lt;br /&gt;
|-
|}

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi (Somalia)</title>
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'''Ma'aikatar Muhalli da [[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|Canjin yanayi]]''' ma'aikatari ce ta gwamnati a [[Somaliya]], wacce ke da alhakin tsarawa da aiwatar da manufofi da suka shafi kiyaye muhalli da daidaitawa da sauyin yanayi. An kafa shi a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2022, a lokacin gwamnatin Shugaba Hassan Sheikh, an kirkiro ma'aikatar ne a matsayin wani ɓangare na martani na gwamnati ga kalubalen muhalli da ke fuskantar Somalia. Khadija Mohamed Al Makhzoumi, tsohon jakada, tana aiki a matsayin ''Ministan Muhalli'' da Canjin Yanayi na yanzu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-02 |title=Liiska Golaha Wasiirada Xukuumadda Federaalka ee rasmiga ah oo gaaraya 75 xubnood [2022] |url=https://horseedmedia.net/liiska-golaha-wasiirada-xukuumadda-federaalka-ee-rasmiga-ah-2022-370971 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=Horseed Media |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi an ba da umarni tare da manyan manufofi da yawa:

# '''Kare Muhalli''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Policies and Strategies |url=https://moecc.gov.so/policies-and-strategies/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=Ministry of Environment &amp; Climate Change |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;: Ɗaya daga cikin nauyin ma'aikatar shine kula da kariya ga tsarin halittu daban-daban a cikin Somalia, gami da gandun daji, wuraren da ke bakin teku. Ma'aikatar ta kafa ka'idoji da matakan kiyayewa da nufin magance sare daji, lalacewar ƙasa, da gurɓataccen yanayi.
# '''Canjin yanayi:''' Ma'aikatar kuma tana da dabarun ragewa da daidaitawa da canjin yanayi. Manufar ita ce ta rage hayakin gas, bayar da shawara don amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa, da kuma gina ƙarfin yanayi a cikin al'ummomin da ke fama da rauni.
# '''Gudanar da albarkatun kasa:''' Ma'aikatar tana kula da amfani mai ɗorewa na albarkatun ƙasa kamar ruwa, ma'adanai, da ƙasa a Somalia. Yana aiwatar da ka'idojin da aka tsara don hakar albarkatun da ke da alhakin da kuma kare wuraren zama masu mahimmanci.
# '''Ilimi da Sanarwa:''' Ɗaya daga cikin rawar da ma'aikatar ke takawa shine kara wayar da kan jama'a da ilimi game da batutuwan muhalli da yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-11-06 |title=Xasan Mowliid Yaasiin: Wacyigelinta baahida loo qabo ilaalinta bii’ada Soomaliya |url=https://unsom.unmissions.org/so/xasan-mowliid-yaasiin-wacyigelinta-baahida-loo-qabo-ilaalinta-bii%E2%80%99ada-soomaliya |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=UNSOM |language=so |archive-date=2023-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107090638/https://unsom.unmissions.org/so/xasan-mowliid-yaasiin-wacyigelinta-baahida-loo-qabo-ilaalinta-bii%E2%80%99ada-soomaliya |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana neman shigar da jama'a da masu ruwa da tsaki daban-daban a kokarin kiyayewa.
# '''Haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa:''' Ma'aikatar tana shiga cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyoyin yanki da na duniya don musayar ilimi da haɗin gwiwa kan ayyukan muhalli da yanayi.

== Dokoki da Shirye-shiryen ==
Ma'aikatar ta shiga cikin shirye-shiryen majalisa da na jama'a da yawa:

# '''Dokar Gudanar da Muhalli''': Ma'aikatar ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga Dokar Gudanarwa ta Muhalli, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-26 |title=Historic Adoption of Environmental Management Bill with Standalone Just Transition Article: FESTU Applauds Momentous Step Towards a Just and Sustainable Future for Somalia |url=https://www.festu.org/historic-adoption-of-environmental-management-bill-with-standalone-just-transition-article-festu-applauds-momentous-step-towards-a-just-and-sustainable-future-for-somalia/ |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=FESTU |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ke aiki a matsayin tsarin doka don mulkin muhalli a Somalia. Kudin ya haɗa da tanadi don azabtarwa ga laifukan muhalli.
# '''Kamfen na Green Somalia:''' Wani shiri da aka yi niyyar sake gina gandun daji, Kamfen na green Somalia, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-05 |title=Dowladaha Soomaaliya iyo Qatar oo iska kaashanaya Soomaaliya Cagaaran |url=https://radiomuqdisho.so/dowladaha-soomaaliya-iyo-qatar-oo-iska-kaashanaya-soomaaliya-cagaaran/ |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Radio Muqdisho |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya kafa burin dasa bishiyoyi miliyan 10. Ya haɗa da masu ruwa da tsaki da yawa, gami da al'ummomin yankin da cibiyoyin ilimi.
# '''Manufofin Canjin Yanayi na Kasa:''' Wannan manufofin ya tsara shirye-shiryen kasar don ragewa da daidaitawa da tasirin canjin yanayi. Manufofin Canjin Yanayi na Kasa,  sun haɗa la'akari da yanayi a cikin manyan dabarun ci gaban ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Federal Republic of Somalia Ministry of Natural Resources. National Adaptation Programme of Action on Climate Change (NAPA) |url=https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/som01.pdf |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=United Nations Climate Change Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# '''Manufofin Muhalli na Kasa:''' Manufofin Muhallkewa na Kasa  tsari ne mai zurfi don kula da muhalli a Somaliya, yana mai da hankali kan ayyuka masu ɗorewa da kariya ta muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-01-01 |title=FAOLEX database. Somalia, National Environmental Policy document, Summary and download |url=https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC207696/#:~:text=To%20protect%20the%20environment,%20the,for%20guiding%20and%20educating%20livestock |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=www.fao.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Babban Green Wall Initiative na Afirka: Kasancewar Somaliya a cikin Babban Green Wall na Afirka  tare da rabon dala miliyan 10,  yana da niyyar magance batutuwan kamar hamada da sare daji, tare da daidaitawa da manufofin kiyayewa na yanki da na ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kithumbu |first=Alex |date=2023-07-14 |title=Soomaaliya waxay ku yaboohday 10 milyan oo doolar si wax looga qabto isbeddelka cimilada iyo Dibaatooyinka Noolaha |url=https://atmis-au.org/so/somalia-commits-10-million-to-tackle-climate-change-and-biodiversity-loss/ |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Hawlgalka Ku-meel-gaarka Midowga Afrika ee Soomaaliya (ATMIS) |language=so-SO}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Somalia launches Great Green Wall Initiative, commits $10M to Climate Resilience efforts |url=http://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2023/july/192232/somalia_launches_great_green_wall_initiative_commits_10m_to_climate_resilience_efforts.aspx |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=www.hiiraan.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Birane da Canjin Yanayi</title>
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Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Birane da Sauyin yanayi ( Turkish   '''İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı''' ) ma'aikatar gwamnati ce ta [[Turkiyya|Jamhuriyar Turkiyya]], mai kula da muhalli, ayyukan jama'a,  da kuma tsara birane a Turkiyya. Murat Kurum ne ke jagorantar ma'aikatar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 June 2023 |title=Yeni Kabine listesi açıklandı, bakanlar belli oldu! İşte yeni Bakanlar Kurulu isim listesi |url=https://www.haberturk.com/son-dakika-yeni-kabine-listesi-belli-oldu-2023-bakanlar-kurulunu-cumhurbaskani-erdogan-acikladi-yeni-bakanlarin-isim-listesi-resmi-gazete-de-yayimlandi-3597282/3 |access-date=4 June 2023 |website=[[Habertürk]] |language=Turkish |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604110718/https://www.haberturk.com/son-dakika-yeni-kabine-listesi-belli-oldu-2023-bakanlar-kurulunu-cumhurbaskani-erdogan-acikladi-yeni-bakanlarin-isim-listesi-resmi-gazete-de-yayimlandi-3597282/3 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An kafa ma'aikatar ne a cikin 1983 ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ( Turkish  , wanda aka kafa 3 Mayu 1920) da '''Ma'aikatar Raya da Gidaje''' ( Turkish  , kafa 1958). Sakamakon ya kasance Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a da Gidaje ( Turkish   ), wanda aka sake masa suna zuwa Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Birane a 2011. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Our History |url=https://www.csb.gov.tr/en/our-history-i-100015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501071925/https://www.csb.gov.tr/en/our-history-i-100015 |archive-date=2023-05-01 |access-date=2021-01-19 |website= |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2021 an ƙara [[canjin yanayi]] zuwa sunan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Climate change' added to the name of Turkey's Ministry of Environment and Urbanization |url=https://bianet.org/english/politics/251691-climate-change-added-to-the-name-of-turkey-s-ministry-of-environment-and-urbanization |website=[[Bianet]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Wani bugawa a cikin Official Gazette na Jamhuriyar Turkiyya a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 2012 ya rage haƙƙin binciken tsaro na wuta na brigades na kashe gobara na birni, yana canja duk batutuwan da ke buƙatar fassara ko bayani ga Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Turkiyya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-21 |title=Müteahhitler istedi, itfaiyenin denetim yetkisi alındı! |url=https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/muteahhitler-istedi-itfaiyenin-denetim-yetkisi-alindi-makale-1751366 |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=[[Gazete Duvar]] |language=tr-TR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'aikatar tana da alhakin yaki da Batutuwan muhalli a Turkiyya. An kafa Hukumar Muhalli ta Kasa a cikin 2020 amma a shekara ta 2022 ba ta fara aiki ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Türkiye Report 2022 |url=https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/turkiye-report-2022_en |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 115 : 115 

A cewar ma'aikatar, afuwa ta ka'idojin gini ta 2018 ta tara lira biliyan 24 (dala biliyan 4.2), duk da haka tun daga 2023 ba a san wane rabo daga gine-ginen da suka rushe a [[2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake|Girgizar ƙasa ta 2023]] sun amfana daga afuwa ta ƙa'idodin gini ba. Bayan girgizar kasa ta 2023 Shugaba Erdoğan ya ba da umarnin cewa ma'aikatar za ta kasance mai yanke shawara kawai don sabbin ayyukan gidaje a yankunan da girgizar ƙasa ta shafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Buyuk |first=Hamdi Firat |date=2023-02-24 |title=Erdogan Allows Faster Quake Housing With Presidential Decree |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2023/02/24/erdogan-allows-faster-quake-housing-with-presidential-decree/ |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=Balkan Insight |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daraktan gudanarwa ==
An kafa shi a cikin 2021 Cibiyar Kula da Sauyin yanayi ce ke da alhakin [[Canjin yanayi a Turkiyya|sauyin yanayi a Turkiyya]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=iklim.gov.tr |title=About Us - İklim Değişikliği Başkanlığı |url=https://iklim.gov.tr/en/about-us-i-75#:~:text=Directorate%20of%20Climate%20Change&amp;text=It%20is%20responsible%20for%20determining,change%20mitigation%20and%20adaptation%20efforts. |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=iklim.gov.tr |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da wakilcin Ma'aikatar Makamashi a Hukumar Kula da Sauyin Yanayi da Kula da Jiragen Sama, a cikin 2018 Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta soki rashin daidaituwa tsakanin [[Siyasa na canjin yanayi|manufofin sauyin yanayi]] da [[Makamashi a Turkiyya|manufofin makamashi na Turkiyya]] .  {{As of|2025|}}  Babbar mai shiga tsakani kan sauyin yanayi ita ce Fatma Varank, mataimakiyar ministar muhalli, wadda ta kware a fannin gidaje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=iklim.gov.tr |title=Deputy Minister - Climate Change Chief Negotiator - İklim Değişikliği Başkanlığı |url=https://iklim.gov.tr/en/deputy-minister---climate-change-chief-negotiator-i-72 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=iklim.gov.tr |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Gudanar da yanayi</title>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;'''Gudanar da yanayi''' shine diflomasiyya, hanyoyi da matakan mayar da martani &quot;da nufin jagorantar tsarin zamantakewa zuwa hanawa, [[Rage canjin yanayi|ragewa]] ko [[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|daidaitawa]] da haɗarin da [[Canjin yanayi]] ya kawo&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jagers2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jagers |first=S.C. |last2=Stripple, J. |year=2003 |title=Climate Governance beyond the State |journal=Global Governance |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=385–400 |doi=10.1163/19426720-00903009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cikakken fassarar yana da rikitarwa ta hanyar al'adun siyasa da zamantakewar al'umma (gami da siyasa, Tattalin arzikin siyasa da shugabanci mai yawa) waɗanda ke cikin ɗaukar ciki da nazarin mulkin yanayi a matakai daban-daban da kuma fadin fagen daban-daban. A cikin ilimi, mulkin yanayi ya zama damuwa ga [[Masanin yanayin ƙasa|masu ilimin ƙasa]], masu ilimin ɗan adam, masana tattalin arziki da masana Nazarin kasuwanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bulkeley2010&quot;/&gt;

Gudanar da yanayi - wato, ingantaccen gudanar da tsarin yanayi na duniya - saboda haka yana da mahimmanci. Koyaya, gina ingantaccen tsarin hadin gwiwa don sarrafa tasirin tsarin yanayi a matakin duniya yana gabatar da ƙalubale na musamman, misali rikitarwa na kimiyya mai dacewa da ci gaba da inganta ilimin kimiyya game da yanayinmu na duniya da tsarin duniya, da ƙalubalen sadarwa da wannan ilimin ga jama'a da masu tsara manufofi. Har ila yau, akwai gaggawa don magance wannan batun; Kwamitin Intergovernmental kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) ya jaddada cewa al'ummomin duniya suna da ƙarancin damar yin aiki don ci gaba da hauhawar zafin duniya a matakan aminci. Gudanar da yanayi na zamani na duniya an tsara shi a kusa da ginshiƙai uku: ragewa, daidaitawa da hanyoyin aiwatarwa. A karkashin kowane ginshiƙi akwai batutuwa da manufofi da yawa, suna kwatanta hanyoyin da sauyin yanayi ke shafar al'umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Video #2 of 4: The Pillars of Climate Governance - Paris Knowledge Bridge: Unpacking International Climate Governance |url=http://enb.iisd.org/paris-knowledge-bridge/video-2-the-pillars-of-climate-governance/ |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=enb.iisd.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekaru goma na farko na karni na 21, wani rikici ya taso tsakanin karuwar wayar da kan jama'a game da abubuwan da ke haifar da canjin yanayi da kuma karuwar damuwa cewa batutuwan da ke kewaye da shi suna wakiltar matsala mai wuya. Da farko, an kusanci canjin yanayi a matsayin batun duniya, kuma mulkin yanayi ya nemi magance shi a matakin duniya. Wannan ya ɗauki nau'in Yarjejeniyar Muhalli ta Multilateral (MEAs), wanda ya fara da Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi (UNFCCC) a cikin 1992. Baya ga Yarjejeniyar Kyoto, Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa tsakanin kasashe ba ta da tasiri sosai wajen cimma matsaya ta hanyar doka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Andonova, L. B., Betsill, M. M. &amp; Bulkeley, H 2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Andonova, L. B., Betsill, M. M. &amp; Bulkeley, H |year=2009 |title=Transnational climate governance |journal=Global Environmental Politics |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=52–73 |bibcode=2009GlEnP...9...52A |doi=10.1162/glep.2009.9.2.52 |s2cid=57565967}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tare da ƙarshen lokacin sadaukarwa na farko na Kyoto Protocol a cikin 2012, tsakanin 2013 da 2015 babu [[Tsarin yanayi na duniya]] da ke ɗaure doka. Wannan rashin daidaituwa a matakin siyasa na kasa da kasa ya ba da gudummawa ga madadin labaran siyasa waɗanda suka yi kira ga hanyoyin da suka fi sauƙi, masu tsada da kuma shiga tsakani don magance matsalolin sauyin yanayi. Wadannan labaran suna da alaƙa da karuwar bambancin hanyoyin da ake haɓaka da turawa a duk faɗin mulkin yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Andonova, L. B., Betsill, M. M. &amp; Bulkeley, H 2009&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 2015, an sanya hannu kan [[Yarjejeniyar Paris]], wanda shine yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa mai bin doka game da canjin yanayi. Manufarta ita ce ta iyakance dumamar duniya zuwa &quot;kasa da 2&quot;, kuma mafi kyau 1.5 digiri Celsius sama da matakan masana'antu, kuma don cimma wannan burin, kasashe sun amince da fitar da iskar gas mai guba da wuri-wuri don cimma duniya mai tsaka-tsaki a tsakiyar karni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Paris Agreement |url=https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=UNFCCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi alkawarin dukkan kasashe na duniya don cimma &quot;daidaita tsakanin hayaki na mutum ta hanyar tushe da cire iskar gas a rabi na biyu na wannan karni. &quot;  Yarjejeniyar Paris ta nuna sabon zamani don manufofin makamashi da yanayi na duniya. A karkashin tsarinsa, kowace ƙasa tana gabatar da gudummawar da ta ke da ita a cikin ƙasa (NDC) bisa ga halin da take ciki. Kodayake Yarjejeniyar Paris tana da doka, a matsayin tsawo ga UNFCCC, NDCs ba su da doka. Wannan ya faru ne saboda yarjejeniyar da ta dace da doka za ta buƙaci tabbatarwa ta Majalisar Dattijan Amurka, wanda ba ya goyon baya.

== Tarihi ==
Za'a iya gano ci gaban mulkin yanayi da farko ga diflomasiyyar yanayi tsakanin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na jihohi kuma na biyu ga ci gaban cibiyoyin sadarwa na kasa da kasa da wadanda ba na jihohi ba. Tsarin lokaci da ke sama yana nuna mahimman bayanai a duk wannan tsari. Ma'anar halitta tana da wuyar tantancewa daidai, duk da haka wani batu na ƙarshe a cikin tarihinta shine Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1992 kan Canjin Yanayi (UNFCCC) a Rio. An kira wannan &quot;babban abu na farko a tarihin diflomasiyyar yanayi&quot;. Taron ya yi jawabi ga kasashe daga ko'ina cikin duniya kuma ya nemi yin koyi da nasarar diflomasiyya na Yarjejeniyar Montreal wajen fitar da sunadarai masu lalata ozone.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bulkeley, H. &amp; Newell, P. 2009 22&quot; /&gt;

Yayinda tsarin mulkin yanayi ya ci gaba da bunkasa a matakin kasa da kasa, jerin cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu sun nemi aiwatar da manufofin su a cikin fagen su, misali C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, Global Cities Covenant on Climate (wanda aka fi sani da Mexico City Pact), da Cities for Climate Protection Programme (CCPP). Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli da Ci Gaban (UNFCED) a cikin 1992 ya kasance 'trigger' ga wannan tsari. Cibiyoyin sadarwar yanki da na gida sun karɓi manufofin rage fitar da hayaki kuma sun fara la'akari da yadda za a iya cimma su a matakin gida. Misali shine ICLEI - Karamar Hukumar Kula da dorewa wacce ta karɓi Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Yarjejeniyar kan Canjin Yanayi (UNFCCC) a matsayin wani ɓangare na jajircewarta na haɗa ayyukan gida zuwa manufofi da aka amince da su a duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;ICLEI2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=ICLEI ‘Local Governments for Sustainability’ |title=AboutICLEI |url=http://www.iclei.org/index.php?id=about |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813221042/http://www.iclei.org/index.php?id=about |archive-date=2009-08-13 |access-date=15 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; A karkashin laima na manufofin yanayi na duniya da aka amince da su, sabbin hanyoyin gudanar da yanayi sun bunkasa wadanda ke neman rage hayaki ta amfani da hanyoyin kasuwa, misali tsarin &lt;nowiki&gt;''Cape da kasuwanci''&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Sauran cibiyoyin sadarwa na kasa da kasa sun hada da Powering Past Coal Alliance, wanda aka yi niyyar kawar da amfani da kwal don wutar lantarki, da kuma Under2 Coalition, wanda aka tsara don inganta aiki don rage hayaki a matakin kasa.

Don haka, yayin da tsarin yin yarjejeniya tsakanin jihohi ke ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rage canjin yanayi na mutum, yanzu ya wanzu a matsayin wani ɓangare na zane-zane mai zurfi na shirye-shiryen mulkin yanayi na masu zaman kansu da na jama'a waɗanda ke aiki a ma'auni da yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bernstein2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bernstein, S., Betsill, M., Hoffmann, M. &amp; Paterson, M. |year=2010 |title=A tale of two Copenhagens: Carbon markets and climate governance |journal=Millennium-Journal of International Studies |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=161–173 |doi=10.1177/0305829810372480 |s2cid=144401144}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rarraba Arewa da Kudu ===
Yankin Arewa da Kudu yanki ne na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da [[siyasa]]. An yi amfani da shi ga tsarin kula da yanayi, rarrabuwar ta raba ƙasashen arewacin 'masu ci gaba' waɗanda a tarihi suka fitar da hayaki mai yawa daga ƙasashen kudancin 'marasa ci gaba' wadanda suka fitar da ƙananan hayaki. Wannan rarrabuwar tarihi shine dalilin manufar Common But Differentiated Responsibilities a cikin UNFCCC. An kuma yi amfani da rarrabuwa don nuna bambance-bambance a cikin [[Lalacewar canjin yanayi|rauni ga canjin yanayi]] (an dauki kudancin duniya a matsayin mafi rauni saboda abin da ya faru na bala'o'i, karancin kayan aiki da karancin wadata). &lt;ref name=&quot;Bulkeley, H. &amp; Newell, P. 2009&quot; /&gt; Wadannan rarrabuwar sun ciyar da dukkan batutuwan mulkin yanayi na kasa da kasa, suna kawo musu tambayoyi na adalci da daidaito na zamantakewa waɗanda suka kasance a yau.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bulkeley, H. &amp; Newell, P. 2009&quot; /&gt; Wani zargi game da rarrabuwa shine cewa yana sauƙaƙa yanayin da ke ƙaruwa. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, cinikayya ta kasa da kasa, gudanawar jari kyauta da ci gaban wasu ƙasashe na kudanci (misali [[Sin|China]] da [[Indiya]]) sun sake bayyana dangantakar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da siyasa ta duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jean-Philippe Therien |year=2009 |title=Beyond the North-South divide: The two tales of world poverty |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=723–742 |doi=10.1080/01436599913523}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo ==
An gano tsarin kula da yanayi a matsayin mai yawa, mai yawa kuma yana da zurfi a cikin tsarin zamantakewa da na zahiri: 

* Scale da yawa: Gudanar da yanayi yana faruwa kuma yana da manufofi da aka kafa a matakai da sarari daban-daban a kowane sikelin shugabanci. Wannan ya hada da ma'auni na kasa, na kasa, [[Ƙaramar hukuma|yankin]] da na gida. Ma'amala tsakanin waɗannan wuraren suna tayar da muhimman tambayoyi game da inda iko da iko don gudanar da canjin yanayi ke. Fassarar gargajiya na ikon &quot;sama da kasa&quot; ba lallai bane ya shafi mulkin yanayi wanda ke nuna yanayin da ya fi rikitarwa. Za'a iya haɗa shirye-shiryen gida a kwance, misali C40, yayin da wasu abubuwan da suka shafi ƙasa suka koma cikin yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bulkeley2010&quot;/&gt;
* Multi actor: Matsayin da ya ragu kuma ba a fahimta ba na 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na jihohi da wadanda ba na jihohi ba suna haifar da rashin tabbas game da matsayinsu na dangi a cikin mulkin yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bulkeley2010&quot; /&gt; 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo da ba na jihar ba suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara matsayin da gwamnatocin kasa suka dauka dangane da yarjejeniyar yanayi ta kasa da kasa, misali UNFCCC da Kyoto Protocol.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bulkeley2010&quot; /&gt; Wadannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kimiyya, kasuwanci, masu fafutuka da' yan wasan kwaikwayo na al'umma. Har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1990s, an ɗauki tasirin su &quot;ɓoye&quot;, wanda ke cikin wuraren mulki na yau da kullun. Kwanan nan, an sake tantance wannan rawar yayin da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo masu zaman kansu ke ba da sabbin shafuka da hanyoyin da ke neman magance canjin yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bulkeley2010&quot; /&gt;
* An saka: Haɗin masu ba na jihar ba a cikin mulkin yanayi wani bangare ne na tunani game da yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da yawa daga cikin hanyoyin da ke haifar da hayaki na Greenhouse Gas (GHG). &lt;ref name=&quot;Bulkeley, H. &amp; Newell, P. 2009&quot; /&gt; Matsalolin magance canjin yanayi sun kara da rikitarwa na matakai da suka shafi hayakin GHG a duk faɗin duniya a kowane sikelin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bulkeley2010&quot; /&gt; Bugu da ƙari, yanke shawara da aka samu a wasu yankuna, gami da kasuwanci, tsaro na makamashi da aiki ba za a iya gujewa ba a kan kokarin mulkin yanayi don magance canjin yanayi na ɗan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bulkeley2010&quot; /&gt;

Masana sun nuna cewa kotuna suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gudanar da yanayi. Akwai yankuna biyar masu alaƙa da juna inda za'a iya gane tasirin kotuna: kafa lissafi, sake bayyana alaƙar iko, magance rauni da rashin adalci, kara girman kai da tasirin dokar yanayi ta duniya da kuma amfani da kimiyyar yanayi don [[Hukunci|yanke hukunci]] kan rikice-rikicen shari'a. Saboda sabon aikin su a cikin waɗannan yankuna kotuna na iya zama 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na mulkin yanayi na duniya.

Misali, kotuna suna ba da gudummawa ga mulkin yanayi ta hanyar karfafa masu sha'awar da masu ruwa da tsaki da masu ruwa le tsaki; sanya la'akari da canjin yanayi a kan ajanda na siyasa; shawo kan al'umma game da muhimmancin matakin yanayi; fassara da aiwatar da karuwar dokokin yanayi na cikin gida, yanki da na duniya; yanke hukunci kan rikice-rikice da suka shafi [[Adalci na yanayi|Rashin adalci da ke haifar da yanayi]]. Kotuna ta haka suna ba da damar masu ruwa da tsaki da yawa su yi amfani da kayan aikin shari'a na jihar don warware rikice-rikicen da suka shafi yanayi.

=== Haɗin kai na al'umma ===
Haɗin al'umma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen aiwatar da manufofin mulkin yanayi. Akwai manyan dalilai guda biyu na wannan. Na farko, inda tsarin sauyin yanayi ke buƙatar canji a matakin halayyar, akwai buƙatar ilimantar da jama'a don cimma wannan (alal misali rage tafiye-tafiye na mota). Inda ya ci nasara, wannan yana ba da yiwuwar cewa al'ummomi zasu iya zama masu mulkin kansu, misali zabar fitar da ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bulkeley2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bulkeley |first=H. |year=2010 |title=Climate Policy and Governance: an editorial essay |journal=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=311–313 |bibcode=2010WIRCC...1..311B |doi=10.1002/wcc.1 |s2cid=129109192}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na biyu, ingantaccen haɗin gwiwar al'umma yana tabbatar da cewa manufofin kula da yanayi sun dace da al'ummomin da aka nufa a yi amfani da su. Wannan yana buƙatar tsari na &quot;koyon ƙasa zuwa sama&quot;, yayin da ake ba da ra'ayoyi daga yanki zuwa matakin ƙasa. An gano wannan tsarin a matsayin tsarin ka'idoji na &quot;kungiyoyin ilmantarwa&quot;  kuma sananne ne a cikin kungiyoyin muhalli waɗanda ke neman karfafa ci gaban jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Power, G., Maury, M. &amp; Maury, S. |year=2002 |title=Operationalising bottom-up learning in international NGOs: Barriers and alternatives |journal=Development in Practice |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=272–284 |doi=10.1080/0961450220149663 |s2cid=154670016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Roper, L. |last2=J. Pettit |year=2002 |title=Development and the Learning Organisation: An Introduction |journal=Development in Practice |volume=12 |issue=3/4 |pages=258–271 |citeseerx=10.1.1.525.9449 |doi=10.1080/0961450220149654 |s2cid=6729960}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayyukan kimiyya da fasaha na musamman suna tsarawa da sanar da fahimtarmu game da canjin yanayi kuma a yin hakan suna bayyana yadda ake bayyana matsalolin muhalli a matsayin abubuwa na mulki. Misali, ci gaban da aka samu kwanan nan a cikin binciken sake zagayowar carbon, nesa da kuma dabarun lissafin carbon sun bayyana cewa sare daji na wurare masu zafi yana da kashi 15% na hayakin carbon dioxide na duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boyd, W. 2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Boyd, W. |year=2010 |title=Ways of seeing in environmental law: how deforestation became an object of climate governance |journal=Ecology Law Quarterly |volume=37 |pages=843–857}}&lt;/ref&gt; A sakamakon haka, ya zama damuwa mai mahimmanci game da tsarin yanayi. Kafin ƙididdigar ta, an cire sare daji na wurare masu zafi daga Yarjejeniyar Kyoto.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boyd, W. 2010&quot; /&gt; Koyaya, fassarar binciken kimiyya ko manufofi zuwa cikin mulki ta hanyar tsarin siyasa ya kasance da wahala kamar yadda kimiyya da siyasa ke da hanyoyi daban-daban na magance batun rashin tabbas wanda shine bangare na bincike 

=== Tushen kasuwa ===
Tarihin mulkin yanayi ya ga karuwar girmamawa da aka sanya akan mafita ta kasuwa, ko &quot;hanyar sassauci&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bulkeley2010&quot;/&gt; Wannan ci gaba ne wanda ke cikawa, maimakon maye gurbin tsarin gargajiya na &quot;umurni da sarrafawa&quot;. An gano shawarar da za a yi amfani da hanyoyin kasuwa a matsayin abin da ba za a iya gujewa ba saboda ci gaban shahararren Neoliberalism a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Don haka, an cimma burin da aka kafa a taron kula da yanayi na kasa da kasa ta hanyar amfani da kasuwanni (misali EU-ETS), Haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu (misali &quot;haɗin gwiwar nau'in II&quot;) da kuma kula da kai na masana'antu (misali Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership).

Abu mai mahimmanci, Yarjejeniyar Kyoto tana ba da kasashe masu halarta hanyoyin kasuwa guda uku a matsayin hanyar saduwa da manufofin rage fitar da hayaki. Wadannan su ne 'cinikin fitarwa' (wanda aka sani da &quot;kasuwar carbon&quot;), 'tsarin ci gaba mai tsabta' (CDM) da 'Haɗin gwiwa' (JI). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=UNFCCC |title=The Kyoto Protocol |url=http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php |publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gano hanyoyin kasuwar Kyoto guda uku a matsayin nau'ikan mulkin kasuwar carbon, wani nau'i na mulkin yanayi na kasuwa. Gudanar da kasuwar carbon yana ba da damar musayar hayaki a wani wuri tare da rage hayaki a wasu. Ya dogara da auna, saka idanu da dabarun tabbatarwa don daidaitaccen carbon, yana ba da damar ayyukan da ba su da kyau su bayyana a kan takardar ma'auni ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Biermann, F., Pattberg, P. &amp; Zelli, F. 2010&quot; /&gt;

Misali mafi girma na aiki na mulkin kasuwar carbon har zuwa yau shine EU-ETS. Shirin kasuwancin hayaki ne na kasa da kasa. Masu ba da shawara game da wannan hanyar sun nuna mayar da hankali kan ingantaccen aiki, rage carbon inda ya fi tsada don yin hakan. Masu sukar ta sun gano cewa ya zuwa yanzu ya ba da izinin masana'antu masu shiga don samun riba daga ƙididdigar carbon yayin da suke da ƙarancin tasiri ko babu tasiri a kan hayakin su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sandbag |title=Sandbag ETS S.O.S: Why the flagship 'EU Emissions Trading Policy' needs rescuing |url=http://www.sandbag.org.uk/site_media/pdfs/reports/Sandbag_ETS_SOS_Report.pdf |access-date=15 May 2011 |archive-date=24 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724061721/http://www.sandbag.org.uk/site_media/pdfs/reports/Sandbag_ETS_SOS_Report.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ra'ayi na masu ruwa da tsaki na kula da yanayi cewa matakin yanayi nauyi ne mai tsada ya canza a cikin 'yan shekarun nan: A cewar Hukumar Duniya kan Tattalin Arziki da Yanayi, har zuwa 90% na ayyukan da ake buƙata don shiga hanyar 2 ° C za su dace da burin bunkasa ci gaban ƙasa, ci gaban daidaito da ingantaccen yanayin rayuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tänzler |first=Dennis |display-authors=etal |year=2015 |title=Catalyzing the Climate Economy |url=https://library.ecc-platform.org/file/2162/download?token=90f6h_Bj |journal=Climate Diplomacy Brief |pages=7 |access-date=2026-06-03 |archive-date=2021-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218230527/https://library.ecc-platform.org/file/2162/download?token=90f6h_Bj |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Abubuwa uku ne ke bayan wannan bincike mai tsada: Na farko, &quot;rashin farashi mara kyau&quot; yana nufin cewa hana hayaki yana rage farashin gaba ɗaya (misali tanadin makamashi). Na biyu, tattalin arzikin sikelin da kuma ilmantarwa-ta hanyar yin kirkire-kirkire na iya haifar da faduwar farashi a tsawon lokaci. Na uku, abin da ake kira &quot;amfanin hadin gwiwa&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; kamar fa'idodin kiwon lafiya ta hanyar ƙarancin gurɓataccen iska ko tsaro ta hanyar sabunta ƙasa na iya zama da fa'ida ga ƙasashe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate Diplomacy – Co-Benefits of Climate Change Policy – Sample1 |url=https://vimeo.com/146590200 |access-date=2016-11-18 |website=Vimeo}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

=== ⁸Kasuwanci masu zaman kansu ===
A cikin 2019 Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya ya buga ka'idojin jagoranta da tambayoyin don taimakawa daraktocin kamfanoni don kalubalantar allon su game da mulkin yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=How to Set Up Effective Climate Governance on Corporate Boards: Guiding principles and questions |url=https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Creating_effective_climate_governance_on_corporate_boards.pdf |archive-date= |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=[[World Economic Forum]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya samo asali ne daga [[Yarjejeniyar Paris]], fitowar dokokin da suka shafi yanayi, shawarwarin Kwamitin Tabbatar da Kudi na Kwamitin Bayyanawa na Kudi (TCFD) kuma, kwanan nan, karuwar wayar da kan jama'a game da tasirin jiki da haɗari da aka bayyana a cikin Rahoton Musamman kan Warming na Duniya na 1.5 ° C na Kwamitin Intergovernmental kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Cibiyoyin sadarwa na kasa da kasa ==
Baya ga kokarin kasashe-kasashe don daidaitawa a duniya kan al'amuran mulkin yanayi, kasashe-asashe, 'yan wasan da ba na jihohi ba da kuma masu zaman kansu suna ƙara shiga cikin haɗin gwiwar mulkin yanayi da yawa a duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bulkeley2010&quot;/&gt; Wadannan 'yan wasan sun hada da birane, yankuna, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kamfanoni. Karuwar sa hannu ya sa malamai su sake nazarin yanayin iko a cikin mulkin yanayi da kuma dangantakar da ke tsakanin hukumomin jama'a da masu zaman kansu &lt;ref name=&quot;Bulkeley2010&quot; /&gt;</text>
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    <title>Tropical marine climate</title>
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'''Sauyin yanayi na ruwa na wurare masu zafi''' yanayi ne na wurare masu zafi wanda teku ke yin tasiri da farko. Yawanci yana fuskantar tsibirai da yankunan bakin teku 10° zuwa 20° arewa da kudancin equator. Akwai manyan yanayi guda biyu a cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa na wurare masu zafi: lokacin damina da lokacin rani. Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine 1000 zuwa sama da 1500 mm (inci 39 zuwa 59). Yanayin zafin jiki ya bambanta daga 20 zuwa 35 ° C (68 zuwa 95 ° F). A ƙarƙashin rarrabuwar yanayi na Köppen, &quot;yanayin ruwa na wurare masu zafi&quot; zai faɗi ƙarƙashin Af ko Am, dazuzzukan ruwan sama ko yanayin damina mai zafi. Iskar cinikin tana kadawa duk shekara kuma tana da ɗanshi, yayin da suke wucewa ta kan tekuna masu dumi[1]. Ana samun waɗannan yanayi na yanayi, alal misali, a ko'ina cikin Caribbean, Gabashin Gabas na Brazil, Madagascar da Queensland; da tsibirai da yawa a cikin ruwan zafi.&lt;ref&gt;Wilson, Mark (2016). The Caribbean Environment for CSEC Geography (fifth ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 114ff. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780198374565&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 957691086.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Filho, Walter Leal (2017-11-23). Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Strategies for Coastal Communities. Springer. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9783319707037&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiji has a tropical marine climate, with average daily temperatures at Suva ranging from 20.4–26.5 °C in July to 23.8–31.0 °C in February&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sheppard, Charles (2013-03-14). Coral Reefs of the United Kingdom Overseas Territories. Springer Science &amp; Business Media. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9789400759657&lt;/nowiki&gt;. The climate of the Cayman Islands is influenced by their location in the western Caribbean Basin. The islands have a tropical marine climate with two distinct seasons&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lokaci ==
A lokacin rani ana samun ƙarancin ruwan sama fiye da lokacin damina, amma akwai ɗan bambanci a yanayin zafi tsakanin yanayin biyu. Yankunan ruwa na wurare masu zafi suna samun tasirin anticyclones a lokacin rani da raƙuman ruwa na wurare masu zafi a lokacin damina.

== Daidaita yanayin muhalli ==
Yanayin yanayin yanayin ruwa na wurare masu zafi dole ne ya dace da lokacin rani. Tsirrai a lokacin rani dole ne su kiyaye ruwa/danshi. Koyaya, girman daidaitawar ya dogara da yawan ruwan sama na shekara-shekara.

Tsarin muhalli na hygrophytic yana faruwa lokacin da akwai ɗan gajeren lokacin bushewa tare da ƴan ruwan sama. Ƙasar da ke cikin wannan yanayin tana ɗaukar isasshen ruwa don girma shuka. Yawancin yanayin yanayin ruwa na wurare masu zafi suna kusa da gandun daji na gaskiya.&lt;ref&gt;London, Norrel A.; Senior, Michael W. (1991). Principles of geography for CXC (second ed.). London: Longman. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780582039896&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 26351362&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mesophytic muhalli ===
Tsarin yanayi na mesophytic kuma ana san shi da gandun daji mai shuɗi mai duhu. Ana samun shi inda akwai dogon lokacin rani wanda ba shi da ƙarancin ruwan sama. Akwai ƙarancin ciyayi fiye da cikin dajin damina. Labarun bishiya ne kawai; bishiyoyi suna zubar da ganye ko kuma suna da ƙananan ganye. Wannan yana ba da tsire-tsire hanya don adana danshi.

Akwai ƙarancin epiphytes fiye da dajin ruwan sama kamar yadda alfarwar ta bushe. A lokacin rani ƙasa tana rufe da ganye waɗanda ba za su ruɓe ba har sai ƙasa ta yi laushi. Bishiyoyin kan yi fure a lokacin rani kuma suna fara girma a lokacin damina. Kasa yawanci latasol ne.

=== Tsarin muhalli na Xerophytic ===
An kuma san yanayin yanayin xerophytic da busasshiyar itace. Ana samunsa a wuraren inuwar ruwan sama a cikin yanayi na wurare masu zafi na ruwa. Wannan yanayin yanayin sau da yawa yana tasowa ƙasa mai zubewa da sauri.

Busasshiyar gandun daji ya sha bamban da dajin damina. Halittar halittu ta yi ƙasa da gandun daji da yawa saboda ƙarancin ruwan sama. Mafi tsayin bishiyoyin suna da tsayin mita 15 zuwa 25 kawai a busasshiyar gandun daji. Busassun bishiyoyi ko dai suna da ƙananan ganye ko kuma suna zubar da ganye. Itatuwan suna da kauri sosai, kuma kututtukan sun kasance karkatattu.&lt;ref&gt;Wilson, Mark (2016). The Caribbean Environment for CSEC Geography (fifth ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 114ff. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780198374565&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 957691086.

Filho, Walter Leal (2017-11-23). Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Strategies for Coastal Communities. Springer. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9783319707037&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fiji has a tropical marine climate, with average daily temperatures at Suva ranging from 20.4–26.5 °C in July to 23.8–31.0 °C in February

Sheppard, Charles (2013-03-14). Coral Reefs of the United Kingdom Overseas Territories. Springer Science &amp; Business Media. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9789400759657&lt;/nowiki&gt;. The climate of the Cayman Islands is influenced by their location in the western Caribbean Basin. The islands have a tropical marine climate with two distinct seasons

London, Norrel A.; Senior, Michael W. (1991). Principles of geography for CXC (second ed.). London: Longman. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780582039896&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 26351362&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bambance-bambance ===
Mangroves suna girma a cikin dausayi na bakin teku, waɗanda ake kira hydrophytic ecosystems. Tsire-tsire a bakin teku yawanci sun dace da ƙasa mai yashi. Dazuzzukan montane da gandun daji na elfin suna girma a kan sanyi, damshi, yankuna masu tsaunuka.

== Duba kuma ==
Tropics

Yanayin yanayi na wurare masu zafi na savanna

Yanayin damina mai zafi

Yanayin dajin na wurare masu zafi

Dazuzzukan dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi da na wurare masu zafi

Tsarin yanayi na Köppen

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Lappeenranta</title>
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'''Lappeenranta ('''fififi; Yaren mutanen Sweden: Villmanstrand) birni ne, da ke a ƙasar Finland kuma babban birnin yankin Kudancin Karelia.  Yana cikin kudu maso gabashin ciki na kasar da kuma cikin tafkin Finnish.  Yawan jama'ar Lapeenranta kusan 73,000 ne, yayin da yankin ke da yawan jama'a kusan 88,000.  Samfuri ce: Data Finland gundumar / yawan jama'a jerin jerin gundumomi mafi yawan jama'a a Finland, kuma yanki na 11 mafi yawan jama'a a cikin ƙasar.

Lappee tana kan iyakar Tafkin Saimaa, kilomita 30 (19 mil) daga iyakar Rasha da kilomita 64 (40  daga birnin Vyborg. Lappeenranta tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan Cibiyoyin birane a duk yankin Saimaa, tare da biranen Imatra, Mikkeli da Savonlinna . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Finland Travel - Getting to Mikkeli and Savonlinna, Lake Saimaa &amp;#124; Visit Saimaa |url=https://www.visitsaimaa.fi/en/travelling-to-finland-mikkeli-savonlinna/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lappeenranta ta kafa tsoffin kananan hukumomin Lappee da Lauritsala a shekara ta 1967, Nuijamaa a shekarar 1989, Joutseno a shekara ta  2009 da Ylämaa a shekara ta 2010.

Lappeenranta, cibiyar yawon bude ido ta yankin, ita ce birni na biyu da aka fi ziyarta a Finland ta masu yawon bude hankali na Rasha bayan Helsinki kuma tana gasa da Helsinki don mafi girman rabon Tallace-tallace ba tare da haraji ba a Finland. Lappeenranta misali ne na makamashi mai sabuntawa da kuma yanayin rayuwa mai tsabta. Lappeenranta ita ce kadai birni na Finland daga cikin 'yan wasan karshe 14 na ƙalubalen duniya na duniya na shekarar 2014 wanda WWF ta shirya. A shekara ta 2009, Lappeenranta ta kasance ta huɗu a cikin kwatankwacin manyan biranen Finland, yayin da a cikin binciken a shekara ta  2008 birnin ya kasance na biyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 8, 2009 |title=Lappeenrannan imago korkealla |url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/lappeenrannan_imago_korkealla/5978768 |access-date=October 18, 2021 |website=[[YLE]] |language=fi}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin binciken da aka gudanar tsakanin wakilan kasuwanci a cikin 2011, Lappeenranta ta kasance ta 17 a cikin biranen Finland dangane da hoto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 2, 2011 |title=Lappeenrannan imago hyvää keskisarjaa |url=http://www.esaimaa.fi/Online/2011/12/02/Lappeenrannan+imago+hyv%C3%A4%C3%A4+keskisarjaa/2011112514194/4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826161013/http://www.esaimaa.fi/Online/2011/12/02/Lappeenrannan+imago+hyv%C3%A4%C3%A4+keskisarjaa/2011112514194/4 |archive-date=August 26, 2014 |access-date=October 18, 2021 |website=[[Etelä-Saimaa]] |language=fi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Filin jirgin saman Lappeenranta, wanda aka buɗe a 1918 kuma yana cikin tsakiyar gari, shine filin jirgin sama mafi tsufa a Finland.

== Magana ==
Sunan ''''Lappee'''' ya ƙunshi asali Lappee (sunan asalin gari) da kuma sunan ''ranta'' wanda ke nufin &quot;kogi&quot;. An san tashar jiragen ruwa da suna ''Lapvesi'' (&quot;ruwa mai laushi&quot;). Tarihin Lappeenranta ya haɗa da karkara na karkara na Lappee da ɗari na Lapvesi . Sunan Yaren mutanen Sweden ''Villmanstrand'' ya ƙunshi kalmomin ''vildman'' ma'anar &quot;Mutumin daji&quot; da strand ma'anar&quot; bakin teku. An nuna wani mutum mara kyau a kan makamai na Lappeenranta.

== Tarihi ==
{{Quote box|{{ubl|
{{flagicon image|Flag of Sweden.svg}} [[Finland under Swedish rule|Sweden]] 1649–1741|{{flagicon image|Flag of Russia.svg}} [[Russian Empire]] 1741–1917|{{small|(as part of {{flagicon image|Coats of arms of the Grand Duchy of Finland.svg}} [[Grand Duchy of Finland]] 1812-1917)}}|{{flagicon image|Flag of Finland 1918 (state).svg}} [[Finland]] 1917–1918|{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic]] 1918|{{flag|Finland}} 1918–present}}}}
[[Fayil:Map_of_Lappeenranta_1894.jpg|left|thumb|Taswirar Lappeenranta a cikin shekarun 1890]]
Ƙauyen Kauskila, wanda ke da nisan kilomita takwas zuwa kudancin garin Lappeenranta, yana daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin jama'ar Karelian a Kudancin Karelia a lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya. Kauskila an ci gaba da zama kusan shekaru 2,000.

Asalin ainihin mazaunin Lappeenranta, Lapvesi, daga baya Lappee, an samo asali ne a kusa da wani yanki da ke shiga tafkin Saimaa, wurin da kagara na yanzu.  An kafa kasuwar jama'a a nan, wanda ya zama mai mahimmanci a matsayin wurin ciniki wanda babban gwamna Count Per Brahe ƙarami ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata gwamnatin Sweden ta ba wa Lapvesi gata na gari.  Sarauniya Christina ta Sweden ce ta yi hayar garin a cikin shekara ta  1649.[1]  A lokacin, Lapvesi ta kasance muhimmiyar tashar jiragen ruwa don kwalta. tar.

Tsakanin shekara ta  1721 da shekarar 1743, Lappeenranta ita ce babban birnin Kymmenegård da Nyslott County kuma a wannan lokacin Swedes sun gina sansanin a matakai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fortress, History |url=https://www.lappeenranta.fi/en/Our-City/Lappeenranta-Fortress/History |access-date=4 March 2019 |publisher=City of Lappeenranta }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1741, an yi Yaƙin Villmanstrand tsakanin sojojin Sweden da Rasha a yakin Russo-Swedish na 1741-1743. Yaƙin ya ƙare da nasarar Rasha. An yi fashi da garin, an ƙone gine-ginen katako ciki har da ofishin jakadancin lardin kuma an lalata tarihin coci. Sauran ɓangaren Tsohon Finland har yanzu na Sweden, gami da Lappeenranta, Sweden ta ba da ita ga Rasha bisa ga Yarjejeniyar Turku . Bayan kirkirar Grand Duchy na Finland a cikin shekara ta  1809, Tsohon Finland ya shiga Grand Duchy a cikin shekara ta 1812 a matsayin alamar alheri ta Alexander I na Rasha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2017 |title=Vanha Suomi syntyi ennen Suomen suuriruhtinaskuntaa |url=https://www.hs.fi/paivanlehti/12122017/art-2000005486180.html |access-date=October 17, 2021 |website=[[Helsingin Sanomat]] |language=fi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lappeenranta ta kafa yankunan da ke makwabtaka da Lappee da Lauritsala a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1967, Nuijamaa a ranar 1 ta Janairun 1989, Joutseno a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekarar  2009, da Ylämaa a ranar 1 ga  watan Janairun shekarar  2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 February 2012 |title=Etelä-Karjalasta yksi kunta |url=https://yle.fi/a/3-5063042 |access-date=20 June 2023 |publisher=YLE}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Da yake a gefen kudancin Tafkin Saimaa, yankunan da ke kusa da Lappeenranta a gefen Finland sune Imatra, Lemi, Luumäki, Miehikkälä, Ruokolahti da Taipalsa, kuma a gefen Rasha, maƙwabta sun haɗa da Svetogorsk da Kamennogorsk.

=== Yanayi ===
Lappeenranta tana da Yanayin zafi na nahiyar na nau'in bazara mai zafi ([[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Köppen]]: ''Dfb''). Lokacin bazara ya fi tsayi, kodayake yana da wuya a yi zafi, kuma yawanci yana da dumi. Wasu daga cikin lokacin rani mafi zafi a kasar za a iya samun su a nan, saboda yadda yake: kudu amma a cikin ƙasa. Kasancewa a wani bangare na gabashin [[Finland]], hunturu sau da yawa yana da tsanani amma har yanzu yana da sauƙi idan aka kwatanta da yankunan da ke gabashin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lappeenranta, Finland Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=29590&amp;cityname=Lappeenranta,+South+Karelia,+Finland&amp;units= |access-date=2019-03-04 |website=Weatherbase }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lappeenranta Climate Lappeenranta Temperatures Lappeenranta Weather Averages |url=http://www.lappeenranta.climatemps.com/ |access-date=2019-03-04 |website=www.lappeenranta.climatemps.com |archive-date=2019-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022192018/http://www.lappeenranta.climatemps.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anchorage yana da wasu kamanceceniya ta hanyar kasancewa na tasirin ruwa na raƙuman ruwa masu zafi kuma a lokaci guda na gefen nahiyar. Amma Lappeenranta har yanzu tana iya karɓar raƙuman zafi da ke tsallaka Tsakiyar Turai a cikin yanayi mai dumi fiye da sanyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Average Weather in Lappeenranta, Finland, Year Round - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/95785/Average-Weather-in-Lappeenranta-Finland-Year-Round |access-date=2019-03-04 |website=weatherspark.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Canjin yanayi ====
Tsakanin 2000 da 2017 canjin zafin jiki ya fi girma fiye da dukan karni da ya gabata, tare da +1.2 ° C (mafi girman darajar fiye da [[Helsinki]] ko [[Oulu]]). Tun daga shekara ta 2000 yawan kwanakin zafi (&gt; 24 ° C) ya zama 2 a kowace shekara, yayin da bayanan 1900 suka nuna kwanaki 2 kawai a kowace shekara goma. Daga farkon rabin karni na ashirin kwanakin da ke sama da 24 ° C sun canza daga da wuya zuwa lokaci-lokaci a rabi na biyu zuwa na yau da kullun a cikin karni na yanzu. Har ila yau, akwai raguwar 17.5 a cikin zafin jiki a ƙasa da -1 ° C don wannan lokacin kwatanci. 2015 ita ce shekara mafi zafi tun daga 1900, tana da ɗaya daga cikin ƙasa da kwanaki 50 tare da kwanakin sanyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Europe 1° Warmer: Lappeenranta |url=https://www.onedegreewarmer.eu/city/Lappeenranta?language=en |access-date=2019-03-04 |website=www.onedegreewarmer.eu |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; An gudanar da aiki don rage karuwar zafin jiki; birnin ya sake kasancewa cikin birane 45 mafi kyau a duniya a cikin WWF City Challenge 2016. Ɗaya daga cikin burin shine rage [[carbon dioxide]] da kashi 30% nan da shekarar 2020 da kuma fitar da hayaki nan da shekarar 2050.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LAPPENRANTA Green Reality |url=http://www.ely-keskus.fi/documents/10191/20203970/SARA_PIUTUNEN_Greenreality+25052016_lyhennelm%C3%A4.pdf/c2250915-3a36-467f-b966-04ce6b4f2bf4 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dangane da ka'idojin yanayi na 1961-1990, yanayin Lappeenranta yanayi ne na yankin subarctic na nahiyar ([[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Köppen]]: ''Dfc'') kusa da iyaka da yanayin zafi na nahiyar. Idan aka kwatanta da shekarun da suka gabata, jimlar ruwan sama ya karu da kadan.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{Weather box}}

== Yawan jama'a ==

=== Yawan jama'a ===
{{Historical populations|1815|235|1850|1331|1870|1121|1890|1703|1910|3000|1920|3329|1930|3995|1939|13333|1972|67088|1980|68814|1990|68662|2000|70587|2010|71982|2020|72662}}
Birnin Lappeenranta yana da mazauna 72,909, yana mai da shi karamar hukuma ta 13 mafi yawan jama'a a Finland. Yankin Lappeenranta yana da yawan mutane 87,863.
  
Lappeenranta wata karamar hukuma ce mai magana da harshen Finnish. Yazo a shekara ta  2024, yawancin jama'a, mutane 64,996 (), suna magana da Finnish a matsayin yarensu na farko. Bugu da kari, yawan Masu magana da yaren Sweden sun kasance mutane 120 () na yawan jama'a.  na yawan jama'a ne ke magana da harsunan kasashen waje. Kamar yadda Ingilishi da Yaren mutanen Sweden sune batutuwan makaranta na tilas, aiki na harsuna biyu ko harsuna uku da aka samu ta hanyar nazarin harshe ba sabon abu ba ne.   

Akalla ana magana da harsuna daban-daban 50 a Lappeenranta. Harsunan kasashen waje da aka fi magana da su sune [[Rashanci|Rasha]] (4.6%), [[Turanci]] (0.5%), [[Sinanci]] (0.5%) da [[Farisawa|Farisa]] (0.4%). 

=== Shige da fice ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:right;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |'''Yawan jama'a ta ƙasar haihuwar (2024) '''
|-
!Ƙasar
!Yawan jama'a
!%
|-
|{{Flag|Finland}}
|66,437
|91.4
|-
|{{Flag|Soviet Union}}
|2,428
|3.3
|-
|{{Flag|Russia}}
|761
|1.0
|-
|{{Flag|China}}
|419
|0.6
|-
|{{Flag|Iran}}
|292
|0.4
|-
|{{Flag|Pakistan}}
|268
|0.4
|-
|{{Flag|Bangladesh}}
|267
|0.4
|-
|{{Flag|India}}
|256
|0.3
|-
|{{Flag|Sri Lanka}}
|216
|0.3
|-
|{{Flag|Turkey}}
|202
|0.3
|-
|{{Flag|Thailand}}
|194
|0.3
|-
|Sauran
|2,639
|3.6
|-
|}
Yazo a shekara ta  2024, akwai mutane 8,339 da ke da asalin kasashen waje da ke zaune a Lappeenranta, ko 11% na yawan jama'a. Adadin mazauna da aka haifa a kasashen waje ya kai 7,942, ko 11% na yawan jama'a. Adadin mutanen da ke da 'yancin kasashen waje da ke zaune a Lappeenranta ya kai 5,516. Yawancin 'yan kasashen waje da aka haifa sun fito ne daga tsohuwar [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], [[Rasha]], [[Sin|China]] da [[Iran]].

Adadin dangi na baƙi a cikin yawan Lappeenranta daidai yake da matsakaicin ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, sabbin mazaunan garin suna ƙaruwa daga asalin ƙasashen waje. Wannan zai kara yawan mazauna kasashen waje a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.

=== Addini ===
A cikin shekara ta 2023, Ikilisiyar Lutheran ta Bishara ita ce babbar ƙungiyar addini tare da kashi 66.8% na yawan mutanen Lappeenranta. Sauran kungiyoyin addinai sun kai kashi 2.6% na yawan jama'a. 30.5% na yawan jama'a ba su da alaƙa da addini.

== Tattalin Arziki ==

* Birnin Lappeenranta &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=en - Lappeenrannan kaupunki |url=https://www.lappeenranta.fi/en |website=www.lappeenranta.fi}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Fazer
* Jami'ar Fasaha ta Lappeenranta
* Arewacin Arewa
* Gidan sarauta
* Metso Outotec
* Gundumar Kula da Lafiya da Lafiya ta Kudu Karelia &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Etusivu |url=https://www.eksote.fi/sites/eng/Sivut/default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184123/https://www.eksote.fi/sites/eng/Sivut/default.aspx |archive-date=2021-07-09 |access-date=2021-07-04 |website=www.eksote.fi}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sojojin
* UPM-Kymmene
* Ƙungiyar VR

== Yawon shakatawa ==
 
[[Fayil:Harbour_autumn.jpg|thumb|Lokacin kaka a Lappeenranta]]
[[Fayil:Kävelykatu_Oleksi.jpg|thumb|Hanyar masu tafiya a tsakiyar gari]]
[[Fayil:Lappeenranta,_Finland_-_panoramio_(4).jpg|thumb|Babban zane-zane a Lappeenranta]]
Lappeenranta an san shi da birni na rani, galibi saboda kusanci da Tafkin Saimaa, tafkin na 4 mafi girma a Turai. GoSaimaa mai suna (www.gosaimaa.com) yana ba da duk ayyukan yawon bude ido a yankin. Bugu da kari, wurin da yake a cikin gida yana nufin cewa lokacin rani yana da zafi kuma hunturu ya fi sanyi fiye da yankunan bakin teku.

Lappeenranta tana da masana'antar yawon shakatawa ta hunturu lafiya.  Daban-daban dakunan da ke kusa da tafkin Saimaa, da kuma motocin dusar ƙanƙara da yawa, wasan tseren kankara na Nordic, masu iyo a cikin kogin, tafiye-tafiyen barewa, motsa jiki, tseren kankara da waƙoƙin sleding suna zana adadi mai kyau na baƙi na hunturu.  Kusancin iyakar Rasha yana ƙara bayyana a cikin adadin masu yawon bude ido na Rasha da ke ziyartar birnin.  A zahiri, Lapeenranta ya fi kusa da Saint Petersburg (kilomita 195 ko mil 121) fiye da Helsinki, babban birnin Finland (kilomita 220 ko mil 140).  Kasancewar masu yawon bude ido na Rasha ana lura da yawancin motocin Rasha masu rijista akan tituna da kuma amfani da haruffan Cyrillic a cikin alamun wasu shaguna.

* Tsohon sansanin soja, tare da gidajen tarihi da yawa, gidajen cin abinci da cocin Orthodox mafi tsufa a Finland. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Orthodox Church |url=http://visitlappeenranta.fi/en/Experience/Sights-and-history/Churches/The-Orthodox-Church |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=visitlappeenranta.fi |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cocin St. Mary na Lappee, cocin katako na ƙarni na 18 a tsakiyar birnin.
* Yankin tashar jiragen ruwa, tare da jiragen ruwa zuwa Vyborg da kusa da Saimaa Canal.
* Babban kasuwar, inda za ku iya jin daɗin ƙwarewar gida, kamar nama da aka sani da &quot;Atomi&quot; (atom) ko &quot;Vety&quot; (hydrogen).
* The Night of The Fortess, bikin al'adu na kwana biyu da aka gudanar a farkon watan Agusta.
* Gala na Lappeenranta Ballet a ƙarshen watan Agusta.
* Gasar waka ta Lappeenranta ta shekara-shekara.
* An gina babban gidan yashi a Finland kusa da Port of Lappeenranta a kowane bazara.
* Akwai gidajen wasan kwaikwayo masu zaman kansu guda uku a Lappeenranta: Kino-Aula, Nuijamies da Finnkino .
* Manyan wasannin gida a wasan hockey na kankara (SaiPa), kwando (Namika Lappeenranta) da sauran wasanni.
* Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta IIHF a Kasa da 18, a cikin 2014
* Unlimited Racing Event, a ranar 27 da 29 ga Yuni 2014

[[Fayil:Damebandy.jpg|thumb|Finland da Norway a lokacin Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta 2004]]
SaiPa kungiya ce ta hockey a kankara da ke wasa a matakin mafi girma a Finland, SM-liiga . SaiPa ta kasance ta huɗu a gasar hockey ta kankara ta kasa a kakar a shekara ta 2013 da shekarar 2014. A shekara ta 2014 IIHF Ice Hockey U18 World Championship - An buga gasar Kisapuisto Ice Hall, Lappeenranta &amp; Imatra Ice Hall a lokacin 17-27 Afrilun shekarar 2014. Amurka ta lashe gasar, Jamhuriyar Czech ta kasance ta biyu kuma Kanada ta kasance ta uku.

Lappeenranta an san ta da daɗewa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin biranen [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] na Finland; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 December 2007 |title=Koripallovaltikka istuu tukevasti Lappeenrannassa |url=https://www.is.fi/koripallo/art-2000000296819.html#:~:text=Lappeenranta%20on%20Suomen%20paras%20koripallokaupunki.%20Muuhun%20lopputulokseen,miesten%20ett%C3%A4%20naisten%20koripallocupin%20voitot%20matkasivat%20Etel%C3%A4%2DKarjalaan. |access-date=14 July 2025 |website=[[Ilta-Sanomat]] |language=fi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lappeenrannan NMKY ƙungiya ce ta kwando da ke wasa a matakin na uku mafi girma a cikin I-division B kuma sun lashe gasar zakarun biyu a shekara ta  2005 da  shekarar 2006.

NST tana buga wasan ƙwallon ƙasa a Salibandyliiga kuma Rajaritarit ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa ce ta Amurka a cikin Vaahteraliiga .

Lappeenrannan Veiterä, ko kawai Veiterä), yana taka leda a Bandyliiga kuma ya kasance Zakarun Finland sau biyar, ciki har da a cikin 2017. Sun kasance zakara ga mata da 'yan mata da aka haifa a 1995 da 1998.&lt;sup class=&quot;mw-ref reference&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; s_bandy_world_championship=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;2014 Women's Bandy World Championship&quot;&gt;2014/&lt;nowiki&gt;http://worldbandy.com/news.asp?newsid=122&amp;amp;amp;title=Kampparit%20new%20Finnish%20Champions%20in%20bandy&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;url-status&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;dead&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;title&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Kampparit&lt;/nowiki&gt; new Finnish Champions in bandy&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;archivedate&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;April 19, 2014&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;}},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;i&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:0}}]}\&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=\&quot;true\&quot; id=\&quot;mwBGM\&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;cite about=\&quot;#mwt178\&quot; class=\&quot;citation web cs1\&quot; id=\&quot;mwBGQ\&quot; data-ve-ignore=\&quot;\&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;external text\&quot; href=\&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20140419190030/http://worldbandy.com/news.asp?newsid=122&amp;amp;amp;title=Kampparit%20new%20Finnish%20Champions%20in%20bandy\&quot; id=\&quot;mwBGU\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot;&gt;\&quot;Kampparit new Finnish Champions in bandy\&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}}' id=&quot;cite_ref-35&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;[./Lappeenranta#cite_note-35 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; Birnin ya dauki bakuncin gasar zakarun duniya ta mata ta farko a shekara ta 2004 kuma a shekarar 2014 an sake buga gasar a Lappeenranta. Ana shirya gasar cin kofin duniya ta Old Boys a kowace shekara a garin, a shekarar 2017 a karo na bakwai.

A cikin wasannin mata Catz Lappeenranta tana buga wasan kwando kuma Pesä Ysit tana buga wasan baseball na Finland, duka biyu a cikin manyan wasannin kasar. Catz ya lashe gasar kwallon kwando ta Finland sau hudu a jere.

== Sufuri ==
[[Fayil:Flughafen_Lappeenranta.JPG|thumb|Filin jirgin saman Lappeenranta]]
[[Fayil:Jouko_sub-urban_buses.jpg|thumb|Buses na Jouko a tsakiyar garin Lappeenranta, titin Koulukatu, 29th na Satumba 2020]]
Lappeenranta tana da alaƙa da biranen da ke makwabtaka da ita ta hanyar hanya. Birnin yana da nisan kilomita 215 (134  daga Helsinki da nisan kilometres 195 (121  daga [[Saint-Petersburg|St. Petersburg]]. Daga Lappeenranta, nisan zuwa Joensuu, babban birnin Arewacin Karelia, yana da kilomita 233 (145  tare da Hanyar 6.

Akwai tashin jirgin kasa da yawa na yau da kullun zuwa wuraren zuwa cikin Finland daga tashoshin Lapeenranta da Joutseno da zuwa Rasha daga tashar Vainikkala.  Sabis ɗin jirgin ƙasa na Allegro da ke aiki tsakanin Helsinki da St. Petersburg yana tsayawa a Vainikkala, ƙauyen Lappeenranta.  Lokacin tafiya zuwa Helsinki yana da kimanin sa'o'i 2 da St. Petersburg kimanin sa'o'i 1.5.

A lokacin rani, lokacin da Tafkin Saimaa da Saimaa Canal ke samuwa ta ruwa, akwai haɗin visa-free ta jirgin ruwa daga Lappeenranta zuwa Vyborg, Rasha.

Filin jirgin saman Lappeenranta mallakar yankin yana yammacin tsakiyar gari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lappeenranta Airport acquired by new company / News archive |url=https://www.finavia.fi/en/news-room/news/2015/lappeenranta-airport-acquired-by-new-company/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021114740/https://www.finavia.fi/en/news-room/news/2015/lappeenranta-airport-acquired-by-new-company/ |archive-date=2017-10-21 |access-date=2017-02-12 |website=Finavia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Filin jirgin saman yafi ba da sabis na jirage zuwa kudancin Turai, [[Tsibirin Kanariyas|Tsibirin Canary]] da Madeira, da kuma jirage masu yawa a kan kamfanin jirgin saman Irish [[Ryanair]] zuwa [[Italiya]].

Jirgin bas na jama'a ana kiransa Jouko.] Motocin Jouko-bas ɗin launin ruwan hoda ne kuma suna yin layin 17 na cikin birni (1, 1X, 2, 2H, 3, 3K, 4, 5, 7, 8, 12, 14, 21, 22, 23, 24, 20, 15)  110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 120, 121, 130, 131, 200, 201, 300, 301, 500, 601, 602, 603, 610, 620).  Jouko yana da katin tafiya na Waltti, wanda zaka iya cajin tikitin yanayi na kwanaki 30 (yankin tafiya AD) ko tikitin darajar, wanda ke aiki kuma a wasu biranen Finnish waɗanda ke da tsarin tikitin Waltti.  Sauran hanyoyin siyan tikiti a Jouko-buses su ne tikiti ɗaya (biyan kuɗi tare da tsabar kuɗi ko katin kiredit), tikitin wayar hannu (PayIQ, da sauransu) da tikitin awa 24.  Jouko kuma yana da nasa jagorar hanya (&lt;nowiki&gt;https://lappeenranta.digitransit.fi/&lt;/nowiki&gt;), inda zaku iya tsara hanya, duba jaddawalin lokaci kuma ku ga duk Jouko-buses a cikin taswira.  Hakanan zaka iya duba jinkiri, keɓantawa, da sauran sakewa.  Savonlinja da V-S Bussipalvelut ne ke tafiyar da sufurin yankin Jouko.  Layukan yanki ana sarrafa su ta Kymen Charterline, V-S Bussipalvelut, Vento da Mikkonen.  Motocin bas na cikin birni sun ƙunshi ƙananan bas na birni, kuma samfuran bas sune Scania Citywide II Electric, Volvo 8900LE da Scania Citywide LE Suburban (biyu daga cikinsu CNG-buses ne), Scania Citywide LE, Scania Lahti Scala da Volvo 8700LE.

=== Hanyoyin birni na Jouko ===

* 1 Jami'ar - Sammonlahti - Cibiyar Birni - Lauritsala - Kiiskinmäki
* Jami'ar 1X - Sammonlahti - Cibiyar Birni
* 2 Kivisalmi - Cibiyar Birni - Lauritsala - Hovinpelto (a ranakun Lahadi ta hanyar asibiti ta tsakiya) 
* 2H Hovinpelto - Lauritsala - tashar jirgin kasa - Leiri - Cibiyar Birni
* 3 Leiri - Tashar jirgin kasa - Cibiyar Birni - Pikisaari - Kariniemi - Kivisalmi
* 3K Kivisalmi - Cibiyar Birni - Leiri - Kesämäki
* 3K Kesämäki - Tashar jirgin kasa - Cibiyar Birni - Kivisalmi
* 4 Mäntylä - Cibiyar Birni - Karhuvuori
* 4 Cibiyar Birni - Karhuvuori
* 5 Jami'ar - Sammonlahti - Cibiyar Birni - Tashar Jirgin ƙasa
* 7 Mustola - Lauritsala - Cibiyar Birni
* 8 Kariniemi - Pikisaari - Cibiyar Birni - Sammonlahti - Ruoholampi - Rutola
* 12 Jami'ar - Sammonlahti - Cibiyar Birni
* 12 Kivisalmi - Cibiyar Birni
* 12 Jami'ar - Sammonlahti - Cibiyar Birni - Karhuvuori - Lauritsala - Hovinpelto - Mustola - Kiiskinmäki
* 12 Kiiskinmäki - Kanavansuu - Lauritsala - Cibiyar Birni - Kivisalmi
* 14 Mäntylä - Cibiyar Birni - Karhuvuori - Lauritsala - Mustola
* 21 Vuoksenniska - Sotkulampi - Imatrankoski - Mansikkala (Keskusasema / Tashar Tsakiya) -Mustalampi - Vuoksennisk
* 22 Vuoksenniska - Mustalampi - Mansikkala (Keskusasema / Tashar Tsakiya) - Imatrankoski - Sotkulampi - Vuoksennisk
* 23 Jakola - Imatrankoski - Mansikkala (Keskusasema / Tashar Tsakiya) - Sienimäki - Vuoksenniska - Rautio - Huhtanen
* 24 Mansikkala (Keskusasema / Tashar Tsakiya) - Imatrankoski - Meltola - Salo-Issakka - Perä-Meltola - Meltola / Imatran Koski - Mansikkala
* 25 Imatran Kylpylä (Imatra Spa) - Mansikkala (Keskusasema / Tashar Tsakiya) - Saareksiinmäki - Meltola - Imatrankoski

== Ilimi ==
Lappeenranta an san ta da jami'a ta kasa da kasa a Finland tare da Jami'ar LUT da Jami'an Kimiyya ta LAB waɗanda tare suna da kimanin dalibai 13,000 daga ƙasashe 68. Lappeenranta kuma cibiyar kasuwanci ce ta Kudu maso Gabashin Finland da kuma wurin taro na EU da Rasha, kilomita 215 (134  daga [[Helsinki]] da [[Saint-Petersburg|St. Petersburg]].

Lappeenranta tana da makarantu da yawa a kusan dukkanin matakan ilimi, gami da Jami'ar LUT, Jami'ar LAB ta Kimiyya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 15, 2013 |title=Saimaa University of Applied Sciences |url=http://www.saimia.fi/en-FI/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115000308/http://www.saimia.fi/en-FI/ |archive-date=2013-01-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ke cikin harabar Skinnarila da ke da ɗalibai kusan 8,000, Kwalejin Sojoji (reshe na Sojojin Tsaro na Finland), Kwalejin Kudancin Karelia da Cibiyar Ilimi ta Kudancin.

== Shahararrun mutane ==

* Anna-Kaarina Aalto, likita kuma 'yar siyasa
* Antti Aalto (an haife shi a shekara ta 1975), tsohon dan wasan hockey
* Koop Arponen (an haife shi a shekara ta 1984), mawaƙi kuma wanda ya lashe ''jerin na huɗu'' na Idols a shekara ta 2008
* Ivan Fedotov (an haife shi a shekara ta 1996), ɗan ƙasar Finland ne mai ƙwallon ƙafa na kankara
* Kaarlo Halttunen (an haife shi a shekara ta 1909), tsohon ɗan wasan kwaikwayo
* Laila Hirvisaari (tsohon Laila Hietamies), marubuciya. Ta rubuta jerin litattafai game da Lappeenranta da mutanenta.
* Horna, ƙungiyar baƙar fata ta Finnish
* Kari Jormakka, masanin falsafa, masanin gine-gine da kuma masanin gine'gine
* Kotiteollisuus, ƙungiyar dutse mai ƙarfi
* Matti Lehtinen (1922-2022), wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayobaritone
* Kiba Lumberg (an haife shi a shekara ta 1956), marubuci kuma marubucin Finnish
* Pave Maijanen (1950-2021), mawaƙi
* Miikka Multaharju (an haife ta a shekara ta 1977), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa
* Jukka Paarma (an haife shi a shekara ta 1942), tsohon Babban Bishop na Turku da Finland
* Tiia Piili (an haife ta a shekara ta 1979), mai wasan motsa jiki
* Saku Puhakainen (an haife shi a shekara ta 1975), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa
* Jaska Raatikainen (an haife ta a shekara ta 1979), mai bugawa na ƙungiyar Children of BodomYaran Bodom
* Jaana Savolainen (an haife ta a shekara ta 1964), mai tseren kankara
* Sargeist, ƙungiyar baƙar fata ta Finnish
* Shaidan Warmaster, ƙungiyar baƙar fata ta Finland
* Petri Skriko (an haife shi a shekara ta 1962), dan wasan hockey na kankara da ya yi ritaya a NHL a Amurka
* Juha Tiainen, tsohon mai lashe lambar zinare ta Olympics a jefa guduma
* Mokoma, ƙungiyar ƙarfe ta thrash
* Battlelore, ƙungiyar ƙarfe na symphonic
* Hanna Pakarinen (an haife ta a shekara ta 1981), wanda ya lashe Idols na farko a Finland ya fito ne daga Lappeenranta .
* Christian Ruuttu (an haife shi a shekara ta 1964), tsohon dan wasan hockey a NHL
* Vesa Vierikko (an haife shi a shekara ta 1956), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Finland
* Vesa Viitakoski (an haife ta a shekara ta 1971), tsohon dan wasan hockey a SM-liiga
[[Rukuni:Biranen Finlan]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Lobau</title>
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{{Databox}}

Lobau Filin [[Filin Ambaliyar|ambaliya]] ne a [[Vienna]], [[Austriya|Ostiriya]]. Yana nan kudu-maso-gabas na birnin, a arewacin bankin Danube, shi ne wani ɓangare na Danube-Auen National Park .

== Tarihi ==

=== Kafin 1870 ===
Danube ya nufa ta cikin lebur Marchfeld, samar da ambaliya da kullum canja saboda ambaliya.

==== Yakin Aspern ====
[[Fayil:Anton_von_Perger_-_Napoleons_Überfahrt_aus_der_Lobau.jpg|left|thumb|Napoleon ya haye Lobau]]
A ranar 21 da 22 ga Mayu, 1809, lokacin Yaƙin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Biyar, Lobau shine wurin da aka yi Yaƙin Aspern . Domin tunkarar sojojin Austriya karkashin jagorancin Archduke Charles da ke arewacin Danube, [[Napoleon]] ya umarci sojojinsa su ketare kogin a yankin Lobau da ke kusa da Kaiserebersdorf. Tsallakarwar Danube wani aiki ne mai cike da kalubale saboda bukatar tsallaka rassan kogin da dama, da kuma rashin gadoji.

Yakin Aspern shine kashin farko da Napoleon ya yi kuma ya kai ga mutuwar Jean Lannes, daya daga cikin amintattun sarakunansa kuma jigo a yakin neman zabensa na soja. An gwabza fada a arewacin Lobau a fili da kuma kauyukan da ke kusa, musamman Aspern da Essling . Bayan yakin, Napoleon ya ja da baya tare da sojojinsa zuwa cikin Lobau, wanda a lokacin wani tsibiri ne tsakanin rassan Danube, ya kafa hedkwatarsa a can na tsawon makonni. A daren 5 ga Yuli, 1809, Henri-Gatien Bertrand ya gina gadoji da yawa, wanda ya ba Napoleon damar motsa mutane 150,000 zuwa bankin hagu na Danube a cikin 'yan sa'o'i kadan. Daga nan sai ya kai farmaki kan sojojin Austriya tare da fatattakar su da kakkausar murya a yakin Wagram .
[[Fayil:Friedhof_der_Franzosen_Lobau.jpg|thumb|Makabartar Faransa]]
A yau, wurare kamar Napoleonstraße, abubuwan tunawa a hedkwatar Napoleon (kusa da Panozzalacke), mujallar foda na Napoleon, hurumi na Faransa, mashigin Faransanci (kudu na Groß-Enzersdorf ), da Lion na Aspern suna tunawa da yakin. A cikin [[Faris|Paris]], Rue de Lobau ta Hotel de Ville da Avenue de Wagram, wanda ke kaiwa zuwa Arc de Triomphe, suna tunawa da yakin da nasarar da ta biyo baya.

=== Tsarin Danube ===
Bayan ka'idar Danube a cikin 1870, yawancin makamai na gefen kogin da wuraren ambaliya a Vienna sun cika ko haɓaka, musamman a kudancin bankin. Sabanin haka, bankin arewa, wanda ke nesa da birnin, ya fuskanci karancin matsin lamba a birane, wanda hakan ya baiwa Lobau damar zama wurin da aka tanada domin farauta, dazuzzuka, da noma, daga karshe ya zama wurin shakatawa.

A tarihi, Lobau ya kasance wurin ajiyar farautar sarauta, wanda Yarima mai jiran gado Rudolf ke ziyarta akai-akai. A shekara ta 1903, Sarkin sarakuna Franz Joseph I. da Sarki Edward VII na Biritaniya sun fara wani balaguron farauta a can. A cikin 1905, an sanya Lobau a matsayin yanki mai kariya, kuma a cikin 1918, Sarkin sarakuna Charles I. ya ba da Upper Lobau zuwa birnin Vienna.

=== Ci gaba ===
Manufar Canal Danube-Oder ta hanyar Lobau ya samo asali ne tun 1719, tare da gina ginin a 1939 a lokacin Nazi . Ya zuwa lokacin da aka dakatar da aikin, an kammala aikin magudanar ruwa mai nisan kilomita 4.2. An kafa tashar jiragen ruwa na Lobau, wanda ya hada da matatar mai da manyan wuraren ajiyar tanki. Canal ya raba Lobau zuwa Sama da Lobau na ƙasa, tare da ƙananan Lobau ya rage ba a taɓa shi ba kuma na halitta, yayin da Babban Lobau ya haɓaka don noma. An yi amfani da ma'aikatan da aka tilastawa, musamman fursunonin Soviet da Yahudawa, wajen gina matatar, wanda ya zama makasudin kai hare-hare .
[[Fayil:DOE_Lobau.jpg|left|thumb|179x179px|Matatar mai tare da Lobau a bango da tip na [[Donauinsel]] a gaba.]]
Bugu da kari, an yi amfani da kananan yankunan Lobau wajen atisayen soji. Lobau Groundwater Works, wanda ke ba Vienna ruwan sha a lokacin da ake buƙata, an kuma gina shi a yankin.

=== Kiyayewa ===
Lobau wata mafaka ce mai mahimmanci ga nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari kuma an sanya shi a matsayin UNESCO Biosphere Reserve daga 1977 zuwa 2016. Tun daga 1978, ya kasance wurin ajiyar yanayi, tare da yankin kariyar shimfidar wuri wanda ya kai Aspern, yana kare kwata na Donaustadt .
[[Fayil:Nationalparkhaus.jpg|thumb|Gidan shakatawa na kasa]]
A cikin 1983, an sanya Lobau Lower Lobau a matsayin yanki na Ramsar Wetland . Tun da 1996, Lobau ya kasance wani ɓangare na Danube-Auen National Park, wanda ya shimfiɗa ƙasa zuwa Lower Austria, yana samar da hanyar muhalli tare da sauran wurare masu kariya. Lobau kuma yana da alaƙa da yankunan Ramsar a cikin [[Slofakiya|Slovakia]] da [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]], wanda ke samar da yankin Ramsar mai iyaka uku.

== Nishaɗi ==
[[Fayil:Panozzalacke_Steg.jpg|thumb|Panozzalacke]]
Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya]], Lobau ya zama sanannen wurin nishaɗi. Layin Tram mai lamba 317 daga Kagran ya yi jigilar mutane zuwa wurin, inda za su ji daɗin dogon tafiye-tafiye da kuma kwana na shakatawa a bakin ruwa ba tare da cin karo da ɗimbin jama'a ba. A cikin 1920s, naturism, ko an yarda da shi a hukumance ko a'a, ya tashi a cikin Lobau. Tare da tsoffin makamai na kogin, ƙungiyoyin dabi'a sun kafa wuraren taro waɗanda ke ci gaba da wanzuwa har yau. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lobau |url=https://www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at/Lobau |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Dechantlacke'' da ''Panozzalacke'' shahararrun wuraren ninkaya ne a cikin Lobau. An kafa hanyar yanayi mai suna ''Obere Lobau'' a yankin shakatawa na kasa. Yana gudana daga ƙofar wurin shakatawa a Saltenstraße zuwa ƙofar Dechantweg. An haɗa Lobau ta hanyoyi masu yawa na tafiye-tafiye, ciki har da ''Ostösterreichischer Grenzlandweg'' mai nisa mai nisa da kuma hanyoyin nesa na Turai E4 da E8 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-05-24 |title=Wildbadeplatz Panozzalacke |url=https://www.falter.at/kinder/20230524/wildbadeplatz-panozzalacke |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=FALTER.at |language=de-AT}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Lobau_near_Mühlwasser_in_Wien-Aspern_2022-08-09_32.jpg|thumb|Hanya a cikin Lobau]]

== Ilimin halittu ==
Daidaiton kogin ta hanyar tsarin Danube ya canza yanayin ruwa na Lobau. Wurin da a da yake fama da ambaliya ya rikide zuwa wani dausayi mai cike da ruwa a cikin ƙasa, yayin da yawancin manyan hannun Danube da na gefensa suka zama rijiyoyin ruwa marasa ƙarfi, a hankali suna cika da ruwa . Rage yawan [[ambaliya]] da kwararar ruwa na yanayi ya tarwatsa alakar yanayin muhalli tsakanin kogin da magudanar ruwa, wanda ke haifar da koma baya a matakin ruwan karkashin kasa da na sama. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Elisabeth |first=Wiedenegger |date=2024-06-14 |title=Lobau: Wasser und Au |url=https://www.naturschutzbund-wien.at/wp/lobau-wasser-und-au/ |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Naturschutzbund Wien |language=de |archive-date=2025-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226140831/https://www.naturschutzbund-wien.at/wp/lobau-wasser-und-au/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ƙasar Lobau ta ƙasa tana fuskantar saurin bushewa da kuma lalatawa . Ana iya lura da raguwar matakan ruwa a cikin teburin [[Ruwa na kasa|ruwan ƙasa]] da ke ja da baya da kuma bushewar ruwan saman da akai-akai. Wadannan sauye-sauyen ana danganta su ne da kokarin daidaita kogi da kuma zurfafa gabar kogin Danube, tsarin da ake kara inganta shi ta hanyar samar da wutar lantarki . Bugu da ƙari, ɗimbin laka a cikin ruwan ambaliya, da sauye-sauye a yanayin kwararar Danube, da rashin isasshen kula da ruwa sun ƙara canza yanayin yanayin. Yayin da matakan ruwa ke raguwa, bambancin halittun yankin shima yana raguwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lobau soll leben - Wasser für die Au - Naturschutzbund Österreich |url=https://naturschutzbund.at/neuigkeiten-liste-312/items/lobau-soll-leben-wasser-fuer-die-au.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=naturschutzbund.at |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ruwa ===
Tafkunan oxbow da tafkunan lokaci-lokaci suna bushewa gaba ɗaya. Waɗannan jikunan ruwa masu tsayi ko a hankali suna tallafawa al'ummomin shuka iri-iri, waɗanda wasunsu na cikin haɗari sosai. Yawancin waɗannan nau'ikan sun dace da canje-canjen matakan ruwa. A cikin shekarun bushewa, ruwan da ke koma baya yana haifar da ɗumbin laka, waɗanda ƙwararrun tsirrai da nau'ikan dabbobi suka mamaye su daga baya.
[[Fayil:Lobau_in_Wien-Aspern_2022-08-09_24.jpg|thumb|Tafki a cikin Lobau]]
Tsire-tsire na cikin ruwa da ke cikin haɗari a cikin yankin sun haɗa da violet na ruwa ( ''Hottonia palustris'' ), nau'in pondweed daban-daban ( ''Potamogeton spp.'' ), chestnut ruwa ( ''Trapa natans'' ), ruwa crowfoot ( ''Ranunculus aquatilis'' ), da kuma carnivorous bladderwort ( ''Utricularia'' ). Tsire-tsire da suka dace da busassun gaɓar tekun na ɗan lokaci sun haɗa da spikerush ( ''Eleocharis'' ), mudwort ( ''Limosella'' ), bara ( ''Bidens'' ), da rush club-rush ( ''Schoenoplectus'' ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Die Lebensräume |url=https://www.donauauen.at/wissen/natur-wissenschaft/die-lebensraeume |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=www.donauauen.at |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Josefsteg_Lobau_2022-08-09_04.jpg|thumb|Josefsteg]]
Josefsteg wata gada ce mai tsayin mita 135 a yankin Lobau ta Vienna, wacce ta zarce Schröderwasser. An kewaye shi da tekun reshin gama gari ( ''Phragmites australis'' ). An sake gina gadar a shekarar 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-05-04 |title=Der neue Josefsteg – ein Mittel der Politik – Lobaumuseum |url=https://www.lobaumuseum.wien/cms/der-neue-josefsteg-ein-mittel-der-politik/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-02-26 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fauna ===

==== Gandun daji na Softwood ====
A kan sabon [[yashi]] ko [[Gravel|tsakuwa]], wanda nau'in ma'auni ya rinjayi shi da kusancinsa da kogin, murfin shuka na farko ya kafa kansa. Wannan tsari yana nuna farkon [[Ecological succession|yanayin gadon]] c [[Wetland|dausayi]] . Magajin yawanci yana farawa ne da [[Herbaceous plant|ciyayi mai tsiro]], sannan kuma girma na bishiyoyin [[willow]], kuma a ƙarshe yana haifar da haɓakar bishiyoyin gandun [[Wetland|dajin]], wanda ke haifar da samuwar [[Riparian forest|gandun daji]] [[Softwood|mai laushi]] .

Waɗannan dazuzzuka sun ƙunshi bishiyun dazuzzukan da suke buƙatar haske, irin su willows ( ''Salix spp.'' ) da poplars ( ''Populus spp.'' ), waɗanda ke buƙatar buɗaɗɗen wuraren da ba su da inuwa don bunƙasa. Yawancin jinsin sun hada da farin willow ( ''Salix alba'' ), crack willow ( ''Salix fragilis'' ), Turai ash ( ''Fraxinus excelsior'' ), black poplar ( ''Populus nigra'' ), da farin poplar ( ''Populus alba'' ).
[[Fayil:Lobau11.jpg|left|thumb|A poplar]]
Idan yankin ya daina fuskantar ambaliya ta lokaci-lokaci ta kogin, nau'ikan bishiyoyi daban-daban na iya kafa kansu a hankali a kan ƙasa mai dausayi na tsawon ƙarni da yawa. Ko da yake ambaliya ta zama ƙasa da ƙasa, kogin ya ci gaba da yin tasiri a yankin, tare da halayen muhallinsa da ke da matuƙar tasiri sakamakon sauyin yanayin ruwan cikin ƙasa sakamakon abubuwan da ke faruwa a Danube.

Nau'o'in bishiyoyi na yau da kullun a cikin waɗannan gandun daji sun haɗa da elm mai tsalle-tsalle (''Ulmus laevis''), elm na filin (Ulmus minor), ash (''Fraxinus excelsior''), ƙananan lemun tsalle-talle (''Tilia cordata''), itacen oak (Quercus robur), da farin poplar (''Populus alba''). Wadannan wuraren zama suna tallafawa nau'o'i daban-daban na musamman, gami da kwari da tsutsarsu, waɗanda ke zaune a cikin itatuwa masu lalacewa da bishiyoyi. Tushen bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi masu mutuwa suna da mahimmanci ga rayuwar tsuntsaye.

==== Dry tsakuwa terraces (Heißländen) ====
[[Fayil:Lobau_Heißlände.jpg|thumb|Heißländer]]
Heißländen wurare ne masu kama da savanna waɗanda ke tasowa akan ma'aunin tsakuwa a cikin Lobau. Bishiyoyi suna girma ne kawai a inda ƙasan ƙasa ya yi zurfi sosai kuma yana riƙe da isasshen danshi. Waɗannan wuraren sun zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin Lobau amma suna iya bushewa sosai a wasu wurare.

Filin ambaliya sun ƙunshi filayen tsakuwa na musamman kamar busassun tsakuwa da aka sani da ''Heißländen'' . Waɗannan wuraren, waɗanda aka kafa a kan tudun tsakuwa mai zurfi, suna da ƙarancin wadatar ruwa, suna barin tsire-tsire masu jure fari kawai su yi girma. Yawancin nau'ikan da aka samo a nan sun haɗa da hawthorn ( ''Crataegus'' ), buckthorn na teku ( ''Hippophae rhamnoides'' ), orchids daban-daban, barberry ( ''Berberis'' ) '','' da ciyawa . Lichens da mosses, wanda zai iya jure yanayin bushe, ma na kowa. Mantis na addu'a, kwari ne da ke da bushewa sosai, wani sanannen nau'in nau'in nau'in halitta ne da ake samu a wadannan wuraren.

== Dabbobin daji ==
Lobau yana tallafawa nau'ikan flora da fauna daban-daban saboda yanayin yanayin yanayin ambaliyar ruwa. Ambaliyar ruwa ta kan lokaci da wuraren zama iri-iri, gami da dausayi, dazuzzuka, da makaman kogi, suna haifar da yanayi mai kyau ga nau'ikan jinsuna da yawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fauna |url=https://www.donauauen.at/wissen/natur-wissenschaft/fauna |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=www.donauauen.at |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Biber_(Castor_fiber)_in_der_Lobau_in_Wien_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|Eurasian beaver]]

=== Dabbobi masu shayarwa ===
Lobau yana ba da wurin zama ga nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa sama da 30. Daya daga cikin mafi shahara shi ne Eurasian beaver ( ''Castor fiber'' ), wanda aka sake dawo da shi a cikin 1970s bayan an cire shi daga Austria. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eurasian Beaver |url=https://www.donauauen.at/en/facts/nature-science/fauna-engl/eurasian-beaver |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=www.donauauen.at |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa da aka samu a yankin sun hada da boar daji ( ''Sus scrofa'' ), Turai otter ( ''Lutra lutra'' ), roe deer ( ''Capreolus capreolus'' ), Eurasian water shrew ( ''Neomys fodiens'' ), ja fox ( ''Vulpes vulpes'' ), da kuren Turai ( ''Lepus europaeus'' ). Yawancin nau'in jemagu kuma suna zaune a yankin, irin su noctule na kowa ( ''Nyctalus noctula'' ), Jemage Natterer ( ''Myotis nattereri'' ), da jemage na Daubenton ( ''Myotis daubentonii'' ).

=== Dabbobi masu rarrafe da amphibians ===
Ƙasar dausayi da dazuzzukan Lobau suna ba da wurin zama mai dacewa ga nau'ikan dabbobi masu rarrafe da masu amphibians . Daga cikin dabbobi masu rarrafe da aka samu a yankin akwai kunkuru na kandami na Turai ( ''Emys orbicularis'' ), jinkirin tsutsa ( ''Anguis fragilis'' ), Aesculapian maciji ( ''Zamenis longissimus'' ), maciji na dice ( ''Natrix tessellata'' ), maciji ciyawa ( ''Natrix natrix'' ), da maciji mai santsi ( ''Coronella austriaca'' ). Amphibians a cikin yankin sun haɗa da kwaɗo bishiyar Turai ( ''Hyla arborea'' ), agile frog ( ''Rana dalmatina'' ), Ƙunƙarar wuta na Turai ( ''Bombina bombina'' ), da Danube crested newt ( ''Triturus dobrogicus'' ).

=== Kifi ===
Hanyoyin ruwa na Lobau kuma suna tallafawa nau'o'in [[Kifi|kifaye]] daban-daban, irin su Turai mai ɗaci ( ''Rhodeus amarus'' ), carp na kowa ( ''Cyprinus carpio'' ), pigo ( ''Rutilus pigus'' ), da Turai mudminnow ( ''Umbra krameri'' ).

=== Tsuntsaye ===
Lobau yana aiki azaman wurin tsayawa da lokacin sanyi don tsuntsaye masu ƙaura . Nau'in cin kifi sun haɗa da babban cormorant ( ''Phalacrocorax carbo'' ), jarumta mai launin toka ( ''Ardea cinerea'' ), da kuma sarki na kowa ( ''Alcedo atthis'' ). Tsuntsaye na ganima da aka samu a yankin sun hada da jan kite ( ''Milvus milvus'' ), mikiya mai farar wutsiya ( ''Haliaeetus albicilla'' ), da buzzard na zuma na Turai ( ''Pernis apivorus'' ). Sauran sanannun nau'in sun haɗa da tsararren tsararren katako ( ''Dendrocoptes medius'' ) da kuma yashi martin ( ''Riparia riparia'' ).
[[Fayil:Amata_phegea_Kopula_Lobau_20220606.jpg|thumb|Asu masu tabo tara guda biyu]]

=== Invertebrates ===
Lobau gida ne ga nau'ikan invertebrates iri-iri, gami da mollusks, crustaceans, arachnids, da kwari . Mollusks da aka samu a yankin sun hada da duck mussel ( ''Anodonta anatina'' ), babban kandami katantanwa ( ''Lymnaea stagnalis'' ), da Lister's kogin katantanwa ( ''Viviparus contectus'' ). Crayfish mai daraja ( ''Astacus astacus'' ) yana wakiltar crustaceans na yankin, yayin da arachnids sun hada da gizo-gizo zebra ( ''Salticus snicus'' ) da kuma tarantula wolf gizo-gizo ( ''Lycosa singoriensis'' ).

Yawan kwari ya bambanta musamman, yana nuna nau'ikan nau'ikan irin su dragonflies kore snaketail ''(Ophiogomphus cecilia)'' da Eurasian baskettail ( ''Epitheca bimaculata)'', kudanci festoon malam buɗe ido ( ''Zerynthia polyxena )'', na Turai mantis ( ''Mantis religiosa'' ), da ruwa strider ( ''da Gerridagidaeet'' '')'' .

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Mai ba da gudummawa ga gado mai ruwa</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5815" sha1="tc3a70xicytf1zg7y93fmfg3u1tl2hv" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Fluidized_Bed_Concentrator_(FBC)_at_Honda_Alabama.png|thumb|Mai mayar da hankali ga gado mai ruwa don kula da VOC a Honda Manufacturing na Alabama . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Honda Manufacturing Alabama Honored As Air Conservationist of the Year |url=http://www.hondaalabama.com/article/hma-honored-as-air-conservationist-of-the-year |access-date=7 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Mai ba da gudummawa ga gado mai ruwa ('''FBC''') tsari ne na masana'antu don maganin iska mai fitarwa. Tsarin yana amfani da gado na beads na carbon mai kunnawa don adsorbe kwayoyin halitta masu saurin canzawa (VOCs) daga [[Fitar gurbataccen hayakin gas|iskar gas]]. Ba kamar yadda aka dai-daita ba ko masu mayar da hankali ga carbon rotor, tsarin FBC yana tilasta iska mai cike da VOC ta hanyar trays na ƙarfe da yawa, yana ƙara saurin iska kuma yana ba da damar beads na carbon na sub-millimeter su yi ruwa, ko kuma suyi kamar an dakatar da su a cikin ruwa. Wannan yana ƙara girman yankin hulɗar carbon-gas, yana sa ya fi tasiri wajen kama VOCs.

== Abubuwan da aka haɗa ==
[[Fayil:FBC-Solidworks.png|thumb|Tsarin 3D na mai mayar da hankali ga gado a cikin SolidWorksAyyuka masu ƙarfi]]
Mai mayar da hankali ga gado mai ruwa ya ƙunshi abubuwa biyar na farko:

* Hasumiyar Adsorption
* Hasumiyar narkewa
* Mai narkewar zafi
* Tsarin sufuri na carbon
* Masu sha'awar tsari: mai adsorber, mai desorber, mai fitarwa zuwa tarawa

== Yadda yake aiki ==
[[Fayil:FBC_Flow_Schematic.png|left|thumb|400x400px|Tsarin kwarara na gas a cikin tsarin kwantar da hankali na gado.]]
Hanyoyin masana'antu da ke buƙatar iska, gami da ɗakunan fenti, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Toyota named Low-Carbon Auto Manufacturing of the Year |url=http://diversityandcommerce.biz/cocacola-enterprises-ford-toyota-named-as-low-carbon-champions-p3783-179.htm |access-date=7 November 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; bugawa, da samar da sinadarai, suna fitar da iska mai iska zuwa mai kula da gado a yanayin zafin jiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=VOC Emissions from Industrial Painting Processes |url=http://www.metalfinishing.com/view/2721/voc-emissions-from-industrial-painting-processes-as-a-source-of-fuel-cell-energy/ |access-date=7 November 2014 |publisher=Metal Finishing |archive-date=7 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107225100/http://www.metalfinishing.com/view/2721/voc-emissions-from-industrial-painting-processes-as-a-source-of-fuel-cell-energy/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iska ta fara wucewa cikin hasumiyar adsorption, inda take motsawa ta hanyar trays guda shida na beads na carbon mai tsabta. 0.7 mm bead activated carbon (BAC) yana gudana a cikin trays kuma yana kama VOCs yayin da suke haɗuwa.&amp;nbsp;

Ana ba da beads na carbon daga hasumiyar adsorber zuwa hasumiyar desorber, inda ake dumama beads zuwa 350 ° F kuma ana saki VOCs. Yawanci hasumiyar adsorber ta ninka sau da yawa fiye da hasumiyar desorber, wanda ke haifar da raguwar iska da karuwar maida hankali ga VOC. Rabin girman adsorber zuwa girman desorber ana kiransa rabo na maida hankali, kuma ya kasance daga 10:1 zuwa 100:1 .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ford Environmental VOC Emissions |url=http://corporate.ford.com/microsites/sustainability-report-2013-14/environment-operations-facility |access-date=7 November 2014 |publisher=Ford}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

Ana aika rafin iskar gas na VOC daga hasumiyar desorb zuwa mai zafi, inda ake dumama mahadi zuwa 1400 ° F kuma an yi amfani da su, ko kuma ya rushe zuwa carbon dio&lt;sub&gt;X&lt;/sub&gt; (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;), ruwa (H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;), da kuma samfurori. A wasu lokuta, ana samar da ƙananan carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOX), da sauran iskar gas.&amp;nbsp;

== Kashewa da amfani da makamashi ==
[[Fayil:Honda_Alabama_Wins_Air_Quality_Award.jpg|thumb|Ana girmama membobin ƙungiyar Honda Alabama Environmental Air Quality saboda ƙoƙarin da suke yi na rage hayakin CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; da NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HMA Honored As Air Conservationist of the Year |url=http://www.hondaalabama.com/article/hma-honored-as-air-conservationist-of-the-year |access-date=7 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Babban fa'idar FBC akan masu mayar da hankali na gargajiya ya ta'allaka ne a cikin ikonsa na cimma duk wani rabon maida hankali har zuwa X-link&quot; data-linkid=&quot;40&quot; href=&quot;./Lower_explosive_limit&quot; id=&quot;mwSQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Lower explosive limit&quot;&gt;Ƙananan iyakar fashewa (LEL). Wannan yana ba da damar shagon fenti na Honda Alabama don canzawa daga oxidizing 100,000 CFM na VOCs a cikin mai sabuntawa mai zafi (RTO), zuwa oxidizing kawai 1,500 CFM na BOCs a ciki na karamin mai zafi, a mafi girma. Rage yawan iska da za a yi amfani da shi daga 100,000 CFM zuwa 1,500 CFM (66:1 concentration ratio), yana ba da damar amfani da makamashi mafi ƙanƙanta kuma saboda haka, ƙananan CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; da NOX emissions.
{{Blockquote|Despite an increase in Line 2 production, Honda is realizing a reduction in plant VOC emissions of nearly 60 metric tons annually as a result of the installation of the FBC system. Also, the new [FBC] system uses approximately 20% of the energy of an RTO system. - Honda Manufacturing of Alabama}}

== Masana'antu da aka yi amfani da su ==
[[Fayil:Fluidized_Bed_Concentrator.jpg|thumb|Hasumiyar adsorber da tarin mai kula da gado mai ruwa]]

* [[Paint finishing|Ƙarshen fenti]]
** Motar
** Jirgin sama
** Kayan aiki masu nauyi
** [[Sufuri]]
* [[Printing|Bugawa]]
* [[Chemical production|Samar da sinadarai]]
* Semiconductor
* Gudanar da abinci

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Magungunan kwayoyin halitta masu tashi]]
* Ka'idojin fitarwa na kasa don masu gurɓata iska mai haɗari
* Rashin gurɓata iska a Amurka
* Carbon mai kunnawa
* [[Gurbacewar Iska|Rashin gurɓata iska]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>tc3a70xicytf1zg7y93fmfg3u1tl2hv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rikicin ruwa na Cape Town</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>113385</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861555</id>
      <parentid>699721</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:12:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirjat</username>
        <id>20447</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tsarin lokaci */</comment>
      <origin>861555</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="17078" sha1="m6omabb33ihpuwj22ihub53desxex7e" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Cape_Town_water_crisis_graph.svg|right|thumb|400x400px|Hotunan jimlar ruwan da aka adana a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa shida na Western Cape (blue) da kuma matakin hana ruwa na birnin Cape Town (orange) daga Nuwamba 2013 zuwa Agusta 2021.]]
'''Rikicin ruwan Cape Town''' a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ya kasance shekaru da yawa a cikin 2015-2020 na karancin ruwa a yankin Western Cape, wanda ya fi shafar birnin Cape Town . Matsakaicin ruwan madatsar ruwan ya fara raguwa a shekarar 2015 kuma matsalar ruwan Cape Town ta kai kololuwa a tsakiyar shekarar 2017 zuwa tsakiyar 2018 lokacin da ruwan ya kai tsakanin kashi 14 zuwa 29 na yawan karfin madatsar ruwa.

A ƙarshen 2017, an fara ambaton tsare-tsare na &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, taƙaitaccen bayani game da ranar da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Birni zai iya faɗi ƙasa da kashi 13.5. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cassim |first=Zaheer |date=19 January 2018 |title=Cape Town could be the first major city in the world to run out of water |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/01/19/cape-town-could-first-major-city-run-out-water/1047237001/ |website=USA Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Poplak |first=Richard |date=15 February 2018 |title=What's Actually Behind Cape Town's Water Crisis |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/cape-town-water-crisis/553076/ |access-date=22 February 2018 |website=The Atlantic}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=York |first=Geoffrey |date=8 March 2018 |title=Cape Town residents become 'guinea pigs for the world' with water-conservation campaign |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/cape-town-residents-become-guinea-pigs-for-the-world-with-water-conservationcampaign/article38257004/ |website=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya zama lokaci don nuna farkon matakan hana ruwa na Mataki na 7, lokacin da za a kashe kayan ruwa na birni da yawa kuma ana tunanin cewa mazauna za su iya yin layi don rabon ruwa na yau da kullun. Idan da hakan ta faru, da hakan zai sanya birnin Cape Town ya zama babban birni na farko a duniya da ya kaure da karancin ruwan sha a cikin kananan hukumomin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Day Zero, when is it, what is it and how can we avoid it |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Day%20Zero%20when%20is%20it,%20what%20is%20it,%20and%20how%20can%20we%20avoid%20it |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Rikicin ruwa na Cape Town ya faru a daidai lokacin da fari na Gabashin Cape, wanda ke cikin wani yanki na daban a kusa.

Birnin Cape Town ya aiwatar da tsauraran matakan hana ruwa a wani yunkuri na dakile amfani da ruwa, wanda ya rage yawan ruwan da yake amfani da shi na yau da kullum da fiye da rabi zuwa kusan lita miliyan 500 (130,000,000 US gal) a kowace rana a cikin Maris 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Narrandes |first=Nidha |date=14 March 2018 |title=Cape Town water usage lower than ever |url=http://www.capetownetc.com/water-crisis/water-usage-further-reduced-in-cape-town/ |publisher=Cape Town etc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Faduwar amfani da ruwa ya sa birnin ya jinkirta kiyasin &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, kuma ruwan sama mai karfi ya fara farfadowa a watan Yuni 1.  A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, tare da matakan dam kusa da kashi 70, birnin ya fara sauƙaƙe ƙuntatawa na ruwa, wanda ke nuna cewa mafi munin matsalar ruwa ya ƙare. &lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pitt |first=Christina |date=10 September 2018 |title=City of Cape Town relaxes water restrictions, tariffs to Level 5 |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212034631/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |archive-date=12 December 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |website=News24 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan sama mai kyau a cikin 2020 yadda ya kamata ya karya fari kuma ya haifar da karancin ruwa lokacin da matakan madatsar ruwa ya kai kashi 95 cikin dari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-07 |title=After the drought: Cape Town's gushing water |url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/after-drought-cape-towns-gushing-water/ |access-date=2020-09-11 |website=[[GroundUp News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fage ==
[[Fayil:Cape_Water_map_dams.png|thumb|274x274px|Taswirar manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa zuwa Cape Town]]
Yankin Cape Town yana fuskantar yanayi na Bahar Rum tare da dumi, bushewar lokacin rani da ruwan sama na hunturu. Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Yammacin Cape ya dogara kusan gaba ɗaya akan ruwan sama, wanda ake kamawa kuma ana adana shi a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida da ke cikin wuraren tsaunuka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Welz |first=Adam |date=1 March 2018 |title=Awaiting Day Zero: Cape Town Faces an Uncertain Water Future |url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/awaiting-day-zero-cape-town-faces-an-uncertain-water-future |publisher=Yale Environment 360}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana yin cajin madatsun ruwa ne ta hanyar ruwan sama da ke faɗowa a yankunan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, galibi a lokacin sanyi na watanni na Mayu zuwa Agusta, kuma matakan dam ɗin suna raguwa a lokacin rani na watanni na Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu inda amfani da ruwa na birane ke ƙaruwa kuma ana samun ban ruwa a yankunan noma.

Amfani da birane da aikin gona yana cinye kusan kashi 70 da kashi 30 bisa 100 na jimillar ruwan da tsarin samar da ruwan sha na Western Cape ke bayarwa, tare da sauye-sauye na yanayi.   A cikin zamanin bayan [[Apartheid|wariyar launin fata]], kuma a ƙarƙashin tsarin Tsarin [[Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Afirka ta Kudu|Ruwa na Kyauta na Kyauta]], Birnin Cape Town ya karɓi tsarin haɓaka tsarin jadawalin kuɗin fito don farashin ruwa, wanda aka azabtar da mafi girma masu amfani da ruwa tare da mafi girman jadawalin kuɗin fito don hana amfani, yayin da aka saita jadawalin farko block a (kusa) sifili don tabbatar da samun daidaiton ruwa zuwa kowane matakin asali na Afirka ta Kudu.  Magidanta masu rahusa masu rijista a Cape Town tare da haɗin kai tsaye da ruwa da tsafta suna karɓar lita 6 000 na farko a kowane wata na ruwa kyauta, kuma ana cajin kuɗin fito ne kawai don cinyewa sama da adadin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services and costs in formal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-and-costs-for-formal-housing |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt; Magidanta a ƙauyuka na yau da kullun ana ba da ruwa daga famfun jama'a da kuma amfani da bandakunan jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services in informal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family+and+home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-in-informal-settlements |website=City of Cape Town }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ga manoman da ke samun ruwa daga Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape, ana duba su da allunan ban ruwa da ƙungiyoyi masu amfani da ruwa. Manoman da yawa kuma suna shiga tsarin rarraba ban ruwa (daga takamaiman kwararar kogi), kuma suna da madatsun ruwa masu zaman kansu da [[Rijiyar burtsatse|rijiyoyin burtsatse]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Water File |url=http://www.wwf.org.za/water/?25441/Agricultural-water-file-Farming-for-a-drier-future |website=Worldwide Fund for Nature}}&lt;/ref&gt; Birnin ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba sa samun riba a kan siyar da ruwa, kuma manufofin farashin ruwa na ƙoƙarin daidaita daidaito, daidaito da buƙatun dawo da farashi. 

Zamanin ƙarancin ruwan sama na hunturu a 2000-2001 da 2003-2004 ya haifar da hana ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;WCDM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Basholo |first=Zolile |date=4 February 2016 |title=Overview of Water Demand Management Initiatives: A City of Cape Town Approach |url=https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Water-Sector-Desk-Content/CoCT-WCWDM-presentation-Z-Basholo-Western-Cape-Water-Forum-160204-2016.pdf |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin 2003, Birnin ya shiga yarjejeniya tare da Sashen Ruwa da Dazuzzuka na lokacin don gina madatsar ruwa ta Berg da Tsarin kari sannan kuma ta fara kula da bukatar ruwa. A shekarar 2009, an karu da karfin ajiyar madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Cape Town da kashi 17 cikin 100 daga 768 zuwa miliyan 898 cubic meters lokacin da aka kammala aikin madatsar ruwan Berg da kuma shirin samar da kayayyaki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cape Town&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2009 |title=Cape Town's water supply boosted |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102756/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-date=27 March 2009 |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2015, Birnin Cape Town ya sami babbar lambar yabo ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da sanin ƙoƙarinsu na Kula da Ruwa da Buƙatun Ruwa (WCWDM). Cape Town ya yi nasara musamman wajen rage asarar ruwa ta hanyar yoyon fitsari, inda aka samu asarar ruwa da kashi 14 cikin dari, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin kashi 35 cikin dari na kasa. Dokokin sun kuma fayyace cewa ya kamata a samar da ingantattun kayan aikin ruwa da Ofishin Ma'auni na Afirka ta Kudu ya amince da shi don duk sabbin ci gaba da gyare-gyare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=C40 Cities Awards 2015 |url=https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |access-date=2025-08-12 |archive-date=2021-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923092342/https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Tsarin lokaci ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;cellpadding=&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em; text-align:center; font-size:95%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot; |Matakan ruwa a matsayin kashi na jimlar ƙarfin madatsar ruwa a shekara. &lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bohatch |first=Trevor |date=16 May 2017 |title=What's causing Cape Town's water crisis? |url=http://www.groundup.org.za/article/whats-causing-cape-towns-water-crisis/ |access-date=2017-06-01 |publisher=Ground Up |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Manyan madatsun ruwa
! Iya (megalitres)
! 17 Mayu 2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 May 2021 |title=City of Cape Town: Dam Levels |url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-utility-services/residential-water-and-sanitation-services/this-weeks-dam-levels |access-date=18 May 2021 |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! 18 Mayu 2020 &lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 May 2020 |title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard |url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf |access-date=18 May 2020 |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! 13 Mayu 2019 &lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 May 2019 |title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard |url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf |access-date=22 May 2019 |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! 14 Mayu 2018 &lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=Mar 2019 |title=Water Dashboard |url=http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207180447/http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard |archive-date=7 February 2018 |access-date=17 May 2018 |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! 15 ga Mayu, 2017
! 15 ga Mayu, 2016
! 15 ga Mayu, 2015
! 15 ga Mayu 2014
|-
| Kogin Berg Dam
| 130,010
| 76.1
| 65.6
| 68.1
| 39.2
| 32.4
| 27.2
| 54.0
| 90.5
|-
| [[Dam ɗin Steenbras|Steenbras Lower]]
| 33,517
| 58.0
| 48.4
| 38.6
| 35.4
| 26.5
| 37.6
| 47.9
| 39.6
|-
| [[Dam ɗin Steenbras Upper|Steenbras babba]]
| 31,767
| 54.2
| 96.5
| 65.0
| 59.6
| 56.7
| 56.9
| 57.8
| 79.1
|-
| [[Dam ɗin Theewaterskloof|Theewaterskloof Dam]]
| 480,188
| 75.2
| 50.2
| 36.1
| 12.0
| 15.0
| 31.3
| 51.3
| 74.5
|-
| [[Dam ɗin Voëlvlei|Voelvlei Dam]]
| 164,095
| 58.3
| 50.4
| 55.4
| 14.5
| 17.2
| 21.3
| 42.5
| 59.5
|-
| Wemmershoek Dam
| 58,644
| 59.1
| 43.3
| 43.6
| 48.4
| 36.0
| 48.5
| 50.5
| 58.8
|-
| Jimlar da aka adana (megalitres)
| 898,221
| 626,907
| 481,370
| 411,849
| 191,843
| 190,300
| 279,954
| 450,429
| 646,137
|-
| '''Jimlar % Adana'''
| 100
| '''69.8'''
| '''53.6'''
| '''45.9'''
| '''21.4'''
| '''21.2'''
| '''31.2'''
| '''50.1'''
| '''71.9'''
|}
== Jeron Lokaci ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;cellpadding=&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em; text-align:center; font-size:95%&quot;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th colspan=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;&gt;Matakan ruwa a matsayin kashi na jimillar ƙarfin madatsun ruwa ta shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/whats-causing-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=What's causing Cape Town's water crisis?|last=Bohatch|first=Trevor|date=16 May 2017|publisher=Ground Up|location=Cape Town|language=en|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
|-
! Manyan madatsun ruwa
! Ƙarfi (megalitres)
! 17 Mayu 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-utility-services/residential-water-and-sanitation-services/this-weeks-dam-levels|title=City of Cape Town: Dam Levels|date=18 May 2021|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;!!18 Mayu 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=18 May 2020|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 13 Mayu 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=13 May 2019|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=22 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 14 Mayu 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|title=Water Dashboard|date=Mar 2019|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-date=7 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207180447/http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 15 Mayu 2017 !! 15 Mayu 2016 !! 15 Mayu 2015 !! 15 Mayu 2014
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Berg River|| 130,010
|76.1||65.6||68.1|| 39.2|| 32.4|| 27.2|| 54.0|| 90.5
|-
|Steenbras Lower|| 33,517
|58.0||48.4||38.6|| 35.4|| 26.5|| 37.6|| 47.9|| 39.6
|-
|Steenbras Upper|| 31,767
|54.2||96.5||65.0|| 59.6|| 56.7|| 56.9|| 57.8|| 79.1
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof|| 480,188
|75.2||50.2||36.1|| 12.0|| 15.0|| 31.3|| 51.3|| 74.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Voelvlei|| 164,095
|58.3||50.4||55.4|| 14.5|| 17.2|| 21.3|| 42.5|| 59.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Wemmershoek|| 58,644
|59.1||43.3||43.6|| 48.4|| 36.0|| 48.5|| 50.5|| 58.8
|-
| Jimillar da aka ajiye (megalitres) || 898,221
|626,907||481,370||411,849|| 191,843|| 190,300|| 279,954|| 450,429 || 646,137
|-
|'''Jimillar % na Ma'ajiya'''||100
|'''69.8'''||'''53.6'''||'''45.9'''||'''21.4'''||'''21.2'''||'''31.2'''||'''50.1'''||'''71.9'''
|}

===2015–2016===
Bayan samun kyakkyawan ruwan sama a shekarun 2013 da 2014, Birnin Cape Town ya fara fuskantar fari a shekarar 2015, wanda shi ne na farko cikin shekaru uku a jere na lokutan sanyi marasa ruwa da suka auku, mai yiwuwa sanadiyyar tsarin yanayi na El Niño ko kuma canjin yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AfricaC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://africacheck.org/2016/02/03/frequently-asked-questions-about-south-africas-drought|title=Frequently asked questions about South Africa's drought|date=3 February 2016|publisher=Africa Check|language=en|location=Cape Town|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matakan ruwa a madatsun ruwan Birnin sun ragu daga kashi 71.9 cikin dari a shekarar 2014 zuwa kashi 50.1 cikin dari a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot; /&gt; A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016, hukumar Birnin ta ɗaukaka tsoffin takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 1 (Level 1) tun na shekarar 2005 zuwa Mataki na 2 (Level 2), kuma a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2016 ta sake ɗaukaka shi zuwa Mataki na 3 (Level 3), lokacin da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta wallafa takunkumin amfani da ruwa na hukuma don birane da aikin gona. Kuma babban farin da ya shafi sauran sassan Afirka ta Kudu ya ƙare a watan Agusta 2016 lokacin da aka sami babban ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin ƙasar

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>m6omabb33ihpuwj22ihub53desxex7e</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861556</id>
      <parentid>861555</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:13:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirjat</username>
        <id>20447</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tsarin lokaci */</comment>
      <origin>861556</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13975" sha1="8f791sdylrded8cjixghnf2lgmi2qkd" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Cape_Town_water_crisis_graph.svg|right|thumb|400x400px|Hotunan jimlar ruwan da aka adana a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa shida na Western Cape (blue) da kuma matakin hana ruwa na birnin Cape Town (orange) daga Nuwamba 2013 zuwa Agusta 2021.]]
'''Rikicin ruwan Cape Town''' a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ya kasance shekaru da yawa a cikin 2015-2020 na karancin ruwa a yankin Western Cape, wanda ya fi shafar birnin Cape Town . Matsakaicin ruwan madatsar ruwan ya fara raguwa a shekarar 2015 kuma matsalar ruwan Cape Town ta kai kololuwa a tsakiyar shekarar 2017 zuwa tsakiyar 2018 lokacin da ruwan ya kai tsakanin kashi 14 zuwa 29 na yawan karfin madatsar ruwa.

A ƙarshen 2017, an fara ambaton tsare-tsare na &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, taƙaitaccen bayani game da ranar da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Birni zai iya faɗi ƙasa da kashi 13.5. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cassim |first=Zaheer |date=19 January 2018 |title=Cape Town could be the first major city in the world to run out of water |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/01/19/cape-town-could-first-major-city-run-out-water/1047237001/ |website=USA Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Poplak |first=Richard |date=15 February 2018 |title=What's Actually Behind Cape Town's Water Crisis |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/cape-town-water-crisis/553076/ |access-date=22 February 2018 |website=The Atlantic}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=York |first=Geoffrey |date=8 March 2018 |title=Cape Town residents become 'guinea pigs for the world' with water-conservation campaign |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/cape-town-residents-become-guinea-pigs-for-the-world-with-water-conservationcampaign/article38257004/ |website=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya zama lokaci don nuna farkon matakan hana ruwa na Mataki na 7, lokacin da za a kashe kayan ruwa na birni da yawa kuma ana tunanin cewa mazauna za su iya yin layi don rabon ruwa na yau da kullun. Idan da hakan ta faru, da hakan zai sanya birnin Cape Town ya zama babban birni na farko a duniya da ya kaure da karancin ruwan sha a cikin kananan hukumomin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Day Zero, when is it, what is it and how can we avoid it |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Day%20Zero%20when%20is%20it,%20what%20is%20it,%20and%20how%20can%20we%20avoid%20it |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Rikicin ruwa na Cape Town ya faru a daidai lokacin da fari na Gabashin Cape, wanda ke cikin wani yanki na daban a kusa.

Birnin Cape Town ya aiwatar da tsauraran matakan hana ruwa a wani yunkuri na dakile amfani da ruwa, wanda ya rage yawan ruwan da yake amfani da shi na yau da kullum da fiye da rabi zuwa kusan lita miliyan 500 (130,000,000 US gal) a kowace rana a cikin Maris 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Narrandes |first=Nidha |date=14 March 2018 |title=Cape Town water usage lower than ever |url=http://www.capetownetc.com/water-crisis/water-usage-further-reduced-in-cape-town/ |publisher=Cape Town etc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Faduwar amfani da ruwa ya sa birnin ya jinkirta kiyasin &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, kuma ruwan sama mai karfi ya fara farfadowa a watan Yuni 1.  A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, tare da matakan dam kusa da kashi 70, birnin ya fara sauƙaƙe ƙuntatawa na ruwa, wanda ke nuna cewa mafi munin matsalar ruwa ya ƙare. &lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pitt |first=Christina |date=10 September 2018 |title=City of Cape Town relaxes water restrictions, tariffs to Level 5 |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212034631/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |archive-date=12 December 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |website=News24 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan sama mai kyau a cikin 2020 yadda ya kamata ya karya fari kuma ya haifar da karancin ruwa lokacin da matakan madatsar ruwa ya kai kashi 95 cikin dari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-07 |title=After the drought: Cape Town's gushing water |url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/after-drought-cape-towns-gushing-water/ |access-date=2020-09-11 |website=[[GroundUp News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fage ==
[[Fayil:Cape_Water_map_dams.png|thumb|274x274px|Taswirar manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa zuwa Cape Town]]
Yankin Cape Town yana fuskantar yanayi na Bahar Rum tare da dumi, bushewar lokacin rani da ruwan sama na hunturu. Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Yammacin Cape ya dogara kusan gaba ɗaya akan ruwan sama, wanda ake kamawa kuma ana adana shi a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida da ke cikin wuraren tsaunuka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Welz |first=Adam |date=1 March 2018 |title=Awaiting Day Zero: Cape Town Faces an Uncertain Water Future |url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/awaiting-day-zero-cape-town-faces-an-uncertain-water-future |publisher=Yale Environment 360}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana yin cajin madatsun ruwa ne ta hanyar ruwan sama da ke faɗowa a yankunan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, galibi a lokacin sanyi na watanni na Mayu zuwa Agusta, kuma matakan dam ɗin suna raguwa a lokacin rani na watanni na Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu inda amfani da ruwa na birane ke ƙaruwa kuma ana samun ban ruwa a yankunan noma.

Amfani da birane da aikin gona yana cinye kusan kashi 70 da kashi 30 bisa 100 na jimillar ruwan da tsarin samar da ruwan sha na Western Cape ke bayarwa, tare da sauye-sauye na yanayi.   A cikin zamanin bayan [[Apartheid|wariyar launin fata]], kuma a ƙarƙashin tsarin Tsarin [[Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Afirka ta Kudu|Ruwa na Kyauta na Kyauta]], Birnin Cape Town ya karɓi tsarin haɓaka tsarin jadawalin kuɗin fito don farashin ruwa, wanda aka azabtar da mafi girma masu amfani da ruwa tare da mafi girman jadawalin kuɗin fito don hana amfani, yayin da aka saita jadawalin farko block a (kusa) sifili don tabbatar da samun daidaiton ruwa zuwa kowane matakin asali na Afirka ta Kudu.  Magidanta masu rahusa masu rijista a Cape Town tare da haɗin kai tsaye da ruwa da tsafta suna karɓar lita 6 000 na farko a kowane wata na ruwa kyauta, kuma ana cajin kuɗin fito ne kawai don cinyewa sama da adadin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services and costs in formal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-and-costs-for-formal-housing |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt; Magidanta a ƙauyuka na yau da kullun ana ba da ruwa daga famfun jama'a da kuma amfani da bandakunan jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services in informal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family+and+home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-in-informal-settlements |website=City of Cape Town }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ga manoman da ke samun ruwa daga Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape, ana duba su da allunan ban ruwa da ƙungiyoyi masu amfani da ruwa. Manoman da yawa kuma suna shiga tsarin rarraba ban ruwa (daga takamaiman kwararar kogi), kuma suna da madatsun ruwa masu zaman kansu da [[Rijiyar burtsatse|rijiyoyin burtsatse]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Water File |url=http://www.wwf.org.za/water/?25441/Agricultural-water-file-Farming-for-a-drier-future |website=Worldwide Fund for Nature}}&lt;/ref&gt; Birnin ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba sa samun riba a kan siyar da ruwa, kuma manufofin farashin ruwa na ƙoƙarin daidaita daidaito, daidaito da buƙatun dawo da farashi. 

Zamanin ƙarancin ruwan sama na hunturu a 2000-2001 da 2003-2004 ya haifar da hana ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;WCDM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Basholo |first=Zolile |date=4 February 2016 |title=Overview of Water Demand Management Initiatives: A City of Cape Town Approach |url=https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Water-Sector-Desk-Content/CoCT-WCWDM-presentation-Z-Basholo-Western-Cape-Water-Forum-160204-2016.pdf |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin 2003, Birnin ya shiga yarjejeniya tare da Sashen Ruwa da Dazuzzuka na lokacin don gina madatsar ruwa ta Berg da Tsarin kari sannan kuma ta fara kula da bukatar ruwa. A shekarar 2009, an karu da karfin ajiyar madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Cape Town da kashi 17 cikin 100 daga 768 zuwa miliyan 898 cubic meters lokacin da aka kammala aikin madatsar ruwan Berg da kuma shirin samar da kayayyaki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cape Town&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2009 |title=Cape Town's water supply boosted |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102756/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-date=27 March 2009 |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2015, Birnin Cape Town ya sami babbar lambar yabo ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da sanin ƙoƙarinsu na Kula da Ruwa da Buƙatun Ruwa (WCWDM). Cape Town ya yi nasara musamman wajen rage asarar ruwa ta hanyar yoyon fitsari, inda aka samu asarar ruwa da kashi 14 cikin dari, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin kashi 35 cikin dari na kasa. Dokokin sun kuma fayyace cewa ya kamata a samar da ingantattun kayan aikin ruwa da Ofishin Ma'auni na Afirka ta Kudu ya amince da shi don duk sabbin ci gaba da gyare-gyare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=C40 Cities Awards 2015 |url=https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |access-date=2025-08-12 |archive-date=2021-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923092342/https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Jeron Lokaci ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;cellpadding=&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em; text-align:center; font-size:95%&quot;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th colspan=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;&gt;Matakan ruwa a matsayin kashi na jimillar ƙarfin madatsun ruwa ta shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/whats-causing-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=What's causing Cape Town's water crisis?|last=Bohatch|first=Trevor|date=16 May 2017|publisher=Ground Up|location=Cape Town|language=en|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
|-
! Manyan madatsun ruwa
! Ƙarfi (megalitres)
! 17 Mayu 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-utility-services/residential-water-and-sanitation-services/this-weeks-dam-levels|title=City of Cape Town: Dam Levels|date=18 May 2021|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;!!18 Mayu 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=18 May 2020|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 13 Mayu 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=13 May 2019|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=22 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 14 Mayu 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|title=Water Dashboard|date=Mar 2019|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-date=7 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207180447/http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 15 Mayu 2017 !! 15 Mayu 2016 !! 15 Mayu 2015 !! 15 Mayu 2014
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Berg River|| 130,010
|76.1||65.6||68.1|| 39.2|| 32.4|| 27.2|| 54.0|| 90.5
|-
|Steenbras Lower|| 33,517
|58.0||48.4||38.6|| 35.4|| 26.5|| 37.6|| 47.9|| 39.6
|-
|Steenbras Upper|| 31,767
|54.2||96.5||65.0|| 59.6|| 56.7|| 56.9|| 57.8|| 79.1
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof|| 480,188
|75.2||50.2||36.1|| 12.0|| 15.0|| 31.3|| 51.3|| 74.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Voelvlei|| 164,095
|58.3||50.4||55.4|| 14.5|| 17.2|| 21.3|| 42.5|| 59.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Wemmershoek|| 58,644
|59.1||43.3||43.6|| 48.4|| 36.0|| 48.5|| 50.5|| 58.8
|-
| Jimillar da aka ajiye (megalitres) || 898,221
|626,907||481,370||411,849|| 191,843|| 190,300|| 279,954|| 450,429 || 646,137
|-
|'''Jimillar % na Ma'ajiya'''||100
|'''69.8'''||'''53.6'''||'''45.9'''||'''21.4'''||'''21.2'''||'''31.2'''||'''50.1'''||'''71.9'''
|}

===2015–2016===
Bayan samun kyakkyawan ruwan sama a shekarun 2013 da 2014, Birnin Cape Town ya fara fuskantar fari a shekarar 2015, wanda shi ne na farko cikin shekaru uku a jere na lokutan sanyi marasa ruwa da suka auku, mai yiwuwa sanadiyyar tsarin yanayi na El Niño ko kuma canjin yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AfricaC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://africacheck.org/2016/02/03/frequently-asked-questions-about-south-africas-drought|title=Frequently asked questions about South Africa's drought|date=3 February 2016|publisher=Africa Check|language=en|location=Cape Town|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matakan ruwa a madatsun ruwan Birnin sun ragu daga kashi 71.9 cikin dari a shekarar 2014 zuwa kashi 50.1 cikin dari a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot; /&gt; A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016, hukumar Birnin ta ɗaukaka tsoffin takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 1 (Level 1) tun na shekarar 2005 zuwa Mataki na 2 (Level 2), kuma a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2016 ta sake ɗaukaka shi zuwa Mataki na 3 (Level 3), lokacin da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta wallafa takunkumin amfani da ruwa na hukuma don birane da aikin gona. Kuma babban farin da ya shafi sauran sassan Afirka ta Kudu ya ƙare a watan Agusta 2016 lokacin da aka sami babban ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin ƙasar

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>8f791sdylrded8cjixghnf2lgmi2qkd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861557</id>
      <parentid>861556</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:14:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirjat</username>
        <id>20447</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 2015–2016 */</comment>
      <origin>861557</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18224" sha1="9jnyrttw60sf0xbvjpzih7zzxy5lj9m" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Cape_Town_water_crisis_graph.svg|right|thumb|400x400px|Hotunan jimlar ruwan da aka adana a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa shida na Western Cape (blue) da kuma matakin hana ruwa na birnin Cape Town (orange) daga Nuwamba 2013 zuwa Agusta 2021.]]
'''Rikicin ruwan Cape Town''' a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ya kasance shekaru da yawa a cikin 2015-2020 na karancin ruwa a yankin Western Cape, wanda ya fi shafar birnin Cape Town . Matsakaicin ruwan madatsar ruwan ya fara raguwa a shekarar 2015 kuma matsalar ruwan Cape Town ta kai kololuwa a tsakiyar shekarar 2017 zuwa tsakiyar 2018 lokacin da ruwan ya kai tsakanin kashi 14 zuwa 29 na yawan karfin madatsar ruwa.

A ƙarshen 2017, an fara ambaton tsare-tsare na &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, taƙaitaccen bayani game da ranar da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Birni zai iya faɗi ƙasa da kashi 13.5. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cassim |first=Zaheer |date=19 January 2018 |title=Cape Town could be the first major city in the world to run out of water |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/01/19/cape-town-could-first-major-city-run-out-water/1047237001/ |website=USA Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Poplak |first=Richard |date=15 February 2018 |title=What's Actually Behind Cape Town's Water Crisis |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/cape-town-water-crisis/553076/ |access-date=22 February 2018 |website=The Atlantic}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=York |first=Geoffrey |date=8 March 2018 |title=Cape Town residents become 'guinea pigs for the world' with water-conservation campaign |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/cape-town-residents-become-guinea-pigs-for-the-world-with-water-conservationcampaign/article38257004/ |website=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya zama lokaci don nuna farkon matakan hana ruwa na Mataki na 7, lokacin da za a kashe kayan ruwa na birni da yawa kuma ana tunanin cewa mazauna za su iya yin layi don rabon ruwa na yau da kullun. Idan da hakan ta faru, da hakan zai sanya birnin Cape Town ya zama babban birni na farko a duniya da ya kaure da karancin ruwan sha a cikin kananan hukumomin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Day Zero, when is it, what is it and how can we avoid it |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Day%20Zero%20when%20is%20it,%20what%20is%20it,%20and%20how%20can%20we%20avoid%20it |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Rikicin ruwa na Cape Town ya faru a daidai lokacin da fari na Gabashin Cape, wanda ke cikin wani yanki na daban a kusa.

Birnin Cape Town ya aiwatar da tsauraran matakan hana ruwa a wani yunkuri na dakile amfani da ruwa, wanda ya rage yawan ruwan da yake amfani da shi na yau da kullum da fiye da rabi zuwa kusan lita miliyan 500 (130,000,000 US gal) a kowace rana a cikin Maris 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Narrandes |first=Nidha |date=14 March 2018 |title=Cape Town water usage lower than ever |url=http://www.capetownetc.com/water-crisis/water-usage-further-reduced-in-cape-town/ |publisher=Cape Town etc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Faduwar amfani da ruwa ya sa birnin ya jinkirta kiyasin &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, kuma ruwan sama mai karfi ya fara farfadowa a watan Yuni 1.  A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, tare da matakan dam kusa da kashi 70, birnin ya fara sauƙaƙe ƙuntatawa na ruwa, wanda ke nuna cewa mafi munin matsalar ruwa ya ƙare. &lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pitt |first=Christina |date=10 September 2018 |title=City of Cape Town relaxes water restrictions, tariffs to Level 5 |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212034631/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |archive-date=12 December 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |website=News24 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan sama mai kyau a cikin 2020 yadda ya kamata ya karya fari kuma ya haifar da karancin ruwa lokacin da matakan madatsar ruwa ya kai kashi 95 cikin dari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-07 |title=After the drought: Cape Town's gushing water |url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/after-drought-cape-towns-gushing-water/ |access-date=2020-09-11 |website=[[GroundUp News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fage ==
[[Fayil:Cape_Water_map_dams.png|thumb|274x274px|Taswirar manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa zuwa Cape Town]]
Yankin Cape Town yana fuskantar yanayi na Bahar Rum tare da dumi, bushewar lokacin rani da ruwan sama na hunturu. Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Yammacin Cape ya dogara kusan gaba ɗaya akan ruwan sama, wanda ake kamawa kuma ana adana shi a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida da ke cikin wuraren tsaunuka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Welz |first=Adam |date=1 March 2018 |title=Awaiting Day Zero: Cape Town Faces an Uncertain Water Future |url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/awaiting-day-zero-cape-town-faces-an-uncertain-water-future |publisher=Yale Environment 360}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana yin cajin madatsun ruwa ne ta hanyar ruwan sama da ke faɗowa a yankunan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, galibi a lokacin sanyi na watanni na Mayu zuwa Agusta, kuma matakan dam ɗin suna raguwa a lokacin rani na watanni na Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu inda amfani da ruwa na birane ke ƙaruwa kuma ana samun ban ruwa a yankunan noma.

Amfani da birane da aikin gona yana cinye kusan kashi 70 da kashi 30 bisa 100 na jimillar ruwan da tsarin samar da ruwan sha na Western Cape ke bayarwa, tare da sauye-sauye na yanayi.   A cikin zamanin bayan [[Apartheid|wariyar launin fata]], kuma a ƙarƙashin tsarin Tsarin [[Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Afirka ta Kudu|Ruwa na Kyauta na Kyauta]], Birnin Cape Town ya karɓi tsarin haɓaka tsarin jadawalin kuɗin fito don farashin ruwa, wanda aka azabtar da mafi girma masu amfani da ruwa tare da mafi girman jadawalin kuɗin fito don hana amfani, yayin da aka saita jadawalin farko block a (kusa) sifili don tabbatar da samun daidaiton ruwa zuwa kowane matakin asali na Afirka ta Kudu.  Magidanta masu rahusa masu rijista a Cape Town tare da haɗin kai tsaye da ruwa da tsafta suna karɓar lita 6 000 na farko a kowane wata na ruwa kyauta, kuma ana cajin kuɗin fito ne kawai don cinyewa sama da adadin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services and costs in formal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-and-costs-for-formal-housing |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt; Magidanta a ƙauyuka na yau da kullun ana ba da ruwa daga famfun jama'a da kuma amfani da bandakunan jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services in informal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family+and+home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-in-informal-settlements |website=City of Cape Town }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ga manoman da ke samun ruwa daga Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape, ana duba su da allunan ban ruwa da ƙungiyoyi masu amfani da ruwa. Manoman da yawa kuma suna shiga tsarin rarraba ban ruwa (daga takamaiman kwararar kogi), kuma suna da madatsun ruwa masu zaman kansu da [[Rijiyar burtsatse|rijiyoyin burtsatse]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Water File |url=http://www.wwf.org.za/water/?25441/Agricultural-water-file-Farming-for-a-drier-future |website=Worldwide Fund for Nature}}&lt;/ref&gt; Birnin ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba sa samun riba a kan siyar da ruwa, kuma manufofin farashin ruwa na ƙoƙarin daidaita daidaito, daidaito da buƙatun dawo da farashi. 

Zamanin ƙarancin ruwan sama na hunturu a 2000-2001 da 2003-2004 ya haifar da hana ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;WCDM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Basholo |first=Zolile |date=4 February 2016 |title=Overview of Water Demand Management Initiatives: A City of Cape Town Approach |url=https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Water-Sector-Desk-Content/CoCT-WCWDM-presentation-Z-Basholo-Western-Cape-Water-Forum-160204-2016.pdf |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin 2003, Birnin ya shiga yarjejeniya tare da Sashen Ruwa da Dazuzzuka na lokacin don gina madatsar ruwa ta Berg da Tsarin kari sannan kuma ta fara kula da bukatar ruwa. A shekarar 2009, an karu da karfin ajiyar madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Cape Town da kashi 17 cikin 100 daga 768 zuwa miliyan 898 cubic meters lokacin da aka kammala aikin madatsar ruwan Berg da kuma shirin samar da kayayyaki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cape Town&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2009 |title=Cape Town's water supply boosted |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102756/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-date=27 March 2009 |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2015, Birnin Cape Town ya sami babbar lambar yabo ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da sanin ƙoƙarinsu na Kula da Ruwa da Buƙatun Ruwa (WCWDM). Cape Town ya yi nasara musamman wajen rage asarar ruwa ta hanyar yoyon fitsari, inda aka samu asarar ruwa da kashi 14 cikin dari, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin kashi 35 cikin dari na kasa. Dokokin sun kuma fayyace cewa ya kamata a samar da ingantattun kayan aikin ruwa da Ofishin Ma'auni na Afirka ta Kudu ya amince da shi don duk sabbin ci gaba da gyare-gyare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=C40 Cities Awards 2015 |url=https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |access-date=2025-08-12 |archive-date=2021-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923092342/https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Jeron Lokaci ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;cellpadding=&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em; text-align:center; font-size:95%&quot;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th colspan=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;&gt;Matakan ruwa a matsayin kashi na jimillar ƙarfin madatsun ruwa ta shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/whats-causing-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=What's causing Cape Town's water crisis?|last=Bohatch|first=Trevor|date=16 May 2017|publisher=Ground Up|location=Cape Town|language=en|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
|-
! Manyan madatsun ruwa
! Ƙarfi (megalitres)
! 17 Mayu 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-utility-services/residential-water-and-sanitation-services/this-weeks-dam-levels|title=City of Cape Town: Dam Levels|date=18 May 2021|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;!!18 Mayu 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=18 May 2020|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 13 Mayu 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=13 May 2019|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=22 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 14 Mayu 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|title=Water Dashboard|date=Mar 2019|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-date=7 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207180447/http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 15 Mayu 2017 !! 15 Mayu 2016 !! 15 Mayu 2015 !! 15 Mayu 2014
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Berg River|| 130,010
|76.1||65.6||68.1|| 39.2|| 32.4|| 27.2|| 54.0|| 90.5
|-
|Steenbras Lower|| 33,517
|58.0||48.4||38.6|| 35.4|| 26.5|| 37.6|| 47.9|| 39.6
|-
|Steenbras Upper|| 31,767
|54.2||96.5||65.0|| 59.6|| 56.7|| 56.9|| 57.8|| 79.1
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof|| 480,188
|75.2||50.2||36.1|| 12.0|| 15.0|| 31.3|| 51.3|| 74.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Voelvlei|| 164,095
|58.3||50.4||55.4|| 14.5|| 17.2|| 21.3|| 42.5|| 59.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Wemmershoek|| 58,644
|59.1||43.3||43.6|| 48.4|| 36.0|| 48.5|| 50.5|| 58.8
|-
| Jimillar da aka ajiye (megalitres) || 898,221
|626,907||481,370||411,849|| 191,843|| 190,300|| 279,954|| 450,429 || 646,137
|-
|'''Jimillar % na Ma'ajiya'''||100
|'''69.8'''||'''53.6'''||'''45.9'''||'''21.4'''||'''21.2'''||'''31.2'''||'''50.1'''||'''71.9'''
|}

===2015–2016===
Bayan samun kyakkyawan ruwan sama a shekarun 2013 da 2014, Birnin Cape Town ya fara fuskantar fari a shekarar 2015, wanda shi ne na farko cikin shekaru uku a jere na lokutan sanyi marasa ruwa da suka auku, mai yiwuwa sanadiyyar tsarin yanayi na El Niño ko kuma canjin yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AfricaC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://africacheck.org/2016/02/03/frequently-asked-questions-about-south-africas-drought|title=Frequently asked questions about South Africa's drought|date=3 February 2016|publisher=Africa Check|language=en|location=Cape Town|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matakan ruwa a madatsun ruwan Birnin sun ragu daga kashi 71.9 cikin dari a shekarar 2014 zuwa kashi 50.1 cikin dari a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot; /&gt; A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016, hukumar Birnin ta ɗaukaka tsoffin takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 1 (Level 1) tun na shekarar 2005 zuwa Mataki na 2 (Level 2), kuma a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2016 ta sake ɗaukaka shi zuwa Mataki na 3 (Level 3), lokacin da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta wallafa takunkumin amfani da ruwa na hukuma don birane da aikin gona. Kuma babban farin da ya shafi sauran sassan Afirka ta Kudu ya ƙare a watan Agusta 2016 lokacin da aka sami babban ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin ƙasar,&lt;ref name=&quot;encarain&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|title=Southern Africa faces floods after drought|last=Masinde|first=Muthoni|date=18 August 2016|access-date=2017-06-01|archive-date=1 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101190233/https://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma farin na lardin Western Cape ya ci gaba da wanzuwa.

===2017===
Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin amfani da ruwa zuwa Mataki na 3B a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2017, kuma a ƙarshen lokacin rani a watan Mayu 2017, an ayyana farin a matsayin mafi muni da Birnin ya taɓa fuskanta a cikin ƙarni guda, inda ruwan da ke cikin madatsun ruwa ya kasance ƙasa da kashi 10 cikin dari na ƙarfin amfaninsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/31/africa/cape-town-drought/index.html|title=Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century|last=Van Dam|first=Derek|website=CNN.com|publisher=CNN|date=31 May 2017|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 4 a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2017, wanda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 100 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;level4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|title=City of Cape Town approves Level 4 water restrictions|last=Etheridge|first=Jenna|date=31 May 2017|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429230521/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jimillar ruwan sama da aka samu a shekarar 2017 ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta tun lokacin da aka fara riƙe bayanan ruwan sama a shekarar 1933.&lt;ref name=&quot;csag&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2017-08-31-how-severe-is-the-droughta|title=How severe is the drought?|last=Wolski|first=Piotr|date=Aug 2017|website=University of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayin da lokacin zafi mai bushewa ke gabatowa, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin ruwa na yanzu zuwa Mataki na 4B a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2017, sannan zuwa Mataki na 5 a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2017, inda aka haramta amfani da ruwa a waje da kuma ayyukan da ba su da muhimmanci sosai, tare da ƙarfafa amfani da ruwan wanka/wanki (grey water) don zubarwa a bayan gida, kuma aka yi niyyar iyakance yawan amfanin ruwa na kowane mutum zuwa lita 87 a rana, don jimillar amfani da lita miliyan 500 a rana gaba ɗaya birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; Sai dai kuma, sanya takunkumin Mataki na 5 ya zo tare da sanarwa mai rikitarwa game da iyakokin amfani da ruwa na gidaje, wanda hakan ya haifar da akasin haka ta hanyar ƙara yawan amfani da ruwa ga wasu mutane.&lt;ref name = &quot;Booysen&quot; /&gt;  
[[File:Behavioural response to messaging on the drought. .png|thumb|Martanin halayyar mutane game da saƙonni kan fari na Day Zero&lt;ref name=&quot;Booysen&quot;/&gt;
]]

A farkon watan Oktoba 2017, biyo bayan lokacin sanyi mai ƙarancin ruwan sama, an kiyasta cewa Cape Town tana da kusan watanni biyar na ajiyar ruwa kafin matakan ruwan su ƙare sarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; A cikin wannan watan ne kuma, Hukumar Birnin Cape Town ta fitar da shirin gaggawa na ruwa wanda za a aiwatar da shi a matakai daban-daban dangane da tsananin ƙarancin ruwan. Mataki na 1 (Phase 1) wanda ya ƙunshi &quot;rabon ruwa ta hanyar rage ƙarfin matsin ruwa na madatsun ruwa sosai&quot; an aiwatar da shi nan da nan. A Mataki na 2 (Phase 2), bayan &quot;Day Zero&quot;, za a kashe ruwa ga yawancin tsarin samar da ruwa in ban da wuraren da ke da muhimmancin gaske na samun ruwa. Mataki na 3 (Phase 3) zai kasance lokacin da Birnin ba zai iya sake jan ruwa daga madatsun ruwa na saman ƙasa a Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape ba, kuma za a sami ɗan ƙaramin lokaci kafin tsarin samar da ruwa gaba ɗaya ya gaza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Critical%20Water%20Shortages%20Disaster%20Plan%20Summary.pdf|title=Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan Summary|last=Bosman|first=Richard|date=October 2017|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="22282" sha1="7ywv2henusqr8bsf81wwqnaw0n3spaw" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Cape_Town_water_crisis_graph.svg|right|thumb|400x400px|Hotunan jimlar ruwan da aka adana a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa shida na Western Cape (blue) da kuma matakin hana ruwa na birnin Cape Town (orange) daga Nuwamba 2013 zuwa Agusta 2021.]]
'''Rikicin ruwan Cape Town''' a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ya kasance shekaru da yawa a cikin 2015-2020 na karancin ruwa a yankin Western Cape, wanda ya fi shafar birnin Cape Town . Matsakaicin ruwan madatsar ruwan ya fara raguwa a shekarar 2015 kuma matsalar ruwan Cape Town ta kai kololuwa a tsakiyar shekarar 2017 zuwa tsakiyar 2018 lokacin da ruwan ya kai tsakanin kashi 14 zuwa 29 na yawan karfin madatsar ruwa.

A ƙarshen 2017, an fara ambaton tsare-tsare na &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, taƙaitaccen bayani game da ranar da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Birni zai iya faɗi ƙasa da kashi 13.5. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cassim |first=Zaheer |date=19 January 2018 |title=Cape Town could be the first major city in the world to run out of water |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/01/19/cape-town-could-first-major-city-run-out-water/1047237001/ |website=USA Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Poplak |first=Richard |date=15 February 2018 |title=What's Actually Behind Cape Town's Water Crisis |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/cape-town-water-crisis/553076/ |access-date=22 February 2018 |website=The Atlantic}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=York |first=Geoffrey |date=8 March 2018 |title=Cape Town residents become 'guinea pigs for the world' with water-conservation campaign |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/cape-town-residents-become-guinea-pigs-for-the-world-with-water-conservationcampaign/article38257004/ |website=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya zama lokaci don nuna farkon matakan hana ruwa na Mataki na 7, lokacin da za a kashe kayan ruwa na birni da yawa kuma ana tunanin cewa mazauna za su iya yin layi don rabon ruwa na yau da kullun. Idan da hakan ta faru, da hakan zai sanya birnin Cape Town ya zama babban birni na farko a duniya da ya kaure da karancin ruwan sha a cikin kananan hukumomin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Day Zero, when is it, what is it and how can we avoid it |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Day%20Zero%20when%20is%20it,%20what%20is%20it,%20and%20how%20can%20we%20avoid%20it |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Rikicin ruwa na Cape Town ya faru a daidai lokacin da fari na Gabashin Cape, wanda ke cikin wani yanki na daban a kusa.

Birnin Cape Town ya aiwatar da tsauraran matakan hana ruwa a wani yunkuri na dakile amfani da ruwa, wanda ya rage yawan ruwan da yake amfani da shi na yau da kullum da fiye da rabi zuwa kusan lita miliyan 500 (130,000,000 US gal) a kowace rana a cikin Maris 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Narrandes |first=Nidha |date=14 March 2018 |title=Cape Town water usage lower than ever |url=http://www.capetownetc.com/water-crisis/water-usage-further-reduced-in-cape-town/ |publisher=Cape Town etc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Faduwar amfani da ruwa ya sa birnin ya jinkirta kiyasin &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, kuma ruwan sama mai karfi ya fara farfadowa a watan Yuni 1.  A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, tare da matakan dam kusa da kashi 70, birnin ya fara sauƙaƙe ƙuntatawa na ruwa, wanda ke nuna cewa mafi munin matsalar ruwa ya ƙare. &lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pitt |first=Christina |date=10 September 2018 |title=City of Cape Town relaxes water restrictions, tariffs to Level 5 |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212034631/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |archive-date=12 December 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |website=News24 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan sama mai kyau a cikin 2020 yadda ya kamata ya karya fari kuma ya haifar da karancin ruwa lokacin da matakan madatsar ruwa ya kai kashi 95 cikin dari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-07 |title=After the drought: Cape Town's gushing water |url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/after-drought-cape-towns-gushing-water/ |access-date=2020-09-11 |website=[[GroundUp News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fage ==
[[Fayil:Cape_Water_map_dams.png|thumb|274x274px|Taswirar manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa zuwa Cape Town]]
Yankin Cape Town yana fuskantar yanayi na Bahar Rum tare da dumi, bushewar lokacin rani da ruwan sama na hunturu. Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Yammacin Cape ya dogara kusan gaba ɗaya akan ruwan sama, wanda ake kamawa kuma ana adana shi a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida da ke cikin wuraren tsaunuka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Welz |first=Adam |date=1 March 2018 |title=Awaiting Day Zero: Cape Town Faces an Uncertain Water Future |url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/awaiting-day-zero-cape-town-faces-an-uncertain-water-future |publisher=Yale Environment 360}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana yin cajin madatsun ruwa ne ta hanyar ruwan sama da ke faɗowa a yankunan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, galibi a lokacin sanyi na watanni na Mayu zuwa Agusta, kuma matakan dam ɗin suna raguwa a lokacin rani na watanni na Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu inda amfani da ruwa na birane ke ƙaruwa kuma ana samun ban ruwa a yankunan noma.

Amfani da birane da aikin gona yana cinye kusan kashi 70 da kashi 30 bisa 100 na jimillar ruwan da tsarin samar da ruwan sha na Western Cape ke bayarwa, tare da sauye-sauye na yanayi.   A cikin zamanin bayan [[Apartheid|wariyar launin fata]], kuma a ƙarƙashin tsarin Tsarin [[Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Afirka ta Kudu|Ruwa na Kyauta na Kyauta]], Birnin Cape Town ya karɓi tsarin haɓaka tsarin jadawalin kuɗin fito don farashin ruwa, wanda aka azabtar da mafi girma masu amfani da ruwa tare da mafi girman jadawalin kuɗin fito don hana amfani, yayin da aka saita jadawalin farko block a (kusa) sifili don tabbatar da samun daidaiton ruwa zuwa kowane matakin asali na Afirka ta Kudu.  Magidanta masu rahusa masu rijista a Cape Town tare da haɗin kai tsaye da ruwa da tsafta suna karɓar lita 6 000 na farko a kowane wata na ruwa kyauta, kuma ana cajin kuɗin fito ne kawai don cinyewa sama da adadin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services and costs in formal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-and-costs-for-formal-housing |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt; Magidanta a ƙauyuka na yau da kullun ana ba da ruwa daga famfun jama'a da kuma amfani da bandakunan jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services in informal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family+and+home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-in-informal-settlements |website=City of Cape Town }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ga manoman da ke samun ruwa daga Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape, ana duba su da allunan ban ruwa da ƙungiyoyi masu amfani da ruwa. Manoman da yawa kuma suna shiga tsarin rarraba ban ruwa (daga takamaiman kwararar kogi), kuma suna da madatsun ruwa masu zaman kansu da [[Rijiyar burtsatse|rijiyoyin burtsatse]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Water File |url=http://www.wwf.org.za/water/?25441/Agricultural-water-file-Farming-for-a-drier-future |website=Worldwide Fund for Nature}}&lt;/ref&gt; Birnin ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba sa samun riba a kan siyar da ruwa, kuma manufofin farashin ruwa na ƙoƙarin daidaita daidaito, daidaito da buƙatun dawo da farashi. 

Zamanin ƙarancin ruwan sama na hunturu a 2000-2001 da 2003-2004 ya haifar da hana ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;WCDM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Basholo |first=Zolile |date=4 February 2016 |title=Overview of Water Demand Management Initiatives: A City of Cape Town Approach |url=https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Water-Sector-Desk-Content/CoCT-WCWDM-presentation-Z-Basholo-Western-Cape-Water-Forum-160204-2016.pdf |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin 2003, Birnin ya shiga yarjejeniya tare da Sashen Ruwa da Dazuzzuka na lokacin don gina madatsar ruwa ta Berg da Tsarin kari sannan kuma ta fara kula da bukatar ruwa. A shekarar 2009, an karu da karfin ajiyar madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Cape Town da kashi 17 cikin 100 daga 768 zuwa miliyan 898 cubic meters lokacin da aka kammala aikin madatsar ruwan Berg da kuma shirin samar da kayayyaki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cape Town&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2009 |title=Cape Town's water supply boosted |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102756/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-date=27 March 2009 |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2015, Birnin Cape Town ya sami babbar lambar yabo ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da sanin ƙoƙarinsu na Kula da Ruwa da Buƙatun Ruwa (WCWDM). Cape Town ya yi nasara musamman wajen rage asarar ruwa ta hanyar yoyon fitsari, inda aka samu asarar ruwa da kashi 14 cikin dari, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin kashi 35 cikin dari na kasa. Dokokin sun kuma fayyace cewa ya kamata a samar da ingantattun kayan aikin ruwa da Ofishin Ma'auni na Afirka ta Kudu ya amince da shi don duk sabbin ci gaba da gyare-gyare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=C40 Cities Awards 2015 |url=https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |access-date=2025-08-12 |archive-date=2021-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923092342/https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Jeron Lokaci ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;cellpadding=&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em; text-align:center; font-size:95%&quot;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th colspan=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;&gt;Matakan ruwa a matsayin kashi na jimillar ƙarfin madatsun ruwa ta shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/whats-causing-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=What's causing Cape Town's water crisis?|last=Bohatch|first=Trevor|date=16 May 2017|publisher=Ground Up|location=Cape Town|language=en|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
|-
! Manyan madatsun ruwa
! Ƙarfi (megalitres)
! 17 Mayu 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-utility-services/residential-water-and-sanitation-services/this-weeks-dam-levels|title=City of Cape Town: Dam Levels|date=18 May 2021|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;!!18 Mayu 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=18 May 2020|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 13 Mayu 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=13 May 2019|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=22 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 14 Mayu 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|title=Water Dashboard|date=Mar 2019|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-date=7 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207180447/http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 15 Mayu 2017 !! 15 Mayu 2016 !! 15 Mayu 2015 !! 15 Mayu 2014
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Berg River|| 130,010
|76.1||65.6||68.1|| 39.2|| 32.4|| 27.2|| 54.0|| 90.5
|-
|Steenbras Lower|| 33,517
|58.0||48.4||38.6|| 35.4|| 26.5|| 37.6|| 47.9|| 39.6
|-
|Steenbras Upper|| 31,767
|54.2||96.5||65.0|| 59.6|| 56.7|| 56.9|| 57.8|| 79.1
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof|| 480,188
|75.2||50.2||36.1|| 12.0|| 15.0|| 31.3|| 51.3|| 74.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Voelvlei|| 164,095
|58.3||50.4||55.4|| 14.5|| 17.2|| 21.3|| 42.5|| 59.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Wemmershoek|| 58,644
|59.1||43.3||43.6|| 48.4|| 36.0|| 48.5|| 50.5|| 58.8
|-
| Jimillar da aka ajiye (megalitres) || 898,221
|626,907||481,370||411,849|| 191,843|| 190,300|| 279,954|| 450,429 || 646,137
|-
|'''Jimillar % na Ma'ajiya'''||100
|'''69.8'''||'''53.6'''||'''45.9'''||'''21.4'''||'''21.2'''||'''31.2'''||'''50.1'''||'''71.9'''
|}

===2015–2016===
Bayan samun kyakkyawan ruwan sama a shekarun 2013 da 2014, Birnin Cape Town ya fara fuskantar fari a shekarar 2015, wanda shi ne na farko cikin shekaru uku a jere na lokutan sanyi marasa ruwa da suka auku, mai yiwuwa sanadiyyar tsarin yanayi na El Niño ko kuma canjin yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AfricaC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://africacheck.org/2016/02/03/frequently-asked-questions-about-south-africas-drought|title=Frequently asked questions about South Africa's drought|date=3 February 2016|publisher=Africa Check|language=en|location=Cape Town|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matakan ruwa a madatsun ruwan Birnin sun ragu daga kashi 71.9 cikin dari a shekarar 2014 zuwa kashi 50.1 cikin dari a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot; /&gt; A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016, hukumar Birnin ta ɗaukaka tsoffin takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 1 (Level 1) tun na shekarar 2005 zuwa Mataki na 2 (Level 2), kuma a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2016 ta sake ɗaukaka shi zuwa Mataki na 3 (Level 3), lokacin da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta wallafa takunkumin amfani da ruwa na hukuma don birane da aikin gona. Kuma babban farin da ya shafi sauran sassan Afirka ta Kudu ya ƙare a watan Agusta 2016 lokacin da aka sami babban ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin ƙasar,&lt;ref name=&quot;encarain&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|title=Southern Africa faces floods after drought|last=Masinde|first=Muthoni|date=18 August 2016|access-date=2017-06-01|archive-date=1 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101190233/https://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma farin na lardin Western Cape ya ci gaba da wanzuwa.

===2017===
Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin amfani da ruwa zuwa Mataki na 3B a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2017, kuma a ƙarshen lokacin rani a watan Mayu 2017, an ayyana farin a matsayin mafi muni da Birnin ya taɓa fuskanta a cikin ƙarni guda, inda ruwan da ke cikin madatsun ruwa ya kasance ƙasa da kashi 10 cikin dari na ƙarfin amfaninsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/31/africa/cape-town-drought/index.html|title=Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century|last=Van Dam|first=Derek|website=CNN.com|publisher=CNN|date=31 May 2017|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 4 a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2017, wanda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 100 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;level4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|title=City of Cape Town approves Level 4 water restrictions|last=Etheridge|first=Jenna|date=31 May 2017|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429230521/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jimillar ruwan sama da aka samu a shekarar 2017 ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta tun lokacin da aka fara riƙe bayanan ruwan sama a shekarar 1933.&lt;ref name=&quot;csag&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2017-08-31-how-severe-is-the-droughta|title=How severe is the drought?|last=Wolski|first=Piotr|date=Aug 2017|website=University of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayin da lokacin zafi mai bushewa ke gabatowa, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin ruwa na yanzu zuwa Mataki na 4B a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2017, sannan zuwa Mataki na 5 a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2017, inda aka haramta amfani da ruwa a waje da kuma ayyukan da ba su da muhimmanci sosai, tare da ƙarfafa amfani da ruwan wanka/wanki (grey water) don zubarwa a bayan gida, kuma aka yi niyyar iyakance yawan amfanin ruwa na kowane mutum zuwa lita 87 a rana, don jimillar amfani da lita miliyan 500 a rana gaba ɗaya birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; Sai dai kuma, sanya takunkumin Mataki na 5 ya zo tare da sanarwa mai rikitarwa game da iyakokin amfani da ruwa na gidaje, wanda hakan ya haifar da akasin haka ta hanyar ƙara yawan amfani da ruwa ga wasu mutane.&lt;ref name = &quot;Booysen&quot; /&gt;  
[[File:Behavioural response to messaging on the drought. .png|thumb|Martanin halayyar mutane game da saƙonni kan fari na Day Zero&lt;ref name=&quot;Booysen&quot;/&gt;
]]

A farkon watan Oktoba 2017, biyo bayan lokacin sanyi mai ƙarancin ruwan sama, an kiyasta cewa Cape Town tana da kusan watanni biyar na ajiyar ruwa kafin matakan ruwan su ƙare sarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; A cikin wannan watan ne kuma, Hukumar Birnin Cape Town ta fitar da shirin gaggawa na ruwa wanda za a aiwatar da shi a matakai daban-daban dangane da tsananin ƙarancin ruwan. Mataki na 1 (Phase 1) wanda ya ƙunshi &quot;rabon ruwa ta hanyar rage ƙarfin matsin ruwa na madatsun ruwa sosai&quot; an aiwatar da shi nan da nan. A Mataki na 2 (Phase 2), bayan &quot;Day Zero&quot;, za a kashe ruwa ga yawancin tsarin samar da ruwa in ban da wuraren da ke da muhimmancin gaske na samun ruwa. Mataki na 3 (Phase 3) zai kasance lokacin da Birnin ba zai iya sake jan ruwa daga madatsun ruwa na saman ƙasa a Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape ba, kuma za a sami ɗan ƙaramin lokaci kafin tsarin samar da ruwa gaba ɗaya ya gaza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Critical%20Water%20Shortages%20Disaster%20Plan%20Summary.pdf|title=Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan Summary|last=Bosman|first=Richard|date=October 2017|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-04-op-ed-the-city-of-cape-towns-critical-water-shortages-disaster-plan/#.WfwyhGiCyUl|title=Op-Ed: The City of Cape Town's Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan {{!}} Daily Maverick|last=De Lille|first=Patricia|date=4 October 2017|website=www.dailymaverick.co.za|publisher=City of Cape Town|language=en|access-date=3 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|title=Day Zero FAQs|date=5 April 2018|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719203400/http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===2018===
[[File:Theewaterskloof Dam 2018 02 10 (28425520089).jpg|thumb|right|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof tana kusan kashi 12% a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 2018]]
A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2018, Birnin ya ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 6 na lita 87 ga kowane mutum a rana guda. A watan Fabrairu 2018, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin zuwa Mataki na 6B inda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 50 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; Majalisar zartarwa ta lardin ta kuma sanar da cewa tana tsara tsare-tsare tare da Hukumar 'Yansandan Afirka ta Kudu don dabarun tura jami'ai a wuraren rarraba ruwa a duk faɗin Birnin bayan &quot;Day Zero&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-01-24-government-must-refund-cape-town-for-cost-of-managing-the-water-crisis/|title=Government must refund Cape Town for cost of managing the water crisis|date=24 January 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Theewaterskloof sandscape 2018-03-11.jpg|thumb|Babban ma'ajiyar ruwa ta Cape Town, Theewaterskloof, ta kasance a kashi 11% na ƙarfinta a watan Maris 2018]]

A tsakiyar watan Janairu 2018, tsohuwar magajiyar garin Cape Town Patricia de Lille ta sanar da cewa Birnin zai tilas ya kashe mafi yawan hanyoyin samar da ruwa na gundumomi idan yanayi bai canza ba. Za a ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 7, wato &quot;Day Zero&quot;, lokacin da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa ga Birnin ya kai kashi 13.5 cikin dari. Za a kashe mafi yawan famfunan ruwa na birni, kuma mazauna gari za su dogara ne da wuraren karɓar ruwa guda 149 a kewayen Birnin don karɓar rabon ruwa na yau da kullun na lita 25 ga kowane mutum.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|title=JP Smith answers Day Zero questions: 'It's going to be really unpleasant'|last1=Harrison|first1=Aletta|last2=Janse van Rensburg|first2=Alet|date=26 January 2018|publisher=News24|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216222015/https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|title=Borehole rules? Can you use sea water to flush? – The City of Cape Town answers your questions|date=30 January 2018|publisher=GroundUp|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913113205/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan zai ƙara shafar tattalin arzikin Cape Town, domin ma'aikata za su buƙaci ɗaukar hutu daga wuraren aiki don yin layi jiran ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;In Trouble&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/cape-town-south-africa-water-crisis/|title='I Knew We Were in Trouble.' What It's Like to Live Through Cape Town's Massive Water Crisis|magazine=Time|access-date=2018-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="26334" sha1="7qxygbbr6w5pfdm3cyxaglbxtjnmjbe" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Cape_Town_water_crisis_graph.svg|right|thumb|400x400px|Hotunan jimlar ruwan da aka adana a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa shida na Western Cape (blue) da kuma matakin hana ruwa na birnin Cape Town (orange) daga Nuwamba 2013 zuwa Agusta 2021.]]
'''Rikicin ruwan Cape Town''' a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ya kasance shekaru da yawa a cikin 2015-2020 na karancin ruwa a yankin Western Cape, wanda ya fi shafar birnin Cape Town . Matsakaicin ruwan madatsar ruwan ya fara raguwa a shekarar 2015 kuma matsalar ruwan Cape Town ta kai kololuwa a tsakiyar shekarar 2017 zuwa tsakiyar 2018 lokacin da ruwan ya kai tsakanin kashi 14 zuwa 29 na yawan karfin madatsar ruwa.

A ƙarshen 2017, an fara ambaton tsare-tsare na &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, taƙaitaccen bayani game da ranar da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Birni zai iya faɗi ƙasa da kashi 13.5. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cassim |first=Zaheer |date=19 January 2018 |title=Cape Town could be the first major city in the world to run out of water |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/01/19/cape-town-could-first-major-city-run-out-water/1047237001/ |website=USA Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Poplak |first=Richard |date=15 February 2018 |title=What's Actually Behind Cape Town's Water Crisis |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/cape-town-water-crisis/553076/ |access-date=22 February 2018 |website=The Atlantic}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=York |first=Geoffrey |date=8 March 2018 |title=Cape Town residents become 'guinea pigs for the world' with water-conservation campaign |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/cape-town-residents-become-guinea-pigs-for-the-world-with-water-conservationcampaign/article38257004/ |website=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya zama lokaci don nuna farkon matakan hana ruwa na Mataki na 7, lokacin da za a kashe kayan ruwa na birni da yawa kuma ana tunanin cewa mazauna za su iya yin layi don rabon ruwa na yau da kullun. Idan da hakan ta faru, da hakan zai sanya birnin Cape Town ya zama babban birni na farko a duniya da ya kaure da karancin ruwan sha a cikin kananan hukumomin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Day Zero, when is it, what is it and how can we avoid it |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Day%20Zero%20when%20is%20it,%20what%20is%20it,%20and%20how%20can%20we%20avoid%20it |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Rikicin ruwa na Cape Town ya faru a daidai lokacin da fari na Gabashin Cape, wanda ke cikin wani yanki na daban a kusa.

Birnin Cape Town ya aiwatar da tsauraran matakan hana ruwa a wani yunkuri na dakile amfani da ruwa, wanda ya rage yawan ruwan da yake amfani da shi na yau da kullum da fiye da rabi zuwa kusan lita miliyan 500 (130,000,000 US gal) a kowace rana a cikin Maris 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Narrandes |first=Nidha |date=14 March 2018 |title=Cape Town water usage lower than ever |url=http://www.capetownetc.com/water-crisis/water-usage-further-reduced-in-cape-town/ |publisher=Cape Town etc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Faduwar amfani da ruwa ya sa birnin ya jinkirta kiyasin &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, kuma ruwan sama mai karfi ya fara farfadowa a watan Yuni 1.  A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, tare da matakan dam kusa da kashi 70, birnin ya fara sauƙaƙe ƙuntatawa na ruwa, wanda ke nuna cewa mafi munin matsalar ruwa ya ƙare. &lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pitt |first=Christina |date=10 September 2018 |title=City of Cape Town relaxes water restrictions, tariffs to Level 5 |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212034631/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |archive-date=12 December 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |website=News24 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan sama mai kyau a cikin 2020 yadda ya kamata ya karya fari kuma ya haifar da karancin ruwa lokacin da matakan madatsar ruwa ya kai kashi 95 cikin dari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-07 |title=After the drought: Cape Town's gushing water |url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/after-drought-cape-towns-gushing-water/ |access-date=2020-09-11 |website=[[GroundUp News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fage ==
[[Fayil:Cape_Water_map_dams.png|thumb|274x274px|Taswirar manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa zuwa Cape Town]]
Yankin Cape Town yana fuskantar yanayi na Bahar Rum tare da dumi, bushewar lokacin rani da ruwan sama na hunturu. Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Yammacin Cape ya dogara kusan gaba ɗaya akan ruwan sama, wanda ake kamawa kuma ana adana shi a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida da ke cikin wuraren tsaunuka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Welz |first=Adam |date=1 March 2018 |title=Awaiting Day Zero: Cape Town Faces an Uncertain Water Future |url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/awaiting-day-zero-cape-town-faces-an-uncertain-water-future |publisher=Yale Environment 360}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana yin cajin madatsun ruwa ne ta hanyar ruwan sama da ke faɗowa a yankunan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, galibi a lokacin sanyi na watanni na Mayu zuwa Agusta, kuma matakan dam ɗin suna raguwa a lokacin rani na watanni na Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu inda amfani da ruwa na birane ke ƙaruwa kuma ana samun ban ruwa a yankunan noma.

Amfani da birane da aikin gona yana cinye kusan kashi 70 da kashi 30 bisa 100 na jimillar ruwan da tsarin samar da ruwan sha na Western Cape ke bayarwa, tare da sauye-sauye na yanayi.   A cikin zamanin bayan [[Apartheid|wariyar launin fata]], kuma a ƙarƙashin tsarin Tsarin [[Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Afirka ta Kudu|Ruwa na Kyauta na Kyauta]], Birnin Cape Town ya karɓi tsarin haɓaka tsarin jadawalin kuɗin fito don farashin ruwa, wanda aka azabtar da mafi girma masu amfani da ruwa tare da mafi girman jadawalin kuɗin fito don hana amfani, yayin da aka saita jadawalin farko block a (kusa) sifili don tabbatar da samun daidaiton ruwa zuwa kowane matakin asali na Afirka ta Kudu.  Magidanta masu rahusa masu rijista a Cape Town tare da haɗin kai tsaye da ruwa da tsafta suna karɓar lita 6 000 na farko a kowane wata na ruwa kyauta, kuma ana cajin kuɗin fito ne kawai don cinyewa sama da adadin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services and costs in formal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-and-costs-for-formal-housing |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt; Magidanta a ƙauyuka na yau da kullun ana ba da ruwa daga famfun jama'a da kuma amfani da bandakunan jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services in informal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family+and+home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-in-informal-settlements |website=City of Cape Town }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ga manoman da ke samun ruwa daga Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape, ana duba su da allunan ban ruwa da ƙungiyoyi masu amfani da ruwa. Manoman da yawa kuma suna shiga tsarin rarraba ban ruwa (daga takamaiman kwararar kogi), kuma suna da madatsun ruwa masu zaman kansu da [[Rijiyar burtsatse|rijiyoyin burtsatse]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Water File |url=http://www.wwf.org.za/water/?25441/Agricultural-water-file-Farming-for-a-drier-future |website=Worldwide Fund for Nature}}&lt;/ref&gt; Birnin ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba sa samun riba a kan siyar da ruwa, kuma manufofin farashin ruwa na ƙoƙarin daidaita daidaito, daidaito da buƙatun dawo da farashi. 

Zamanin ƙarancin ruwan sama na hunturu a 2000-2001 da 2003-2004 ya haifar da hana ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;WCDM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Basholo |first=Zolile |date=4 February 2016 |title=Overview of Water Demand Management Initiatives: A City of Cape Town Approach |url=https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Water-Sector-Desk-Content/CoCT-WCWDM-presentation-Z-Basholo-Western-Cape-Water-Forum-160204-2016.pdf |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin 2003, Birnin ya shiga yarjejeniya tare da Sashen Ruwa da Dazuzzuka na lokacin don gina madatsar ruwa ta Berg da Tsarin kari sannan kuma ta fara kula da bukatar ruwa. A shekarar 2009, an karu da karfin ajiyar madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Cape Town da kashi 17 cikin 100 daga 768 zuwa miliyan 898 cubic meters lokacin da aka kammala aikin madatsar ruwan Berg da kuma shirin samar da kayayyaki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cape Town&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2009 |title=Cape Town's water supply boosted |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102756/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-date=27 March 2009 |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2015, Birnin Cape Town ya sami babbar lambar yabo ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da sanin ƙoƙarinsu na Kula da Ruwa da Buƙatun Ruwa (WCWDM). Cape Town ya yi nasara musamman wajen rage asarar ruwa ta hanyar yoyon fitsari, inda aka samu asarar ruwa da kashi 14 cikin dari, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin kashi 35 cikin dari na kasa. Dokokin sun kuma fayyace cewa ya kamata a samar da ingantattun kayan aikin ruwa da Ofishin Ma'auni na Afirka ta Kudu ya amince da shi don duk sabbin ci gaba da gyare-gyare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=C40 Cities Awards 2015 |url=https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |access-date=2025-08-12 |archive-date=2021-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923092342/https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Jeron Lokaci ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;cellpadding=&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em; text-align:center; font-size:95%&quot;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th colspan=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;&gt;Matakan ruwa a matsayin kashi na jimillar ƙarfin madatsun ruwa ta shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/whats-causing-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=What's causing Cape Town's water crisis?|last=Bohatch|first=Trevor|date=16 May 2017|publisher=Ground Up|location=Cape Town|language=en|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
|-
! Manyan madatsun ruwa
! Ƙarfi (megalitres)
! 17 Mayu 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-utility-services/residential-water-and-sanitation-services/this-weeks-dam-levels|title=City of Cape Town: Dam Levels|date=18 May 2021|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;!!18 Mayu 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=18 May 2020|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 13 Mayu 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=13 May 2019|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=22 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 14 Mayu 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|title=Water Dashboard|date=Mar 2019|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-date=7 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207180447/http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 15 Mayu 2017 !! 15 Mayu 2016 !! 15 Mayu 2015 !! 15 Mayu 2014
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Berg River|| 130,010
|76.1||65.6||68.1|| 39.2|| 32.4|| 27.2|| 54.0|| 90.5
|-
|Steenbras Lower|| 33,517
|58.0||48.4||38.6|| 35.4|| 26.5|| 37.6|| 47.9|| 39.6
|-
|Steenbras Upper|| 31,767
|54.2||96.5||65.0|| 59.6|| 56.7|| 56.9|| 57.8|| 79.1
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof|| 480,188
|75.2||50.2||36.1|| 12.0|| 15.0|| 31.3|| 51.3|| 74.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Voelvlei|| 164,095
|58.3||50.4||55.4|| 14.5|| 17.2|| 21.3|| 42.5|| 59.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Wemmershoek|| 58,644
|59.1||43.3||43.6|| 48.4|| 36.0|| 48.5|| 50.5|| 58.8
|-
| Jimillar da aka ajiye (megalitres) || 898,221
|626,907||481,370||411,849|| 191,843|| 190,300|| 279,954|| 450,429 || 646,137
|-
|'''Jimillar % na Ma'ajiya'''||100
|'''69.8'''||'''53.6'''||'''45.9'''||'''21.4'''||'''21.2'''||'''31.2'''||'''50.1'''||'''71.9'''
|}

===2015–2016===
Bayan samun kyakkyawan ruwan sama a shekarun 2013 da 2014, Birnin Cape Town ya fara fuskantar fari a shekarar 2015, wanda shi ne na farko cikin shekaru uku a jere na lokutan sanyi marasa ruwa da suka auku, mai yiwuwa sanadiyyar tsarin yanayi na El Niño ko kuma canjin yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AfricaC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://africacheck.org/2016/02/03/frequently-asked-questions-about-south-africas-drought|title=Frequently asked questions about South Africa's drought|date=3 February 2016|publisher=Africa Check|language=en|location=Cape Town|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matakan ruwa a madatsun ruwan Birnin sun ragu daga kashi 71.9 cikin dari a shekarar 2014 zuwa kashi 50.1 cikin dari a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot; /&gt; A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016, hukumar Birnin ta ɗaukaka tsoffin takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 1 (Level 1) tun na shekarar 2005 zuwa Mataki na 2 (Level 2), kuma a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2016 ta sake ɗaukaka shi zuwa Mataki na 3 (Level 3), lokacin da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta wallafa takunkumin amfani da ruwa na hukuma don birane da aikin gona. Kuma babban farin da ya shafi sauran sassan Afirka ta Kudu ya ƙare a watan Agusta 2016 lokacin da aka sami babban ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin ƙasar,&lt;ref name=&quot;encarain&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|title=Southern Africa faces floods after drought|last=Masinde|first=Muthoni|date=18 August 2016|access-date=2017-06-01|archive-date=1 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101190233/https://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma farin na lardin Western Cape ya ci gaba da wanzuwa.

===2017===
Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin amfani da ruwa zuwa Mataki na 3B a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2017, kuma a ƙarshen lokacin rani a watan Mayu 2017, an ayyana farin a matsayin mafi muni da Birnin ya taɓa fuskanta a cikin ƙarni guda, inda ruwan da ke cikin madatsun ruwa ya kasance ƙasa da kashi 10 cikin dari na ƙarfin amfaninsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/31/africa/cape-town-drought/index.html|title=Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century|last=Van Dam|first=Derek|website=CNN.com|publisher=CNN|date=31 May 2017|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 4 a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2017, wanda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 100 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;level4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|title=City of Cape Town approves Level 4 water restrictions|last=Etheridge|first=Jenna|date=31 May 2017|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429230521/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jimillar ruwan sama da aka samu a shekarar 2017 ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta tun lokacin da aka fara riƙe bayanan ruwan sama a shekarar 1933.&lt;ref name=&quot;csag&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2017-08-31-how-severe-is-the-droughta|title=How severe is the drought?|last=Wolski|first=Piotr|date=Aug 2017|website=University of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayin da lokacin zafi mai bushewa ke gabatowa, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin ruwa na yanzu zuwa Mataki na 4B a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2017, sannan zuwa Mataki na 5 a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2017, inda aka haramta amfani da ruwa a waje da kuma ayyukan da ba su da muhimmanci sosai, tare da ƙarfafa amfani da ruwan wanka/wanki (grey water) don zubarwa a bayan gida, kuma aka yi niyyar iyakance yawan amfanin ruwa na kowane mutum zuwa lita 87 a rana, don jimillar amfani da lita miliyan 500 a rana gaba ɗaya birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; Sai dai kuma, sanya takunkumin Mataki na 5 ya zo tare da sanarwa mai rikitarwa game da iyakokin amfani da ruwa na gidaje, wanda hakan ya haifar da akasin haka ta hanyar ƙara yawan amfani da ruwa ga wasu mutane.&lt;ref name = &quot;Booysen&quot; /&gt;  
[[File:Behavioural response to messaging on the drought. .png|thumb|Martanin halayyar mutane game da saƙonni kan fari na Day Zero&lt;ref name=&quot;Booysen&quot;/&gt;
]]

A farkon watan Oktoba 2017, biyo bayan lokacin sanyi mai ƙarancin ruwan sama, an kiyasta cewa Cape Town tana da kusan watanni biyar na ajiyar ruwa kafin matakan ruwan su ƙare sarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; A cikin wannan watan ne kuma, Hukumar Birnin Cape Town ta fitar da shirin gaggawa na ruwa wanda za a aiwatar da shi a matakai daban-daban dangane da tsananin ƙarancin ruwan. Mataki na 1 (Phase 1) wanda ya ƙunshi &quot;rabon ruwa ta hanyar rage ƙarfin matsin ruwa na madatsun ruwa sosai&quot; an aiwatar da shi nan da nan. A Mataki na 2 (Phase 2), bayan &quot;Day Zero&quot;, za a kashe ruwa ga yawancin tsarin samar da ruwa in ban da wuraren da ke da muhimmancin gaske na samun ruwa. Mataki na 3 (Phase 3) zai kasance lokacin da Birnin ba zai iya sake jan ruwa daga madatsun ruwa na saman ƙasa a Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape ba, kuma za a sami ɗan ƙaramin lokaci kafin tsarin samar da ruwa gaba ɗaya ya gaza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Critical%20Water%20Shortages%20Disaster%20Plan%20Summary.pdf|title=Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan Summary|last=Bosman|first=Richard|date=October 2017|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-04-op-ed-the-city-of-cape-towns-critical-water-shortages-disaster-plan/#.WfwyhGiCyUl|title=Op-Ed: The City of Cape Town's Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan {{!}} Daily Maverick|last=De Lille|first=Patricia|date=4 October 2017|website=www.dailymaverick.co.za|publisher=City of Cape Town|language=en|access-date=3 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|title=Day Zero FAQs|date=5 April 2018|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719203400/http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===2018===
[[File:Theewaterskloof Dam 2018 02 10 (28425520089).jpg|thumb|right|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof tana kusan kashi 12% a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 2018]]
A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2018, Birnin ya ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 6 na lita 87 ga kowane mutum a rana guda. A watan Fabrairu 2018, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin zuwa Mataki na 6B inda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 50 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; Majalisar zartarwa ta lardin ta kuma sanar da cewa tana tsara tsare-tsare tare da Hukumar 'Yansandan Afirka ta Kudu don dabarun tura jami'ai a wuraren rarraba ruwa a duk faɗin Birnin bayan &quot;Day Zero&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-01-24-government-must-refund-cape-town-for-cost-of-managing-the-water-crisis/|title=Government must refund Cape Town for cost of managing the water crisis|date=24 January 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Theewaterskloof sandscape 2018-03-11.jpg|thumb|Babban ma'ajiyar ruwa ta Cape Town, Theewaterskloof, ta kasance a kashi 11% na ƙarfinta a watan Maris 2018]]

A tsakiyar watan Janairu 2018, tsohuwar magajiyar garin Cape Town Patricia de Lille ta sanar da cewa Birnin zai tilas ya kashe mafi yawan hanyoyin samar da ruwa na gundumomi idan yanayi bai canza ba. Za a ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 7, wato &quot;Day Zero&quot;, lokacin da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa ga Birnin ya kai kashi 13.5 cikin dari. Za a kashe mafi yawan famfunan ruwa na birni, kuma mazauna gari za su dogara ne da wuraren karɓar ruwa guda 149 a kewayen Birnin don karɓar rabon ruwa na yau da kullun na lita 25 ga kowane mutum.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|title=JP Smith answers Day Zero questions: 'It's going to be really unpleasant'|last1=Harrison|first1=Aletta|last2=Janse van Rensburg|first2=Alet|date=26 January 2018|publisher=News24|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216222015/https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|title=Borehole rules? Can you use sea water to flush? – The City of Cape Town answers your questions|date=30 January 2018|publisher=GroundUp|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913113205/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan zai ƙara shafar tattalin arzikin Cape Town, domin ma'aikata za su buƙaci ɗaukar hutu daga wuraren aiki don yin layi jiran ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;In Trouble&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/cape-town-south-africa-water-crisis/|title='I Knew We Were in Trouble.' What It's Like to Live Through Cape Town's Massive Water Crisis|magazine=Time|access-date=2018-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Za a ci gaba da samar da ruwa a tsakiyar yankin kasuwanci na Birnin (CBD), da kuma matsugunai na wucin gadi (inda dama tuni ake karɓar ruwa daga tsakiyar wurare) da kuma muhimman ayyuka kamar asibitoci. A lokacin da aka yi sanarwar, an kiyasta cewa &quot;Day Zero&quot; zai kasance a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 2018, amma jim kaɗan bayan haka aka sake duba shi zuwa 12 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5103259/cape-town-water-crisis/|title=Cape Town Is 90 Days Away From Running Out of Water|last=Baker|first=Aryn|date=15 January 2018|magazine=Time|access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/drought-stricken-cape-town-south-africa-run-water/story?id=52402170|title=Drought-stricken Cape Town, South Africa, could run out of water by April's 'day zero'|last=Thom|first=Liezl|date=17 January 2018|work=ABC News|access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/01/23/day-zero-brought-forward-ct-officials-prepare-for-worst|title=Day Zero Brought Forward, CT Officials Prepare for Worst|last=Brandt|first=Kevin|date=23 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kiyasin &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya ginu ne bisa canje-canje na mako biyu a matakan ajiyar madatsun ruwa, tare da zaton cewa ƙarancin zai ci gaba ba tare da sauyi ba, ba tare da ƙarin ruwan sama ko canji a buƙatar ruwa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;neilson20Feb&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Defeating%20Day%20Zero%20is%20in%20sight%20if%20we%20sustain%20our%20water-saving%20efforts|title=Statement by the City's Executive Mayor, Alderman Ian Neilson: Defeating Day Zero is in sight if we sustain our water-saving efforts|last=Neilson|first=Ian|date=20 February 2018|publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amfani da ruwa na gidaje da na aikin gona ya ragu sosai ƙarƙashin sabbin takunkumin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot; /&gt; Wannan ya bai wa Birnin damar tura kiyasin &quot;Day Zero&quot; baya a matakai daban-daban, kuma a ranar 28 ga Yuni aka jinkirta &quot;Day Zero&quot; har zuwa wani lokaci da ba a bayyana ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;neilson20Feb&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zero Delayed&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/05/africa/cape-town-day-zero-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town 'Day Zero' delayed as agricultural water use drops|last=Said-Moorhouse|first=Lauren|date=5 February 2018|publisher=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/02/south-africa-day-pushed-june-180215094221289.html|title=South Africa: Day Zero pushed back to June|website=aljazeera.com|date=2018-02-15|access-date=2018-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/01/africa/cape-town-water-crisis-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town cuts water use limit by nearly half|last1=Said-Moorhouse|first1=Lauren|date=1 February 2018|publisher=CNN|access-date=2018-02-03|last2=Mezzofiore|first2=Gianluca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kyakkyawan ruwan sama na lokacin sanyi a shekarar 2018 ya haifar da hauhawar matakan madatsun ruwa, sai dai Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta ƙasa ta sanar da cewa takunkumin ruwa na baki ɗaya zai ci gaba da kasancewa har sai matakan ruwan sun kai kashi 85 cikin dari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-edges-closer-to-an-end-to-the-drought-as-dam-levels-continue-to-rise-20180712|title=Western Cape edges closer to an end to the drought as dam levels continue to rise|date=12 July 2018|publisher=News24|access-date=12 July 2018|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713202149/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-edges-closer-to-an-end-to-the-drought-as-dam-levels-continue-to-rise-20180712|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumba, tare da matakan madatsun ruwa kusa da kashi 70 cikin dari zuwa ƙarshen lokacin damina, birnin ya rage takunkumin amfani da ruwa na masu amfani daga mataki na 6B zuwa mataki na 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;/&gt; Matakan madatsun ruwa sun kai kololuwa a kashi 76 cikin dari. A watan Nuwamba, an rage takunkumin zuwa Mataki na 3, ko lita 105 ga kowane mutum a rana guda.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="29764" sha1="82mmyeyg85d9zavtksuj42fi0heax5n" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Cape_Town_water_crisis_graph.svg|right|thumb|400x400px|Hotunan jimlar ruwan da aka adana a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa shida na Western Cape (blue) da kuma matakin hana ruwa na birnin Cape Town (orange) daga Nuwamba 2013 zuwa Agusta 2021.]]
'''Rikicin ruwan Cape Town''' a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ya kasance shekaru da yawa a cikin 2015-2020 na karancin ruwa a yankin Western Cape, wanda ya fi shafar birnin Cape Town . Matsakaicin ruwan madatsar ruwan ya fara raguwa a shekarar 2015 kuma matsalar ruwan Cape Town ta kai kololuwa a tsakiyar shekarar 2017 zuwa tsakiyar 2018 lokacin da ruwan ya kai tsakanin kashi 14 zuwa 29 na yawan karfin madatsar ruwa.

A ƙarshen 2017, an fara ambaton tsare-tsare na &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, taƙaitaccen bayani game da ranar da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Birni zai iya faɗi ƙasa da kashi 13.5. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cassim |first=Zaheer |date=19 January 2018 |title=Cape Town could be the first major city in the world to run out of water |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/01/19/cape-town-could-first-major-city-run-out-water/1047237001/ |website=USA Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Poplak |first=Richard |date=15 February 2018 |title=What's Actually Behind Cape Town's Water Crisis |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/cape-town-water-crisis/553076/ |access-date=22 February 2018 |website=The Atlantic}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=York |first=Geoffrey |date=8 March 2018 |title=Cape Town residents become 'guinea pigs for the world' with water-conservation campaign |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/cape-town-residents-become-guinea-pigs-for-the-world-with-water-conservationcampaign/article38257004/ |website=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya zama lokaci don nuna farkon matakan hana ruwa na Mataki na 7, lokacin da za a kashe kayan ruwa na birni da yawa kuma ana tunanin cewa mazauna za su iya yin layi don rabon ruwa na yau da kullun. Idan da hakan ta faru, da hakan zai sanya birnin Cape Town ya zama babban birni na farko a duniya da ya kaure da karancin ruwan sha a cikin kananan hukumomin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Day Zero, when is it, what is it and how can we avoid it |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Day%20Zero%20when%20is%20it,%20what%20is%20it,%20and%20how%20can%20we%20avoid%20it |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Rikicin ruwa na Cape Town ya faru a daidai lokacin da fari na Gabashin Cape, wanda ke cikin wani yanki na daban a kusa.

Birnin Cape Town ya aiwatar da tsauraran matakan hana ruwa a wani yunkuri na dakile amfani da ruwa, wanda ya rage yawan ruwan da yake amfani da shi na yau da kullum da fiye da rabi zuwa kusan lita miliyan 500 (130,000,000 US gal) a kowace rana a cikin Maris 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Narrandes |first=Nidha |date=14 March 2018 |title=Cape Town water usage lower than ever |url=http://www.capetownetc.com/water-crisis/water-usage-further-reduced-in-cape-town/ |publisher=Cape Town etc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Faduwar amfani da ruwa ya sa birnin ya jinkirta kiyasin &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, kuma ruwan sama mai karfi ya fara farfadowa a watan Yuni 1.  A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, tare da matakan dam kusa da kashi 70, birnin ya fara sauƙaƙe ƙuntatawa na ruwa, wanda ke nuna cewa mafi munin matsalar ruwa ya ƙare. &lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pitt |first=Christina |date=10 September 2018 |title=City of Cape Town relaxes water restrictions, tariffs to Level 5 |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212034631/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |archive-date=12 December 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |website=News24 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan sama mai kyau a cikin 2020 yadda ya kamata ya karya fari kuma ya haifar da karancin ruwa lokacin da matakan madatsar ruwa ya kai kashi 95 cikin dari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-07 |title=After the drought: Cape Town's gushing water |url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/after-drought-cape-towns-gushing-water/ |access-date=2020-09-11 |website=[[GroundUp News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fage ==
[[Fayil:Cape_Water_map_dams.png|thumb|274x274px|Taswirar manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa zuwa Cape Town]]
Yankin Cape Town yana fuskantar yanayi na Bahar Rum tare da dumi, bushewar lokacin rani da ruwan sama na hunturu. Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Yammacin Cape ya dogara kusan gaba ɗaya akan ruwan sama, wanda ake kamawa kuma ana adana shi a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida da ke cikin wuraren tsaunuka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Welz |first=Adam |date=1 March 2018 |title=Awaiting Day Zero: Cape Town Faces an Uncertain Water Future |url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/awaiting-day-zero-cape-town-faces-an-uncertain-water-future |publisher=Yale Environment 360}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana yin cajin madatsun ruwa ne ta hanyar ruwan sama da ke faɗowa a yankunan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, galibi a lokacin sanyi na watanni na Mayu zuwa Agusta, kuma matakan dam ɗin suna raguwa a lokacin rani na watanni na Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu inda amfani da ruwa na birane ke ƙaruwa kuma ana samun ban ruwa a yankunan noma.

Amfani da birane da aikin gona yana cinye kusan kashi 70 da kashi 30 bisa 100 na jimillar ruwan da tsarin samar da ruwan sha na Western Cape ke bayarwa, tare da sauye-sauye na yanayi.   A cikin zamanin bayan [[Apartheid|wariyar launin fata]], kuma a ƙarƙashin tsarin Tsarin [[Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Afirka ta Kudu|Ruwa na Kyauta na Kyauta]], Birnin Cape Town ya karɓi tsarin haɓaka tsarin jadawalin kuɗin fito don farashin ruwa, wanda aka azabtar da mafi girma masu amfani da ruwa tare da mafi girman jadawalin kuɗin fito don hana amfani, yayin da aka saita jadawalin farko block a (kusa) sifili don tabbatar da samun daidaiton ruwa zuwa kowane matakin asali na Afirka ta Kudu.  Magidanta masu rahusa masu rijista a Cape Town tare da haɗin kai tsaye da ruwa da tsafta suna karɓar lita 6 000 na farko a kowane wata na ruwa kyauta, kuma ana cajin kuɗin fito ne kawai don cinyewa sama da adadin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services and costs in formal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-and-costs-for-formal-housing |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt; Magidanta a ƙauyuka na yau da kullun ana ba da ruwa daga famfun jama'a da kuma amfani da bandakunan jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services in informal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family+and+home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-in-informal-settlements |website=City of Cape Town }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ga manoman da ke samun ruwa daga Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape, ana duba su da allunan ban ruwa da ƙungiyoyi masu amfani da ruwa. Manoman da yawa kuma suna shiga tsarin rarraba ban ruwa (daga takamaiman kwararar kogi), kuma suna da madatsun ruwa masu zaman kansu da [[Rijiyar burtsatse|rijiyoyin burtsatse]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Water File |url=http://www.wwf.org.za/water/?25441/Agricultural-water-file-Farming-for-a-drier-future |website=Worldwide Fund for Nature}}&lt;/ref&gt; Birnin ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba sa samun riba a kan siyar da ruwa, kuma manufofin farashin ruwa na ƙoƙarin daidaita daidaito, daidaito da buƙatun dawo da farashi. 

Zamanin ƙarancin ruwan sama na hunturu a 2000-2001 da 2003-2004 ya haifar da hana ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;WCDM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Basholo |first=Zolile |date=4 February 2016 |title=Overview of Water Demand Management Initiatives: A City of Cape Town Approach |url=https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Water-Sector-Desk-Content/CoCT-WCWDM-presentation-Z-Basholo-Western-Cape-Water-Forum-160204-2016.pdf |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin 2003, Birnin ya shiga yarjejeniya tare da Sashen Ruwa da Dazuzzuka na lokacin don gina madatsar ruwa ta Berg da Tsarin kari sannan kuma ta fara kula da bukatar ruwa. A shekarar 2009, an karu da karfin ajiyar madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Cape Town da kashi 17 cikin 100 daga 768 zuwa miliyan 898 cubic meters lokacin da aka kammala aikin madatsar ruwan Berg da kuma shirin samar da kayayyaki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cape Town&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2009 |title=Cape Town's water supply boosted |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102756/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-date=27 March 2009 |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2015, Birnin Cape Town ya sami babbar lambar yabo ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da sanin ƙoƙarinsu na Kula da Ruwa da Buƙatun Ruwa (WCWDM). Cape Town ya yi nasara musamman wajen rage asarar ruwa ta hanyar yoyon fitsari, inda aka samu asarar ruwa da kashi 14 cikin dari, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin kashi 35 cikin dari na kasa. Dokokin sun kuma fayyace cewa ya kamata a samar da ingantattun kayan aikin ruwa da Ofishin Ma'auni na Afirka ta Kudu ya amince da shi don duk sabbin ci gaba da gyare-gyare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=C40 Cities Awards 2015 |url=https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |access-date=2025-08-12 |archive-date=2021-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923092342/https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Jeron Lokaci ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;cellpadding=&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em; text-align:center; font-size:95%&quot;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th colspan=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;&gt;Matakan ruwa a matsayin kashi na jimillar ƙarfin madatsun ruwa ta shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/whats-causing-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=What's causing Cape Town's water crisis?|last=Bohatch|first=Trevor|date=16 May 2017|publisher=Ground Up|location=Cape Town|language=en|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
|-
! Manyan madatsun ruwa
! Ƙarfi (megalitres)
! 17 Mayu 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-utility-services/residential-water-and-sanitation-services/this-weeks-dam-levels|title=City of Cape Town: Dam Levels|date=18 May 2021|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;!!18 Mayu 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=18 May 2020|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 13 Mayu 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=13 May 2019|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=22 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 14 Mayu 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|title=Water Dashboard|date=Mar 2019|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-date=7 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207180447/http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 15 Mayu 2017 !! 15 Mayu 2016 !! 15 Mayu 2015 !! 15 Mayu 2014
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Berg River|| 130,010
|76.1||65.6||68.1|| 39.2|| 32.4|| 27.2|| 54.0|| 90.5
|-
|Steenbras Lower|| 33,517
|58.0||48.4||38.6|| 35.4|| 26.5|| 37.6|| 47.9|| 39.6
|-
|Steenbras Upper|| 31,767
|54.2||96.5||65.0|| 59.6|| 56.7|| 56.9|| 57.8|| 79.1
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof|| 480,188
|75.2||50.2||36.1|| 12.0|| 15.0|| 31.3|| 51.3|| 74.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Voelvlei|| 164,095
|58.3||50.4||55.4|| 14.5|| 17.2|| 21.3|| 42.5|| 59.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Wemmershoek|| 58,644
|59.1||43.3||43.6|| 48.4|| 36.0|| 48.5|| 50.5|| 58.8
|-
| Jimillar da aka ajiye (megalitres) || 898,221
|626,907||481,370||411,849|| 191,843|| 190,300|| 279,954|| 450,429 || 646,137
|-
|'''Jimillar % na Ma'ajiya'''||100
|'''69.8'''||'''53.6'''||'''45.9'''||'''21.4'''||'''21.2'''||'''31.2'''||'''50.1'''||'''71.9'''
|}

===2015–2016===
Bayan samun kyakkyawan ruwan sama a shekarun 2013 da 2014, Birnin Cape Town ya fara fuskantar fari a shekarar 2015, wanda shi ne na farko cikin shekaru uku a jere na lokutan sanyi marasa ruwa da suka auku, mai yiwuwa sanadiyyar tsarin yanayi na El Niño ko kuma canjin yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AfricaC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://africacheck.org/2016/02/03/frequently-asked-questions-about-south-africas-drought|title=Frequently asked questions about South Africa's drought|date=3 February 2016|publisher=Africa Check|language=en|location=Cape Town|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matakan ruwa a madatsun ruwan Birnin sun ragu daga kashi 71.9 cikin dari a shekarar 2014 zuwa kashi 50.1 cikin dari a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot; /&gt; A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016, hukumar Birnin ta ɗaukaka tsoffin takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 1 (Level 1) tun na shekarar 2005 zuwa Mataki na 2 (Level 2), kuma a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2016 ta sake ɗaukaka shi zuwa Mataki na 3 (Level 3), lokacin da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta wallafa takunkumin amfani da ruwa na hukuma don birane da aikin gona. Kuma babban farin da ya shafi sauran sassan Afirka ta Kudu ya ƙare a watan Agusta 2016 lokacin da aka sami babban ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin ƙasar,&lt;ref name=&quot;encarain&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|title=Southern Africa faces floods after drought|last=Masinde|first=Muthoni|date=18 August 2016|access-date=2017-06-01|archive-date=1 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101190233/https://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma farin na lardin Western Cape ya ci gaba da wanzuwa.

===2017===
Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin amfani da ruwa zuwa Mataki na 3B a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2017, kuma a ƙarshen lokacin rani a watan Mayu 2017, an ayyana farin a matsayin mafi muni da Birnin ya taɓa fuskanta a cikin ƙarni guda, inda ruwan da ke cikin madatsun ruwa ya kasance ƙasa da kashi 10 cikin dari na ƙarfin amfaninsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/31/africa/cape-town-drought/index.html|title=Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century|last=Van Dam|first=Derek|website=CNN.com|publisher=CNN|date=31 May 2017|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 4 a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2017, wanda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 100 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;level4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|title=City of Cape Town approves Level 4 water restrictions|last=Etheridge|first=Jenna|date=31 May 2017|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429230521/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jimillar ruwan sama da aka samu a shekarar 2017 ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta tun lokacin da aka fara riƙe bayanan ruwan sama a shekarar 1933.&lt;ref name=&quot;csag&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2017-08-31-how-severe-is-the-droughta|title=How severe is the drought?|last=Wolski|first=Piotr|date=Aug 2017|website=University of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayin da lokacin zafi mai bushewa ke gabatowa, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin ruwa na yanzu zuwa Mataki na 4B a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2017, sannan zuwa Mataki na 5 a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2017, inda aka haramta amfani da ruwa a waje da kuma ayyukan da ba su da muhimmanci sosai, tare da ƙarfafa amfani da ruwan wanka/wanki (grey water) don zubarwa a bayan gida, kuma aka yi niyyar iyakance yawan amfanin ruwa na kowane mutum zuwa lita 87 a rana, don jimillar amfani da lita miliyan 500 a rana gaba ɗaya birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; Sai dai kuma, sanya takunkumin Mataki na 5 ya zo tare da sanarwa mai rikitarwa game da iyakokin amfani da ruwa na gidaje, wanda hakan ya haifar da akasin haka ta hanyar ƙara yawan amfani da ruwa ga wasu mutane.&lt;ref name = &quot;Booysen&quot; /&gt;  
[[File:Behavioural response to messaging on the drought. .png|thumb|Martanin halayyar mutane game da saƙonni kan fari na Day Zero&lt;ref name=&quot;Booysen&quot;/&gt;
]]

A farkon watan Oktoba 2017, biyo bayan lokacin sanyi mai ƙarancin ruwan sama, an kiyasta cewa Cape Town tana da kusan watanni biyar na ajiyar ruwa kafin matakan ruwan su ƙare sarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; A cikin wannan watan ne kuma, Hukumar Birnin Cape Town ta fitar da shirin gaggawa na ruwa wanda za a aiwatar da shi a matakai daban-daban dangane da tsananin ƙarancin ruwan. Mataki na 1 (Phase 1) wanda ya ƙunshi &quot;rabon ruwa ta hanyar rage ƙarfin matsin ruwa na madatsun ruwa sosai&quot; an aiwatar da shi nan da nan. A Mataki na 2 (Phase 2), bayan &quot;Day Zero&quot;, za a kashe ruwa ga yawancin tsarin samar da ruwa in ban da wuraren da ke da muhimmancin gaske na samun ruwa. Mataki na 3 (Phase 3) zai kasance lokacin da Birnin ba zai iya sake jan ruwa daga madatsun ruwa na saman ƙasa a Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape ba, kuma za a sami ɗan ƙaramin lokaci kafin tsarin samar da ruwa gaba ɗaya ya gaza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Critical%20Water%20Shortages%20Disaster%20Plan%20Summary.pdf|title=Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan Summary|last=Bosman|first=Richard|date=October 2017|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-04-op-ed-the-city-of-cape-towns-critical-water-shortages-disaster-plan/#.WfwyhGiCyUl|title=Op-Ed: The City of Cape Town's Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan {{!}} Daily Maverick|last=De Lille|first=Patricia|date=4 October 2017|website=www.dailymaverick.co.za|publisher=City of Cape Town|language=en|access-date=3 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|title=Day Zero FAQs|date=5 April 2018|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719203400/http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===2018===
[[File:Theewaterskloof Dam 2018 02 10 (28425520089).jpg|thumb|right|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof tana kusan kashi 12% a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 2018]]
A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2018, Birnin ya ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 6 na lita 87 ga kowane mutum a rana guda. A watan Fabrairu 2018, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin zuwa Mataki na 6B inda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 50 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; Majalisar zartarwa ta lardin ta kuma sanar da cewa tana tsara tsare-tsare tare da Hukumar 'Yansandan Afirka ta Kudu don dabarun tura jami'ai a wuraren rarraba ruwa a duk faɗin Birnin bayan &quot;Day Zero&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-01-24-government-must-refund-cape-town-for-cost-of-managing-the-water-crisis/|title=Government must refund Cape Town for cost of managing the water crisis|date=24 January 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Theewaterskloof sandscape 2018-03-11.jpg|thumb|Babban ma'ajiyar ruwa ta Cape Town, Theewaterskloof, ta kasance a kashi 11% na ƙarfinta a watan Maris 2018]]

A tsakiyar watan Janairu 2018, tsohuwar magajiyar garin Cape Town Patricia de Lille ta sanar da cewa Birnin zai tilas ya kashe mafi yawan hanyoyin samar da ruwa na gundumomi idan yanayi bai canza ba. Za a ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 7, wato &quot;Day Zero&quot;, lokacin da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa ga Birnin ya kai kashi 13.5 cikin dari. Za a kashe mafi yawan famfunan ruwa na birni, kuma mazauna gari za su dogara ne da wuraren karɓar ruwa guda 149 a kewayen Birnin don karɓar rabon ruwa na yau da kullun na lita 25 ga kowane mutum.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|title=JP Smith answers Day Zero questions: 'It's going to be really unpleasant'|last1=Harrison|first1=Aletta|last2=Janse van Rensburg|first2=Alet|date=26 January 2018|publisher=News24|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216222015/https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|title=Borehole rules? Can you use sea water to flush? – The City of Cape Town answers your questions|date=30 January 2018|publisher=GroundUp|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913113205/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan zai ƙara shafar tattalin arzikin Cape Town, domin ma'aikata za su buƙaci ɗaukar hutu daga wuraren aiki don yin layi jiran ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;In Trouble&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/cape-town-south-africa-water-crisis/|title='I Knew We Were in Trouble.' What It's Like to Live Through Cape Town's Massive Water Crisis|magazine=Time|access-date=2018-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Za a ci gaba da samar da ruwa a tsakiyar yankin kasuwanci na Birnin (CBD), da kuma matsugunai na wucin gadi (inda dama tuni ake karɓar ruwa daga tsakiyar wurare) da kuma muhimman ayyuka kamar asibitoci. A lokacin da aka yi sanarwar, an kiyasta cewa &quot;Day Zero&quot; zai kasance a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 2018, amma jim kaɗan bayan haka aka sake duba shi zuwa 12 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5103259/cape-town-water-crisis/|title=Cape Town Is 90 Days Away From Running Out of Water|last=Baker|first=Aryn|date=15 January 2018|magazine=Time|access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/drought-stricken-cape-town-south-africa-run-water/story?id=52402170|title=Drought-stricken Cape Town, South Africa, could run out of water by April's 'day zero'|last=Thom|first=Liezl|date=17 January 2018|work=ABC News|access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/01/23/day-zero-brought-forward-ct-officials-prepare-for-worst|title=Day Zero Brought Forward, CT Officials Prepare for Worst|last=Brandt|first=Kevin|date=23 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kiyasin &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya ginu ne bisa canje-canje na mako biyu a matakan ajiyar madatsun ruwa, tare da zaton cewa ƙarancin zai ci gaba ba tare da sauyi ba, ba tare da ƙarin ruwan sama ko canji a buƙatar ruwa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;neilson20Feb&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Defeating%20Day%20Zero%20is%20in%20sight%20if%20we%20sustain%20our%20water-saving%20efforts|title=Statement by the City's Executive Mayor, Alderman Ian Neilson: Defeating Day Zero is in sight if we sustain our water-saving efforts|last=Neilson|first=Ian|date=20 February 2018|publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amfani da ruwa na gidaje da na aikin gona ya ragu sosai ƙarƙashin sabbin takunkumin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot; /&gt; Wannan ya bai wa Birnin damar tura kiyasin &quot;Day Zero&quot; baya a matakai daban-daban, kuma a ranar 28 ga Yuni aka jinkirta &quot;Day Zero&quot; har zuwa wani lokaci da ba a bayyana ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;neilson20Feb&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zero Delayed&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/05/africa/cape-town-day-zero-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town 'Day Zero' delayed as agricultural water use drops|last=Said-Moorhouse|first=Lauren|date=5 February 2018|publisher=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/02/south-africa-day-pushed-june-180215094221289.html|title=South Africa: Day Zero pushed back to June|website=aljazeera.com|date=2018-02-15|access-date=2018-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/01/africa/cape-town-water-crisis-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town cuts water use limit by nearly half|last1=Said-Moorhouse|first1=Lauren|date=1 February 2018|publisher=CNN|access-date=2018-02-03|last2=Mezzofiore|first2=Gianluca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kyakkyawan ruwan sama na lokacin sanyi a shekarar 2018 ya haifar da hauhawar matakan madatsun ruwa, sai dai Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta ƙasa ta sanar da cewa takunkumin ruwa na baki ɗaya zai ci gaba da kasancewa har sai matakan ruwan sun kai kashi 85 cikin dari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-edges-closer-to-an-end-to-the-drought-as-dam-levels-continue-to-rise-20180712|title=Western Cape edges closer to an end to the drought as dam levels continue to rise|date=12 July 2018|publisher=News24|access-date=12 July 2018|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713202149/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-edges-closer-to-an-end-to-the-drought-as-dam-levels-continue-to-rise-20180712|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumba, tare da matakan madatsun ruwa kusa da kashi 70 cikin dari zuwa ƙarshen lokacin damina, birnin ya rage takunkumin amfani da ruwa na masu amfani daga mataki na 6B zuwa mataki na 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;/&gt; Matakan madatsun ruwa sun kai kololuwa a kashi 76 cikin dari. A watan Nuwamba, an rage takunkumin zuwa Mataki na 3, ko lita 105 ga kowane mutum a rana guda.
 Ƙarƙashin takunkumin Mataki na 3, ana iya amfani da ruwan famfo na birni don shayar da lambuna a takaitattun lokuta, ta amfani da rariyar shayarwa ko boka amma ba bututun roba (hose) ba, don wanke motoci ta amfani da boka, da kuma cika wuraren ninkaya muddin wurin ninkayar yana sanye da murfi don hana daskarewa ko kafeewar ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures%2C%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Level%203%20water%20restrictions%20FAQs.pdf|title=Level 3 Water Restrictions (2018)|date=30 November 2018|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=29 November 2018|archive-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129184323/http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures%2C%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Level%203%20water%20restrictions%20FAQs.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilai ==
=== Fari mai tsanani ===
Sanadin faruwar matsalar ruwan kai-tsaye shi ne fari mai tsanani da ya auku daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2017 wanda ya wuce ƙa'idodin tsare-tsare na Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli. Bincike kan bayanan yanayi na dogon lokaci da Ƙungiyar Nazarin Tsarin Yanayi (Climate System Analysis Group) ta gudanar a Jami'ar Cape Town ya tabbatar da cewa ƙarancin ruwan sama tsakanin shekarun 2015 da 2017 ya kasance babban al'amari mai wuyar gaske kuma mai tsananin gaske.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.csag.uct.ac.za/2018/01/22/facts-are-few-opinions-plenty-on-drought-severity-again/|title=Facts are few, opinions plenty… on drought severity again|website=www.csag.uct.ac.za|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ragewar yanayin ruwan sama yana da alaƙa da sauye-sauye masu faɗi a cikin zirga-zirgar sararin samaniya da na teku, gami da sauyin alkibla zuwa kusa da pole na hanyoyin raba ruwan sanyi na Kudancin Hemisphere tsakanin 2015–17, sauyin jet-stream da haɓakar matsin lamba na South Atlantic High.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sousa|first1=Pedro M.|last2=Blamey|first2=R.|last3=Reason|first3=C.J.C.|last4=Ramos|first4=A.M.|last5=Trigo|first5=R.M.|date=2018|title=The 'Day Zero' Cape Town drought and the poleward migration of moisture corridors|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=13|issue=12|pages=124025|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aaebc7|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shekarar 2017 ita shekara mafi bushewa tun daga shekarar 1933, kuma mai yiwuwa ma kafin hakan, tunda babu bayanan kwatankwacin hakan kafin 1933. An kuma gano cewa fari mai tsananin haka a ƙididdigance zai iya aukuwa sau ɗaya kacal a kowace shekara 300.&lt;ref name=&quot;csag&quot; /&gt;

=== Bukatar dogon lokaci da gudanar da samar da ruwa ===
Yawan jama'ar Birnin Cape Town ya ƙaru daga mazauna miliyan 2.4 a shekarar 1995 zuwa kiyasin mutane miliyan 4.1 a shekarar 2015, wanda ke nuna haɓakar kashi 71 cikin dari na jama'a a cikin shekaru 20, yayin da ajiyar ruwan madatsun ruwa ya ƙaru da kashi 17 cikin dari kacal a daidai wannan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/cape-town-population/|title=Cape Town Population 2019|website=World Population Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tasirin ƙaruwar jama'a akan buƙatar ruwa masana galibi suna rage masa daraja, tunda hasashen yakan gaza yin lissafin cikakken amfani da ruwa na mutum na kaidin fakaici ta hanyar samar da abinci da kayayyakin masarufi.&lt;ref&gt;Schutte, C. F., &amp; Pretorius, W. A. (1997). Water demand and population growth. '

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="29763" sha1="hup3mc3li6naq74csnnyagsdqbnno74" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Cape_Town_water_crisis_graph.svg|right|thumb|400x400px|Hotunan jimlar ruwan da aka adana a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa shida na Western Cape (blue) da kuma matakin hana ruwa na birnin Cape Town (orange) daga Nuwamba 2013 zuwa Agusta 2021.]]
'''Rikicin ruwan Cape Town''' a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ya kasance shekaru da yawa a cikin 2015-2020 na karancin ruwa a yankin Western Cape, wanda ya fi shafar birnin Cape Town . Matsakaicin ruwan madatsar ruwan ya fara raguwa a shekarar 2015 kuma matsalar ruwan Cape Town ta kai kololuwa a tsakiyar shekarar 2017 zuwa tsakiyar 2018 lokacin da ruwan ya kai tsakanin kashi 14 zuwa 29 na yawan karfin madatsar ruwa.

A ƙarshen 2017, an fara ambaton tsare-tsare na &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, taƙaitaccen bayani game da ranar da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Birni zai iya faɗi ƙasa da kashi 13.5. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cassim |first=Zaheer |date=19 January 2018 |title=Cape Town could be the first major city in the world to run out of water |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/01/19/cape-town-could-first-major-city-run-out-water/1047237001/ |website=USA Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Poplak |first=Richard |date=15 February 2018 |title=What's Actually Behind Cape Town's Water Crisis |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/cape-town-water-crisis/553076/ |access-date=22 February 2018 |website=The Atlantic}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=York |first=Geoffrey |date=8 March 2018 |title=Cape Town residents become 'guinea pigs for the world' with water-conservation campaign |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/cape-town-residents-become-guinea-pigs-for-the-world-with-water-conservationcampaign/article38257004/ |website=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya zama lokaci don nuna farkon matakan hana ruwa na Mataki na 7, lokacin da za a kashe kayan ruwa na birni da yawa kuma ana tunanin cewa mazauna za su iya yin layi don rabon ruwa na yau da kullun. Idan da hakan ta faru, da hakan zai sanya birnin Cape Town ya zama babban birni na farko a duniya da ya kaure da karancin ruwan sha a cikin kananan hukumomin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Day Zero, when is it, what is it and how can we avoid it |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Day%20Zero%20when%20is%20it,%20what%20is%20it,%20and%20how%20can%20we%20avoid%20it |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Rikicin ruwa na Cape Town ya faru a daidai lokacin da fari na Gabashin Cape, wanda ke cikin wani yanki na daban a kusa.

Birnin Cape Town ya aiwatar da tsauraran matakan hana ruwa a wani yunkuri na dakile amfani da ruwa, wanda ya rage yawan ruwan da yake amfani da shi na yau da kullum da fiye da rabi zuwa kusan lita miliyan 500 (130,000,000 US gal) a kowace rana a cikin Maris 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Narrandes |first=Nidha |date=14 March 2018 |title=Cape Town water usage lower than ever |url=http://www.capetownetc.com/water-crisis/water-usage-further-reduced-in-cape-town/ |publisher=Cape Town etc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Faduwar amfani da ruwa ya sa birnin ya jinkirta kiyasin &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, kuma ruwan sama mai karfi ya fara farfadowa a watan Yuni 1.  A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, tare da matakan dam kusa da kashi 70, birnin ya fara sauƙaƙe ƙuntatawa na ruwa, wanda ke nuna cewa mafi munin matsalar ruwa ya ƙare. &lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pitt |first=Christina |date=10 September 2018 |title=City of Cape Town relaxes water restrictions, tariffs to Level 5 |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212034631/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |archive-date=12 December 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |website=News24 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan sama mai kyau a cikin 2020 yadda ya kamata ya karya fari kuma ya haifar da karancin ruwa lokacin da matakan madatsar ruwa ya kai kashi 95 cikin dari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-07 |title=After the drought: Cape Town's gushing water |url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/after-drought-cape-towns-gushing-water/ |access-date=2020-09-11 |website=[[GroundUp News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fage ==
[[Fayil:Cape_Water_map_dams.png|thumb|274x274px|Taswirar manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa zuwa Cape Town]]
Yankin Cape Town yana fuskantar yanayi na Bahar Rum tare da dumi, bushewar lokacin rani da ruwan sama na hunturu. Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Yammacin Cape ya dogara kusan gaba ɗaya akan ruwan sama, wanda ake kamawa kuma ana adana shi a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida da ke cikin wuraren tsaunuka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Welz |first=Adam |date=1 March 2018 |title=Awaiting Day Zero: Cape Town Faces an Uncertain Water Future |url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/awaiting-day-zero-cape-town-faces-an-uncertain-water-future |publisher=Yale Environment 360}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana yin cajin madatsun ruwa ne ta hanyar ruwan sama da ke faɗowa a yankunan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, galibi a lokacin sanyi na watanni na Mayu zuwa Agusta, kuma matakan dam ɗin suna raguwa a lokacin rani na watanni na Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu inda amfani da ruwa na birane ke ƙaruwa kuma ana samun ban ruwa a yankunan noma.

Amfani da birane da aikin gona yana cinye kusan kashi 70 da kashi 30 bisa 100 na jimillar ruwan da tsarin samar da ruwan sha na Western Cape ke bayarwa, tare da sauye-sauye na yanayi.   A cikin zamanin bayan [[Apartheid|wariyar launin fata]], kuma a ƙarƙashin tsarin Tsarin [[Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Afirka ta Kudu|Ruwa na Kyauta na Kyauta]], Birnin Cape Town ya karɓi tsarin haɓaka tsarin jadawalin kuɗin fito don farashin ruwa, wanda aka azabtar da mafi girma masu amfani da ruwa tare da mafi girman jadawalin kuɗin fito don hana amfani, yayin da aka saita jadawalin farko block a (kusa) sifili don tabbatar da samun daidaiton ruwa zuwa kowane matakin asali na Afirka ta Kudu.  Magidanta masu rahusa masu rijista a Cape Town tare da haɗin kai tsaye da ruwa da tsafta suna karɓar lita 6 000 na farko a kowane wata na ruwa kyauta, kuma ana cajin kuɗin fito ne kawai don cinyewa sama da adadin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services and costs in formal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-and-costs-for-formal-housing |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt; Magidanta a ƙauyuka na yau da kullun ana ba da ruwa daga famfun jama'a da kuma amfani da bandakunan jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services in informal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family+and+home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-in-informal-settlements |website=City of Cape Town }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ga manoman da ke samun ruwa daga Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape, ana duba su da allunan ban ruwa da ƙungiyoyi masu amfani da ruwa. Manoman da yawa kuma suna shiga tsarin rarraba ban ruwa (daga takamaiman kwararar kogi), kuma suna da madatsun ruwa masu zaman kansu da [[Rijiyar burtsatse|rijiyoyin burtsatse]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Water File |url=http://www.wwf.org.za/water/?25441/Agricultural-water-file-Farming-for-a-drier-future |website=Worldwide Fund for Nature}}&lt;/ref&gt; Birnin ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba sa samun riba a kan siyar da ruwa, kuma manufofin farashin ruwa na ƙoƙarin daidaita daidaito, daidaito da buƙatun dawo da farashi. 

Zamanin ƙarancin ruwan sama na hunturu a 2000-2001 da 2003-2004 ya haifar da hana ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;WCDM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Basholo |first=Zolile |date=4 February 2016 |title=Overview of Water Demand Management Initiatives: A City of Cape Town Approach |url=https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Water-Sector-Desk-Content/CoCT-WCWDM-presentation-Z-Basholo-Western-Cape-Water-Forum-160204-2016.pdf |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin 2003, Birnin ya shiga yarjejeniya tare da Sashen Ruwa da Dazuzzuka na lokacin don gina madatsar ruwa ta Berg da Tsarin kari sannan kuma ta fara kula da bukatar ruwa. A shekarar 2009, an karu da karfin ajiyar madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Cape Town da kashi 17 cikin 100 daga 768 zuwa miliyan 898 cubic meters lokacin da aka kammala aikin madatsar ruwan Berg da kuma shirin samar da kayayyaki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cape Town&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2009 |title=Cape Town's water supply boosted |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102756/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-date=27 March 2009 |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2015, Birnin Cape Town ya sami babbar lambar yabo ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da sanin ƙoƙarinsu na Kula da Ruwa da Buƙatun Ruwa (WCWDM). Cape Town ya yi nasara musamman wajen rage asarar ruwa ta hanyar yoyon fitsari, inda aka samu asarar ruwa da kashi 14 cikin dari, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin kashi 35 cikin dari na kasa. Dokokin sun kuma fayyace cewa ya kamata a samar da ingantattun kayan aikin ruwa da Ofishin Ma'auni na Afirka ta Kudu ya amince da shi don duk sabbin ci gaba da gyare-gyare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=C40 Cities Awards 2015 |url=https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |access-date=2025-08-12 |archive-date=2021-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923092342/https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Jeron Lokaci ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;cellpadding=&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em; text-align:center; font-size:95%&quot;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th colspan=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;&gt;Matakan ruwa a matsayin kashi na jimillar ƙarfin madatsun ruwa ta shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/whats-causing-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=What's causing Cape Town's water crisis?|last=Bohatch|first=Trevor|date=16 May 2017|publisher=Ground Up|location=Cape Town|language=en|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
|-
! Manyan madatsun ruwa
! Ƙarfi (megalitres)
! 17 Mayu 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-utility-services/residential-water-and-sanitation-services/this-weeks-dam-levels|title=City of Cape Town: Dam Levels|date=18 May 2021|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;!!18 Mayu 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=18 May 2020|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 13 Mayu 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=13 May 2019|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=22 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 14 Mayu 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|title=Water Dashboard|date=Mar 2019|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-date=7 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207180447/http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 15 Mayu 2017 !! 15 Mayu 2016 !! 15 Mayu 2015 !! 15 Mayu 2014
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Berg River|| 130,010
|76.1||65.6||68.1|| 39.2|| 32.4|| 27.2|| 54.0|| 90.5
|-
|Steenbras Lower|| 33,517
|58.0||48.4||38.6|| 35.4|| 26.5|| 37.6|| 47.9|| 39.6
|-
|Steenbras Upper|| 31,767
|54.2||96.5||65.0|| 59.6|| 56.7|| 56.9|| 57.8|| 79.1
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof|| 480,188
|75.2||50.2||36.1|| 12.0|| 15.0|| 31.3|| 51.3|| 74.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Voelvlei|| 164,095
|58.3||50.4||55.4|| 14.5|| 17.2|| 21.3|| 42.5|| 59.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Wemmershoek|| 58,644
|59.1||43.3||43.6|| 48.4|| 36.0|| 48.5|| 50.5|| 58.8
|-
| Jimillar da aka ajiye (megalitres) || 898,221
|626,907||481,370||411,849|| 191,843|| 190,300|| 279,954|| 450,429 || 646,137
|-
|'''Jimillar % na Ma'ajiya'''||100
|'''69.8'''||'''53.6'''||'''45.9'''||'''21.4'''||'''21.2'''||'''31.2'''||'''50.1'''||'''71.9'''
|}

===2015–2016===
Bayan samun kyakkyawan ruwan sama a shekarun 2013 da 2014, Birnin Cape Town ya fara fuskantar fari a shekarar 2015, wanda shi ne na farko cikin shekaru uku a jere na lokutan sanyi marasa ruwa da suka auku, mai yiwuwa sanadiyyar tsarin yanayi na El Niño ko kuma canjin yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AfricaC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://africacheck.org/2016/02/03/frequently-asked-questions-about-south-africas-drought|title=Frequently asked questions about South Africa's drought|date=3 February 2016|publisher=Africa Check|language=en|location=Cape Town|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matakan ruwa a madatsun ruwan Birnin sun ragu daga kashi 71.9 cikin dari a shekarar 2014 zuwa kashi 50.1 cikin dari a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot; /&gt; A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016, hukumar Birnin ta ɗaukaka tsoffin takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 1 (Level 1) tun na shekarar 2005 zuwa Mataki na 2 (Level 2), kuma a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2016 ta sake ɗaukaka shi zuwa Mataki na 3 (Level 3), lokacin da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta wallafa takunkumin amfani da ruwa na hukuma don birane da aikin gona. Kuma babban farin da ya shafi sauran sassan Afirka ta Kudu ya ƙare a watan Agusta 2016 lokacin da aka sami babban ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin ƙasar,&lt;ref name=&quot;encarain&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|title=Southern Africa faces floods after drought|last=Masinde|first=Muthoni|date=18 August 2016|access-date=2017-06-01|archive-date=1 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101190233/https://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma farin na lardin Western Cape ya ci gaba da wanzuwa.

===2017===
Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin amfani da ruwa zuwa Mataki na 3B a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2017, kuma a ƙarshen lokacin rani a watan Mayu 2017, an ayyana farin a matsayin mafi muni da Birnin ya taɓa fuskanta a cikin ƙarni guda, inda ruwan da ke cikin madatsun ruwa ya kasance ƙasa da kashi 10 cikin dari na ƙarfin amfaninsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/31/africa/cape-town-drought/index.html|title=Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century|last=Van Dam|first=Derek|website=CNN.com|publisher=CNN|date=31 May 2017|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 4 a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2017, wanda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 100 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;level4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|title=City of Cape Town approves Level 4 water restrictions|last=Etheridge|first=Jenna|date=31 May 2017|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429230521/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jimillar ruwan sama da aka samu a shekarar 2017 ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta tun lokacin da aka fara riƙe bayanan ruwan sama a shekarar 1933.&lt;ref name=&quot;csag&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2017-08-31-how-severe-is-the-droughta|title=How severe is the drought?|last=Wolski|first=Piotr|date=Aug 2017|website=University of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayin da lokacin zafi mai bushewa ke gabatowa, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin ruwa na yanzu zuwa Mataki na 4B a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2017, sannan zuwa Mataki na 5 a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2017, inda aka haramta amfani da ruwa a waje da kuma ayyukan da ba su da muhimmanci sosai, tare da ƙarfafa amfani da ruwan wanka/wanki (grey water) don zubarwa a bayan gida, kuma aka yi niyyar iyakance yawan amfanin ruwa na kowane mutum zuwa lita 87 a rana, don jimillar amfani da lita miliyan 500 a rana gaba ɗaya birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; Sai dai kuma, sanya takunkumin Mataki na 5 ya zo tare da sanarwa mai rikitarwa game da iyakokin amfani da ruwa na gidaje, wanda hakan ya haifar da akasin haka ta hanyar ƙara yawan amfani da ruwa ga wasu mutane.&lt;ref name = &quot;Booysen&quot; /&gt;  
[[File:Behavioural response to messaging on the drought. .png|thumb|Martanin halayyar mutane game da saƙonni kan fari na Day Zero&lt;ref name=&quot;Booysen&quot;/&gt;
]]

A farkon watan Oktoba 2017, biyo bayan lokacin sanyi mai ƙarancin ruwan sama, an kiyasta cewa Cape Town tana da kusan watanni biyar na ajiyar ruwa kafin matakan ruwan su ƙare sarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; A cikin wannan watan ne kuma, Hukumar Birnin Cape Town ta fitar da shirin gaggawa na ruwa wanda za a aiwatar da shi a matakai daban-daban dangane da tsananin ƙarancin ruwan. Mataki na 1 (Phase 1) wanda ya ƙunshi &quot;rabon ruwa ta hanyar rage ƙarfin matsin ruwa na madatsun ruwa sosai&quot; an aiwatar da shi nan da nan. A Mataki na 2 (Phase 2), bayan &quot;Day Zero&quot;, za a kashe ruwa ga yawancin tsarin samar da ruwa in ban da wuraren da ke da muhimmancin gaske na samun ruwa. Mataki na 3 (Phase 3) zai kasance lokacin da Birnin ba zai iya sake jan ruwa daga madatsun ruwa na saman ƙasa a Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape ba, kuma za a sami ɗan ƙaramin lokaci kafin tsarin samar da ruwa gaba ɗaya ya gaza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Critical%20Water%20Shortages%20Disaster%20Plan%20Summary.pdf|title=Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan Summary|last=Bosman|first=Richard|date=October 2017|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-04-op-ed-the-city-of-cape-towns-critical-water-shortages-disaster-plan/#.WfwyhGiCyUl|title=Op-Ed: The City of Cape Town's Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan {{!}} Daily Maverick|last=De Lille|first=Patricia|date=4 October 2017|website=www.dailymaverick.co.za|publisher=City of Cape Town|language=en|access-date=3 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|title=Day Zero FAQs|date=5 April 2018|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719203400/http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===2018===
[[File:Theewaterskloof Dam 2018 02 10 (28425520089).jpg|thumb|right|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof tana kusan kashi 12% a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 2018]]
A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2018, Birnin ya ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 6 na lita 87 ga kowane mutum a rana guda. A watan Fabrairu 2018, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin zuwa Mataki na 6B inda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 50 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; Majalisar zartarwa ta lardin ta kuma sanar da cewa tana tsara tsare-tsare tare da Hukumar 'Yansandan Afirka ta Kudu don dabarun tura jami'ai a wuraren rarraba ruwa a duk faɗin Birnin bayan &quot;Day Zero&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-01-24-government-must-refund-cape-town-for-cost-of-managing-the-water-crisis/|title=Government must refund Cape Town for cost of managing the water crisis|date=24 January 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Theewaterskloof sandscape 2018-03-11.jpg|thumb|Babban ma'ajiyar ruwa ta Cape Town, Theewaterskloof, ta kasance a kashi 11% na ƙarfinta a watan Maris 2018]]

A tsakiyar watan Janairu 2018, tsohuwar magajiyar garin Cape Town Patricia de Lille ta sanar da cewa Birnin zai tilas ya kashe mafi yawan hanyoyin samar da ruwa na gundumomi idan yanayi bai canza ba. Za a ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 7, wato &quot;Day Zero&quot;, lokacin da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa ga Birnin ya kai kashi 13.5 cikin dari. Za a kashe mafi yawan famfunan ruwa na birni, kuma mazauna gari za su dogara ne da wuraren karɓar ruwa guda 149 a kewayen Birnin don karɓar rabon ruwa na yau da kullun na lita 25 ga kowane mutum.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|title=JP Smith answers Day Zero questions: 'It's going to be really unpleasant'|last1=Harrison|first1=Aletta|last2=Janse van Rensburg|first2=Alet|date=26 January 2018|publisher=News24|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216222015/https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|title=Borehole rules? Can you use sea water to flush? – The City of Cape Town answers your questions|date=30 January 2018|publisher=GroundUp|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913113205/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan zai ƙara shafar tattalin arzikin Cape Town, domin ma'aikata za su buƙaci ɗaukar hutu daga wuraren aiki don yin layi jiran ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;In Trouble&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/cape-town-south-africa-water-crisis/|title='I Knew We Were in Trouble.' What It's Like to Live Through Cape Town's Massive Water Crisis|magazine=Time|access-date=2018-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Za a ci gaba da samar da ruwa a tsakiyar yankin kasuwanci na Birnin (CBD), da kuma matsugunai na wucin gadi (inda dama tuni ake karɓar ruwa daga tsakiyar wurare) da kuma muhimman ayyuka kamar asibitoci. A lokacin da aka yi sanarwar, an kiyasta cewa &quot;Day Zero&quot; zai kasance a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 2018, amma jim kaɗan bayan haka aka sake duba shi zuwa 12 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5103259/cape-town-water-crisis/|title=Cape Town Is 90 Days Away From Running Out of Water|last=Baker|first=Aryn|date=15 January 2018|magazine=Time|access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/drought-stricken-cape-town-south-africa-run-water/story?id=52402170|title=Drought-stricken Cape Town, South Africa, could run out of water by April's 'day zero'|last=Thom|first=Liezl|date=17 January 2018|work=ABC News|access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/01/23/day-zero-brought-forward-ct-officials-prepare-for-worst|title=Day Zero Brought Forward, CT Officials Prepare for Worst|last=Brandt|first=Kevin|date=23 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kiyasin &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya ginu ne bisa canje-canje na mako biyu a matakan ajiyar madatsun ruwa, tare da zaton cewa ƙarancin zai ci gaba ba tare da sauyi ba, ba tare da ƙarin ruwan sama ko canji a buƙatar ruwa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;neilson20Feb&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Defeating%20Day%20Zero%20is%20in%20sight%20if%20we%20sustain%20our%20water-saving%20efforts|title=Statement by the City's Executive Mayor, Alderman Ian Neilson: Defeating Day Zero is in sight if we sustain our water-saving efforts|last=Neilson|first=Ian|date=20 February 2018|publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amfani da ruwa na gidaje da na aikin gona ya ragu sosai ƙarƙashin sabbin takunkumin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot; /&gt; Wannan ya bai wa Birnin damar tura kiyasin &quot;Day Zero&quot; baya a matakai daban-daban, kuma a ranar 28 ga Yuni aka jinkirta &quot;Day Zero&quot; har zuwa wani lokaci da ba a bayyana ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;neilson20Feb&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zero Delayed&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/05/africa/cape-town-day-zero-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town 'Day Zero' delayed as agricultural water use drops|last=Said-Moorhouse|first=Lauren|date=5 February 2018|publisher=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/02/south-africa-day-pushed-june-180215094221289.html|title=South Africa: Day Zero pushed back to June|website=aljazeera.com|date=2018-02-15|access-date=2018-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/01/africa/cape-town-water-crisis-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town cuts water use limit by nearly half|last1=Said-Moorhouse|first1=Lauren|date=1 February 2018|publisher=CNN|access-date=2018-02-03|last2=Mezzofiore|first2=Gianluca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kyakkyawan ruwan sama na lokacin sanyi a shekarar 2018 ya haifar da hauhawar matakan madatsun ruwa, sai dai Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta ƙasa ta sanar da cewa takunkumin ruwa na baki ɗaya zai ci gaba da kasancewa har sai matakan ruwan sun kai kashi 85 cikin dari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-edges-closer-to-an-end-to-the-drought-as-dam-levels-continue-to-rise-20180712|title=Western Cape edges closer to an end to the drought as dam levels continue to rise|date=12 July 2018|publisher=News24|access-date=12 July 2018|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713202149/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-edges-closer-to-an-end-to-the-drought-as-dam-levels-continue-to-rise-20180712|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumba, tare da matakan madatsun ruwa kusa da kashi 70 cikin dari zuwa ƙarshen lokacin damina, birnin ya rage takunkumin amfani da ruwa na masu amfani daga mataki na 6B zuwa mataki na 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;/&gt; Matakan madatsun ruwa sun kai kololuwa a kashi 76 cikin dari. A watan Nuwamba, an rage takunkumin zuwa Mataki na 3, ko lita 105 ga kowane mutum a rana guda.
Ƙarƙashin takunkumin Mataki na 3, ana iya amfani da ruwan famfo na birni don shayar da lambuna a takaitattun lokuta, ta amfani da rariyar shayarwa ko boka amma ba bututun roba (hose) ba, don wanke motoci ta amfani da boka, da kuma cika wuraren ninkaya muddin wurin ninkayar yana sanye da murfi don hana daskarewa ko kafeewar ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures%2C%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Level%203%20water%20restrictions%20FAQs.pdf|title=Level 3 Water Restrictions (2018)|date=30 November 2018|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=29 November 2018|archive-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129184323/http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures%2C%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Level%203%20water%20restrictions%20FAQs.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilai ==
=== Fari mai tsanani ===
Sanadin faruwar matsalar ruwan kai-tsaye shi ne fari mai tsanani da ya auku daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2017 wanda ya wuce ƙa'idodin tsare-tsare na Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli. Bincike kan bayanan yanayi na dogon lokaci da Ƙungiyar Nazarin Tsarin Yanayi (Climate System Analysis Group) ta gudanar a Jami'ar Cape Town ya tabbatar da cewa ƙarancin ruwan sama tsakanin shekarun 2015 da 2017 ya kasance babban al'amari mai wuyar gaske kuma mai tsananin gaske.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.csag.uct.ac.za/2018/01/22/facts-are-few-opinions-plenty-on-drought-severity-again/|title=Facts are few, opinions plenty… on drought severity again|website=www.csag.uct.ac.za|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ragewar yanayin ruwan sama yana da alaƙa da sauye-sauye masu faɗi a cikin zirga-zirgar sararin samaniya da na teku, gami da sauyin alkibla zuwa kusa da pole na hanyoyin raba ruwan sanyi na Kudancin Hemisphere tsakanin 2015–17, sauyin jet-stream da haɓakar matsin lamba na South Atlantic High.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sousa|first1=Pedro M.|last2=Blamey|first2=R.|last3=Reason|first3=C.J.C.|last4=Ramos|first4=A.M.|last5=Trigo|first5=R.M.|date=2018|title=The 'Day Zero' Cape Town drought and the poleward migration of moisture corridors|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=13|issue=12|pages=124025|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aaebc7|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shekarar 2017 ita shekara mafi bushewa tun daga shekarar 1933, kuma mai yiwuwa ma kafin hakan, tunda babu bayanan kwatankwacin hakan kafin 1933. An kuma gano cewa fari mai tsananin haka a ƙididdigance zai iya aukuwa sau ɗaya kacal a kowace shekara 300.&lt;ref name=&quot;csag&quot; /&gt;

=== Bukatar dogon lokaci da gudanar da samar da ruwa ===
Yawan jama'ar Birnin Cape Town ya ƙaru daga mazauna miliyan 2.4 a shekarar 1995 zuwa kiyasin mutane miliyan 4.1 a shekarar 2015, wanda ke nuna haɓakar kashi 71 cikin dari na jama'a a cikin shekaru 20, yayin da ajiyar ruwan madatsun ruwa ya ƙaru da kashi 17 cikin dari kacal a daidai wannan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/cape-town-population/|title=Cape Town Population 2019|website=World Population Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tasirin ƙaruwar jama'a akan buƙatar ruwa masana galibi suna rage masa daraja, tunda hasashen yakan gaza yin lissafin cikakken amfani da ruwa na mutum na kaidin fakaici ta hanyar samar da abinci da kayayyakin masarufi.&lt;ref&gt;Schutte, C. F., &amp; Pretorius, W. A. (1997). Water demand and population growth. '

== Manazarta ==

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      <text bytes="35704" sha1="7z556n9x4ul34ntgnj2p9677pt7o030" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Cape_Town_water_crisis_graph.svg|right|thumb|400x400px|Hotunan jimlar ruwan da aka adana a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa shida na Western Cape (blue) da kuma matakin hana ruwa na birnin Cape Town (orange) daga Nuwamba 2013 zuwa Agusta 2021.]]
'''Rikicin ruwan Cape Town''' a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ya kasance shekaru da yawa a cikin 2015-2020 na karancin ruwa a yankin Western Cape, wanda ya fi shafar birnin Cape Town . Matsakaicin ruwan madatsar ruwan ya fara raguwa a shekarar 2015 kuma matsalar ruwan Cape Town ta kai kololuwa a tsakiyar shekarar 2017 zuwa tsakiyar 2018 lokacin da ruwan ya kai tsakanin kashi 14 zuwa 29 na yawan karfin madatsar ruwa.

A ƙarshen 2017, an fara ambaton tsare-tsare na &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, taƙaitaccen bayani game da ranar da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Birni zai iya faɗi ƙasa da kashi 13.5. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cassim |first=Zaheer |date=19 January 2018 |title=Cape Town could be the first major city in the world to run out of water |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/01/19/cape-town-could-first-major-city-run-out-water/1047237001/ |website=USA Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Poplak |first=Richard |date=15 February 2018 |title=What's Actually Behind Cape Town's Water Crisis |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/cape-town-water-crisis/553076/ |access-date=22 February 2018 |website=The Atlantic}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=York |first=Geoffrey |date=8 March 2018 |title=Cape Town residents become 'guinea pigs for the world' with water-conservation campaign |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/cape-town-residents-become-guinea-pigs-for-the-world-with-water-conservationcampaign/article38257004/ |website=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya zama lokaci don nuna farkon matakan hana ruwa na Mataki na 7, lokacin da za a kashe kayan ruwa na birni da yawa kuma ana tunanin cewa mazauna za su iya yin layi don rabon ruwa na yau da kullun. Idan da hakan ta faru, da hakan zai sanya birnin Cape Town ya zama babban birni na farko a duniya da ya kaure da karancin ruwan sha a cikin kananan hukumomin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Day Zero, when is it, what is it and how can we avoid it |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Day%20Zero%20when%20is%20it,%20what%20is%20it,%20and%20how%20can%20we%20avoid%20it |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Rikicin ruwa na Cape Town ya faru a daidai lokacin da fari na Gabashin Cape, wanda ke cikin wani yanki na daban a kusa.

Birnin Cape Town ya aiwatar da tsauraran matakan hana ruwa a wani yunkuri na dakile amfani da ruwa, wanda ya rage yawan ruwan da yake amfani da shi na yau da kullum da fiye da rabi zuwa kusan lita miliyan 500 (130,000,000 US gal) a kowace rana a cikin Maris 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Narrandes |first=Nidha |date=14 March 2018 |title=Cape Town water usage lower than ever |url=http://www.capetownetc.com/water-crisis/water-usage-further-reduced-in-cape-town/ |publisher=Cape Town etc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Faduwar amfani da ruwa ya sa birnin ya jinkirta kiyasin &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, kuma ruwan sama mai karfi ya fara farfadowa a watan Yuni 1.  A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, tare da matakan dam kusa da kashi 70, birnin ya fara sauƙaƙe ƙuntatawa na ruwa, wanda ke nuna cewa mafi munin matsalar ruwa ya ƙare. &lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pitt |first=Christina |date=10 September 2018 |title=City of Cape Town relaxes water restrictions, tariffs to Level 5 |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212034631/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |archive-date=12 December 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |website=News24 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan sama mai kyau a cikin 2020 yadda ya kamata ya karya fari kuma ya haifar da karancin ruwa lokacin da matakan madatsar ruwa ya kai kashi 95 cikin dari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-07 |title=After the drought: Cape Town's gushing water |url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/after-drought-cape-towns-gushing-water/ |access-date=2020-09-11 |website=[[GroundUp News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fage ==
[[Fayil:Cape_Water_map_dams.png|thumb|274x274px|Taswirar manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa zuwa Cape Town]]
Yankin Cape Town yana fuskantar yanayi na Bahar Rum tare da dumi, bushewar lokacin rani da ruwan sama na hunturu. Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Yammacin Cape ya dogara kusan gaba ɗaya akan ruwan sama, wanda ake kamawa kuma ana adana shi a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida da ke cikin wuraren tsaunuka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Welz |first=Adam |date=1 March 2018 |title=Awaiting Day Zero: Cape Town Faces an Uncertain Water Future |url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/awaiting-day-zero-cape-town-faces-an-uncertain-water-future |publisher=Yale Environment 360}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana yin cajin madatsun ruwa ne ta hanyar ruwan sama da ke faɗowa a yankunan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, galibi a lokacin sanyi na watanni na Mayu zuwa Agusta, kuma matakan dam ɗin suna raguwa a lokacin rani na watanni na Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu inda amfani da ruwa na birane ke ƙaruwa kuma ana samun ban ruwa a yankunan noma.

Amfani da birane da aikin gona yana cinye kusan kashi 70 da kashi 30 bisa 100 na jimillar ruwan da tsarin samar da ruwan sha na Western Cape ke bayarwa, tare da sauye-sauye na yanayi.   A cikin zamanin bayan [[Apartheid|wariyar launin fata]], kuma a ƙarƙashin tsarin Tsarin [[Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Afirka ta Kudu|Ruwa na Kyauta na Kyauta]], Birnin Cape Town ya karɓi tsarin haɓaka tsarin jadawalin kuɗin fito don farashin ruwa, wanda aka azabtar da mafi girma masu amfani da ruwa tare da mafi girman jadawalin kuɗin fito don hana amfani, yayin da aka saita jadawalin farko block a (kusa) sifili don tabbatar da samun daidaiton ruwa zuwa kowane matakin asali na Afirka ta Kudu.  Magidanta masu rahusa masu rijista a Cape Town tare da haɗin kai tsaye da ruwa da tsafta suna karɓar lita 6 000 na farko a kowane wata na ruwa kyauta, kuma ana cajin kuɗin fito ne kawai don cinyewa sama da adadin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services and costs in formal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-and-costs-for-formal-housing |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt; Magidanta a ƙauyuka na yau da kullun ana ba da ruwa daga famfun jama'a da kuma amfani da bandakunan jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services in informal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family+and+home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-in-informal-settlements |website=City of Cape Town }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ga manoman da ke samun ruwa daga Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape, ana duba su da allunan ban ruwa da ƙungiyoyi masu amfani da ruwa. Manoman da yawa kuma suna shiga tsarin rarraba ban ruwa (daga takamaiman kwararar kogi), kuma suna da madatsun ruwa masu zaman kansu da [[Rijiyar burtsatse|rijiyoyin burtsatse]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Water File |url=http://www.wwf.org.za/water/?25441/Agricultural-water-file-Farming-for-a-drier-future |website=Worldwide Fund for Nature}}&lt;/ref&gt; Birnin ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba sa samun riba a kan siyar da ruwa, kuma manufofin farashin ruwa na ƙoƙarin daidaita daidaito, daidaito da buƙatun dawo da farashi. 

Zamanin ƙarancin ruwan sama na hunturu a 2000-2001 da 2003-2004 ya haifar da hana ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;WCDM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Basholo |first=Zolile |date=4 February 2016 |title=Overview of Water Demand Management Initiatives: A City of Cape Town Approach |url=https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Water-Sector-Desk-Content/CoCT-WCWDM-presentation-Z-Basholo-Western-Cape-Water-Forum-160204-2016.pdf |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin 2003, Birnin ya shiga yarjejeniya tare da Sashen Ruwa da Dazuzzuka na lokacin don gina madatsar ruwa ta Berg da Tsarin kari sannan kuma ta fara kula da bukatar ruwa. A shekarar 2009, an karu da karfin ajiyar madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Cape Town da kashi 17 cikin 100 daga 768 zuwa miliyan 898 cubic meters lokacin da aka kammala aikin madatsar ruwan Berg da kuma shirin samar da kayayyaki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cape Town&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2009 |title=Cape Town's water supply boosted |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102756/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-date=27 March 2009 |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2015, Birnin Cape Town ya sami babbar lambar yabo ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da sanin ƙoƙarinsu na Kula da Ruwa da Buƙatun Ruwa (WCWDM). Cape Town ya yi nasara musamman wajen rage asarar ruwa ta hanyar yoyon fitsari, inda aka samu asarar ruwa da kashi 14 cikin dari, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin kashi 35 cikin dari na kasa. Dokokin sun kuma fayyace cewa ya kamata a samar da ingantattun kayan aikin ruwa da Ofishin Ma'auni na Afirka ta Kudu ya amince da shi don duk sabbin ci gaba da gyare-gyare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=C40 Cities Awards 2015 |url=https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |access-date=2025-08-12 |archive-date=2021-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923092342/https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Jeron Lokaci ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;cellpadding=&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em; text-align:center; font-size:95%&quot;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th colspan=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;&gt;Matakan ruwa a matsayin kashi na jimillar ƙarfin madatsun ruwa ta shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/whats-causing-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=What's causing Cape Town's water crisis?|last=Bohatch|first=Trevor|date=16 May 2017|publisher=Ground Up|location=Cape Town|language=en|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
|-
! Manyan madatsun ruwa
! Ƙarfi (megalitres)
! 17 Mayu 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-utility-services/residential-water-and-sanitation-services/this-weeks-dam-levels|title=City of Cape Town: Dam Levels|date=18 May 2021|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;!!18 Mayu 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=18 May 2020|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 13 Mayu 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=13 May 2019|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=22 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 14 Mayu 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|title=Water Dashboard|date=Mar 2019|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-date=7 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207180447/http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 15 Mayu 2017 !! 15 Mayu 2016 !! 15 Mayu 2015 !! 15 Mayu 2014
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Berg River|| 130,010
|76.1||65.6||68.1|| 39.2|| 32.4|| 27.2|| 54.0|| 90.5
|-
|Steenbras Lower|| 33,517
|58.0||48.4||38.6|| 35.4|| 26.5|| 37.6|| 47.9|| 39.6
|-
|Steenbras Upper|| 31,767
|54.2||96.5||65.0|| 59.6|| 56.7|| 56.9|| 57.8|| 79.1
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof|| 480,188
|75.2||50.2||36.1|| 12.0|| 15.0|| 31.3|| 51.3|| 74.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Voelvlei|| 164,095
|58.3||50.4||55.4|| 14.5|| 17.2|| 21.3|| 42.5|| 59.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Wemmershoek|| 58,644
|59.1||43.3||43.6|| 48.4|| 36.0|| 48.5|| 50.5|| 58.8
|-
| Jimillar da aka ajiye (megalitres) || 898,221
|626,907||481,370||411,849|| 191,843|| 190,300|| 279,954|| 450,429 || 646,137
|-
|'''Jimillar % na Ma'ajiya'''||100
|'''69.8'''||'''53.6'''||'''45.9'''||'''21.4'''||'''21.2'''||'''31.2'''||'''50.1'''||'''71.9'''
|}

===2015–2016===
Bayan samun kyakkyawan ruwan sama a shekarun 2013 da 2014, Birnin Cape Town ya fara fuskantar fari a shekarar 2015, wanda shi ne na farko cikin shekaru uku a jere na lokutan sanyi marasa ruwa da suka auku, mai yiwuwa sanadiyyar tsarin yanayi na El Niño ko kuma canjin yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AfricaC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://africacheck.org/2016/02/03/frequently-asked-questions-about-south-africas-drought|title=Frequently asked questions about South Africa's drought|date=3 February 2016|publisher=Africa Check|language=en|location=Cape Town|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matakan ruwa a madatsun ruwan Birnin sun ragu daga kashi 71.9 cikin dari a shekarar 2014 zuwa kashi 50.1 cikin dari a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot; /&gt; A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016, hukumar Birnin ta ɗaukaka tsoffin takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 1 (Level 1) tun na shekarar 2005 zuwa Mataki na 2 (Level 2), kuma a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2016 ta sake ɗaukaka shi zuwa Mataki na 3 (Level 3), lokacin da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta wallafa takunkumin amfani da ruwa na hukuma don birane da aikin gona. Kuma babban farin da ya shafi sauran sassan Afirka ta Kudu ya ƙare a watan Agusta 2016 lokacin da aka sami babban ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin ƙasar,&lt;ref name=&quot;encarain&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|title=Southern Africa faces floods after drought|last=Masinde|first=Muthoni|date=18 August 2016|access-date=2017-06-01|archive-date=1 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101190233/https://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma farin na lardin Western Cape ya ci gaba da wanzuwa.

===2017===
Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin amfani da ruwa zuwa Mataki na 3B a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2017, kuma a ƙarshen lokacin rani a watan Mayu 2017, an ayyana farin a matsayin mafi muni da Birnin ya taɓa fuskanta a cikin ƙarni guda, inda ruwan da ke cikin madatsun ruwa ya kasance ƙasa da kashi 10 cikin dari na ƙarfin amfaninsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/31/africa/cape-town-drought/index.html|title=Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century|last=Van Dam|first=Derek|website=CNN.com|publisher=CNN|date=31 May 2017|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 4 a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2017, wanda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 100 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;level4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|title=City of Cape Town approves Level 4 water restrictions|last=Etheridge|first=Jenna|date=31 May 2017|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429230521/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jimillar ruwan sama da aka samu a shekarar 2017 ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta tun lokacin da aka fara riƙe bayanan ruwan sama a shekarar 1933.&lt;ref name=&quot;csag&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2017-08-31-how-severe-is-the-droughta|title=How severe is the drought?|last=Wolski|first=Piotr|date=Aug 2017|website=University of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayin da lokacin zafi mai bushewa ke gabatowa, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin ruwa na yanzu zuwa Mataki na 4B a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2017, sannan zuwa Mataki na 5 a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2017, inda aka haramta amfani da ruwa a waje da kuma ayyukan da ba su da muhimmanci sosai, tare da ƙarfafa amfani da ruwan wanka/wanki (grey water) don zubarwa a bayan gida, kuma aka yi niyyar iyakance yawan amfanin ruwa na kowane mutum zuwa lita 87 a rana, don jimillar amfani da lita miliyan 500 a rana gaba ɗaya birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; Sai dai kuma, sanya takunkumin Mataki na 5 ya zo tare da sanarwa mai rikitarwa game da iyakokin amfani da ruwa na gidaje, wanda hakan ya haifar da akasin haka ta hanyar ƙara yawan amfani da ruwa ga wasu mutane.&lt;ref name = &quot;Booysen&quot; /&gt;  
[[File:Behavioural response to messaging on the drought. .png|thumb|Martanin halayyar mutane game da saƙonni kan fari na Day Zero&lt;ref name=&quot;Booysen&quot;/&gt;
]]

A farkon watan Oktoba 2017, biyo bayan lokacin sanyi mai ƙarancin ruwan sama, an kiyasta cewa Cape Town tana da kusan watanni biyar na ajiyar ruwa kafin matakan ruwan su ƙare sarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; A cikin wannan watan ne kuma, Hukumar Birnin Cape Town ta fitar da shirin gaggawa na ruwa wanda za a aiwatar da shi a matakai daban-daban dangane da tsananin ƙarancin ruwan. Mataki na 1 (Phase 1) wanda ya ƙunshi &quot;rabon ruwa ta hanyar rage ƙarfin matsin ruwa na madatsun ruwa sosai&quot; an aiwatar da shi nan da nan. A Mataki na 2 (Phase 2), bayan &quot;Day Zero&quot;, za a kashe ruwa ga yawancin tsarin samar da ruwa in ban da wuraren da ke da muhimmancin gaske na samun ruwa. Mataki na 3 (Phase 3) zai kasance lokacin da Birnin ba zai iya sake jan ruwa daga madatsun ruwa na saman ƙasa a Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape ba, kuma za a sami ɗan ƙaramin lokaci kafin tsarin samar da ruwa gaba ɗaya ya gaza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Critical%20Water%20Shortages%20Disaster%20Plan%20Summary.pdf|title=Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan Summary|last=Bosman|first=Richard|date=October 2017|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-04-op-ed-the-city-of-cape-towns-critical-water-shortages-disaster-plan/#.WfwyhGiCyUl|title=Op-Ed: The City of Cape Town's Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan {{!}} Daily Maverick|last=De Lille|first=Patricia|date=4 October 2017|website=www.dailymaverick.co.za|publisher=City of Cape Town|language=en|access-date=3 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|title=Day Zero FAQs|date=5 April 2018|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719203400/http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===2018===
[[File:Theewaterskloof Dam 2018 02 10 (28425520089).jpg|thumb|right|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof tana kusan kashi 12% a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 2018]]
A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2018, Birnin ya ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 6 na lita 87 ga kowane mutum a rana guda. A watan Fabrairu 2018, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin zuwa Mataki na 6B inda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 50 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; Majalisar zartarwa ta lardin ta kuma sanar da cewa tana tsara tsare-tsare tare da Hukumar 'Yansandan Afirka ta Kudu don dabarun tura jami'ai a wuraren rarraba ruwa a duk faɗin Birnin bayan &quot;Day Zero&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-01-24-government-must-refund-cape-town-for-cost-of-managing-the-water-crisis/|title=Government must refund Cape Town for cost of managing the water crisis|date=24 January 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Theewaterskloof sandscape 2018-03-11.jpg|thumb|Babban ma'ajiyar ruwa ta Cape Town, Theewaterskloof, ta kasance a kashi 11% na ƙarfinta a watan Maris 2018]]

A tsakiyar watan Janairu 2018, tsohuwar magajiyar garin Cape Town Patricia de Lille ta sanar da cewa Birnin zai tilas ya kashe mafi yawan hanyoyin samar da ruwa na gundumomi idan yanayi bai canza ba. Za a ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 7, wato &quot;Day Zero&quot;, lokacin da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa ga Birnin ya kai kashi 13.5 cikin dari. Za a kashe mafi yawan famfunan ruwa na birni, kuma mazauna gari za su dogara ne da wuraren karɓar ruwa guda 149 a kewayen Birnin don karɓar rabon ruwa na yau da kullun na lita 25 ga kowane mutum.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|title=JP Smith answers Day Zero questions: 'It's going to be really unpleasant'|last1=Harrison|first1=Aletta|last2=Janse van Rensburg|first2=Alet|date=26 January 2018|publisher=News24|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216222015/https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|title=Borehole rules? Can you use sea water to flush? – The City of Cape Town answers your questions|date=30 January 2018|publisher=GroundUp|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913113205/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan zai ƙara shafar tattalin arzikin Cape Town, domin ma'aikata za su buƙaci ɗaukar hutu daga wuraren aiki don yin layi jiran ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;In Trouble&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/cape-town-south-africa-water-crisis/|title='I Knew We Were in Trouble.' What It's Like to Live Through Cape Town's Massive Water Crisis|magazine=Time|access-date=2018-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Za a ci gaba da samar da ruwa a tsakiyar yankin kasuwanci na Birnin (CBD), da kuma matsugunai na wucin gadi (inda dama tuni ake karɓar ruwa daga tsakiyar wurare) da kuma muhimman ayyuka kamar asibitoci. A lokacin da aka yi sanarwar, an kiyasta cewa &quot;Day Zero&quot; zai kasance a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 2018, amma jim kaɗan bayan haka aka sake duba shi zuwa 12 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5103259/cape-town-water-crisis/|title=Cape Town Is 90 Days Away From Running Out of Water|last=Baker|first=Aryn|date=15 January 2018|magazine=Time|access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/drought-stricken-cape-town-south-africa-run-water/story?id=52402170|title=Drought-stricken Cape Town, South Africa, could run out of water by April's 'day zero'|last=Thom|first=Liezl|date=17 January 2018|work=ABC News|access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/01/23/day-zero-brought-forward-ct-officials-prepare-for-worst|title=Day Zero Brought Forward, CT Officials Prepare for Worst|last=Brandt|first=Kevin|date=23 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kiyasin &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya ginu ne bisa canje-canje na mako biyu a matakan ajiyar madatsun ruwa, tare da zaton cewa ƙarancin zai ci gaba ba tare da sauyi ba, ba tare da ƙarin ruwan sama ko canji a buƙatar ruwa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;neilson20Feb&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Defeating%20Day%20Zero%20is%20in%20sight%20if%20we%20sustain%20our%20water-saving%20efforts|title=Statement by the City's Executive Mayor, Alderman Ian Neilson: Defeating Day Zero is in sight if we sustain our water-saving efforts|last=Neilson|first=Ian|date=20 February 2018|publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amfani da ruwa na gidaje da na aikin gona ya ragu sosai ƙarƙashin sabbin takunkumin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot; /&gt; Wannan ya bai wa Birnin damar tura kiyasin &quot;Day Zero&quot; baya a matakai daban-daban, kuma a ranar 28 ga Yuni aka jinkirta &quot;Day Zero&quot; har zuwa wani lokaci da ba a bayyana ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;neilson20Feb&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zero Delayed&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/05/africa/cape-town-day-zero-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town 'Day Zero' delayed as agricultural water use drops|last=Said-Moorhouse|first=Lauren|date=5 February 2018|publisher=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/02/south-africa-day-pushed-june-180215094221289.html|title=South Africa: Day Zero pushed back to June|website=aljazeera.com|date=2018-02-15|access-date=2018-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/01/africa/cape-town-water-crisis-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town cuts water use limit by nearly half|last1=Said-Moorhouse|first1=Lauren|date=1 February 2018|publisher=CNN|access-date=2018-02-03|last2=Mezzofiore|first2=Gianluca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kyakkyawan ruwan sama na lokacin sanyi a shekarar 2018 ya haifar da hauhawar matakan madatsun ruwa, sai dai Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta ƙasa ta sanar da cewa takunkumin ruwa na baki ɗaya zai ci gaba da kasancewa har sai matakan ruwan sun kai kashi 85 cikin dari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-edges-closer-to-an-end-to-the-drought-as-dam-levels-continue-to-rise-20180712|title=Western Cape edges closer to an end to the drought as dam levels continue to rise|date=12 July 2018|publisher=News24|access-date=12 July 2018|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713202149/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-edges-closer-to-an-end-to-the-drought-as-dam-levels-continue-to-rise-20180712|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumba, tare da matakan madatsun ruwa kusa da kashi 70 cikin dari zuwa ƙarshen lokacin damina, birnin ya rage takunkumin amfani da ruwa na masu amfani daga mataki na 6B zuwa mataki na 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;/&gt; Matakan madatsun ruwa sun kai kololuwa a kashi 76 cikin dari. A watan Nuwamba, an rage takunkumin zuwa Mataki na 3, ko lita 105 ga kowane mutum a rana guda.
Ƙarƙashin takunkumin Mataki na 3, ana iya amfani da ruwan famfo na birni don shayar da lambuna a takaitattun lokuta, ta amfani da rariyar shayarwa ko boka amma ba bututun roba (hose) ba, don wanke motoci ta amfani da boka, da kuma cika wuraren ninkaya muddin wurin ninkayar yana sanye da murfi don hana daskarewa ko kafeewar ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures%2C%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Level%203%20water%20restrictions%20FAQs.pdf|title=Level 3 Water Restrictions (2018)|date=30 November 2018|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=29 November 2018|archive-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129184323/http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures%2C%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Level%203%20water%20restrictions%20FAQs.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilai ==
=== Fari mai tsanani ===
Sanadin faruwar matsalar ruwan kai-tsaye shi ne fari mai tsanani da ya auku daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2017 wanda ya wuce ƙa'idodin tsare-tsare na Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli. Bincike kan bayanan yanayi na dogon lokaci da Ƙungiyar Nazarin Tsarin Yanayi (Climate System Analysis Group) ta gudanar a Jami'ar Cape Town ya tabbatar da cewa ƙarancin ruwan sama tsakanin shekarun 2015 da 2017 ya kasance babban al'amari mai wuyar gaske kuma mai tsananin gaske.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.csag.uct.ac.za/2018/01/22/facts-are-few-opinions-plenty-on-drought-severity-again/|title=Facts are few, opinions plenty… on drought severity again|website=www.csag.uct.ac.za|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ragewar yanayin ruwan sama yana da alaƙa da sauye-sauye masu faɗi a cikin zirga-zirgar sararin samaniya da na teku, gami da sauyin alkibla zuwa kusa da pole na hanyoyin raba ruwan sanyi na Kudancin Hemisphere tsakanin 2015–17, sauyin jet-stream da haɓakar matsin lamba na South Atlantic High.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sousa|first1=Pedro M.|last2=Blamey|first2=R.|last3=Reason|first3=C.J.C.|last4=Ramos|first4=A.M.|last5=Trigo|first5=R.M.|date=2018|title=The 'Day Zero' Cape Town drought and the poleward migration of moisture corridors|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=13|issue=12|pages=124025|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aaebc7|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shekarar 2017 ita shekara mafi bushewa tun daga shekarar 1933, kuma mai yiwuwa ma kafin hakan, tunda babu bayanan kwatankwacin hakan kafin 1933. An kuma gano cewa fari mai tsananin haka a ƙididdigance zai iya aukuwa sau ɗaya kacal a kowace shekara 300.&lt;ref name=&quot;csag&quot; /&gt;

=== Gudanar da buƙatu da samar da ruwa na dogon lokaci ===
Yawan jama'ar Birnin Cape Town ya ƙaru daga mazauna miliyan 2.4 a shekarar 1995 zuwa kiyasin mutane miliyan 4.1 a shekarar 2015, wanda ke nuna haɓakar kashi 71 cikin dari na jama'a a cikin shekaru 20, yayin da ajiyar ruwan madatsun ruwa ya ƙaru da kashi 17 cikin dari kacal a daidai wannan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/cape-town-population/|title=Cape Town Population 2019|website=World Population Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tasirin ƙaruwar jama'a akan buƙatar ruwa masana galibi suna rage masa daraja, tunda hasashen yakan gaza yin lissafin cikakken amfani da ruwa na mutum na kaidin fakaici ta hanyar samar da abinci da kayayyakin masarufi.&lt;ref&gt;Schutte, C. F., &amp; Pretorius, W. A. (1997). Water demand and population growth. ''WATER SA-PRETORIA-'', ''23'', 127–134.&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2007, Ma'aikatar Al'amuran Ruwa da Gandun Daji ta yi hasashen cewa ci gaban buƙata akan Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape zai wuce iyakar abin da ake samarwa idan ba a aiwatar da matakan kiyaye ruwa da gudanar da buƙatun ruwa ba ta hannun Birnin da sauran hukumomin gundumomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCWRSNewsletterMarch09&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/19/WCWRSNewsletterMarch09.pdf|title=Western Cape Water Reconciliation Strategy Newsletter 5|date=March 2009|publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ƙaruwa ta buƙatun dogon lokaci tana daɗa ta'azzara sakamakon matsin lamba akan samar da ruwa na dogon lokaci, gami da bazuwar baƙon shuke-shuke da canjin yanayi. Bazuwar baƙon shuke-shuke masu shan ruwa da yawa a mahimman yankunan tattara ruwa ya rage samar da ruwa zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof da kiyasin mita mai siffar sili guda miliyan 30 a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An sami ƙaruwar digiri ɗaya na ma'aunin Celsius a yanayin zafi cikin ƙarni da suka gabata kuma ƙididdigar na'ura ta yi hasashen cewa matsakaicin zafi a Cape Town zai ƙaru da wani digiri 0.25 na Celsius a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, wanda hakan na iya ƙara yuwuwa da tsananin fari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Buis |first1=Alan |date=2020-09-08 |title=Making Sense of 'Climate Sensitivity': New Study Narrows the Range of Uncertainty in Future Climate Projections |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/ask-nasa-climate/3017/making-sense-of-climate-sensitivity/ |access-date=14 January 2022 |website=NASA: Climate Change and Global Warming |publisher=NASA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, ba a nuna tasirin canjin yanayi sosai ba a cikin tsarin yanayi na yanzu: Helen Zille, Firimiyan Western Cape, ta ce Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Afirka ta Kudu ba ta yi tsammanin fari mai tsanani ba har sai bayan wasu shekaru 10.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-01-26-zille-tries-to-blame-it-on-the-weatherman/|title=Zille tries to blame it on the weatherman|last=Petra|first=Saal|date=Jan 2018|work=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gazawar gwamnati ===
Hukumar gaggawa ta gundumomi, na lardi, da na ƙasa suna raba alhakin samar da ruwa. Dokar Ruwa ta Ƙasa (Dokar 36 ta 1998) ta tsara cewa gwamnatin ƙasa ita ce &quot;atoni na jama'a&quot; na albarkatun ruwa na ƙasar don tabbatar da cewa ana &quot;kariya, amfani, haɓakawa, kiyayewa, gudanarwa da sarrafa ruwa cikin dorewa da adalci, don amfanin kowa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Facts and Myths&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/facts-and-myths-about-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=Facts and myths about Cape Town's water crisis|date=Jan 2018|work=GroundUp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haifar da takaddama tsakanin gwamnatin gunduma da ta lardi da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin jam'iyyar adawa (Democratic Alliance, DA) a gefe guda, da kuma gwamnatin ƙasa mai rinjaye a ɗayan gefen (African National Congress, ANC), inda jam'iyyun ke zargin juna da laifin haddasa matsalar ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saunderson-Meyer&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saundersonmeyer-drought-commentary/commentary-in-drought-hit-south-africa-the-politics-of-water-idUSKBN1FP226|title=Commentary: In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water|last=Saunderson-Meyer|first=William|work=U.S.|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sukar DA saboda rashin tunanin gaba wajen samar da sabbin hanyoyin ruwa da ababen more rayuwa, yayin da ake zargin ANC da hana bayar da kuɗaɗe domin gurgunta tare da kunyata gwamnatin da DA ke jagoranta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-03-07-day-zero-heroes-maimane-hails-water-wise-capetonians-as-crisis-recedes/|title='Day Zero heroes': Maimane hails water-wise Capetonians as crisis recedes|last=Hyman|first=Aron|date=Mar 2018|work=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda rahoton ƙungiyar South African Water Caucus ya nuna, tarin bashi da almundahana mai yawa a Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na iya zama dalilin gazawarta na karɓar buƙatar Western Cape ta R35 miliyan (Dalar Amurka miliyan 3) don ƙara samar da ruwa da ababen more rayuwa a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://emg.org.za/images/downloads/water_cl_ch/SAWC_State-of-DWS-Report.pdf|title=REPORT ON THE STATE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION|website=South African Water Caucus|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925190453/https://www.emg.org.za/images/downloads/water_cl_ch/SAWC_State-of-DWS-Report.pd|archive-date=25 September 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Helen Zille, Firimiyan Western Cape, ta yi kiran da gwamnatin ƙasa ta mayar wa Birnin Cape Town kuɗaɗen da aka kashe wajen tafiyar da matsalar ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan24&quot; /&gt;

A tsakiyar watan Oktoba 2017, wasu kamfanonin raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination) sun soki Birnin saboda tafiyar hawainiya wajen sayan kayayyaki, yawan tsarin mulki na ofis (bureaucracy), rashin nuna gaggawa, da rashin isassun sikelin ayyukan samar da ruwa da aka tsara. A watan Janairu 2018, a matsayin martani ga wani rahoto mai tsanani da ya soki Birnin Cape Town saboda gaza magance bala'in cikin dacewa da lokaci da sauran gazawar shugabanci, hukumar zartarwa ta tarayya ta DA ta yanke shawarar cire magajiyar garin Cape Town Patricia de Lille daga jagorancin tawagar da ke magance matsalar fari, inda aka maye gurbinta da Mmusi Maimane, jagoran jam'iyyar DA gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/cape-town-water-crisis-crossing-state-and-party-lines-isnt-the-answer-90861|title=Cape Town Water Crisis Crossing State and Party Lines|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Polweb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/cape-town-city-manager-given-special-powers-to-dea|title=Cape Town city manager given special powers to deal with water crisis – NEWS &amp; ANALYSIS|last=News24|date=26 October 2017|website=www.politicsweb.co.za|language=en|access-date=2017-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="36249" sha1="k5sbub5x8pja29mut3fjzt2a3waoh9p" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Cape_Town_water_crisis_graph.svg|right|thumb|400x400px|Hotunan jimlar ruwan da aka adana a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa shida na Western Cape (blue) da kuma matakin hana ruwa na birnin Cape Town (orange) daga Nuwamba 2013 zuwa Agusta 2021.]]
'''Rikicin ruwan Cape Town''' a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ya kasance shekaru da yawa a cikin 2015-2020 na karancin ruwa a yankin Western Cape, wanda ya fi shafar birnin Cape Town . Matsakaicin ruwan madatsar ruwan ya fara raguwa a shekarar 2015 kuma matsalar ruwan Cape Town ta kai kololuwa a tsakiyar shekarar 2017 zuwa tsakiyar 2018 lokacin da ruwan ya kai tsakanin kashi 14 zuwa 29 na yawan karfin madatsar ruwa.

A ƙarshen 2017, an fara ambaton tsare-tsare na &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, taƙaitaccen bayani game da ranar da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Birni zai iya faɗi ƙasa da kashi 13.5. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cassim |first=Zaheer |date=19 January 2018 |title=Cape Town could be the first major city in the world to run out of water |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/01/19/cape-town-could-first-major-city-run-out-water/1047237001/ |website=USA Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Poplak |first=Richard |date=15 February 2018 |title=What's Actually Behind Cape Town's Water Crisis |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/cape-town-water-crisis/553076/ |access-date=22 February 2018 |website=The Atlantic}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=York |first=Geoffrey |date=8 March 2018 |title=Cape Town residents become 'guinea pigs for the world' with water-conservation campaign |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/cape-town-residents-become-guinea-pigs-for-the-world-with-water-conservationcampaign/article38257004/ |website=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya zama lokaci don nuna farkon matakan hana ruwa na Mataki na 7, lokacin da za a kashe kayan ruwa na birni da yawa kuma ana tunanin cewa mazauna za su iya yin layi don rabon ruwa na yau da kullun. Idan da hakan ta faru, da hakan zai sanya birnin Cape Town ya zama babban birni na farko a duniya da ya kaure da karancin ruwan sha a cikin kananan hukumomin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Day Zero, when is it, what is it and how can we avoid it |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Day%20Zero%20when%20is%20it,%20what%20is%20it,%20and%20how%20can%20we%20avoid%20it |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Rikicin ruwa na Cape Town ya faru a daidai lokacin da fari na Gabashin Cape, wanda ke cikin wani yanki na daban a kusa.

Birnin Cape Town ya aiwatar da tsauraran matakan hana ruwa a wani yunkuri na dakile amfani da ruwa, wanda ya rage yawan ruwan da yake amfani da shi na yau da kullum da fiye da rabi zuwa kusan lita miliyan 500 (130,000,000 US gal) a kowace rana a cikin Maris 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Narrandes |first=Nidha |date=14 March 2018 |title=Cape Town water usage lower than ever |url=http://www.capetownetc.com/water-crisis/water-usage-further-reduced-in-cape-town/ |publisher=Cape Town etc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Faduwar amfani da ruwa ya sa birnin ya jinkirta kiyasin &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, kuma ruwan sama mai karfi ya fara farfadowa a watan Yuni 1.  A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, tare da matakan dam kusa da kashi 70, birnin ya fara sauƙaƙe ƙuntatawa na ruwa, wanda ke nuna cewa mafi munin matsalar ruwa ya ƙare. &lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pitt |first=Christina |date=10 September 2018 |title=City of Cape Town relaxes water restrictions, tariffs to Level 5 |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212034631/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |archive-date=12 December 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |website=News24 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan sama mai kyau a cikin 2020 yadda ya kamata ya karya fari kuma ya haifar da karancin ruwa lokacin da matakan madatsar ruwa ya kai kashi 95 cikin dari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-07 |title=After the drought: Cape Town's gushing water |url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/after-drought-cape-towns-gushing-water/ |access-date=2020-09-11 |website=[[GroundUp News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fage ==
[[Fayil:Cape_Water_map_dams.png|thumb|274x274px|Taswirar manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa zuwa Cape Town]]
Yankin Cape Town yana fuskantar yanayi na Bahar Rum tare da dumi, bushewar lokacin rani da ruwan sama na hunturu. Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Yammacin Cape ya dogara kusan gaba ɗaya akan ruwan sama, wanda ake kamawa kuma ana adana shi a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida da ke cikin wuraren tsaunuka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Welz |first=Adam |date=1 March 2018 |title=Awaiting Day Zero: Cape Town Faces an Uncertain Water Future |url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/awaiting-day-zero-cape-town-faces-an-uncertain-water-future |publisher=Yale Environment 360}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana yin cajin madatsun ruwa ne ta hanyar ruwan sama da ke faɗowa a yankunan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, galibi a lokacin sanyi na watanni na Mayu zuwa Agusta, kuma matakan dam ɗin suna raguwa a lokacin rani na watanni na Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu inda amfani da ruwa na birane ke ƙaruwa kuma ana samun ban ruwa a yankunan noma.

Amfani da birane da aikin gona yana cinye kusan kashi 70 da kashi 30 bisa 100 na jimillar ruwan da tsarin samar da ruwan sha na Western Cape ke bayarwa, tare da sauye-sauye na yanayi.   A cikin zamanin bayan [[Apartheid|wariyar launin fata]], kuma a ƙarƙashin tsarin Tsarin [[Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Afirka ta Kudu|Ruwa na Kyauta na Kyauta]], Birnin Cape Town ya karɓi tsarin haɓaka tsarin jadawalin kuɗin fito don farashin ruwa, wanda aka azabtar da mafi girma masu amfani da ruwa tare da mafi girman jadawalin kuɗin fito don hana amfani, yayin da aka saita jadawalin farko block a (kusa) sifili don tabbatar da samun daidaiton ruwa zuwa kowane matakin asali na Afirka ta Kudu.  Magidanta masu rahusa masu rijista a Cape Town tare da haɗin kai tsaye da ruwa da tsafta suna karɓar lita 6 000 na farko a kowane wata na ruwa kyauta, kuma ana cajin kuɗin fito ne kawai don cinyewa sama da adadin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services and costs in formal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-and-costs-for-formal-housing |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt; Magidanta a ƙauyuka na yau da kullun ana ba da ruwa daga famfun jama'a da kuma amfani da bandakunan jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services in informal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family+and+home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-in-informal-settlements |website=City of Cape Town }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ga manoman da ke samun ruwa daga Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape, ana duba su da allunan ban ruwa da ƙungiyoyi masu amfani da ruwa. Manoman da yawa kuma suna shiga tsarin rarraba ban ruwa (daga takamaiman kwararar kogi), kuma suna da madatsun ruwa masu zaman kansu da [[Rijiyar burtsatse|rijiyoyin burtsatse]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Water File |url=http://www.wwf.org.za/water/?25441/Agricultural-water-file-Farming-for-a-drier-future |website=Worldwide Fund for Nature}}&lt;/ref&gt; Birnin ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba sa samun riba a kan siyar da ruwa, kuma manufofin farashin ruwa na ƙoƙarin daidaita daidaito, daidaito da buƙatun dawo da farashi. 

Zamanin ƙarancin ruwan sama na hunturu a 2000-2001 da 2003-2004 ya haifar da hana ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;WCDM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Basholo |first=Zolile |date=4 February 2016 |title=Overview of Water Demand Management Initiatives: A City of Cape Town Approach |url=https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Water-Sector-Desk-Content/CoCT-WCWDM-presentation-Z-Basholo-Western-Cape-Water-Forum-160204-2016.pdf |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin 2003, Birnin ya shiga yarjejeniya tare da Sashen Ruwa da Dazuzzuka na lokacin don gina madatsar ruwa ta Berg da Tsarin kari sannan kuma ta fara kula da bukatar ruwa. A shekarar 2009, an karu da karfin ajiyar madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Cape Town da kashi 17 cikin 100 daga 768 zuwa miliyan 898 cubic meters lokacin da aka kammala aikin madatsar ruwan Berg da kuma shirin samar da kayayyaki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cape Town&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2009 |title=Cape Town's water supply boosted |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102756/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-date=27 March 2009 |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2015, Birnin Cape Town ya sami babbar lambar yabo ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da sanin ƙoƙarinsu na Kula da Ruwa da Buƙatun Ruwa (WCWDM). Cape Town ya yi nasara musamman wajen rage asarar ruwa ta hanyar yoyon fitsari, inda aka samu asarar ruwa da kashi 14 cikin dari, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin kashi 35 cikin dari na kasa. Dokokin sun kuma fayyace cewa ya kamata a samar da ingantattun kayan aikin ruwa da Ofishin Ma'auni na Afirka ta Kudu ya amince da shi don duk sabbin ci gaba da gyare-gyare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=C40 Cities Awards 2015 |url=https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |access-date=2025-08-12 |archive-date=2021-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923092342/https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Jeron Lokaci ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;cellpadding=&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em; text-align:center; font-size:95%&quot;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th colspan=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;&gt;Matakan ruwa a matsayin kashi na jimillar ƙarfin madatsun ruwa ta shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/whats-causing-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=What's causing Cape Town's water crisis?|last=Bohatch|first=Trevor|date=16 May 2017|publisher=Ground Up|location=Cape Town|language=en|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
|-
! Manyan madatsun ruwa
! Ƙarfi (megalitres)
! 17 Mayu 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-utility-services/residential-water-and-sanitation-services/this-weeks-dam-levels|title=City of Cape Town: Dam Levels|date=18 May 2021|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;!!18 Mayu 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=18 May 2020|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 13 Mayu 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=13 May 2019|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=22 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 14 Mayu 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|title=Water Dashboard|date=Mar 2019|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-date=7 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207180447/http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 15 Mayu 2017 !! 15 Mayu 2016 !! 15 Mayu 2015 !! 15 Mayu 2014
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Berg River|| 130,010
|76.1||65.6||68.1|| 39.2|| 32.4|| 27.2|| 54.0|| 90.5
|-
|Steenbras Lower|| 33,517
|58.0||48.4||38.6|| 35.4|| 26.5|| 37.6|| 47.9|| 39.6
|-
|Steenbras Upper|| 31,767
|54.2||96.5||65.0|| 59.6|| 56.7|| 56.9|| 57.8|| 79.1
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof|| 480,188
|75.2||50.2||36.1|| 12.0|| 15.0|| 31.3|| 51.3|| 74.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Voelvlei|| 164,095
|58.3||50.4||55.4|| 14.5|| 17.2|| 21.3|| 42.5|| 59.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Wemmershoek|| 58,644
|59.1||43.3||43.6|| 48.4|| 36.0|| 48.5|| 50.5|| 58.8
|-
| Jimillar da aka ajiye (megalitres) || 898,221
|626,907||481,370||411,849|| 191,843|| 190,300|| 279,954|| 450,429 || 646,137
|-
|'''Jimillar % na Ma'ajiya'''||100
|'''69.8'''||'''53.6'''||'''45.9'''||'''21.4'''||'''21.2'''||'''31.2'''||'''50.1'''||'''71.9'''
|}

===2015–2016===
Bayan samun kyakkyawan ruwan sama a shekarun 2013 da 2014, Birnin Cape Town ya fara fuskantar fari a shekarar 2015, wanda shi ne na farko cikin shekaru uku a jere na lokutan sanyi marasa ruwa da suka auku, mai yiwuwa sanadiyyar tsarin yanayi na El Niño ko kuma canjin yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AfricaC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://africacheck.org/2016/02/03/frequently-asked-questions-about-south-africas-drought|title=Frequently asked questions about South Africa's drought|date=3 February 2016|publisher=Africa Check|language=en|location=Cape Town|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matakan ruwa a madatsun ruwan Birnin sun ragu daga kashi 71.9 cikin dari a shekarar 2014 zuwa kashi 50.1 cikin dari a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot; /&gt; A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016, hukumar Birnin ta ɗaukaka tsoffin takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 1 (Level 1) tun na shekarar 2005 zuwa Mataki na 2 (Level 2), kuma a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2016 ta sake ɗaukaka shi zuwa Mataki na 3 (Level 3), lokacin da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta wallafa takunkumin amfani da ruwa na hukuma don birane da aikin gona. Kuma babban farin da ya shafi sauran sassan Afirka ta Kudu ya ƙare a watan Agusta 2016 lokacin da aka sami babban ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin ƙasar,&lt;ref name=&quot;encarain&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|title=Southern Africa faces floods after drought|last=Masinde|first=Muthoni|date=18 August 2016|access-date=2017-06-01|archive-date=1 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101190233/https://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma farin na lardin Western Cape ya ci gaba da wanzuwa.

===2017===
Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin amfani da ruwa zuwa Mataki na 3B a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2017, kuma a ƙarshen lokacin rani a watan Mayu 2017, an ayyana farin a matsayin mafi muni da Birnin ya taɓa fuskanta a cikin ƙarni guda, inda ruwan da ke cikin madatsun ruwa ya kasance ƙasa da kashi 10 cikin dari na ƙarfin amfaninsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/31/africa/cape-town-drought/index.html|title=Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century|last=Van Dam|first=Derek|website=CNN.com|publisher=CNN|date=31 May 2017|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 4 a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2017, wanda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 100 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;level4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|title=City of Cape Town approves Level 4 water restrictions|last=Etheridge|first=Jenna|date=31 May 2017|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429230521/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jimillar ruwan sama da aka samu a shekarar 2017 ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta tun lokacin da aka fara riƙe bayanan ruwan sama a shekarar 1933.&lt;ref name=&quot;csag&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2017-08-31-how-severe-is-the-droughta|title=How severe is the drought?|last=Wolski|first=Piotr|date=Aug 2017|website=University of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayin da lokacin zafi mai bushewa ke gabatowa, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin ruwa na yanzu zuwa Mataki na 4B a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2017, sannan zuwa Mataki na 5 a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2017, inda aka haramta amfani da ruwa a waje da kuma ayyukan da ba su da muhimmanci sosai, tare da ƙarfafa amfani da ruwan wanka/wanki (grey water) don zubarwa a bayan gida, kuma aka yi niyyar iyakance yawan amfanin ruwa na kowane mutum zuwa lita 87 a rana, don jimillar amfani da lita miliyan 500 a rana gaba ɗaya birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; Sai dai kuma, sanya takunkumin Mataki na 5 ya zo tare da sanarwa mai rikitarwa game da iyakokin amfani da ruwa na gidaje, wanda hakan ya haifar da akasin haka ta hanyar ƙara yawan amfani da ruwa ga wasu mutane.&lt;ref name = &quot;Booysen&quot; /&gt;  
[[File:Behavioural response to messaging on the drought. .png|thumb|Martanin halayyar mutane game da saƙonni kan fari na Day Zero&lt;ref name=&quot;Booysen&quot;/&gt;
]]

A farkon watan Oktoba 2017, biyo bayan lokacin sanyi mai ƙarancin ruwan sama, an kiyasta cewa Cape Town tana da kusan watanni biyar na ajiyar ruwa kafin matakan ruwan su ƙare sarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; A cikin wannan watan ne kuma, Hukumar Birnin Cape Town ta fitar da shirin gaggawa na ruwa wanda za a aiwatar da shi a matakai daban-daban dangane da tsananin ƙarancin ruwan. Mataki na 1 (Phase 1) wanda ya ƙunshi &quot;rabon ruwa ta hanyar rage ƙarfin matsin ruwa na madatsun ruwa sosai&quot; an aiwatar da shi nan da nan. A Mataki na 2 (Phase 2), bayan &quot;Day Zero&quot;, za a kashe ruwa ga yawancin tsarin samar da ruwa in ban da wuraren da ke da muhimmancin gaske na samun ruwa. Mataki na 3 (Phase 3) zai kasance lokacin da Birnin ba zai iya sake jan ruwa daga madatsun ruwa na saman ƙasa a Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape ba, kuma za a sami ɗan ƙaramin lokaci kafin tsarin samar da ruwa gaba ɗaya ya gaza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Critical%20Water%20Shortages%20Disaster%20Plan%20Summary.pdf|title=Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan Summary|last=Bosman|first=Richard|date=October 2017|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-04-op-ed-the-city-of-cape-towns-critical-water-shortages-disaster-plan/#.WfwyhGiCyUl|title=Op-Ed: The City of Cape Town's Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan {{!}} Daily Maverick|last=De Lille|first=Patricia|date=4 October 2017|website=www.dailymaverick.co.za|publisher=City of Cape Town|language=en|access-date=3 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|title=Day Zero FAQs|date=5 April 2018|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719203400/http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===2018===
[[File:Theewaterskloof Dam 2018 02 10 (28425520089).jpg|thumb|right|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof tana kusan kashi 12% a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 2018]]
A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2018, Birnin ya ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 6 na lita 87 ga kowane mutum a rana guda. A watan Fabrairu 2018, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin zuwa Mataki na 6B inda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 50 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; Majalisar zartarwa ta lardin ta kuma sanar da cewa tana tsara tsare-tsare tare da Hukumar 'Yansandan Afirka ta Kudu don dabarun tura jami'ai a wuraren rarraba ruwa a duk faɗin Birnin bayan &quot;Day Zero&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-01-24-government-must-refund-cape-town-for-cost-of-managing-the-water-crisis/|title=Government must refund Cape Town for cost of managing the water crisis|date=24 January 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Theewaterskloof sandscape 2018-03-11.jpg|thumb|Babban ma'ajiyar ruwa ta Cape Town, Theewaterskloof, ta kasance a kashi 11% na ƙarfinta a watan Maris 2018]]

A tsakiyar watan Janairu 2018, tsohuwar magajiyar garin Cape Town Patricia de Lille ta sanar da cewa Birnin zai tilas ya kashe mafi yawan hanyoyin samar da ruwa na gundumomi idan yanayi bai canza ba. Za a ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 7, wato &quot;Day Zero&quot;, lokacin da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa ga Birnin ya kai kashi 13.5 cikin dari. Za a kashe mafi yawan famfunan ruwa na birni, kuma mazauna gari za su dogara ne da wuraren karɓar ruwa guda 149 a kewayen Birnin don karɓar rabon ruwa na yau da kullun na lita 25 ga kowane mutum.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|title=JP Smith answers Day Zero questions: 'It's going to be really unpleasant'|last1=Harrison|first1=Aletta|last2=Janse van Rensburg|first2=Alet|date=26 January 2018|publisher=News24|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216222015/https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|title=Borehole rules? Can you use sea water to flush? – The City of Cape Town answers your questions|date=30 January 2018|publisher=GroundUp|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913113205/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan zai ƙara shafar tattalin arzikin Cape Town, domin ma'aikata za su buƙaci ɗaukar hutu daga wuraren aiki don yin layi jiran ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;In Trouble&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/cape-town-south-africa-water-crisis/|title='I Knew We Were in Trouble.' What It's Like to Live Through Cape Town's Massive Water Crisis|magazine=Time|access-date=2018-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Za a ci gaba da samar da ruwa a tsakiyar yankin kasuwanci na Birnin (CBD), da kuma matsugunai na wucin gadi (inda dama tuni ake karɓar ruwa daga tsakiyar wurare) da kuma muhimman ayyuka kamar asibitoci. A lokacin da aka yi sanarwar, an kiyasta cewa &quot;Day Zero&quot; zai kasance a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 2018, amma jim kaɗan bayan haka aka sake duba shi zuwa 12 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5103259/cape-town-water-crisis/|title=Cape Town Is 90 Days Away From Running Out of Water|last=Baker|first=Aryn|date=15 January 2018|magazine=Time|access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/drought-stricken-cape-town-south-africa-run-water/story?id=52402170|title=Drought-stricken Cape Town, South Africa, could run out of water by April's 'day zero'|last=Thom|first=Liezl|date=17 January 2018|work=ABC News|access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/01/23/day-zero-brought-forward-ct-officials-prepare-for-worst|title=Day Zero Brought Forward, CT Officials Prepare for Worst|last=Brandt|first=Kevin|date=23 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kiyasin &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya ginu ne bisa canje-canje na mako biyu a matakan ajiyar madatsun ruwa, tare da zaton cewa ƙarancin zai ci gaba ba tare da sauyi ba, ba tare da ƙarin ruwan sama ko canji a buƙatar ruwa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;neilson20Feb&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Defeating%20Day%20Zero%20is%20in%20sight%20if%20we%20sustain%20our%20water-saving%20efforts|title=Statement by the City's Executive Mayor, Alderman Ian Neilson: Defeating Day Zero is in sight if we sustain our water-saving efforts|last=Neilson|first=Ian|date=20 February 2018|publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amfani da ruwa na gidaje da na aikin gona ya ragu sosai ƙarƙashin sabbin takunkumin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot; /&gt; Wannan ya bai wa Birnin damar tura kiyasin &quot;Day Zero&quot; baya a matakai daban-daban, kuma a ranar 28 ga Yuni aka jinkirta &quot;Day Zero&quot; har zuwa wani lokaci da ba a bayyana ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;neilson20Feb&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zero Delayed&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/05/africa/cape-town-day-zero-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town 'Day Zero' delayed as agricultural water use drops|last=Said-Moorhouse|first=Lauren|date=5 February 2018|publisher=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/02/south-africa-day-pushed-june-180215094221289.html|title=South Africa: Day Zero pushed back to June|website=aljazeera.com|date=2018-02-15|access-date=2018-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/01/africa/cape-town-water-crisis-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town cuts water use limit by nearly half|last1=Said-Moorhouse|first1=Lauren|date=1 February 2018|publisher=CNN|access-date=2018-02-03|last2=Mezzofiore|first2=Gianluca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kyakkyawan ruwan sama na lokacin sanyi a shekarar 2018 ya haifar da hauhawar matakan madatsun ruwa, sai dai Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta ƙasa ta sanar da cewa takunkumin ruwa na baki ɗaya zai ci gaba da kasancewa har sai matakan ruwan sun kai kashi 85 cikin dari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-edges-closer-to-an-end-to-the-drought-as-dam-levels-continue-to-rise-20180712|title=Western Cape edges closer to an end to the drought as dam levels continue to rise|date=12 July 2018|publisher=News24|access-date=12 July 2018|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713202149/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-edges-closer-to-an-end-to-the-drought-as-dam-levels-continue-to-rise-20180712|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumba, tare da matakan madatsun ruwa kusa da kashi 70 cikin dari zuwa ƙarshen lokacin damina, birnin ya rage takunkumin amfani da ruwa na masu amfani daga mataki na 6B zuwa mataki na 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;/&gt; Matakan madatsun ruwa sun kai kololuwa a kashi 76 cikin dari. A watan Nuwamba, an rage takunkumin zuwa Mataki na 3, ko lita 105 ga kowane mutum a rana guda.
Ƙarƙashin takunkumin Mataki na 3, ana iya amfani da ruwan famfo na birni don shayar da lambuna a takaitattun lokuta, ta amfani da rariyar shayarwa ko boka amma ba bututun roba (hose) ba, don wanke motoci ta amfani da boka, da kuma cika wuraren ninkaya muddin wurin ninkayar yana sanye da murfi don hana daskarewa ko kafeewar ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures%2C%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Level%203%20water%20restrictions%20FAQs.pdf|title=Level 3 Water Restrictions (2018)|date=30 November 2018|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=29 November 2018|archive-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129184323/http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures%2C%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Level%203%20water%20restrictions%20FAQs.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilai ==
=== Fari mai tsanani ===
Sanadin faruwar matsalar ruwan kai-tsaye shi ne fari mai tsanani da ya auku daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2017 wanda ya wuce ƙa'idodin tsare-tsare na Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli. Bincike kan bayanan yanayi na dogon lokaci da Ƙungiyar Nazarin Tsarin Yanayi (Climate System Analysis Group) ta gudanar a Jami'ar Cape Town ya tabbatar da cewa ƙarancin ruwan sama tsakanin shekarun 2015 da 2017 ya kasance babban al'amari mai wuyar gaske kuma mai tsananin gaske.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.csag.uct.ac.za/2018/01/22/facts-are-few-opinions-plenty-on-drought-severity-again/|title=Facts are few, opinions plenty… on drought severity again|website=www.csag.uct.ac.za|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ragewar yanayin ruwan sama yana da alaƙa da sauye-sauye masu faɗi a cikin zirga-zirgar sararin samaniya da na teku, gami da sauyin alkibla zuwa kusa da pole na hanyoyin raba ruwan sanyi na Kudancin Hemisphere tsakanin 2015–17, sauyin jet-stream da haɓakar matsin lamba na South Atlantic High.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sousa|first1=Pedro M.|last2=Blamey|first2=R.|last3=Reason|first3=C.J.C.|last4=Ramos|first4=A.M.|last5=Trigo|first5=R.M.|date=2018|title=The 'Day Zero' Cape Town drought and the poleward migration of moisture corridors|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=13|issue=12|pages=124025|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aaebc7|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shekarar 2017 ita shekara mafi bushewa tun daga shekarar 1933, kuma mai yiwuwa ma kafin hakan, tunda babu bayanan kwatankwacin hakan kafin 1933. An kuma gano cewa fari mai tsananin haka a ƙididdigance zai iya aukuwa sau ɗaya kacal a kowace shekara 300.&lt;ref name=&quot;csag&quot; /&gt;

=== Gudanar da buƙatu da samar da ruwa na dogon lokaci ===
Yawan jama'ar Birnin Cape Town ya ƙaru daga mazauna miliyan 2.4 a shekarar 1995 zuwa kiyasin mutane miliyan 4.1 a shekarar 2015, wanda ke nuna haɓakar kashi 71 cikin dari na jama'a a cikin shekaru 20, yayin da ajiyar ruwan madatsun ruwa ya ƙaru da kashi 17 cikin dari kacal a daidai wannan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/cape-town-population/|title=Cape Town Population 2019|website=World Population Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tasirin ƙaruwar jama'a akan buƙatar ruwa masana galibi suna rage masa daraja, tunda hasashen yakan gaza yin lissafin cikakken amfani da ruwa na mutum na kaidin fakaici ta hanyar samar da abinci da kayayyakin masarufi.&lt;ref&gt;Schutte, C. F., &amp; Pretorius, W. A. (1997). Water demand and population growth. ''WATER SA-PRETORIA-'', ''23'', 127–134.&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2007, Ma'aikatar Al'amuran Ruwa da Gandun Daji ta yi hasashen cewa ci gaban buƙata akan Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape zai wuce iyakar abin da ake samarwa idan ba a aiwatar da matakan kiyaye ruwa da gudanar da buƙatun ruwa ba ta hannun Birnin da sauran hukumomin gundumomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCWRSNewsletterMarch09&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/19/WCWRSNewsletterMarch09.pdf|title=Western Cape Water Reconciliation Strategy Newsletter 5|date=March 2009|publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ƙaruwa ta buƙatun dogon lokaci tana daɗa ta'azzara sakamakon matsin lamba akan samar da ruwa na dogon lokaci, gami da bazuwar baƙon shuke-shuke da canjin yanayi. Bazuwar baƙon shuke-shuke masu shan ruwa da yawa a mahimman yankunan tattara ruwa ya rage samar da ruwa zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof da kiyasin mita mai siffar sili guda miliyan 30 a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An sami ƙaruwar digiri ɗaya na ma'aunin Celsius a yanayin zafi cikin ƙarni da suka gabata kuma ƙididdigar na'ura ta yi hasashen cewa matsakaicin zafi a Cape Town zai ƙaru da wani digiri 0.25 na Celsius a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, wanda hakan na iya ƙara yuwuwa da tsananin fari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Buis |first1=Alan |date=2020-09-08 |title=Making Sense of 'Climate Sensitivity': New Study Narrows the Range of Uncertainty in Future Climate Projections |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/ask-nasa-climate/3017/making-sense-of-climate-sensitivity/ |access-date=14 January 2022 |website=NASA: Climate Change and Global Warming |publisher=NASA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, ba a nuna tasirin canjin yanayi sosai ba a cikin tsarin yanayi na yanzu: Helen Zille, Firimiyan Western Cape, ta ce Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Afirka ta Kudu ba ta yi tsammanin fari mai tsanani ba har sai bayan wasu shekaru 10.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-01-26-zille-tries-to-blame-it-on-the-weatherman/|title=Zille tries to blame it on the weatherman|last=Petra|first=Saal|date=Jan 2018|work=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gazawar gwamnati ===
Hukumar gaggawa ta gundumomi, na lardi, da na ƙasa suna raba alhakin samar da ruwa. Dokar Ruwa ta Ƙasa (Dokar 36 ta 1998) ta tsara cewa gwamnatin ƙasa ita ce &quot;atoni na jama'a&quot; na albarkatun ruwa na ƙasar don tabbatar da cewa ana &quot;kariya, amfani, haɓakawa, kiyayewa, gudanarwa da sarrafa ruwa cikin dorewa da adalci, don amfanin kowa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Facts and Myths&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/facts-and-myths-about-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=Facts and myths about Cape Town's water crisis|date=Jan 2018|work=GroundUp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haifar da takaddama tsakanin gwamnatin gunduma da ta lardi da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin jam'iyyar adawa (Democratic Alliance, DA) a gefe guda, da kuma gwamnatin ƙasa mai rinjaye a ɗayan gefen (African National Congress, ANC), inda jam'iyyun ke zargin juna da laifin haddasa matsalar ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saunderson-Meyer&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saundersonmeyer-drought-commentary/commentary-in-drought-hit-south-africa-the-politics-of-water-idUSKBN1FP226|title=Commentary: In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water|last=Saunderson-Meyer|first=William|work=U.S.|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sukar DA saboda rashin tunanin gaba wajen samar da sabbin hanyoyin ruwa da ababen more rayuwa, yayin da ake zargin ANC da hana bayar da kuɗaɗe domin gurgunta tare da kunyata gwamnatin da DA ke jagoranta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-03-07-day-zero-heroes-maimane-hails-water-wise-capetonians-as-crisis-recedes/|title='Day Zero heroes': Maimane hails water-wise Capetonians as crisis recedes|last=Hyman|first=Aron|date=Mar 2018|work=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda rahoton ƙungiyar South African Water Caucus ya nuna, tarin bashi da almundahana mai yawa a Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na iya zama dalilin gazawarta na karɓar buƙatar Western Cape ta R35 miliyan (Dalar Amurka miliyan 3) don ƙara samar da ruwa da ababen more rayuwa a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://emg.org.za/images/downloads/water_cl_ch/SAWC_State-of-DWS-Report.pdf|title=REPORT ON THE STATE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION|website=South African Water Caucus|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925190453/https://www.emg.org.za/images/downloads/water_cl_ch/SAWC_State-of-DWS-Report.pd|archive-date=25 September 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Helen Zille, Firimiyan Western Cape, ta yi kiran da gwamnatin ƙasa ta mayar wa Birnin Cape Town kuɗaɗen da aka kashe wajen tafiyar da matsalar ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan24&quot; /&gt;

A tsakiyar watan Oktoba 2017, wasu kamfanonin raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination) sun soki Birnin saboda tafiyar hawainiya wajen sayan kayayyaki, yawan tsarin mulki na ofis (bureaucracy), rashin nuna gaggawa, da rashin isassun sikelin ayyukan samar da ruwa da aka tsara. A watan Janairu 2018, a matsayin martani ga wani rahoto mai tsanani da ya soki Birnin Cape Town saboda gaza magance bala'in cikin dacewa da lokaci da sauran gazawar shugabanci, hukumar zartarwa ta tarayya ta DA ta yanke shawarar cire magajiyar garin Cape Town Patricia de Lille daga jagorancin tawagar da ke magance matsalar fari, inda aka maye gurbinta da Mmusi Maimane, jagoran jam'iyyar DA gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/cape-town-water-crisis-crossing-state-and-party-lines-isnt-the-answer-90861|title=Cape Town Water Crisis Crossing State and Party Lines|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Polweb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/cape-town-city-manager-given-special-powers-to-dea|title=Cape Town city manager given special powers to deal with water crisis – NEWS &amp; ANALYSIS|last=News24|date=26 October 2017|website=www.politicsweb.co.za|language=en|access-date=2017-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kin amincewa da tsarin raba gishiri da ruwa ===
A shekarar 2018, Cape Town ta yi watsi da tayin da ƙasar Isra'ila ta yi mata na taimaka mata wajen gina masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination).&lt;ref&gt;In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water, Reuters, January 25, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cape Town May Dry Up Because of an Aversion to Israel, Wall St. Journal, February 21, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Cape Town Water Crisis and Hating Israel, aish, February 11, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;South African stupidity, Jerusalem Post, February 3, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="40803" sha1="60urwe5er17qnsc7s2eeorihli88k27" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Cape_Town_water_crisis_graph.svg|right|thumb|400x400px|Hotunan jimlar ruwan da aka adana a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa shida na Western Cape (blue) da kuma matakin hana ruwa na birnin Cape Town (orange) daga Nuwamba 2013 zuwa Agusta 2021.]]
'''Rikicin ruwan Cape Town''' a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ya kasance shekaru da yawa a cikin 2015-2020 na karancin ruwa a yankin Western Cape, wanda ya fi shafar birnin Cape Town . Matsakaicin ruwan madatsar ruwan ya fara raguwa a shekarar 2015 kuma matsalar ruwan Cape Town ta kai kololuwa a tsakiyar shekarar 2017 zuwa tsakiyar 2018 lokacin da ruwan ya kai tsakanin kashi 14 zuwa 29 na yawan karfin madatsar ruwa.

A ƙarshen 2017, an fara ambaton tsare-tsare na &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, taƙaitaccen bayani game da ranar da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Birni zai iya faɗi ƙasa da kashi 13.5. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cassim |first=Zaheer |date=19 January 2018 |title=Cape Town could be the first major city in the world to run out of water |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/01/19/cape-town-could-first-major-city-run-out-water/1047237001/ |website=USA Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Poplak |first=Richard |date=15 February 2018 |title=What's Actually Behind Cape Town's Water Crisis |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/cape-town-water-crisis/553076/ |access-date=22 February 2018 |website=The Atlantic}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=York |first=Geoffrey |date=8 March 2018 |title=Cape Town residents become 'guinea pigs for the world' with water-conservation campaign |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/cape-town-residents-become-guinea-pigs-for-the-world-with-water-conservationcampaign/article38257004/ |website=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya zama lokaci don nuna farkon matakan hana ruwa na Mataki na 7, lokacin da za a kashe kayan ruwa na birni da yawa kuma ana tunanin cewa mazauna za su iya yin layi don rabon ruwa na yau da kullun. Idan da hakan ta faru, da hakan zai sanya birnin Cape Town ya zama babban birni na farko a duniya da ya kaure da karancin ruwan sha a cikin kananan hukumomin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Day Zero, when is it, what is it and how can we avoid it |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Day%20Zero%20when%20is%20it,%20what%20is%20it,%20and%20how%20can%20we%20avoid%20it |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Rikicin ruwa na Cape Town ya faru a daidai lokacin da fari na Gabashin Cape, wanda ke cikin wani yanki na daban a kusa.

Birnin Cape Town ya aiwatar da tsauraran matakan hana ruwa a wani yunkuri na dakile amfani da ruwa, wanda ya rage yawan ruwan da yake amfani da shi na yau da kullum da fiye da rabi zuwa kusan lita miliyan 500 (130,000,000 US gal) a kowace rana a cikin Maris 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Narrandes |first=Nidha |date=14 March 2018 |title=Cape Town water usage lower than ever |url=http://www.capetownetc.com/water-crisis/water-usage-further-reduced-in-cape-town/ |publisher=Cape Town etc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Faduwar amfani da ruwa ya sa birnin ya jinkirta kiyasin &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, kuma ruwan sama mai karfi ya fara farfadowa a watan Yuni 1.  A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, tare da matakan dam kusa da kashi 70, birnin ya fara sauƙaƙe ƙuntatawa na ruwa, wanda ke nuna cewa mafi munin matsalar ruwa ya ƙare. &lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pitt |first=Christina |date=10 September 2018 |title=City of Cape Town relaxes water restrictions, tariffs to Level 5 |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212034631/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |archive-date=12 December 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |website=News24 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan sama mai kyau a cikin 2020 yadda ya kamata ya karya fari kuma ya haifar da karancin ruwa lokacin da matakan madatsar ruwa ya kai kashi 95 cikin dari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-07 |title=After the drought: Cape Town's gushing water |url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/after-drought-cape-towns-gushing-water/ |access-date=2020-09-11 |website=[[GroundUp News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fage ==
[[Fayil:Cape_Water_map_dams.png|thumb|274x274px|Taswirar manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa zuwa Cape Town]]
Yankin Cape Town yana fuskantar yanayi na Bahar Rum tare da dumi, bushewar lokacin rani da ruwan sama na hunturu. Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Yammacin Cape ya dogara kusan gaba ɗaya akan ruwan sama, wanda ake kamawa kuma ana adana shi a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida da ke cikin wuraren tsaunuka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Welz |first=Adam |date=1 March 2018 |title=Awaiting Day Zero: Cape Town Faces an Uncertain Water Future |url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/awaiting-day-zero-cape-town-faces-an-uncertain-water-future |publisher=Yale Environment 360}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana yin cajin madatsun ruwa ne ta hanyar ruwan sama da ke faɗowa a yankunan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, galibi a lokacin sanyi na watanni na Mayu zuwa Agusta, kuma matakan dam ɗin suna raguwa a lokacin rani na watanni na Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu inda amfani da ruwa na birane ke ƙaruwa kuma ana samun ban ruwa a yankunan noma.

Amfani da birane da aikin gona yana cinye kusan kashi 70 da kashi 30 bisa 100 na jimillar ruwan da tsarin samar da ruwan sha na Western Cape ke bayarwa, tare da sauye-sauye na yanayi.   A cikin zamanin bayan [[Apartheid|wariyar launin fata]], kuma a ƙarƙashin tsarin Tsarin [[Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Afirka ta Kudu|Ruwa na Kyauta na Kyauta]], Birnin Cape Town ya karɓi tsarin haɓaka tsarin jadawalin kuɗin fito don farashin ruwa, wanda aka azabtar da mafi girma masu amfani da ruwa tare da mafi girman jadawalin kuɗin fito don hana amfani, yayin da aka saita jadawalin farko block a (kusa) sifili don tabbatar da samun daidaiton ruwa zuwa kowane matakin asali na Afirka ta Kudu.  Magidanta masu rahusa masu rijista a Cape Town tare da haɗin kai tsaye da ruwa da tsafta suna karɓar lita 6 000 na farko a kowane wata na ruwa kyauta, kuma ana cajin kuɗin fito ne kawai don cinyewa sama da adadin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services and costs in formal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-and-costs-for-formal-housing |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt; Magidanta a ƙauyuka na yau da kullun ana ba da ruwa daga famfun jama'a da kuma amfani da bandakunan jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services in informal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family+and+home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-in-informal-settlements |website=City of Cape Town }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ga manoman da ke samun ruwa daga Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape, ana duba su da allunan ban ruwa da ƙungiyoyi masu amfani da ruwa. Manoman da yawa kuma suna shiga tsarin rarraba ban ruwa (daga takamaiman kwararar kogi), kuma suna da madatsun ruwa masu zaman kansu da [[Rijiyar burtsatse|rijiyoyin burtsatse]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Water File |url=http://www.wwf.org.za/water/?25441/Agricultural-water-file-Farming-for-a-drier-future |website=Worldwide Fund for Nature}}&lt;/ref&gt; Birnin ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba sa samun riba a kan siyar da ruwa, kuma manufofin farashin ruwa na ƙoƙarin daidaita daidaito, daidaito da buƙatun dawo da farashi. 

Zamanin ƙarancin ruwan sama na hunturu a 2000-2001 da 2003-2004 ya haifar da hana ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;WCDM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Basholo |first=Zolile |date=4 February 2016 |title=Overview of Water Demand Management Initiatives: A City of Cape Town Approach |url=https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Water-Sector-Desk-Content/CoCT-WCWDM-presentation-Z-Basholo-Western-Cape-Water-Forum-160204-2016.pdf |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin 2003, Birnin ya shiga yarjejeniya tare da Sashen Ruwa da Dazuzzuka na lokacin don gina madatsar ruwa ta Berg da Tsarin kari sannan kuma ta fara kula da bukatar ruwa. A shekarar 2009, an karu da karfin ajiyar madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Cape Town da kashi 17 cikin 100 daga 768 zuwa miliyan 898 cubic meters lokacin da aka kammala aikin madatsar ruwan Berg da kuma shirin samar da kayayyaki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cape Town&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2009 |title=Cape Town's water supply boosted |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102756/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-date=27 March 2009 |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2015, Birnin Cape Town ya sami babbar lambar yabo ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da sanin ƙoƙarinsu na Kula da Ruwa da Buƙatun Ruwa (WCWDM). Cape Town ya yi nasara musamman wajen rage asarar ruwa ta hanyar yoyon fitsari, inda aka samu asarar ruwa da kashi 14 cikin dari, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin kashi 35 cikin dari na kasa. Dokokin sun kuma fayyace cewa ya kamata a samar da ingantattun kayan aikin ruwa da Ofishin Ma'auni na Afirka ta Kudu ya amince da shi don duk sabbin ci gaba da gyare-gyare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=C40 Cities Awards 2015 |url=https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |access-date=2025-08-12 |archive-date=2021-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923092342/https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Jeron Lokaci ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;cellpadding=&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em; text-align:center; font-size:95%&quot;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th colspan=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;&gt;Matakan ruwa a matsayin kashi na jimillar ƙarfin madatsun ruwa ta shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/whats-causing-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=What's causing Cape Town's water crisis?|last=Bohatch|first=Trevor|date=16 May 2017|publisher=Ground Up|location=Cape Town|language=en|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
|-
! Manyan madatsun ruwa
! Ƙarfi (megalitres)
! 17 Mayu 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-utility-services/residential-water-and-sanitation-services/this-weeks-dam-levels|title=City of Cape Town: Dam Levels|date=18 May 2021|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;!!18 Mayu 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=18 May 2020|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 13 Mayu 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=13 May 2019|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=22 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 14 Mayu 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|title=Water Dashboard|date=Mar 2019|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-date=7 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207180447/http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 15 Mayu 2017 !! 15 Mayu 2016 !! 15 Mayu 2015 !! 15 Mayu 2014
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Berg River|| 130,010
|76.1||65.6||68.1|| 39.2|| 32.4|| 27.2|| 54.0|| 90.5
|-
|Steenbras Lower|| 33,517
|58.0||48.4||38.6|| 35.4|| 26.5|| 37.6|| 47.9|| 39.6
|-
|Steenbras Upper|| 31,767
|54.2||96.5||65.0|| 59.6|| 56.7|| 56.9|| 57.8|| 79.1
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof|| 480,188
|75.2||50.2||36.1|| 12.0|| 15.0|| 31.3|| 51.3|| 74.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Voelvlei|| 164,095
|58.3||50.4||55.4|| 14.5|| 17.2|| 21.3|| 42.5|| 59.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Wemmershoek|| 58,644
|59.1||43.3||43.6|| 48.4|| 36.0|| 48.5|| 50.5|| 58.8
|-
| Jimillar da aka ajiye (megalitres) || 898,221
|626,907||481,370||411,849|| 191,843|| 190,300|| 279,954|| 450,429 || 646,137
|-
|'''Jimillar % na Ma'ajiya'''||100
|'''69.8'''||'''53.6'''||'''45.9'''||'''21.4'''||'''21.2'''||'''31.2'''||'''50.1'''||'''71.9'''
|}

===2015–2016===
Bayan samun kyakkyawan ruwan sama a shekarun 2013 da 2014, Birnin Cape Town ya fara fuskantar fari a shekarar 2015, wanda shi ne na farko cikin shekaru uku a jere na lokutan sanyi marasa ruwa da suka auku, mai yiwuwa sanadiyyar tsarin yanayi na El Niño ko kuma canjin yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AfricaC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://africacheck.org/2016/02/03/frequently-asked-questions-about-south-africas-drought|title=Frequently asked questions about South Africa's drought|date=3 February 2016|publisher=Africa Check|language=en|location=Cape Town|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matakan ruwa a madatsun ruwan Birnin sun ragu daga kashi 71.9 cikin dari a shekarar 2014 zuwa kashi 50.1 cikin dari a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot; /&gt; A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016, hukumar Birnin ta ɗaukaka tsoffin takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 1 (Level 1) tun na shekarar 2005 zuwa Mataki na 2 (Level 2), kuma a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2016 ta sake ɗaukaka shi zuwa Mataki na 3 (Level 3), lokacin da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta wallafa takunkumin amfani da ruwa na hukuma don birane da aikin gona. Kuma babban farin da ya shafi sauran sassan Afirka ta Kudu ya ƙare a watan Agusta 2016 lokacin da aka sami babban ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin ƙasar,&lt;ref name=&quot;encarain&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|title=Southern Africa faces floods after drought|last=Masinde|first=Muthoni|date=18 August 2016|access-date=2017-06-01|archive-date=1 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101190233/https://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma farin na lardin Western Cape ya ci gaba da wanzuwa.

===2017===
Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin amfani da ruwa zuwa Mataki na 3B a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2017, kuma a ƙarshen lokacin rani a watan Mayu 2017, an ayyana farin a matsayin mafi muni da Birnin ya taɓa fuskanta a cikin ƙarni guda, inda ruwan da ke cikin madatsun ruwa ya kasance ƙasa da kashi 10 cikin dari na ƙarfin amfaninsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/31/africa/cape-town-drought/index.html|title=Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century|last=Van Dam|first=Derek|website=CNN.com|publisher=CNN|date=31 May 2017|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 4 a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2017, wanda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 100 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;level4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|title=City of Cape Town approves Level 4 water restrictions|last=Etheridge|first=Jenna|date=31 May 2017|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429230521/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jimillar ruwan sama da aka samu a shekarar 2017 ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta tun lokacin da aka fara riƙe bayanan ruwan sama a shekarar 1933.&lt;ref name=&quot;csag&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2017-08-31-how-severe-is-the-droughta|title=How severe is the drought?|last=Wolski|first=Piotr|date=Aug 2017|website=University of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayin da lokacin zafi mai bushewa ke gabatowa, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin ruwa na yanzu zuwa Mataki na 4B a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2017, sannan zuwa Mataki na 5 a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2017, inda aka haramta amfani da ruwa a waje da kuma ayyukan da ba su da muhimmanci sosai, tare da ƙarfafa amfani da ruwan wanka/wanki (grey water) don zubarwa a bayan gida, kuma aka yi niyyar iyakance yawan amfanin ruwa na kowane mutum zuwa lita 87 a rana, don jimillar amfani da lita miliyan 500 a rana gaba ɗaya birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; Sai dai kuma, sanya takunkumin Mataki na 5 ya zo tare da sanarwa mai rikitarwa game da iyakokin amfani da ruwa na gidaje, wanda hakan ya haifar da akasin haka ta hanyar ƙara yawan amfani da ruwa ga wasu mutane.&lt;ref name = &quot;Booysen&quot; /&gt;  
[[File:Behavioural response to messaging on the drought. .png|thumb|Martanin halayyar mutane game da saƙonni kan fari na Day Zero&lt;ref name=&quot;Booysen&quot;/&gt;
]]

A farkon watan Oktoba 2017, biyo bayan lokacin sanyi mai ƙarancin ruwan sama, an kiyasta cewa Cape Town tana da kusan watanni biyar na ajiyar ruwa kafin matakan ruwan su ƙare sarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; A cikin wannan watan ne kuma, Hukumar Birnin Cape Town ta fitar da shirin gaggawa na ruwa wanda za a aiwatar da shi a matakai daban-daban dangane da tsananin ƙarancin ruwan. Mataki na 1 (Phase 1) wanda ya ƙunshi &quot;rabon ruwa ta hanyar rage ƙarfin matsin ruwa na madatsun ruwa sosai&quot; an aiwatar da shi nan da nan. A Mataki na 2 (Phase 2), bayan &quot;Day Zero&quot;, za a kashe ruwa ga yawancin tsarin samar da ruwa in ban da wuraren da ke da muhimmancin gaske na samun ruwa. Mataki na 3 (Phase 3) zai kasance lokacin da Birnin ba zai iya sake jan ruwa daga madatsun ruwa na saman ƙasa a Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape ba, kuma za a sami ɗan ƙaramin lokaci kafin tsarin samar da ruwa gaba ɗaya ya gaza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Critical%20Water%20Shortages%20Disaster%20Plan%20Summary.pdf|title=Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan Summary|last=Bosman|first=Richard|date=October 2017|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-04-op-ed-the-city-of-cape-towns-critical-water-shortages-disaster-plan/#.WfwyhGiCyUl|title=Op-Ed: The City of Cape Town's Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan {{!}} Daily Maverick|last=De Lille|first=Patricia|date=4 October 2017|website=www.dailymaverick.co.za|publisher=City of Cape Town|language=en|access-date=3 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|title=Day Zero FAQs|date=5 April 2018|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719203400/http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===2018===
[[File:Theewaterskloof Dam 2018 02 10 (28425520089).jpg|thumb|right|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof tana kusan kashi 12% a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 2018]]
A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2018, Birnin ya ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 6 na lita 87 ga kowane mutum a rana guda. A watan Fabrairu 2018, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin zuwa Mataki na 6B inda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 50 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; Majalisar zartarwa ta lardin ta kuma sanar da cewa tana tsara tsare-tsare tare da Hukumar 'Yansandan Afirka ta Kudu don dabarun tura jami'ai a wuraren rarraba ruwa a duk faɗin Birnin bayan &quot;Day Zero&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-01-24-government-must-refund-cape-town-for-cost-of-managing-the-water-crisis/|title=Government must refund Cape Town for cost of managing the water crisis|date=24 January 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Theewaterskloof sandscape 2018-03-11.jpg|thumb|Babban ma'ajiyar ruwa ta Cape Town, Theewaterskloof, ta kasance a kashi 11% na ƙarfinta a watan Maris 2018]]

A tsakiyar watan Janairu 2018, tsohuwar magajiyar garin Cape Town Patricia de Lille ta sanar da cewa Birnin zai tilas ya kashe mafi yawan hanyoyin samar da ruwa na gundumomi idan yanayi bai canza ba. Za a ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 7, wato &quot;Day Zero&quot;, lokacin da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa ga Birnin ya kai kashi 13.5 cikin dari. Za a kashe mafi yawan famfunan ruwa na birni, kuma mazauna gari za su dogara ne da wuraren karɓar ruwa guda 149 a kewayen Birnin don karɓar rabon ruwa na yau da kullun na lita 25 ga kowane mutum.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|title=JP Smith answers Day Zero questions: 'It's going to be really unpleasant'|last1=Harrison|first1=Aletta|last2=Janse van Rensburg|first2=Alet|date=26 January 2018|publisher=News24|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216222015/https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|title=Borehole rules? Can you use sea water to flush? – The City of Cape Town answers your questions|date=30 January 2018|publisher=GroundUp|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913113205/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan zai ƙara shafar tattalin arzikin Cape Town, domin ma'aikata za su buƙaci ɗaukar hutu daga wuraren aiki don yin layi jiran ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;In Trouble&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/cape-town-south-africa-water-crisis/|title='I Knew We Were in Trouble.' What It's Like to Live Through Cape Town's Massive Water Crisis|magazine=Time|access-date=2018-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Za a ci gaba da samar da ruwa a tsakiyar yankin kasuwanci na Birnin (CBD), da kuma matsugunai na wucin gadi (inda dama tuni ake karɓar ruwa daga tsakiyar wurare) da kuma muhimman ayyuka kamar asibitoci. A lokacin da aka yi sanarwar, an kiyasta cewa &quot;Day Zero&quot; zai kasance a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 2018, amma jim kaɗan bayan haka aka sake duba shi zuwa 12 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5103259/cape-town-water-crisis/|title=Cape Town Is 90 Days Away From Running Out of Water|last=Baker|first=Aryn|date=15 January 2018|magazine=Time|access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/drought-stricken-cape-town-south-africa-run-water/story?id=52402170|title=Drought-stricken Cape Town, South Africa, could run out of water by April's 'day zero'|last=Thom|first=Liezl|date=17 January 2018|work=ABC News|access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/01/23/day-zero-brought-forward-ct-officials-prepare-for-worst|title=Day Zero Brought Forward, CT Officials Prepare for Worst|last=Brandt|first=Kevin|date=23 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kiyasin &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya ginu ne bisa canje-canje na mako biyu a matakan ajiyar madatsun ruwa, tare da zaton cewa ƙarancin zai ci gaba ba tare da sauyi ba, ba tare da ƙarin ruwan sama ko canji a buƙatar ruwa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;neilson20Feb&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Defeating%20Day%20Zero%20is%20in%20sight%20if%20we%20sustain%20our%20water-saving%20efforts|title=Statement by the City's Executive Mayor, Alderman Ian Neilson: Defeating Day Zero is in sight if we sustain our water-saving efforts|last=Neilson|first=Ian|date=20 February 2018|publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amfani da ruwa na gidaje da na aikin gona ya ragu sosai ƙarƙashin sabbin takunkumin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot; /&gt; Wannan ya bai wa Birnin damar tura kiyasin &quot;Day Zero&quot; baya a matakai daban-daban, kuma a ranar 28 ga Yuni aka jinkirta &quot;Day Zero&quot; har zuwa wani lokaci da ba a bayyana ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;neilson20Feb&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zero Delayed&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/05/africa/cape-town-day-zero-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town 'Day Zero' delayed as agricultural water use drops|last=Said-Moorhouse|first=Lauren|date=5 February 2018|publisher=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/02/south-africa-day-pushed-june-180215094221289.html|title=South Africa: Day Zero pushed back to June|website=aljazeera.com|date=2018-02-15|access-date=2018-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/01/africa/cape-town-water-crisis-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town cuts water use limit by nearly half|last1=Said-Moorhouse|first1=Lauren|date=1 February 2018|publisher=CNN|access-date=2018-02-03|last2=Mezzofiore|first2=Gianluca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kyakkyawan ruwan sama na lokacin sanyi a shekarar 2018 ya haifar da hauhawar matakan madatsun ruwa, sai dai Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta ƙasa ta sanar da cewa takunkumin ruwa na baki ɗaya zai ci gaba da kasancewa har sai matakan ruwan sun kai kashi 85 cikin dari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-edges-closer-to-an-end-to-the-drought-as-dam-levels-continue-to-rise-20180712|title=Western Cape edges closer to an end to the drought as dam levels continue to rise|date=12 July 2018|publisher=News24|access-date=12 July 2018|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713202149/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-edges-closer-to-an-end-to-the-drought-as-dam-levels-continue-to-rise-20180712|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumba, tare da matakan madatsun ruwa kusa da kashi 70 cikin dari zuwa ƙarshen lokacin damina, birnin ya rage takunkumin amfani da ruwa na masu amfani daga mataki na 6B zuwa mataki na 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;/&gt; Matakan madatsun ruwa sun kai kololuwa a kashi 76 cikin dari. A watan Nuwamba, an rage takunkumin zuwa Mataki na 3, ko lita 105 ga kowane mutum a rana guda.
Ƙarƙashin takunkumin Mataki na 3, ana iya amfani da ruwan famfo na birni don shayar da lambuna a takaitattun lokuta, ta amfani da rariyar shayarwa ko boka amma ba bututun roba (hose) ba, don wanke motoci ta amfani da boka, da kuma cika wuraren ninkaya muddin wurin ninkayar yana sanye da murfi don hana daskarewa ko kafeewar ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures%2C%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Level%203%20water%20restrictions%20FAQs.pdf|title=Level 3 Water Restrictions (2018)|date=30 November 2018|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=29 November 2018|archive-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129184323/http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures%2C%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Level%203%20water%20restrictions%20FAQs.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilai ==
=== Fari mai tsanani ===
Sanadin faruwar matsalar ruwan kai-tsaye shi ne fari mai tsanani da ya auku daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2017 wanda ya wuce ƙa'idodin tsare-tsare na Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli. Bincike kan bayanan yanayi na dogon lokaci da Ƙungiyar Nazarin Tsarin Yanayi (Climate System Analysis Group) ta gudanar a Jami'ar Cape Town ya tabbatar da cewa ƙarancin ruwan sama tsakanin shekarun 2015 da 2017 ya kasance babban al'amari mai wuyar gaske kuma mai tsananin gaske.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.csag.uct.ac.za/2018/01/22/facts-are-few-opinions-plenty-on-drought-severity-again/|title=Facts are few, opinions plenty… on drought severity again|website=www.csag.uct.ac.za|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ragewar yanayin ruwan sama yana da alaƙa da sauye-sauye masu faɗi a cikin zirga-zirgar sararin samaniya da na teku, gami da sauyin alkibla zuwa kusa da pole na hanyoyin raba ruwan sanyi na Kudancin Hemisphere tsakanin 2015–17, sauyin jet-stream da haɓakar matsin lamba na South Atlantic High.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sousa|first1=Pedro M.|last2=Blamey|first2=R.|last3=Reason|first3=C.J.C.|last4=Ramos|first4=A.M.|last5=Trigo|first5=R.M.|date=2018|title=The 'Day Zero' Cape Town drought and the poleward migration of moisture corridors|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=13|issue=12|pages=124025|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aaebc7|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shekarar 2017 ita shekara mafi bushewa tun daga shekarar 1933, kuma mai yiwuwa ma kafin hakan, tunda babu bayanan kwatankwacin hakan kafin 1933. An kuma gano cewa fari mai tsananin haka a ƙididdigance zai iya aukuwa sau ɗaya kacal a kowace shekara 300.&lt;ref name=&quot;csag&quot; /&gt;

=== Gudanar da buƙatu da samar da ruwa na dogon lokaci ===
Yawan jama'ar Birnin Cape Town ya ƙaru daga mazauna miliyan 2.4 a shekarar 1995 zuwa kiyasin mutane miliyan 4.1 a shekarar 2015, wanda ke nuna haɓakar kashi 71 cikin dari na jama'a a cikin shekaru 20, yayin da ajiyar ruwan madatsun ruwa ya ƙaru da kashi 17 cikin dari kacal a daidai wannan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/cape-town-population/|title=Cape Town Population 2019|website=World Population Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tasirin ƙaruwar jama'a akan buƙatar ruwa masana galibi suna rage masa daraja, tunda hasashen yakan gaza yin lissafin cikakken amfani da ruwa na mutum na kaidin fakaici ta hanyar samar da abinci da kayayyakin masarufi.&lt;ref&gt;Schutte, C. F., &amp; Pretorius, W. A. (1997). Water demand and population growth. ''WATER SA-PRETORIA-'', ''23'', 127–134.&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2007, Ma'aikatar Al'amuran Ruwa da Gandun Daji ta yi hasashen cewa ci gaban buƙata akan Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape zai wuce iyakar abin da ake samarwa idan ba a aiwatar da matakan kiyaye ruwa da gudanar da buƙatun ruwa ba ta hannun Birnin da sauran hukumomin gundumomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCWRSNewsletterMarch09&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/19/WCWRSNewsletterMarch09.pdf|title=Western Cape Water Reconciliation Strategy Newsletter 5|date=March 2009|publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ƙaruwa ta buƙatun dogon lokaci tana daɗa ta'azzara sakamakon matsin lamba akan samar da ruwa na dogon lokaci, gami da bazuwar baƙon shuke-shuke da canjin yanayi. Bazuwar baƙon shuke-shuke masu shan ruwa da yawa a mahimman yankunan tattara ruwa ya rage samar da ruwa zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof da kiyasin mita mai siffar sili guda miliyan 30 a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An sami ƙaruwar digiri ɗaya na ma'aunin Celsius a yanayin zafi cikin ƙarni da suka gabata kuma ƙididdigar na'ura ta yi hasashen cewa matsakaicin zafi a Cape Town zai ƙaru da wani digiri 0.25 na Celsius a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, wanda hakan na iya ƙara yuwuwa da tsananin fari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Buis |first1=Alan |date=2020-09-08 |title=Making Sense of 'Climate Sensitivity': New Study Narrows the Range of Uncertainty in Future Climate Projections |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/ask-nasa-climate/3017/making-sense-of-climate-sensitivity/ |access-date=14 January 2022 |website=NASA: Climate Change and Global Warming |publisher=NASA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, ba a nuna tasirin canjin yanayi sosai ba a cikin tsarin yanayi na yanzu: Helen Zille, Firimiyan Western Cape, ta ce Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Afirka ta Kudu ba ta yi tsammanin fari mai tsanani ba har sai bayan wasu shekaru 10.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-01-26-zille-tries-to-blame-it-on-the-weatherman/|title=Zille tries to blame it on the weatherman|last=Petra|first=Saal|date=Jan 2018|work=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gazawar gwamnati ===
Hukumar gaggawa ta gundumomi, na lardi, da na ƙasa suna raba alhakin samar da ruwa. Dokar Ruwa ta Ƙasa (Dokar 36 ta 1998) ta tsara cewa gwamnatin ƙasa ita ce &quot;atoni na jama'a&quot; na albarkatun ruwa na ƙasar don tabbatar da cewa ana &quot;kariya, amfani, haɓakawa, kiyayewa, gudanarwa da sarrafa ruwa cikin dorewa da adalci, don amfanin kowa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Facts and Myths&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/facts-and-myths-about-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=Facts and myths about Cape Town's water crisis|date=Jan 2018|work=GroundUp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haifar da takaddama tsakanin gwamnatin gunduma da ta lardi da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin jam'iyyar adawa (Democratic Alliance, DA) a gefe guda, da kuma gwamnatin ƙasa mai rinjaye a ɗayan gefen (African National Congress, ANC), inda jam'iyyun ke zargin juna da laifin haddasa matsalar ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saunderson-Meyer&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saundersonmeyer-drought-commentary/commentary-in-drought-hit-south-africa-the-politics-of-water-idUSKBN1FP226|title=Commentary: In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water|last=Saunderson-Meyer|first=William|work=U.S.|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sukar DA saboda rashin tunanin gaba wajen samar da sabbin hanyoyin ruwa da ababen more rayuwa, yayin da ake zargin ANC da hana bayar da kuɗaɗe domin gurgunta tare da kunyata gwamnatin da DA ke jagoranta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-03-07-day-zero-heroes-maimane-hails-water-wise-capetonians-as-crisis-recedes/|title='Day Zero heroes': Maimane hails water-wise Capetonians as crisis recedes|last=Hyman|first=Aron|date=Mar 2018|work=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda rahoton ƙungiyar South African Water Caucus ya nuna, tarin bashi da almundahana mai yawa a Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na iya zama dalilin gazawarta na karɓar buƙatar Western Cape ta R35 miliyan (Dalar Amurka miliyan 3) don ƙara samar da ruwa da ababen more rayuwa a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://emg.org.za/images/downloads/water_cl_ch/SAWC_State-of-DWS-Report.pdf|title=REPORT ON THE STATE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION|website=South African Water Caucus|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925190453/https://www.emg.org.za/images/downloads/water_cl_ch/SAWC_State-of-DWS-Report.pd|archive-date=25 September 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Helen Zille, Firimiyan Western Cape, ta yi kiran da gwamnatin ƙasa ta mayar wa Birnin Cape Town kuɗaɗen da aka kashe wajen tafiyar da matsalar ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan24&quot; /&gt;

A tsakiyar watan Oktoba 2017, wasu kamfanonin raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination) sun soki Birnin saboda tafiyar hawainiya wajen sayan kayayyaki, yawan tsarin mulki na ofis (bureaucracy), rashin nuna gaggawa, da rashin isassun sikelin ayyukan samar da ruwa da aka tsara. A watan Janairu 2018, a matsayin martani ga wani rahoto mai tsanani da ya soki Birnin Cape Town saboda gaza magance bala'in cikin dacewa da lokaci da sauran gazawar shugabanci, hukumar zartarwa ta tarayya ta DA ta yanke shawarar cire magajiyar garin Cape Town Patricia de Lille daga jagorancin tawagar da ke magance matsalar fari, inda aka maye gurbinta da Mmusi Maimane, jagoran jam'iyyar DA gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/cape-town-water-crisis-crossing-state-and-party-lines-isnt-the-answer-90861|title=Cape Town Water Crisis Crossing State and Party Lines|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Polweb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/cape-town-city-manager-given-special-powers-to-dea|title=Cape Town city manager given special powers to deal with water crisis – NEWS &amp; ANALYSIS|last=News24|date=26 October 2017|website=www.politicsweb.co.za|language=en|access-date=2017-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kin amincewa da tsarin raba gishiri da ruwa ===
A shekarar 2018, Cape Town ta yi watsi da tayin da ƙasar Isra'ila ta yi mata na taimaka mata wajen gina masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination).&lt;ref&gt;In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water, Reuters, January 25, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cape Town May Dry Up Because of an Aversion to Israel, Wall St. Journal, February 21, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Cape Town Water Crisis and Hating Israel, aish, February 11, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;South African stupidity, Jerusalem Post, February 3, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasiri ==
[[File:Westridge Gardens 9.jpg|thumb|An gina Babban Tubalin Furanni (Flower Monument) a Westridge Gardens don tunawa da taron addu'o'in neman kyakkyawan ruwan sama lokacin da ake tsaka da matsalar ruwa. ]]
Matsalar ruwan ta haifar da babban tasiri ga tattalin arziki, lafiya, da tsaro. Ya fito fili cewa samar da ruwan famfo na birni don ban ruwa da amfanin birane yana da tasiri mai kyau (positive externalities) ta fuskar wadatar abinci, lafiyar jama'a, da daidaiton al'umma gaba ɗaya.

=== Tattalin Arziki ===
Matsalar ruwan ta yi sanadiyyar asarar ayyukan yi guda 37,000 a lardin Western Cape, sannan an kiyasta cewa mutane 50,000 sun fada ƙasa da layin talauci sakamakon asarar ayyukan yi, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, da ƙarin farashin abinci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Storms to Come&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://features.dailymaverick.co.za/cape-of-storms-to-come/|title=Cape of Storms To Come|last=DIANA NEILLE, MARELISE VAN DER MERWE &amp; LEILA DOUGAN|website=features.dailymaverick.co.za|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-03|archive-date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623202853/http://features.dailymaverick.co.za/cape-of-storms-to-come/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masana sun kiyasta cewa &quot;matsalar ruwan za ta lakume ayyukan yi kusan 300,000 a fannin aikin gona, da kuma wasu dubun-dubatar a fannonin hidima, baƙunci, da abinci&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;In Trouble&quot; /&gt;

==== Aikin Gona ====
Aikin gona wata muhimmiyar masana'anta ce a Western Cape. Masana'antar ruwan inabi (giya) a Western Cape ta janyo hankalin masu yawon buɗe ido miliyan 1.5 a shekarar 2017, kuma tare da masana'antar 'ya'yan itace tana ɗaukar ma'aikata kusan 340,000 tare da ba da gudummawar fiye da kashi 10% ga tattalin arzikin Western Cape. Da yawa daga cikin shuke-shuken suna buƙatar ruwa mai yawa; alal misali, gonar inabi tana buƙatar tsakanin inci 10 zuwa 24 na ruwa don ta tsira. A matsakaici, fannin aikin gona a Western Cape ya gudanar da ragin amfani da ruwa da kashi 60 cikin ɗari daga shekarar 2017 zuwa 2018, wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙarancin amfanin gona da kiyasin asarar tattalin arziki na R5.9 biliyan (Dalar Amurka miliyan 400), ayyukan yi 30,000, da faɗuwar kashi 13–20 cikin ɗari na kayayyakin da ake fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Wasu kiyasin sun sanya adadin ya fi haka inda ya kai R14 biliyan (Dalar Amurka biliyan 1).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/economy/2018-02-05-farmers-lose-r14bn-as-cape-drought-bites/|title=Farmers lose R14bn as Cape drought bites|last=Phakathi|first=Bekezela|date=5 February 2018|work=Business Day|access-date=2018-02-07|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuɗaɗen da ake samu daga hannun jarin masana'antun ruwan inabi da na 'ya'yan itace na cikin gida suna da matukar ƙanƙanta koda yake masana'antar ruwan inabin tana samar da wasu shahararrun ruwan inabi a duniya. Wannan ya haifar da fargabar cewa kasuwancin aikin gona da yawa suna fuskantar haɗarin fatara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== Fannin Yawon Buɗe Ido ====
Cape Town babbar matattarar masu yawon buɗe ido ce kuma ita ce birni mafi karɓar baƙi na dogon zango a nahiyar gaba ɗaya. Masana'antar yawon buɗe ido ita ma ta fuskanci babban kalubale sakamakon raguwar baƙi masu zuwa, masauki, da zirga-zirgar baƙi a wuraren shaƙatawa a watan Janairu 2018 idan aka kwatanta da daidai wannan lokacin a shekarar 2017. Fannin masauki ya ba da rahoton raguwar mazauna da kashi 10%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.capetown.travel/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CTT-Research-Report-April-2018_Classic.pdf|title=CTT Research Report April 2018|date=24 July 2018|website=Cape Town Tourism|access-date=24 July 2018|archive-date=24 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724183611/http://www.capetown.travel/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CTT-Research-Report-April-2018_Classic.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otal-otal sun yi rangwame kan ayyukansu, kamar cire matosai na burtun wanka, ba wa baƙi maganin tsaftace hannu (hand sanitiser), sanya na'urorin rage gudu a wuraren wanka, da ko dai share wuraren ninkaya sarai ko cika su da ruwan gishiri. A watan Oktoba 2017, Birnin ya ƙaddamar da ɗayan mahimman tsare-tsarensa, wato yaƙin neman zaɓe na 'Ajiye ruwa kamar ɗan gida' (Save like a local), tare da mai da hankali kan sanya masu yawon buɗe ido cikin ayyukan dakile fari na fadin birni gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How to &quot;Save Water Like a Local&quot; |url=https://capetownsafaris.com/save-water-like-local/ |website=Cape Town Safaris |date=11 April 2018 |access-date=14 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="45535" sha1="gxxt3ji93apr4mj9lf4dhfk11n1lsen" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Cape_Town_water_crisis_graph.svg|right|thumb|400x400px|Hotunan jimlar ruwan da aka adana a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa shida na Western Cape (blue) da kuma matakin hana ruwa na birnin Cape Town (orange) daga Nuwamba 2013 zuwa Agusta 2021.]]
'''Rikicin ruwan Cape Town''' a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ya kasance shekaru da yawa a cikin 2015-2020 na karancin ruwa a yankin Western Cape, wanda ya fi shafar birnin Cape Town . Matsakaicin ruwan madatsar ruwan ya fara raguwa a shekarar 2015 kuma matsalar ruwan Cape Town ta kai kololuwa a tsakiyar shekarar 2017 zuwa tsakiyar 2018 lokacin da ruwan ya kai tsakanin kashi 14 zuwa 29 na yawan karfin madatsar ruwa.

A ƙarshen 2017, an fara ambaton tsare-tsare na &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, taƙaitaccen bayani game da ranar da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Birni zai iya faɗi ƙasa da kashi 13.5. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cassim |first=Zaheer |date=19 January 2018 |title=Cape Town could be the first major city in the world to run out of water |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/01/19/cape-town-could-first-major-city-run-out-water/1047237001/ |website=USA Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Poplak |first=Richard |date=15 February 2018 |title=What's Actually Behind Cape Town's Water Crisis |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/cape-town-water-crisis/553076/ |access-date=22 February 2018 |website=The Atlantic}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=York |first=Geoffrey |date=8 March 2018 |title=Cape Town residents become 'guinea pigs for the world' with water-conservation campaign |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/cape-town-residents-become-guinea-pigs-for-the-world-with-water-conservationcampaign/article38257004/ |website=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya zama lokaci don nuna farkon matakan hana ruwa na Mataki na 7, lokacin da za a kashe kayan ruwa na birni da yawa kuma ana tunanin cewa mazauna za su iya yin layi don rabon ruwa na yau da kullun. Idan da hakan ta faru, da hakan zai sanya birnin Cape Town ya zama babban birni na farko a duniya da ya kaure da karancin ruwan sha a cikin kananan hukumomin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Day Zero, when is it, what is it and how can we avoid it |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Day%20Zero%20when%20is%20it,%20what%20is%20it,%20and%20how%20can%20we%20avoid%20it |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Rikicin ruwa na Cape Town ya faru a daidai lokacin da fari na Gabashin Cape, wanda ke cikin wani yanki na daban a kusa.

Birnin Cape Town ya aiwatar da tsauraran matakan hana ruwa a wani yunkuri na dakile amfani da ruwa, wanda ya rage yawan ruwan da yake amfani da shi na yau da kullum da fiye da rabi zuwa kusan lita miliyan 500 (130,000,000 US gal) a kowace rana a cikin Maris 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Narrandes |first=Nidha |date=14 March 2018 |title=Cape Town water usage lower than ever |url=http://www.capetownetc.com/water-crisis/water-usage-further-reduced-in-cape-town/ |publisher=Cape Town etc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Faduwar amfani da ruwa ya sa birnin ya jinkirta kiyasin &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, kuma ruwan sama mai karfi ya fara farfadowa a watan Yuni 1.  A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, tare da matakan dam kusa da kashi 70, birnin ya fara sauƙaƙe ƙuntatawa na ruwa, wanda ke nuna cewa mafi munin matsalar ruwa ya ƙare. &lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pitt |first=Christina |date=10 September 2018 |title=City of Cape Town relaxes water restrictions, tariffs to Level 5 |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212034631/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |archive-date=12 December 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |website=News24 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan sama mai kyau a cikin 2020 yadda ya kamata ya karya fari kuma ya haifar da karancin ruwa lokacin da matakan madatsar ruwa ya kai kashi 95 cikin dari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-07 |title=After the drought: Cape Town's gushing water |url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/after-drought-cape-towns-gushing-water/ |access-date=2020-09-11 |website=[[GroundUp News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fage ==
[[Fayil:Cape_Water_map_dams.png|thumb|274x274px|Taswirar manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa zuwa Cape Town]]
Yankin Cape Town yana fuskantar yanayi na Bahar Rum tare da dumi, bushewar lokacin rani da ruwan sama na hunturu. Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Yammacin Cape ya dogara kusan gaba ɗaya akan ruwan sama, wanda ake kamawa kuma ana adana shi a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida da ke cikin wuraren tsaunuka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Welz |first=Adam |date=1 March 2018 |title=Awaiting Day Zero: Cape Town Faces an Uncertain Water Future |url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/awaiting-day-zero-cape-town-faces-an-uncertain-water-future |publisher=Yale Environment 360}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana yin cajin madatsun ruwa ne ta hanyar ruwan sama da ke faɗowa a yankunan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, galibi a lokacin sanyi na watanni na Mayu zuwa Agusta, kuma matakan dam ɗin suna raguwa a lokacin rani na watanni na Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu inda amfani da ruwa na birane ke ƙaruwa kuma ana samun ban ruwa a yankunan noma.

Amfani da birane da aikin gona yana cinye kusan kashi 70 da kashi 30 bisa 100 na jimillar ruwan da tsarin samar da ruwan sha na Western Cape ke bayarwa, tare da sauye-sauye na yanayi.   A cikin zamanin bayan [[Apartheid|wariyar launin fata]], kuma a ƙarƙashin tsarin Tsarin [[Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Afirka ta Kudu|Ruwa na Kyauta na Kyauta]], Birnin Cape Town ya karɓi tsarin haɓaka tsarin jadawalin kuɗin fito don farashin ruwa, wanda aka azabtar da mafi girma masu amfani da ruwa tare da mafi girman jadawalin kuɗin fito don hana amfani, yayin da aka saita jadawalin farko block a (kusa) sifili don tabbatar da samun daidaiton ruwa zuwa kowane matakin asali na Afirka ta Kudu.  Magidanta masu rahusa masu rijista a Cape Town tare da haɗin kai tsaye da ruwa da tsafta suna karɓar lita 6 000 na farko a kowane wata na ruwa kyauta, kuma ana cajin kuɗin fito ne kawai don cinyewa sama da adadin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services and costs in formal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-and-costs-for-formal-housing |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt; Magidanta a ƙauyuka na yau da kullun ana ba da ruwa daga famfun jama'a da kuma amfani da bandakunan jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services in informal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family+and+home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-in-informal-settlements |website=City of Cape Town }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ga manoman da ke samun ruwa daga Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape, ana duba su da allunan ban ruwa da ƙungiyoyi masu amfani da ruwa. Manoman da yawa kuma suna shiga tsarin rarraba ban ruwa (daga takamaiman kwararar kogi), kuma suna da madatsun ruwa masu zaman kansu da [[Rijiyar burtsatse|rijiyoyin burtsatse]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Water File |url=http://www.wwf.org.za/water/?25441/Agricultural-water-file-Farming-for-a-drier-future |website=Worldwide Fund for Nature}}&lt;/ref&gt; Birnin ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba sa samun riba a kan siyar da ruwa, kuma manufofin farashin ruwa na ƙoƙarin daidaita daidaito, daidaito da buƙatun dawo da farashi. 

Zamanin ƙarancin ruwan sama na hunturu a 2000-2001 da 2003-2004 ya haifar da hana ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;WCDM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Basholo |first=Zolile |date=4 February 2016 |title=Overview of Water Demand Management Initiatives: A City of Cape Town Approach |url=https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Water-Sector-Desk-Content/CoCT-WCWDM-presentation-Z-Basholo-Western-Cape-Water-Forum-160204-2016.pdf |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin 2003, Birnin ya shiga yarjejeniya tare da Sashen Ruwa da Dazuzzuka na lokacin don gina madatsar ruwa ta Berg da Tsarin kari sannan kuma ta fara kula da bukatar ruwa. A shekarar 2009, an karu da karfin ajiyar madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Cape Town da kashi 17 cikin 100 daga 768 zuwa miliyan 898 cubic meters lokacin da aka kammala aikin madatsar ruwan Berg da kuma shirin samar da kayayyaki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cape Town&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2009 |title=Cape Town's water supply boosted |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102756/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-date=27 March 2009 |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2015, Birnin Cape Town ya sami babbar lambar yabo ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da sanin ƙoƙarinsu na Kula da Ruwa da Buƙatun Ruwa (WCWDM). Cape Town ya yi nasara musamman wajen rage asarar ruwa ta hanyar yoyon fitsari, inda aka samu asarar ruwa da kashi 14 cikin dari, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin kashi 35 cikin dari na kasa. Dokokin sun kuma fayyace cewa ya kamata a samar da ingantattun kayan aikin ruwa da Ofishin Ma'auni na Afirka ta Kudu ya amince da shi don duk sabbin ci gaba da gyare-gyare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=C40 Cities Awards 2015 |url=https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |access-date=2025-08-12 |archive-date=2021-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923092342/https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Jeron Lokaci ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;cellpadding=&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em; text-align:center; font-size:95%&quot;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th colspan=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;&gt;Matakan ruwa a matsayin kashi na jimillar ƙarfin madatsun ruwa ta shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/whats-causing-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=What's causing Cape Town's water crisis?|last=Bohatch|first=Trevor|date=16 May 2017|publisher=Ground Up|location=Cape Town|language=en|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
|-
! Manyan madatsun ruwa
! Ƙarfi (megalitres)
! 17 Mayu 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-utility-services/residential-water-and-sanitation-services/this-weeks-dam-levels|title=City of Cape Town: Dam Levels|date=18 May 2021|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;!!18 Mayu 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=18 May 2020|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 13 Mayu 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=13 May 2019|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=22 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 14 Mayu 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|title=Water Dashboard|date=Mar 2019|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-date=7 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207180447/http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 15 Mayu 2017 !! 15 Mayu 2016 !! 15 Mayu 2015 !! 15 Mayu 2014
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Berg River|| 130,010
|76.1||65.6||68.1|| 39.2|| 32.4|| 27.2|| 54.0|| 90.5
|-
|Steenbras Lower|| 33,517
|58.0||48.4||38.6|| 35.4|| 26.5|| 37.6|| 47.9|| 39.6
|-
|Steenbras Upper|| 31,767
|54.2||96.5||65.0|| 59.6|| 56.7|| 56.9|| 57.8|| 79.1
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof|| 480,188
|75.2||50.2||36.1|| 12.0|| 15.0|| 31.3|| 51.3|| 74.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Voelvlei|| 164,095
|58.3||50.4||55.4|| 14.5|| 17.2|| 21.3|| 42.5|| 59.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Wemmershoek|| 58,644
|59.1||43.3||43.6|| 48.4|| 36.0|| 48.5|| 50.5|| 58.8
|-
| Jimillar da aka ajiye (megalitres) || 898,221
|626,907||481,370||411,849|| 191,843|| 190,300|| 279,954|| 450,429 || 646,137
|-
|'''Jimillar % na Ma'ajiya'''||100
|'''69.8'''||'''53.6'''||'''45.9'''||'''21.4'''||'''21.2'''||'''31.2'''||'''50.1'''||'''71.9'''
|}

===2015–2016===
Bayan samun kyakkyawan ruwan sama a shekarun 2013 da 2014, Birnin Cape Town ya fara fuskantar fari a shekarar 2015, wanda shi ne na farko cikin shekaru uku a jere na lokutan sanyi marasa ruwa da suka auku, mai yiwuwa sanadiyyar tsarin yanayi na El Niño ko kuma canjin yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AfricaC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://africacheck.org/2016/02/03/frequently-asked-questions-about-south-africas-drought|title=Frequently asked questions about South Africa's drought|date=3 February 2016|publisher=Africa Check|language=en|location=Cape Town|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matakan ruwa a madatsun ruwan Birnin sun ragu daga kashi 71.9 cikin dari a shekarar 2014 zuwa kashi 50.1 cikin dari a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot; /&gt; A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016, hukumar Birnin ta ɗaukaka tsoffin takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 1 (Level 1) tun na shekarar 2005 zuwa Mataki na 2 (Level 2), kuma a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2016 ta sake ɗaukaka shi zuwa Mataki na 3 (Level 3), lokacin da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta wallafa takunkumin amfani da ruwa na hukuma don birane da aikin gona. Kuma babban farin da ya shafi sauran sassan Afirka ta Kudu ya ƙare a watan Agusta 2016 lokacin da aka sami babban ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin ƙasar,&lt;ref name=&quot;encarain&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|title=Southern Africa faces floods after drought|last=Masinde|first=Muthoni|date=18 August 2016|access-date=2017-06-01|archive-date=1 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101190233/https://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma farin na lardin Western Cape ya ci gaba da wanzuwa.

===2017===
Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin amfani da ruwa zuwa Mataki na 3B a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2017, kuma a ƙarshen lokacin rani a watan Mayu 2017, an ayyana farin a matsayin mafi muni da Birnin ya taɓa fuskanta a cikin ƙarni guda, inda ruwan da ke cikin madatsun ruwa ya kasance ƙasa da kashi 10 cikin dari na ƙarfin amfaninsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/31/africa/cape-town-drought/index.html|title=Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century|last=Van Dam|first=Derek|website=CNN.com|publisher=CNN|date=31 May 2017|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 4 a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2017, wanda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 100 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;level4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|title=City of Cape Town approves Level 4 water restrictions|last=Etheridge|first=Jenna|date=31 May 2017|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429230521/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jimillar ruwan sama da aka samu a shekarar 2017 ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta tun lokacin da aka fara riƙe bayanan ruwan sama a shekarar 1933.&lt;ref name=&quot;csag&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2017-08-31-how-severe-is-the-droughta|title=How severe is the drought?|last=Wolski|first=Piotr|date=Aug 2017|website=University of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayin da lokacin zafi mai bushewa ke gabatowa, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin ruwa na yanzu zuwa Mataki na 4B a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2017, sannan zuwa Mataki na 5 a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2017, inda aka haramta amfani da ruwa a waje da kuma ayyukan da ba su da muhimmanci sosai, tare da ƙarfafa amfani da ruwan wanka/wanki (grey water) don zubarwa a bayan gida, kuma aka yi niyyar iyakance yawan amfanin ruwa na kowane mutum zuwa lita 87 a rana, don jimillar amfani da lita miliyan 500 a rana gaba ɗaya birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; Sai dai kuma, sanya takunkumin Mataki na 5 ya zo tare da sanarwa mai rikitarwa game da iyakokin amfani da ruwa na gidaje, wanda hakan ya haifar da akasin haka ta hanyar ƙara yawan amfani da ruwa ga wasu mutane.&lt;ref name = &quot;Booysen&quot; /&gt;  
[[File:Behavioural response to messaging on the drought. .png|thumb|Martanin halayyar mutane game da saƙonni kan fari na Day Zero&lt;ref name=&quot;Booysen&quot;/&gt;
]]

A farkon watan Oktoba 2017, biyo bayan lokacin sanyi mai ƙarancin ruwan sama, an kiyasta cewa Cape Town tana da kusan watanni biyar na ajiyar ruwa kafin matakan ruwan su ƙare sarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; A cikin wannan watan ne kuma, Hukumar Birnin Cape Town ta fitar da shirin gaggawa na ruwa wanda za a aiwatar da shi a matakai daban-daban dangane da tsananin ƙarancin ruwan. Mataki na 1 (Phase 1) wanda ya ƙunshi &quot;rabon ruwa ta hanyar rage ƙarfin matsin ruwa na madatsun ruwa sosai&quot; an aiwatar da shi nan da nan. A Mataki na 2 (Phase 2), bayan &quot;Day Zero&quot;, za a kashe ruwa ga yawancin tsarin samar da ruwa in ban da wuraren da ke da muhimmancin gaske na samun ruwa. Mataki na 3 (Phase 3) zai kasance lokacin da Birnin ba zai iya sake jan ruwa daga madatsun ruwa na saman ƙasa a Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape ba, kuma za a sami ɗan ƙaramin lokaci kafin tsarin samar da ruwa gaba ɗaya ya gaza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Critical%20Water%20Shortages%20Disaster%20Plan%20Summary.pdf|title=Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan Summary|last=Bosman|first=Richard|date=October 2017|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-04-op-ed-the-city-of-cape-towns-critical-water-shortages-disaster-plan/#.WfwyhGiCyUl|title=Op-Ed: The City of Cape Town's Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan {{!}} Daily Maverick|last=De Lille|first=Patricia|date=4 October 2017|website=www.dailymaverick.co.za|publisher=City of Cape Town|language=en|access-date=3 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|title=Day Zero FAQs|date=5 April 2018|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719203400/http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===2018===
[[File:Theewaterskloof Dam 2018 02 10 (28425520089).jpg|thumb|right|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof tana kusan kashi 12% a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 2018]]
A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2018, Birnin ya ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 6 na lita 87 ga kowane mutum a rana guda. A watan Fabrairu 2018, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin zuwa Mataki na 6B inda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 50 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; Majalisar zartarwa ta lardin ta kuma sanar da cewa tana tsara tsare-tsare tare da Hukumar 'Yansandan Afirka ta Kudu don dabarun tura jami'ai a wuraren rarraba ruwa a duk faɗin Birnin bayan &quot;Day Zero&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-01-24-government-must-refund-cape-town-for-cost-of-managing-the-water-crisis/|title=Government must refund Cape Town for cost of managing the water crisis|date=24 January 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Theewaterskloof sandscape 2018-03-11.jpg|thumb|Babban ma'ajiyar ruwa ta Cape Town, Theewaterskloof, ta kasance a kashi 11% na ƙarfinta a watan Maris 2018]]

A tsakiyar watan Janairu 2018, tsohuwar magajiyar garin Cape Town Patricia de Lille ta sanar da cewa Birnin zai tilas ya kashe mafi yawan hanyoyin samar da ruwa na gundumomi idan yanayi bai canza ba. Za a ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 7, wato &quot;Day Zero&quot;, lokacin da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa ga Birnin ya kai kashi 13.5 cikin dari. Za a kashe mafi yawan famfunan ruwa na birni, kuma mazauna gari za su dogara ne da wuraren karɓar ruwa guda 149 a kewayen Birnin don karɓar rabon ruwa na yau da kullun na lita 25 ga kowane mutum.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|title=JP Smith answers Day Zero questions: 'It's going to be really unpleasant'|last1=Harrison|first1=Aletta|last2=Janse van Rensburg|first2=Alet|date=26 January 2018|publisher=News24|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216222015/https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|title=Borehole rules? Can you use sea water to flush? – The City of Cape Town answers your questions|date=30 January 2018|publisher=GroundUp|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913113205/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan zai ƙara shafar tattalin arzikin Cape Town, domin ma'aikata za su buƙaci ɗaukar hutu daga wuraren aiki don yin layi jiran ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;In Trouble&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/cape-town-south-africa-water-crisis/|title='I Knew We Were in Trouble.' What It's Like to Live Through Cape Town's Massive Water Crisis|magazine=Time|access-date=2018-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Za a ci gaba da samar da ruwa a tsakiyar yankin kasuwanci na Birnin (CBD), da kuma matsugunai na wucin gadi (inda dama tuni ake karɓar ruwa daga tsakiyar wurare) da kuma muhimman ayyuka kamar asibitoci. A lokacin da aka yi sanarwar, an kiyasta cewa &quot;Day Zero&quot; zai kasance a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 2018, amma jim kaɗan bayan haka aka sake duba shi zuwa 12 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5103259/cape-town-water-crisis/|title=Cape Town Is 90 Days Away From Running Out of Water|last=Baker|first=Aryn|date=15 January 2018|magazine=Time|access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/drought-stricken-cape-town-south-africa-run-water/story?id=52402170|title=Drought-stricken Cape Town, South Africa, could run out of water by April's 'day zero'|last=Thom|first=Liezl|date=17 January 2018|work=ABC News|access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/01/23/day-zero-brought-forward-ct-officials-prepare-for-worst|title=Day Zero Brought Forward, CT Officials Prepare for Worst|last=Brandt|first=Kevin|date=23 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kiyasin &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya ginu ne bisa canje-canje na mako biyu a matakan ajiyar madatsun ruwa, tare da zaton cewa ƙarancin zai ci gaba ba tare da sauyi ba, ba tare da ƙarin ruwan sama ko canji a buƙatar ruwa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;neilson20Feb&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Defeating%20Day%20Zero%20is%20in%20sight%20if%20we%20sustain%20our%20water-saving%20efforts|title=Statement by the City's Executive Mayor, Alderman Ian Neilson: Defeating Day Zero is in sight if we sustain our water-saving efforts|last=Neilson|first=Ian|date=20 February 2018|publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amfani da ruwa na gidaje da na aikin gona ya ragu sosai ƙarƙashin sabbin takunkumin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot; /&gt; Wannan ya bai wa Birnin damar tura kiyasin &quot;Day Zero&quot; baya a matakai daban-daban, kuma a ranar 28 ga Yuni aka jinkirta &quot;Day Zero&quot; har zuwa wani lokaci da ba a bayyana ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;neilson20Feb&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zero Delayed&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/05/africa/cape-town-day-zero-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town 'Day Zero' delayed as agricultural water use drops|last=Said-Moorhouse|first=Lauren|date=5 February 2018|publisher=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/02/south-africa-day-pushed-june-180215094221289.html|title=South Africa: Day Zero pushed back to June|website=aljazeera.com|date=2018-02-15|access-date=2018-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/01/africa/cape-town-water-crisis-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town cuts water use limit by nearly half|last1=Said-Moorhouse|first1=Lauren|date=1 February 2018|publisher=CNN|access-date=2018-02-03|last2=Mezzofiore|first2=Gianluca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kyakkyawan ruwan sama na lokacin sanyi a shekarar 2018 ya haifar da hauhawar matakan madatsun ruwa, sai dai Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta ƙasa ta sanar da cewa takunkumin ruwa na baki ɗaya zai ci gaba da kasancewa har sai matakan ruwan sun kai kashi 85 cikin dari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-edges-closer-to-an-end-to-the-drought-as-dam-levels-continue-to-rise-20180712|title=Western Cape edges closer to an end to the drought as dam levels continue to rise|date=12 July 2018|publisher=News24|access-date=12 July 2018|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713202149/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-edges-closer-to-an-end-to-the-drought-as-dam-levels-continue-to-rise-20180712|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumba, tare da matakan madatsun ruwa kusa da kashi 70 cikin dari zuwa ƙarshen lokacin damina, birnin ya rage takunkumin amfani da ruwa na masu amfani daga mataki na 6B zuwa mataki na 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;/&gt; Matakan madatsun ruwa sun kai kololuwa a kashi 76 cikin dari. A watan Nuwamba, an rage takunkumin zuwa Mataki na 3, ko lita 105 ga kowane mutum a rana guda.
Ƙarƙashin takunkumin Mataki na 3, ana iya amfani da ruwan famfo na birni don shayar da lambuna a takaitattun lokuta, ta amfani da rariyar shayarwa ko boka amma ba bututun roba (hose) ba, don wanke motoci ta amfani da boka, da kuma cika wuraren ninkaya muddin wurin ninkayar yana sanye da murfi don hana daskarewa ko kafeewar ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures%2C%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Level%203%20water%20restrictions%20FAQs.pdf|title=Level 3 Water Restrictions (2018)|date=30 November 2018|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=29 November 2018|archive-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129184323/http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures%2C%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Level%203%20water%20restrictions%20FAQs.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilai ==
=== Fari mai tsanani ===
Sanadin faruwar matsalar ruwan kai-tsaye shi ne fari mai tsanani da ya auku daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2017 wanda ya wuce ƙa'idodin tsare-tsare na Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli. Bincike kan bayanan yanayi na dogon lokaci da Ƙungiyar Nazarin Tsarin Yanayi (Climate System Analysis Group) ta gudanar a Jami'ar Cape Town ya tabbatar da cewa ƙarancin ruwan sama tsakanin shekarun 2015 da 2017 ya kasance babban al'amari mai wuyar gaske kuma mai tsananin gaske.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.csag.uct.ac.za/2018/01/22/facts-are-few-opinions-plenty-on-drought-severity-again/|title=Facts are few, opinions plenty… on drought severity again|website=www.csag.uct.ac.za|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ragewar yanayin ruwan sama yana da alaƙa da sauye-sauye masu faɗi a cikin zirga-zirgar sararin samaniya da na teku, gami da sauyin alkibla zuwa kusa da pole na hanyoyin raba ruwan sanyi na Kudancin Hemisphere tsakanin 2015–17, sauyin jet-stream da haɓakar matsin lamba na South Atlantic High.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sousa|first1=Pedro M.|last2=Blamey|first2=R.|last3=Reason|first3=C.J.C.|last4=Ramos|first4=A.M.|last5=Trigo|first5=R.M.|date=2018|title=The 'Day Zero' Cape Town drought and the poleward migration of moisture corridors|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=13|issue=12|pages=124025|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aaebc7|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shekarar 2017 ita shekara mafi bushewa tun daga shekarar 1933, kuma mai yiwuwa ma kafin hakan, tunda babu bayanan kwatankwacin hakan kafin 1933. An kuma gano cewa fari mai tsananin haka a ƙididdigance zai iya aukuwa sau ɗaya kacal a kowace shekara 300.&lt;ref name=&quot;csag&quot; /&gt;

=== Gudanar da buƙatu da samar da ruwa na dogon lokaci ===
Yawan jama'ar Birnin Cape Town ya ƙaru daga mazauna miliyan 2.4 a shekarar 1995 zuwa kiyasin mutane miliyan 4.1 a shekarar 2015, wanda ke nuna haɓakar kashi 71 cikin dari na jama'a a cikin shekaru 20, yayin da ajiyar ruwan madatsun ruwa ya ƙaru da kashi 17 cikin dari kacal a daidai wannan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/cape-town-population/|title=Cape Town Population 2019|website=World Population Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tasirin ƙaruwar jama'a akan buƙatar ruwa masana galibi suna rage masa daraja, tunda hasashen yakan gaza yin lissafin cikakken amfani da ruwa na mutum na kaidin fakaici ta hanyar samar da abinci da kayayyakin masarufi.&lt;ref&gt;Schutte, C. F., &amp; Pretorius, W. A. (1997). Water demand and population growth. ''WATER SA-PRETORIA-'', ''23'', 127–134.&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2007, Ma'aikatar Al'amuran Ruwa da Gandun Daji ta yi hasashen cewa ci gaban buƙata akan Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape zai wuce iyakar abin da ake samarwa idan ba a aiwatar da matakan kiyaye ruwa da gudanar da buƙatun ruwa ba ta hannun Birnin da sauran hukumomin gundumomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCWRSNewsletterMarch09&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/19/WCWRSNewsletterMarch09.pdf|title=Western Cape Water Reconciliation Strategy Newsletter 5|date=March 2009|publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ƙaruwa ta buƙatun dogon lokaci tana daɗa ta'azzara sakamakon matsin lamba akan samar da ruwa na dogon lokaci, gami da bazuwar baƙon shuke-shuke da canjin yanayi. Bazuwar baƙon shuke-shuke masu shan ruwa da yawa a mahimman yankunan tattara ruwa ya rage samar da ruwa zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof da kiyasin mita mai siffar sili guda miliyan 30 a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An sami ƙaruwar digiri ɗaya na ma'aunin Celsius a yanayin zafi cikin ƙarni da suka gabata kuma ƙididdigar na'ura ta yi hasashen cewa matsakaicin zafi a Cape Town zai ƙaru da wani digiri 0.25 na Celsius a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, wanda hakan na iya ƙara yuwuwa da tsananin fari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Buis |first1=Alan |date=2020-09-08 |title=Making Sense of 'Climate Sensitivity': New Study Narrows the Range of Uncertainty in Future Climate Projections |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/ask-nasa-climate/3017/making-sense-of-climate-sensitivity/ |access-date=14 January 2022 |website=NASA: Climate Change and Global Warming |publisher=NASA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, ba a nuna tasirin canjin yanayi sosai ba a cikin tsarin yanayi na yanzu: Helen Zille, Firimiyan Western Cape, ta ce Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Afirka ta Kudu ba ta yi tsammanin fari mai tsanani ba har sai bayan wasu shekaru 10.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-01-26-zille-tries-to-blame-it-on-the-weatherman/|title=Zille tries to blame it on the weatherman|last=Petra|first=Saal|date=Jan 2018|work=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gazawar gwamnati ===
Hukumar gaggawa ta gundumomi, na lardi, da na ƙasa suna raba alhakin samar da ruwa. Dokar Ruwa ta Ƙasa (Dokar 36 ta 1998) ta tsara cewa gwamnatin ƙasa ita ce &quot;atoni na jama'a&quot; na albarkatun ruwa na ƙasar don tabbatar da cewa ana &quot;kariya, amfani, haɓakawa, kiyayewa, gudanarwa da sarrafa ruwa cikin dorewa da adalci, don amfanin kowa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Facts and Myths&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/facts-and-myths-about-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=Facts and myths about Cape Town's water crisis|date=Jan 2018|work=GroundUp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haifar da takaddama tsakanin gwamnatin gunduma da ta lardi da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin jam'iyyar adawa (Democratic Alliance, DA) a gefe guda, da kuma gwamnatin ƙasa mai rinjaye a ɗayan gefen (African National Congress, ANC), inda jam'iyyun ke zargin juna da laifin haddasa matsalar ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saunderson-Meyer&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saundersonmeyer-drought-commentary/commentary-in-drought-hit-south-africa-the-politics-of-water-idUSKBN1FP226|title=Commentary: In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water|last=Saunderson-Meyer|first=William|work=U.S.|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sukar DA saboda rashin tunanin gaba wajen samar da sabbin hanyoyin ruwa da ababen more rayuwa, yayin da ake zargin ANC da hana bayar da kuɗaɗe domin gurgunta tare da kunyata gwamnatin da DA ke jagoranta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-03-07-day-zero-heroes-maimane-hails-water-wise-capetonians-as-crisis-recedes/|title='Day Zero heroes': Maimane hails water-wise Capetonians as crisis recedes|last=Hyman|first=Aron|date=Mar 2018|work=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda rahoton ƙungiyar South African Water Caucus ya nuna, tarin bashi da almundahana mai yawa a Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na iya zama dalilin gazawarta na karɓar buƙatar Western Cape ta R35 miliyan (Dalar Amurka miliyan 3) don ƙara samar da ruwa da ababen more rayuwa a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://emg.org.za/images/downloads/water_cl_ch/SAWC_State-of-DWS-Report.pdf|title=REPORT ON THE STATE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION|website=South African Water Caucus|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925190453/https://www.emg.org.za/images/downloads/water_cl_ch/SAWC_State-of-DWS-Report.pd|archive-date=25 September 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Helen Zille, Firimiyan Western Cape, ta yi kiran da gwamnatin ƙasa ta mayar wa Birnin Cape Town kuɗaɗen da aka kashe wajen tafiyar da matsalar ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan24&quot; /&gt;

A tsakiyar watan Oktoba 2017, wasu kamfanonin raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination) sun soki Birnin saboda tafiyar hawainiya wajen sayan kayayyaki, yawan tsarin mulki na ofis (bureaucracy), rashin nuna gaggawa, da rashin isassun sikelin ayyukan samar da ruwa da aka tsara. A watan Janairu 2018, a matsayin martani ga wani rahoto mai tsanani da ya soki Birnin Cape Town saboda gaza magance bala'in cikin dacewa da lokaci da sauran gazawar shugabanci, hukumar zartarwa ta tarayya ta DA ta yanke shawarar cire magajiyar garin Cape Town Patricia de Lille daga jagorancin tawagar da ke magance matsalar fari, inda aka maye gurbinta da Mmusi Maimane, jagoran jam'iyyar DA gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/cape-town-water-crisis-crossing-state-and-party-lines-isnt-the-answer-90861|title=Cape Town Water Crisis Crossing State and Party Lines|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Polweb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/cape-town-city-manager-given-special-powers-to-dea|title=Cape Town city manager given special powers to deal with water crisis – NEWS &amp; ANALYSIS|last=News24|date=26 October 2017|website=www.politicsweb.co.za|language=en|access-date=2017-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kin amincewa da tsarin raba gishiri da ruwa ===
A shekarar 2018, Cape Town ta yi watsi da tayin da ƙasar Isra'ila ta yi mata na taimaka mata wajen gina masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination).&lt;ref&gt;In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water, Reuters, January 25, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cape Town May Dry Up Because of an Aversion to Israel, Wall St. Journal, February 21, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Cape Town Water Crisis and Hating Israel, aish, February 11, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;South African stupidity, Jerusalem Post, February 3, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasiri ==
[[File:Westridge Gardens 9.jpg|thumb|An gina Babban Tubalin Furanni (Flower Monument) a Westridge Gardens don tunawa da taron addu'o'in neman kyakkyawan ruwan sama lokacin da ake tsaka da matsalar ruwa. ]]
Matsalar ruwan ta haifar da babban tasiri ga tattalin arziki, lafiya, da tsaro. Ya fito fili cewa samar da ruwan famfo na birni don ban ruwa da amfanin birane yana da tasiri mai kyau (positive externalities) ta fuskar wadatar abinci, lafiyar jama'a, da daidaiton al'umma gaba ɗaya.

=== Tattalin Arziki ===
Matsalar ruwan ta yi sanadiyyar asarar ayyukan yi guda 37,000 a lardin Western Cape, sannan an kiyasta cewa mutane 50,000 sun fada ƙasa da layin talauci sakamakon asarar ayyukan yi, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, da ƙarin farashin abinci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Storms to Come&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://features.dailymaverick.co.za/cape-of-storms-to-come/|title=Cape of Storms To Come|last=DIANA NEILLE, MARELISE VAN DER MERWE &amp; LEILA DOUGAN|website=features.dailymaverick.co.za|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-03|archive-date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623202853/http://features.dailymaverick.co.za/cape-of-storms-to-come/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masana sun kiyasta cewa &quot;matsalar ruwan za ta lakume ayyukan yi kusan 300,000 a fannin aikin gona, da kuma wasu dubun-dubatar a fannonin hidima, baƙunci, da abinci&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;In Trouble&quot; /&gt;

==== Aikin Gona ====
Aikin gona wata muhimmiyar masana'anta ce a Western Cape. Masana'antar ruwan inabi (giya) a Western Cape ta janyo hankalin masu yawon buɗe ido miliyan 1.5 a shekarar 2017, kuma tare da masana'antar 'ya'yan itace tana ɗaukar ma'aikata kusan 340,000 tare da ba da gudummawar fiye da kashi 10% ga tattalin arzikin Western Cape. Da yawa daga cikin shuke-shuken suna buƙatar ruwa mai yawa; alal misali, gonar inabi tana buƙatar tsakanin inci 10 zuwa 24 na ruwa don ta tsira. A matsakaici, fannin aikin gona a Western Cape ya gudanar da ragin amfani da ruwa da kashi 60 cikin ɗari daga shekarar 2017 zuwa 2018, wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙarancin amfanin gona da kiyasin asarar tattalin arziki na R5.9 biliyan (Dalar Amurka miliyan 400), ayyukan yi 30,000, da faɗuwar kashi 13–20 cikin ɗari na kayayyakin da ake fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Wasu kiyasin sun sanya adadin ya fi haka inda ya kai R14 biliyan (Dalar Amurka biliyan 1).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/economy/2018-02-05-farmers-lose-r14bn-as-cape-drought-bites/|title=Farmers lose R14bn as Cape drought bites|last=Phakathi|first=Bekezela|date=5 February 2018|work=Business Day|access-date=2018-02-07|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuɗaɗen da ake samu daga hannun jarin masana'antun ruwan inabi da na 'ya'yan itace na cikin gida suna da matukar ƙanƙanta koda yake masana'antar ruwan inabin tana samar da wasu shahararrun ruwan inabi a duniya. Wannan ya haifar da fargabar cewa kasuwancin aikin gona da yawa suna fuskantar haɗarin fatara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== Fannin Yawon Buɗe Ido ====
Cape Town babbar matattarar masu yawon buɗe ido ce kuma ita ce birni mafi karɓar baƙi na dogon zango a nahiyar gaba ɗaya. Masana'antar yawon buɗe ido ita ma ta fuskanci babban kalubale sakamakon raguwar baƙi masu zuwa, masauki, da zirga-zirgar baƙi a wuraren shaƙatawa a watan Janairu 2018 idan aka kwatanta da daidai wannan lokacin a shekarar 2017. Fannin masauki ya ba da rahoton raguwar mazauna da kashi 10%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.capetown.travel/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CTT-Research-Report-April-2018_Classic.pdf|title=CTT Research Report April 2018|date=24 July 2018|website=Cape Town Tourism|access-date=24 July 2018|archive-date=24 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724183611/http://www.capetown.travel/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CTT-Research-Report-April-2018_Classic.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otal-otal sun yi rangwame kan ayyukansu, kamar cire matosai na burtun wanka, ba wa baƙi maganin tsaftace hannu (hand sanitiser), sanya na'urorin rage gudu a wuraren wanka, da ko dai share wuraren ninkaya sarai ko cika su da ruwan gishiri. A watan Oktoba 2017, Birnin ya ƙaddamar da ɗayan mahimman tsare-tsarensa, wato yaƙin neman zaɓe na 'Ajiye ruwa kamar ɗan gida' (Save like a local), tare da mai da hankali kan sanya masu yawon buɗe ido cikin ayyukan dakile fari na fadin birni gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How to &quot;Save Water Like a Local&quot; |url=https://capetownsafaris.com/save-water-like-local/ |website=Cape Town Safaris |date=11 April 2018 |access-date=14 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Talaucin Ruwa (Hydrological poverty) ===
Talaucin ruwa yakan kama mutanen da ba za su iya sayen abinci ko ruwan da ake buƙata don al'ummarsu ta zama mai wadata ba. A Cape Town, ya zama haramun sayar da ruwa daga rijiyoyi ko koguna amma mutane na iya samun riba daga sufuri da kwadagon da ke da alaƙa da kai ruwa daga wasu yankuna. Waɗanda suka yi amfani da ruwa fiye da ƙa'idar yau da kullun da aka gatsa ta lita 50 ga kowane mutum a rana an ci su tara tsakanin R500 zuwa R3,000 (Dalar Amurka 35–210). Sai dai wannan tasiri ya ƙara ƙarfafa tazarar talauci saboda taran ta kasance kaɗan ga mawadata amma mai rugurgutawa ga mazauna marasa galihu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.odi.org/blogs/10616-politics-poverty-and-climate-change-stories-cape-town-s-day-zero|title=Politics, poverty, and climate change: stories from Cape Town's 'Day Zero'|website=ODI|date=8 March 2018 |language=en|access-date=2020-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lafiyayyar Al'umma ===
Ma'aikatan lafiyar al'umma sun nuna damuwa game da cututtukan da za su iya yaduwa ta hanyar gurɓatar bayan gida da baki (faecal-oral contamination) sakamakon ƙarancin wanke hannu. Kamfanonin lafiyar al'umma, cibiyoyin bincike, da masu ba da lafiya su ma sun damu game da tasirin da matsalar ruwan za ta iya yi ga ayyukan lafiya.

Rashin isasshen tsaftar muhalli na iya haifar da cututtukan zawo (diarrhoeal diseases), waɗanda ke kashe mutane miliyan 2.2 kowace shekara a duniya, inda yawancin mace-mace ke faruwa tsakanin yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 5. Tare da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 4.3 da yawa na mutane kusan 1500 a kowace murabba'in kilomita, an ba da shawarar cewa wannan na iya haifar da cututtuka kamar kwalara da sauran su bazu cikin sauri ba tare da ingantaccen tsafta ba, musamman a unguwannin matalauta na Cape Town. Idan babu tsaftataccen ruwa, illolin lafiyar al'umma na iya ƙaruwa ta hanyar kwari a cikin kazaman ruwaye, waɗanda zasu iya haifar da ƙarin bazuwar cututtuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Comes the horror&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/cape-town-water-crisis-drought-disease/|title=Cape Town water crisis: With drought, comes the horror of disease|last=Head|first=Tom|date=10 October 2017|work=The South African|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ai sun yi gargaɗin cewa cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa kamar kwalara, hepatitis A, da zazzabin taifot (typhoid fever) &quot;da alama za su fi yaduwa&quot; yayin da mazauna garin suka fara adana ruwa a cikin kwantena masu ƙazanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAQs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Disaster%20and%20Demand%20FAQ.pdf|title=Water related FAQs|date=15 March 2018|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman bazuwar cututtuka tana da yuwuwar faruwa sakamakon matsakaicin amfani da lita 25 kacal na ruwa ga kowane mutum a rana, adadin da bai isa ba don kiyaye tsaftar gida. Wannan haɗe da amfani da ruwan wanka/wanki (greywater) da ƙarfafawa daga kafofin watsa labaru na rashin wanke 'ya'yan itace ya ƙara haɗarin gurɓatawa. Wani tasiri kuma ga lafiyar al'umma sakamakon matsalar ruwan shi ne ƙarancin abubuwan gina jiki ko ƙarancin ingancin abubuwan gina jiki da mutane ke samu. Saboda ƙarancin ruwa, amfanin gona da dabbobi suna raguwa ko kuma ingancinsu yana faduwa.&lt;ref&gt;Parks, R., McLaren, M., Toumi, R., &amp; Rivett, U. (2019). Experiences and lessons in managing water from Cape Town (29) [Grafiek &amp;  Literatuur]. Geraadpleegd van https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/grantham-institute/public/publications/briefing-papers/Experiences-and-lessons-in-managing-water.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗarin Lafiyar Wurin Aiki ===
Wuraren wankan gaggawa da na wanke idanu muhimmin sashi ne na tsaron wurin aiki ga dakunan gwaje-gwaje (laboratories) da ma'aikata da yawa. Ana buƙatar wadatar ruwa akai-akai idan aka fuskanci haɗarin sinadarai masu guba. Yawancin buƙatun Tsaron Wurin Aiki da Lafiya sun ba da shawarar cewa wuraren wankan gaggawa su kasance suna iya fitar da lita 75 a kowane minti na tsawon mintuna 15 aƙalla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://blogs.plos.org/publichealth/2018/02/05/day-zero-the-impact-of-cape-towns-water-shortage-on-public-health/|title=Day Zero: The impact of Cape Town's water shortage on public health {{!}} Public Health|date=5 February 2018|work=Public Health|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815104537/http://blogs.plos.org/publichealth/2018/02/05/day-zero-the-impact-of-cape-towns-water-shortage-on-public-health/|archive-date=15 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan aka dakatar ko iyakance waɗannan wuraren wankan, ma'aikatan da ke sarrafa sinadarai masu lahani sosai za su kasance cikin haɗari.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="50503" sha1="sqbmfsfk6eq33n5hp0c5niav3ipcdbg" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Cape_Town_water_crisis_graph.svg|right|thumb|400x400px|Hotunan jimlar ruwan da aka adana a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa shida na Western Cape (blue) da kuma matakin hana ruwa na birnin Cape Town (orange) daga Nuwamba 2013 zuwa Agusta 2021.]]
'''Rikicin ruwan Cape Town''' a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ya kasance shekaru da yawa a cikin 2015-2020 na karancin ruwa a yankin Western Cape, wanda ya fi shafar birnin Cape Town . Matsakaicin ruwan madatsar ruwan ya fara raguwa a shekarar 2015 kuma matsalar ruwan Cape Town ta kai kololuwa a tsakiyar shekarar 2017 zuwa tsakiyar 2018 lokacin da ruwan ya kai tsakanin kashi 14 zuwa 29 na yawan karfin madatsar ruwa.

A ƙarshen 2017, an fara ambaton tsare-tsare na &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, taƙaitaccen bayani game da ranar da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Birni zai iya faɗi ƙasa da kashi 13.5. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cassim |first=Zaheer |date=19 January 2018 |title=Cape Town could be the first major city in the world to run out of water |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/01/19/cape-town-could-first-major-city-run-out-water/1047237001/ |website=USA Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Poplak |first=Richard |date=15 February 2018 |title=What's Actually Behind Cape Town's Water Crisis |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/cape-town-water-crisis/553076/ |access-date=22 February 2018 |website=The Atlantic}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=York |first=Geoffrey |date=8 March 2018 |title=Cape Town residents become 'guinea pigs for the world' with water-conservation campaign |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/cape-town-residents-become-guinea-pigs-for-the-world-with-water-conservationcampaign/article38257004/ |website=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya zama lokaci don nuna farkon matakan hana ruwa na Mataki na 7, lokacin da za a kashe kayan ruwa na birni da yawa kuma ana tunanin cewa mazauna za su iya yin layi don rabon ruwa na yau da kullun. Idan da hakan ta faru, da hakan zai sanya birnin Cape Town ya zama babban birni na farko a duniya da ya kaure da karancin ruwan sha a cikin kananan hukumomin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Day Zero, when is it, what is it and how can we avoid it |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Day%20Zero%20when%20is%20it,%20what%20is%20it,%20and%20how%20can%20we%20avoid%20it |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Rikicin ruwa na Cape Town ya faru a daidai lokacin da fari na Gabashin Cape, wanda ke cikin wani yanki na daban a kusa.

Birnin Cape Town ya aiwatar da tsauraran matakan hana ruwa a wani yunkuri na dakile amfani da ruwa, wanda ya rage yawan ruwan da yake amfani da shi na yau da kullum da fiye da rabi zuwa kusan lita miliyan 500 (130,000,000 US gal) a kowace rana a cikin Maris 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Narrandes |first=Nidha |date=14 March 2018 |title=Cape Town water usage lower than ever |url=http://www.capetownetc.com/water-crisis/water-usage-further-reduced-in-cape-town/ |publisher=Cape Town etc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Faduwar amfani da ruwa ya sa birnin ya jinkirta kiyasin &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, kuma ruwan sama mai karfi ya fara farfadowa a watan Yuni 1.  A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, tare da matakan dam kusa da kashi 70, birnin ya fara sauƙaƙe ƙuntatawa na ruwa, wanda ke nuna cewa mafi munin matsalar ruwa ya ƙare. &lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pitt |first=Christina |date=10 September 2018 |title=City of Cape Town relaxes water restrictions, tariffs to Level 5 |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212034631/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |archive-date=12 December 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |website=News24 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan sama mai kyau a cikin 2020 yadda ya kamata ya karya fari kuma ya haifar da karancin ruwa lokacin da matakan madatsar ruwa ya kai kashi 95 cikin dari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-07 |title=After the drought: Cape Town's gushing water |url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/after-drought-cape-towns-gushing-water/ |access-date=2020-09-11 |website=[[GroundUp News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fage ==
[[Fayil:Cape_Water_map_dams.png|thumb|274x274px|Taswirar manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa zuwa Cape Town]]
Yankin Cape Town yana fuskantar yanayi na Bahar Rum tare da dumi, bushewar lokacin rani da ruwan sama na hunturu. Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Yammacin Cape ya dogara kusan gaba ɗaya akan ruwan sama, wanda ake kamawa kuma ana adana shi a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida da ke cikin wuraren tsaunuka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Welz |first=Adam |date=1 March 2018 |title=Awaiting Day Zero: Cape Town Faces an Uncertain Water Future |url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/awaiting-day-zero-cape-town-faces-an-uncertain-water-future |publisher=Yale Environment 360}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana yin cajin madatsun ruwa ne ta hanyar ruwan sama da ke faɗowa a yankunan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, galibi a lokacin sanyi na watanni na Mayu zuwa Agusta, kuma matakan dam ɗin suna raguwa a lokacin rani na watanni na Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu inda amfani da ruwa na birane ke ƙaruwa kuma ana samun ban ruwa a yankunan noma.

Amfani da birane da aikin gona yana cinye kusan kashi 70 da kashi 30 bisa 100 na jimillar ruwan da tsarin samar da ruwan sha na Western Cape ke bayarwa, tare da sauye-sauye na yanayi.   A cikin zamanin bayan [[Apartheid|wariyar launin fata]], kuma a ƙarƙashin tsarin Tsarin [[Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Afirka ta Kudu|Ruwa na Kyauta na Kyauta]], Birnin Cape Town ya karɓi tsarin haɓaka tsarin jadawalin kuɗin fito don farashin ruwa, wanda aka azabtar da mafi girma masu amfani da ruwa tare da mafi girman jadawalin kuɗin fito don hana amfani, yayin da aka saita jadawalin farko block a (kusa) sifili don tabbatar da samun daidaiton ruwa zuwa kowane matakin asali na Afirka ta Kudu.  Magidanta masu rahusa masu rijista a Cape Town tare da haɗin kai tsaye da ruwa da tsafta suna karɓar lita 6 000 na farko a kowane wata na ruwa kyauta, kuma ana cajin kuɗin fito ne kawai don cinyewa sama da adadin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services and costs in formal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-and-costs-for-formal-housing |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt; Magidanta a ƙauyuka na yau da kullun ana ba da ruwa daga famfun jama'a da kuma amfani da bandakunan jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services in informal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family+and+home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-in-informal-settlements |website=City of Cape Town }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ga manoman da ke samun ruwa daga Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape, ana duba su da allunan ban ruwa da ƙungiyoyi masu amfani da ruwa. Manoman da yawa kuma suna shiga tsarin rarraba ban ruwa (daga takamaiman kwararar kogi), kuma suna da madatsun ruwa masu zaman kansu da [[Rijiyar burtsatse|rijiyoyin burtsatse]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Water File |url=http://www.wwf.org.za/water/?25441/Agricultural-water-file-Farming-for-a-drier-future |website=Worldwide Fund for Nature}}&lt;/ref&gt; Birnin ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba sa samun riba a kan siyar da ruwa, kuma manufofin farashin ruwa na ƙoƙarin daidaita daidaito, daidaito da buƙatun dawo da farashi. 

Zamanin ƙarancin ruwan sama na hunturu a 2000-2001 da 2003-2004 ya haifar da hana ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;WCDM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Basholo |first=Zolile |date=4 February 2016 |title=Overview of Water Demand Management Initiatives: A City of Cape Town Approach |url=https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Water-Sector-Desk-Content/CoCT-WCWDM-presentation-Z-Basholo-Western-Cape-Water-Forum-160204-2016.pdf |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin 2003, Birnin ya shiga yarjejeniya tare da Sashen Ruwa da Dazuzzuka na lokacin don gina madatsar ruwa ta Berg da Tsarin kari sannan kuma ta fara kula da bukatar ruwa. A shekarar 2009, an karu da karfin ajiyar madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Cape Town da kashi 17 cikin 100 daga 768 zuwa miliyan 898 cubic meters lokacin da aka kammala aikin madatsar ruwan Berg da kuma shirin samar da kayayyaki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cape Town&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2009 |title=Cape Town's water supply boosted |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102756/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-date=27 March 2009 |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2015, Birnin Cape Town ya sami babbar lambar yabo ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da sanin ƙoƙarinsu na Kula da Ruwa da Buƙatun Ruwa (WCWDM). Cape Town ya yi nasara musamman wajen rage asarar ruwa ta hanyar yoyon fitsari, inda aka samu asarar ruwa da kashi 14 cikin dari, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin kashi 35 cikin dari na kasa. Dokokin sun kuma fayyace cewa ya kamata a samar da ingantattun kayan aikin ruwa da Ofishin Ma'auni na Afirka ta Kudu ya amince da shi don duk sabbin ci gaba da gyare-gyare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=C40 Cities Awards 2015 |url=https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |access-date=2025-08-12 |archive-date=2021-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923092342/https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Jeron Lokaci ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;cellpadding=&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em; text-align:center; font-size:95%&quot;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th colspan=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;&gt;Matakan ruwa a matsayin kashi na jimillar ƙarfin madatsun ruwa ta shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/whats-causing-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=What's causing Cape Town's water crisis?|last=Bohatch|first=Trevor|date=16 May 2017|publisher=Ground Up|location=Cape Town|language=en|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
|-
! Manyan madatsun ruwa
! Ƙarfi (megalitres)
! 17 Mayu 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-utility-services/residential-water-and-sanitation-services/this-weeks-dam-levels|title=City of Cape Town: Dam Levels|date=18 May 2021|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;!!18 Mayu 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=18 May 2020|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 13 Mayu 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=13 May 2019|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=22 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 14 Mayu 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|title=Water Dashboard|date=Mar 2019|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-date=7 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207180447/http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 15 Mayu 2017 !! 15 Mayu 2016 !! 15 Mayu 2015 !! 15 Mayu 2014
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Berg River|| 130,010
|76.1||65.6||68.1|| 39.2|| 32.4|| 27.2|| 54.0|| 90.5
|-
|Steenbras Lower|| 33,517
|58.0||48.4||38.6|| 35.4|| 26.5|| 37.6|| 47.9|| 39.6
|-
|Steenbras Upper|| 31,767
|54.2||96.5||65.0|| 59.6|| 56.7|| 56.9|| 57.8|| 79.1
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof|| 480,188
|75.2||50.2||36.1|| 12.0|| 15.0|| 31.3|| 51.3|| 74.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Voelvlei|| 164,095
|58.3||50.4||55.4|| 14.5|| 17.2|| 21.3|| 42.5|| 59.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Wemmershoek|| 58,644
|59.1||43.3||43.6|| 48.4|| 36.0|| 48.5|| 50.5|| 58.8
|-
| Jimillar da aka ajiye (megalitres) || 898,221
|626,907||481,370||411,849|| 191,843|| 190,300|| 279,954|| 450,429 || 646,137
|-
|'''Jimillar % na Ma'ajiya'''||100
|'''69.8'''||'''53.6'''||'''45.9'''||'''21.4'''||'''21.2'''||'''31.2'''||'''50.1'''||'''71.9'''
|}

===2015–2016===
Bayan samun kyakkyawan ruwan sama a shekarun 2013 da 2014, Birnin Cape Town ya fara fuskantar fari a shekarar 2015, wanda shi ne na farko cikin shekaru uku a jere na lokutan sanyi marasa ruwa da suka auku, mai yiwuwa sanadiyyar tsarin yanayi na El Niño ko kuma canjin yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AfricaC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://africacheck.org/2016/02/03/frequently-asked-questions-about-south-africas-drought|title=Frequently asked questions about South Africa's drought|date=3 February 2016|publisher=Africa Check|language=en|location=Cape Town|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matakan ruwa a madatsun ruwan Birnin sun ragu daga kashi 71.9 cikin dari a shekarar 2014 zuwa kashi 50.1 cikin dari a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot; /&gt; A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016, hukumar Birnin ta ɗaukaka tsoffin takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 1 (Level 1) tun na shekarar 2005 zuwa Mataki na 2 (Level 2), kuma a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2016 ta sake ɗaukaka shi zuwa Mataki na 3 (Level 3), lokacin da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta wallafa takunkumin amfani da ruwa na hukuma don birane da aikin gona. Kuma babban farin da ya shafi sauran sassan Afirka ta Kudu ya ƙare a watan Agusta 2016 lokacin da aka sami babban ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin ƙasar,&lt;ref name=&quot;encarain&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|title=Southern Africa faces floods after drought|last=Masinde|first=Muthoni|date=18 August 2016|access-date=2017-06-01|archive-date=1 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101190233/https://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma farin na lardin Western Cape ya ci gaba da wanzuwa.

===2017===
Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin amfani da ruwa zuwa Mataki na 3B a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2017, kuma a ƙarshen lokacin rani a watan Mayu 2017, an ayyana farin a matsayin mafi muni da Birnin ya taɓa fuskanta a cikin ƙarni guda, inda ruwan da ke cikin madatsun ruwa ya kasance ƙasa da kashi 10 cikin dari na ƙarfin amfaninsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/31/africa/cape-town-drought/index.html|title=Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century|last=Van Dam|first=Derek|website=CNN.com|publisher=CNN|date=31 May 2017|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 4 a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2017, wanda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 100 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;level4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|title=City of Cape Town approves Level 4 water restrictions|last=Etheridge|first=Jenna|date=31 May 2017|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429230521/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jimillar ruwan sama da aka samu a shekarar 2017 ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta tun lokacin da aka fara riƙe bayanan ruwan sama a shekarar 1933.&lt;ref name=&quot;csag&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2017-08-31-how-severe-is-the-droughta|title=How severe is the drought?|last=Wolski|first=Piotr|date=Aug 2017|website=University of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayin da lokacin zafi mai bushewa ke gabatowa, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin ruwa na yanzu zuwa Mataki na 4B a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2017, sannan zuwa Mataki na 5 a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2017, inda aka haramta amfani da ruwa a waje da kuma ayyukan da ba su da muhimmanci sosai, tare da ƙarfafa amfani da ruwan wanka/wanki (grey water) don zubarwa a bayan gida, kuma aka yi niyyar iyakance yawan amfanin ruwa na kowane mutum zuwa lita 87 a rana, don jimillar amfani da lita miliyan 500 a rana gaba ɗaya birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; Sai dai kuma, sanya takunkumin Mataki na 5 ya zo tare da sanarwa mai rikitarwa game da iyakokin amfani da ruwa na gidaje, wanda hakan ya haifar da akasin haka ta hanyar ƙara yawan amfani da ruwa ga wasu mutane.&lt;ref name = &quot;Booysen&quot; /&gt;  
[[File:Behavioural response to messaging on the drought. .png|thumb|Martanin halayyar mutane game da saƙonni kan fari na Day Zero&lt;ref name=&quot;Booysen&quot;/&gt;
]]

A farkon watan Oktoba 2017, biyo bayan lokacin sanyi mai ƙarancin ruwan sama, an kiyasta cewa Cape Town tana da kusan watanni biyar na ajiyar ruwa kafin matakan ruwan su ƙare sarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; A cikin wannan watan ne kuma, Hukumar Birnin Cape Town ta fitar da shirin gaggawa na ruwa wanda za a aiwatar da shi a matakai daban-daban dangane da tsananin ƙarancin ruwan. Mataki na 1 (Phase 1) wanda ya ƙunshi &quot;rabon ruwa ta hanyar rage ƙarfin matsin ruwa na madatsun ruwa sosai&quot; an aiwatar da shi nan da nan. A Mataki na 2 (Phase 2), bayan &quot;Day Zero&quot;, za a kashe ruwa ga yawancin tsarin samar da ruwa in ban da wuraren da ke da muhimmancin gaske na samun ruwa. Mataki na 3 (Phase 3) zai kasance lokacin da Birnin ba zai iya sake jan ruwa daga madatsun ruwa na saman ƙasa a Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape ba, kuma za a sami ɗan ƙaramin lokaci kafin tsarin samar da ruwa gaba ɗaya ya gaza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Critical%20Water%20Shortages%20Disaster%20Plan%20Summary.pdf|title=Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan Summary|last=Bosman|first=Richard|date=October 2017|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-04-op-ed-the-city-of-cape-towns-critical-water-shortages-disaster-plan/#.WfwyhGiCyUl|title=Op-Ed: The City of Cape Town's Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan {{!}} Daily Maverick|last=De Lille|first=Patricia|date=4 October 2017|website=www.dailymaverick.co.za|publisher=City of Cape Town|language=en|access-date=3 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|title=Day Zero FAQs|date=5 April 2018|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719203400/http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===2018===
[[File:Theewaterskloof Dam 2018 02 10 (28425520089).jpg|thumb|right|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof tana kusan kashi 12% a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 2018]]
A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2018, Birnin ya ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 6 na lita 87 ga kowane mutum a rana guda. A watan Fabrairu 2018, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin zuwa Mataki na 6B inda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 50 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; Majalisar zartarwa ta lardin ta kuma sanar da cewa tana tsara tsare-tsare tare da Hukumar 'Yansandan Afirka ta Kudu don dabarun tura jami'ai a wuraren rarraba ruwa a duk faɗin Birnin bayan &quot;Day Zero&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-01-24-government-must-refund-cape-town-for-cost-of-managing-the-water-crisis/|title=Government must refund Cape Town for cost of managing the water crisis|date=24 January 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Theewaterskloof sandscape 2018-03-11.jpg|thumb|Babban ma'ajiyar ruwa ta Cape Town, Theewaterskloof, ta kasance a kashi 11% na ƙarfinta a watan Maris 2018]]

A tsakiyar watan Janairu 2018, tsohuwar magajiyar garin Cape Town Patricia de Lille ta sanar da cewa Birnin zai tilas ya kashe mafi yawan hanyoyin samar da ruwa na gundumomi idan yanayi bai canza ba. Za a ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 7, wato &quot;Day Zero&quot;, lokacin da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa ga Birnin ya kai kashi 13.5 cikin dari. Za a kashe mafi yawan famfunan ruwa na birni, kuma mazauna gari za su dogara ne da wuraren karɓar ruwa guda 149 a kewayen Birnin don karɓar rabon ruwa na yau da kullun na lita 25 ga kowane mutum.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|title=JP Smith answers Day Zero questions: 'It's going to be really unpleasant'|last1=Harrison|first1=Aletta|last2=Janse van Rensburg|first2=Alet|date=26 January 2018|publisher=News24|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216222015/https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|title=Borehole rules? Can you use sea water to flush? – The City of Cape Town answers your questions|date=30 January 2018|publisher=GroundUp|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913113205/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan zai ƙara shafar tattalin arzikin Cape Town, domin ma'aikata za su buƙaci ɗaukar hutu daga wuraren aiki don yin layi jiran ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;In Trouble&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/cape-town-south-africa-water-crisis/|title='I Knew We Were in Trouble.' What It's Like to Live Through Cape Town's Massive Water Crisis|magazine=Time|access-date=2018-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Za a ci gaba da samar da ruwa a tsakiyar yankin kasuwanci na Birnin (CBD), da kuma matsugunai na wucin gadi (inda dama tuni ake karɓar ruwa daga tsakiyar wurare) da kuma muhimman ayyuka kamar asibitoci. A lokacin da aka yi sanarwar, an kiyasta cewa &quot;Day Zero&quot; zai kasance a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 2018, amma jim kaɗan bayan haka aka sake duba shi zuwa 12 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5103259/cape-town-water-crisis/|title=Cape Town Is 90 Days Away From Running Out of Water|last=Baker|first=Aryn|date=15 January 2018|magazine=Time|access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/drought-stricken-cape-town-south-africa-run-water/story?id=52402170|title=Drought-stricken Cape Town, South Africa, could run out of water by April's 'day zero'|last=Thom|first=Liezl|date=17 January 2018|work=ABC News|access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/01/23/day-zero-brought-forward-ct-officials-prepare-for-worst|title=Day Zero Brought Forward, CT Officials Prepare for Worst|last=Brandt|first=Kevin|date=23 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kiyasin &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya ginu ne bisa canje-canje na mako biyu a matakan ajiyar madatsun ruwa, tare da zaton cewa ƙarancin zai ci gaba ba tare da sauyi ba, ba tare da ƙarin ruwan sama ko canji a buƙatar ruwa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;neilson20Feb&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Defeating%20Day%20Zero%20is%20in%20sight%20if%20we%20sustain%20our%20water-saving%20efforts|title=Statement by the City's Executive Mayor, Alderman Ian Neilson: Defeating Day Zero is in sight if we sustain our water-saving efforts|last=Neilson|first=Ian|date=20 February 2018|publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amfani da ruwa na gidaje da na aikin gona ya ragu sosai ƙarƙashin sabbin takunkumin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot; /&gt; Wannan ya bai wa Birnin damar tura kiyasin &quot;Day Zero&quot; baya a matakai daban-daban, kuma a ranar 28 ga Yuni aka jinkirta &quot;Day Zero&quot; har zuwa wani lokaci da ba a bayyana ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;neilson20Feb&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zero Delayed&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/05/africa/cape-town-day-zero-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town 'Day Zero' delayed as agricultural water use drops|last=Said-Moorhouse|first=Lauren|date=5 February 2018|publisher=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/02/south-africa-day-pushed-june-180215094221289.html|title=South Africa: Day Zero pushed back to June|website=aljazeera.com|date=2018-02-15|access-date=2018-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/01/africa/cape-town-water-crisis-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town cuts water use limit by nearly half|last1=Said-Moorhouse|first1=Lauren|date=1 February 2018|publisher=CNN|access-date=2018-02-03|last2=Mezzofiore|first2=Gianluca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kyakkyawan ruwan sama na lokacin sanyi a shekarar 2018 ya haifar da hauhawar matakan madatsun ruwa, sai dai Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta ƙasa ta sanar da cewa takunkumin ruwa na baki ɗaya zai ci gaba da kasancewa har sai matakan ruwan sun kai kashi 85 cikin dari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-edges-closer-to-an-end-to-the-drought-as-dam-levels-continue-to-rise-20180712|title=Western Cape edges closer to an end to the drought as dam levels continue to rise|date=12 July 2018|publisher=News24|access-date=12 July 2018|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713202149/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-edges-closer-to-an-end-to-the-drought-as-dam-levels-continue-to-rise-20180712|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumba, tare da matakan madatsun ruwa kusa da kashi 70 cikin dari zuwa ƙarshen lokacin damina, birnin ya rage takunkumin amfani da ruwa na masu amfani daga mataki na 6B zuwa mataki na 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;/&gt; Matakan madatsun ruwa sun kai kololuwa a kashi 76 cikin dari. A watan Nuwamba, an rage takunkumin zuwa Mataki na 3, ko lita 105 ga kowane mutum a rana guda.
Ƙarƙashin takunkumin Mataki na 3, ana iya amfani da ruwan famfo na birni don shayar da lambuna a takaitattun lokuta, ta amfani da rariyar shayarwa ko boka amma ba bututun roba (hose) ba, don wanke motoci ta amfani da boka, da kuma cika wuraren ninkaya muddin wurin ninkayar yana sanye da murfi don hana daskarewa ko kafeewar ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures%2C%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Level%203%20water%20restrictions%20FAQs.pdf|title=Level 3 Water Restrictions (2018)|date=30 November 2018|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=29 November 2018|archive-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129184323/http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures%2C%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Level%203%20water%20restrictions%20FAQs.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilai ==
=== Fari mai tsanani ===
Sanadin faruwar matsalar ruwan kai-tsaye shi ne fari mai tsanani da ya auku daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2017 wanda ya wuce ƙa'idodin tsare-tsare na Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli. Bincike kan bayanan yanayi na dogon lokaci da Ƙungiyar Nazarin Tsarin Yanayi (Climate System Analysis Group) ta gudanar a Jami'ar Cape Town ya tabbatar da cewa ƙarancin ruwan sama tsakanin shekarun 2015 da 2017 ya kasance babban al'amari mai wuyar gaske kuma mai tsananin gaske.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.csag.uct.ac.za/2018/01/22/facts-are-few-opinions-plenty-on-drought-severity-again/|title=Facts are few, opinions plenty… on drought severity again|website=www.csag.uct.ac.za|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ragewar yanayin ruwan sama yana da alaƙa da sauye-sauye masu faɗi a cikin zirga-zirgar sararin samaniya da na teku, gami da sauyin alkibla zuwa kusa da pole na hanyoyin raba ruwan sanyi na Kudancin Hemisphere tsakanin 2015–17, sauyin jet-stream da haɓakar matsin lamba na South Atlantic High.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sousa|first1=Pedro M.|last2=Blamey|first2=R.|last3=Reason|first3=C.J.C.|last4=Ramos|first4=A.M.|last5=Trigo|first5=R.M.|date=2018|title=The 'Day Zero' Cape Town drought and the poleward migration of moisture corridors|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=13|issue=12|pages=124025|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aaebc7|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shekarar 2017 ita shekara mafi bushewa tun daga shekarar 1933, kuma mai yiwuwa ma kafin hakan, tunda babu bayanan kwatankwacin hakan kafin 1933. An kuma gano cewa fari mai tsananin haka a ƙididdigance zai iya aukuwa sau ɗaya kacal a kowace shekara 300.&lt;ref name=&quot;csag&quot; /&gt;

=== Gudanar da buƙatu da samar da ruwa na dogon lokaci ===
Yawan jama'ar Birnin Cape Town ya ƙaru daga mazauna miliyan 2.4 a shekarar 1995 zuwa kiyasin mutane miliyan 4.1 a shekarar 2015, wanda ke nuna haɓakar kashi 71 cikin dari na jama'a a cikin shekaru 20, yayin da ajiyar ruwan madatsun ruwa ya ƙaru da kashi 17 cikin dari kacal a daidai wannan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/cape-town-population/|title=Cape Town Population 2019|website=World Population Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tasirin ƙaruwar jama'a akan buƙatar ruwa masana galibi suna rage masa daraja, tunda hasashen yakan gaza yin lissafin cikakken amfani da ruwa na mutum na kaidin fakaici ta hanyar samar da abinci da kayayyakin masarufi.&lt;ref&gt;Schutte, C. F., &amp; Pretorius, W. A. (1997). Water demand and population growth. ''WATER SA-PRETORIA-'', ''23'', 127–134.&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2007, Ma'aikatar Al'amuran Ruwa da Gandun Daji ta yi hasashen cewa ci gaban buƙata akan Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape zai wuce iyakar abin da ake samarwa idan ba a aiwatar da matakan kiyaye ruwa da gudanar da buƙatun ruwa ba ta hannun Birnin da sauran hukumomin gundumomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCWRSNewsletterMarch09&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/19/WCWRSNewsletterMarch09.pdf|title=Western Cape Water Reconciliation Strategy Newsletter 5|date=March 2009|publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ƙaruwa ta buƙatun dogon lokaci tana daɗa ta'azzara sakamakon matsin lamba akan samar da ruwa na dogon lokaci, gami da bazuwar baƙon shuke-shuke da canjin yanayi. Bazuwar baƙon shuke-shuke masu shan ruwa da yawa a mahimman yankunan tattara ruwa ya rage samar da ruwa zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof da kiyasin mita mai siffar sili guda miliyan 30 a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An sami ƙaruwar digiri ɗaya na ma'aunin Celsius a yanayin zafi cikin ƙarni da suka gabata kuma ƙididdigar na'ura ta yi hasashen cewa matsakaicin zafi a Cape Town zai ƙaru da wani digiri 0.25 na Celsius a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, wanda hakan na iya ƙara yuwuwa da tsananin fari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Buis |first1=Alan |date=2020-09-08 |title=Making Sense of 'Climate Sensitivity': New Study Narrows the Range of Uncertainty in Future Climate Projections |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/ask-nasa-climate/3017/making-sense-of-climate-sensitivity/ |access-date=14 January 2022 |website=NASA: Climate Change and Global Warming |publisher=NASA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, ba a nuna tasirin canjin yanayi sosai ba a cikin tsarin yanayi na yanzu: Helen Zille, Firimiyan Western Cape, ta ce Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Afirka ta Kudu ba ta yi tsammanin fari mai tsanani ba har sai bayan wasu shekaru 10.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-01-26-zille-tries-to-blame-it-on-the-weatherman/|title=Zille tries to blame it on the weatherman|last=Petra|first=Saal|date=Jan 2018|work=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gazawar gwamnati ===
Hukumar gaggawa ta gundumomi, na lardi, da na ƙasa suna raba alhakin samar da ruwa. Dokar Ruwa ta Ƙasa (Dokar 36 ta 1998) ta tsara cewa gwamnatin ƙasa ita ce &quot;atoni na jama'a&quot; na albarkatun ruwa na ƙasar don tabbatar da cewa ana &quot;kariya, amfani, haɓakawa, kiyayewa, gudanarwa da sarrafa ruwa cikin dorewa da adalci, don amfanin kowa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Facts and Myths&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/facts-and-myths-about-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=Facts and myths about Cape Town's water crisis|date=Jan 2018|work=GroundUp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haifar da takaddama tsakanin gwamnatin gunduma da ta lardi da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin jam'iyyar adawa (Democratic Alliance, DA) a gefe guda, da kuma gwamnatin ƙasa mai rinjaye a ɗayan gefen (African National Congress, ANC), inda jam'iyyun ke zargin juna da laifin haddasa matsalar ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saunderson-Meyer&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saundersonmeyer-drought-commentary/commentary-in-drought-hit-south-africa-the-politics-of-water-idUSKBN1FP226|title=Commentary: In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water|last=Saunderson-Meyer|first=William|work=U.S.|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sukar DA saboda rashin tunanin gaba wajen samar da sabbin hanyoyin ruwa da ababen more rayuwa, yayin da ake zargin ANC da hana bayar da kuɗaɗe domin gurgunta tare da kunyata gwamnatin da DA ke jagoranta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-03-07-day-zero-heroes-maimane-hails-water-wise-capetonians-as-crisis-recedes/|title='Day Zero heroes': Maimane hails water-wise Capetonians as crisis recedes|last=Hyman|first=Aron|date=Mar 2018|work=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda rahoton ƙungiyar South African Water Caucus ya nuna, tarin bashi da almundahana mai yawa a Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na iya zama dalilin gazawarta na karɓar buƙatar Western Cape ta R35 miliyan (Dalar Amurka miliyan 3) don ƙara samar da ruwa da ababen more rayuwa a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://emg.org.za/images/downloads/water_cl_ch/SAWC_State-of-DWS-Report.pdf|title=REPORT ON THE STATE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION|website=South African Water Caucus|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925190453/https://www.emg.org.za/images/downloads/water_cl_ch/SAWC_State-of-DWS-Report.pd|archive-date=25 September 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Helen Zille, Firimiyan Western Cape, ta yi kiran da gwamnatin ƙasa ta mayar wa Birnin Cape Town kuɗaɗen da aka kashe wajen tafiyar da matsalar ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan24&quot; /&gt;

A tsakiyar watan Oktoba 2017, wasu kamfanonin raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination) sun soki Birnin saboda tafiyar hawainiya wajen sayan kayayyaki, yawan tsarin mulki na ofis (bureaucracy), rashin nuna gaggawa, da rashin isassun sikelin ayyukan samar da ruwa da aka tsara. A watan Janairu 2018, a matsayin martani ga wani rahoto mai tsanani da ya soki Birnin Cape Town saboda gaza magance bala'in cikin dacewa da lokaci da sauran gazawar shugabanci, hukumar zartarwa ta tarayya ta DA ta yanke shawarar cire magajiyar garin Cape Town Patricia de Lille daga jagorancin tawagar da ke magance matsalar fari, inda aka maye gurbinta da Mmusi Maimane, jagoran jam'iyyar DA gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/cape-town-water-crisis-crossing-state-and-party-lines-isnt-the-answer-90861|title=Cape Town Water Crisis Crossing State and Party Lines|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Polweb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/cape-town-city-manager-given-special-powers-to-dea|title=Cape Town city manager given special powers to deal with water crisis – NEWS &amp; ANALYSIS|last=News24|date=26 October 2017|website=www.politicsweb.co.za|language=en|access-date=2017-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kin amincewa da tsarin raba gishiri da ruwa ===
A shekarar 2018, Cape Town ta yi watsi da tayin da ƙasar Isra'ila ta yi mata na taimaka mata wajen gina masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination).&lt;ref&gt;In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water, Reuters, January 25, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cape Town May Dry Up Because of an Aversion to Israel, Wall St. Journal, February 21, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Cape Town Water Crisis and Hating Israel, aish, February 11, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;South African stupidity, Jerusalem Post, February 3, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasiri ==
[[File:Westridge Gardens 9.jpg|thumb|An gina Babban Tubalin Furanni (Flower Monument) a Westridge Gardens don tunawa da taron addu'o'in neman kyakkyawan ruwan sama lokacin da ake tsaka da matsalar ruwa. ]]
Matsalar ruwan ta haifar da babban tasiri ga tattalin arziki, lafiya, da tsaro. Ya fito fili cewa samar da ruwan famfo na birni don ban ruwa da amfanin birane yana da tasiri mai kyau (positive externalities) ta fuskar wadatar abinci, lafiyar jama'a, da daidaiton al'umma gaba ɗaya.

=== Tattalin Arziki ===
Matsalar ruwan ta yi sanadiyyar asarar ayyukan yi guda 37,000 a lardin Western Cape, sannan an kiyasta cewa mutane 50,000 sun fada ƙasa da layin talauci sakamakon asarar ayyukan yi, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, da ƙarin farashin abinci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Storms to Come&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://features.dailymaverick.co.za/cape-of-storms-to-come/|title=Cape of Storms To Come|last=DIANA NEILLE, MARELISE VAN DER MERWE &amp; LEILA DOUGAN|website=features.dailymaverick.co.za|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-03|archive-date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623202853/http://features.dailymaverick.co.za/cape-of-storms-to-come/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masana sun kiyasta cewa &quot;matsalar ruwan za ta lakume ayyukan yi kusan 300,000 a fannin aikin gona, da kuma wasu dubun-dubatar a fannonin hidima, baƙunci, da abinci&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;In Trouble&quot; /&gt;

==== Aikin Gona ====
Aikin gona wata muhimmiyar masana'anta ce a Western Cape. Masana'antar ruwan inabi (giya) a Western Cape ta janyo hankalin masu yawon buɗe ido miliyan 1.5 a shekarar 2017, kuma tare da masana'antar 'ya'yan itace tana ɗaukar ma'aikata kusan 340,000 tare da ba da gudummawar fiye da kashi 10% ga tattalin arzikin Western Cape. Da yawa daga cikin shuke-shuken suna buƙatar ruwa mai yawa; alal misali, gonar inabi tana buƙatar tsakanin inci 10 zuwa 24 na ruwa don ta tsira. A matsakaici, fannin aikin gona a Western Cape ya gudanar da ragin amfani da ruwa da kashi 60 cikin ɗari daga shekarar 2017 zuwa 2018, wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙarancin amfanin gona da kiyasin asarar tattalin arziki na R5.9 biliyan (Dalar Amurka miliyan 400), ayyukan yi 30,000, da faɗuwar kashi 13–20 cikin ɗari na kayayyakin da ake fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Wasu kiyasin sun sanya adadin ya fi haka inda ya kai R14 biliyan (Dalar Amurka biliyan 1).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/economy/2018-02-05-farmers-lose-r14bn-as-cape-drought-bites/|title=Farmers lose R14bn as Cape drought bites|last=Phakathi|first=Bekezela|date=5 February 2018|work=Business Day|access-date=2018-02-07|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuɗaɗen da ake samu daga hannun jarin masana'antun ruwan inabi da na 'ya'yan itace na cikin gida suna da matukar ƙanƙanta koda yake masana'antar ruwan inabin tana samar da wasu shahararrun ruwan inabi a duniya. Wannan ya haifar da fargabar cewa kasuwancin aikin gona da yawa suna fuskantar haɗarin fatara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== Fannin Yawon Buɗe Ido ====
Cape Town babbar matattarar masu yawon buɗe ido ce kuma ita ce birni mafi karɓar baƙi na dogon zango a nahiyar gaba ɗaya. Masana'antar yawon buɗe ido ita ma ta fuskanci babban kalubale sakamakon raguwar baƙi masu zuwa, masauki, da zirga-zirgar baƙi a wuraren shaƙatawa a watan Janairu 2018 idan aka kwatanta da daidai wannan lokacin a shekarar 2017. Fannin masauki ya ba da rahoton raguwar mazauna da kashi 10%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.capetown.travel/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CTT-Research-Report-April-2018_Classic.pdf|title=CTT Research Report April 2018|date=24 July 2018|website=Cape Town Tourism|access-date=24 July 2018|archive-date=24 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724183611/http://www.capetown.travel/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CTT-Research-Report-April-2018_Classic.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otal-otal sun yi rangwame kan ayyukansu, kamar cire matosai na burtun wanka, ba wa baƙi maganin tsaftace hannu (hand sanitiser), sanya na'urorin rage gudu a wuraren wanka, da ko dai share wuraren ninkaya sarai ko cika su da ruwan gishiri. A watan Oktoba 2017, Birnin ya ƙaddamar da ɗayan mahimman tsare-tsarensa, wato yaƙin neman zaɓe na 'Ajiye ruwa kamar ɗan gida' (Save like a local), tare da mai da hankali kan sanya masu yawon buɗe ido cikin ayyukan dakile fari na fadin birni gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How to &quot;Save Water Like a Local&quot; |url=https://capetownsafaris.com/save-water-like-local/ |website=Cape Town Safaris |date=11 April 2018 |access-date=14 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Talaucin Ruwa (Hydrological poverty) ===
Talaucin ruwa yakan kama mutanen da ba za su iya sayen abinci ko ruwan da ake buƙata don al'ummarsu ta zama mai wadata ba. A Cape Town, ya zama haramun sayar da ruwa daga rijiyoyi ko koguna amma mutane na iya samun riba daga sufuri da kwadagon da ke da alaƙa da kai ruwa daga wasu yankuna. Waɗanda suka yi amfani da ruwa fiye da ƙa'idar yau da kullun da aka gatsa ta lita 50 ga kowane mutum a rana an ci su tara tsakanin R500 zuwa R3,000 (Dalar Amurka 35–210). Sai dai wannan tasiri ya ƙara ƙarfafa tazarar talauci saboda taran ta kasance kaɗan ga mawadata amma mai rugurgutawa ga mazauna marasa galihu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.odi.org/blogs/10616-politics-poverty-and-climate-change-stories-cape-town-s-day-zero|title=Politics, poverty, and climate change: stories from Cape Town's 'Day Zero'|website=ODI|date=8 March 2018 |language=en|access-date=2020-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lafiyayyar Al'umma ===
Ma'aikatan lafiyar al'umma sun nuna damuwa game da cututtukan da za su iya yaduwa ta hanyar gurɓatar bayan gida da baki (faecal-oral contamination) sakamakon ƙarancin wanke hannu. Kamfanonin lafiyar al'umma, cibiyoyin bincike, da masu ba da lafiya su ma sun damu game da tasirin da matsalar ruwan za ta iya yi ga ayyukan lafiya.

Rashin isasshen tsaftar muhalli na iya haifar da cututtukan zawo (diarrhoeal diseases), waɗanda ke kashe mutane miliyan 2.2 kowace shekara a duniya, inda yawancin mace-mace ke faruwa tsakanin yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 5. Tare da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 4.3 da yawa na mutane kusan 1500 a kowace murabba'in kilomita, an ba da shawarar cewa wannan na iya haifar da cututtuka kamar kwalara da sauran su bazu cikin sauri ba tare da ingantaccen tsafta ba, musamman a unguwannin matalauta na Cape Town. Idan babu tsaftataccen ruwa, illolin lafiyar al'umma na iya ƙaruwa ta hanyar kwari a cikin kazaman ruwaye, waɗanda zasu iya haifar da ƙarin bazuwar cututtuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Comes the horror&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/cape-town-water-crisis-drought-disease/|title=Cape Town water crisis: With drought, comes the horror of disease|last=Head|first=Tom|date=10 October 2017|work=The South African|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ai sun yi gargaɗin cewa cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa kamar kwalara, hepatitis A, da zazzabin taifot (typhoid fever) &quot;da alama za su fi yaduwa&quot; yayin da mazauna garin suka fara adana ruwa a cikin kwantena masu ƙazanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAQs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Disaster%20and%20Demand%20FAQ.pdf|title=Water related FAQs|date=15 March 2018|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman bazuwar cututtuka tana da yuwuwar faruwa sakamakon matsakaicin amfani da lita 25 kacal na ruwa ga kowane mutum a rana, adadin da bai isa ba don kiyaye tsaftar gida. Wannan haɗe da amfani da ruwan wanka/wanki (greywater) da ƙarfafawa daga kafofin watsa labaru na rashin wanke 'ya'yan itace ya ƙara haɗarin gurɓatawa. Wani tasiri kuma ga lafiyar al'umma sakamakon matsalar ruwan shi ne ƙarancin abubuwan gina jiki ko ƙarancin ingancin abubuwan gina jiki da mutane ke samu. Saboda ƙarancin ruwa, amfanin gona da dabbobi suna raguwa ko kuma ingancinsu yana faduwa.&lt;ref&gt;Parks, R., McLaren, M., Toumi, R., &amp; Rivett, U. (2019). Experiences and lessons in managing water from Cape Town (29) [Grafiek &amp;  Literatuur]. Geraadpleegd van https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/grantham-institute/public/publications/briefing-papers/Experiences-and-lessons-in-managing-water.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗarin Lafiyar Wurin Aiki ===
Wuraren wankan gaggawa da na wanke idanu muhimmin sashi ne na tsaron wurin aiki ga dakunan gwaje-gwaje (laboratories) da ma'aikata da yawa. Ana buƙatar wadatar ruwa akai-akai idan aka fuskanci haɗarin sinadarai masu guba. Yawancin buƙatun Tsaron Wurin Aiki da Lafiya sun ba da shawarar cewa wuraren wankan gaggawa su kasance suna iya fitar da lita 75 a kowane minti na tsawon mintuna 15 aƙalla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://blogs.plos.org/publichealth/2018/02/05/day-zero-the-impact-of-cape-towns-water-shortage-on-public-health/|title=Day Zero: The impact of Cape Town's water shortage on public health {{!}} Public Health|date=5 February 2018|work=Public Health|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815104537/http://blogs.plos.org/publichealth/2018/02/05/day-zero-the-impact-of-cape-towns-water-shortage-on-public-health/|archive-date=15 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan aka dakatar ko iyakance waɗannan wuraren wankan, ma'aikatan da ke sarrafa sinadarai masu lahani sosai za su kasance cikin haɗari.

=== Kula da Yara ===
A gidaje da gidajen marayu, yara suna ɗaya daga cikin rukunoni mafi rauni da za su iya wahala daga illolin ƙarancin ruwa ga lafiya. Ciyarwa, wankewa, da haifuwar kayayyakin da ake buƙata don kula da yara na buƙatar ruwa mai yawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/vulnerable-fear-cape-towns-water-shut-off-20180208|title=Vulnerable fear Cape Town's water shut-off|work=News24|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en|archive-date=30 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330211225/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/vulnerable-fear-cape-towns-water-shut-off-20180208|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, idan aka kashe famfunan makarantu a Western Cape a ranar &quot;Day Zero&quot;, yara miliyan 1.1 za su kasance ba tare da ruwa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/water-crisis-day-zero-could-affect-a-million-children|title=Water crisis: Day Zero could affect a million children|website=www.enca.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-30|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920082926/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/water-crisis-day-zero-could-affect-a-million-children|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗarin Gobara ===
Akwai damuwa cewa haɗarin gobara zai ƙaru yayin da muhalli da ababen more rayuwa suka daɗa bushewa. Wannan ya kasance mai matukar muhimmanci ga manyan wuraren masana'antu da rumbun adana kayayyaki domin gobara a wuri ɗaya na iya bazuwa cikin sauƙi zuwa sauran gine-gine na kusa. Haka kuma tsarin kashe gobara na iya kasyawa saboda raguwar matsin lamba na ruwa a yankunan da ke sama.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAQs&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pwc.co.za/en/assets/pdf/business-resilience-western-cape-water-crisis.pdf|title=Western Cape Water Crisis: How resilient is your organization in the face of the current water crisis?|date=December 2012|website=PWC|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001034010/https://www.pwc.co.za/en/assets/pdf/business-resilience-western-cape-water-crisis.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Martani ga matsalar ruwa ==

An yi ƙoƙari wajen ƙara samarwa da kuma rage buƙatar ruwa a cikin Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape. Da yawa daga cikin mutane da kasuwanci sun yi ƙoƙarin rage dogaro da tsarin ruwa na birni don kare hanyoyin samar da ruwa na kankansu. Matsalar ruwan ta zaburar da bincike da saka hannun jari a madadin tsarin ruwa na daban, wanda a ƙarshe zai iya taimakawa wajen hana sauran birane faɗawa cikin irin wannan matakin na ƙarancin ruwa. Ta kuma bayyana buƙatar tsare-tsare na dogon lokaci a birnin inda canjin yanayi zai daɗa ta'azzara ƙalubalen fasaha, shari'a, da na hukumomi wajen isar da ruwa a tsakanin babban mataki na rashin daidaito.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://dayzero.org.za/Day-Zero.pdf|title=Day Zero. One city's response to a record-breaking drought|last1=Joubert|first1=Leonie|last2=Ziervogel|first2=Gina|publisher=Axa, Mapula Trust, African Climate and Development Initiative|year=2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haɗuwa da canjin yanayi da haɓakar jama'a a yankunan birane na nufin sauran biranen ma na iya fuskantar irin wannan fari mai tsanani kuma suna iya buƙatar yin la'akari da madadin hanyoyin samun ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/cape-town-drought-day-zero-climate-change-global-warming-south-africa-a8236511.html|title=Cape Town is almost at the feared 'Day Zero'|date=2 March 2018|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɓaka Samar da Ruwa ===
Birnin Cape Town ya ba da gagarumin ƙoƙari wajen haɓaka hanyoyin samar da ruwa. Muhimman ƙoƙarin sun haɗa da:
* sayen ƙarin lita miliyan biyu da miliyan biyar na ruwa kowace shekara daga Ma'ajiyar Ruwa ta Molteno a Oranjezicht da Atlantis Aquifer biyo da biyo
* ƙaddamar da ƙananan masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination) na wucin gadi guda uku (kwangilar shekaru 2) (biyu masu ƙarfin lita miliyan 7 a kowace rana kuma ɗaya mai ƙarfin lita miliyan 2 a kowace rana) a Monwabisi, Strandfontein, V&amp;A Waterfront, da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Cape Town
* aikin sake sarrafa ruwa na Zandvliet

Baki ɗaya, an tsara waɗannan ayyukan don samar da ƙarin lita miliyan 144 a kowace rana tsakanin Fabrairu da Yuli 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.traveller24.com/Explore/Green/cape-water-crisis-day-zero-moved-as-city-prepares-for-2m-tourists-20171118|title=Cape Water Crisis: Day Zero 'moved' as city prepares for 2m tourists|last=Nkanjeni|first=Unathi|date=Nov 2017|work=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma, da yawa daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan sun fuskanci ƙalubalen kayan aiki (logistical challenges), kuma sun yi jinkiri fiye da lokacin da aka tsara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/slow-progress-bringing-new-sources-water-cape-town/|title=Slow progress bringing new water to Cape Town|last=Bratton|first=Laura|date=Nov 2017|website=GroundUp}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <comment>/* Haɓaka Samar da Ruwa */</comment>
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      <text bytes="54818" sha1="066tq5ygf2f38zictflk9f7eknligod" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Cape_Town_water_crisis_graph.svg|right|thumb|400x400px|Hotunan jimlar ruwan da aka adana a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa shida na Western Cape (blue) da kuma matakin hana ruwa na birnin Cape Town (orange) daga Nuwamba 2013 zuwa Agusta 2021.]]
'''Rikicin ruwan Cape Town''' a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ya kasance shekaru da yawa a cikin 2015-2020 na karancin ruwa a yankin Western Cape, wanda ya fi shafar birnin Cape Town . Matsakaicin ruwan madatsar ruwan ya fara raguwa a shekarar 2015 kuma matsalar ruwan Cape Town ta kai kololuwa a tsakiyar shekarar 2017 zuwa tsakiyar 2018 lokacin da ruwan ya kai tsakanin kashi 14 zuwa 29 na yawan karfin madatsar ruwa.

A ƙarshen 2017, an fara ambaton tsare-tsare na &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, taƙaitaccen bayani game da ranar da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Birni zai iya faɗi ƙasa da kashi 13.5. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cassim |first=Zaheer |date=19 January 2018 |title=Cape Town could be the first major city in the world to run out of water |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/01/19/cape-town-could-first-major-city-run-out-water/1047237001/ |website=USA Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Poplak |first=Richard |date=15 February 2018 |title=What's Actually Behind Cape Town's Water Crisis |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/cape-town-water-crisis/553076/ |access-date=22 February 2018 |website=The Atlantic}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=York |first=Geoffrey |date=8 March 2018 |title=Cape Town residents become 'guinea pigs for the world' with water-conservation campaign |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/cape-town-residents-become-guinea-pigs-for-the-world-with-water-conservationcampaign/article38257004/ |website=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya zama lokaci don nuna farkon matakan hana ruwa na Mataki na 7, lokacin da za a kashe kayan ruwa na birni da yawa kuma ana tunanin cewa mazauna za su iya yin layi don rabon ruwa na yau da kullun. Idan da hakan ta faru, da hakan zai sanya birnin Cape Town ya zama babban birni na farko a duniya da ya kaure da karancin ruwan sha a cikin kananan hukumomin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Day Zero, when is it, what is it and how can we avoid it |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Day%20Zero%20when%20is%20it,%20what%20is%20it,%20and%20how%20can%20we%20avoid%20it |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Rikicin ruwa na Cape Town ya faru a daidai lokacin da fari na Gabashin Cape, wanda ke cikin wani yanki na daban a kusa.

Birnin Cape Town ya aiwatar da tsauraran matakan hana ruwa a wani yunkuri na dakile amfani da ruwa, wanda ya rage yawan ruwan da yake amfani da shi na yau da kullum da fiye da rabi zuwa kusan lita miliyan 500 (130,000,000 US gal) a kowace rana a cikin Maris 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Narrandes |first=Nidha |date=14 March 2018 |title=Cape Town water usage lower than ever |url=http://www.capetownetc.com/water-crisis/water-usage-further-reduced-in-cape-town/ |publisher=Cape Town etc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Faduwar amfani da ruwa ya sa birnin ya jinkirta kiyasin &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, kuma ruwan sama mai karfi ya fara farfadowa a watan Yuni 1.  A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, tare da matakan dam kusa da kashi 70, birnin ya fara sauƙaƙe ƙuntatawa na ruwa, wanda ke nuna cewa mafi munin matsalar ruwa ya ƙare. &lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pitt |first=Christina |date=10 September 2018 |title=City of Cape Town relaxes water restrictions, tariffs to Level 5 |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212034631/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |archive-date=12 December 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |website=News24 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan sama mai kyau a cikin 2020 yadda ya kamata ya karya fari kuma ya haifar da karancin ruwa lokacin da matakan madatsar ruwa ya kai kashi 95 cikin dari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-07 |title=After the drought: Cape Town's gushing water |url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/after-drought-cape-towns-gushing-water/ |access-date=2020-09-11 |website=[[GroundUp News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fage ==
[[Fayil:Cape_Water_map_dams.png|thumb|274x274px|Taswirar manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa zuwa Cape Town]]
Yankin Cape Town yana fuskantar yanayi na Bahar Rum tare da dumi, bushewar lokacin rani da ruwan sama na hunturu. Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Yammacin Cape ya dogara kusan gaba ɗaya akan ruwan sama, wanda ake kamawa kuma ana adana shi a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida da ke cikin wuraren tsaunuka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Welz |first=Adam |date=1 March 2018 |title=Awaiting Day Zero: Cape Town Faces an Uncertain Water Future |url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/awaiting-day-zero-cape-town-faces-an-uncertain-water-future |publisher=Yale Environment 360}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana yin cajin madatsun ruwa ne ta hanyar ruwan sama da ke faɗowa a yankunan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, galibi a lokacin sanyi na watanni na Mayu zuwa Agusta, kuma matakan dam ɗin suna raguwa a lokacin rani na watanni na Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu inda amfani da ruwa na birane ke ƙaruwa kuma ana samun ban ruwa a yankunan noma.

Amfani da birane da aikin gona yana cinye kusan kashi 70 da kashi 30 bisa 100 na jimillar ruwan da tsarin samar da ruwan sha na Western Cape ke bayarwa, tare da sauye-sauye na yanayi.   A cikin zamanin bayan [[Apartheid|wariyar launin fata]], kuma a ƙarƙashin tsarin Tsarin [[Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Afirka ta Kudu|Ruwa na Kyauta na Kyauta]], Birnin Cape Town ya karɓi tsarin haɓaka tsarin jadawalin kuɗin fito don farashin ruwa, wanda aka azabtar da mafi girma masu amfani da ruwa tare da mafi girman jadawalin kuɗin fito don hana amfani, yayin da aka saita jadawalin farko block a (kusa) sifili don tabbatar da samun daidaiton ruwa zuwa kowane matakin asali na Afirka ta Kudu.  Magidanta masu rahusa masu rijista a Cape Town tare da haɗin kai tsaye da ruwa da tsafta suna karɓar lita 6 000 na farko a kowane wata na ruwa kyauta, kuma ana cajin kuɗin fito ne kawai don cinyewa sama da adadin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services and costs in formal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-and-costs-for-formal-housing |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt; Magidanta a ƙauyuka na yau da kullun ana ba da ruwa daga famfun jama'a da kuma amfani da bandakunan jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services in informal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family+and+home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-in-informal-settlements |website=City of Cape Town }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ga manoman da ke samun ruwa daga Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape, ana duba su da allunan ban ruwa da ƙungiyoyi masu amfani da ruwa. Manoman da yawa kuma suna shiga tsarin rarraba ban ruwa (daga takamaiman kwararar kogi), kuma suna da madatsun ruwa masu zaman kansu da [[Rijiyar burtsatse|rijiyoyin burtsatse]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Water File |url=http://www.wwf.org.za/water/?25441/Agricultural-water-file-Farming-for-a-drier-future |website=Worldwide Fund for Nature}}&lt;/ref&gt; Birnin ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba sa samun riba a kan siyar da ruwa, kuma manufofin farashin ruwa na ƙoƙarin daidaita daidaito, daidaito da buƙatun dawo da farashi. 

Zamanin ƙarancin ruwan sama na hunturu a 2000-2001 da 2003-2004 ya haifar da hana ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;WCDM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Basholo |first=Zolile |date=4 February 2016 |title=Overview of Water Demand Management Initiatives: A City of Cape Town Approach |url=https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Water-Sector-Desk-Content/CoCT-WCWDM-presentation-Z-Basholo-Western-Cape-Water-Forum-160204-2016.pdf |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin 2003, Birnin ya shiga yarjejeniya tare da Sashen Ruwa da Dazuzzuka na lokacin don gina madatsar ruwa ta Berg da Tsarin kari sannan kuma ta fara kula da bukatar ruwa. A shekarar 2009, an karu da karfin ajiyar madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Cape Town da kashi 17 cikin 100 daga 768 zuwa miliyan 898 cubic meters lokacin da aka kammala aikin madatsar ruwan Berg da kuma shirin samar da kayayyaki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cape Town&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2009 |title=Cape Town's water supply boosted |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102756/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-date=27 March 2009 |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2015, Birnin Cape Town ya sami babbar lambar yabo ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da sanin ƙoƙarinsu na Kula da Ruwa da Buƙatun Ruwa (WCWDM). Cape Town ya yi nasara musamman wajen rage asarar ruwa ta hanyar yoyon fitsari, inda aka samu asarar ruwa da kashi 14 cikin dari, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin kashi 35 cikin dari na kasa. Dokokin sun kuma fayyace cewa ya kamata a samar da ingantattun kayan aikin ruwa da Ofishin Ma'auni na Afirka ta Kudu ya amince da shi don duk sabbin ci gaba da gyare-gyare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=C40 Cities Awards 2015 |url=https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |access-date=2025-08-12 |archive-date=2021-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923092342/https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Jeron Lokaci ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;cellpadding=&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em; text-align:center; font-size:95%&quot;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th colspan=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;&gt;Matakan ruwa a matsayin kashi na jimillar ƙarfin madatsun ruwa ta shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/whats-causing-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=What's causing Cape Town's water crisis?|last=Bohatch|first=Trevor|date=16 May 2017|publisher=Ground Up|location=Cape Town|language=en|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
|-
! Manyan madatsun ruwa
! Ƙarfi (megalitres)
! 17 Mayu 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-utility-services/residential-water-and-sanitation-services/this-weeks-dam-levels|title=City of Cape Town: Dam Levels|date=18 May 2021|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;!!18 Mayu 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=18 May 2020|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 13 Mayu 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=13 May 2019|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=22 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 14 Mayu 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|title=Water Dashboard|date=Mar 2019|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-date=7 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207180447/http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 15 Mayu 2017 !! 15 Mayu 2016 !! 15 Mayu 2015 !! 15 Mayu 2014
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Berg River|| 130,010
|76.1||65.6||68.1|| 39.2|| 32.4|| 27.2|| 54.0|| 90.5
|-
|Steenbras Lower|| 33,517
|58.0||48.4||38.6|| 35.4|| 26.5|| 37.6|| 47.9|| 39.6
|-
|Steenbras Upper|| 31,767
|54.2||96.5||65.0|| 59.6|| 56.7|| 56.9|| 57.8|| 79.1
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof|| 480,188
|75.2||50.2||36.1|| 12.0|| 15.0|| 31.3|| 51.3|| 74.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Voelvlei|| 164,095
|58.3||50.4||55.4|| 14.5|| 17.2|| 21.3|| 42.5|| 59.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Wemmershoek|| 58,644
|59.1||43.3||43.6|| 48.4|| 36.0|| 48.5|| 50.5|| 58.8
|-
| Jimillar da aka ajiye (megalitres) || 898,221
|626,907||481,370||411,849|| 191,843|| 190,300|| 279,954|| 450,429 || 646,137
|-
|'''Jimillar % na Ma'ajiya'''||100
|'''69.8'''||'''53.6'''||'''45.9'''||'''21.4'''||'''21.2'''||'''31.2'''||'''50.1'''||'''71.9'''
|}

===2015–2016===
Bayan samun kyakkyawan ruwan sama a shekarun 2013 da 2014, Birnin Cape Town ya fara fuskantar fari a shekarar 2015, wanda shi ne na farko cikin shekaru uku a jere na lokutan sanyi marasa ruwa da suka auku, mai yiwuwa sanadiyyar tsarin yanayi na El Niño ko kuma canjin yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AfricaC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://africacheck.org/2016/02/03/frequently-asked-questions-about-south-africas-drought|title=Frequently asked questions about South Africa's drought|date=3 February 2016|publisher=Africa Check|language=en|location=Cape Town|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matakan ruwa a madatsun ruwan Birnin sun ragu daga kashi 71.9 cikin dari a shekarar 2014 zuwa kashi 50.1 cikin dari a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot; /&gt; A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016, hukumar Birnin ta ɗaukaka tsoffin takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 1 (Level 1) tun na shekarar 2005 zuwa Mataki na 2 (Level 2), kuma a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2016 ta sake ɗaukaka shi zuwa Mataki na 3 (Level 3), lokacin da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta wallafa takunkumin amfani da ruwa na hukuma don birane da aikin gona. Kuma babban farin da ya shafi sauran sassan Afirka ta Kudu ya ƙare a watan Agusta 2016 lokacin da aka sami babban ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin ƙasar,&lt;ref name=&quot;encarain&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|title=Southern Africa faces floods after drought|last=Masinde|first=Muthoni|date=18 August 2016|access-date=2017-06-01|archive-date=1 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101190233/https://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma farin na lardin Western Cape ya ci gaba da wanzuwa.

===2017===
Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin amfani da ruwa zuwa Mataki na 3B a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2017, kuma a ƙarshen lokacin rani a watan Mayu 2017, an ayyana farin a matsayin mafi muni da Birnin ya taɓa fuskanta a cikin ƙarni guda, inda ruwan da ke cikin madatsun ruwa ya kasance ƙasa da kashi 10 cikin dari na ƙarfin amfaninsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/31/africa/cape-town-drought/index.html|title=Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century|last=Van Dam|first=Derek|website=CNN.com|publisher=CNN|date=31 May 2017|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 4 a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2017, wanda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 100 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;level4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|title=City of Cape Town approves Level 4 water restrictions|last=Etheridge|first=Jenna|date=31 May 2017|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429230521/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jimillar ruwan sama da aka samu a shekarar 2017 ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta tun lokacin da aka fara riƙe bayanan ruwan sama a shekarar 1933.&lt;ref name=&quot;csag&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2017-08-31-how-severe-is-the-droughta|title=How severe is the drought?|last=Wolski|first=Piotr|date=Aug 2017|website=University of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayin da lokacin zafi mai bushewa ke gabatowa, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin ruwa na yanzu zuwa Mataki na 4B a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2017, sannan zuwa Mataki na 5 a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2017, inda aka haramta amfani da ruwa a waje da kuma ayyukan da ba su da muhimmanci sosai, tare da ƙarfafa amfani da ruwan wanka/wanki (grey water) don zubarwa a bayan gida, kuma aka yi niyyar iyakance yawan amfanin ruwa na kowane mutum zuwa lita 87 a rana, don jimillar amfani da lita miliyan 500 a rana gaba ɗaya birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; Sai dai kuma, sanya takunkumin Mataki na 5 ya zo tare da sanarwa mai rikitarwa game da iyakokin amfani da ruwa na gidaje, wanda hakan ya haifar da akasin haka ta hanyar ƙara yawan amfani da ruwa ga wasu mutane.&lt;ref name = &quot;Booysen&quot; /&gt;  
[[File:Behavioural response to messaging on the drought. .png|thumb|Martanin halayyar mutane game da saƙonni kan fari na Day Zero&lt;ref name=&quot;Booysen&quot;/&gt;
]]

A farkon watan Oktoba 2017, biyo bayan lokacin sanyi mai ƙarancin ruwan sama, an kiyasta cewa Cape Town tana da kusan watanni biyar na ajiyar ruwa kafin matakan ruwan su ƙare sarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; A cikin wannan watan ne kuma, Hukumar Birnin Cape Town ta fitar da shirin gaggawa na ruwa wanda za a aiwatar da shi a matakai daban-daban dangane da tsananin ƙarancin ruwan. Mataki na 1 (Phase 1) wanda ya ƙunshi &quot;rabon ruwa ta hanyar rage ƙarfin matsin ruwa na madatsun ruwa sosai&quot; an aiwatar da shi nan da nan. A Mataki na 2 (Phase 2), bayan &quot;Day Zero&quot;, za a kashe ruwa ga yawancin tsarin samar da ruwa in ban da wuraren da ke da muhimmancin gaske na samun ruwa. Mataki na 3 (Phase 3) zai kasance lokacin da Birnin ba zai iya sake jan ruwa daga madatsun ruwa na saman ƙasa a Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape ba, kuma za a sami ɗan ƙaramin lokaci kafin tsarin samar da ruwa gaba ɗaya ya gaza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Critical%20Water%20Shortages%20Disaster%20Plan%20Summary.pdf|title=Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan Summary|last=Bosman|first=Richard|date=October 2017|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-04-op-ed-the-city-of-cape-towns-critical-water-shortages-disaster-plan/#.WfwyhGiCyUl|title=Op-Ed: The City of Cape Town's Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan {{!}} Daily Maverick|last=De Lille|first=Patricia|date=4 October 2017|website=www.dailymaverick.co.za|publisher=City of Cape Town|language=en|access-date=3 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|title=Day Zero FAQs|date=5 April 2018|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719203400/http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===2018===
[[File:Theewaterskloof Dam 2018 02 10 (28425520089).jpg|thumb|right|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof tana kusan kashi 12% a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 2018]]
A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2018, Birnin ya ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 6 na lita 87 ga kowane mutum a rana guda. A watan Fabrairu 2018, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin zuwa Mataki na 6B inda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 50 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; Majalisar zartarwa ta lardin ta kuma sanar da cewa tana tsara tsare-tsare tare da Hukumar 'Yansandan Afirka ta Kudu don dabarun tura jami'ai a wuraren rarraba ruwa a duk faɗin Birnin bayan &quot;Day Zero&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-01-24-government-must-refund-cape-town-for-cost-of-managing-the-water-crisis/|title=Government must refund Cape Town for cost of managing the water crisis|date=24 January 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Theewaterskloof sandscape 2018-03-11.jpg|thumb|Babban ma'ajiyar ruwa ta Cape Town, Theewaterskloof, ta kasance a kashi 11% na ƙarfinta a watan Maris 2018]]

A tsakiyar watan Janairu 2018, tsohuwar magajiyar garin Cape Town Patricia de Lille ta sanar da cewa Birnin zai tilas ya kashe mafi yawan hanyoyin samar da ruwa na gundumomi idan yanayi bai canza ba. Za a ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 7, wato &quot;Day Zero&quot;, lokacin da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa ga Birnin ya kai kashi 13.5 cikin dari. Za a kashe mafi yawan famfunan ruwa na birni, kuma mazauna gari za su dogara ne da wuraren karɓar ruwa guda 149 a kewayen Birnin don karɓar rabon ruwa na yau da kullun na lita 25 ga kowane mutum.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|title=JP Smith answers Day Zero questions: 'It's going to be really unpleasant'|last1=Harrison|first1=Aletta|last2=Janse van Rensburg|first2=Alet|date=26 January 2018|publisher=News24|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216222015/https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|title=Borehole rules? Can you use sea water to flush? – The City of Cape Town answers your questions|date=30 January 2018|publisher=GroundUp|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913113205/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan zai ƙara shafar tattalin arzikin Cape Town, domin ma'aikata za su buƙaci ɗaukar hutu daga wuraren aiki don yin layi jiran ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;In Trouble&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/cape-town-south-africa-water-crisis/|title='I Knew We Were in Trouble.' What It's Like to Live Through Cape Town's Massive Water Crisis|magazine=Time|access-date=2018-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Za a ci gaba da samar da ruwa a tsakiyar yankin kasuwanci na Birnin (CBD), da kuma matsugunai na wucin gadi (inda dama tuni ake karɓar ruwa daga tsakiyar wurare) da kuma muhimman ayyuka kamar asibitoci. A lokacin da aka yi sanarwar, an kiyasta cewa &quot;Day Zero&quot; zai kasance a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 2018, amma jim kaɗan bayan haka aka sake duba shi zuwa 12 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5103259/cape-town-water-crisis/|title=Cape Town Is 90 Days Away From Running Out of Water|last=Baker|first=Aryn|date=15 January 2018|magazine=Time|access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/drought-stricken-cape-town-south-africa-run-water/story?id=52402170|title=Drought-stricken Cape Town, South Africa, could run out of water by April's 'day zero'|last=Thom|first=Liezl|date=17 January 2018|work=ABC News|access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/01/23/day-zero-brought-forward-ct-officials-prepare-for-worst|title=Day Zero Brought Forward, CT Officials Prepare for Worst|last=Brandt|first=Kevin|date=23 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kiyasin &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya ginu ne bisa canje-canje na mako biyu a matakan ajiyar madatsun ruwa, tare da zaton cewa ƙarancin zai ci gaba ba tare da sauyi ba, ba tare da ƙarin ruwan sama ko canji a buƙatar ruwa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;neilson20Feb&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Defeating%20Day%20Zero%20is%20in%20sight%20if%20we%20sustain%20our%20water-saving%20efforts|title=Statement by the City's Executive Mayor, Alderman Ian Neilson: Defeating Day Zero is in sight if we sustain our water-saving efforts|last=Neilson|first=Ian|date=20 February 2018|publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amfani da ruwa na gidaje da na aikin gona ya ragu sosai ƙarƙashin sabbin takunkumin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot; /&gt; Wannan ya bai wa Birnin damar tura kiyasin &quot;Day Zero&quot; baya a matakai daban-daban, kuma a ranar 28 ga Yuni aka jinkirta &quot;Day Zero&quot; har zuwa wani lokaci da ba a bayyana ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;neilson20Feb&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zero Delayed&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/05/africa/cape-town-day-zero-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town 'Day Zero' delayed as agricultural water use drops|last=Said-Moorhouse|first=Lauren|date=5 February 2018|publisher=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/02/south-africa-day-pushed-june-180215094221289.html|title=South Africa: Day Zero pushed back to June|website=aljazeera.com|date=2018-02-15|access-date=2018-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/01/africa/cape-town-water-crisis-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town cuts water use limit by nearly half|last1=Said-Moorhouse|first1=Lauren|date=1 February 2018|publisher=CNN|access-date=2018-02-03|last2=Mezzofiore|first2=Gianluca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kyakkyawan ruwan sama na lokacin sanyi a shekarar 2018 ya haifar da hauhawar matakan madatsun ruwa, sai dai Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta ƙasa ta sanar da cewa takunkumin ruwa na baki ɗaya zai ci gaba da kasancewa har sai matakan ruwan sun kai kashi 85 cikin dari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-edges-closer-to-an-end-to-the-drought-as-dam-levels-continue-to-rise-20180712|title=Western Cape edges closer to an end to the drought as dam levels continue to rise|date=12 July 2018|publisher=News24|access-date=12 July 2018|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713202149/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-edges-closer-to-an-end-to-the-drought-as-dam-levels-continue-to-rise-20180712|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumba, tare da matakan madatsun ruwa kusa da kashi 70 cikin dari zuwa ƙarshen lokacin damina, birnin ya rage takunkumin amfani da ruwa na masu amfani daga mataki na 6B zuwa mataki na 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;/&gt; Matakan madatsun ruwa sun kai kololuwa a kashi 76 cikin dari. A watan Nuwamba, an rage takunkumin zuwa Mataki na 3, ko lita 105 ga kowane mutum a rana guda.
Ƙarƙashin takunkumin Mataki na 3, ana iya amfani da ruwan famfo na birni don shayar da lambuna a takaitattun lokuta, ta amfani da rariyar shayarwa ko boka amma ba bututun roba (hose) ba, don wanke motoci ta amfani da boka, da kuma cika wuraren ninkaya muddin wurin ninkayar yana sanye da murfi don hana daskarewa ko kafeewar ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures%2C%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Level%203%20water%20restrictions%20FAQs.pdf|title=Level 3 Water Restrictions (2018)|date=30 November 2018|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=29 November 2018|archive-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129184323/http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures%2C%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Level%203%20water%20restrictions%20FAQs.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilai ==
=== Fari mai tsanani ===
Sanadin faruwar matsalar ruwan kai-tsaye shi ne fari mai tsanani da ya auku daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2017 wanda ya wuce ƙa'idodin tsare-tsare na Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli. Bincike kan bayanan yanayi na dogon lokaci da Ƙungiyar Nazarin Tsarin Yanayi (Climate System Analysis Group) ta gudanar a Jami'ar Cape Town ya tabbatar da cewa ƙarancin ruwan sama tsakanin shekarun 2015 da 2017 ya kasance babban al'amari mai wuyar gaske kuma mai tsananin gaske.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.csag.uct.ac.za/2018/01/22/facts-are-few-opinions-plenty-on-drought-severity-again/|title=Facts are few, opinions plenty… on drought severity again|website=www.csag.uct.ac.za|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ragewar yanayin ruwan sama yana da alaƙa da sauye-sauye masu faɗi a cikin zirga-zirgar sararin samaniya da na teku, gami da sauyin alkibla zuwa kusa da pole na hanyoyin raba ruwan sanyi na Kudancin Hemisphere tsakanin 2015–17, sauyin jet-stream da haɓakar matsin lamba na South Atlantic High.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sousa|first1=Pedro M.|last2=Blamey|first2=R.|last3=Reason|first3=C.J.C.|last4=Ramos|first4=A.M.|last5=Trigo|first5=R.M.|date=2018|title=The 'Day Zero' Cape Town drought and the poleward migration of moisture corridors|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=13|issue=12|pages=124025|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aaebc7|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shekarar 2017 ita shekara mafi bushewa tun daga shekarar 1933, kuma mai yiwuwa ma kafin hakan, tunda babu bayanan kwatankwacin hakan kafin 1933. An kuma gano cewa fari mai tsananin haka a ƙididdigance zai iya aukuwa sau ɗaya kacal a kowace shekara 300.&lt;ref name=&quot;csag&quot; /&gt;

=== Gudanar da buƙatu da samar da ruwa na dogon lokaci ===
Yawan jama'ar Birnin Cape Town ya ƙaru daga mazauna miliyan 2.4 a shekarar 1995 zuwa kiyasin mutane miliyan 4.1 a shekarar 2015, wanda ke nuna haɓakar kashi 71 cikin dari na jama'a a cikin shekaru 20, yayin da ajiyar ruwan madatsun ruwa ya ƙaru da kashi 17 cikin dari kacal a daidai wannan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/cape-town-population/|title=Cape Town Population 2019|website=World Population Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tasirin ƙaruwar jama'a akan buƙatar ruwa masana galibi suna rage masa daraja, tunda hasashen yakan gaza yin lissafin cikakken amfani da ruwa na mutum na kaidin fakaici ta hanyar samar da abinci da kayayyakin masarufi.&lt;ref&gt;Schutte, C. F., &amp; Pretorius, W. A. (1997). Water demand and population growth. ''WATER SA-PRETORIA-'', ''23'', 127–134.&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2007, Ma'aikatar Al'amuran Ruwa da Gandun Daji ta yi hasashen cewa ci gaban buƙata akan Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape zai wuce iyakar abin da ake samarwa idan ba a aiwatar da matakan kiyaye ruwa da gudanar da buƙatun ruwa ba ta hannun Birnin da sauran hukumomin gundumomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCWRSNewsletterMarch09&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/19/WCWRSNewsletterMarch09.pdf|title=Western Cape Water Reconciliation Strategy Newsletter 5|date=March 2009|publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ƙaruwa ta buƙatun dogon lokaci tana daɗa ta'azzara sakamakon matsin lamba akan samar da ruwa na dogon lokaci, gami da bazuwar baƙon shuke-shuke da canjin yanayi. Bazuwar baƙon shuke-shuke masu shan ruwa da yawa a mahimman yankunan tattara ruwa ya rage samar da ruwa zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof da kiyasin mita mai siffar sili guda miliyan 30 a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An sami ƙaruwar digiri ɗaya na ma'aunin Celsius a yanayin zafi cikin ƙarni da suka gabata kuma ƙididdigar na'ura ta yi hasashen cewa matsakaicin zafi a Cape Town zai ƙaru da wani digiri 0.25 na Celsius a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, wanda hakan na iya ƙara yuwuwa da tsananin fari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Buis |first1=Alan |date=2020-09-08 |title=Making Sense of 'Climate Sensitivity': New Study Narrows the Range of Uncertainty in Future Climate Projections |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/ask-nasa-climate/3017/making-sense-of-climate-sensitivity/ |access-date=14 January 2022 |website=NASA: Climate Change and Global Warming |publisher=NASA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, ba a nuna tasirin canjin yanayi sosai ba a cikin tsarin yanayi na yanzu: Helen Zille, Firimiyan Western Cape, ta ce Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Afirka ta Kudu ba ta yi tsammanin fari mai tsanani ba har sai bayan wasu shekaru 10.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-01-26-zille-tries-to-blame-it-on-the-weatherman/|title=Zille tries to blame it on the weatherman|last=Petra|first=Saal|date=Jan 2018|work=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gazawar gwamnati ===
Hukumar gaggawa ta gundumomi, na lardi, da na ƙasa suna raba alhakin samar da ruwa. Dokar Ruwa ta Ƙasa (Dokar 36 ta 1998) ta tsara cewa gwamnatin ƙasa ita ce &quot;atoni na jama'a&quot; na albarkatun ruwa na ƙasar don tabbatar da cewa ana &quot;kariya, amfani, haɓakawa, kiyayewa, gudanarwa da sarrafa ruwa cikin dorewa da adalci, don amfanin kowa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Facts and Myths&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/facts-and-myths-about-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=Facts and myths about Cape Town's water crisis|date=Jan 2018|work=GroundUp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haifar da takaddama tsakanin gwamnatin gunduma da ta lardi da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin jam'iyyar adawa (Democratic Alliance, DA) a gefe guda, da kuma gwamnatin ƙasa mai rinjaye a ɗayan gefen (African National Congress, ANC), inda jam'iyyun ke zargin juna da laifin haddasa matsalar ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saunderson-Meyer&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saundersonmeyer-drought-commentary/commentary-in-drought-hit-south-africa-the-politics-of-water-idUSKBN1FP226|title=Commentary: In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water|last=Saunderson-Meyer|first=William|work=U.S.|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sukar DA saboda rashin tunanin gaba wajen samar da sabbin hanyoyin ruwa da ababen more rayuwa, yayin da ake zargin ANC da hana bayar da kuɗaɗe domin gurgunta tare da kunyata gwamnatin da DA ke jagoranta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-03-07-day-zero-heroes-maimane-hails-water-wise-capetonians-as-crisis-recedes/|title='Day Zero heroes': Maimane hails water-wise Capetonians as crisis recedes|last=Hyman|first=Aron|date=Mar 2018|work=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda rahoton ƙungiyar South African Water Caucus ya nuna, tarin bashi da almundahana mai yawa a Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na iya zama dalilin gazawarta na karɓar buƙatar Western Cape ta R35 miliyan (Dalar Amurka miliyan 3) don ƙara samar da ruwa da ababen more rayuwa a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://emg.org.za/images/downloads/water_cl_ch/SAWC_State-of-DWS-Report.pdf|title=REPORT ON THE STATE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION|website=South African Water Caucus|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925190453/https://www.emg.org.za/images/downloads/water_cl_ch/SAWC_State-of-DWS-Report.pd|archive-date=25 September 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Helen Zille, Firimiyan Western Cape, ta yi kiran da gwamnatin ƙasa ta mayar wa Birnin Cape Town kuɗaɗen da aka kashe wajen tafiyar da matsalar ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan24&quot; /&gt;

A tsakiyar watan Oktoba 2017, wasu kamfanonin raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination) sun soki Birnin saboda tafiyar hawainiya wajen sayan kayayyaki, yawan tsarin mulki na ofis (bureaucracy), rashin nuna gaggawa, da rashin isassun sikelin ayyukan samar da ruwa da aka tsara. A watan Janairu 2018, a matsayin martani ga wani rahoto mai tsanani da ya soki Birnin Cape Town saboda gaza magance bala'in cikin dacewa da lokaci da sauran gazawar shugabanci, hukumar zartarwa ta tarayya ta DA ta yanke shawarar cire magajiyar garin Cape Town Patricia de Lille daga jagorancin tawagar da ke magance matsalar fari, inda aka maye gurbinta da Mmusi Maimane, jagoran jam'iyyar DA gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/cape-town-water-crisis-crossing-state-and-party-lines-isnt-the-answer-90861|title=Cape Town Water Crisis Crossing State and Party Lines|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Polweb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/cape-town-city-manager-given-special-powers-to-dea|title=Cape Town city manager given special powers to deal with water crisis – NEWS &amp; ANALYSIS|last=News24|date=26 October 2017|website=www.politicsweb.co.za|language=en|access-date=2017-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kin amincewa da tsarin raba gishiri da ruwa ===
A shekarar 2018, Cape Town ta yi watsi da tayin da ƙasar Isra'ila ta yi mata na taimaka mata wajen gina masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination).&lt;ref&gt;In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water, Reuters, January 25, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cape Town May Dry Up Because of an Aversion to Israel, Wall St. Journal, February 21, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Cape Town Water Crisis and Hating Israel, aish, February 11, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;South African stupidity, Jerusalem Post, February 3, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasiri ==
[[File:Westridge Gardens 9.jpg|thumb|An gina Babban Tubalin Furanni (Flower Monument) a Westridge Gardens don tunawa da taron addu'o'in neman kyakkyawan ruwan sama lokacin da ake tsaka da matsalar ruwa. ]]
Matsalar ruwan ta haifar da babban tasiri ga tattalin arziki, lafiya, da tsaro. Ya fito fili cewa samar da ruwan famfo na birni don ban ruwa da amfanin birane yana da tasiri mai kyau (positive externalities) ta fuskar wadatar abinci, lafiyar jama'a, da daidaiton al'umma gaba ɗaya.

=== Tattalin Arziki ===
Matsalar ruwan ta yi sanadiyyar asarar ayyukan yi guda 37,000 a lardin Western Cape, sannan an kiyasta cewa mutane 50,000 sun fada ƙasa da layin talauci sakamakon asarar ayyukan yi, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, da ƙarin farashin abinci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Storms to Come&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://features.dailymaverick.co.za/cape-of-storms-to-come/|title=Cape of Storms To Come|last=DIANA NEILLE, MARELISE VAN DER MERWE &amp; LEILA DOUGAN|website=features.dailymaverick.co.za|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-03|archive-date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623202853/http://features.dailymaverick.co.za/cape-of-storms-to-come/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masana sun kiyasta cewa &quot;matsalar ruwan za ta lakume ayyukan yi kusan 300,000 a fannin aikin gona, da kuma wasu dubun-dubatar a fannonin hidima, baƙunci, da abinci&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;In Trouble&quot; /&gt;

==== Aikin Gona ====
Aikin gona wata muhimmiyar masana'anta ce a Western Cape. Masana'antar ruwan inabi (giya) a Western Cape ta janyo hankalin masu yawon buɗe ido miliyan 1.5 a shekarar 2017, kuma tare da masana'antar 'ya'yan itace tana ɗaukar ma'aikata kusan 340,000 tare da ba da gudummawar fiye da kashi 10% ga tattalin arzikin Western Cape. Da yawa daga cikin shuke-shuken suna buƙatar ruwa mai yawa; alal misali, gonar inabi tana buƙatar tsakanin inci 10 zuwa 24 na ruwa don ta tsira. A matsakaici, fannin aikin gona a Western Cape ya gudanar da ragin amfani da ruwa da kashi 60 cikin ɗari daga shekarar 2017 zuwa 2018, wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙarancin amfanin gona da kiyasin asarar tattalin arziki na R5.9 biliyan (Dalar Amurka miliyan 400), ayyukan yi 30,000, da faɗuwar kashi 13–20 cikin ɗari na kayayyakin da ake fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Wasu kiyasin sun sanya adadin ya fi haka inda ya kai R14 biliyan (Dalar Amurka biliyan 1).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/economy/2018-02-05-farmers-lose-r14bn-as-cape-drought-bites/|title=Farmers lose R14bn as Cape drought bites|last=Phakathi|first=Bekezela|date=5 February 2018|work=Business Day|access-date=2018-02-07|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuɗaɗen da ake samu daga hannun jarin masana'antun ruwan inabi da na 'ya'yan itace na cikin gida suna da matukar ƙanƙanta koda yake masana'antar ruwan inabin tana samar da wasu shahararrun ruwan inabi a duniya. Wannan ya haifar da fargabar cewa kasuwancin aikin gona da yawa suna fuskantar haɗarin fatara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== Fannin Yawon Buɗe Ido ====
Cape Town babbar matattarar masu yawon buɗe ido ce kuma ita ce birni mafi karɓar baƙi na dogon zango a nahiyar gaba ɗaya. Masana'antar yawon buɗe ido ita ma ta fuskanci babban kalubale sakamakon raguwar baƙi masu zuwa, masauki, da zirga-zirgar baƙi a wuraren shaƙatawa a watan Janairu 2018 idan aka kwatanta da daidai wannan lokacin a shekarar 2017. Fannin masauki ya ba da rahoton raguwar mazauna da kashi 10%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.capetown.travel/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CTT-Research-Report-April-2018_Classic.pdf|title=CTT Research Report April 2018|date=24 July 2018|website=Cape Town Tourism|access-date=24 July 2018|archive-date=24 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724183611/http://www.capetown.travel/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CTT-Research-Report-April-2018_Classic.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otal-otal sun yi rangwame kan ayyukansu, kamar cire matosai na burtun wanka, ba wa baƙi maganin tsaftace hannu (hand sanitiser), sanya na'urorin rage gudu a wuraren wanka, da ko dai share wuraren ninkaya sarai ko cika su da ruwan gishiri. A watan Oktoba 2017, Birnin ya ƙaddamar da ɗayan mahimman tsare-tsarensa, wato yaƙin neman zaɓe na 'Ajiye ruwa kamar ɗan gida' (Save like a local), tare da mai da hankali kan sanya masu yawon buɗe ido cikin ayyukan dakile fari na fadin birni gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How to &quot;Save Water Like a Local&quot; |url=https://capetownsafaris.com/save-water-like-local/ |website=Cape Town Safaris |date=11 April 2018 |access-date=14 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Talaucin Ruwa (Hydrological poverty) ===
Talaucin ruwa yakan kama mutanen da ba za su iya sayen abinci ko ruwan da ake buƙata don al'ummarsu ta zama mai wadata ba. A Cape Town, ya zama haramun sayar da ruwa daga rijiyoyi ko koguna amma mutane na iya samun riba daga sufuri da kwadagon da ke da alaƙa da kai ruwa daga wasu yankuna. Waɗanda suka yi amfani da ruwa fiye da ƙa'idar yau da kullun da aka gatsa ta lita 50 ga kowane mutum a rana an ci su tara tsakanin R500 zuwa R3,000 (Dalar Amurka 35–210). Sai dai wannan tasiri ya ƙara ƙarfafa tazarar talauci saboda taran ta kasance kaɗan ga mawadata amma mai rugurgutawa ga mazauna marasa galihu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.odi.org/blogs/10616-politics-poverty-and-climate-change-stories-cape-town-s-day-zero|title=Politics, poverty, and climate change: stories from Cape Town's 'Day Zero'|website=ODI|date=8 March 2018 |language=en|access-date=2020-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lafiyayyar Al'umma ===
Ma'aikatan lafiyar al'umma sun nuna damuwa game da cututtukan da za su iya yaduwa ta hanyar gurɓatar bayan gida da baki (faecal-oral contamination) sakamakon ƙarancin wanke hannu. Kamfanonin lafiyar al'umma, cibiyoyin bincike, da masu ba da lafiya su ma sun damu game da tasirin da matsalar ruwan za ta iya yi ga ayyukan lafiya.

Rashin isasshen tsaftar muhalli na iya haifar da cututtukan zawo (diarrhoeal diseases), waɗanda ke kashe mutane miliyan 2.2 kowace shekara a duniya, inda yawancin mace-mace ke faruwa tsakanin yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 5. Tare da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 4.3 da yawa na mutane kusan 1500 a kowace murabba'in kilomita, an ba da shawarar cewa wannan na iya haifar da cututtuka kamar kwalara da sauran su bazu cikin sauri ba tare da ingantaccen tsafta ba, musamman a unguwannin matalauta na Cape Town. Idan babu tsaftataccen ruwa, illolin lafiyar al'umma na iya ƙaruwa ta hanyar kwari a cikin kazaman ruwaye, waɗanda zasu iya haifar da ƙarin bazuwar cututtuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Comes the horror&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/cape-town-water-crisis-drought-disease/|title=Cape Town water crisis: With drought, comes the horror of disease|last=Head|first=Tom|date=10 October 2017|work=The South African|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ai sun yi gargaɗin cewa cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa kamar kwalara, hepatitis A, da zazzabin taifot (typhoid fever) &quot;da alama za su fi yaduwa&quot; yayin da mazauna garin suka fara adana ruwa a cikin kwantena masu ƙazanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAQs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Disaster%20and%20Demand%20FAQ.pdf|title=Water related FAQs|date=15 March 2018|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman bazuwar cututtuka tana da yuwuwar faruwa sakamakon matsakaicin amfani da lita 25 kacal na ruwa ga kowane mutum a rana, adadin da bai isa ba don kiyaye tsaftar gida. Wannan haɗe da amfani da ruwan wanka/wanki (greywater) da ƙarfafawa daga kafofin watsa labaru na rashin wanke 'ya'yan itace ya ƙara haɗarin gurɓatawa. Wani tasiri kuma ga lafiyar al'umma sakamakon matsalar ruwan shi ne ƙarancin abubuwan gina jiki ko ƙarancin ingancin abubuwan gina jiki da mutane ke samu. Saboda ƙarancin ruwa, amfanin gona da dabbobi suna raguwa ko kuma ingancinsu yana faduwa.&lt;ref&gt;Parks, R., McLaren, M., Toumi, R., &amp; Rivett, U. (2019). Experiences and lessons in managing water from Cape Town (29) [Grafiek &amp;  Literatuur]. Geraadpleegd van https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/grantham-institute/public/publications/briefing-papers/Experiences-and-lessons-in-managing-water.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗarin Lafiyar Wurin Aiki ===
Wuraren wankan gaggawa da na wanke idanu muhimmin sashi ne na tsaron wurin aiki ga dakunan gwaje-gwaje (laboratories) da ma'aikata da yawa. Ana buƙatar wadatar ruwa akai-akai idan aka fuskanci haɗarin sinadarai masu guba. Yawancin buƙatun Tsaron Wurin Aiki da Lafiya sun ba da shawarar cewa wuraren wankan gaggawa su kasance suna iya fitar da lita 75 a kowane minti na tsawon mintuna 15 aƙalla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://blogs.plos.org/publichealth/2018/02/05/day-zero-the-impact-of-cape-towns-water-shortage-on-public-health/|title=Day Zero: The impact of Cape Town's water shortage on public health {{!}} Public Health|date=5 February 2018|work=Public Health|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815104537/http://blogs.plos.org/publichealth/2018/02/05/day-zero-the-impact-of-cape-towns-water-shortage-on-public-health/|archive-date=15 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan aka dakatar ko iyakance waɗannan wuraren wankan, ma'aikatan da ke sarrafa sinadarai masu lahani sosai za su kasance cikin haɗari.

=== Kula da Yara ===
A gidaje da gidajen marayu, yara suna ɗaya daga cikin rukunoni mafi rauni da za su iya wahala daga illolin ƙarancin ruwa ga lafiya. Ciyarwa, wankewa, da haifuwar kayayyakin da ake buƙata don kula da yara na buƙatar ruwa mai yawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/vulnerable-fear-cape-towns-water-shut-off-20180208|title=Vulnerable fear Cape Town's water shut-off|work=News24|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en|archive-date=30 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330211225/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/vulnerable-fear-cape-towns-water-shut-off-20180208|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, idan aka kashe famfunan makarantu a Western Cape a ranar &quot;Day Zero&quot;, yara miliyan 1.1 za su kasance ba tare da ruwa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/water-crisis-day-zero-could-affect-a-million-children|title=Water crisis: Day Zero could affect a million children|website=www.enca.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-30|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920082926/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/water-crisis-day-zero-could-affect-a-million-children|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗarin Gobara ===
Akwai damuwa cewa haɗarin gobara zai ƙaru yayin da muhalli da ababen more rayuwa suka daɗa bushewa. Wannan ya kasance mai matukar muhimmanci ga manyan wuraren masana'antu da rumbun adana kayayyaki domin gobara a wuri ɗaya na iya bazuwa cikin sauƙi zuwa sauran gine-gine na kusa. Haka kuma tsarin kashe gobara na iya kasyawa saboda raguwar matsin lamba na ruwa a yankunan da ke sama.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAQs&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pwc.co.za/en/assets/pdf/business-resilience-western-cape-water-crisis.pdf|title=Western Cape Water Crisis: How resilient is your organization in the face of the current water crisis?|date=December 2012|website=PWC|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001034010/https://www.pwc.co.za/en/assets/pdf/business-resilience-western-cape-water-crisis.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Martani ga matsalar ruwa ==

An yi ƙoƙari wajen ƙara samarwa da kuma rage buƙatar ruwa a cikin Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape. Da yawa daga cikin mutane da kasuwanci sun yi ƙoƙarin rage dogaro da tsarin ruwa na birni don kare hanyoyin samar da ruwa na kankansu. Matsalar ruwan ta zaburar da bincike da saka hannun jari a madadin tsarin ruwa na daban, wanda a ƙarshe zai iya taimakawa wajen hana sauran birane faɗawa cikin irin wannan matakin na ƙarancin ruwa. Ta kuma bayyana buƙatar tsare-tsare na dogon lokaci a birnin inda canjin yanayi zai daɗa ta'azzara ƙalubalen fasaha, shari'a, da na hukumomi wajen isar da ruwa a tsakanin babban mataki na rashin daidaito.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://dayzero.org.za/Day-Zero.pdf|title=Day Zero. One city's response to a record-breaking drought|last1=Joubert|first1=Leonie|last2=Ziervogel|first2=Gina|publisher=Axa, Mapula Trust, African Climate and Development Initiative|year=2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haɗuwa da canjin yanayi da haɓakar jama'a a yankunan birane na nufin sauran biranen ma na iya fuskantar irin wannan fari mai tsanani kuma suna iya buƙatar yin la'akari da madadin hanyoyin samun ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/cape-town-drought-day-zero-climate-change-global-warming-south-africa-a8236511.html|title=Cape Town is almost at the feared 'Day Zero'|date=2 March 2018|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɓaka Samar da Ruwa ===
Birnin Cape Town ya ba da gagarumin ƙoƙari wajen haɓaka hanyoyin samar da ruwa. Muhimman ƙoƙarin sun haɗa da:
* sayen ƙarin lita miliyan biyu da miliyan biyar na ruwa kowace shekara daga Ma'ajiyar Ruwa ta Molteno a Oranjezicht da Atlantis Aquifer biyo da biyo
* ƙaddamar da ƙananan masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination) na wucin gadi guda uku (kwangilar shekaru 2) (biyu masu ƙarfin lita miliyan 7 a kowace rana kuma ɗaya mai ƙarfin lita miliyan 2 a kowace rana) a Monwabisi, Strandfontein, V&amp;A Waterfront, da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Cape Town
* aikin sake sarrafa ruwa na Zandvliet

Baki ɗaya, an tsara waɗannan ayyukan don samar da ƙarin lita miliyan 144 a kowace rana tsakanin Fabrairu da Yuli 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.traveller24.com/Explore/Green/cape-water-crisis-day-zero-moved-as-city-prepares-for-2m-tourists-20171118|title=Cape Water Crisis: Day Zero 'moved' as city prepares for 2m tourists|last=Nkanjeni|first=Unathi|date=Nov 2017|work=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma, da yawa daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan sun fuskanci ƙalubalen kayan aiki (logistical challenges), kuma sun yi jinkiri fiye da lokacin da aka tsara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/slow-progress-bringing-new-sources-water-cape-town/|title=Slow progress bringing new water to Cape Town|last=Bratton|first=Laura|date=Nov 2017|website=GroundUp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jagoran DA, Maimane, ya jaddada cewa masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa suna da tsada da kuma rikitarwa; musamman, masana'anta guda ɗaya za ta ci lita R15 biliyan (Dalar Amurka biliyan 1), wanda shi ne kashi ɗaya bisa uku na baki ɗaya kasafin kuɗin Birnin kuma tsarin sayen irin waɗannan kayan aiki yana waje da hurumin shari'a na Birnin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/220919/maimane-takes-over-cape-town-water-crisis-response/|title=Maimane takes over Cape Town water crisis response|date=24 January 2018|work=Business Tech}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga ƙarshe an yi watsi da tsare-tsaren masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa domin tsadar kowace raka'a ta ruwa ta yi yawa sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

A watan Fabrairu 2018, lokacin da aka kai kololuwar fari, Ƙungiyar Masu Amfani da Ruwa ta Groenland (wata hukumar wakilcin manoma a yankin aikin gona na Elgin Grabouw kusa da Cape Town) ta fara sakin ƙarin lita miliyan 10 na ruwa daga Madatsar Ruwansu ta Eikenhof kyauta. An tura wannan ruwan zuwa cikin Madatsar Ruwa ta Upper Steenbras.&lt;ref name=&quot;Groenland&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/cape-town-gets-10bn-litres-of-water|title=WATCH: Cape Town gets 10bn litres of water|date=6 February 2018|website=www.enca.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-08|archive-date=8 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908232503/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/cape-town-gets-10bn-litres-of-water|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya bai wa Birnin damar tura kiyasin ranar Day Zero baya daga 16 ga Afrilu zuwa 11 ga Mayu.

=== Gudanar da Buƙatun Ruwa na Birni ===

[[File:TragedyofCommons.png|thumb|298x298px|Albarkatun tafkin gama gari, kamar ruwan sama, sun fi fuskantar barazanar wuce gona da iri da ƙarewa idan ba a tsara su ba]]
Ruwan saman ƙasa da ruwan sama suna nuna siffofin albarkatun tafkin gama gari (Common-pool resource), wanda ke fuskantar matsalar 'balahirar gama gari' (tragedy of the commons). Idan babu tsari na hukuma, mutane masu son kai za su yanke shawarar amfani da zai gurgunta abubuwan amfanin gama gari, wanda hakan ya sa masanin ilimin halittu Garrett Hardin ya bayyana cewa &quot;yanci a cikin abubuwan gama gari yana kawo barna ga kowa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hardin, G. (1968). &quot;The tragedy of the commons.&quot; ''Science'', ''162''(3859), 1243–1248.&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yana da tsanani musamman lokacin matsalar ruwa lokacin da jimillar samarwa za ta iya faɗawa ƙasa da matakin amfani mafi dacewa ga al'umma. Don haka, Birnin ya yi ƙoƙarin tsara amfani da abubuwan gama gari ta hanyar gargadi na amfani da alhakin kai, rabo kai-tsaye, da kuma amfani da farashin kuɗaɗen ruwa (water tariffs) (don masu amfani su fahimci tsadar yanke shawararsu ga al'umma).

Birnin Cape Town ya yi nasarar rage amfani da ruwa da fiye da kashi 50 cikin dari yayin fari daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/02/cape-town-running-out-of-water-drought-taps-shutoff-other-cities/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202190935/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/02/cape-town-running-out-of-water-drought-taps-shutoff-other-cities/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2018|title=Why Cape Town Is Running Out of Water, and Who's Next|last=Welch|first=Craig|date=Mar 2018|work=National Geographic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amfani da ruwa na gidaje ya ragu sosai ƙarƙashin takunkumin Mataki na 6B, inda adadi mafi ƙanƙanta da aka yi rajista ya kasance lita miliyan 481 a kowace rana a ranar 2 ga Yuli 2018, mafi kusa da matakin da aka yi niyya na lita miliyan 450 a kowace rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot; /&gt; Rahoton Water Outlook 2018 ya tattara bayanan canje-canje a buƙatun ruwa daga Nuwamba 2013 zuwa Mayu 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Water and Sanitation, City of Capetown |date=2018-05-18 |title=Water Outlook 2018 Report, Revision 25 |url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/Water%20Outlook%202018%20-%20Summary.pdf |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tilasta Ragewa ====
An ci gaba da sake duba iyakar amfanin ruwa na kanka gami da rage shi a duk lokacin da ake tsaka da matsalar, inda mafi ƙanƙanta ya kasance lita 50 a kowace rana ga kowane mutum farawa daga 1 ga Fabrairu 2018.&lt;ref name = &quot;Booysen&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="56402" sha1="hioned6dj1ymknubuectjc19mrjgxjl" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Cape_Town_water_crisis_graph.svg|right|thumb|400x400px|Hotunan jimlar ruwan da aka adana a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa shida na Western Cape (blue) da kuma matakin hana ruwa na birnin Cape Town (orange) daga Nuwamba 2013 zuwa Agusta 2021.]]
'''Rikicin ruwan Cape Town''' a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ya kasance shekaru da yawa a cikin 2015-2020 na karancin ruwa a yankin Western Cape, wanda ya fi shafar birnin Cape Town . Matsakaicin ruwan madatsar ruwan ya fara raguwa a shekarar 2015 kuma matsalar ruwan Cape Town ta kai kololuwa a tsakiyar shekarar 2017 zuwa tsakiyar 2018 lokacin da ruwan ya kai tsakanin kashi 14 zuwa 29 na yawan karfin madatsar ruwa.

A ƙarshen 2017, an fara ambaton tsare-tsare na &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, taƙaitaccen bayani game da ranar da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Birni zai iya faɗi ƙasa da kashi 13.5. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cassim |first=Zaheer |date=19 January 2018 |title=Cape Town could be the first major city in the world to run out of water |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/01/19/cape-town-could-first-major-city-run-out-water/1047237001/ |website=USA Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Poplak |first=Richard |date=15 February 2018 |title=What's Actually Behind Cape Town's Water Crisis |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/cape-town-water-crisis/553076/ |access-date=22 February 2018 |website=The Atlantic}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=York |first=Geoffrey |date=8 March 2018 |title=Cape Town residents become 'guinea pigs for the world' with water-conservation campaign |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/cape-town-residents-become-guinea-pigs-for-the-world-with-water-conservationcampaign/article38257004/ |website=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya zama lokaci don nuna farkon matakan hana ruwa na Mataki na 7, lokacin da za a kashe kayan ruwa na birni da yawa kuma ana tunanin cewa mazauna za su iya yin layi don rabon ruwa na yau da kullun. Idan da hakan ta faru, da hakan zai sanya birnin Cape Town ya zama babban birni na farko a duniya da ya kaure da karancin ruwan sha a cikin kananan hukumomin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Day Zero, when is it, what is it and how can we avoid it |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Day%20Zero%20when%20is%20it,%20what%20is%20it,%20and%20how%20can%20we%20avoid%20it |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Rikicin ruwa na Cape Town ya faru a daidai lokacin da fari na Gabashin Cape, wanda ke cikin wani yanki na daban a kusa.

Birnin Cape Town ya aiwatar da tsauraran matakan hana ruwa a wani yunkuri na dakile amfani da ruwa, wanda ya rage yawan ruwan da yake amfani da shi na yau da kullum da fiye da rabi zuwa kusan lita miliyan 500 (130,000,000 US gal) a kowace rana a cikin Maris 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Narrandes |first=Nidha |date=14 March 2018 |title=Cape Town water usage lower than ever |url=http://www.capetownetc.com/water-crisis/water-usage-further-reduced-in-cape-town/ |publisher=Cape Town etc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Faduwar amfani da ruwa ya sa birnin ya jinkirta kiyasin &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, kuma ruwan sama mai karfi ya fara farfadowa a watan Yuni 1.  A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, tare da matakan dam kusa da kashi 70, birnin ya fara sauƙaƙe ƙuntatawa na ruwa, wanda ke nuna cewa mafi munin matsalar ruwa ya ƙare. &lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pitt |first=Christina |date=10 September 2018 |title=City of Cape Town relaxes water restrictions, tariffs to Level 5 |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212034631/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |archive-date=12 December 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |website=News24 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan sama mai kyau a cikin 2020 yadda ya kamata ya karya fari kuma ya haifar da karancin ruwa lokacin da matakan madatsar ruwa ya kai kashi 95 cikin dari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-07 |title=After the drought: Cape Town's gushing water |url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/after-drought-cape-towns-gushing-water/ |access-date=2020-09-11 |website=[[GroundUp News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fage ==
[[Fayil:Cape_Water_map_dams.png|thumb|274x274px|Taswirar manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa zuwa Cape Town]]
Yankin Cape Town yana fuskantar yanayi na Bahar Rum tare da dumi, bushewar lokacin rani da ruwan sama na hunturu. Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Yammacin Cape ya dogara kusan gaba ɗaya akan ruwan sama, wanda ake kamawa kuma ana adana shi a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida da ke cikin wuraren tsaunuka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Welz |first=Adam |date=1 March 2018 |title=Awaiting Day Zero: Cape Town Faces an Uncertain Water Future |url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/awaiting-day-zero-cape-town-faces-an-uncertain-water-future |publisher=Yale Environment 360}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana yin cajin madatsun ruwa ne ta hanyar ruwan sama da ke faɗowa a yankunan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, galibi a lokacin sanyi na watanni na Mayu zuwa Agusta, kuma matakan dam ɗin suna raguwa a lokacin rani na watanni na Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu inda amfani da ruwa na birane ke ƙaruwa kuma ana samun ban ruwa a yankunan noma.

Amfani da birane da aikin gona yana cinye kusan kashi 70 da kashi 30 bisa 100 na jimillar ruwan da tsarin samar da ruwan sha na Western Cape ke bayarwa, tare da sauye-sauye na yanayi.   A cikin zamanin bayan [[Apartheid|wariyar launin fata]], kuma a ƙarƙashin tsarin Tsarin [[Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Afirka ta Kudu|Ruwa na Kyauta na Kyauta]], Birnin Cape Town ya karɓi tsarin haɓaka tsarin jadawalin kuɗin fito don farashin ruwa, wanda aka azabtar da mafi girma masu amfani da ruwa tare da mafi girman jadawalin kuɗin fito don hana amfani, yayin da aka saita jadawalin farko block a (kusa) sifili don tabbatar da samun daidaiton ruwa zuwa kowane matakin asali na Afirka ta Kudu.  Magidanta masu rahusa masu rijista a Cape Town tare da haɗin kai tsaye da ruwa da tsafta suna karɓar lita 6 000 na farko a kowane wata na ruwa kyauta, kuma ana cajin kuɗin fito ne kawai don cinyewa sama da adadin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services and costs in formal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-and-costs-for-formal-housing |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt; Magidanta a ƙauyuka na yau da kullun ana ba da ruwa daga famfun jama'a da kuma amfani da bandakunan jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services in informal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family+and+home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-in-informal-settlements |website=City of Cape Town }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ga manoman da ke samun ruwa daga Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape, ana duba su da allunan ban ruwa da ƙungiyoyi masu amfani da ruwa. Manoman da yawa kuma suna shiga tsarin rarraba ban ruwa (daga takamaiman kwararar kogi), kuma suna da madatsun ruwa masu zaman kansu da [[Rijiyar burtsatse|rijiyoyin burtsatse]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Water File |url=http://www.wwf.org.za/water/?25441/Agricultural-water-file-Farming-for-a-drier-future |website=Worldwide Fund for Nature}}&lt;/ref&gt; Birnin ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba sa samun riba a kan siyar da ruwa, kuma manufofin farashin ruwa na ƙoƙarin daidaita daidaito, daidaito da buƙatun dawo da farashi. 

Zamanin ƙarancin ruwan sama na hunturu a 2000-2001 da 2003-2004 ya haifar da hana ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;WCDM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Basholo |first=Zolile |date=4 February 2016 |title=Overview of Water Demand Management Initiatives: A City of Cape Town Approach |url=https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Water-Sector-Desk-Content/CoCT-WCWDM-presentation-Z-Basholo-Western-Cape-Water-Forum-160204-2016.pdf |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin 2003, Birnin ya shiga yarjejeniya tare da Sashen Ruwa da Dazuzzuka na lokacin don gina madatsar ruwa ta Berg da Tsarin kari sannan kuma ta fara kula da bukatar ruwa. A shekarar 2009, an karu da karfin ajiyar madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Cape Town da kashi 17 cikin 100 daga 768 zuwa miliyan 898 cubic meters lokacin da aka kammala aikin madatsar ruwan Berg da kuma shirin samar da kayayyaki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cape Town&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2009 |title=Cape Town's water supply boosted |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102756/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-date=27 March 2009 |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2015, Birnin Cape Town ya sami babbar lambar yabo ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da sanin ƙoƙarinsu na Kula da Ruwa da Buƙatun Ruwa (WCWDM). Cape Town ya yi nasara musamman wajen rage asarar ruwa ta hanyar yoyon fitsari, inda aka samu asarar ruwa da kashi 14 cikin dari, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin kashi 35 cikin dari na kasa. Dokokin sun kuma fayyace cewa ya kamata a samar da ingantattun kayan aikin ruwa da Ofishin Ma'auni na Afirka ta Kudu ya amince da shi don duk sabbin ci gaba da gyare-gyare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=C40 Cities Awards 2015 |url=https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |access-date=2025-08-12 |archive-date=2021-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923092342/https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Jeron Lokaci ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;cellpadding=&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em; text-align:center; font-size:95%&quot;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th colspan=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;&gt;Matakan ruwa a matsayin kashi na jimillar ƙarfin madatsun ruwa ta shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/whats-causing-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=What's causing Cape Town's water crisis?|last=Bohatch|first=Trevor|date=16 May 2017|publisher=Ground Up|location=Cape Town|language=en|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
|-
! Manyan madatsun ruwa
! Ƙarfi (megalitres)
! 17 Mayu 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-utility-services/residential-water-and-sanitation-services/this-weeks-dam-levels|title=City of Cape Town: Dam Levels|date=18 May 2021|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;!!18 Mayu 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=18 May 2020|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 13 Mayu 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=13 May 2019|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=22 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 14 Mayu 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|title=Water Dashboard|date=Mar 2019|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-date=7 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207180447/http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 15 Mayu 2017 !! 15 Mayu 2016 !! 15 Mayu 2015 !! 15 Mayu 2014
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Berg River|| 130,010
|76.1||65.6||68.1|| 39.2|| 32.4|| 27.2|| 54.0|| 90.5
|-
|Steenbras Lower|| 33,517
|58.0||48.4||38.6|| 35.4|| 26.5|| 37.6|| 47.9|| 39.6
|-
|Steenbras Upper|| 31,767
|54.2||96.5||65.0|| 59.6|| 56.7|| 56.9|| 57.8|| 79.1
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof|| 480,188
|75.2||50.2||36.1|| 12.0|| 15.0|| 31.3|| 51.3|| 74.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Voelvlei|| 164,095
|58.3||50.4||55.4|| 14.5|| 17.2|| 21.3|| 42.5|| 59.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Wemmershoek|| 58,644
|59.1||43.3||43.6|| 48.4|| 36.0|| 48.5|| 50.5|| 58.8
|-
| Jimillar da aka ajiye (megalitres) || 898,221
|626,907||481,370||411,849|| 191,843|| 190,300|| 279,954|| 450,429 || 646,137
|-
|'''Jimillar % na Ma'ajiya'''||100
|'''69.8'''||'''53.6'''||'''45.9'''||'''21.4'''||'''21.2'''||'''31.2'''||'''50.1'''||'''71.9'''
|}

===2015–2016===
Bayan samun kyakkyawan ruwan sama a shekarun 2013 da 2014, Birnin Cape Town ya fara fuskantar fari a shekarar 2015, wanda shi ne na farko cikin shekaru uku a jere na lokutan sanyi marasa ruwa da suka auku, mai yiwuwa sanadiyyar tsarin yanayi na El Niño ko kuma canjin yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AfricaC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://africacheck.org/2016/02/03/frequently-asked-questions-about-south-africas-drought|title=Frequently asked questions about South Africa's drought|date=3 February 2016|publisher=Africa Check|language=en|location=Cape Town|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matakan ruwa a madatsun ruwan Birnin sun ragu daga kashi 71.9 cikin dari a shekarar 2014 zuwa kashi 50.1 cikin dari a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot; /&gt; A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016, hukumar Birnin ta ɗaukaka tsoffin takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 1 (Level 1) tun na shekarar 2005 zuwa Mataki na 2 (Level 2), kuma a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2016 ta sake ɗaukaka shi zuwa Mataki na 3 (Level 3), lokacin da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta wallafa takunkumin amfani da ruwa na hukuma don birane da aikin gona. Kuma babban farin da ya shafi sauran sassan Afirka ta Kudu ya ƙare a watan Agusta 2016 lokacin da aka sami babban ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin ƙasar,&lt;ref name=&quot;encarain&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|title=Southern Africa faces floods after drought|last=Masinde|first=Muthoni|date=18 August 2016|access-date=2017-06-01|archive-date=1 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101190233/https://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma farin na lardin Western Cape ya ci gaba da wanzuwa.

===2017===
Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin amfani da ruwa zuwa Mataki na 3B a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2017, kuma a ƙarshen lokacin rani a watan Mayu 2017, an ayyana farin a matsayin mafi muni da Birnin ya taɓa fuskanta a cikin ƙarni guda, inda ruwan da ke cikin madatsun ruwa ya kasance ƙasa da kashi 10 cikin dari na ƙarfin amfaninsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/31/africa/cape-town-drought/index.html|title=Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century|last=Van Dam|first=Derek|website=CNN.com|publisher=CNN|date=31 May 2017|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 4 a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2017, wanda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 100 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;level4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|title=City of Cape Town approves Level 4 water restrictions|last=Etheridge|first=Jenna|date=31 May 2017|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429230521/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jimillar ruwan sama da aka samu a shekarar 2017 ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta tun lokacin da aka fara riƙe bayanan ruwan sama a shekarar 1933.&lt;ref name=&quot;csag&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2017-08-31-how-severe-is-the-droughta|title=How severe is the drought?|last=Wolski|first=Piotr|date=Aug 2017|website=University of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayin da lokacin zafi mai bushewa ke gabatowa, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin ruwa na yanzu zuwa Mataki na 4B a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2017, sannan zuwa Mataki na 5 a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2017, inda aka haramta amfani da ruwa a waje da kuma ayyukan da ba su da muhimmanci sosai, tare da ƙarfafa amfani da ruwan wanka/wanki (grey water) don zubarwa a bayan gida, kuma aka yi niyyar iyakance yawan amfanin ruwa na kowane mutum zuwa lita 87 a rana, don jimillar amfani da lita miliyan 500 a rana gaba ɗaya birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; Sai dai kuma, sanya takunkumin Mataki na 5 ya zo tare da sanarwa mai rikitarwa game da iyakokin amfani da ruwa na gidaje, wanda hakan ya haifar da akasin haka ta hanyar ƙara yawan amfani da ruwa ga wasu mutane.&lt;ref name = &quot;Booysen&quot; /&gt;  
[[File:Behavioural response to messaging on the drought. .png|thumb|Martanin halayyar mutane game da saƙonni kan fari na Day Zero&lt;ref name=&quot;Booysen&quot;/&gt;
]]

A farkon watan Oktoba 2017, biyo bayan lokacin sanyi mai ƙarancin ruwan sama, an kiyasta cewa Cape Town tana da kusan watanni biyar na ajiyar ruwa kafin matakan ruwan su ƙare sarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; A cikin wannan watan ne kuma, Hukumar Birnin Cape Town ta fitar da shirin gaggawa na ruwa wanda za a aiwatar da shi a matakai daban-daban dangane da tsananin ƙarancin ruwan. Mataki na 1 (Phase 1) wanda ya ƙunshi &quot;rabon ruwa ta hanyar rage ƙarfin matsin ruwa na madatsun ruwa sosai&quot; an aiwatar da shi nan da nan. A Mataki na 2 (Phase 2), bayan &quot;Day Zero&quot;, za a kashe ruwa ga yawancin tsarin samar da ruwa in ban da wuraren da ke da muhimmancin gaske na samun ruwa. Mataki na 3 (Phase 3) zai kasance lokacin da Birnin ba zai iya sake jan ruwa daga madatsun ruwa na saman ƙasa a Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape ba, kuma za a sami ɗan ƙaramin lokaci kafin tsarin samar da ruwa gaba ɗaya ya gaza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Critical%20Water%20Shortages%20Disaster%20Plan%20Summary.pdf|title=Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan Summary|last=Bosman|first=Richard|date=October 2017|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-04-op-ed-the-city-of-cape-towns-critical-water-shortages-disaster-plan/#.WfwyhGiCyUl|title=Op-Ed: The City of Cape Town's Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan {{!}} Daily Maverick|last=De Lille|first=Patricia|date=4 October 2017|website=www.dailymaverick.co.za|publisher=City of Cape Town|language=en|access-date=3 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|title=Day Zero FAQs|date=5 April 2018|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719203400/http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===2018===
[[File:Theewaterskloof Dam 2018 02 10 (28425520089).jpg|thumb|right|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof tana kusan kashi 12% a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 2018]]
A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2018, Birnin ya ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 6 na lita 87 ga kowane mutum a rana guda. A watan Fabrairu 2018, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin zuwa Mataki na 6B inda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 50 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; Majalisar zartarwa ta lardin ta kuma sanar da cewa tana tsara tsare-tsare tare da Hukumar 'Yansandan Afirka ta Kudu don dabarun tura jami'ai a wuraren rarraba ruwa a duk faɗin Birnin bayan &quot;Day Zero&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-01-24-government-must-refund-cape-town-for-cost-of-managing-the-water-crisis/|title=Government must refund Cape Town for cost of managing the water crisis|date=24 January 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Theewaterskloof sandscape 2018-03-11.jpg|thumb|Babban ma'ajiyar ruwa ta Cape Town, Theewaterskloof, ta kasance a kashi 11% na ƙarfinta a watan Maris 2018]]

A tsakiyar watan Janairu 2018, tsohuwar magajiyar garin Cape Town Patricia de Lille ta sanar da cewa Birnin zai tilas ya kashe mafi yawan hanyoyin samar da ruwa na gundumomi idan yanayi bai canza ba. Za a ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 7, wato &quot;Day Zero&quot;, lokacin da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa ga Birnin ya kai kashi 13.5 cikin dari. Za a kashe mafi yawan famfunan ruwa na birni, kuma mazauna gari za su dogara ne da wuraren karɓar ruwa guda 149 a kewayen Birnin don karɓar rabon ruwa na yau da kullun na lita 25 ga kowane mutum.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|title=JP Smith answers Day Zero questions: 'It's going to be really unpleasant'|last1=Harrison|first1=Aletta|last2=Janse van Rensburg|first2=Alet|date=26 January 2018|publisher=News24|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216222015/https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|title=Borehole rules? Can you use sea water to flush? – The City of Cape Town answers your questions|date=30 January 2018|publisher=GroundUp|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913113205/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan zai ƙara shafar tattalin arzikin Cape Town, domin ma'aikata za su buƙaci ɗaukar hutu daga wuraren aiki don yin layi jiran ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;In Trouble&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/cape-town-south-africa-water-crisis/|title='I Knew We Were in Trouble.' What It's Like to Live Through Cape Town's Massive Water Crisis|magazine=Time|access-date=2018-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Za a ci gaba da samar da ruwa a tsakiyar yankin kasuwanci na Birnin (CBD), da kuma matsugunai na wucin gadi (inda dama tuni ake karɓar ruwa daga tsakiyar wurare) da kuma muhimman ayyuka kamar asibitoci. A lokacin da aka yi sanarwar, an kiyasta cewa &quot;Day Zero&quot; zai kasance a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 2018, amma jim kaɗan bayan haka aka sake duba shi zuwa 12 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5103259/cape-town-water-crisis/|title=Cape Town Is 90 Days Away From Running Out of Water|last=Baker|first=Aryn|date=15 January 2018|magazine=Time|access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/drought-stricken-cape-town-south-africa-run-water/story?id=52402170|title=Drought-stricken Cape Town, South Africa, could run out of water by April's 'day zero'|last=Thom|first=Liezl|date=17 January 2018|work=ABC News|access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/01/23/day-zero-brought-forward-ct-officials-prepare-for-worst|title=Day Zero Brought Forward, CT Officials Prepare for Worst|last=Brandt|first=Kevin|date=23 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kiyasin &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya ginu ne bisa canje-canje na mako biyu a matakan ajiyar madatsun ruwa, tare da zaton cewa ƙarancin zai ci gaba ba tare da sauyi ba, ba tare da ƙarin ruwan sama ko canji a buƙatar ruwa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;neilson20Feb&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Defeating%20Day%20Zero%20is%20in%20sight%20if%20we%20sustain%20our%20water-saving%20efforts|title=Statement by the City's Executive Mayor, Alderman Ian Neilson: Defeating Day Zero is in sight if we sustain our water-saving efforts|last=Neilson|first=Ian|date=20 February 2018|publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amfani da ruwa na gidaje da na aikin gona ya ragu sosai ƙarƙashin sabbin takunkumin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot; /&gt; Wannan ya bai wa Birnin damar tura kiyasin &quot;Day Zero&quot; baya a matakai daban-daban, kuma a ranar 28 ga Yuni aka jinkirta &quot;Day Zero&quot; har zuwa wani lokaci da ba a bayyana ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;neilson20Feb&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zero Delayed&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/05/africa/cape-town-day-zero-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town 'Day Zero' delayed as agricultural water use drops|last=Said-Moorhouse|first=Lauren|date=5 February 2018|publisher=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/02/south-africa-day-pushed-june-180215094221289.html|title=South Africa: Day Zero pushed back to June|website=aljazeera.com|date=2018-02-15|access-date=2018-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/01/africa/cape-town-water-crisis-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town cuts water use limit by nearly half|last1=Said-Moorhouse|first1=Lauren|date=1 February 2018|publisher=CNN|access-date=2018-02-03|last2=Mezzofiore|first2=Gianluca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kyakkyawan ruwan sama na lokacin sanyi a shekarar 2018 ya haifar da hauhawar matakan madatsun ruwa, sai dai Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta ƙasa ta sanar da cewa takunkumin ruwa na baki ɗaya zai ci gaba da kasancewa har sai matakan ruwan sun kai kashi 85 cikin dari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-edges-closer-to-an-end-to-the-drought-as-dam-levels-continue-to-rise-20180712|title=Western Cape edges closer to an end to the drought as dam levels continue to rise|date=12 July 2018|publisher=News24|access-date=12 July 2018|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713202149/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-edges-closer-to-an-end-to-the-drought-as-dam-levels-continue-to-rise-20180712|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumba, tare da matakan madatsun ruwa kusa da kashi 70 cikin dari zuwa ƙarshen lokacin damina, birnin ya rage takunkumin amfani da ruwa na masu amfani daga mataki na 6B zuwa mataki na 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;/&gt; Matakan madatsun ruwa sun kai kololuwa a kashi 76 cikin dari. A watan Nuwamba, an rage takunkumin zuwa Mataki na 3, ko lita 105 ga kowane mutum a rana guda.
Ƙarƙashin takunkumin Mataki na 3, ana iya amfani da ruwan famfo na birni don shayar da lambuna a takaitattun lokuta, ta amfani da rariyar shayarwa ko boka amma ba bututun roba (hose) ba, don wanke motoci ta amfani da boka, da kuma cika wuraren ninkaya muddin wurin ninkayar yana sanye da murfi don hana daskarewa ko kafeewar ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures%2C%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Level%203%20water%20restrictions%20FAQs.pdf|title=Level 3 Water Restrictions (2018)|date=30 November 2018|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=29 November 2018|archive-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129184323/http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures%2C%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Level%203%20water%20restrictions%20FAQs.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilai ==
=== Fari mai tsanani ===
Sanadin faruwar matsalar ruwan kai-tsaye shi ne fari mai tsanani da ya auku daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2017 wanda ya wuce ƙa'idodin tsare-tsare na Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli. Bincike kan bayanan yanayi na dogon lokaci da Ƙungiyar Nazarin Tsarin Yanayi (Climate System Analysis Group) ta gudanar a Jami'ar Cape Town ya tabbatar da cewa ƙarancin ruwan sama tsakanin shekarun 2015 da 2017 ya kasance babban al'amari mai wuyar gaske kuma mai tsananin gaske.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.csag.uct.ac.za/2018/01/22/facts-are-few-opinions-plenty-on-drought-severity-again/|title=Facts are few, opinions plenty… on drought severity again|website=www.csag.uct.ac.za|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ragewar yanayin ruwan sama yana da alaƙa da sauye-sauye masu faɗi a cikin zirga-zirgar sararin samaniya da na teku, gami da sauyin alkibla zuwa kusa da pole na hanyoyin raba ruwan sanyi na Kudancin Hemisphere tsakanin 2015–17, sauyin jet-stream da haɓakar matsin lamba na South Atlantic High.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sousa|first1=Pedro M.|last2=Blamey|first2=R.|last3=Reason|first3=C.J.C.|last4=Ramos|first4=A.M.|last5=Trigo|first5=R.M.|date=2018|title=The 'Day Zero' Cape Town drought and the poleward migration of moisture corridors|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=13|issue=12|pages=124025|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aaebc7|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shekarar 2017 ita shekara mafi bushewa tun daga shekarar 1933, kuma mai yiwuwa ma kafin hakan, tunda babu bayanan kwatankwacin hakan kafin 1933. An kuma gano cewa fari mai tsananin haka a ƙididdigance zai iya aukuwa sau ɗaya kacal a kowace shekara 300.&lt;ref name=&quot;csag&quot; /&gt;

=== Gudanar da buƙatu da samar da ruwa na dogon lokaci ===
Yawan jama'ar Birnin Cape Town ya ƙaru daga mazauna miliyan 2.4 a shekarar 1995 zuwa kiyasin mutane miliyan 4.1 a shekarar 2015, wanda ke nuna haɓakar kashi 71 cikin dari na jama'a a cikin shekaru 20, yayin da ajiyar ruwan madatsun ruwa ya ƙaru da kashi 17 cikin dari kacal a daidai wannan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/cape-town-population/|title=Cape Town Population 2019|website=World Population Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tasirin ƙaruwar jama'a akan buƙatar ruwa masana galibi suna rage masa daraja, tunda hasashen yakan gaza yin lissafin cikakken amfani da ruwa na mutum na kaidin fakaici ta hanyar samar da abinci da kayayyakin masarufi.&lt;ref&gt;Schutte, C. F., &amp; Pretorius, W. A. (1997). Water demand and population growth. ''WATER SA-PRETORIA-'', ''23'', 127–134.&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2007, Ma'aikatar Al'amuran Ruwa da Gandun Daji ta yi hasashen cewa ci gaban buƙata akan Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape zai wuce iyakar abin da ake samarwa idan ba a aiwatar da matakan kiyaye ruwa da gudanar da buƙatun ruwa ba ta hannun Birnin da sauran hukumomin gundumomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCWRSNewsletterMarch09&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/19/WCWRSNewsletterMarch09.pdf|title=Western Cape Water Reconciliation Strategy Newsletter 5|date=March 2009|publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ƙaruwa ta buƙatun dogon lokaci tana daɗa ta'azzara sakamakon matsin lamba akan samar da ruwa na dogon lokaci, gami da bazuwar baƙon shuke-shuke da canjin yanayi. Bazuwar baƙon shuke-shuke masu shan ruwa da yawa a mahimman yankunan tattara ruwa ya rage samar da ruwa zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof da kiyasin mita mai siffar sili guda miliyan 30 a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An sami ƙaruwar digiri ɗaya na ma'aunin Celsius a yanayin zafi cikin ƙarni da suka gabata kuma ƙididdigar na'ura ta yi hasashen cewa matsakaicin zafi a Cape Town zai ƙaru da wani digiri 0.25 na Celsius a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, wanda hakan na iya ƙara yuwuwa da tsananin fari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Buis |first1=Alan |date=2020-09-08 |title=Making Sense of 'Climate Sensitivity': New Study Narrows the Range of Uncertainty in Future Climate Projections |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/ask-nasa-climate/3017/making-sense-of-climate-sensitivity/ |access-date=14 January 2022 |website=NASA: Climate Change and Global Warming |publisher=NASA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, ba a nuna tasirin canjin yanayi sosai ba a cikin tsarin yanayi na yanzu: Helen Zille, Firimiyan Western Cape, ta ce Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Afirka ta Kudu ba ta yi tsammanin fari mai tsanani ba har sai bayan wasu shekaru 10.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-01-26-zille-tries-to-blame-it-on-the-weatherman/|title=Zille tries to blame it on the weatherman|last=Petra|first=Saal|date=Jan 2018|work=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gazawar gwamnati ===
Hukumar gaggawa ta gundumomi, na lardi, da na ƙasa suna raba alhakin samar da ruwa. Dokar Ruwa ta Ƙasa (Dokar 36 ta 1998) ta tsara cewa gwamnatin ƙasa ita ce &quot;atoni na jama'a&quot; na albarkatun ruwa na ƙasar don tabbatar da cewa ana &quot;kariya, amfani, haɓakawa, kiyayewa, gudanarwa da sarrafa ruwa cikin dorewa da adalci, don amfanin kowa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Facts and Myths&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/facts-and-myths-about-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=Facts and myths about Cape Town's water crisis|date=Jan 2018|work=GroundUp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haifar da takaddama tsakanin gwamnatin gunduma da ta lardi da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin jam'iyyar adawa (Democratic Alliance, DA) a gefe guda, da kuma gwamnatin ƙasa mai rinjaye a ɗayan gefen (African National Congress, ANC), inda jam'iyyun ke zargin juna da laifin haddasa matsalar ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saunderson-Meyer&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saundersonmeyer-drought-commentary/commentary-in-drought-hit-south-africa-the-politics-of-water-idUSKBN1FP226|title=Commentary: In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water|last=Saunderson-Meyer|first=William|work=U.S.|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sukar DA saboda rashin tunanin gaba wajen samar da sabbin hanyoyin ruwa da ababen more rayuwa, yayin da ake zargin ANC da hana bayar da kuɗaɗe domin gurgunta tare da kunyata gwamnatin da DA ke jagoranta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-03-07-day-zero-heroes-maimane-hails-water-wise-capetonians-as-crisis-recedes/|title='Day Zero heroes': Maimane hails water-wise Capetonians as crisis recedes|last=Hyman|first=Aron|date=Mar 2018|work=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda rahoton ƙungiyar South African Water Caucus ya nuna, tarin bashi da almundahana mai yawa a Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na iya zama dalilin gazawarta na karɓar buƙatar Western Cape ta R35 miliyan (Dalar Amurka miliyan 3) don ƙara samar da ruwa da ababen more rayuwa a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://emg.org.za/images/downloads/water_cl_ch/SAWC_State-of-DWS-Report.pdf|title=REPORT ON THE STATE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION|website=South African Water Caucus|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925190453/https://www.emg.org.za/images/downloads/water_cl_ch/SAWC_State-of-DWS-Report.pd|archive-date=25 September 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Helen Zille, Firimiyan Western Cape, ta yi kiran da gwamnatin ƙasa ta mayar wa Birnin Cape Town kuɗaɗen da aka kashe wajen tafiyar da matsalar ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan24&quot; /&gt;

A tsakiyar watan Oktoba 2017, wasu kamfanonin raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination) sun soki Birnin saboda tafiyar hawainiya wajen sayan kayayyaki, yawan tsarin mulki na ofis (bureaucracy), rashin nuna gaggawa, da rashin isassun sikelin ayyukan samar da ruwa da aka tsara. A watan Janairu 2018, a matsayin martani ga wani rahoto mai tsanani da ya soki Birnin Cape Town saboda gaza magance bala'in cikin dacewa da lokaci da sauran gazawar shugabanci, hukumar zartarwa ta tarayya ta DA ta yanke shawarar cire magajiyar garin Cape Town Patricia de Lille daga jagorancin tawagar da ke magance matsalar fari, inda aka maye gurbinta da Mmusi Maimane, jagoran jam'iyyar DA gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/cape-town-water-crisis-crossing-state-and-party-lines-isnt-the-answer-90861|title=Cape Town Water Crisis Crossing State and Party Lines|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Polweb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/cape-town-city-manager-given-special-powers-to-dea|title=Cape Town city manager given special powers to deal with water crisis – NEWS &amp; ANALYSIS|last=News24|date=26 October 2017|website=www.politicsweb.co.za|language=en|access-date=2017-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kin amincewa da tsarin raba gishiri da ruwa ===
A shekarar 2018, Cape Town ta yi watsi da tayin da ƙasar Isra'ila ta yi mata na taimaka mata wajen gina masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination).&lt;ref&gt;In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water, Reuters, January 25, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cape Town May Dry Up Because of an Aversion to Israel, Wall St. Journal, February 21, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Cape Town Water Crisis and Hating Israel, aish, February 11, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;South African stupidity, Jerusalem Post, February 3, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasiri ==
[[File:Westridge Gardens 9.jpg|thumb|An gina Babban Tubalin Furanni (Flower Monument) a Westridge Gardens don tunawa da taron addu'o'in neman kyakkyawan ruwan sama lokacin da ake tsaka da matsalar ruwa. ]]
Matsalar ruwan ta haifar da babban tasiri ga tattalin arziki, lafiya, da tsaro. Ya fito fili cewa samar da ruwan famfo na birni don ban ruwa da amfanin birane yana da tasiri mai kyau (positive externalities) ta fuskar wadatar abinci, lafiyar jama'a, da daidaiton al'umma gaba ɗaya.

=== Tattalin Arziki ===
Matsalar ruwan ta yi sanadiyyar asarar ayyukan yi guda 37,000 a lardin Western Cape, sannan an kiyasta cewa mutane 50,000 sun fada ƙasa da layin talauci sakamakon asarar ayyukan yi, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, da ƙarin farashin abinci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Storms to Come&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://features.dailymaverick.co.za/cape-of-storms-to-come/|title=Cape of Storms To Come|last=DIANA NEILLE, MARELISE VAN DER MERWE &amp; LEILA DOUGAN|website=features.dailymaverick.co.za|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-03|archive-date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623202853/http://features.dailymaverick.co.za/cape-of-storms-to-come/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masana sun kiyasta cewa &quot;matsalar ruwan za ta lakume ayyukan yi kusan 300,000 a fannin aikin gona, da kuma wasu dubun-dubatar a fannonin hidima, baƙunci, da abinci&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;In Trouble&quot; /&gt;

==== Aikin Gona ====
Aikin gona wata muhimmiyar masana'anta ce a Western Cape. Masana'antar ruwan inabi (giya) a Western Cape ta janyo hankalin masu yawon buɗe ido miliyan 1.5 a shekarar 2017, kuma tare da masana'antar 'ya'yan itace tana ɗaukar ma'aikata kusan 340,000 tare da ba da gudummawar fiye da kashi 10% ga tattalin arzikin Western Cape. Da yawa daga cikin shuke-shuken suna buƙatar ruwa mai yawa; alal misali, gonar inabi tana buƙatar tsakanin inci 10 zuwa 24 na ruwa don ta tsira. A matsakaici, fannin aikin gona a Western Cape ya gudanar da ragin amfani da ruwa da kashi 60 cikin ɗari daga shekarar 2017 zuwa 2018, wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙarancin amfanin gona da kiyasin asarar tattalin arziki na R5.9 biliyan (Dalar Amurka miliyan 400), ayyukan yi 30,000, da faɗuwar kashi 13–20 cikin ɗari na kayayyakin da ake fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Wasu kiyasin sun sanya adadin ya fi haka inda ya kai R14 biliyan (Dalar Amurka biliyan 1).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/economy/2018-02-05-farmers-lose-r14bn-as-cape-drought-bites/|title=Farmers lose R14bn as Cape drought bites|last=Phakathi|first=Bekezela|date=5 February 2018|work=Business Day|access-date=2018-02-07|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuɗaɗen da ake samu daga hannun jarin masana'antun ruwan inabi da na 'ya'yan itace na cikin gida suna da matukar ƙanƙanta koda yake masana'antar ruwan inabin tana samar da wasu shahararrun ruwan inabi a duniya. Wannan ya haifar da fargabar cewa kasuwancin aikin gona da yawa suna fuskantar haɗarin fatara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== Fannin Yawon Buɗe Ido ====
Cape Town babbar matattarar masu yawon buɗe ido ce kuma ita ce birni mafi karɓar baƙi na dogon zango a nahiyar gaba ɗaya. Masana'antar yawon buɗe ido ita ma ta fuskanci babban kalubale sakamakon raguwar baƙi masu zuwa, masauki, da zirga-zirgar baƙi a wuraren shaƙatawa a watan Janairu 2018 idan aka kwatanta da daidai wannan lokacin a shekarar 2017. Fannin masauki ya ba da rahoton raguwar mazauna da kashi 10%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.capetown.travel/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CTT-Research-Report-April-2018_Classic.pdf|title=CTT Research Report April 2018|date=24 July 2018|website=Cape Town Tourism|access-date=24 July 2018|archive-date=24 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724183611/http://www.capetown.travel/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CTT-Research-Report-April-2018_Classic.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otal-otal sun yi rangwame kan ayyukansu, kamar cire matosai na burtun wanka, ba wa baƙi maganin tsaftace hannu (hand sanitiser), sanya na'urorin rage gudu a wuraren wanka, da ko dai share wuraren ninkaya sarai ko cika su da ruwan gishiri. A watan Oktoba 2017, Birnin ya ƙaddamar da ɗayan mahimman tsare-tsarensa, wato yaƙin neman zaɓe na 'Ajiye ruwa kamar ɗan gida' (Save like a local), tare da mai da hankali kan sanya masu yawon buɗe ido cikin ayyukan dakile fari na fadin birni gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How to &quot;Save Water Like a Local&quot; |url=https://capetownsafaris.com/save-water-like-local/ |website=Cape Town Safaris |date=11 April 2018 |access-date=14 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Talaucin Ruwa (Hydrological poverty) ===
Talaucin ruwa yakan kama mutanen da ba za su iya sayen abinci ko ruwan da ake buƙata don al'ummarsu ta zama mai wadata ba. A Cape Town, ya zama haramun sayar da ruwa daga rijiyoyi ko koguna amma mutane na iya samun riba daga sufuri da kwadagon da ke da alaƙa da kai ruwa daga wasu yankuna. Waɗanda suka yi amfani da ruwa fiye da ƙa'idar yau da kullun da aka gatsa ta lita 50 ga kowane mutum a rana an ci su tara tsakanin R500 zuwa R3,000 (Dalar Amurka 35–210). Sai dai wannan tasiri ya ƙara ƙarfafa tazarar talauci saboda taran ta kasance kaɗan ga mawadata amma mai rugurgutawa ga mazauna marasa galihu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.odi.org/blogs/10616-politics-poverty-and-climate-change-stories-cape-town-s-day-zero|title=Politics, poverty, and climate change: stories from Cape Town's 'Day Zero'|website=ODI|date=8 March 2018 |language=en|access-date=2020-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lafiyayyar Al'umma ===
Ma'aikatan lafiyar al'umma sun nuna damuwa game da cututtukan da za su iya yaduwa ta hanyar gurɓatar bayan gida da baki (faecal-oral contamination) sakamakon ƙarancin wanke hannu. Kamfanonin lafiyar al'umma, cibiyoyin bincike, da masu ba da lafiya su ma sun damu game da tasirin da matsalar ruwan za ta iya yi ga ayyukan lafiya.

Rashin isasshen tsaftar muhalli na iya haifar da cututtukan zawo (diarrhoeal diseases), waɗanda ke kashe mutane miliyan 2.2 kowace shekara a duniya, inda yawancin mace-mace ke faruwa tsakanin yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 5. Tare da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 4.3 da yawa na mutane kusan 1500 a kowace murabba'in kilomita, an ba da shawarar cewa wannan na iya haifar da cututtuka kamar kwalara da sauran su bazu cikin sauri ba tare da ingantaccen tsafta ba, musamman a unguwannin matalauta na Cape Town. Idan babu tsaftataccen ruwa, illolin lafiyar al'umma na iya ƙaruwa ta hanyar kwari a cikin kazaman ruwaye, waɗanda zasu iya haifar da ƙarin bazuwar cututtuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Comes the horror&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/cape-town-water-crisis-drought-disease/|title=Cape Town water crisis: With drought, comes the horror of disease|last=Head|first=Tom|date=10 October 2017|work=The South African|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ai sun yi gargaɗin cewa cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa kamar kwalara, hepatitis A, da zazzabin taifot (typhoid fever) &quot;da alama za su fi yaduwa&quot; yayin da mazauna garin suka fara adana ruwa a cikin kwantena masu ƙazanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAQs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Disaster%20and%20Demand%20FAQ.pdf|title=Water related FAQs|date=15 March 2018|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman bazuwar cututtuka tana da yuwuwar faruwa sakamakon matsakaicin amfani da lita 25 kacal na ruwa ga kowane mutum a rana, adadin da bai isa ba don kiyaye tsaftar gida. Wannan haɗe da amfani da ruwan wanka/wanki (greywater) da ƙarfafawa daga kafofin watsa labaru na rashin wanke 'ya'yan itace ya ƙara haɗarin gurɓatawa. Wani tasiri kuma ga lafiyar al'umma sakamakon matsalar ruwan shi ne ƙarancin abubuwan gina jiki ko ƙarancin ingancin abubuwan gina jiki da mutane ke samu. Saboda ƙarancin ruwa, amfanin gona da dabbobi suna raguwa ko kuma ingancinsu yana faduwa.&lt;ref&gt;Parks, R., McLaren, M., Toumi, R., &amp; Rivett, U. (2019). Experiences and lessons in managing water from Cape Town (29) [Grafiek &amp;  Literatuur]. Geraadpleegd van https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/grantham-institute/public/publications/briefing-papers/Experiences-and-lessons-in-managing-water.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗarin Lafiyar Wurin Aiki ===
Wuraren wankan gaggawa da na wanke idanu muhimmin sashi ne na tsaron wurin aiki ga dakunan gwaje-gwaje (laboratories) da ma'aikata da yawa. Ana buƙatar wadatar ruwa akai-akai idan aka fuskanci haɗarin sinadarai masu guba. Yawancin buƙatun Tsaron Wurin Aiki da Lafiya sun ba da shawarar cewa wuraren wankan gaggawa su kasance suna iya fitar da lita 75 a kowane minti na tsawon mintuna 15 aƙalla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://blogs.plos.org/publichealth/2018/02/05/day-zero-the-impact-of-cape-towns-water-shortage-on-public-health/|title=Day Zero: The impact of Cape Town's water shortage on public health {{!}} Public Health|date=5 February 2018|work=Public Health|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815104537/http://blogs.plos.org/publichealth/2018/02/05/day-zero-the-impact-of-cape-towns-water-shortage-on-public-health/|archive-date=15 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan aka dakatar ko iyakance waɗannan wuraren wankan, ma'aikatan da ke sarrafa sinadarai masu lahani sosai za su kasance cikin haɗari.

=== Kula da Yara ===
A gidaje da gidajen marayu, yara suna ɗaya daga cikin rukunoni mafi rauni da za su iya wahala daga illolin ƙarancin ruwa ga lafiya. Ciyarwa, wankewa, da haifuwar kayayyakin da ake buƙata don kula da yara na buƙatar ruwa mai yawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/vulnerable-fear-cape-towns-water-shut-off-20180208|title=Vulnerable fear Cape Town's water shut-off|work=News24|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en|archive-date=30 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330211225/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/vulnerable-fear-cape-towns-water-shut-off-20180208|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, idan aka kashe famfunan makarantu a Western Cape a ranar &quot;Day Zero&quot;, yara miliyan 1.1 za su kasance ba tare da ruwa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/water-crisis-day-zero-could-affect-a-million-children|title=Water crisis: Day Zero could affect a million children|website=www.enca.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-30|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920082926/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/water-crisis-day-zero-could-affect-a-million-children|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗarin Gobara ===
Akwai damuwa cewa haɗarin gobara zai ƙaru yayin da muhalli da ababen more rayuwa suka daɗa bushewa. Wannan ya kasance mai matukar muhimmanci ga manyan wuraren masana'antu da rumbun adana kayayyaki domin gobara a wuri ɗaya na iya bazuwa cikin sauƙi zuwa sauran gine-gine na kusa. Haka kuma tsarin kashe gobara na iya kasyawa saboda raguwar matsin lamba na ruwa a yankunan da ke sama.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAQs&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pwc.co.za/en/assets/pdf/business-resilience-western-cape-water-crisis.pdf|title=Western Cape Water Crisis: How resilient is your organization in the face of the current water crisis?|date=December 2012|website=PWC|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001034010/https://www.pwc.co.za/en/assets/pdf/business-resilience-western-cape-water-crisis.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Martani ga matsalar ruwa ==

An yi ƙoƙari wajen ƙara samarwa da kuma rage buƙatar ruwa a cikin Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape. Da yawa daga cikin mutane da kasuwanci sun yi ƙoƙarin rage dogaro da tsarin ruwa na birni don kare hanyoyin samar da ruwa na kankansu. Matsalar ruwan ta zaburar da bincike da saka hannun jari a madadin tsarin ruwa na daban, wanda a ƙarshe zai iya taimakawa wajen hana sauran birane faɗawa cikin irin wannan matakin na ƙarancin ruwa. Ta kuma bayyana buƙatar tsare-tsare na dogon lokaci a birnin inda canjin yanayi zai daɗa ta'azzara ƙalubalen fasaha, shari'a, da na hukumomi wajen isar da ruwa a tsakanin babban mataki na rashin daidaito.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://dayzero.org.za/Day-Zero.pdf|title=Day Zero. One city's response to a record-breaking drought|last1=Joubert|first1=Leonie|last2=Ziervogel|first2=Gina|publisher=Axa, Mapula Trust, African Climate and Development Initiative|year=2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haɗuwa da canjin yanayi da haɓakar jama'a a yankunan birane na nufin sauran biranen ma na iya fuskantar irin wannan fari mai tsanani kuma suna iya buƙatar yin la'akari da madadin hanyoyin samun ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/cape-town-drought-day-zero-climate-change-global-warming-south-africa-a8236511.html|title=Cape Town is almost at the feared 'Day Zero'|date=2 March 2018|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɓaka Samar da Ruwa ===
Birnin Cape Town ya ba da gagarumin ƙoƙari wajen haɓaka hanyoyin samar da ruwa. Muhimman ƙoƙarin sun haɗa da:
* sayen ƙarin lita miliyan biyu da miliyan biyar na ruwa kowace shekara daga Ma'ajiyar Ruwa ta Molteno a Oranjezicht da Atlantis Aquifer biyo da biyo
* ƙaddamar da ƙananan masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination) na wucin gadi guda uku (kwangilar shekaru 2) (biyu masu ƙarfin lita miliyan 7 a kowace rana kuma ɗaya mai ƙarfin lita miliyan 2 a kowace rana) a Monwabisi, Strandfontein, V&amp;A Waterfront, da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Cape Town
* aikin sake sarrafa ruwa na Zandvliet

Baki ɗaya, an tsara waɗannan ayyukan don samar da ƙarin lita miliyan 144 a kowace rana tsakanin Fabrairu da Yuli 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.traveller24.com/Explore/Green/cape-water-crisis-day-zero-moved-as-city-prepares-for-2m-tourists-20171118|title=Cape Water Crisis: Day Zero 'moved' as city prepares for 2m tourists|last=Nkanjeni|first=Unathi|date=Nov 2017|work=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma, da yawa daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan sun fuskanci ƙalubalen kayan aiki (logistical challenges), kuma sun yi jinkiri fiye da lokacin da aka tsara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/slow-progress-bringing-new-sources-water-cape-town/|title=Slow progress bringing new water to Cape Town|last=Bratton|first=Laura|date=Nov 2017|website=GroundUp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jagoran DA, Maimane, ya jaddada cewa masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa suna da tsada da kuma rikitarwa; musamman, masana'anta guda ɗaya za ta ci lita R15 biliyan (Dalar Amurka biliyan 1), wanda shi ne kashi ɗaya bisa uku na baki ɗaya kasafin kuɗin Birnin kuma tsarin sayen irin waɗannan kayan aiki yana waje da hurumin shari'a na Birnin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/220919/maimane-takes-over-cape-town-water-crisis-response/|title=Maimane takes over Cape Town water crisis response|date=24 January 2018|work=Business Tech}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga ƙarshe an yi watsi da tsare-tsaren masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa domin tsadar kowace raka'a ta ruwa ta yi yawa sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

A watan Fabrairu 2018, lokacin da aka kai kololuwar fari, Ƙungiyar Masu Amfani da Ruwa ta Groenland (wata hukumar wakilcin manoma a yankin aikin gona na Elgin Grabouw kusa da Cape Town) ta fara sakin ƙarin lita miliyan 10 na ruwa daga Madatsar Ruwansu ta Eikenhof kyauta. An tura wannan ruwan zuwa cikin Madatsar Ruwa ta Upper Steenbras.&lt;ref name=&quot;Groenland&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/cape-town-gets-10bn-litres-of-water|title=WATCH: Cape Town gets 10bn litres of water|date=6 February 2018|website=www.enca.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-08|archive-date=8 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908232503/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/cape-town-gets-10bn-litres-of-water|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya bai wa Birnin damar tura kiyasin ranar Day Zero baya daga 16 ga Afrilu zuwa 11 ga Mayu.

=== Gudanar da Buƙatun Ruwa na Birni ===

[[File:TragedyofCommons.png|thumb|298x298px|Albarkatun tafkin gama gari, kamar ruwan sama, sun fi fuskantar barazanar wuce gona da iri da ƙarewa idan ba a tsara su ba]]
Ruwan saman ƙasa da ruwan sama suna nuna siffofin albarkatun tafkin gama gari (Common-pool resource), wanda ke fuskantar matsalar 'balahirar gama gari' (tragedy of the commons). Idan babu tsari na hukuma, mutane masu son kai za su yanke shawarar amfani da zai gurgunta abubuwan amfanin gama gari, wanda hakan ya sa masanin ilimin halittu Garrett Hardin ya bayyana cewa &quot;yanci a cikin abubuwan gama gari yana kawo barna ga kowa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hardin, G. (1968). &quot;The tragedy of the commons.&quot; ''Science'', ''162''(3859), 1243–1248.&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yana da tsanani musamman lokacin matsalar ruwa lokacin da jimillar samarwa za ta iya faɗawa ƙasa da matakin amfani mafi dacewa ga al'umma. Don haka, Birnin ya yi ƙoƙarin tsara amfani da abubuwan gama gari ta hanyar gargadi na amfani da alhakin kai, rabo kai-tsaye, da kuma amfani da farashin kuɗaɗen ruwa (water tariffs) (don masu amfani su fahimci tsadar yanke shawararsu ga al'umma).

Birnin Cape Town ya yi nasarar rage amfani da ruwa da fiye da kashi 50 cikin dari yayin fari daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/02/cape-town-running-out-of-water-drought-taps-shutoff-other-cities/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202190935/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/02/cape-town-running-out-of-water-drought-taps-shutoff-other-cities/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2018|title=Why Cape Town Is Running Out of Water, and Who's Next|last=Welch|first=Craig|date=Mar 2018|work=National Geographic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amfani da ruwa na gidaje ya ragu sosai ƙarƙashin takunkumin Mataki na 6B, inda adadi mafi ƙanƙanta da aka yi rajista ya kasance lita miliyan 481 a kowace rana a ranar 2 ga Yuli 2018, mafi kusa da matakin da aka yi niyya na lita miliyan 450 a kowace rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot; /&gt; Rahoton Water Outlook 2018 ya tattara bayanan canje-canje a buƙatun ruwa daga Nuwamba 2013 zuwa Mayu 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Water and Sanitation, City of Capetown |date=2018-05-18 |title=Water Outlook 2018 Report, Revision 25 |url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/Water%20Outlook%202018%20-%20Summary.pdf |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tilasta Ragewa ====
An ci gaba da sake duba iyakar amfanin ruwa na kanka gami da rage shi a duk lokacin da ake tsaka da matsalar, inda mafi ƙanƙanta ya kasance lita 50 a kowace rana ga kowane mutum farawa daga 1 ga Fabrairu 2018.&lt;ref name = &quot;Booysen&quot;/&gt;
 Wannan matakin amfani da ruwa kashi ɗaya bisa uku ne kacal na matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na yau da kullun na lita 150 a ƙasar Burtaniya kuma kashi ɗaya bisa shida na matsakaicin amfanin yau da kullun a Amurka. An bukaci mazauna birnin da kada su zubar da ruwa a bayan gida bayan sun yi fitsari, sannan su yi amfani da ruwan sama ko ruwan wanka bayan sun yi bayan gida, sannan su rage tsayi da yawan wanka. Don kiyaye ruwa, an samar da maganin tsaftace hannu (hand sanitizer) a ofisoshi da gine-ginen gwamnati don amfani da shi maimakon wanke hannu na al'ada. Wasu shagunan kofi sun fara amfani da kofuna da kwanukan roba da na takarda don rage wanke-wanke. Yin amfani da ruwan famfo na birni don cika wuraren ninkaya, shayar da ciyawa ko wanke saman ƙasa ya zama haramun. An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 50 cikin ɗari na gidaje sun bi ka'idojin takunkumin amfani da ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42787773|title=Cape Town water crisis: 'My wife doesn't shower any more'|date=Jan 2018|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Birnin ya bincika matakai daban-daban don tabbatar da bin doka:
* Ƙirƙirar taswirar intanet mai ɗigo-ɗigo kore (green dots) da ke nuna waɗanne gidaje ne ke yin kyakkyawan aiki wajen adana ruwa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/09/14/648016169/did-cape-town-learn-from-day-zero|title=Did Cape Town Learn From 'Day Zero'?|last=Shapiro|first=Ari|date=Sep 2018|publisher=National Public Radio (NPR)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jami'an birni sun tuka motoci ta cikin unguwannin da ke amfani da ruwa da yawa tare da amfani d

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="59013" sha1="ps9o3gnxbnqu4swq88ekhes3kozaway" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Cape_Town_water_crisis_graph.svg|right|thumb|400x400px|Hotunan jimlar ruwan da aka adana a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa shida na Western Cape (blue) da kuma matakin hana ruwa na birnin Cape Town (orange) daga Nuwamba 2013 zuwa Agusta 2021.]]
'''Rikicin ruwan Cape Town''' a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ya kasance shekaru da yawa a cikin 2015-2020 na karancin ruwa a yankin Western Cape, wanda ya fi shafar birnin Cape Town . Matsakaicin ruwan madatsar ruwan ya fara raguwa a shekarar 2015 kuma matsalar ruwan Cape Town ta kai kololuwa a tsakiyar shekarar 2017 zuwa tsakiyar 2018 lokacin da ruwan ya kai tsakanin kashi 14 zuwa 29 na yawan karfin madatsar ruwa.

A ƙarshen 2017, an fara ambaton tsare-tsare na &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, taƙaitaccen bayani game da ranar da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Birni zai iya faɗi ƙasa da kashi 13.5. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cassim |first=Zaheer |date=19 January 2018 |title=Cape Town could be the first major city in the world to run out of water |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/01/19/cape-town-could-first-major-city-run-out-water/1047237001/ |website=USA Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Poplak |first=Richard |date=15 February 2018 |title=What's Actually Behind Cape Town's Water Crisis |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/cape-town-water-crisis/553076/ |access-date=22 February 2018 |website=The Atlantic}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=York |first=Geoffrey |date=8 March 2018 |title=Cape Town residents become 'guinea pigs for the world' with water-conservation campaign |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/cape-town-residents-become-guinea-pigs-for-the-world-with-water-conservationcampaign/article38257004/ |website=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya zama lokaci don nuna farkon matakan hana ruwa na Mataki na 7, lokacin da za a kashe kayan ruwa na birni da yawa kuma ana tunanin cewa mazauna za su iya yin layi don rabon ruwa na yau da kullun. Idan da hakan ta faru, da hakan zai sanya birnin Cape Town ya zama babban birni na farko a duniya da ya kaure da karancin ruwan sha a cikin kananan hukumomin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Day Zero, when is it, what is it and how can we avoid it |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Day%20Zero%20when%20is%20it,%20what%20is%20it,%20and%20how%20can%20we%20avoid%20it |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Rikicin ruwa na Cape Town ya faru a daidai lokacin da fari na Gabashin Cape, wanda ke cikin wani yanki na daban a kusa.

Birnin Cape Town ya aiwatar da tsauraran matakan hana ruwa a wani yunkuri na dakile amfani da ruwa, wanda ya rage yawan ruwan da yake amfani da shi na yau da kullum da fiye da rabi zuwa kusan lita miliyan 500 (130,000,000 US gal) a kowace rana a cikin Maris 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Narrandes |first=Nidha |date=14 March 2018 |title=Cape Town water usage lower than ever |url=http://www.capetownetc.com/water-crisis/water-usage-further-reduced-in-cape-town/ |publisher=Cape Town etc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Faduwar amfani da ruwa ya sa birnin ya jinkirta kiyasin &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, kuma ruwan sama mai karfi ya fara farfadowa a watan Yuni 1.  A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, tare da matakan dam kusa da kashi 70, birnin ya fara sauƙaƙe ƙuntatawa na ruwa, wanda ke nuna cewa mafi munin matsalar ruwa ya ƙare. &lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pitt |first=Christina |date=10 September 2018 |title=City of Cape Town relaxes water restrictions, tariffs to Level 5 |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212034631/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |archive-date=12 December 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |website=News24 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan sama mai kyau a cikin 2020 yadda ya kamata ya karya fari kuma ya haifar da karancin ruwa lokacin da matakan madatsar ruwa ya kai kashi 95 cikin dari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-07 |title=After the drought: Cape Town's gushing water |url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/after-drought-cape-towns-gushing-water/ |access-date=2020-09-11 |website=[[GroundUp News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fage ==
[[Fayil:Cape_Water_map_dams.png|thumb|274x274px|Taswirar manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa zuwa Cape Town]]
Yankin Cape Town yana fuskantar yanayi na Bahar Rum tare da dumi, bushewar lokacin rani da ruwan sama na hunturu. Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Yammacin Cape ya dogara kusan gaba ɗaya akan ruwan sama, wanda ake kamawa kuma ana adana shi a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida da ke cikin wuraren tsaunuka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Welz |first=Adam |date=1 March 2018 |title=Awaiting Day Zero: Cape Town Faces an Uncertain Water Future |url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/awaiting-day-zero-cape-town-faces-an-uncertain-water-future |publisher=Yale Environment 360}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana yin cajin madatsun ruwa ne ta hanyar ruwan sama da ke faɗowa a yankunan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, galibi a lokacin sanyi na watanni na Mayu zuwa Agusta, kuma matakan dam ɗin suna raguwa a lokacin rani na watanni na Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu inda amfani da ruwa na birane ke ƙaruwa kuma ana samun ban ruwa a yankunan noma.

Amfani da birane da aikin gona yana cinye kusan kashi 70 da kashi 30 bisa 100 na jimillar ruwan da tsarin samar da ruwan sha na Western Cape ke bayarwa, tare da sauye-sauye na yanayi.   A cikin zamanin bayan [[Apartheid|wariyar launin fata]], kuma a ƙarƙashin tsarin Tsarin [[Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Afirka ta Kudu|Ruwa na Kyauta na Kyauta]], Birnin Cape Town ya karɓi tsarin haɓaka tsarin jadawalin kuɗin fito don farashin ruwa, wanda aka azabtar da mafi girma masu amfani da ruwa tare da mafi girman jadawalin kuɗin fito don hana amfani, yayin da aka saita jadawalin farko block a (kusa) sifili don tabbatar da samun daidaiton ruwa zuwa kowane matakin asali na Afirka ta Kudu.  Magidanta masu rahusa masu rijista a Cape Town tare da haɗin kai tsaye da ruwa da tsafta suna karɓar lita 6 000 na farko a kowane wata na ruwa kyauta, kuma ana cajin kuɗin fito ne kawai don cinyewa sama da adadin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services and costs in formal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-and-costs-for-formal-housing |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt; Magidanta a ƙauyuka na yau da kullun ana ba da ruwa daga famfun jama'a da kuma amfani da bandakunan jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services in informal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family+and+home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-in-informal-settlements |website=City of Cape Town }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ga manoman da ke samun ruwa daga Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape, ana duba su da allunan ban ruwa da ƙungiyoyi masu amfani da ruwa. Manoman da yawa kuma suna shiga tsarin rarraba ban ruwa (daga takamaiman kwararar kogi), kuma suna da madatsun ruwa masu zaman kansu da [[Rijiyar burtsatse|rijiyoyin burtsatse]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Water File |url=http://www.wwf.org.za/water/?25441/Agricultural-water-file-Farming-for-a-drier-future |website=Worldwide Fund for Nature}}&lt;/ref&gt; Birnin ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba sa samun riba a kan siyar da ruwa, kuma manufofin farashin ruwa na ƙoƙarin daidaita daidaito, daidaito da buƙatun dawo da farashi. 

Zamanin ƙarancin ruwan sama na hunturu a 2000-2001 da 2003-2004 ya haifar da hana ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;WCDM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Basholo |first=Zolile |date=4 February 2016 |title=Overview of Water Demand Management Initiatives: A City of Cape Town Approach |url=https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Water-Sector-Desk-Content/CoCT-WCWDM-presentation-Z-Basholo-Western-Cape-Water-Forum-160204-2016.pdf |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin 2003, Birnin ya shiga yarjejeniya tare da Sashen Ruwa da Dazuzzuka na lokacin don gina madatsar ruwa ta Berg da Tsarin kari sannan kuma ta fara kula da bukatar ruwa. A shekarar 2009, an karu da karfin ajiyar madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Cape Town da kashi 17 cikin 100 daga 768 zuwa miliyan 898 cubic meters lokacin da aka kammala aikin madatsar ruwan Berg da kuma shirin samar da kayayyaki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cape Town&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2009 |title=Cape Town's water supply boosted |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102756/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-date=27 March 2009 |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2015, Birnin Cape Town ya sami babbar lambar yabo ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da sanin ƙoƙarinsu na Kula da Ruwa da Buƙatun Ruwa (WCWDM). Cape Town ya yi nasara musamman wajen rage asarar ruwa ta hanyar yoyon fitsari, inda aka samu asarar ruwa da kashi 14 cikin dari, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin kashi 35 cikin dari na kasa. Dokokin sun kuma fayyace cewa ya kamata a samar da ingantattun kayan aikin ruwa da Ofishin Ma'auni na Afirka ta Kudu ya amince da shi don duk sabbin ci gaba da gyare-gyare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=C40 Cities Awards 2015 |url=https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |access-date=2025-08-12 |archive-date=2021-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923092342/https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Jeron Lokaci ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;cellpadding=&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em; text-align:center; font-size:95%&quot;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th colspan=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;&gt;Matakan ruwa a matsayin kashi na jimillar ƙarfin madatsun ruwa ta shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/whats-causing-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=What's causing Cape Town's water crisis?|last=Bohatch|first=Trevor|date=16 May 2017|publisher=Ground Up|location=Cape Town|language=en|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
|-
! Manyan madatsun ruwa
! Ƙarfi (megalitres)
! 17 Mayu 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-utility-services/residential-water-and-sanitation-services/this-weeks-dam-levels|title=City of Cape Town: Dam Levels|date=18 May 2021|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;!!18 Mayu 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=18 May 2020|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 13 Mayu 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=13 May 2019|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=22 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 14 Mayu 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|title=Water Dashboard|date=Mar 2019|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-date=7 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207180447/http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 15 Mayu 2017 !! 15 Mayu 2016 !! 15 Mayu 2015 !! 15 Mayu 2014
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Berg River|| 130,010
|76.1||65.6||68.1|| 39.2|| 32.4|| 27.2|| 54.0|| 90.5
|-
|Steenbras Lower|| 33,517
|58.0||48.4||38.6|| 35.4|| 26.5|| 37.6|| 47.9|| 39.6
|-
|Steenbras Upper|| 31,767
|54.2||96.5||65.0|| 59.6|| 56.7|| 56.9|| 57.8|| 79.1
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof|| 480,188
|75.2||50.2||36.1|| 12.0|| 15.0|| 31.3|| 51.3|| 74.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Voelvlei|| 164,095
|58.3||50.4||55.4|| 14.5|| 17.2|| 21.3|| 42.5|| 59.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Wemmershoek|| 58,644
|59.1||43.3||43.6|| 48.4|| 36.0|| 48.5|| 50.5|| 58.8
|-
| Jimillar da aka ajiye (megalitres) || 898,221
|626,907||481,370||411,849|| 191,843|| 190,300|| 279,954|| 450,429 || 646,137
|-
|'''Jimillar % na Ma'ajiya'''||100
|'''69.8'''||'''53.6'''||'''45.9'''||'''21.4'''||'''21.2'''||'''31.2'''||'''50.1'''||'''71.9'''
|}

===2015–2016===
Bayan samun kyakkyawan ruwan sama a shekarun 2013 da 2014, Birnin Cape Town ya fara fuskantar fari a shekarar 2015, wanda shi ne na farko cikin shekaru uku a jere na lokutan sanyi marasa ruwa da suka auku, mai yiwuwa sanadiyyar tsarin yanayi na El Niño ko kuma canjin yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AfricaC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://africacheck.org/2016/02/03/frequently-asked-questions-about-south-africas-drought|title=Frequently asked questions about South Africa's drought|date=3 February 2016|publisher=Africa Check|language=en|location=Cape Town|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matakan ruwa a madatsun ruwan Birnin sun ragu daga kashi 71.9 cikin dari a shekarar 2014 zuwa kashi 50.1 cikin dari a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot; /&gt; A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016, hukumar Birnin ta ɗaukaka tsoffin takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 1 (Level 1) tun na shekarar 2005 zuwa Mataki na 2 (Level 2), kuma a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2016 ta sake ɗaukaka shi zuwa Mataki na 3 (Level 3), lokacin da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta wallafa takunkumin amfani da ruwa na hukuma don birane da aikin gona. Kuma babban farin da ya shafi sauran sassan Afirka ta Kudu ya ƙare a watan Agusta 2016 lokacin da aka sami babban ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin ƙasar,&lt;ref name=&quot;encarain&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|title=Southern Africa faces floods after drought|last=Masinde|first=Muthoni|date=18 August 2016|access-date=2017-06-01|archive-date=1 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101190233/https://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma farin na lardin Western Cape ya ci gaba da wanzuwa.

===2017===
Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin amfani da ruwa zuwa Mataki na 3B a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2017, kuma a ƙarshen lokacin rani a watan Mayu 2017, an ayyana farin a matsayin mafi muni da Birnin ya taɓa fuskanta a cikin ƙarni guda, inda ruwan da ke cikin madatsun ruwa ya kasance ƙasa da kashi 10 cikin dari na ƙarfin amfaninsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/31/africa/cape-town-drought/index.html|title=Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century|last=Van Dam|first=Derek|website=CNN.com|publisher=CNN|date=31 May 2017|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 4 a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2017, wanda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 100 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;level4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|title=City of Cape Town approves Level 4 water restrictions|last=Etheridge|first=Jenna|date=31 May 2017|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429230521/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jimillar ruwan sama da aka samu a shekarar 2017 ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta tun lokacin da aka fara riƙe bayanan ruwan sama a shekarar 1933.&lt;ref name=&quot;csag&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2017-08-31-how-severe-is-the-droughta|title=How severe is the drought?|last=Wolski|first=Piotr|date=Aug 2017|website=University of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayin da lokacin zafi mai bushewa ke gabatowa, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin ruwa na yanzu zuwa Mataki na 4B a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2017, sannan zuwa Mataki na 5 a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2017, inda aka haramta amfani da ruwa a waje da kuma ayyukan da ba su da muhimmanci sosai, tare da ƙarfafa amfani da ruwan wanka/wanki (grey water) don zubarwa a bayan gida, kuma aka yi niyyar iyakance yawan amfanin ruwa na kowane mutum zuwa lita 87 a rana, don jimillar amfani da lita miliyan 500 a rana gaba ɗaya birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; Sai dai kuma, sanya takunkumin Mataki na 5 ya zo tare da sanarwa mai rikitarwa game da iyakokin amfani da ruwa na gidaje, wanda hakan ya haifar da akasin haka ta hanyar ƙara yawan amfani da ruwa ga wasu mutane.&lt;ref name = &quot;Booysen&quot; /&gt;  
[[File:Behavioural response to messaging on the drought. .png|thumb|Martanin halayyar mutane game da saƙonni kan fari na Day Zero&lt;ref name=&quot;Booysen&quot;/&gt;
]]

A farkon watan Oktoba 2017, biyo bayan lokacin sanyi mai ƙarancin ruwan sama, an kiyasta cewa Cape Town tana da kusan watanni biyar na ajiyar ruwa kafin matakan ruwan su ƙare sarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; A cikin wannan watan ne kuma, Hukumar Birnin Cape Town ta fitar da shirin gaggawa na ruwa wanda za a aiwatar da shi a matakai daban-daban dangane da tsananin ƙarancin ruwan. Mataki na 1 (Phase 1) wanda ya ƙunshi &quot;rabon ruwa ta hanyar rage ƙarfin matsin ruwa na madatsun ruwa sosai&quot; an aiwatar da shi nan da nan. A Mataki na 2 (Phase 2), bayan &quot;Day Zero&quot;, za a kashe ruwa ga yawancin tsarin samar da ruwa in ban da wuraren da ke da muhimmancin gaske na samun ruwa. Mataki na 3 (Phase 3) zai kasance lokacin da Birnin ba zai iya sake jan ruwa daga madatsun ruwa na saman ƙasa a Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape ba, kuma za a sami ɗan ƙaramin lokaci kafin tsarin samar da ruwa gaba ɗaya ya gaza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Critical%20Water%20Shortages%20Disaster%20Plan%20Summary.pdf|title=Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan Summary|last=Bosman|first=Richard|date=October 2017|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-04-op-ed-the-city-of-cape-towns-critical-water-shortages-disaster-plan/#.WfwyhGiCyUl|title=Op-Ed: The City of Cape Town's Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan {{!}} Daily Maverick|last=De Lille|first=Patricia|date=4 October 2017|website=www.dailymaverick.co.za|publisher=City of Cape Town|language=en|access-date=3 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|title=Day Zero FAQs|date=5 April 2018|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719203400/http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===2018===
[[File:Theewaterskloof Dam 2018 02 10 (28425520089).jpg|thumb|right|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof tana kusan kashi 12% a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 2018]]
A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2018, Birnin ya ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 6 na lita 87 ga kowane mutum a rana guda. A watan Fabrairu 2018, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin zuwa Mataki na 6B inda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 50 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; Majalisar zartarwa ta lardin ta kuma sanar da cewa tana tsara tsare-tsare tare da Hukumar 'Yansandan Afirka ta Kudu don dabarun tura jami'ai a wuraren rarraba ruwa a duk faɗin Birnin bayan &quot;Day Zero&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-01-24-government-must-refund-cape-town-for-cost-of-managing-the-water-crisis/|title=Government must refund Cape Town for cost of managing the water crisis|date=24 January 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Theewaterskloof sandscape 2018-03-11.jpg|thumb|Babban ma'ajiyar ruwa ta Cape Town, Theewaterskloof, ta kasance a kashi 11% na ƙarfinta a watan Maris 2018]]

A tsakiyar watan Janairu 2018, tsohuwar magajiyar garin Cape Town Patricia de Lille ta sanar da cewa Birnin zai tilas ya kashe mafi yawan hanyoyin samar da ruwa na gundumomi idan yanayi bai canza ba. Za a ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 7, wato &quot;Day Zero&quot;, lokacin da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa ga Birnin ya kai kashi 13.5 cikin dari. Za a kashe mafi yawan famfunan ruwa na birni, kuma mazauna gari za su dogara ne da wuraren karɓar ruwa guda 149 a kewayen Birnin don karɓar rabon ruwa na yau da kullun na lita 25 ga kowane mutum.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|title=JP Smith answers Day Zero questions: 'It's going to be really unpleasant'|last1=Harrison|first1=Aletta|last2=Janse van Rensburg|first2=Alet|date=26 January 2018|publisher=News24|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216222015/https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|title=Borehole rules? Can you use sea water to flush? – The City of Cape Town answers your questions|date=30 January 2018|publisher=GroundUp|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913113205/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan zai ƙara shafar tattalin arzikin Cape Town, domin ma'aikata za su buƙaci ɗaukar hutu daga wuraren aiki don yin layi jiran ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;In Trouble&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/cape-town-south-africa-water-crisis/|title='I Knew We Were in Trouble.' What It's Like to Live Through Cape Town's Massive Water Crisis|magazine=Time|access-date=2018-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Za a ci gaba da samar da ruwa a tsakiyar yankin kasuwanci na Birnin (CBD), da kuma matsugunai na wucin gadi (inda dama tuni ake karɓar ruwa daga tsakiyar wurare) da kuma muhimman ayyuka kamar asibitoci. A lokacin da aka yi sanarwar, an kiyasta cewa &quot;Day Zero&quot; zai kasance a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 2018, amma jim kaɗan bayan haka aka sake duba shi zuwa 12 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5103259/cape-town-water-crisis/|title=Cape Town Is 90 Days Away From Running Out of Water|last=Baker|first=Aryn|date=15 January 2018|magazine=Time|access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/drought-stricken-cape-town-south-africa-run-water/story?id=52402170|title=Drought-stricken Cape Town, South Africa, could run out of water by April's 'day zero'|last=Thom|first=Liezl|date=17 January 2018|work=ABC News|access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/01/23/day-zero-brought-forward-ct-officials-prepare-for-worst|title=Day Zero Brought Forward, CT Officials Prepare for Worst|last=Brandt|first=Kevin|date=23 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kiyasin &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya ginu ne bisa canje-canje na mako biyu a matakan ajiyar madatsun ruwa, tare da zaton cewa ƙarancin zai ci gaba ba tare da sauyi ba, ba tare da ƙarin ruwan sama ko canji a buƙatar ruwa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;neilson20Feb&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Defeating%20Day%20Zero%20is%20in%20sight%20if%20we%20sustain%20our%20water-saving%20efforts|title=Statement by the City's Executive Mayor, Alderman Ian Neilson: Defeating Day Zero is in sight if we sustain our water-saving efforts|last=Neilson|first=Ian|date=20 February 2018|publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amfani da ruwa na gidaje da na aikin gona ya ragu sosai ƙarƙashin sabbin takunkumin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot; /&gt; Wannan ya bai wa Birnin damar tura kiyasin &quot;Day Zero&quot; baya a matakai daban-daban, kuma a ranar 28 ga Yuni aka jinkirta &quot;Day Zero&quot; har zuwa wani lokaci da ba a bayyana ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;neilson20Feb&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zero Delayed&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/05/africa/cape-town-day-zero-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town 'Day Zero' delayed as agricultural water use drops|last=Said-Moorhouse|first=Lauren|date=5 February 2018|publisher=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/02/south-africa-day-pushed-june-180215094221289.html|title=South Africa: Day Zero pushed back to June|website=aljazeera.com|date=2018-02-15|access-date=2018-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/01/africa/cape-town-water-crisis-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town cuts water use limit by nearly half|last1=Said-Moorhouse|first1=Lauren|date=1 February 2018|publisher=CNN|access-date=2018-02-03|last2=Mezzofiore|first2=Gianluca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kyakkyawan ruwan sama na lokacin sanyi a shekarar 2018 ya haifar da hauhawar matakan madatsun ruwa, sai dai Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta ƙasa ta sanar da cewa takunkumin ruwa na baki ɗaya zai ci gaba da kasancewa har sai matakan ruwan sun kai kashi 85 cikin dari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-edges-closer-to-an-end-to-the-drought-as-dam-levels-continue-to-rise-20180712|title=Western Cape edges closer to an end to the drought as dam levels continue to rise|date=12 July 2018|publisher=News24|access-date=12 July 2018|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713202149/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-edges-closer-to-an-end-to-the-drought-as-dam-levels-continue-to-rise-20180712|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumba, tare da matakan madatsun ruwa kusa da kashi 70 cikin dari zuwa ƙarshen lokacin damina, birnin ya rage takunkumin amfani da ruwa na masu amfani daga mataki na 6B zuwa mataki na 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;/&gt; Matakan madatsun ruwa sun kai kololuwa a kashi 76 cikin dari. A watan Nuwamba, an rage takunkumin zuwa Mataki na 3, ko lita 105 ga kowane mutum a rana guda.
Ƙarƙashin takunkumin Mataki na 3, ana iya amfani da ruwan famfo na birni don shayar da lambuna a takaitattun lokuta, ta amfani da rariyar shayarwa ko boka amma ba bututun roba (hose) ba, don wanke motoci ta amfani da boka, da kuma cika wuraren ninkaya muddin wurin ninkayar yana sanye da murfi don hana daskarewa ko kafeewar ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures%2C%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Level%203%20water%20restrictions%20FAQs.pdf|title=Level 3 Water Restrictions (2018)|date=30 November 2018|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=29 November 2018|archive-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129184323/http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures%2C%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Level%203%20water%20restrictions%20FAQs.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilai ==
=== Fari mai tsanani ===
Sanadin faruwar matsalar ruwan kai-tsaye shi ne fari mai tsanani da ya auku daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2017 wanda ya wuce ƙa'idodin tsare-tsare na Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli. Bincike kan bayanan yanayi na dogon lokaci da Ƙungiyar Nazarin Tsarin Yanayi (Climate System Analysis Group) ta gudanar a Jami'ar Cape Town ya tabbatar da cewa ƙarancin ruwan sama tsakanin shekarun 2015 da 2017 ya kasance babban al'amari mai wuyar gaske kuma mai tsananin gaske.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.csag.uct.ac.za/2018/01/22/facts-are-few-opinions-plenty-on-drought-severity-again/|title=Facts are few, opinions plenty… on drought severity again|website=www.csag.uct.ac.za|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ragewar yanayin ruwan sama yana da alaƙa da sauye-sauye masu faɗi a cikin zirga-zirgar sararin samaniya da na teku, gami da sauyin alkibla zuwa kusa da pole na hanyoyin raba ruwan sanyi na Kudancin Hemisphere tsakanin 2015–17, sauyin jet-stream da haɓakar matsin lamba na South Atlantic High.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sousa|first1=Pedro M.|last2=Blamey|first2=R.|last3=Reason|first3=C.J.C.|last4=Ramos|first4=A.M.|last5=Trigo|first5=R.M.|date=2018|title=The 'Day Zero' Cape Town drought and the poleward migration of moisture corridors|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=13|issue=12|pages=124025|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aaebc7|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shekarar 2017 ita shekara mafi bushewa tun daga shekarar 1933, kuma mai yiwuwa ma kafin hakan, tunda babu bayanan kwatankwacin hakan kafin 1933. An kuma gano cewa fari mai tsananin haka a ƙididdigance zai iya aukuwa sau ɗaya kacal a kowace shekara 300.&lt;ref name=&quot;csag&quot; /&gt;

=== Gudanar da buƙatu da samar da ruwa na dogon lokaci ===
Yawan jama'ar Birnin Cape Town ya ƙaru daga mazauna miliyan 2.4 a shekarar 1995 zuwa kiyasin mutane miliyan 4.1 a shekarar 2015, wanda ke nuna haɓakar kashi 71 cikin dari na jama'a a cikin shekaru 20, yayin da ajiyar ruwan madatsun ruwa ya ƙaru da kashi 17 cikin dari kacal a daidai wannan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/cape-town-population/|title=Cape Town Population 2019|website=World Population Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tasirin ƙaruwar jama'a akan buƙatar ruwa masana galibi suna rage masa daraja, tunda hasashen yakan gaza yin lissafin cikakken amfani da ruwa na mutum na kaidin fakaici ta hanyar samar da abinci da kayayyakin masarufi.&lt;ref&gt;Schutte, C. F., &amp; Pretorius, W. A. (1997). Water demand and population growth. ''WATER SA-PRETORIA-'', ''23'', 127–134.&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2007, Ma'aikatar Al'amuran Ruwa da Gandun Daji ta yi hasashen cewa ci gaban buƙata akan Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape zai wuce iyakar abin da ake samarwa idan ba a aiwatar da matakan kiyaye ruwa da gudanar da buƙatun ruwa ba ta hannun Birnin da sauran hukumomin gundumomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCWRSNewsletterMarch09&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/19/WCWRSNewsletterMarch09.pdf|title=Western Cape Water Reconciliation Strategy Newsletter 5|date=March 2009|publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ƙaruwa ta buƙatun dogon lokaci tana daɗa ta'azzara sakamakon matsin lamba akan samar da ruwa na dogon lokaci, gami da bazuwar baƙon shuke-shuke da canjin yanayi. Bazuwar baƙon shuke-shuke masu shan ruwa da yawa a mahimman yankunan tattara ruwa ya rage samar da ruwa zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof da kiyasin mita mai siffar sili guda miliyan 30 a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An sami ƙaruwar digiri ɗaya na ma'aunin Celsius a yanayin zafi cikin ƙarni da suka gabata kuma ƙididdigar na'ura ta yi hasashen cewa matsakaicin zafi a Cape Town zai ƙaru da wani digiri 0.25 na Celsius a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, wanda hakan na iya ƙara yuwuwa da tsananin fari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Buis |first1=Alan |date=2020-09-08 |title=Making Sense of 'Climate Sensitivity': New Study Narrows the Range of Uncertainty in Future Climate Projections |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/ask-nasa-climate/3017/making-sense-of-climate-sensitivity/ |access-date=14 January 2022 |website=NASA: Climate Change and Global Warming |publisher=NASA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, ba a nuna tasirin canjin yanayi sosai ba a cikin tsarin yanayi na yanzu: Helen Zille, Firimiyan Western Cape, ta ce Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Afirka ta Kudu ba ta yi tsammanin fari mai tsanani ba har sai bayan wasu shekaru 10.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-01-26-zille-tries-to-blame-it-on-the-weatherman/|title=Zille tries to blame it on the weatherman|last=Petra|first=Saal|date=Jan 2018|work=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gazawar gwamnati ===
Hukumar gaggawa ta gundumomi, na lardi, da na ƙasa suna raba alhakin samar da ruwa. Dokar Ruwa ta Ƙasa (Dokar 36 ta 1998) ta tsara cewa gwamnatin ƙasa ita ce &quot;atoni na jama'a&quot; na albarkatun ruwa na ƙasar don tabbatar da cewa ana &quot;kariya, amfani, haɓakawa, kiyayewa, gudanarwa da sarrafa ruwa cikin dorewa da adalci, don amfanin kowa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Facts and Myths&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/facts-and-myths-about-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=Facts and myths about Cape Town's water crisis|date=Jan 2018|work=GroundUp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haifar da takaddama tsakanin gwamnatin gunduma da ta lardi da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin jam'iyyar adawa (Democratic Alliance, DA) a gefe guda, da kuma gwamnatin ƙasa mai rinjaye a ɗayan gefen (African National Congress, ANC), inda jam'iyyun ke zargin juna da laifin haddasa matsalar ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saunderson-Meyer&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saundersonmeyer-drought-commentary/commentary-in-drought-hit-south-africa-the-politics-of-water-idUSKBN1FP226|title=Commentary: In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water|last=Saunderson-Meyer|first=William|work=U.S.|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sukar DA saboda rashin tunanin gaba wajen samar da sabbin hanyoyin ruwa da ababen more rayuwa, yayin da ake zargin ANC da hana bayar da kuɗaɗe domin gurgunta tare da kunyata gwamnatin da DA ke jagoranta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-03-07-day-zero-heroes-maimane-hails-water-wise-capetonians-as-crisis-recedes/|title='Day Zero heroes': Maimane hails water-wise Capetonians as crisis recedes|last=Hyman|first=Aron|date=Mar 2018|work=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda rahoton ƙungiyar South African Water Caucus ya nuna, tarin bashi da almundahana mai yawa a Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na iya zama dalilin gazawarta na karɓar buƙatar Western Cape ta R35 miliyan (Dalar Amurka miliyan 3) don ƙara samar da ruwa da ababen more rayuwa a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://emg.org.za/images/downloads/water_cl_ch/SAWC_State-of-DWS-Report.pdf|title=REPORT ON THE STATE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION|website=South African Water Caucus|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925190453/https://www.emg.org.za/images/downloads/water_cl_ch/SAWC_State-of-DWS-Report.pd|archive-date=25 September 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Helen Zille, Firimiyan Western Cape, ta yi kiran da gwamnatin ƙasa ta mayar wa Birnin Cape Town kuɗaɗen da aka kashe wajen tafiyar da matsalar ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan24&quot; /&gt;

A tsakiyar watan Oktoba 2017, wasu kamfanonin raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination) sun soki Birnin saboda tafiyar hawainiya wajen sayan kayayyaki, yawan tsarin mulki na ofis (bureaucracy), rashin nuna gaggawa, da rashin isassun sikelin ayyukan samar da ruwa da aka tsara. A watan Janairu 2018, a matsayin martani ga wani rahoto mai tsanani da ya soki Birnin Cape Town saboda gaza magance bala'in cikin dacewa da lokaci da sauran gazawar shugabanci, hukumar zartarwa ta tarayya ta DA ta yanke shawarar cire magajiyar garin Cape Town Patricia de Lille daga jagorancin tawagar da ke magance matsalar fari, inda aka maye gurbinta da Mmusi Maimane, jagoran jam'iyyar DA gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/cape-town-water-crisis-crossing-state-and-party-lines-isnt-the-answer-90861|title=Cape Town Water Crisis Crossing State and Party Lines|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Polweb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/cape-town-city-manager-given-special-powers-to-dea|title=Cape Town city manager given special powers to deal with water crisis – NEWS &amp; ANALYSIS|last=News24|date=26 October 2017|website=www.politicsweb.co.za|language=en|access-date=2017-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kin amincewa da tsarin raba gishiri da ruwa ===
A shekarar 2018, Cape Town ta yi watsi da tayin da ƙasar Isra'ila ta yi mata na taimaka mata wajen gina masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination).&lt;ref&gt;In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water, Reuters, January 25, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cape Town May Dry Up Because of an Aversion to Israel, Wall St. Journal, February 21, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Cape Town Water Crisis and Hating Israel, aish, February 11, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;South African stupidity, Jerusalem Post, February 3, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasiri ==
[[File:Westridge Gardens 9.jpg|thumb|An gina Babban Tubalin Furanni (Flower Monument) a Westridge Gardens don tunawa da taron addu'o'in neman kyakkyawan ruwan sama lokacin da ake tsaka da matsalar ruwa. ]]
Matsalar ruwan ta haifar da babban tasiri ga tattalin arziki, lafiya, da tsaro. Ya fito fili cewa samar da ruwan famfo na birni don ban ruwa da amfanin birane yana da tasiri mai kyau (positive externalities) ta fuskar wadatar abinci, lafiyar jama'a, da daidaiton al'umma gaba ɗaya.

=== Tattalin Arziki ===
Matsalar ruwan ta yi sanadiyyar asarar ayyukan yi guda 37,000 a lardin Western Cape, sannan an kiyasta cewa mutane 50,000 sun fada ƙasa da layin talauci sakamakon asarar ayyukan yi, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, da ƙarin farashin abinci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Storms to Come&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://features.dailymaverick.co.za/cape-of-storms-to-come/|title=Cape of Storms To Come|last=DIANA NEILLE, MARELISE VAN DER MERWE &amp; LEILA DOUGAN|website=features.dailymaverick.co.za|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-03|archive-date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623202853/http://features.dailymaverick.co.za/cape-of-storms-to-come/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masana sun kiyasta cewa &quot;matsalar ruwan za ta lakume ayyukan yi kusan 300,000 a fannin aikin gona, da kuma wasu dubun-dubatar a fannonin hidima, baƙunci, da abinci&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;In Trouble&quot; /&gt;

==== Aikin Gona ====
Aikin gona wata muhimmiyar masana'anta ce a Western Cape. Masana'antar ruwan inabi (giya) a Western Cape ta janyo hankalin masu yawon buɗe ido miliyan 1.5 a shekarar 2017, kuma tare da masana'antar 'ya'yan itace tana ɗaukar ma'aikata kusan 340,000 tare da ba da gudummawar fiye da kashi 10% ga tattalin arzikin Western Cape. Da yawa daga cikin shuke-shuken suna buƙatar ruwa mai yawa; alal misali, gonar inabi tana buƙatar tsakanin inci 10 zuwa 24 na ruwa don ta tsira. A matsakaici, fannin aikin gona a Western Cape ya gudanar da ragin amfani da ruwa da kashi 60 cikin ɗari daga shekarar 2017 zuwa 2018, wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙarancin amfanin gona da kiyasin asarar tattalin arziki na R5.9 biliyan (Dalar Amurka miliyan 400), ayyukan yi 30,000, da faɗuwar kashi 13–20 cikin ɗari na kayayyakin da ake fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Wasu kiyasin sun sanya adadin ya fi haka inda ya kai R14 biliyan (Dalar Amurka biliyan 1).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/economy/2018-02-05-farmers-lose-r14bn-as-cape-drought-bites/|title=Farmers lose R14bn as Cape drought bites|last=Phakathi|first=Bekezela|date=5 February 2018|work=Business Day|access-date=2018-02-07|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuɗaɗen da ake samu daga hannun jarin masana'antun ruwan inabi da na 'ya'yan itace na cikin gida suna da matukar ƙanƙanta koda yake masana'antar ruwan inabin tana samar da wasu shahararrun ruwan inabi a duniya. Wannan ya haifar da fargabar cewa kasuwancin aikin gona da yawa suna fuskantar haɗarin fatara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== Fannin Yawon Buɗe Ido ====
Cape Town babbar matattarar masu yawon buɗe ido ce kuma ita ce birni mafi karɓar baƙi na dogon zango a nahiyar gaba ɗaya. Masana'antar yawon buɗe ido ita ma ta fuskanci babban kalubale sakamakon raguwar baƙi masu zuwa, masauki, da zirga-zirgar baƙi a wuraren shaƙatawa a watan Janairu 2018 idan aka kwatanta da daidai wannan lokacin a shekarar 2017. Fannin masauki ya ba da rahoton raguwar mazauna da kashi 10%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.capetown.travel/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CTT-Research-Report-April-2018_Classic.pdf|title=CTT Research Report April 2018|date=24 July 2018|website=Cape Town Tourism|access-date=24 July 2018|archive-date=24 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724183611/http://www.capetown.travel/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CTT-Research-Report-April-2018_Classic.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otal-otal sun yi rangwame kan ayyukansu, kamar cire matosai na burtun wanka, ba wa baƙi maganin tsaftace hannu (hand sanitiser), sanya na'urorin rage gudu a wuraren wanka, da ko dai share wuraren ninkaya sarai ko cika su da ruwan gishiri. A watan Oktoba 2017, Birnin ya ƙaddamar da ɗayan mahimman tsare-tsarensa, wato yaƙin neman zaɓe na 'Ajiye ruwa kamar ɗan gida' (Save like a local), tare da mai da hankali kan sanya masu yawon buɗe ido cikin ayyukan dakile fari na fadin birni gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How to &quot;Save Water Like a Local&quot; |url=https://capetownsafaris.com/save-water-like-local/ |website=Cape Town Safaris |date=11 April 2018 |access-date=14 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Talaucin Ruwa (Hydrological poverty) ===
Talaucin ruwa yakan kama mutanen da ba za su iya sayen abinci ko ruwan da ake buƙata don al'ummarsu ta zama mai wadata ba. A Cape Town, ya zama haramun sayar da ruwa daga rijiyoyi ko koguna amma mutane na iya samun riba daga sufuri da kwadagon da ke da alaƙa da kai ruwa daga wasu yankuna. Waɗanda suka yi amfani da ruwa fiye da ƙa'idar yau da kullun da aka gatsa ta lita 50 ga kowane mutum a rana an ci su tara tsakanin R500 zuwa R3,000 (Dalar Amurka 35–210). Sai dai wannan tasiri ya ƙara ƙarfafa tazarar talauci saboda taran ta kasance kaɗan ga mawadata amma mai rugurgutawa ga mazauna marasa galihu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.odi.org/blogs/10616-politics-poverty-and-climate-change-stories-cape-town-s-day-zero|title=Politics, poverty, and climate change: stories from Cape Town's 'Day Zero'|website=ODI|date=8 March 2018 |language=en|access-date=2020-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lafiyayyar Al'umma ===
Ma'aikatan lafiyar al'umma sun nuna damuwa game da cututtukan da za su iya yaduwa ta hanyar gurɓatar bayan gida da baki (faecal-oral contamination) sakamakon ƙarancin wanke hannu. Kamfanonin lafiyar al'umma, cibiyoyin bincike, da masu ba da lafiya su ma sun damu game da tasirin da matsalar ruwan za ta iya yi ga ayyukan lafiya.

Rashin isasshen tsaftar muhalli na iya haifar da cututtukan zawo (diarrhoeal diseases), waɗanda ke kashe mutane miliyan 2.2 kowace shekara a duniya, inda yawancin mace-mace ke faruwa tsakanin yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 5. Tare da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 4.3 da yawa na mutane kusan 1500 a kowace murabba'in kilomita, an ba da shawarar cewa wannan na iya haifar da cututtuka kamar kwalara da sauran su bazu cikin sauri ba tare da ingantaccen tsafta ba, musamman a unguwannin matalauta na Cape Town. Idan babu tsaftataccen ruwa, illolin lafiyar al'umma na iya ƙaruwa ta hanyar kwari a cikin kazaman ruwaye, waɗanda zasu iya haifar da ƙarin bazuwar cututtuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Comes the horror&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/cape-town-water-crisis-drought-disease/|title=Cape Town water crisis: With drought, comes the horror of disease|last=Head|first=Tom|date=10 October 2017|work=The South African|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ai sun yi gargaɗin cewa cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa kamar kwalara, hepatitis A, da zazzabin taifot (typhoid fever) &quot;da alama za su fi yaduwa&quot; yayin da mazauna garin suka fara adana ruwa a cikin kwantena masu ƙazanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAQs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Disaster%20and%20Demand%20FAQ.pdf|title=Water related FAQs|date=15 March 2018|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman bazuwar cututtuka tana da yuwuwar faruwa sakamakon matsakaicin amfani da lita 25 kacal na ruwa ga kowane mutum a rana, adadin da bai isa ba don kiyaye tsaftar gida. Wannan haɗe da amfani da ruwan wanka/wanki (greywater) da ƙarfafawa daga kafofin watsa labaru na rashin wanke 'ya'yan itace ya ƙara haɗarin gurɓatawa. Wani tasiri kuma ga lafiyar al'umma sakamakon matsalar ruwan shi ne ƙarancin abubuwan gina jiki ko ƙarancin ingancin abubuwan gina jiki da mutane ke samu. Saboda ƙarancin ruwa, amfanin gona da dabbobi suna raguwa ko kuma ingancinsu yana faduwa.&lt;ref&gt;Parks, R., McLaren, M., Toumi, R., &amp; Rivett, U. (2019). Experiences and lessons in managing water from Cape Town (29) [Grafiek &amp;  Literatuur]. Geraadpleegd van https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/grantham-institute/public/publications/briefing-papers/Experiences-and-lessons-in-managing-water.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗarin Lafiyar Wurin Aiki ===
Wuraren wankan gaggawa da na wanke idanu muhimmin sashi ne na tsaron wurin aiki ga dakunan gwaje-gwaje (laboratories) da ma'aikata da yawa. Ana buƙatar wadatar ruwa akai-akai idan aka fuskanci haɗarin sinadarai masu guba. Yawancin buƙatun Tsaron Wurin Aiki da Lafiya sun ba da shawarar cewa wuraren wankan gaggawa su kasance suna iya fitar da lita 75 a kowane minti na tsawon mintuna 15 aƙalla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://blogs.plos.org/publichealth/2018/02/05/day-zero-the-impact-of-cape-towns-water-shortage-on-public-health/|title=Day Zero: The impact of Cape Town's water shortage on public health {{!}} Public Health|date=5 February 2018|work=Public Health|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815104537/http://blogs.plos.org/publichealth/2018/02/05/day-zero-the-impact-of-cape-towns-water-shortage-on-public-health/|archive-date=15 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan aka dakatar ko iyakance waɗannan wuraren wankan, ma'aikatan da ke sarrafa sinadarai masu lahani sosai za su kasance cikin haɗari.

=== Kula da Yara ===
A gidaje da gidajen marayu, yara suna ɗaya daga cikin rukunoni mafi rauni da za su iya wahala daga illolin ƙarancin ruwa ga lafiya. Ciyarwa, wankewa, da haifuwar kayayyakin da ake buƙata don kula da yara na buƙatar ruwa mai yawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/vulnerable-fear-cape-towns-water-shut-off-20180208|title=Vulnerable fear Cape Town's water shut-off|work=News24|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en|archive-date=30 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330211225/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/vulnerable-fear-cape-towns-water-shut-off-20180208|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, idan aka kashe famfunan makarantu a Western Cape a ranar &quot;Day Zero&quot;, yara miliyan 1.1 za su kasance ba tare da ruwa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/water-crisis-day-zero-could-affect-a-million-children|title=Water crisis: Day Zero could affect a million children|website=www.enca.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-30|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920082926/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/water-crisis-day-zero-could-affect-a-million-children|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗarin Gobara ===
Akwai damuwa cewa haɗarin gobara zai ƙaru yayin da muhalli da ababen more rayuwa suka daɗa bushewa. Wannan ya kasance mai matukar muhimmanci ga manyan wuraren masana'antu da rumbun adana kayayyaki domin gobara a wuri ɗaya na iya bazuwa cikin sauƙi zuwa sauran gine-gine na kusa. Haka kuma tsarin kashe gobara na iya kasyawa saboda raguwar matsin lamba na ruwa a yankunan da ke sama.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAQs&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pwc.co.za/en/assets/pdf/business-resilience-western-cape-water-crisis.pdf|title=Western Cape Water Crisis: How resilient is your organization in the face of the current water crisis?|date=December 2012|website=PWC|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001034010/https://www.pwc.co.za/en/assets/pdf/business-resilience-western-cape-water-crisis.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Martani ga matsalar ruwa ==

An yi ƙoƙari wajen ƙara samarwa da kuma rage buƙatar ruwa a cikin Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape. Da yawa daga cikin mutane da kasuwanci sun yi ƙoƙarin rage dogaro da tsarin ruwa na birni don kare hanyoyin samar da ruwa na kankansu. Matsalar ruwan ta zaburar da bincike da saka hannun jari a madadin tsarin ruwa na daban, wanda a ƙarshe zai iya taimakawa wajen hana sauran birane faɗawa cikin irin wannan matakin na ƙarancin ruwa. Ta kuma bayyana buƙatar tsare-tsare na dogon lokaci a birnin inda canjin yanayi zai daɗa ta'azzara ƙalubalen fasaha, shari'a, da na hukumomi wajen isar da ruwa a tsakanin babban mataki na rashin daidaito.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://dayzero.org.za/Day-Zero.pdf|title=Day Zero. One city's response to a record-breaking drought|last1=Joubert|first1=Leonie|last2=Ziervogel|first2=Gina|publisher=Axa, Mapula Trust, African Climate and Development Initiative|year=2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haɗuwa da canjin yanayi da haɓakar jama'a a yankunan birane na nufin sauran biranen ma na iya fuskantar irin wannan fari mai tsanani kuma suna iya buƙatar yin la'akari da madadin hanyoyin samun ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/cape-town-drought-day-zero-climate-change-global-warming-south-africa-a8236511.html|title=Cape Town is almost at the feared 'Day Zero'|date=2 March 2018|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɓaka Samar da Ruwa ===
Birnin Cape Town ya ba da gagarumin ƙoƙari wajen haɓaka hanyoyin samar da ruwa. Muhimman ƙoƙarin sun haɗa da:
* sayen ƙarin lita miliyan biyu da miliyan biyar na ruwa kowace shekara daga Ma'ajiyar Ruwa ta Molteno a Oranjezicht da Atlantis Aquifer biyo da biyo
* ƙaddamar da ƙananan masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination) na wucin gadi guda uku (kwangilar shekaru 2) (biyu masu ƙarfin lita miliyan 7 a kowace rana kuma ɗaya mai ƙarfin lita miliyan 2 a kowace rana) a Monwabisi, Strandfontein, V&amp;A Waterfront, da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Cape Town
* aikin sake sarrafa ruwa na Zandvliet

Baki ɗaya, an tsara waɗannan ayyukan don samar da ƙarin lita miliyan 144 a kowace rana tsakanin Fabrairu da Yuli 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.traveller24.com/Explore/Green/cape-water-crisis-day-zero-moved-as-city-prepares-for-2m-tourists-20171118|title=Cape Water Crisis: Day Zero 'moved' as city prepares for 2m tourists|last=Nkanjeni|first=Unathi|date=Nov 2017|work=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma, da yawa daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan sun fuskanci ƙalubalen kayan aiki (logistical challenges), kuma sun yi jinkiri fiye da lokacin da aka tsara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/slow-progress-bringing-new-sources-water-cape-town/|title=Slow progress bringing new water to Cape Town|last=Bratton|first=Laura|date=Nov 2017|website=GroundUp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jagoran DA, Maimane, ya jaddada cewa masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa suna da tsada da kuma rikitarwa; musamman, masana'anta guda ɗaya za ta ci lita R15 biliyan (Dalar Amurka biliyan 1), wanda shi ne kashi ɗaya bisa uku na baki ɗaya kasafin kuɗin Birnin kuma tsarin sayen irin waɗannan kayan aiki yana waje da hurumin shari'a na Birnin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/220919/maimane-takes-over-cape-town-water-crisis-response/|title=Maimane takes over Cape Town water crisis response|date=24 January 2018|work=Business Tech}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga ƙarshe an yi watsi da tsare-tsaren masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa domin tsadar kowace raka'a ta ruwa ta yi yawa sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

A watan Fabrairu 2018, lokacin da aka kai kololuwar fari, Ƙungiyar Masu Amfani da Ruwa ta Groenland (wata hukumar wakilcin manoma a yankin aikin gona na Elgin Grabouw kusa da Cape Town) ta fara sakin ƙarin lita miliyan 10 na ruwa daga Madatsar Ruwansu ta Eikenhof kyauta. An tura wannan ruwan zuwa cikin Madatsar Ruwa ta Upper Steenbras.&lt;ref name=&quot;Groenland&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/cape-town-gets-10bn-litres-of-water|title=WATCH: Cape Town gets 10bn litres of water|date=6 February 2018|website=www.enca.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-08|archive-date=8 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908232503/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/cape-town-gets-10bn-litres-of-water|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya bai wa Birnin damar tura kiyasin ranar Day Zero baya daga 16 ga Afrilu zuwa 11 ga Mayu.

=== Gudanar da Buƙatun Ruwa na Birni ===

[[File:TragedyofCommons.png|thumb|298x298px|Albarkatun tafkin gama gari, kamar ruwan sama, sun fi fuskantar barazanar wuce gona da iri da ƙarewa idan ba a tsara su ba]]
Ruwan saman ƙasa da ruwan sama suna nuna siffofin albarkatun tafkin gama gari (Common-pool resource), wanda ke fuskantar matsalar 'balahirar gama gari' (tragedy of the commons). Idan babu tsari na hukuma, mutane masu son kai za su yanke shawarar amfani da zai gurgunta abubuwan amfanin gama gari, wanda hakan ya sa masanin ilimin halittu Garrett Hardin ya bayyana cewa &quot;yanci a cikin abubuwan gama gari yana kawo barna ga kowa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hardin, G. (1968). &quot;The tragedy of the commons.&quot; ''Science'', ''162''(3859), 1243–1248.&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yana da tsanani musamman lokacin matsalar ruwa lokacin da jimillar samarwa za ta iya faɗawa ƙasa da matakin amfani mafi dacewa ga al'umma. Don haka, Birnin ya yi ƙoƙarin tsara amfani da abubuwan gama gari ta hanyar gargadi na amfani da alhakin kai, rabo kai-tsaye, da kuma amfani da farashin kuɗaɗen ruwa (water tariffs) (don masu amfani su fahimci tsadar yanke shawararsu ga al'umma).

Birnin Cape Town ya yi nasarar rage amfani da ruwa da fiye da kashi 50 cikin dari yayin fari daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/02/cape-town-running-out-of-water-drought-taps-shutoff-other-cities/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202190935/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/02/cape-town-running-out-of-water-drought-taps-shutoff-other-cities/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2018|title=Why Cape Town Is Running Out of Water, and Who's Next|last=Welch|first=Craig|date=Mar 2018|work=National Geographic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amfani da ruwa na gidaje ya ragu sosai ƙarƙashin takunkumin Mataki na 6B, inda adadi mafi ƙanƙanta da aka yi rajista ya kasance lita miliyan 481 a kowace rana a ranar 2 ga Yuli 2018, mafi kusa da matakin da aka yi niyya na lita miliyan 450 a kowace rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot; /&gt; Rahoton Water Outlook 2018 ya tattara bayanan canje-canje a buƙatun ruwa daga Nuwamba 2013 zuwa Mayu 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Water and Sanitation, City of Capetown |date=2018-05-18 |title=Water Outlook 2018 Report, Revision 25 |url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/Water%20Outlook%202018%20-%20Summary.pdf |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tilasta Ragewa ====
An ci gaba da sake duba iyakar amfanin ruwa na kanka gami da rage shi a duk lokacin da ake tsaka da matsalar, inda mafi ƙanƙanta ya kasance lita 50 a kowace rana ga kowane mutum farawa daga 1 ga Fabrairu 2018.&lt;ref name = &quot;Booysen&quot;/&gt; Wannan matakin amfani da ruwa kashi ɗaya bisa uku ne kacal na matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na yau da kullun na lita 150 a ƙasar Burtaniya kuma kashi ɗaya bisa shida na matsakaicin amfanin yau da kullun a Amurka. An bukaci mazauna birnin da kada su zubar da ruwa a bayan gida bayan sun yi fitsari, sannan su yi amfani da ruwan sama ko ruwan wanka bayan sun yi bayan gida, sannan su rage tsayi da yawan wanka. Don kiyaye ruwa, an samar da maganin tsaftace hannu (hand sanitizer) a ofisoshi da gine-ginen gwamnati don amfani da shi maimakon wanke hannu na al'ada. Wasu shagunan kofi sun fara amfani da kofuna da kwanukan roba da na takarda don rage wanke-wanke. Yin amfani da ruwan famfo na birni don cika wuraren ninkaya, shayar da ciyawa ko wanke saman ƙasa ya zama haramun. An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 50 cikin ɗari na gidaje sun bi ka'idojin takunkumin amfani da ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42787773|title=Cape Town water crisis: 'My wife doesn't shower any more'|date=Jan 2018|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Birnin ya bincika matakai daban-daban don tabbatar da bin doka: 
* Ƙirƙirar taswirar intanet mai ɗigo-ɗigo kore da ke nuna waɗanne gidaje ne ke yin kyakkyawan aiki wajen adana ruwa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/09/14/648016169/did-cape-town-learn-from-day-zero|title=Did Cape Town Learn From 'Day Zero'?|last=Shapiro|first=Ari|date=Sep 2018|publisher=National Public Radio (NPR)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jami'an birni sun tuka motoci ta cikin unguwannin da ke amfani da ruwa da yawa tare da amfani da lasifika suna kiran sunayensu don tsawatar musu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/06/28/624397903/cape-town-averts-day-zero-by-limiting-water-use|title=Cape Town Averts 'Day Zero' By Limiting Water Use|last=Shapiro|first=Ari|date=Jun 2018|publisher=National Public Radio (NPR)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wallafa sunayen manyan masu amfani da ruwa fiye da kima&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;
* Rashin bin takunkumin buƙata na iya haifar da sanya na'urar gudanar da ruwa, wanda ke iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 350 kacal a kowace rana, inda mai gidan zai biya kuɗin sanya na'urar na R4,500 (Dalar Amurka 314).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; A watan Disamba 2017, Magajiyar Garin Patricia de Lille da kanta ta ziyarci gidajen masu ɓata ruwa don sanya na'urorin auna ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/africa/1147081/cape-town-drought-as-day-zero-approaches-the-city-needs-to-learn-to-talk-about-climate-change-not-spread-fear/|title=Africa's favorite tourist city is about to run out of water|last=Chutel|first=Lynsey|date=Dec 2017|website=Quartz}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Ma'aikatar tilasta bin doka ta ƙara zafafa sintiri kan ɓarna da almubazzarancin ruwa&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.citylab.com/environment/2018/07/how-cape-town-got-to-the-brink-of-water-catastrophe/564800/|title=How Cape Town Got to the Brink of Water Catastrophe|last=Walton|first=Brett|date=Jul 2018|website=CityLab}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa ====
Haka kuma Birnin ya ƙara kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa (water tariffs), musamman ga mazauna lardin da suka ci gaba da amfani da ruwa mai yawa, galibi don jin daɗi da abubuwan da ba su da muhimmanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; A mafi girman farashin fito, yin amfani da ruwa sama da lita 35,000 a wata guda ya lakume R768.64 (Dalar Amurka 54) a kowace lita 1,000, wanda Birnin ya bayyana a matsayin hukunci. Kamar yadda rahoton Water Outlook 2018 ya nuna, matsakaicin buƙatar ruwa ya faɗi da kusan kashi 45 cikin ɗari daga Fabrairu 2017 zuwa Fabrairu 2018. Wannan ya fassara &quot;zuwa ƙarancin kuɗin shiga na kusan R2 biliyan (Dalar Amurka miliyan 140) a cikin shekarar da muke ciki&quot;, wanda hakan kuma ya kasance babban dalilin ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Bincike ya nuna goyon baya ga amfani da manufar sanya farashi a matsayin kayan aiki don raba ruwa cikin inganci. Yayin da ake kwatanta farashin ƙayyadajen kudi (flat rate pricing) (inda ƙarin kuɗin amfani yake daidai da sifili) da kuma farashin amfani da adadi (volumetric pricing) na kayan amfanin ruwa na gida, Hanke da Bolard (1971) sun nuna cewa sauyawa daga na farko zuwa na biyun yana da tasiri wajen samun dorewar raguwa a amfanin ruwa na gida.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="63466" sha1="r770u6ehe6kllgypiirajyoqwzbh0go" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Cape_Town_water_crisis_graph.svg|right|thumb|400x400px|Hotunan jimlar ruwan da aka adana a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa shida na Western Cape (blue) da kuma matakin hana ruwa na birnin Cape Town (orange) daga Nuwamba 2013 zuwa Agusta 2021.]]
'''Rikicin ruwan Cape Town''' a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ya kasance shekaru da yawa a cikin 2015-2020 na karancin ruwa a yankin Western Cape, wanda ya fi shafar birnin Cape Town . Matsakaicin ruwan madatsar ruwan ya fara raguwa a shekarar 2015 kuma matsalar ruwan Cape Town ta kai kololuwa a tsakiyar shekarar 2017 zuwa tsakiyar 2018 lokacin da ruwan ya kai tsakanin kashi 14 zuwa 29 na yawan karfin madatsar ruwa.

A ƙarshen 2017, an fara ambaton tsare-tsare na &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, taƙaitaccen bayani game da ranar da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Birni zai iya faɗi ƙasa da kashi 13.5. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cassim |first=Zaheer |date=19 January 2018 |title=Cape Town could be the first major city in the world to run out of water |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/01/19/cape-town-could-first-major-city-run-out-water/1047237001/ |website=USA Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Poplak |first=Richard |date=15 February 2018 |title=What's Actually Behind Cape Town's Water Crisis |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/cape-town-water-crisis/553076/ |access-date=22 February 2018 |website=The Atlantic}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=York |first=Geoffrey |date=8 March 2018 |title=Cape Town residents become 'guinea pigs for the world' with water-conservation campaign |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/cape-town-residents-become-guinea-pigs-for-the-world-with-water-conservationcampaign/article38257004/ |website=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya zama lokaci don nuna farkon matakan hana ruwa na Mataki na 7, lokacin da za a kashe kayan ruwa na birni da yawa kuma ana tunanin cewa mazauna za su iya yin layi don rabon ruwa na yau da kullun. Idan da hakan ta faru, da hakan zai sanya birnin Cape Town ya zama babban birni na farko a duniya da ya kaure da karancin ruwan sha a cikin kananan hukumomin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Day Zero, when is it, what is it and how can we avoid it |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Day%20Zero%20when%20is%20it,%20what%20is%20it,%20and%20how%20can%20we%20avoid%20it |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Rikicin ruwa na Cape Town ya faru a daidai lokacin da fari na Gabashin Cape, wanda ke cikin wani yanki na daban a kusa.

Birnin Cape Town ya aiwatar da tsauraran matakan hana ruwa a wani yunkuri na dakile amfani da ruwa, wanda ya rage yawan ruwan da yake amfani da shi na yau da kullum da fiye da rabi zuwa kusan lita miliyan 500 (130,000,000 US gal) a kowace rana a cikin Maris 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Narrandes |first=Nidha |date=14 March 2018 |title=Cape Town water usage lower than ever |url=http://www.capetownetc.com/water-crisis/water-usage-further-reduced-in-cape-town/ |publisher=Cape Town etc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Faduwar amfani da ruwa ya sa birnin ya jinkirta kiyasin &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, kuma ruwan sama mai karfi ya fara farfadowa a watan Yuni 1.  A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, tare da matakan dam kusa da kashi 70, birnin ya fara sauƙaƙe ƙuntatawa na ruwa, wanda ke nuna cewa mafi munin matsalar ruwa ya ƙare. &lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pitt |first=Christina |date=10 September 2018 |title=City of Cape Town relaxes water restrictions, tariffs to Level 5 |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212034631/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |archive-date=12 December 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |website=News24 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan sama mai kyau a cikin 2020 yadda ya kamata ya karya fari kuma ya haifar da karancin ruwa lokacin da matakan madatsar ruwa ya kai kashi 95 cikin dari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-07 |title=After the drought: Cape Town's gushing water |url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/after-drought-cape-towns-gushing-water/ |access-date=2020-09-11 |website=[[GroundUp News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fage ==
[[Fayil:Cape_Water_map_dams.png|thumb|274x274px|Taswirar manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa zuwa Cape Town]]
Yankin Cape Town yana fuskantar yanayi na Bahar Rum tare da dumi, bushewar lokacin rani da ruwan sama na hunturu. Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Yammacin Cape ya dogara kusan gaba ɗaya akan ruwan sama, wanda ake kamawa kuma ana adana shi a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida da ke cikin wuraren tsaunuka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Welz |first=Adam |date=1 March 2018 |title=Awaiting Day Zero: Cape Town Faces an Uncertain Water Future |url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/awaiting-day-zero-cape-town-faces-an-uncertain-water-future |publisher=Yale Environment 360}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana yin cajin madatsun ruwa ne ta hanyar ruwan sama da ke faɗowa a yankunan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, galibi a lokacin sanyi na watanni na Mayu zuwa Agusta, kuma matakan dam ɗin suna raguwa a lokacin rani na watanni na Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu inda amfani da ruwa na birane ke ƙaruwa kuma ana samun ban ruwa a yankunan noma.

Amfani da birane da aikin gona yana cinye kusan kashi 70 da kashi 30 bisa 100 na jimillar ruwan da tsarin samar da ruwan sha na Western Cape ke bayarwa, tare da sauye-sauye na yanayi.   A cikin zamanin bayan [[Apartheid|wariyar launin fata]], kuma a ƙarƙashin tsarin Tsarin [[Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Afirka ta Kudu|Ruwa na Kyauta na Kyauta]], Birnin Cape Town ya karɓi tsarin haɓaka tsarin jadawalin kuɗin fito don farashin ruwa, wanda aka azabtar da mafi girma masu amfani da ruwa tare da mafi girman jadawalin kuɗin fito don hana amfani, yayin da aka saita jadawalin farko block a (kusa) sifili don tabbatar da samun daidaiton ruwa zuwa kowane matakin asali na Afirka ta Kudu.  Magidanta masu rahusa masu rijista a Cape Town tare da haɗin kai tsaye da ruwa da tsafta suna karɓar lita 6 000 na farko a kowane wata na ruwa kyauta, kuma ana cajin kuɗin fito ne kawai don cinyewa sama da adadin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services and costs in formal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-and-costs-for-formal-housing |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt; Magidanta a ƙauyuka na yau da kullun ana ba da ruwa daga famfun jama'a da kuma amfani da bandakunan jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services in informal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family+and+home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-in-informal-settlements |website=City of Cape Town }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ga manoman da ke samun ruwa daga Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape, ana duba su da allunan ban ruwa da ƙungiyoyi masu amfani da ruwa. Manoman da yawa kuma suna shiga tsarin rarraba ban ruwa (daga takamaiman kwararar kogi), kuma suna da madatsun ruwa masu zaman kansu da [[Rijiyar burtsatse|rijiyoyin burtsatse]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Water File |url=http://www.wwf.org.za/water/?25441/Agricultural-water-file-Farming-for-a-drier-future |website=Worldwide Fund for Nature}}&lt;/ref&gt; Birnin ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba sa samun riba a kan siyar da ruwa, kuma manufofin farashin ruwa na ƙoƙarin daidaita daidaito, daidaito da buƙatun dawo da farashi. 

Zamanin ƙarancin ruwan sama na hunturu a 2000-2001 da 2003-2004 ya haifar da hana ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;WCDM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Basholo |first=Zolile |date=4 February 2016 |title=Overview of Water Demand Management Initiatives: A City of Cape Town Approach |url=https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Water-Sector-Desk-Content/CoCT-WCWDM-presentation-Z-Basholo-Western-Cape-Water-Forum-160204-2016.pdf |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin 2003, Birnin ya shiga yarjejeniya tare da Sashen Ruwa da Dazuzzuka na lokacin don gina madatsar ruwa ta Berg da Tsarin kari sannan kuma ta fara kula da bukatar ruwa. A shekarar 2009, an karu da karfin ajiyar madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Cape Town da kashi 17 cikin 100 daga 768 zuwa miliyan 898 cubic meters lokacin da aka kammala aikin madatsar ruwan Berg da kuma shirin samar da kayayyaki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cape Town&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2009 |title=Cape Town's water supply boosted |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102756/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-date=27 March 2009 |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2015, Birnin Cape Town ya sami babbar lambar yabo ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da sanin ƙoƙarinsu na Kula da Ruwa da Buƙatun Ruwa (WCWDM). Cape Town ya yi nasara musamman wajen rage asarar ruwa ta hanyar yoyon fitsari, inda aka samu asarar ruwa da kashi 14 cikin dari, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin kashi 35 cikin dari na kasa. Dokokin sun kuma fayyace cewa ya kamata a samar da ingantattun kayan aikin ruwa da Ofishin Ma'auni na Afirka ta Kudu ya amince da shi don duk sabbin ci gaba da gyare-gyare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=C40 Cities Awards 2015 |url=https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |access-date=2025-08-12 |archive-date=2021-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923092342/https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Jeron Lokaci ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;cellpadding=&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em; text-align:center; font-size:95%&quot;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th colspan=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;&gt;Matakan ruwa a matsayin kashi na jimillar ƙarfin madatsun ruwa ta shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/whats-causing-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=What's causing Cape Town's water crisis?|last=Bohatch|first=Trevor|date=16 May 2017|publisher=Ground Up|location=Cape Town|language=en|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
|-
! Manyan madatsun ruwa
! Ƙarfi (megalitres)
! 17 Mayu 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-utility-services/residential-water-and-sanitation-services/this-weeks-dam-levels|title=City of Cape Town: Dam Levels|date=18 May 2021|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;!!18 Mayu 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=18 May 2020|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 13 Mayu 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=13 May 2019|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=22 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 14 Mayu 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|title=Water Dashboard|date=Mar 2019|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-date=7 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207180447/http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 15 Mayu 2017 !! 15 Mayu 2016 !! 15 Mayu 2015 !! 15 Mayu 2014
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Berg River|| 130,010
|76.1||65.6||68.1|| 39.2|| 32.4|| 27.2|| 54.0|| 90.5
|-
|Steenbras Lower|| 33,517
|58.0||48.4||38.6|| 35.4|| 26.5|| 37.6|| 47.9|| 39.6
|-
|Steenbras Upper|| 31,767
|54.2||96.5||65.0|| 59.6|| 56.7|| 56.9|| 57.8|| 79.1
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof|| 480,188
|75.2||50.2||36.1|| 12.0|| 15.0|| 31.3|| 51.3|| 74.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Voelvlei|| 164,095
|58.3||50.4||55.4|| 14.5|| 17.2|| 21.3|| 42.5|| 59.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Wemmershoek|| 58,644
|59.1||43.3||43.6|| 48.4|| 36.0|| 48.5|| 50.5|| 58.8
|-
| Jimillar da aka ajiye (megalitres) || 898,221
|626,907||481,370||411,849|| 191,843|| 190,300|| 279,954|| 450,429 || 646,137
|-
|'''Jimillar % na Ma'ajiya'''||100
|'''69.8'''||'''53.6'''||'''45.9'''||'''21.4'''||'''21.2'''||'''31.2'''||'''50.1'''||'''71.9'''
|}

===2015–2016===
Bayan samun kyakkyawan ruwan sama a shekarun 2013 da 2014, Birnin Cape Town ya fara fuskantar fari a shekarar 2015, wanda shi ne na farko cikin shekaru uku a jere na lokutan sanyi marasa ruwa da suka auku, mai yiwuwa sanadiyyar tsarin yanayi na El Niño ko kuma canjin yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AfricaC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://africacheck.org/2016/02/03/frequently-asked-questions-about-south-africas-drought|title=Frequently asked questions about South Africa's drought|date=3 February 2016|publisher=Africa Check|language=en|location=Cape Town|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matakan ruwa a madatsun ruwan Birnin sun ragu daga kashi 71.9 cikin dari a shekarar 2014 zuwa kashi 50.1 cikin dari a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot; /&gt; A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016, hukumar Birnin ta ɗaukaka tsoffin takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 1 (Level 1) tun na shekarar 2005 zuwa Mataki na 2 (Level 2), kuma a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2016 ta sake ɗaukaka shi zuwa Mataki na 3 (Level 3), lokacin da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta wallafa takunkumin amfani da ruwa na hukuma don birane da aikin gona. Kuma babban farin da ya shafi sauran sassan Afirka ta Kudu ya ƙare a watan Agusta 2016 lokacin da aka sami babban ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin ƙasar,&lt;ref name=&quot;encarain&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|title=Southern Africa faces floods after drought|last=Masinde|first=Muthoni|date=18 August 2016|access-date=2017-06-01|archive-date=1 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101190233/https://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma farin na lardin Western Cape ya ci gaba da wanzuwa.

===2017===
Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin amfani da ruwa zuwa Mataki na 3B a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2017, kuma a ƙarshen lokacin rani a watan Mayu 2017, an ayyana farin a matsayin mafi muni da Birnin ya taɓa fuskanta a cikin ƙarni guda, inda ruwan da ke cikin madatsun ruwa ya kasance ƙasa da kashi 10 cikin dari na ƙarfin amfaninsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/31/africa/cape-town-drought/index.html|title=Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century|last=Van Dam|first=Derek|website=CNN.com|publisher=CNN|date=31 May 2017|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 4 a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2017, wanda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 100 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;level4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|title=City of Cape Town approves Level 4 water restrictions|last=Etheridge|first=Jenna|date=31 May 2017|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429230521/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jimillar ruwan sama da aka samu a shekarar 2017 ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta tun lokacin da aka fara riƙe bayanan ruwan sama a shekarar 1933.&lt;ref name=&quot;csag&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2017-08-31-how-severe-is-the-droughta|title=How severe is the drought?|last=Wolski|first=Piotr|date=Aug 2017|website=University of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayin da lokacin zafi mai bushewa ke gabatowa, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin ruwa na yanzu zuwa Mataki na 4B a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2017, sannan zuwa Mataki na 5 a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2017, inda aka haramta amfani da ruwa a waje da kuma ayyukan da ba su da muhimmanci sosai, tare da ƙarfafa amfani da ruwan wanka/wanki (grey water) don zubarwa a bayan gida, kuma aka yi niyyar iyakance yawan amfanin ruwa na kowane mutum zuwa lita 87 a rana, don jimillar amfani da lita miliyan 500 a rana gaba ɗaya birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; Sai dai kuma, sanya takunkumin Mataki na 5 ya zo tare da sanarwa mai rikitarwa game da iyakokin amfani da ruwa na gidaje, wanda hakan ya haifar da akasin haka ta hanyar ƙara yawan amfani da ruwa ga wasu mutane.&lt;ref name = &quot;Booysen&quot; /&gt;  
[[File:Behavioural response to messaging on the drought. .png|thumb|Martanin halayyar mutane game da saƙonni kan fari na Day Zero&lt;ref name=&quot;Booysen&quot;/&gt;
]]

A farkon watan Oktoba 2017, biyo bayan lokacin sanyi mai ƙarancin ruwan sama, an kiyasta cewa Cape Town tana da kusan watanni biyar na ajiyar ruwa kafin matakan ruwan su ƙare sarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; A cikin wannan watan ne kuma, Hukumar Birnin Cape Town ta fitar da shirin gaggawa na ruwa wanda za a aiwatar da shi a matakai daban-daban dangane da tsananin ƙarancin ruwan. Mataki na 1 (Phase 1) wanda ya ƙunshi &quot;rabon ruwa ta hanyar rage ƙarfin matsin ruwa na madatsun ruwa sosai&quot; an aiwatar da shi nan da nan. A Mataki na 2 (Phase 2), bayan &quot;Day Zero&quot;, za a kashe ruwa ga yawancin tsarin samar da ruwa in ban da wuraren da ke da muhimmancin gaske na samun ruwa. Mataki na 3 (Phase 3) zai kasance lokacin da Birnin ba zai iya sake jan ruwa daga madatsun ruwa na saman ƙasa a Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape ba, kuma za a sami ɗan ƙaramin lokaci kafin tsarin samar da ruwa gaba ɗaya ya gaza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Critical%20Water%20Shortages%20Disaster%20Plan%20Summary.pdf|title=Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan Summary|last=Bosman|first=Richard|date=October 2017|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-04-op-ed-the-city-of-cape-towns-critical-water-shortages-disaster-plan/#.WfwyhGiCyUl|title=Op-Ed: The City of Cape Town's Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan {{!}} Daily Maverick|last=De Lille|first=Patricia|date=4 October 2017|website=www.dailymaverick.co.za|publisher=City of Cape Town|language=en|access-date=3 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|title=Day Zero FAQs|date=5 April 2018|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719203400/http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===2018===
[[File:Theewaterskloof Dam 2018 02 10 (28425520089).jpg|thumb|right|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof tana kusan kashi 12% a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 2018]]
A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2018, Birnin ya ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 6 na lita 87 ga kowane mutum a rana guda. A watan Fabrairu 2018, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin zuwa Mataki na 6B inda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 50 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; Majalisar zartarwa ta lardin ta kuma sanar da cewa tana tsara tsare-tsare tare da Hukumar 'Yansandan Afirka ta Kudu don dabarun tura jami'ai a wuraren rarraba ruwa a duk faɗin Birnin bayan &quot;Day Zero&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-01-24-government-must-refund-cape-town-for-cost-of-managing-the-water-crisis/|title=Government must refund Cape Town for cost of managing the water crisis|date=24 January 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Theewaterskloof sandscape 2018-03-11.jpg|thumb|Babban ma'ajiyar ruwa ta Cape Town, Theewaterskloof, ta kasance a kashi 11% na ƙarfinta a watan Maris 2018]]

A tsakiyar watan Janairu 2018, tsohuwar magajiyar garin Cape Town Patricia de Lille ta sanar da cewa Birnin zai tilas ya kashe mafi yawan hanyoyin samar da ruwa na gundumomi idan yanayi bai canza ba. Za a ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 7, wato &quot;Day Zero&quot;, lokacin da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa ga Birnin ya kai kashi 13.5 cikin dari. Za a kashe mafi yawan famfunan ruwa na birni, kuma mazauna gari za su dogara ne da wuraren karɓar ruwa guda 149 a kewayen Birnin don karɓar rabon ruwa na yau da kullun na lita 25 ga kowane mutum.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|title=JP Smith answers Day Zero questions: 'It's going to be really unpleasant'|last1=Harrison|first1=Aletta|last2=Janse van Rensburg|first2=Alet|date=26 January 2018|publisher=News24|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216222015/https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|title=Borehole rules? Can you use sea water to flush? – The City of Cape Town answers your questions|date=30 January 2018|publisher=GroundUp|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913113205/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan zai ƙara shafar tattalin arzikin Cape Town, domin ma'aikata za su buƙaci ɗaukar hutu daga wuraren aiki don yin layi jiran ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;In Trouble&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/cape-town-south-africa-water-crisis/|title='I Knew We Were in Trouble.' What It's Like to Live Through Cape Town's Massive Water Crisis|magazine=Time|access-date=2018-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Za a ci gaba da samar da ruwa a tsakiyar yankin kasuwanci na Birnin (CBD), da kuma matsugunai na wucin gadi (inda dama tuni ake karɓar ruwa daga tsakiyar wurare) da kuma muhimman ayyuka kamar asibitoci. A lokacin da aka yi sanarwar, an kiyasta cewa &quot;Day Zero&quot; zai kasance a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 2018, amma jim kaɗan bayan haka aka sake duba shi zuwa 12 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5103259/cape-town-water-crisis/|title=Cape Town Is 90 Days Away From Running Out of Water|last=Baker|first=Aryn|date=15 January 2018|magazine=Time|access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/drought-stricken-cape-town-south-africa-run-water/story?id=52402170|title=Drought-stricken Cape Town, South Africa, could run out of water by April's 'day zero'|last=Thom|first=Liezl|date=17 January 2018|work=ABC News|access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/01/23/day-zero-brought-forward-ct-officials-prepare-for-worst|title=Day Zero Brought Forward, CT Officials Prepare for Worst|last=Brandt|first=Kevin|date=23 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kiyasin &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya ginu ne bisa canje-canje na mako biyu a matakan ajiyar madatsun ruwa, tare da zaton cewa ƙarancin zai ci gaba ba tare da sauyi ba, ba tare da ƙarin ruwan sama ko canji a buƙatar ruwa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;neilson20Feb&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Defeating%20Day%20Zero%20is%20in%20sight%20if%20we%20sustain%20our%20water-saving%20efforts|title=Statement by the City's Executive Mayor, Alderman Ian Neilson: Defeating Day Zero is in sight if we sustain our water-saving efforts|last=Neilson|first=Ian|date=20 February 2018|publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amfani da ruwa na gidaje da na aikin gona ya ragu sosai ƙarƙashin sabbin takunkumin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot; /&gt; Wannan ya bai wa Birnin damar tura kiyasin &quot;Day Zero&quot; baya a matakai daban-daban, kuma a ranar 28 ga Yuni aka jinkirta &quot;Day Zero&quot; har zuwa wani lokaci da ba a bayyana ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;neilson20Feb&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zero Delayed&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/05/africa/cape-town-day-zero-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town 'Day Zero' delayed as agricultural water use drops|last=Said-Moorhouse|first=Lauren|date=5 February 2018|publisher=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/02/south-africa-day-pushed-june-180215094221289.html|title=South Africa: Day Zero pushed back to June|website=aljazeera.com|date=2018-02-15|access-date=2018-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/01/africa/cape-town-water-crisis-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town cuts water use limit by nearly half|last1=Said-Moorhouse|first1=Lauren|date=1 February 2018|publisher=CNN|access-date=2018-02-03|last2=Mezzofiore|first2=Gianluca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kyakkyawan ruwan sama na lokacin sanyi a shekarar 2018 ya haifar da hauhawar matakan madatsun ruwa, sai dai Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta ƙasa ta sanar da cewa takunkumin ruwa na baki ɗaya zai ci gaba da kasancewa har sai matakan ruwan sun kai kashi 85 cikin dari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-edges-closer-to-an-end-to-the-drought-as-dam-levels-continue-to-rise-20180712|title=Western Cape edges closer to an end to the drought as dam levels continue to rise|date=12 July 2018|publisher=News24|access-date=12 July 2018|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713202149/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-edges-closer-to-an-end-to-the-drought-as-dam-levels-continue-to-rise-20180712|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumba, tare da matakan madatsun ruwa kusa da kashi 70 cikin dari zuwa ƙarshen lokacin damina, birnin ya rage takunkumin amfani da ruwa na masu amfani daga mataki na 6B zuwa mataki na 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;/&gt; Matakan madatsun ruwa sun kai kololuwa a kashi 76 cikin dari. A watan Nuwamba, an rage takunkumin zuwa Mataki na 3, ko lita 105 ga kowane mutum a rana guda.
Ƙarƙashin takunkumin Mataki na 3, ana iya amfani da ruwan famfo na birni don shayar da lambuna a takaitattun lokuta, ta amfani da rariyar shayarwa ko boka amma ba bututun roba (hose) ba, don wanke motoci ta amfani da boka, da kuma cika wuraren ninkaya muddin wurin ninkayar yana sanye da murfi don hana daskarewa ko kafeewar ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures%2C%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Level%203%20water%20restrictions%20FAQs.pdf|title=Level 3 Water Restrictions (2018)|date=30 November 2018|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=29 November 2018|archive-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129184323/http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures%2C%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Level%203%20water%20restrictions%20FAQs.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilai ==
=== Fari mai tsanani ===
Sanadin faruwar matsalar ruwan kai-tsaye shi ne fari mai tsanani da ya auku daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2017 wanda ya wuce ƙa'idodin tsare-tsare na Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli. Bincike kan bayanan yanayi na dogon lokaci da Ƙungiyar Nazarin Tsarin Yanayi (Climate System Analysis Group) ta gudanar a Jami'ar Cape Town ya tabbatar da cewa ƙarancin ruwan sama tsakanin shekarun 2015 da 2017 ya kasance babban al'amari mai wuyar gaske kuma mai tsananin gaske.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.csag.uct.ac.za/2018/01/22/facts-are-few-opinions-plenty-on-drought-severity-again/|title=Facts are few, opinions plenty… on drought severity again|website=www.csag.uct.ac.za|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ragewar yanayin ruwan sama yana da alaƙa da sauye-sauye masu faɗi a cikin zirga-zirgar sararin samaniya da na teku, gami da sauyin alkibla zuwa kusa da pole na hanyoyin raba ruwan sanyi na Kudancin Hemisphere tsakanin 2015–17, sauyin jet-stream da haɓakar matsin lamba na South Atlantic High.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sousa|first1=Pedro M.|last2=Blamey|first2=R.|last3=Reason|first3=C.J.C.|last4=Ramos|first4=A.M.|last5=Trigo|first5=R.M.|date=2018|title=The 'Day Zero' Cape Town drought and the poleward migration of moisture corridors|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=13|issue=12|pages=124025|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aaebc7|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shekarar 2017 ita shekara mafi bushewa tun daga shekarar 1933, kuma mai yiwuwa ma kafin hakan, tunda babu bayanan kwatankwacin hakan kafin 1933. An kuma gano cewa fari mai tsananin haka a ƙididdigance zai iya aukuwa sau ɗaya kacal a kowace shekara 300.&lt;ref name=&quot;csag&quot; /&gt;

=== Gudanar da buƙatu da samar da ruwa na dogon lokaci ===
Yawan jama'ar Birnin Cape Town ya ƙaru daga mazauna miliyan 2.4 a shekarar 1995 zuwa kiyasin mutane miliyan 4.1 a shekarar 2015, wanda ke nuna haɓakar kashi 71 cikin dari na jama'a a cikin shekaru 20, yayin da ajiyar ruwan madatsun ruwa ya ƙaru da kashi 17 cikin dari kacal a daidai wannan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/cape-town-population/|title=Cape Town Population 2019|website=World Population Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tasirin ƙaruwar jama'a akan buƙatar ruwa masana galibi suna rage masa daraja, tunda hasashen yakan gaza yin lissafin cikakken amfani da ruwa na mutum na kaidin fakaici ta hanyar samar da abinci da kayayyakin masarufi.&lt;ref&gt;Schutte, C. F., &amp; Pretorius, W. A. (1997). Water demand and population growth. ''WATER SA-PRETORIA-'', ''23'', 127–134.&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2007, Ma'aikatar Al'amuran Ruwa da Gandun Daji ta yi hasashen cewa ci gaban buƙata akan Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape zai wuce iyakar abin da ake samarwa idan ba a aiwatar da matakan kiyaye ruwa da gudanar da buƙatun ruwa ba ta hannun Birnin da sauran hukumomin gundumomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCWRSNewsletterMarch09&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/19/WCWRSNewsletterMarch09.pdf|title=Western Cape Water Reconciliation Strategy Newsletter 5|date=March 2009|publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ƙaruwa ta buƙatun dogon lokaci tana daɗa ta'azzara sakamakon matsin lamba akan samar da ruwa na dogon lokaci, gami da bazuwar baƙon shuke-shuke da canjin yanayi. Bazuwar baƙon shuke-shuke masu shan ruwa da yawa a mahimman yankunan tattara ruwa ya rage samar da ruwa zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof da kiyasin mita mai siffar sili guda miliyan 30 a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An sami ƙaruwar digiri ɗaya na ma'aunin Celsius a yanayin zafi cikin ƙarni da suka gabata kuma ƙididdigar na'ura ta yi hasashen cewa matsakaicin zafi a Cape Town zai ƙaru da wani digiri 0.25 na Celsius a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, wanda hakan na iya ƙara yuwuwa da tsananin fari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Buis |first1=Alan |date=2020-09-08 |title=Making Sense of 'Climate Sensitivity': New Study Narrows the Range of Uncertainty in Future Climate Projections |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/ask-nasa-climate/3017/making-sense-of-climate-sensitivity/ |access-date=14 January 2022 |website=NASA: Climate Change and Global Warming |publisher=NASA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, ba a nuna tasirin canjin yanayi sosai ba a cikin tsarin yanayi na yanzu: Helen Zille, Firimiyan Western Cape, ta ce Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Afirka ta Kudu ba ta yi tsammanin fari mai tsanani ba har sai bayan wasu shekaru 10.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-01-26-zille-tries-to-blame-it-on-the-weatherman/|title=Zille tries to blame it on the weatherman|last=Petra|first=Saal|date=Jan 2018|work=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gazawar gwamnati ===
Hukumar gaggawa ta gundumomi, na lardi, da na ƙasa suna raba alhakin samar da ruwa. Dokar Ruwa ta Ƙasa (Dokar 36 ta 1998) ta tsara cewa gwamnatin ƙasa ita ce &quot;atoni na jama'a&quot; na albarkatun ruwa na ƙasar don tabbatar da cewa ana &quot;kariya, amfani, haɓakawa, kiyayewa, gudanarwa da sarrafa ruwa cikin dorewa da adalci, don amfanin kowa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Facts and Myths&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/facts-and-myths-about-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=Facts and myths about Cape Town's water crisis|date=Jan 2018|work=GroundUp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haifar da takaddama tsakanin gwamnatin gunduma da ta lardi da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin jam'iyyar adawa (Democratic Alliance, DA) a gefe guda, da kuma gwamnatin ƙasa mai rinjaye a ɗayan gefen (African National Congress, ANC), inda jam'iyyun ke zargin juna da laifin haddasa matsalar ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saunderson-Meyer&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saundersonmeyer-drought-commentary/commentary-in-drought-hit-south-africa-the-politics-of-water-idUSKBN1FP226|title=Commentary: In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water|last=Saunderson-Meyer|first=William|work=U.S.|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sukar DA saboda rashin tunanin gaba wajen samar da sabbin hanyoyin ruwa da ababen more rayuwa, yayin da ake zargin ANC da hana bayar da kuɗaɗe domin gurgunta tare da kunyata gwamnatin da DA ke jagoranta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-03-07-day-zero-heroes-maimane-hails-water-wise-capetonians-as-crisis-recedes/|title='Day Zero heroes': Maimane hails water-wise Capetonians as crisis recedes|last=Hyman|first=Aron|date=Mar 2018|work=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda rahoton ƙungiyar South African Water Caucus ya nuna, tarin bashi da almundahana mai yawa a Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na iya zama dalilin gazawarta na karɓar buƙatar Western Cape ta R35 miliyan (Dalar Amurka miliyan 3) don ƙara samar da ruwa da ababen more rayuwa a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://emg.org.za/images/downloads/water_cl_ch/SAWC_State-of-DWS-Report.pdf|title=REPORT ON THE STATE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION|website=South African Water Caucus|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925190453/https://www.emg.org.za/images/downloads/water_cl_ch/SAWC_State-of-DWS-Report.pd|archive-date=25 September 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Helen Zille, Firimiyan Western Cape, ta yi kiran da gwamnatin ƙasa ta mayar wa Birnin Cape Town kuɗaɗen da aka kashe wajen tafiyar da matsalar ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan24&quot; /&gt;

A tsakiyar watan Oktoba 2017, wasu kamfanonin raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination) sun soki Birnin saboda tafiyar hawainiya wajen sayan kayayyaki, yawan tsarin mulki na ofis (bureaucracy), rashin nuna gaggawa, da rashin isassun sikelin ayyukan samar da ruwa da aka tsara. A watan Janairu 2018, a matsayin martani ga wani rahoto mai tsanani da ya soki Birnin Cape Town saboda gaza magance bala'in cikin dacewa da lokaci da sauran gazawar shugabanci, hukumar zartarwa ta tarayya ta DA ta yanke shawarar cire magajiyar garin Cape Town Patricia de Lille daga jagorancin tawagar da ke magance matsalar fari, inda aka maye gurbinta da Mmusi Maimane, jagoran jam'iyyar DA gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/cape-town-water-crisis-crossing-state-and-party-lines-isnt-the-answer-90861|title=Cape Town Water Crisis Crossing State and Party Lines|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Polweb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/cape-town-city-manager-given-special-powers-to-dea|title=Cape Town city manager given special powers to deal with water crisis – NEWS &amp; ANALYSIS|last=News24|date=26 October 2017|website=www.politicsweb.co.za|language=en|access-date=2017-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kin amincewa da tsarin raba gishiri da ruwa ===
A shekarar 2018, Cape Town ta yi watsi da tayin da ƙasar Isra'ila ta yi mata na taimaka mata wajen gina masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination).&lt;ref&gt;In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water, Reuters, January 25, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cape Town May Dry Up Because of an Aversion to Israel, Wall St. Journal, February 21, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Cape Town Water Crisis and Hating Israel, aish, February 11, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;South African stupidity, Jerusalem Post, February 3, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasiri ==
[[File:Westridge Gardens 9.jpg|thumb|An gina Babban Tubalin Furanni (Flower Monument) a Westridge Gardens don tunawa da taron addu'o'in neman kyakkyawan ruwan sama lokacin da ake tsaka da matsalar ruwa. ]]
Matsalar ruwan ta haifar da babban tasiri ga tattalin arziki, lafiya, da tsaro. Ya fito fili cewa samar da ruwan famfo na birni don ban ruwa da amfanin birane yana da tasiri mai kyau (positive externalities) ta fuskar wadatar abinci, lafiyar jama'a, da daidaiton al'umma gaba ɗaya.

=== Tattalin Arziki ===
Matsalar ruwan ta yi sanadiyyar asarar ayyukan yi guda 37,000 a lardin Western Cape, sannan an kiyasta cewa mutane 50,000 sun fada ƙasa da layin talauci sakamakon asarar ayyukan yi, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, da ƙarin farashin abinci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Storms to Come&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://features.dailymaverick.co.za/cape-of-storms-to-come/|title=Cape of Storms To Come|last=DIANA NEILLE, MARELISE VAN DER MERWE &amp; LEILA DOUGAN|website=features.dailymaverick.co.za|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-03|archive-date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623202853/http://features.dailymaverick.co.za/cape-of-storms-to-come/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masana sun kiyasta cewa &quot;matsalar ruwan za ta lakume ayyukan yi kusan 300,000 a fannin aikin gona, da kuma wasu dubun-dubatar a fannonin hidima, baƙunci, da abinci&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;In Trouble&quot; /&gt;

==== Aikin Gona ====
Aikin gona wata muhimmiyar masana'anta ce a Western Cape. Masana'antar ruwan inabi (giya) a Western Cape ta janyo hankalin masu yawon buɗe ido miliyan 1.5 a shekarar 2017, kuma tare da masana'antar 'ya'yan itace tana ɗaukar ma'aikata kusan 340,000 tare da ba da gudummawar fiye da kashi 10% ga tattalin arzikin Western Cape. Da yawa daga cikin shuke-shuken suna buƙatar ruwa mai yawa; alal misali, gonar inabi tana buƙatar tsakanin inci 10 zuwa 24 na ruwa don ta tsira. A matsakaici, fannin aikin gona a Western Cape ya gudanar da ragin amfani da ruwa da kashi 60 cikin ɗari daga shekarar 2017 zuwa 2018, wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙarancin amfanin gona da kiyasin asarar tattalin arziki na R5.9 biliyan (Dalar Amurka miliyan 400), ayyukan yi 30,000, da faɗuwar kashi 13–20 cikin ɗari na kayayyakin da ake fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Wasu kiyasin sun sanya adadin ya fi haka inda ya kai R14 biliyan (Dalar Amurka biliyan 1).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/economy/2018-02-05-farmers-lose-r14bn-as-cape-drought-bites/|title=Farmers lose R14bn as Cape drought bites|last=Phakathi|first=Bekezela|date=5 February 2018|work=Business Day|access-date=2018-02-07|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuɗaɗen da ake samu daga hannun jarin masana'antun ruwan inabi da na 'ya'yan itace na cikin gida suna da matukar ƙanƙanta koda yake masana'antar ruwan inabin tana samar da wasu shahararrun ruwan inabi a duniya. Wannan ya haifar da fargabar cewa kasuwancin aikin gona da yawa suna fuskantar haɗarin fatara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== Fannin Yawon Buɗe Ido ====
Cape Town babbar matattarar masu yawon buɗe ido ce kuma ita ce birni mafi karɓar baƙi na dogon zango a nahiyar gaba ɗaya. Masana'antar yawon buɗe ido ita ma ta fuskanci babban kalubale sakamakon raguwar baƙi masu zuwa, masauki, da zirga-zirgar baƙi a wuraren shaƙatawa a watan Janairu 2018 idan aka kwatanta da daidai wannan lokacin a shekarar 2017. Fannin masauki ya ba da rahoton raguwar mazauna da kashi 10%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.capetown.travel/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CTT-Research-Report-April-2018_Classic.pdf|title=CTT Research Report April 2018|date=24 July 2018|website=Cape Town Tourism|access-date=24 July 2018|archive-date=24 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724183611/http://www.capetown.travel/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CTT-Research-Report-April-2018_Classic.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otal-otal sun yi rangwame kan ayyukansu, kamar cire matosai na burtun wanka, ba wa baƙi maganin tsaftace hannu (hand sanitiser), sanya na'urorin rage gudu a wuraren wanka, da ko dai share wuraren ninkaya sarai ko cika su da ruwan gishiri. A watan Oktoba 2017, Birnin ya ƙaddamar da ɗayan mahimman tsare-tsarensa, wato yaƙin neman zaɓe na 'Ajiye ruwa kamar ɗan gida' (Save like a local), tare da mai da hankali kan sanya masu yawon buɗe ido cikin ayyukan dakile fari na fadin birni gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How to &quot;Save Water Like a Local&quot; |url=https://capetownsafaris.com/save-water-like-local/ |website=Cape Town Safaris |date=11 April 2018 |access-date=14 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Talaucin Ruwa (Hydrological poverty) ===
Talaucin ruwa yakan kama mutanen da ba za su iya sayen abinci ko ruwan da ake buƙata don al'ummarsu ta zama mai wadata ba. A Cape Town, ya zama haramun sayar da ruwa daga rijiyoyi ko koguna amma mutane na iya samun riba daga sufuri da kwadagon da ke da alaƙa da kai ruwa daga wasu yankuna. Waɗanda suka yi amfani da ruwa fiye da ƙa'idar yau da kullun da aka gatsa ta lita 50 ga kowane mutum a rana an ci su tara tsakanin R500 zuwa R3,000 (Dalar Amurka 35–210). Sai dai wannan tasiri ya ƙara ƙarfafa tazarar talauci saboda taran ta kasance kaɗan ga mawadata amma mai rugurgutawa ga mazauna marasa galihu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.odi.org/blogs/10616-politics-poverty-and-climate-change-stories-cape-town-s-day-zero|title=Politics, poverty, and climate change: stories from Cape Town's 'Day Zero'|website=ODI|date=8 March 2018 |language=en|access-date=2020-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lafiyayyar Al'umma ===
Ma'aikatan lafiyar al'umma sun nuna damuwa game da cututtukan da za su iya yaduwa ta hanyar gurɓatar bayan gida da baki (faecal-oral contamination) sakamakon ƙarancin wanke hannu. Kamfanonin lafiyar al'umma, cibiyoyin bincike, da masu ba da lafiya su ma sun damu game da tasirin da matsalar ruwan za ta iya yi ga ayyukan lafiya.

Rashin isasshen tsaftar muhalli na iya haifar da cututtukan zawo (diarrhoeal diseases), waɗanda ke kashe mutane miliyan 2.2 kowace shekara a duniya, inda yawancin mace-mace ke faruwa tsakanin yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 5. Tare da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 4.3 da yawa na mutane kusan 1500 a kowace murabba'in kilomita, an ba da shawarar cewa wannan na iya haifar da cututtuka kamar kwalara da sauran su bazu cikin sauri ba tare da ingantaccen tsafta ba, musamman a unguwannin matalauta na Cape Town. Idan babu tsaftataccen ruwa, illolin lafiyar al'umma na iya ƙaruwa ta hanyar kwari a cikin kazaman ruwaye, waɗanda zasu iya haifar da ƙarin bazuwar cututtuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Comes the horror&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/cape-town-water-crisis-drought-disease/|title=Cape Town water crisis: With drought, comes the horror of disease|last=Head|first=Tom|date=10 October 2017|work=The South African|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ai sun yi gargaɗin cewa cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa kamar kwalara, hepatitis A, da zazzabin taifot (typhoid fever) &quot;da alama za su fi yaduwa&quot; yayin da mazauna garin suka fara adana ruwa a cikin kwantena masu ƙazanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAQs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Disaster%20and%20Demand%20FAQ.pdf|title=Water related FAQs|date=15 March 2018|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman bazuwar cututtuka tana da yuwuwar faruwa sakamakon matsakaicin amfani da lita 25 kacal na ruwa ga kowane mutum a rana, adadin da bai isa ba don kiyaye tsaftar gida. Wannan haɗe da amfani da ruwan wanka/wanki (greywater) da ƙarfafawa daga kafofin watsa labaru na rashin wanke 'ya'yan itace ya ƙara haɗarin gurɓatawa. Wani tasiri kuma ga lafiyar al'umma sakamakon matsalar ruwan shi ne ƙarancin abubuwan gina jiki ko ƙarancin ingancin abubuwan gina jiki da mutane ke samu. Saboda ƙarancin ruwa, amfanin gona da dabbobi suna raguwa ko kuma ingancinsu yana faduwa.&lt;ref&gt;Parks, R., McLaren, M., Toumi, R., &amp; Rivett, U. (2019). Experiences and lessons in managing water from Cape Town (29) [Grafiek &amp;  Literatuur]. Geraadpleegd van https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/grantham-institute/public/publications/briefing-papers/Experiences-and-lessons-in-managing-water.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗarin Lafiyar Wurin Aiki ===
Wuraren wankan gaggawa da na wanke idanu muhimmin sashi ne na tsaron wurin aiki ga dakunan gwaje-gwaje (laboratories) da ma'aikata da yawa. Ana buƙatar wadatar ruwa akai-akai idan aka fuskanci haɗarin sinadarai masu guba. Yawancin buƙatun Tsaron Wurin Aiki da Lafiya sun ba da shawarar cewa wuraren wankan gaggawa su kasance suna iya fitar da lita 75 a kowane minti na tsawon mintuna 15 aƙalla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://blogs.plos.org/publichealth/2018/02/05/day-zero-the-impact-of-cape-towns-water-shortage-on-public-health/|title=Day Zero: The impact of Cape Town's water shortage on public health {{!}} Public Health|date=5 February 2018|work=Public Health|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815104537/http://blogs.plos.org/publichealth/2018/02/05/day-zero-the-impact-of-cape-towns-water-shortage-on-public-health/|archive-date=15 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan aka dakatar ko iyakance waɗannan wuraren wankan, ma'aikatan da ke sarrafa sinadarai masu lahani sosai za su kasance cikin haɗari.

=== Kula da Yara ===
A gidaje da gidajen marayu, yara suna ɗaya daga cikin rukunoni mafi rauni da za su iya wahala daga illolin ƙarancin ruwa ga lafiya. Ciyarwa, wankewa, da haifuwar kayayyakin da ake buƙata don kula da yara na buƙatar ruwa mai yawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/vulnerable-fear-cape-towns-water-shut-off-20180208|title=Vulnerable fear Cape Town's water shut-off|work=News24|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en|archive-date=30 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330211225/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/vulnerable-fear-cape-towns-water-shut-off-20180208|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, idan aka kashe famfunan makarantu a Western Cape a ranar &quot;Day Zero&quot;, yara miliyan 1.1 za su kasance ba tare da ruwa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/water-crisis-day-zero-could-affect-a-million-children|title=Water crisis: Day Zero could affect a million children|website=www.enca.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-30|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920082926/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/water-crisis-day-zero-could-affect-a-million-children|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗarin Gobara ===
Akwai damuwa cewa haɗarin gobara zai ƙaru yayin da muhalli da ababen more rayuwa suka daɗa bushewa. Wannan ya kasance mai matukar muhimmanci ga manyan wuraren masana'antu da rumbun adana kayayyaki domin gobara a wuri ɗaya na iya bazuwa cikin sauƙi zuwa sauran gine-gine na kusa. Haka kuma tsarin kashe gobara na iya kasyawa saboda raguwar matsin lamba na ruwa a yankunan da ke sama.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAQs&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pwc.co.za/en/assets/pdf/business-resilience-western-cape-water-crisis.pdf|title=Western Cape Water Crisis: How resilient is your organization in the face of the current water crisis?|date=December 2012|website=PWC|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001034010/https://www.pwc.co.za/en/assets/pdf/business-resilience-western-cape-water-crisis.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Martani ga matsalar ruwa ==

An yi ƙoƙari wajen ƙara samarwa da kuma rage buƙatar ruwa a cikin Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape. Da yawa daga cikin mutane da kasuwanci sun yi ƙoƙarin rage dogaro da tsarin ruwa na birni don kare hanyoyin samar da ruwa na kankansu. Matsalar ruwan ta zaburar da bincike da saka hannun jari a madadin tsarin ruwa na daban, wanda a ƙarshe zai iya taimakawa wajen hana sauran birane faɗawa cikin irin wannan matakin na ƙarancin ruwa. Ta kuma bayyana buƙatar tsare-tsare na dogon lokaci a birnin inda canjin yanayi zai daɗa ta'azzara ƙalubalen fasaha, shari'a, da na hukumomi wajen isar da ruwa a tsakanin babban mataki na rashin daidaito.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://dayzero.org.za/Day-Zero.pdf|title=Day Zero. One city's response to a record-breaking drought|last1=Joubert|first1=Leonie|last2=Ziervogel|first2=Gina|publisher=Axa, Mapula Trust, African Climate and Development Initiative|year=2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haɗuwa da canjin yanayi da haɓakar jama'a a yankunan birane na nufin sauran biranen ma na iya fuskantar irin wannan fari mai tsanani kuma suna iya buƙatar yin la'akari da madadin hanyoyin samun ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/cape-town-drought-day-zero-climate-change-global-warming-south-africa-a8236511.html|title=Cape Town is almost at the feared 'Day Zero'|date=2 March 2018|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɓaka Samar da Ruwa ===
Birnin Cape Town ya ba da gagarumin ƙoƙari wajen haɓaka hanyoyin samar da ruwa. Muhimman ƙoƙarin sun haɗa da:
* sayen ƙarin lita miliyan biyu da miliyan biyar na ruwa kowace shekara daga Ma'ajiyar Ruwa ta Molteno a Oranjezicht da Atlantis Aquifer biyo da biyo
* ƙaddamar da ƙananan masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination) na wucin gadi guda uku (kwangilar shekaru 2) (biyu masu ƙarfin lita miliyan 7 a kowace rana kuma ɗaya mai ƙarfin lita miliyan 2 a kowace rana) a Monwabisi, Strandfontein, V&amp;A Waterfront, da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Cape Town
* aikin sake sarrafa ruwa na Zandvliet

Baki ɗaya, an tsara waɗannan ayyukan don samar da ƙarin lita miliyan 144 a kowace rana tsakanin Fabrairu da Yuli 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.traveller24.com/Explore/Green/cape-water-crisis-day-zero-moved-as-city-prepares-for-2m-tourists-20171118|title=Cape Water Crisis: Day Zero 'moved' as city prepares for 2m tourists|last=Nkanjeni|first=Unathi|date=Nov 2017|work=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma, da yawa daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan sun fuskanci ƙalubalen kayan aiki (logistical challenges), kuma sun yi jinkiri fiye da lokacin da aka tsara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/slow-progress-bringing-new-sources-water-cape-town/|title=Slow progress bringing new water to Cape Town|last=Bratton|first=Laura|date=Nov 2017|website=GroundUp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jagoran DA, Maimane, ya jaddada cewa masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa suna da tsada da kuma rikitarwa; musamman, masana'anta guda ɗaya za ta ci lita R15 biliyan (Dalar Amurka biliyan 1), wanda shi ne kashi ɗaya bisa uku na baki ɗaya kasafin kuɗin Birnin kuma tsarin sayen irin waɗannan kayan aiki yana waje da hurumin shari'a na Birnin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/220919/maimane-takes-over-cape-town-water-crisis-response/|title=Maimane takes over Cape Town water crisis response|date=24 January 2018|work=Business Tech}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga ƙarshe an yi watsi da tsare-tsaren masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa domin tsadar kowace raka'a ta ruwa ta yi yawa sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

A watan Fabrairu 2018, lokacin da aka kai kololuwar fari, Ƙungiyar Masu Amfani da Ruwa ta Groenland (wata hukumar wakilcin manoma a yankin aikin gona na Elgin Grabouw kusa da Cape Town) ta fara sakin ƙarin lita miliyan 10 na ruwa daga Madatsar Ruwansu ta Eikenhof kyauta. An tura wannan ruwan zuwa cikin Madatsar Ruwa ta Upper Steenbras.&lt;ref name=&quot;Groenland&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/cape-town-gets-10bn-litres-of-water|title=WATCH: Cape Town gets 10bn litres of water|date=6 February 2018|website=www.enca.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-08|archive-date=8 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908232503/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/cape-town-gets-10bn-litres-of-water|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya bai wa Birnin damar tura kiyasin ranar Day Zero baya daga 16 ga Afrilu zuwa 11 ga Mayu.

=== Gudanar da Buƙatun Ruwa na Birni ===

[[File:TragedyofCommons.png|thumb|298x298px|Albarkatun tafkin gama gari, kamar ruwan sama, sun fi fuskantar barazanar wuce gona da iri da ƙarewa idan ba a tsara su ba]]
Ruwan saman ƙasa da ruwan sama suna nuna siffofin albarkatun tafkin gama gari (Common-pool resource), wanda ke fuskantar matsalar 'balahirar gama gari' (tragedy of the commons). Idan babu tsari na hukuma, mutane masu son kai za su yanke shawarar amfani da zai gurgunta abubuwan amfanin gama gari, wanda hakan ya sa masanin ilimin halittu Garrett Hardin ya bayyana cewa &quot;yanci a cikin abubuwan gama gari yana kawo barna ga kowa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hardin, G. (1968). &quot;The tragedy of the commons.&quot; ''Science'', ''162''(3859), 1243–1248.&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yana da tsanani musamman lokacin matsalar ruwa lokacin da jimillar samarwa za ta iya faɗawa ƙasa da matakin amfani mafi dacewa ga al'umma. Don haka, Birnin ya yi ƙoƙarin tsara amfani da abubuwan gama gari ta hanyar gargadi na amfani da alhakin kai, rabo kai-tsaye, da kuma amfani da farashin kuɗaɗen ruwa (water tariffs) (don masu amfani su fahimci tsadar yanke shawararsu ga al'umma).

Birnin Cape Town ya yi nasarar rage amfani da ruwa da fiye da kashi 50 cikin dari yayin fari daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/02/cape-town-running-out-of-water-drought-taps-shutoff-other-cities/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202190935/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/02/cape-town-running-out-of-water-drought-taps-shutoff-other-cities/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2018|title=Why Cape Town Is Running Out of Water, and Who's Next|last=Welch|first=Craig|date=Mar 2018|work=National Geographic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amfani da ruwa na gidaje ya ragu sosai ƙarƙashin takunkumin Mataki na 6B, inda adadi mafi ƙanƙanta da aka yi rajista ya kasance lita miliyan 481 a kowace rana a ranar 2 ga Yuli 2018, mafi kusa da matakin da aka yi niyya na lita miliyan 450 a kowace rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot; /&gt; Rahoton Water Outlook 2018 ya tattara bayanan canje-canje a buƙatun ruwa daga Nuwamba 2013 zuwa Mayu 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Water and Sanitation, City of Capetown |date=2018-05-18 |title=Water Outlook 2018 Report, Revision 25 |url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/Water%20Outlook%202018%20-%20Summary.pdf |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tilasta Ragewa ====
An ci gaba da sake duba iyakar amfanin ruwa na kanka gami da rage shi a duk lokacin da ake tsaka da matsalar, inda mafi ƙanƙanta ya kasance lita 50 a kowace rana ga kowane mutum farawa daga 1 ga Fabrairu 2018.&lt;ref name = &quot;Booysen&quot;/&gt; Wannan matakin amfani da ruwa kashi ɗaya bisa uku ne kacal na matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na yau da kullun na lita 150 a ƙasar Burtaniya kuma kashi ɗaya bisa shida na matsakaicin amfanin yau da kullun a Amurka. An bukaci mazauna birnin da kada su zubar da ruwa a bayan gida bayan sun yi fitsari, sannan su yi amfani da ruwan sama ko ruwan wanka bayan sun yi bayan gida, sannan su rage tsayi da yawan wanka. Don kiyaye ruwa, an samar da maganin tsaftace hannu (hand sanitizer) a ofisoshi da gine-ginen gwamnati don amfani da shi maimakon wanke hannu na al'ada. Wasu shagunan kofi sun fara amfani da kofuna da kwanukan roba da na takarda don rage wanke-wanke. Yin amfani da ruwan famfo na birni don cika wuraren ninkaya, shayar da ciyawa ko wanke saman ƙasa ya zama haramun. An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 50 cikin ɗari na gidaje sun bi ka'idojin takunkumin amfani da ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42787773|title=Cape Town water crisis: 'My wife doesn't shower any more'|date=Jan 2018|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Birnin ya bincika matakai daban-daban don tabbatar da bin doka: 
* Ƙirƙirar taswirar intanet mai ɗigo-ɗigo kore da ke nuna waɗanne gidaje ne ke yin kyakkyawan aiki wajen adana ruwa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/09/14/648016169/did-cape-town-learn-from-day-zero|title=Did Cape Town Learn From 'Day Zero'?|last=Shapiro|first=Ari|date=Sep 2018|publisher=National Public Radio (NPR)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jami'an birni sun tuka motoci ta cikin unguwannin da ke amfani da ruwa da yawa tare da amfani da lasifika suna kiran sunayensu don tsawatar musu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/06/28/624397903/cape-town-averts-day-zero-by-limiting-water-use|title=Cape Town Averts 'Day Zero' By Limiting Water Use|last=Shapiro|first=Ari|date=Jun 2018|publisher=National Public Radio (NPR)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wallafa sunayen manyan masu amfani da ruwa fiye da kima&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;
* Rashin bin takunkumin buƙata na iya haifar da sanya na'urar gudanar da ruwa, wanda ke iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 350 kacal a kowace rana, inda mai gidan zai biya kuɗin sanya na'urar na R4,500 (Dalar Amurka 314).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; A watan Disamba 2017, Magajiyar Garin Patricia de Lille da kanta ta ziyarci gidajen masu ɓata ruwa don sanya na'urorin auna ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/africa/1147081/cape-town-drought-as-day-zero-approaches-the-city-needs-to-learn-to-talk-about-climate-change-not-spread-fear/|title=Africa's favorite tourist city is about to run out of water|last=Chutel|first=Lynsey|date=Dec 2017|website=Quartz}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Ma'aikatar tilasta bin doka ta ƙara zafafa sintiri kan ɓarna da almubazzarancin ruwa&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.citylab.com/environment/2018/07/how-cape-town-got-to-the-brink-of-water-catastrophe/564800/|title=How Cape Town Got to the Brink of Water Catastrophe|last=Walton|first=Brett|date=Jul 2018|website=CityLab}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa ====
Haka kuma Birnin ya ƙara kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa (water tariffs), musamman ga mazauna lardin da suka ci gaba da amfani da ruwa mai yawa, galibi don jin daɗi da abubuwan da ba su da muhimmanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; A mafi girman farashin fito, yin amfani da ruwa sama da lita 35,000 a wata guda ya lakume R768.64 (Dalar Amurka 54) a kowace lita 1,000, wanda Birnin ya bayyana a matsayin hukunci. Kamar yadda rahoton Water Outlook 2018 ya nuna, matsakaicin buƙatar ruwa ya faɗi da kusan kashi 45 cikin ɗari daga Fabrairu 2017 zuwa Fabrairu 2018. Wannan ya fassara &quot;zuwa ƙarancin kuɗin shiga na kusan R2 biliyan (Dalar Amurka miliyan 140) a cikin shekarar da muke ciki&quot;, wanda hakan kuma ya kasance babban dalilin ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Bincike ya nuna goyon baya ga amfani da manufar sanya farashi a matsayin kayan aiki don raba ruwa cikin inganci. Yayin da ake kwatanta farashin ƙayyadajen kudi (flat rate pricing) (inda ƙarin kuɗin amfani yake daidai da sifili) da kuma farashin amfani da adadi (volumetric pricing) na kayan amfanin ruwa na gida, Hanke da Bolard (1971) sun nuna cewa sauyawa daga na farko zuwa na biyun yana da tasiri wajen samun dorewar raguwa a amfanin ruwa na gida.

Kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa suna da tasiri musamman wajen rage buƙatun ruwa don abubuwan da ba su da mahimmanci tunda irin wannan buƙatar galibi tana da alaƙa da canjin farashi (price-elastic), kuma za ta ragu fiye da kima a matsayin martani ga ƙarin farashi.&lt;ref&gt;Hanke, S. H., &amp; Boland, J. J. (1971). &quot;Water requirements or water demands?&quot; ''Journal-American Water Works Association'', ''63''(11), 677–681.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Madadin hanyoyin samun ruwa ===
[[File:Newlands Spring Water crisis 2018.jpg|thumb|Mazauna garin suna jerin gwano a Newlands Spring]]
Hasashen ranar ƙarshe ta ƙarshe (Day Zero) a Cape Town ya sa mutane da kasuwanci da yawa neman madadin hanyoyin samar da ruwa daban da Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape. Mazauna cikin gida da yawa, ɗauke da kwantena na roba, sun tattara ruwa daga rafukan duwatsu da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa na halitta a kewayen birnin. Wannan ya haifar da dogon layi har ma da fadace-fadace tsakanin 'yan ƙasa, kuma Birnin ya ƙara tsaro a shahararrun wuraren.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

Hanyoyin mafi inganci sun haɗa da sanya tankunan adana ruwa waɗanda za su tattara ruwan sama, da kuma hakar rijiyoyin burtsatse na kankansu (boreholes).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.co.za/sas-richest-family-coining-it-from-jojo-tanks-2018-2|title=SA's richest family is coining it amid the scramble for JoJo tanks|last=Wasserman|first=Helena|date=Feb 2018|website=Business Insider}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; Tunda ƙarin kuɗin (marginal cost) amfani da ruwa daga tankunan adana ruwa ko rijiyoyin burtsatse na kankansu yana kusa da sifili, gidaje da kasuwanci da ke da irin waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan za su iya rage buƙatunsu na ruwan famfo na birni da kuma biyan buƙatunsu mafi mahimmanci (price inelastic) da waɗannan madadin hanyoyin ruwan, yayin da buƙatu mafi sauƙi ga canjin farashi (price elastic) ke zama mafi girman kaso na baki ɗaya buƙatun ruwan birni.

Wannan yana da lahani na dogon lokaci ga tsaron ruwa da tsarin samar da ruwa na birni: na farko, yana gurgunta ikon birnin na yin amfani da farashin ruwa da manufar kuɗaɗen fito don tsara amfani da abubuwan gama gari, sannan na biyu, la'akari da mahimmancin tallafin giciye (cross-subsidization) inda manyan masu amfani ke rage wa ƙananan masu amfani nauyi a cikin tsarin ci gaba na farashin ruwa, yana haifar da damuwa game da dorewar kuɗi ga tsarin ruwan da ya riga ya durƙushe ƙarƙashin nauyin kuɗinsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Yayin da dokokin ruwa ba sa barin ɗan ƙasa da kasuwancin gida fita cikin sauƙi daga tsarin samar da ruwa na gundumar, ƙila za a buƙaci aiwatar da ƙarin canje-canje a cikin dokokin cikin gida don ba wa gidaje masu wadata da fannoni masu zaman kansu damar ba da gudummawa wajen haɓaka isar da ayyukan ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/businesses-in-w-cape-plan-to-get-off-the-water-grid/|title=Businesses in W Cape plan to get off water grid|last=Poonah|first=Vanessa|date=Jul 2018|work=SABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Uploads/Alternative-water-installation-guidelines-29-Nov-2019.pdf|title=Water Installation Guidelines|last=Green Cape}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Noma mai kiyaye ruwa ===
Wannan matsalar ruwa ta zaburar da bincike da kuma amfani da ingantattun hanyoyin noma masu kiyaye ruwa. Manoma sun ƙara yin amfani da fasahar aikin gona ta zamani (agricultural precision technology) don samun ingantaccen fahimta game da amfani da ruwa a gonakansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Masu bincike daga Jami'ar Cape Town suna nazarin siffofin shuke-shuken daji da za su iya girma da ƙarancin ruwa, da fatan yin koyi da irin waɗannan siffofin a cikin amfanin gona ta hanyar jinsi na gargajiya da fasahar halittu (biotechnology). Wasu masana kimiyya suna nazarin tsarin sarrafa abinci na shuke-shuke (metabolism) don koyon yadda suke amfani da ƙarancin ruwa yayin aiwatar da photosynthesis, wanda ke ba su damar tsira a lokacin dogon fari mai tsanani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/energy-environment/385331-time-to-reevaluate-agriculture-as-cape-town-runs-dry|title=Time to reevaluate agriculture as Cape Town runs dry|date=28 April 2018|website=The Hill}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da kyau a lura cewa duk da samun yanki mafi girma da ake ban ruwa (ha 269 476), Western Cape kuma tana da mafi ƙanƙanta, kuma mafi ingancin amfani da ruwa a kowace raka'a ta yanki (mita mai siffar sili 5,874 a kowace ha) tsakanin lardunan ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="67309" sha1="fzf8wyucf0uxqttaqvya1vgtda7dvbi" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Cape_Town_water_crisis_graph.svg|right|thumb|400x400px|Hotunan jimlar ruwan da aka adana a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa shida na Western Cape (blue) da kuma matakin hana ruwa na birnin Cape Town (orange) daga Nuwamba 2013 zuwa Agusta 2021.]]
'''Rikicin ruwan Cape Town''' a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ya kasance shekaru da yawa a cikin 2015-2020 na karancin ruwa a yankin Western Cape, wanda ya fi shafar birnin Cape Town . Matsakaicin ruwan madatsar ruwan ya fara raguwa a shekarar 2015 kuma matsalar ruwan Cape Town ta kai kololuwa a tsakiyar shekarar 2017 zuwa tsakiyar 2018 lokacin da ruwan ya kai tsakanin kashi 14 zuwa 29 na yawan karfin madatsar ruwa.

A ƙarshen 2017, an fara ambaton tsare-tsare na &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, taƙaitaccen bayani game da ranar da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Birni zai iya faɗi ƙasa da kashi 13.5. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cassim |first=Zaheer |date=19 January 2018 |title=Cape Town could be the first major city in the world to run out of water |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/01/19/cape-town-could-first-major-city-run-out-water/1047237001/ |website=USA Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Poplak |first=Richard |date=15 February 2018 |title=What's Actually Behind Cape Town's Water Crisis |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/cape-town-water-crisis/553076/ |access-date=22 February 2018 |website=The Atlantic}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=York |first=Geoffrey |date=8 March 2018 |title=Cape Town residents become 'guinea pigs for the world' with water-conservation campaign |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/cape-town-residents-become-guinea-pigs-for-the-world-with-water-conservationcampaign/article38257004/ |website=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya zama lokaci don nuna farkon matakan hana ruwa na Mataki na 7, lokacin da za a kashe kayan ruwa na birni da yawa kuma ana tunanin cewa mazauna za su iya yin layi don rabon ruwa na yau da kullun. Idan da hakan ta faru, da hakan zai sanya birnin Cape Town ya zama babban birni na farko a duniya da ya kaure da karancin ruwan sha a cikin kananan hukumomin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Day Zero, when is it, what is it and how can we avoid it |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Day%20Zero%20when%20is%20it,%20what%20is%20it,%20and%20how%20can%20we%20avoid%20it |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Rikicin ruwa na Cape Town ya faru a daidai lokacin da fari na Gabashin Cape, wanda ke cikin wani yanki na daban a kusa.

Birnin Cape Town ya aiwatar da tsauraran matakan hana ruwa a wani yunkuri na dakile amfani da ruwa, wanda ya rage yawan ruwan da yake amfani da shi na yau da kullum da fiye da rabi zuwa kusan lita miliyan 500 (130,000,000 US gal) a kowace rana a cikin Maris 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Narrandes |first=Nidha |date=14 March 2018 |title=Cape Town water usage lower than ever |url=http://www.capetownetc.com/water-crisis/water-usage-further-reduced-in-cape-town/ |publisher=Cape Town etc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Faduwar amfani da ruwa ya sa birnin ya jinkirta kiyasin &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, kuma ruwan sama mai karfi ya fara farfadowa a watan Yuni 1.  A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, tare da matakan dam kusa da kashi 70, birnin ya fara sauƙaƙe ƙuntatawa na ruwa, wanda ke nuna cewa mafi munin matsalar ruwa ya ƙare. &lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pitt |first=Christina |date=10 September 2018 |title=City of Cape Town relaxes water restrictions, tariffs to Level 5 |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212034631/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |archive-date=12 December 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |website=News24 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan sama mai kyau a cikin 2020 yadda ya kamata ya karya fari kuma ya haifar da karancin ruwa lokacin da matakan madatsar ruwa ya kai kashi 95 cikin dari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-07 |title=After the drought: Cape Town's gushing water |url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/after-drought-cape-towns-gushing-water/ |access-date=2020-09-11 |website=[[GroundUp News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fage ==
[[Fayil:Cape_Water_map_dams.png|thumb|274x274px|Taswirar manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa zuwa Cape Town]]
Yankin Cape Town yana fuskantar yanayi na Bahar Rum tare da dumi, bushewar lokacin rani da ruwan sama na hunturu. Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Yammacin Cape ya dogara kusan gaba ɗaya akan ruwan sama, wanda ake kamawa kuma ana adana shi a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida da ke cikin wuraren tsaunuka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Welz |first=Adam |date=1 March 2018 |title=Awaiting Day Zero: Cape Town Faces an Uncertain Water Future |url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/awaiting-day-zero-cape-town-faces-an-uncertain-water-future |publisher=Yale Environment 360}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana yin cajin madatsun ruwa ne ta hanyar ruwan sama da ke faɗowa a yankunan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, galibi a lokacin sanyi na watanni na Mayu zuwa Agusta, kuma matakan dam ɗin suna raguwa a lokacin rani na watanni na Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu inda amfani da ruwa na birane ke ƙaruwa kuma ana samun ban ruwa a yankunan noma.

Amfani da birane da aikin gona yana cinye kusan kashi 70 da kashi 30 bisa 100 na jimillar ruwan da tsarin samar da ruwan sha na Western Cape ke bayarwa, tare da sauye-sauye na yanayi.   A cikin zamanin bayan [[Apartheid|wariyar launin fata]], kuma a ƙarƙashin tsarin Tsarin [[Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Afirka ta Kudu|Ruwa na Kyauta na Kyauta]], Birnin Cape Town ya karɓi tsarin haɓaka tsarin jadawalin kuɗin fito don farashin ruwa, wanda aka azabtar da mafi girma masu amfani da ruwa tare da mafi girman jadawalin kuɗin fito don hana amfani, yayin da aka saita jadawalin farko block a (kusa) sifili don tabbatar da samun daidaiton ruwa zuwa kowane matakin asali na Afirka ta Kudu.  Magidanta masu rahusa masu rijista a Cape Town tare da haɗin kai tsaye da ruwa da tsafta suna karɓar lita 6 000 na farko a kowane wata na ruwa kyauta, kuma ana cajin kuɗin fito ne kawai don cinyewa sama da adadin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services and costs in formal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-and-costs-for-formal-housing |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt; Magidanta a ƙauyuka na yau da kullun ana ba da ruwa daga famfun jama'a da kuma amfani da bandakunan jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services in informal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family+and+home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-in-informal-settlements |website=City of Cape Town }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ga manoman da ke samun ruwa daga Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape, ana duba su da allunan ban ruwa da ƙungiyoyi masu amfani da ruwa. Manoman da yawa kuma suna shiga tsarin rarraba ban ruwa (daga takamaiman kwararar kogi), kuma suna da madatsun ruwa masu zaman kansu da [[Rijiyar burtsatse|rijiyoyin burtsatse]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Water File |url=http://www.wwf.org.za/water/?25441/Agricultural-water-file-Farming-for-a-drier-future |website=Worldwide Fund for Nature}}&lt;/ref&gt; Birnin ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba sa samun riba a kan siyar da ruwa, kuma manufofin farashin ruwa na ƙoƙarin daidaita daidaito, daidaito da buƙatun dawo da farashi. 

Zamanin ƙarancin ruwan sama na hunturu a 2000-2001 da 2003-2004 ya haifar da hana ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;WCDM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Basholo |first=Zolile |date=4 February 2016 |title=Overview of Water Demand Management Initiatives: A City of Cape Town Approach |url=https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Water-Sector-Desk-Content/CoCT-WCWDM-presentation-Z-Basholo-Western-Cape-Water-Forum-160204-2016.pdf |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin 2003, Birnin ya shiga yarjejeniya tare da Sashen Ruwa da Dazuzzuka na lokacin don gina madatsar ruwa ta Berg da Tsarin kari sannan kuma ta fara kula da bukatar ruwa. A shekarar 2009, an karu da karfin ajiyar madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Cape Town da kashi 17 cikin 100 daga 768 zuwa miliyan 898 cubic meters lokacin da aka kammala aikin madatsar ruwan Berg da kuma shirin samar da kayayyaki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cape Town&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2009 |title=Cape Town's water supply boosted |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102756/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-date=27 March 2009 |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2015, Birnin Cape Town ya sami babbar lambar yabo ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da sanin ƙoƙarinsu na Kula da Ruwa da Buƙatun Ruwa (WCWDM). Cape Town ya yi nasara musamman wajen rage asarar ruwa ta hanyar yoyon fitsari, inda aka samu asarar ruwa da kashi 14 cikin dari, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin kashi 35 cikin dari na kasa. Dokokin sun kuma fayyace cewa ya kamata a samar da ingantattun kayan aikin ruwa da Ofishin Ma'auni na Afirka ta Kudu ya amince da shi don duk sabbin ci gaba da gyare-gyare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=C40 Cities Awards 2015 |url=https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |access-date=2025-08-12 |archive-date=2021-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923092342/https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Jeron Lokaci ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;cellpadding=&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em; text-align:center; font-size:95%&quot;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th colspan=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;&gt;Matakan ruwa a matsayin kashi na jimillar ƙarfin madatsun ruwa ta shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/whats-causing-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=What's causing Cape Town's water crisis?|last=Bohatch|first=Trevor|date=16 May 2017|publisher=Ground Up|location=Cape Town|language=en|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
|-
! Manyan madatsun ruwa
! Ƙarfi (megalitres)
! 17 Mayu 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-utility-services/residential-water-and-sanitation-services/this-weeks-dam-levels|title=City of Cape Town: Dam Levels|date=18 May 2021|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;!!18 Mayu 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=18 May 2020|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 13 Mayu 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=13 May 2019|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=22 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 14 Mayu 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|title=Water Dashboard|date=Mar 2019|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-date=7 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207180447/http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 15 Mayu 2017 !! 15 Mayu 2016 !! 15 Mayu 2015 !! 15 Mayu 2014
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Berg River|| 130,010
|76.1||65.6||68.1|| 39.2|| 32.4|| 27.2|| 54.0|| 90.5
|-
|Steenbras Lower|| 33,517
|58.0||48.4||38.6|| 35.4|| 26.5|| 37.6|| 47.9|| 39.6
|-
|Steenbras Upper|| 31,767
|54.2||96.5||65.0|| 59.6|| 56.7|| 56.9|| 57.8|| 79.1
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof|| 480,188
|75.2||50.2||36.1|| 12.0|| 15.0|| 31.3|| 51.3|| 74.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Voelvlei|| 164,095
|58.3||50.4||55.4|| 14.5|| 17.2|| 21.3|| 42.5|| 59.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Wemmershoek|| 58,644
|59.1||43.3||43.6|| 48.4|| 36.0|| 48.5|| 50.5|| 58.8
|-
| Jimillar da aka ajiye (megalitres) || 898,221
|626,907||481,370||411,849|| 191,843|| 190,300|| 279,954|| 450,429 || 646,137
|-
|'''Jimillar % na Ma'ajiya'''||100
|'''69.8'''||'''53.6'''||'''45.9'''||'''21.4'''||'''21.2'''||'''31.2'''||'''50.1'''||'''71.9'''
|}

===2015–2016===
Bayan samun kyakkyawan ruwan sama a shekarun 2013 da 2014, Birnin Cape Town ya fara fuskantar fari a shekarar 2015, wanda shi ne na farko cikin shekaru uku a jere na lokutan sanyi marasa ruwa da suka auku, mai yiwuwa sanadiyyar tsarin yanayi na El Niño ko kuma canjin yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AfricaC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://africacheck.org/2016/02/03/frequently-asked-questions-about-south-africas-drought|title=Frequently asked questions about South Africa's drought|date=3 February 2016|publisher=Africa Check|language=en|location=Cape Town|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matakan ruwa a madatsun ruwan Birnin sun ragu daga kashi 71.9 cikin dari a shekarar 2014 zuwa kashi 50.1 cikin dari a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot; /&gt; A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016, hukumar Birnin ta ɗaukaka tsoffin takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 1 (Level 1) tun na shekarar 2005 zuwa Mataki na 2 (Level 2), kuma a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2016 ta sake ɗaukaka shi zuwa Mataki na 3 (Level 3), lokacin da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta wallafa takunkumin amfani da ruwa na hukuma don birane da aikin gona. Kuma babban farin da ya shafi sauran sassan Afirka ta Kudu ya ƙare a watan Agusta 2016 lokacin da aka sami babban ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin ƙasar,&lt;ref name=&quot;encarain&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|title=Southern Africa faces floods after drought|last=Masinde|first=Muthoni|date=18 August 2016|access-date=2017-06-01|archive-date=1 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101190233/https://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma farin na lardin Western Cape ya ci gaba da wanzuwa.

===2017===
Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin amfani da ruwa zuwa Mataki na 3B a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2017, kuma a ƙarshen lokacin rani a watan Mayu 2017, an ayyana farin a matsayin mafi muni da Birnin ya taɓa fuskanta a cikin ƙarni guda, inda ruwan da ke cikin madatsun ruwa ya kasance ƙasa da kashi 10 cikin dari na ƙarfin amfaninsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/31/africa/cape-town-drought/index.html|title=Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century|last=Van Dam|first=Derek|website=CNN.com|publisher=CNN|date=31 May 2017|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 4 a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2017, wanda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 100 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;level4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|title=City of Cape Town approves Level 4 water restrictions|last=Etheridge|first=Jenna|date=31 May 2017|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429230521/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jimillar ruwan sama da aka samu a shekarar 2017 ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta tun lokacin da aka fara riƙe bayanan ruwan sama a shekarar 1933.&lt;ref name=&quot;csag&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2017-08-31-how-severe-is-the-droughta|title=How severe is the drought?|last=Wolski|first=Piotr|date=Aug 2017|website=University of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayin da lokacin zafi mai bushewa ke gabatowa, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin ruwa na yanzu zuwa Mataki na 4B a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2017, sannan zuwa Mataki na 5 a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2017, inda aka haramta amfani da ruwa a waje da kuma ayyukan da ba su da muhimmanci sosai, tare da ƙarfafa amfani da ruwan wanka/wanki (grey water) don zubarwa a bayan gida, kuma aka yi niyyar iyakance yawan amfanin ruwa na kowane mutum zuwa lita 87 a rana, don jimillar amfani da lita miliyan 500 a rana gaba ɗaya birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; Sai dai kuma, sanya takunkumin Mataki na 5 ya zo tare da sanarwa mai rikitarwa game da iyakokin amfani da ruwa na gidaje, wanda hakan ya haifar da akasin haka ta hanyar ƙara yawan amfani da ruwa ga wasu mutane.&lt;ref name = &quot;Booysen&quot; /&gt;  
[[File:Behavioural response to messaging on the drought. .png|thumb|Martanin halayyar mutane game da saƙonni kan fari na Day Zero&lt;ref name=&quot;Booysen&quot;/&gt;
]]

A farkon watan Oktoba 2017, biyo bayan lokacin sanyi mai ƙarancin ruwan sama, an kiyasta cewa Cape Town tana da kusan watanni biyar na ajiyar ruwa kafin matakan ruwan su ƙare sarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; A cikin wannan watan ne kuma, Hukumar Birnin Cape Town ta fitar da shirin gaggawa na ruwa wanda za a aiwatar da shi a matakai daban-daban dangane da tsananin ƙarancin ruwan. Mataki na 1 (Phase 1) wanda ya ƙunshi &quot;rabon ruwa ta hanyar rage ƙarfin matsin ruwa na madatsun ruwa sosai&quot; an aiwatar da shi nan da nan. A Mataki na 2 (Phase 2), bayan &quot;Day Zero&quot;, za a kashe ruwa ga yawancin tsarin samar da ruwa in ban da wuraren da ke da muhimmancin gaske na samun ruwa. Mataki na 3 (Phase 3) zai kasance lokacin da Birnin ba zai iya sake jan ruwa daga madatsun ruwa na saman ƙasa a Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape ba, kuma za a sami ɗan ƙaramin lokaci kafin tsarin samar da ruwa gaba ɗaya ya gaza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Critical%20Water%20Shortages%20Disaster%20Plan%20Summary.pdf|title=Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan Summary|last=Bosman|first=Richard|date=October 2017|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-04-op-ed-the-city-of-cape-towns-critical-water-shortages-disaster-plan/#.WfwyhGiCyUl|title=Op-Ed: The City of Cape Town's Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan {{!}} Daily Maverick|last=De Lille|first=Patricia|date=4 October 2017|website=www.dailymaverick.co.za|publisher=City of Cape Town|language=en|access-date=3 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|title=Day Zero FAQs|date=5 April 2018|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719203400/http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===2018===
[[File:Theewaterskloof Dam 2018 02 10 (28425520089).jpg|thumb|right|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof tana kusan kashi 12% a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 2018]]
A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2018, Birnin ya ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 6 na lita 87 ga kowane mutum a rana guda. A watan Fabrairu 2018, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin zuwa Mataki na 6B inda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 50 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; Majalisar zartarwa ta lardin ta kuma sanar da cewa tana tsara tsare-tsare tare da Hukumar 'Yansandan Afirka ta Kudu don dabarun tura jami'ai a wuraren rarraba ruwa a duk faɗin Birnin bayan &quot;Day Zero&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-01-24-government-must-refund-cape-town-for-cost-of-managing-the-water-crisis/|title=Government must refund Cape Town for cost of managing the water crisis|date=24 January 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Theewaterskloof sandscape 2018-03-11.jpg|thumb|Babban ma'ajiyar ruwa ta Cape Town, Theewaterskloof, ta kasance a kashi 11% na ƙarfinta a watan Maris 2018]]

A tsakiyar watan Janairu 2018, tsohuwar magajiyar garin Cape Town Patricia de Lille ta sanar da cewa Birnin zai tilas ya kashe mafi yawan hanyoyin samar da ruwa na gundumomi idan yanayi bai canza ba. Za a ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 7, wato &quot;Day Zero&quot;, lokacin da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa ga Birnin ya kai kashi 13.5 cikin dari. Za a kashe mafi yawan famfunan ruwa na birni, kuma mazauna gari za su dogara ne da wuraren karɓar ruwa guda 149 a kewayen Birnin don karɓar rabon ruwa na yau da kullun na lita 25 ga kowane mutum.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|title=JP Smith answers Day Zero questions: 'It's going to be really unpleasant'|last1=Harrison|first1=Aletta|last2=Janse van Rensburg|first2=Alet|date=26 January 2018|publisher=News24|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216222015/https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|title=Borehole rules? Can you use sea water to flush? – The City of Cape Town answers your questions|date=30 January 2018|publisher=GroundUp|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913113205/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan zai ƙara shafar tattalin arzikin Cape Town, domin ma'aikata za su buƙaci ɗaukar hutu daga wuraren aiki don yin layi jiran ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;In Trouble&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/cape-town-south-africa-water-crisis/|title='I Knew We Were in Trouble.' What It's Like to Live Through Cape Town's Massive Water Crisis|magazine=Time|access-date=2018-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Za a ci gaba da samar da ruwa a tsakiyar yankin kasuwanci na Birnin (CBD), da kuma matsugunai na wucin gadi (inda dama tuni ake karɓar ruwa daga tsakiyar wurare) da kuma muhimman ayyuka kamar asibitoci. A lokacin da aka yi sanarwar, an kiyasta cewa &quot;Day Zero&quot; zai kasance a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 2018, amma jim kaɗan bayan haka aka sake duba shi zuwa 12 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5103259/cape-town-water-crisis/|title=Cape Town Is 90 Days Away From Running Out of Water|last=Baker|first=Aryn|date=15 January 2018|magazine=Time|access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/drought-stricken-cape-town-south-africa-run-water/story?id=52402170|title=Drought-stricken Cape Town, South Africa, could run out of water by April's 'day zero'|last=Thom|first=Liezl|date=17 January 2018|work=ABC News|access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/01/23/day-zero-brought-forward-ct-officials-prepare-for-worst|title=Day Zero Brought Forward, CT Officials Prepare for Worst|last=Brandt|first=Kevin|date=23 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kiyasin &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya ginu ne bisa canje-canje na mako biyu a matakan ajiyar madatsun ruwa, tare da zaton cewa ƙarancin zai ci gaba ba tare da sauyi ba, ba tare da ƙarin ruwan sama ko canji a buƙatar ruwa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;neilson20Feb&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Defeating%20Day%20Zero%20is%20in%20sight%20if%20we%20sustain%20our%20water-saving%20efforts|title=Statement by the City's Executive Mayor, Alderman Ian Neilson: Defeating Day Zero is in sight if we sustain our water-saving efforts|last=Neilson|first=Ian|date=20 February 2018|publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amfani da ruwa na gidaje da na aikin gona ya ragu sosai ƙarƙashin sabbin takunkumin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot; /&gt; Wannan ya bai wa Birnin damar tura kiyasin &quot;Day Zero&quot; baya a matakai daban-daban, kuma a ranar 28 ga Yuni aka jinkirta &quot;Day Zero&quot; har zuwa wani lokaci da ba a bayyana ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;neilson20Feb&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zero Delayed&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/05/africa/cape-town-day-zero-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town 'Day Zero' delayed as agricultural water use drops|last=Said-Moorhouse|first=Lauren|date=5 February 2018|publisher=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/02/south-africa-day-pushed-june-180215094221289.html|title=South Africa: Day Zero pushed back to June|website=aljazeera.com|date=2018-02-15|access-date=2018-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/01/africa/cape-town-water-crisis-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town cuts water use limit by nearly half|last1=Said-Moorhouse|first1=Lauren|date=1 February 2018|publisher=CNN|access-date=2018-02-03|last2=Mezzofiore|first2=Gianluca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kyakkyawan ruwan sama na lokacin sanyi a shekarar 2018 ya haifar da hauhawar matakan madatsun ruwa, sai dai Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta ƙasa ta sanar da cewa takunkumin ruwa na baki ɗaya zai ci gaba da kasancewa har sai matakan ruwan sun kai kashi 85 cikin dari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-edges-closer-to-an-end-to-the-drought-as-dam-levels-continue-to-rise-20180712|title=Western Cape edges closer to an end to the drought as dam levels continue to rise|date=12 July 2018|publisher=News24|access-date=12 July 2018|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713202149/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-edges-closer-to-an-end-to-the-drought-as-dam-levels-continue-to-rise-20180712|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumba, tare da matakan madatsun ruwa kusa da kashi 70 cikin dari zuwa ƙarshen lokacin damina, birnin ya rage takunkumin amfani da ruwa na masu amfani daga mataki na 6B zuwa mataki na 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;/&gt; Matakan madatsun ruwa sun kai kololuwa a kashi 76 cikin dari. A watan Nuwamba, an rage takunkumin zuwa Mataki na 3, ko lita 105 ga kowane mutum a rana guda.
Ƙarƙashin takunkumin Mataki na 3, ana iya amfani da ruwan famfo na birni don shayar da lambuna a takaitattun lokuta, ta amfani da rariyar shayarwa ko boka amma ba bututun roba (hose) ba, don wanke motoci ta amfani da boka, da kuma cika wuraren ninkaya muddin wurin ninkayar yana sanye da murfi don hana daskarewa ko kafeewar ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures%2C%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Level%203%20water%20restrictions%20FAQs.pdf|title=Level 3 Water Restrictions (2018)|date=30 November 2018|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=29 November 2018|archive-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129184323/http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures%2C%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Level%203%20water%20restrictions%20FAQs.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilai ==
=== Fari mai tsanani ===
Sanadin faruwar matsalar ruwan kai-tsaye shi ne fari mai tsanani da ya auku daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2017 wanda ya wuce ƙa'idodin tsare-tsare na Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli. Bincike kan bayanan yanayi na dogon lokaci da Ƙungiyar Nazarin Tsarin Yanayi (Climate System Analysis Group) ta gudanar a Jami'ar Cape Town ya tabbatar da cewa ƙarancin ruwan sama tsakanin shekarun 2015 da 2017 ya kasance babban al'amari mai wuyar gaske kuma mai tsananin gaske.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.csag.uct.ac.za/2018/01/22/facts-are-few-opinions-plenty-on-drought-severity-again/|title=Facts are few, opinions plenty… on drought severity again|website=www.csag.uct.ac.za|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ragewar yanayin ruwan sama yana da alaƙa da sauye-sauye masu faɗi a cikin zirga-zirgar sararin samaniya da na teku, gami da sauyin alkibla zuwa kusa da pole na hanyoyin raba ruwan sanyi na Kudancin Hemisphere tsakanin 2015–17, sauyin jet-stream da haɓakar matsin lamba na South Atlantic High.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sousa|first1=Pedro M.|last2=Blamey|first2=R.|last3=Reason|first3=C.J.C.|last4=Ramos|first4=A.M.|last5=Trigo|first5=R.M.|date=2018|title=The 'Day Zero' Cape Town drought and the poleward migration of moisture corridors|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=13|issue=12|pages=124025|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aaebc7|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shekarar 2017 ita shekara mafi bushewa tun daga shekarar 1933, kuma mai yiwuwa ma kafin hakan, tunda babu bayanan kwatankwacin hakan kafin 1933. An kuma gano cewa fari mai tsananin haka a ƙididdigance zai iya aukuwa sau ɗaya kacal a kowace shekara 300.&lt;ref name=&quot;csag&quot; /&gt;

=== Gudanar da buƙatu da samar da ruwa na dogon lokaci ===
Yawan jama'ar Birnin Cape Town ya ƙaru daga mazauna miliyan 2.4 a shekarar 1995 zuwa kiyasin mutane miliyan 4.1 a shekarar 2015, wanda ke nuna haɓakar kashi 71 cikin dari na jama'a a cikin shekaru 20, yayin da ajiyar ruwan madatsun ruwa ya ƙaru da kashi 17 cikin dari kacal a daidai wannan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/cape-town-population/|title=Cape Town Population 2019|website=World Population Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tasirin ƙaruwar jama'a akan buƙatar ruwa masana galibi suna rage masa daraja, tunda hasashen yakan gaza yin lissafin cikakken amfani da ruwa na mutum na kaidin fakaici ta hanyar samar da abinci da kayayyakin masarufi.&lt;ref&gt;Schutte, C. F., &amp; Pretorius, W. A. (1997). Water demand and population growth. ''WATER SA-PRETORIA-'', ''23'', 127–134.&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2007, Ma'aikatar Al'amuran Ruwa da Gandun Daji ta yi hasashen cewa ci gaban buƙata akan Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape zai wuce iyakar abin da ake samarwa idan ba a aiwatar da matakan kiyaye ruwa da gudanar da buƙatun ruwa ba ta hannun Birnin da sauran hukumomin gundumomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCWRSNewsletterMarch09&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/19/WCWRSNewsletterMarch09.pdf|title=Western Cape Water Reconciliation Strategy Newsletter 5|date=March 2009|publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ƙaruwa ta buƙatun dogon lokaci tana daɗa ta'azzara sakamakon matsin lamba akan samar da ruwa na dogon lokaci, gami da bazuwar baƙon shuke-shuke da canjin yanayi. Bazuwar baƙon shuke-shuke masu shan ruwa da yawa a mahimman yankunan tattara ruwa ya rage samar da ruwa zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof da kiyasin mita mai siffar sili guda miliyan 30 a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An sami ƙaruwar digiri ɗaya na ma'aunin Celsius a yanayin zafi cikin ƙarni da suka gabata kuma ƙididdigar na'ura ta yi hasashen cewa matsakaicin zafi a Cape Town zai ƙaru da wani digiri 0.25 na Celsius a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, wanda hakan na iya ƙara yuwuwa da tsananin fari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Buis |first1=Alan |date=2020-09-08 |title=Making Sense of 'Climate Sensitivity': New Study Narrows the Range of Uncertainty in Future Climate Projections |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/ask-nasa-climate/3017/making-sense-of-climate-sensitivity/ |access-date=14 January 2022 |website=NASA: Climate Change and Global Warming |publisher=NASA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, ba a nuna tasirin canjin yanayi sosai ba a cikin tsarin yanayi na yanzu: Helen Zille, Firimiyan Western Cape, ta ce Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Afirka ta Kudu ba ta yi tsammanin fari mai tsanani ba har sai bayan wasu shekaru 10.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-01-26-zille-tries-to-blame-it-on-the-weatherman/|title=Zille tries to blame it on the weatherman|last=Petra|first=Saal|date=Jan 2018|work=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gazawar gwamnati ===
Hukumar gaggawa ta gundumomi, na lardi, da na ƙasa suna raba alhakin samar da ruwa. Dokar Ruwa ta Ƙasa (Dokar 36 ta 1998) ta tsara cewa gwamnatin ƙasa ita ce &quot;atoni na jama'a&quot; na albarkatun ruwa na ƙasar don tabbatar da cewa ana &quot;kariya, amfani, haɓakawa, kiyayewa, gudanarwa da sarrafa ruwa cikin dorewa da adalci, don amfanin kowa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Facts and Myths&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/facts-and-myths-about-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=Facts and myths about Cape Town's water crisis|date=Jan 2018|work=GroundUp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haifar da takaddama tsakanin gwamnatin gunduma da ta lardi da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin jam'iyyar adawa (Democratic Alliance, DA) a gefe guda, da kuma gwamnatin ƙasa mai rinjaye a ɗayan gefen (African National Congress, ANC), inda jam'iyyun ke zargin juna da laifin haddasa matsalar ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saunderson-Meyer&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saundersonmeyer-drought-commentary/commentary-in-drought-hit-south-africa-the-politics-of-water-idUSKBN1FP226|title=Commentary: In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water|last=Saunderson-Meyer|first=William|work=U.S.|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sukar DA saboda rashin tunanin gaba wajen samar da sabbin hanyoyin ruwa da ababen more rayuwa, yayin da ake zargin ANC da hana bayar da kuɗaɗe domin gurgunta tare da kunyata gwamnatin da DA ke jagoranta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-03-07-day-zero-heroes-maimane-hails-water-wise-capetonians-as-crisis-recedes/|title='Day Zero heroes': Maimane hails water-wise Capetonians as crisis recedes|last=Hyman|first=Aron|date=Mar 2018|work=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda rahoton ƙungiyar South African Water Caucus ya nuna, tarin bashi da almundahana mai yawa a Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na iya zama dalilin gazawarta na karɓar buƙatar Western Cape ta R35 miliyan (Dalar Amurka miliyan 3) don ƙara samar da ruwa da ababen more rayuwa a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://emg.org.za/images/downloads/water_cl_ch/SAWC_State-of-DWS-Report.pdf|title=REPORT ON THE STATE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION|website=South African Water Caucus|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925190453/https://www.emg.org.za/images/downloads/water_cl_ch/SAWC_State-of-DWS-Report.pd|archive-date=25 September 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Helen Zille, Firimiyan Western Cape, ta yi kiran da gwamnatin ƙasa ta mayar wa Birnin Cape Town kuɗaɗen da aka kashe wajen tafiyar da matsalar ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan24&quot; /&gt;

A tsakiyar watan Oktoba 2017, wasu kamfanonin raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination) sun soki Birnin saboda tafiyar hawainiya wajen sayan kayayyaki, yawan tsarin mulki na ofis (bureaucracy), rashin nuna gaggawa, da rashin isassun sikelin ayyukan samar da ruwa da aka tsara. A watan Janairu 2018, a matsayin martani ga wani rahoto mai tsanani da ya soki Birnin Cape Town saboda gaza magance bala'in cikin dacewa da lokaci da sauran gazawar shugabanci, hukumar zartarwa ta tarayya ta DA ta yanke shawarar cire magajiyar garin Cape Town Patricia de Lille daga jagorancin tawagar da ke magance matsalar fari, inda aka maye gurbinta da Mmusi Maimane, jagoran jam'iyyar DA gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/cape-town-water-crisis-crossing-state-and-party-lines-isnt-the-answer-90861|title=Cape Town Water Crisis Crossing State and Party Lines|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Polweb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/cape-town-city-manager-given-special-powers-to-dea|title=Cape Town city manager given special powers to deal with water crisis – NEWS &amp; ANALYSIS|last=News24|date=26 October 2017|website=www.politicsweb.co.za|language=en|access-date=2017-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kin amincewa da tsarin raba gishiri da ruwa ===
A shekarar 2018, Cape Town ta yi watsi da tayin da ƙasar Isra'ila ta yi mata na taimaka mata wajen gina masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination).&lt;ref&gt;In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water, Reuters, January 25, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cape Town May Dry Up Because of an Aversion to Israel, Wall St. Journal, February 21, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Cape Town Water Crisis and Hating Israel, aish, February 11, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;South African stupidity, Jerusalem Post, February 3, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasiri ==
[[File:Westridge Gardens 9.jpg|thumb|An gina Babban Tubalin Furanni (Flower Monument) a Westridge Gardens don tunawa da taron addu'o'in neman kyakkyawan ruwan sama lokacin da ake tsaka da matsalar ruwa. ]]
Matsalar ruwan ta haifar da babban tasiri ga tattalin arziki, lafiya, da tsaro. Ya fito fili cewa samar da ruwan famfo na birni don ban ruwa da amfanin birane yana da tasiri mai kyau (positive externalities) ta fuskar wadatar abinci, lafiyar jama'a, da daidaiton al'umma gaba ɗaya.

=== Tattalin Arziki ===
Matsalar ruwan ta yi sanadiyyar asarar ayyukan yi guda 37,000 a lardin Western Cape, sannan an kiyasta cewa mutane 50,000 sun fada ƙasa da layin talauci sakamakon asarar ayyukan yi, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, da ƙarin farashin abinci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Storms to Come&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://features.dailymaverick.co.za/cape-of-storms-to-come/|title=Cape of Storms To Come|last=DIANA NEILLE, MARELISE VAN DER MERWE &amp; LEILA DOUGAN|website=features.dailymaverick.co.za|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-03|archive-date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623202853/http://features.dailymaverick.co.za/cape-of-storms-to-come/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masana sun kiyasta cewa &quot;matsalar ruwan za ta lakume ayyukan yi kusan 300,000 a fannin aikin gona, da kuma wasu dubun-dubatar a fannonin hidima, baƙunci, da abinci&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;In Trouble&quot; /&gt;

==== Aikin Gona ====
Aikin gona wata muhimmiyar masana'anta ce a Western Cape. Masana'antar ruwan inabi (giya) a Western Cape ta janyo hankalin masu yawon buɗe ido miliyan 1.5 a shekarar 2017, kuma tare da masana'antar 'ya'yan itace tana ɗaukar ma'aikata kusan 340,000 tare da ba da gudummawar fiye da kashi 10% ga tattalin arzikin Western Cape. Da yawa daga cikin shuke-shuken suna buƙatar ruwa mai yawa; alal misali, gonar inabi tana buƙatar tsakanin inci 10 zuwa 24 na ruwa don ta tsira. A matsakaici, fannin aikin gona a Western Cape ya gudanar da ragin amfani da ruwa da kashi 60 cikin ɗari daga shekarar 2017 zuwa 2018, wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙarancin amfanin gona da kiyasin asarar tattalin arziki na R5.9 biliyan (Dalar Amurka miliyan 400), ayyukan yi 30,000, da faɗuwar kashi 13–20 cikin ɗari na kayayyakin da ake fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Wasu kiyasin sun sanya adadin ya fi haka inda ya kai R14 biliyan (Dalar Amurka biliyan 1).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/economy/2018-02-05-farmers-lose-r14bn-as-cape-drought-bites/|title=Farmers lose R14bn as Cape drought bites|last=Phakathi|first=Bekezela|date=5 February 2018|work=Business Day|access-date=2018-02-07|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuɗaɗen da ake samu daga hannun jarin masana'antun ruwan inabi da na 'ya'yan itace na cikin gida suna da matukar ƙanƙanta koda yake masana'antar ruwan inabin tana samar da wasu shahararrun ruwan inabi a duniya. Wannan ya haifar da fargabar cewa kasuwancin aikin gona da yawa suna fuskantar haɗarin fatara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== Fannin Yawon Buɗe Ido ====
Cape Town babbar matattarar masu yawon buɗe ido ce kuma ita ce birni mafi karɓar baƙi na dogon zango a nahiyar gaba ɗaya. Masana'antar yawon buɗe ido ita ma ta fuskanci babban kalubale sakamakon raguwar baƙi masu zuwa, masauki, da zirga-zirgar baƙi a wuraren shaƙatawa a watan Janairu 2018 idan aka kwatanta da daidai wannan lokacin a shekarar 2017. Fannin masauki ya ba da rahoton raguwar mazauna da kashi 10%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.capetown.travel/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CTT-Research-Report-April-2018_Classic.pdf|title=CTT Research Report April 2018|date=24 July 2018|website=Cape Town Tourism|access-date=24 July 2018|archive-date=24 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724183611/http://www.capetown.travel/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CTT-Research-Report-April-2018_Classic.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otal-otal sun yi rangwame kan ayyukansu, kamar cire matosai na burtun wanka, ba wa baƙi maganin tsaftace hannu (hand sanitiser), sanya na'urorin rage gudu a wuraren wanka, da ko dai share wuraren ninkaya sarai ko cika su da ruwan gishiri. A watan Oktoba 2017, Birnin ya ƙaddamar da ɗayan mahimman tsare-tsarensa, wato yaƙin neman zaɓe na 'Ajiye ruwa kamar ɗan gida' (Save like a local), tare da mai da hankali kan sanya masu yawon buɗe ido cikin ayyukan dakile fari na fadin birni gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How to &quot;Save Water Like a Local&quot; |url=https://capetownsafaris.com/save-water-like-local/ |website=Cape Town Safaris |date=11 April 2018 |access-date=14 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Talaucin Ruwa (Hydrological poverty) ===
Talaucin ruwa yakan kama mutanen da ba za su iya sayen abinci ko ruwan da ake buƙata don al'ummarsu ta zama mai wadata ba. A Cape Town, ya zama haramun sayar da ruwa daga rijiyoyi ko koguna amma mutane na iya samun riba daga sufuri da kwadagon da ke da alaƙa da kai ruwa daga wasu yankuna. Waɗanda suka yi amfani da ruwa fiye da ƙa'idar yau da kullun da aka gatsa ta lita 50 ga kowane mutum a rana an ci su tara tsakanin R500 zuwa R3,000 (Dalar Amurka 35–210). Sai dai wannan tasiri ya ƙara ƙarfafa tazarar talauci saboda taran ta kasance kaɗan ga mawadata amma mai rugurgutawa ga mazauna marasa galihu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.odi.org/blogs/10616-politics-poverty-and-climate-change-stories-cape-town-s-day-zero|title=Politics, poverty, and climate change: stories from Cape Town's 'Day Zero'|website=ODI|date=8 March 2018 |language=en|access-date=2020-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lafiyayyar Al'umma ===
Ma'aikatan lafiyar al'umma sun nuna damuwa game da cututtukan da za su iya yaduwa ta hanyar gurɓatar bayan gida da baki (faecal-oral contamination) sakamakon ƙarancin wanke hannu. Kamfanonin lafiyar al'umma, cibiyoyin bincike, da masu ba da lafiya su ma sun damu game da tasirin da matsalar ruwan za ta iya yi ga ayyukan lafiya.

Rashin isasshen tsaftar muhalli na iya haifar da cututtukan zawo (diarrhoeal diseases), waɗanda ke kashe mutane miliyan 2.2 kowace shekara a duniya, inda yawancin mace-mace ke faruwa tsakanin yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 5. Tare da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 4.3 da yawa na mutane kusan 1500 a kowace murabba'in kilomita, an ba da shawarar cewa wannan na iya haifar da cututtuka kamar kwalara da sauran su bazu cikin sauri ba tare da ingantaccen tsafta ba, musamman a unguwannin matalauta na Cape Town. Idan babu tsaftataccen ruwa, illolin lafiyar al'umma na iya ƙaruwa ta hanyar kwari a cikin kazaman ruwaye, waɗanda zasu iya haifar da ƙarin bazuwar cututtuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Comes the horror&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/cape-town-water-crisis-drought-disease/|title=Cape Town water crisis: With drought, comes the horror of disease|last=Head|first=Tom|date=10 October 2017|work=The South African|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ai sun yi gargaɗin cewa cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa kamar kwalara, hepatitis A, da zazzabin taifot (typhoid fever) &quot;da alama za su fi yaduwa&quot; yayin da mazauna garin suka fara adana ruwa a cikin kwantena masu ƙazanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAQs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Disaster%20and%20Demand%20FAQ.pdf|title=Water related FAQs|date=15 March 2018|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman bazuwar cututtuka tana da yuwuwar faruwa sakamakon matsakaicin amfani da lita 25 kacal na ruwa ga kowane mutum a rana, adadin da bai isa ba don kiyaye tsaftar gida. Wannan haɗe da amfani da ruwan wanka/wanki (greywater) da ƙarfafawa daga kafofin watsa labaru na rashin wanke 'ya'yan itace ya ƙara haɗarin gurɓatawa. Wani tasiri kuma ga lafiyar al'umma sakamakon matsalar ruwan shi ne ƙarancin abubuwan gina jiki ko ƙarancin ingancin abubuwan gina jiki da mutane ke samu. Saboda ƙarancin ruwa, amfanin gona da dabbobi suna raguwa ko kuma ingancinsu yana faduwa.&lt;ref&gt;Parks, R., McLaren, M., Toumi, R., &amp; Rivett, U. (2019). Experiences and lessons in managing water from Cape Town (29) [Grafiek &amp;  Literatuur]. Geraadpleegd van https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/grantham-institute/public/publications/briefing-papers/Experiences-and-lessons-in-managing-water.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗarin Lafiyar Wurin Aiki ===
Wuraren wankan gaggawa da na wanke idanu muhimmin sashi ne na tsaron wurin aiki ga dakunan gwaje-gwaje (laboratories) da ma'aikata da yawa. Ana buƙatar wadatar ruwa akai-akai idan aka fuskanci haɗarin sinadarai masu guba. Yawancin buƙatun Tsaron Wurin Aiki da Lafiya sun ba da shawarar cewa wuraren wankan gaggawa su kasance suna iya fitar da lita 75 a kowane minti na tsawon mintuna 15 aƙalla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://blogs.plos.org/publichealth/2018/02/05/day-zero-the-impact-of-cape-towns-water-shortage-on-public-health/|title=Day Zero: The impact of Cape Town's water shortage on public health {{!}} Public Health|date=5 February 2018|work=Public Health|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815104537/http://blogs.plos.org/publichealth/2018/02/05/day-zero-the-impact-of-cape-towns-water-shortage-on-public-health/|archive-date=15 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan aka dakatar ko iyakance waɗannan wuraren wankan, ma'aikatan da ke sarrafa sinadarai masu lahani sosai za su kasance cikin haɗari.

=== Kula da Yara ===
A gidaje da gidajen marayu, yara suna ɗaya daga cikin rukunoni mafi rauni da za su iya wahala daga illolin ƙarancin ruwa ga lafiya. Ciyarwa, wankewa, da haifuwar kayayyakin da ake buƙata don kula da yara na buƙatar ruwa mai yawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/vulnerable-fear-cape-towns-water-shut-off-20180208|title=Vulnerable fear Cape Town's water shut-off|work=News24|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en|archive-date=30 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330211225/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/vulnerable-fear-cape-towns-water-shut-off-20180208|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, idan aka kashe famfunan makarantu a Western Cape a ranar &quot;Day Zero&quot;, yara miliyan 1.1 za su kasance ba tare da ruwa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/water-crisis-day-zero-could-affect-a-million-children|title=Water crisis: Day Zero could affect a million children|website=www.enca.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-30|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920082926/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/water-crisis-day-zero-could-affect-a-million-children|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗarin Gobara ===
Akwai damuwa cewa haɗarin gobara zai ƙaru yayin da muhalli da ababen more rayuwa suka daɗa bushewa. Wannan ya kasance mai matukar muhimmanci ga manyan wuraren masana'antu da rumbun adana kayayyaki domin gobara a wuri ɗaya na iya bazuwa cikin sauƙi zuwa sauran gine-gine na kusa. Haka kuma tsarin kashe gobara na iya kasyawa saboda raguwar matsin lamba na ruwa a yankunan da ke sama.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAQs&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pwc.co.za/en/assets/pdf/business-resilience-western-cape-water-crisis.pdf|title=Western Cape Water Crisis: How resilient is your organization in the face of the current water crisis?|date=December 2012|website=PWC|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001034010/https://www.pwc.co.za/en/assets/pdf/business-resilience-western-cape-water-crisis.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Martani ga matsalar ruwa ==

An yi ƙoƙari wajen ƙara samarwa da kuma rage buƙatar ruwa a cikin Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape. Da yawa daga cikin mutane da kasuwanci sun yi ƙoƙarin rage dogaro da tsarin ruwa na birni don kare hanyoyin samar da ruwa na kankansu. Matsalar ruwan ta zaburar da bincike da saka hannun jari a madadin tsarin ruwa na daban, wanda a ƙarshe zai iya taimakawa wajen hana sauran birane faɗawa cikin irin wannan matakin na ƙarancin ruwa. Ta kuma bayyana buƙatar tsare-tsare na dogon lokaci a birnin inda canjin yanayi zai daɗa ta'azzara ƙalubalen fasaha, shari'a, da na hukumomi wajen isar da ruwa a tsakanin babban mataki na rashin daidaito.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://dayzero.org.za/Day-Zero.pdf|title=Day Zero. One city's response to a record-breaking drought|last1=Joubert|first1=Leonie|last2=Ziervogel|first2=Gina|publisher=Axa, Mapula Trust, African Climate and Development Initiative|year=2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haɗuwa da canjin yanayi da haɓakar jama'a a yankunan birane na nufin sauran biranen ma na iya fuskantar irin wannan fari mai tsanani kuma suna iya buƙatar yin la'akari da madadin hanyoyin samun ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/cape-town-drought-day-zero-climate-change-global-warming-south-africa-a8236511.html|title=Cape Town is almost at the feared 'Day Zero'|date=2 March 2018|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɓaka Samar da Ruwa ===
Birnin Cape Town ya ba da gagarumin ƙoƙari wajen haɓaka hanyoyin samar da ruwa. Muhimman ƙoƙarin sun haɗa da:
* sayen ƙarin lita miliyan biyu da miliyan biyar na ruwa kowace shekara daga Ma'ajiyar Ruwa ta Molteno a Oranjezicht da Atlantis Aquifer biyo da biyo
* ƙaddamar da ƙananan masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination) na wucin gadi guda uku (kwangilar shekaru 2) (biyu masu ƙarfin lita miliyan 7 a kowace rana kuma ɗaya mai ƙarfin lita miliyan 2 a kowace rana) a Monwabisi, Strandfontein, V&amp;A Waterfront, da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Cape Town
* aikin sake sarrafa ruwa na Zandvliet

Baki ɗaya, an tsara waɗannan ayyukan don samar da ƙarin lita miliyan 144 a kowace rana tsakanin Fabrairu da Yuli 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.traveller24.com/Explore/Green/cape-water-crisis-day-zero-moved-as-city-prepares-for-2m-tourists-20171118|title=Cape Water Crisis: Day Zero 'moved' as city prepares for 2m tourists|last=Nkanjeni|first=Unathi|date=Nov 2017|work=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma, da yawa daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan sun fuskanci ƙalubalen kayan aiki (logistical challenges), kuma sun yi jinkiri fiye da lokacin da aka tsara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/slow-progress-bringing-new-sources-water-cape-town/|title=Slow progress bringing new water to Cape Town|last=Bratton|first=Laura|date=Nov 2017|website=GroundUp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jagoran DA, Maimane, ya jaddada cewa masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa suna da tsada da kuma rikitarwa; musamman, masana'anta guda ɗaya za ta ci lita R15 biliyan (Dalar Amurka biliyan 1), wanda shi ne kashi ɗaya bisa uku na baki ɗaya kasafin kuɗin Birnin kuma tsarin sayen irin waɗannan kayan aiki yana waje da hurumin shari'a na Birnin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/220919/maimane-takes-over-cape-town-water-crisis-response/|title=Maimane takes over Cape Town water crisis response|date=24 January 2018|work=Business Tech}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga ƙarshe an yi watsi da tsare-tsaren masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa domin tsadar kowace raka'a ta ruwa ta yi yawa sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

A watan Fabrairu 2018, lokacin da aka kai kololuwar fari, Ƙungiyar Masu Amfani da Ruwa ta Groenland (wata hukumar wakilcin manoma a yankin aikin gona na Elgin Grabouw kusa da Cape Town) ta fara sakin ƙarin lita miliyan 10 na ruwa daga Madatsar Ruwansu ta Eikenhof kyauta. An tura wannan ruwan zuwa cikin Madatsar Ruwa ta Upper Steenbras.&lt;ref name=&quot;Groenland&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/cape-town-gets-10bn-litres-of-water|title=WATCH: Cape Town gets 10bn litres of water|date=6 February 2018|website=www.enca.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-08|archive-date=8 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908232503/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/cape-town-gets-10bn-litres-of-water|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya bai wa Birnin damar tura kiyasin ranar Day Zero baya daga 16 ga Afrilu zuwa 11 ga Mayu.

=== Gudanar da Buƙatun Ruwa na Birni ===

[[File:TragedyofCommons.png|thumb|298x298px|Albarkatun tafkin gama gari, kamar ruwan sama, sun fi fuskantar barazanar wuce gona da iri da ƙarewa idan ba a tsara su ba]]
Ruwan saman ƙasa da ruwan sama suna nuna siffofin albarkatun tafkin gama gari (Common-pool resource), wanda ke fuskantar matsalar 'balahirar gama gari' (tragedy of the commons). Idan babu tsari na hukuma, mutane masu son kai za su yanke shawarar amfani da zai gurgunta abubuwan amfanin gama gari, wanda hakan ya sa masanin ilimin halittu Garrett Hardin ya bayyana cewa &quot;yanci a cikin abubuwan gama gari yana kawo barna ga kowa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hardin, G. (1968). &quot;The tragedy of the commons.&quot; ''Science'', ''162''(3859), 1243–1248.&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yana da tsanani musamman lokacin matsalar ruwa lokacin da jimillar samarwa za ta iya faɗawa ƙasa da matakin amfani mafi dacewa ga al'umma. Don haka, Birnin ya yi ƙoƙarin tsara amfani da abubuwan gama gari ta hanyar gargadi na amfani da alhakin kai, rabo kai-tsaye, da kuma amfani da farashin kuɗaɗen ruwa (water tariffs) (don masu amfani su fahimci tsadar yanke shawararsu ga al'umma).

Birnin Cape Town ya yi nasarar rage amfani da ruwa da fiye da kashi 50 cikin dari yayin fari daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/02/cape-town-running-out-of-water-drought-taps-shutoff-other-cities/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202190935/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/02/cape-town-running-out-of-water-drought-taps-shutoff-other-cities/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2018|title=Why Cape Town Is Running Out of Water, and Who's Next|last=Welch|first=Craig|date=Mar 2018|work=National Geographic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amfani da ruwa na gidaje ya ragu sosai ƙarƙashin takunkumin Mataki na 6B, inda adadi mafi ƙanƙanta da aka yi rajista ya kasance lita miliyan 481 a kowace rana a ranar 2 ga Yuli 2018, mafi kusa da matakin da aka yi niyya na lita miliyan 450 a kowace rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot; /&gt; Rahoton Water Outlook 2018 ya tattara bayanan canje-canje a buƙatun ruwa daga Nuwamba 2013 zuwa Mayu 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Water and Sanitation, City of Capetown |date=2018-05-18 |title=Water Outlook 2018 Report, Revision 25 |url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/Water%20Outlook%202018%20-%20Summary.pdf |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tilasta Ragewa ====
An ci gaba da sake duba iyakar amfanin ruwa na kanka gami da rage shi a duk lokacin da ake tsaka da matsalar, inda mafi ƙanƙanta ya kasance lita 50 a kowace rana ga kowane mutum farawa daga 1 ga Fabrairu 2018.&lt;ref name = &quot;Booysen&quot;/&gt; Wannan matakin amfani da ruwa kashi ɗaya bisa uku ne kacal na matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na yau da kullun na lita 150 a ƙasar Burtaniya kuma kashi ɗaya bisa shida na matsakaicin amfanin yau da kullun a Amurka. An bukaci mazauna birnin da kada su zubar da ruwa a bayan gida bayan sun yi fitsari, sannan su yi amfani da ruwan sama ko ruwan wanka bayan sun yi bayan gida, sannan su rage tsayi da yawan wanka. Don kiyaye ruwa, an samar da maganin tsaftace hannu (hand sanitizer) a ofisoshi da gine-ginen gwamnati don amfani da shi maimakon wanke hannu na al'ada. Wasu shagunan kofi sun fara amfani da kofuna da kwanukan roba da na takarda don rage wanke-wanke. Yin amfani da ruwan famfo na birni don cika wuraren ninkaya, shayar da ciyawa ko wanke saman ƙasa ya zama haramun. An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 50 cikin ɗari na gidaje sun bi ka'idojin takunkumin amfani da ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42787773|title=Cape Town water crisis: 'My wife doesn't shower any more'|date=Jan 2018|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Birnin ya bincika matakai daban-daban don tabbatar da bin doka: 
* Ƙirƙirar taswirar intanet mai ɗigo-ɗigo kore da ke nuna waɗanne gidaje ne ke yin kyakkyawan aiki wajen adana ruwa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/09/14/648016169/did-cape-town-learn-from-day-zero|title=Did Cape Town Learn From 'Day Zero'?|last=Shapiro|first=Ari|date=Sep 2018|publisher=National Public Radio (NPR)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jami'an birni sun tuka motoci ta cikin unguwannin da ke amfani da ruwa da yawa tare da amfani da lasifika suna kiran sunayensu don tsawatar musu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/06/28/624397903/cape-town-averts-day-zero-by-limiting-water-use|title=Cape Town Averts 'Day Zero' By Limiting Water Use|last=Shapiro|first=Ari|date=Jun 2018|publisher=National Public Radio (NPR)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wallafa sunayen manyan masu amfani da ruwa fiye da kima&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;
* Rashin bin takunkumin buƙata na iya haifar da sanya na'urar gudanar da ruwa, wanda ke iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 350 kacal a kowace rana, inda mai gidan zai biya kuɗin sanya na'urar na R4,500 (Dalar Amurka 314).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; A watan Disamba 2017, Magajiyar Garin Patricia de Lille da kanta ta ziyarci gidajen masu ɓata ruwa don sanya na'urorin auna ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/africa/1147081/cape-town-drought-as-day-zero-approaches-the-city-needs-to-learn-to-talk-about-climate-change-not-spread-fear/|title=Africa's favorite tourist city is about to run out of water|last=Chutel|first=Lynsey|date=Dec 2017|website=Quartz}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Ma'aikatar tilasta bin doka ta ƙara zafafa sintiri kan ɓarna da almubazzarancin ruwa&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.citylab.com/environment/2018/07/how-cape-town-got-to-the-brink-of-water-catastrophe/564800/|title=How Cape Town Got to the Brink of Water Catastrophe|last=Walton|first=Brett|date=Jul 2018|website=CityLab}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa ====
Haka kuma Birnin ya ƙara kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa (water tariffs), musamman ga mazauna lardin da suka ci gaba da amfani da ruwa mai yawa, galibi don jin daɗi da abubuwan da ba su da muhimmanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; A mafi girman farashin fito, yin amfani da ruwa sama da lita 35,000 a wata guda ya lakume R768.64 (Dalar Amurka 54) a kowace lita 1,000, wanda Birnin ya bayyana a matsayin hukunci. Kamar yadda rahoton Water Outlook 2018 ya nuna, matsakaicin buƙatar ruwa ya faɗi da kusan kashi 45 cikin ɗari daga Fabrairu 2017 zuwa Fabrairu 2018. Wannan ya fassara &quot;zuwa ƙarancin kuɗin shiga na kusan R2 biliyan (Dalar Amurka miliyan 140) a cikin shekarar da muke ciki&quot;, wanda hakan kuma ya kasance babban dalilin ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Bincike ya nuna goyon baya ga amfani da manufar sanya farashi a matsayin kayan aiki don raba ruwa cikin inganci. Yayin da ake kwatanta farashin ƙayyadajen kudi (flat rate pricing) (inda ƙarin kuɗin amfani yake daidai da sifili) da kuma farashin amfani da adadi (volumetric pricing) na kayan amfanin ruwa na gida, Hanke da Bolard (1971) sun nuna cewa sauyawa daga na farko zuwa na biyun yana da tasiri wajen samun dorewar raguwa a amfanin ruwa na gida.

Kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa suna da tasiri musamman wajen rage buƙatun ruwa don abubuwan da ba su da mahimmanci tunda irin wannan buƙatar galibi tana da alaƙa da canjin farashi (price-elastic), kuma za ta ragu fiye da kima a matsayin martani ga ƙarin farashi.&lt;ref&gt;Hanke, S. H., &amp; Boland, J. J. (1971). &quot;Water requirements or water demands?&quot; ''Journal-American Water Works Association'', ''63''(11), 677–681.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Madadin hanyoyin samun ruwa ===
[[File:Newlands Spring Water crisis 2018.jpg|thumb|Mazauna garin suna jerin gwano a Newlands Spring]]
Hasashen ranar ƙarshe ta ƙarshe (Day Zero) a Cape Town ya sa mutane da kasuwanci da yawa neman madadin hanyoyin samar da ruwa daban da Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape. Mazauna cikin gida da yawa, ɗauke da kwantena na roba, sun tattara ruwa daga rafukan duwatsu da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa na halitta a kewayen birnin. Wannan ya haifar da dogon layi har ma da fadace-fadace tsakanin 'yan ƙasa, kuma Birnin ya ƙara tsaro a shahararrun wuraren.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

Hanyoyin mafi inganci sun haɗa da sanya tankunan adana ruwa waɗanda za su tattara ruwan sama, da kuma hakar rijiyoyin burtsatse na kankansu (boreholes).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.co.za/sas-richest-family-coining-it-from-jojo-tanks-2018-2|title=SA's richest family is coining it amid the scramble for JoJo tanks|last=Wasserman|first=Helena|date=Feb 2018|website=Business Insider}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; Tunda ƙarin kuɗin (marginal cost) amfani da ruwa daga tankunan adana ruwa ko rijiyoyin burtsatse na kankansu yana kusa da sifili, gidaje da kasuwanci da ke da irin waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan za su iya rage buƙatunsu na ruwan famfo na birni da kuma biyan buƙatunsu mafi mahimmanci (price inelastic) da waɗannan madadin hanyoyin ruwan, yayin da buƙatu mafi sauƙi ga canjin farashi (price elastic) ke zama mafi girman kaso na baki ɗaya buƙatun ruwan birni.

Wannan yana da lahani na dogon lokaci ga tsaron ruwa da tsarin samar da ruwa na birni: na farko, yana gurgunta ikon birnin na yin amfani da farashin ruwa da manufar kuɗaɗen fito don tsara amfani da abubuwan gama gari, sannan na biyu, la'akari da mahimmancin tallafin giciye (cross-subsidization) inda manyan masu amfani ke rage wa ƙananan masu amfani nauyi a cikin tsarin ci gaba na farashin ruwa, yana haifar da damuwa game da dorewar kuɗi ga tsarin ruwan da ya riga ya durƙushe ƙarƙashin nauyin kuɗinsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Yayin da dokokin ruwa ba sa barin ɗan ƙasa da kasuwancin gida fita cikin sauƙi daga tsarin samar da ruwa na gundumar, ƙila za a buƙaci aiwatar da ƙarin canje-canje a cikin dokokin cikin gida don ba wa gidaje masu wadata da fannoni masu zaman kansu damar ba da gudummawa wajen haɓaka isar da ayyukan ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/businesses-in-w-cape-plan-to-get-off-the-water-grid/|title=Businesses in W Cape plan to get off water grid|last=Poonah|first=Vanessa|date=Jul 2018|work=SABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Uploads/Alternative-water-installation-guidelines-29-Nov-2019.pdf|title=Water Installation Guidelines|last=Green Cape}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Noma mai kiyaye ruwa ===
Wannan matsalar ruwa ta zaburar da bincike da kuma amfani da ingantattun hanyoyin noma masu kiyaye ruwa. Manoma sun ƙara yin amfani da fasahar aikin gona ta zamani (agricultural precision technology) don samun ingantaccen fahimta game da amfani da ruwa a gonakansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Masu bincike daga Jami'ar Cape Town suna nazarin siffofin shuke-shuken daji da za su iya girma da ƙarancin ruwa, da fatan yin koyi da irin waɗannan siffofin a cikin amfanin gona ta hanyar jinsi na gargajiya da fasahar halittu (biotechnology). Wasu masana kimiyya suna nazarin tsarin sarrafa abinci na shuke-shuke (metabolism) don koyon yadda suke amfani da ƙarancin ruwa yayin aiwatar da photosynthesis, wanda ke ba su damar tsira a lokacin dogon fari mai tsanani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/energy-environment/385331-time-to-reevaluate-agriculture-as-cape-town-runs-dry|title=Time to reevaluate agriculture as Cape Town runs dry|date=28 April 2018|website=The Hill}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da kyau a lura cewa duk da samun yanki mafi girma da ake ban ruwa (ha 269 476), Western Cape kuma tana da mafi ƙanƙanta, kuma mafi ingancin amfani da ruwa a kowace raka'a ta yanki (mita mai siffar sili 5,874 a kowace ha) tsakanin lardunan ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Yaƙin neman zaɓen kiyaye ruwa a makarantu ===
A rabin na biyu na shekarar 2017, an ƙaddamar da yaƙin neman zaɓe don taimakawa wajen adana ruwa ta hanyar gyare-gyare da yaƙin neman zaɓe na canjin ɗabi'a a makarantu.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.schoolswater.co.za/ www.SchoolsWater.co.za]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLp-Ogs30mP7pVsa0rHj3pwttny1m6R2QD Bidiyon YouTube akan aikin]&lt;/ref&gt; Manufar ita ce a adana ruwa a makarantu, sannan kuma a faɗakar da yara. Waɗannan yara za su iya kai saƙon gida, ta haka za a isa ga dubun-dubatar masu amfani. An ƙaddamar da yakin neman zaɓen a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin manyan abokan haɗin gwiwa guda huɗu: Shoprite (babban dillali mafi girma a Afirka), Jami'ar Stellenbosch, gidan rediyon Cape Talk, da Bridgiot. Ta hanyar tallafin kamfanoni 93, an kai ga makarantu 358. Kowane kamfani ya ɗauki nauyin makaranta ɗaya ko fiye, inda Shoprite ke tallafawa makarantu 100. Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Western Cape ita ma ta ba da gudummawa wajen tallafawa makarantu da dama.
[[File:Top Trumps playing cards used to raise awareness at schools..png|thumb|Katunan wasa na Top Trumps da aka yi amfani da su don faɗakarwa a makarantu]]
Mataki na farko na yaƙin neman zaɓen shi ne sanya mita mai kaifin basira, da ake kira Dropula,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bridgiot.co.za/solutions/dropula-2/ Shafi na Dropula]&lt;/ref&gt; sannan kuma aka gudanar da aikin gyara cikin hanzari a kowace makaranta.&lt;ref name = &quot;schoolsMaintenance&quot;&gt;M.J. Booysen, C. Ripunda, M. Visser,  (2019). &quot;Results from a water-saving maintenance campaign at Cape Town schools in the run-up to Day Zero&quot;, ''Vol 50'', ''Sustainable Cities and Society''. Published: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101639. (Open access: https://doi.org/10.31224/osf.io/45cf9)&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan kuma ya biyo bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na canza ɗabi'a, inda aka raba makarantu zuwa guda uku: rukunin kulawa da aka bari a cikin duhu yawanci, sai dai don matakan gaggawa na gaba, rukunin da aka tura wa ma'aikata kawai bayanai, da rukunin da ma'aikata suka sami bayanai sannan kuma yara suka shiga cikin gasa.&lt;ref name = &quot;schoolsBehavioural&quot;&gt;M. Visser, M.J. Booysen, K. Berger, J. Brühl (2019). &quot;Saving water at Cape Town schools by using smart metering and behavioural change&quot;, ''Working paper''. https://doi.org/10.31224/osf.io/7kzwv&lt;/ref&gt; Sakamakon ya nuna gagarumin tanadi daga aikin gyaran inda mafi ƙanƙancin kwararar ruwa da daddare ya ragu da kashi 28%. Canjin ɗabi'a ya haifar da ƙarin tanadi baki ɗaya daga kashi 15% zuwa 26%, inda rukunin da suka sami bayanai kawai suka fi yin tanadi. Wani sakamako mai ban sha'awa daga binciken shi ne rabon amfani da ruwa a duk faɗin makarantun quintiles. Makarantun da suka fi fama da talauci suna da ingancin ruwa kusan kashi 50%, yayin da makarantu masu wadata ke da ingancin ruwa kusan kashi 80%.&lt;ref name = &quot;schoolsGovernance&quot;&gt;M.J. Booysen, B. Wijesiri, C. Ripunda, A. Goonetilleke,  (2019). &quot;Fees and governance: Towards sustainability in water resources management at schools in post-apartheid South Africa&quot;, ''Vol 51'', ''Sustainable Cities and Society''. Published: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101694. (Open access: https://doi.org/10.31224/osf.io/5wy8s)&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma an bayyana aikin a cikin wani shiri na musamman na CNN.&lt;ref&gt;[https://edition.cnn.com/2019/09/23/business/cape-town-drought-water-meter-intl/index.html Labarin CNN da bidiyon aikin.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ce-ce-ku-ce ==
Matsalar ruwan ta fuskanci dimbin ce-ce-ku-ce na siyasa da kuma bayanan karya, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama kalubale wajen gane ainihin girman matsalar, da kuma tantance ayyukan da ake yi na magance ta cikin dacewa. Wasu ma sun yi shakka game da kasancewar matsalar ruwan, kuma sun rage darajar ranar &quot;Day Zero&quot; a matsayin dabarar tsoratarwa kawai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Facts and Myths&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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      <text bytes="71486" sha1="oq76r00zmh6m6cjuass9cbkjkys4910" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Cape_Town_water_crisis_graph.svg|right|thumb|400x400px|Hotunan jimlar ruwan da aka adana a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa shida na Western Cape (blue) da kuma matakin hana ruwa na birnin Cape Town (orange) daga Nuwamba 2013 zuwa Agusta 2021.]]
'''Rikicin ruwan Cape Town''' a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ya kasance shekaru da yawa a cikin 2015-2020 na karancin ruwa a yankin Western Cape, wanda ya fi shafar birnin Cape Town . Matsakaicin ruwan madatsar ruwan ya fara raguwa a shekarar 2015 kuma matsalar ruwan Cape Town ta kai kololuwa a tsakiyar shekarar 2017 zuwa tsakiyar 2018 lokacin da ruwan ya kai tsakanin kashi 14 zuwa 29 na yawan karfin madatsar ruwa.

A ƙarshen 2017, an fara ambaton tsare-tsare na &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, taƙaitaccen bayani game da ranar da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Birni zai iya faɗi ƙasa da kashi 13.5. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cassim |first=Zaheer |date=19 January 2018 |title=Cape Town could be the first major city in the world to run out of water |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/01/19/cape-town-could-first-major-city-run-out-water/1047237001/ |website=USA Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Poplak |first=Richard |date=15 February 2018 |title=What's Actually Behind Cape Town's Water Crisis |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/cape-town-water-crisis/553076/ |access-date=22 February 2018 |website=The Atlantic}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=York |first=Geoffrey |date=8 March 2018 |title=Cape Town residents become 'guinea pigs for the world' with water-conservation campaign |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/cape-town-residents-become-guinea-pigs-for-the-world-with-water-conservationcampaign/article38257004/ |website=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya zama lokaci don nuna farkon matakan hana ruwa na Mataki na 7, lokacin da za a kashe kayan ruwa na birni da yawa kuma ana tunanin cewa mazauna za su iya yin layi don rabon ruwa na yau da kullun. Idan da hakan ta faru, da hakan zai sanya birnin Cape Town ya zama babban birni na farko a duniya da ya kaure da karancin ruwan sha a cikin kananan hukumomin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Day Zero, when is it, what is it and how can we avoid it |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Day%20Zero%20when%20is%20it,%20what%20is%20it,%20and%20how%20can%20we%20avoid%20it |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Rikicin ruwa na Cape Town ya faru a daidai lokacin da fari na Gabashin Cape, wanda ke cikin wani yanki na daban a kusa.

Birnin Cape Town ya aiwatar da tsauraran matakan hana ruwa a wani yunkuri na dakile amfani da ruwa, wanda ya rage yawan ruwan da yake amfani da shi na yau da kullum da fiye da rabi zuwa kusan lita miliyan 500 (130,000,000 US gal) a kowace rana a cikin Maris 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Narrandes |first=Nidha |date=14 March 2018 |title=Cape Town water usage lower than ever |url=http://www.capetownetc.com/water-crisis/water-usage-further-reduced-in-cape-town/ |publisher=Cape Town etc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Faduwar amfani da ruwa ya sa birnin ya jinkirta kiyasin &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, kuma ruwan sama mai karfi ya fara farfadowa a watan Yuni 1.  A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, tare da matakan dam kusa da kashi 70, birnin ya fara sauƙaƙe ƙuntatawa na ruwa, wanda ke nuna cewa mafi munin matsalar ruwa ya ƙare. &lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pitt |first=Christina |date=10 September 2018 |title=City of Cape Town relaxes water restrictions, tariffs to Level 5 |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212034631/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |archive-date=12 December 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |website=News24 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan sama mai kyau a cikin 2020 yadda ya kamata ya karya fari kuma ya haifar da karancin ruwa lokacin da matakan madatsar ruwa ya kai kashi 95 cikin dari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-07 |title=After the drought: Cape Town's gushing water |url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/after-drought-cape-towns-gushing-water/ |access-date=2020-09-11 |website=[[GroundUp News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fage ==
[[Fayil:Cape_Water_map_dams.png|thumb|274x274px|Taswirar manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa zuwa Cape Town]]
Yankin Cape Town yana fuskantar yanayi na Bahar Rum tare da dumi, bushewar lokacin rani da ruwan sama na hunturu. Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Yammacin Cape ya dogara kusan gaba ɗaya akan ruwan sama, wanda ake kamawa kuma ana adana shi a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida da ke cikin wuraren tsaunuka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Welz |first=Adam |date=1 March 2018 |title=Awaiting Day Zero: Cape Town Faces an Uncertain Water Future |url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/awaiting-day-zero-cape-town-faces-an-uncertain-water-future |publisher=Yale Environment 360}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana yin cajin madatsun ruwa ne ta hanyar ruwan sama da ke faɗowa a yankunan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, galibi a lokacin sanyi na watanni na Mayu zuwa Agusta, kuma matakan dam ɗin suna raguwa a lokacin rani na watanni na Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu inda amfani da ruwa na birane ke ƙaruwa kuma ana samun ban ruwa a yankunan noma.

Amfani da birane da aikin gona yana cinye kusan kashi 70 da kashi 30 bisa 100 na jimillar ruwan da tsarin samar da ruwan sha na Western Cape ke bayarwa, tare da sauye-sauye na yanayi.   A cikin zamanin bayan [[Apartheid|wariyar launin fata]], kuma a ƙarƙashin tsarin Tsarin [[Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Afirka ta Kudu|Ruwa na Kyauta na Kyauta]], Birnin Cape Town ya karɓi tsarin haɓaka tsarin jadawalin kuɗin fito don farashin ruwa, wanda aka azabtar da mafi girma masu amfani da ruwa tare da mafi girman jadawalin kuɗin fito don hana amfani, yayin da aka saita jadawalin farko block a (kusa) sifili don tabbatar da samun daidaiton ruwa zuwa kowane matakin asali na Afirka ta Kudu.  Magidanta masu rahusa masu rijista a Cape Town tare da haɗin kai tsaye da ruwa da tsafta suna karɓar lita 6 000 na farko a kowane wata na ruwa kyauta, kuma ana cajin kuɗin fito ne kawai don cinyewa sama da adadin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services and costs in formal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-and-costs-for-formal-housing |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt; Magidanta a ƙauyuka na yau da kullun ana ba da ruwa daga famfun jama'a da kuma amfani da bandakunan jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services in informal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family+and+home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-in-informal-settlements |website=City of Cape Town }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ga manoman da ke samun ruwa daga Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape, ana duba su da allunan ban ruwa da ƙungiyoyi masu amfani da ruwa. Manoman da yawa kuma suna shiga tsarin rarraba ban ruwa (daga takamaiman kwararar kogi), kuma suna da madatsun ruwa masu zaman kansu da [[Rijiyar burtsatse|rijiyoyin burtsatse]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Water File |url=http://www.wwf.org.za/water/?25441/Agricultural-water-file-Farming-for-a-drier-future |website=Worldwide Fund for Nature}}&lt;/ref&gt; Birnin ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba sa samun riba a kan siyar da ruwa, kuma manufofin farashin ruwa na ƙoƙarin daidaita daidaito, daidaito da buƙatun dawo da farashi. 

Zamanin ƙarancin ruwan sama na hunturu a 2000-2001 da 2003-2004 ya haifar da hana ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;WCDM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Basholo |first=Zolile |date=4 February 2016 |title=Overview of Water Demand Management Initiatives: A City of Cape Town Approach |url=https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Water-Sector-Desk-Content/CoCT-WCWDM-presentation-Z-Basholo-Western-Cape-Water-Forum-160204-2016.pdf |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin 2003, Birnin ya shiga yarjejeniya tare da Sashen Ruwa da Dazuzzuka na lokacin don gina madatsar ruwa ta Berg da Tsarin kari sannan kuma ta fara kula da bukatar ruwa. A shekarar 2009, an karu da karfin ajiyar madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Cape Town da kashi 17 cikin 100 daga 768 zuwa miliyan 898 cubic meters lokacin da aka kammala aikin madatsar ruwan Berg da kuma shirin samar da kayayyaki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cape Town&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2009 |title=Cape Town's water supply boosted |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102756/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-date=27 March 2009 |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2015, Birnin Cape Town ya sami babbar lambar yabo ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da sanin ƙoƙarinsu na Kula da Ruwa da Buƙatun Ruwa (WCWDM). Cape Town ya yi nasara musamman wajen rage asarar ruwa ta hanyar yoyon fitsari, inda aka samu asarar ruwa da kashi 14 cikin dari, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin kashi 35 cikin dari na kasa. Dokokin sun kuma fayyace cewa ya kamata a samar da ingantattun kayan aikin ruwa da Ofishin Ma'auni na Afirka ta Kudu ya amince da shi don duk sabbin ci gaba da gyare-gyare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=C40 Cities Awards 2015 |url=https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |access-date=2025-08-12 |archive-date=2021-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923092342/https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Jeron Lokaci ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;cellpadding=&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em; text-align:center; font-size:95%&quot;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th colspan=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;&gt;Matakan ruwa a matsayin kashi na jimillar ƙarfin madatsun ruwa ta shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/whats-causing-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=What's causing Cape Town's water crisis?|last=Bohatch|first=Trevor|date=16 May 2017|publisher=Ground Up|location=Cape Town|language=en|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
|-
! Manyan madatsun ruwa
! Ƙarfi (megalitres)
! 17 Mayu 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-utility-services/residential-water-and-sanitation-services/this-weeks-dam-levels|title=City of Cape Town: Dam Levels|date=18 May 2021|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;!!18 Mayu 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=18 May 2020|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 13 Mayu 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=13 May 2019|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=22 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 14 Mayu 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|title=Water Dashboard|date=Mar 2019|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-date=7 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207180447/http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 15 Mayu 2017 !! 15 Mayu 2016 !! 15 Mayu 2015 !! 15 Mayu 2014
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Berg River|| 130,010
|76.1||65.6||68.1|| 39.2|| 32.4|| 27.2|| 54.0|| 90.5
|-
|Steenbras Lower|| 33,517
|58.0||48.4||38.6|| 35.4|| 26.5|| 37.6|| 47.9|| 39.6
|-
|Steenbras Upper|| 31,767
|54.2||96.5||65.0|| 59.6|| 56.7|| 56.9|| 57.8|| 79.1
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof|| 480,188
|75.2||50.2||36.1|| 12.0|| 15.0|| 31.3|| 51.3|| 74.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Voelvlei|| 164,095
|58.3||50.4||55.4|| 14.5|| 17.2|| 21.3|| 42.5|| 59.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Wemmershoek|| 58,644
|59.1||43.3||43.6|| 48.4|| 36.0|| 48.5|| 50.5|| 58.8
|-
| Jimillar da aka ajiye (megalitres) || 898,221
|626,907||481,370||411,849|| 191,843|| 190,300|| 279,954|| 450,429 || 646,137
|-
|'''Jimillar % na Ma'ajiya'''||100
|'''69.8'''||'''53.6'''||'''45.9'''||'''21.4'''||'''21.2'''||'''31.2'''||'''50.1'''||'''71.9'''
|}

===2015–2016===
Bayan samun kyakkyawan ruwan sama a shekarun 2013 da 2014, Birnin Cape Town ya fara fuskantar fari a shekarar 2015, wanda shi ne na farko cikin shekaru uku a jere na lokutan sanyi marasa ruwa da suka auku, mai yiwuwa sanadiyyar tsarin yanayi na El Niño ko kuma canjin yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AfricaC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://africacheck.org/2016/02/03/frequently-asked-questions-about-south-africas-drought|title=Frequently asked questions about South Africa's drought|date=3 February 2016|publisher=Africa Check|language=en|location=Cape Town|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matakan ruwa a madatsun ruwan Birnin sun ragu daga kashi 71.9 cikin dari a shekarar 2014 zuwa kashi 50.1 cikin dari a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot; /&gt; A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016, hukumar Birnin ta ɗaukaka tsoffin takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 1 (Level 1) tun na shekarar 2005 zuwa Mataki na 2 (Level 2), kuma a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2016 ta sake ɗaukaka shi zuwa Mataki na 3 (Level 3), lokacin da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta wallafa takunkumin amfani da ruwa na hukuma don birane da aikin gona. Kuma babban farin da ya shafi sauran sassan Afirka ta Kudu ya ƙare a watan Agusta 2016 lokacin da aka sami babban ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin ƙasar,&lt;ref name=&quot;encarain&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|title=Southern Africa faces floods after drought|last=Masinde|first=Muthoni|date=18 August 2016|access-date=2017-06-01|archive-date=1 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101190233/https://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma farin na lardin Western Cape ya ci gaba da wanzuwa.

===2017===
Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin amfani da ruwa zuwa Mataki na 3B a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2017, kuma a ƙarshen lokacin rani a watan Mayu 2017, an ayyana farin a matsayin mafi muni da Birnin ya taɓa fuskanta a cikin ƙarni guda, inda ruwan da ke cikin madatsun ruwa ya kasance ƙasa da kashi 10 cikin dari na ƙarfin amfaninsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/31/africa/cape-town-drought/index.html|title=Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century|last=Van Dam|first=Derek|website=CNN.com|publisher=CNN|date=31 May 2017|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 4 a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2017, wanda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 100 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;level4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|title=City of Cape Town approves Level 4 water restrictions|last=Etheridge|first=Jenna|date=31 May 2017|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429230521/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jimillar ruwan sama da aka samu a shekarar 2017 ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta tun lokacin da aka fara riƙe bayanan ruwan sama a shekarar 1933.&lt;ref name=&quot;csag&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2017-08-31-how-severe-is-the-droughta|title=How severe is the drought?|last=Wolski|first=Piotr|date=Aug 2017|website=University of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayin da lokacin zafi mai bushewa ke gabatowa, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin ruwa na yanzu zuwa Mataki na 4B a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2017, sannan zuwa Mataki na 5 a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2017, inda aka haramta amfani da ruwa a waje da kuma ayyukan da ba su da muhimmanci sosai, tare da ƙarfafa amfani da ruwan wanka/wanki (grey water) don zubarwa a bayan gida, kuma aka yi niyyar iyakance yawan amfanin ruwa na kowane mutum zuwa lita 87 a rana, don jimillar amfani da lita miliyan 500 a rana gaba ɗaya birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; Sai dai kuma, sanya takunkumin Mataki na 5 ya zo tare da sanarwa mai rikitarwa game da iyakokin amfani da ruwa na gidaje, wanda hakan ya haifar da akasin haka ta hanyar ƙara yawan amfani da ruwa ga wasu mutane.&lt;ref name = &quot;Booysen&quot; /&gt;  
[[File:Behavioural response to messaging on the drought. .png|thumb|Martanin halayyar mutane game da saƙonni kan fari na Day Zero&lt;ref name=&quot;Booysen&quot;/&gt;
]]

A farkon watan Oktoba 2017, biyo bayan lokacin sanyi mai ƙarancin ruwan sama, an kiyasta cewa Cape Town tana da kusan watanni biyar na ajiyar ruwa kafin matakan ruwan su ƙare sarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; A cikin wannan watan ne kuma, Hukumar Birnin Cape Town ta fitar da shirin gaggawa na ruwa wanda za a aiwatar da shi a matakai daban-daban dangane da tsananin ƙarancin ruwan. Mataki na 1 (Phase 1) wanda ya ƙunshi &quot;rabon ruwa ta hanyar rage ƙarfin matsin ruwa na madatsun ruwa sosai&quot; an aiwatar da shi nan da nan. A Mataki na 2 (Phase 2), bayan &quot;Day Zero&quot;, za a kashe ruwa ga yawancin tsarin samar da ruwa in ban da wuraren da ke da muhimmancin gaske na samun ruwa. Mataki na 3 (Phase 3) zai kasance lokacin da Birnin ba zai iya sake jan ruwa daga madatsun ruwa na saman ƙasa a Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape ba, kuma za a sami ɗan ƙaramin lokaci kafin tsarin samar da ruwa gaba ɗaya ya gaza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Critical%20Water%20Shortages%20Disaster%20Plan%20Summary.pdf|title=Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan Summary|last=Bosman|first=Richard|date=October 2017|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-04-op-ed-the-city-of-cape-towns-critical-water-shortages-disaster-plan/#.WfwyhGiCyUl|title=Op-Ed: The City of Cape Town's Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan {{!}} Daily Maverick|last=De Lille|first=Patricia|date=4 October 2017|website=www.dailymaverick.co.za|publisher=City of Cape Town|language=en|access-date=3 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|title=Day Zero FAQs|date=5 April 2018|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719203400/http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===2018===
[[File:Theewaterskloof Dam 2018 02 10 (28425520089).jpg|thumb|right|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof tana kusan kashi 12% a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 2018]]
A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2018, Birnin ya ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 6 na lita 87 ga kowane mutum a rana guda. A watan Fabrairu 2018, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin zuwa Mataki na 6B inda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 50 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; Majalisar zartarwa ta lardin ta kuma sanar da cewa tana tsara tsare-tsare tare da Hukumar 'Yansandan Afirka ta Kudu don dabarun tura jami'ai a wuraren rarraba ruwa a duk faɗin Birnin bayan &quot;Day Zero&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-01-24-government-must-refund-cape-town-for-cost-of-managing-the-water-crisis/|title=Government must refund Cape Town for cost of managing the water crisis|date=24 January 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Theewaterskloof sandscape 2018-03-11.jpg|thumb|Babban ma'ajiyar ruwa ta Cape Town, Theewaterskloof, ta kasance a kashi 11% na ƙarfinta a watan Maris 2018]]

A tsakiyar watan Janairu 2018, tsohuwar magajiyar garin Cape Town Patricia de Lille ta sanar da cewa Birnin zai tilas ya kashe mafi yawan hanyoyin samar da ruwa na gundumomi idan yanayi bai canza ba. Za a ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 7, wato &quot;Day Zero&quot;, lokacin da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa ga Birnin ya kai kashi 13.5 cikin dari. Za a kashe mafi yawan famfunan ruwa na birni, kuma mazauna gari za su dogara ne da wuraren karɓar ruwa guda 149 a kewayen Birnin don karɓar rabon ruwa na yau da kullun na lita 25 ga kowane mutum.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|title=JP Smith answers Day Zero questions: 'It's going to be really unpleasant'|last1=Harrison|first1=Aletta|last2=Janse van Rensburg|first2=Alet|date=26 January 2018|publisher=News24|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216222015/https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|title=Borehole rules? Can you use sea water to flush? – The City of Cape Town answers your questions|date=30 January 2018|publisher=GroundUp|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913113205/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan zai ƙara shafar tattalin arzikin Cape Town, domin ma'aikata za su buƙaci ɗaukar hutu daga wuraren aiki don yin layi jiran ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;In Trouble&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/cape-town-south-africa-water-crisis/|title='I Knew We Were in Trouble.' What It's Like to Live Through Cape Town's Massive Water Crisis|magazine=Time|access-date=2018-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Za a ci gaba da samar da ruwa a tsakiyar yankin kasuwanci na Birnin (CBD), da kuma matsugunai na wucin gadi (inda dama tuni ake karɓar ruwa daga tsakiyar wurare) da kuma muhimman ayyuka kamar asibitoci. A lokacin da aka yi sanarwar, an kiyasta cewa &quot;Day Zero&quot; zai kasance a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 2018, amma jim kaɗan bayan haka aka sake duba shi zuwa 12 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5103259/cape-town-water-crisis/|title=Cape Town Is 90 Days Away From Running Out of Water|last=Baker|first=Aryn|date=15 January 2018|magazine=Time|access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/drought-stricken-cape-town-south-africa-run-water/story?id=52402170|title=Drought-stricken Cape Town, South Africa, could run out of water by April's 'day zero'|last=Thom|first=Liezl|date=17 January 2018|work=ABC News|access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/01/23/day-zero-brought-forward-ct-officials-prepare-for-worst|title=Day Zero Brought Forward, CT Officials Prepare for Worst|last=Brandt|first=Kevin|date=23 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kiyasin &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya ginu ne bisa canje-canje na mako biyu a matakan ajiyar madatsun ruwa, tare da zaton cewa ƙarancin zai ci gaba ba tare da sauyi ba, ba tare da ƙarin ruwan sama ko canji a buƙatar ruwa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;neilson20Feb&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Defeating%20Day%20Zero%20is%20in%20sight%20if%20we%20sustain%20our%20water-saving%20efforts|title=Statement by the City's Executive Mayor, Alderman Ian Neilson: Defeating Day Zero is in sight if we sustain our water-saving efforts|last=Neilson|first=Ian|date=20 February 2018|publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amfani da ruwa na gidaje da na aikin gona ya ragu sosai ƙarƙashin sabbin takunkumin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot; /&gt; Wannan ya bai wa Birnin damar tura kiyasin &quot;Day Zero&quot; baya a matakai daban-daban, kuma a ranar 28 ga Yuni aka jinkirta &quot;Day Zero&quot; har zuwa wani lokaci da ba a bayyana ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;neilson20Feb&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zero Delayed&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/05/africa/cape-town-day-zero-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town 'Day Zero' delayed as agricultural water use drops|last=Said-Moorhouse|first=Lauren|date=5 February 2018|publisher=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/02/south-africa-day-pushed-june-180215094221289.html|title=South Africa: Day Zero pushed back to June|website=aljazeera.com|date=2018-02-15|access-date=2018-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/01/africa/cape-town-water-crisis-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town cuts water use limit by nearly half|last1=Said-Moorhouse|first1=Lauren|date=1 February 2018|publisher=CNN|access-date=2018-02-03|last2=Mezzofiore|first2=Gianluca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kyakkyawan ruwan sama na lokacin sanyi a shekarar 2018 ya haifar da hauhawar matakan madatsun ruwa, sai dai Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta ƙasa ta sanar da cewa takunkumin ruwa na baki ɗaya zai ci gaba da kasancewa har sai matakan ruwan sun kai kashi 85 cikin dari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-edges-closer-to-an-end-to-the-drought-as-dam-levels-continue-to-rise-20180712|title=Western Cape edges closer to an end to the drought as dam levels continue to rise|date=12 July 2018|publisher=News24|access-date=12 July 2018|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713202149/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-edges-closer-to-an-end-to-the-drought-as-dam-levels-continue-to-rise-20180712|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumba, tare da matakan madatsun ruwa kusa da kashi 70 cikin dari zuwa ƙarshen lokacin damina, birnin ya rage takunkumin amfani da ruwa na masu amfani daga mataki na 6B zuwa mataki na 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;/&gt; Matakan madatsun ruwa sun kai kololuwa a kashi 76 cikin dari. A watan Nuwamba, an rage takunkumin zuwa Mataki na 3, ko lita 105 ga kowane mutum a rana guda.
Ƙarƙashin takunkumin Mataki na 3, ana iya amfani da ruwan famfo na birni don shayar da lambuna a takaitattun lokuta, ta amfani da rariyar shayarwa ko boka amma ba bututun roba (hose) ba, don wanke motoci ta amfani da boka, da kuma cika wuraren ninkaya muddin wurin ninkayar yana sanye da murfi don hana daskarewa ko kafeewar ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures%2C%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Level%203%20water%20restrictions%20FAQs.pdf|title=Level 3 Water Restrictions (2018)|date=30 November 2018|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=29 November 2018|archive-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129184323/http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures%2C%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Level%203%20water%20restrictions%20FAQs.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilai ==
=== Fari mai tsanani ===
Sanadin faruwar matsalar ruwan kai-tsaye shi ne fari mai tsanani da ya auku daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2017 wanda ya wuce ƙa'idodin tsare-tsare na Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli. Bincike kan bayanan yanayi na dogon lokaci da Ƙungiyar Nazarin Tsarin Yanayi (Climate System Analysis Group) ta gudanar a Jami'ar Cape Town ya tabbatar da cewa ƙarancin ruwan sama tsakanin shekarun 2015 da 2017 ya kasance babban al'amari mai wuyar gaske kuma mai tsananin gaske.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.csag.uct.ac.za/2018/01/22/facts-are-few-opinions-plenty-on-drought-severity-again/|title=Facts are few, opinions plenty… on drought severity again|website=www.csag.uct.ac.za|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ragewar yanayin ruwan sama yana da alaƙa da sauye-sauye masu faɗi a cikin zirga-zirgar sararin samaniya da na teku, gami da sauyin alkibla zuwa kusa da pole na hanyoyin raba ruwan sanyi na Kudancin Hemisphere tsakanin 2015–17, sauyin jet-stream da haɓakar matsin lamba na South Atlantic High.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sousa|first1=Pedro M.|last2=Blamey|first2=R.|last3=Reason|first3=C.J.C.|last4=Ramos|first4=A.M.|last5=Trigo|first5=R.M.|date=2018|title=The 'Day Zero' Cape Town drought and the poleward migration of moisture corridors|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=13|issue=12|pages=124025|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aaebc7|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shekarar 2017 ita shekara mafi bushewa tun daga shekarar 1933, kuma mai yiwuwa ma kafin hakan, tunda babu bayanan kwatankwacin hakan kafin 1933. An kuma gano cewa fari mai tsananin haka a ƙididdigance zai iya aukuwa sau ɗaya kacal a kowace shekara 300.&lt;ref name=&quot;csag&quot; /&gt;

=== Gudanar da buƙatu da samar da ruwa na dogon lokaci ===
Yawan jama'ar Birnin Cape Town ya ƙaru daga mazauna miliyan 2.4 a shekarar 1995 zuwa kiyasin mutane miliyan 4.1 a shekarar 2015, wanda ke nuna haɓakar kashi 71 cikin dari na jama'a a cikin shekaru 20, yayin da ajiyar ruwan madatsun ruwa ya ƙaru da kashi 17 cikin dari kacal a daidai wannan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/cape-town-population/|title=Cape Town Population 2019|website=World Population Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tasirin ƙaruwar jama'a akan buƙatar ruwa masana galibi suna rage masa daraja, tunda hasashen yakan gaza yin lissafin cikakken amfani da ruwa na mutum na kaidin fakaici ta hanyar samar da abinci da kayayyakin masarufi.&lt;ref&gt;Schutte, C. F., &amp; Pretorius, W. A. (1997). Water demand and population growth. ''WATER SA-PRETORIA-'', ''23'', 127–134.&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2007, Ma'aikatar Al'amuran Ruwa da Gandun Daji ta yi hasashen cewa ci gaban buƙata akan Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape zai wuce iyakar abin da ake samarwa idan ba a aiwatar da matakan kiyaye ruwa da gudanar da buƙatun ruwa ba ta hannun Birnin da sauran hukumomin gundumomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCWRSNewsletterMarch09&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/19/WCWRSNewsletterMarch09.pdf|title=Western Cape Water Reconciliation Strategy Newsletter 5|date=March 2009|publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ƙaruwa ta buƙatun dogon lokaci tana daɗa ta'azzara sakamakon matsin lamba akan samar da ruwa na dogon lokaci, gami da bazuwar baƙon shuke-shuke da canjin yanayi. Bazuwar baƙon shuke-shuke masu shan ruwa da yawa a mahimman yankunan tattara ruwa ya rage samar da ruwa zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof da kiyasin mita mai siffar sili guda miliyan 30 a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An sami ƙaruwar digiri ɗaya na ma'aunin Celsius a yanayin zafi cikin ƙarni da suka gabata kuma ƙididdigar na'ura ta yi hasashen cewa matsakaicin zafi a Cape Town zai ƙaru da wani digiri 0.25 na Celsius a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, wanda hakan na iya ƙara yuwuwa da tsananin fari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Buis |first1=Alan |date=2020-09-08 |title=Making Sense of 'Climate Sensitivity': New Study Narrows the Range of Uncertainty in Future Climate Projections |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/ask-nasa-climate/3017/making-sense-of-climate-sensitivity/ |access-date=14 January 2022 |website=NASA: Climate Change and Global Warming |publisher=NASA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, ba a nuna tasirin canjin yanayi sosai ba a cikin tsarin yanayi na yanzu: Helen Zille, Firimiyan Western Cape, ta ce Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Afirka ta Kudu ba ta yi tsammanin fari mai tsanani ba har sai bayan wasu shekaru 10.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-01-26-zille-tries-to-blame-it-on-the-weatherman/|title=Zille tries to blame it on the weatherman|last=Petra|first=Saal|date=Jan 2018|work=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gazawar gwamnati ===
Hukumar gaggawa ta gundumomi, na lardi, da na ƙasa suna raba alhakin samar da ruwa. Dokar Ruwa ta Ƙasa (Dokar 36 ta 1998) ta tsara cewa gwamnatin ƙasa ita ce &quot;atoni na jama'a&quot; na albarkatun ruwa na ƙasar don tabbatar da cewa ana &quot;kariya, amfani, haɓakawa, kiyayewa, gudanarwa da sarrafa ruwa cikin dorewa da adalci, don amfanin kowa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Facts and Myths&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/facts-and-myths-about-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=Facts and myths about Cape Town's water crisis|date=Jan 2018|work=GroundUp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haifar da takaddama tsakanin gwamnatin gunduma da ta lardi da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin jam'iyyar adawa (Democratic Alliance, DA) a gefe guda, da kuma gwamnatin ƙasa mai rinjaye a ɗayan gefen (African National Congress, ANC), inda jam'iyyun ke zargin juna da laifin haddasa matsalar ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saunderson-Meyer&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saundersonmeyer-drought-commentary/commentary-in-drought-hit-south-africa-the-politics-of-water-idUSKBN1FP226|title=Commentary: In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water|last=Saunderson-Meyer|first=William|work=U.S.|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sukar DA saboda rashin tunanin gaba wajen samar da sabbin hanyoyin ruwa da ababen more rayuwa, yayin da ake zargin ANC da hana bayar da kuɗaɗe domin gurgunta tare da kunyata gwamnatin da DA ke jagoranta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-03-07-day-zero-heroes-maimane-hails-water-wise-capetonians-as-crisis-recedes/|title='Day Zero heroes': Maimane hails water-wise Capetonians as crisis recedes|last=Hyman|first=Aron|date=Mar 2018|work=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda rahoton ƙungiyar South African Water Caucus ya nuna, tarin bashi da almundahana mai yawa a Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na iya zama dalilin gazawarta na karɓar buƙatar Western Cape ta R35 miliyan (Dalar Amurka miliyan 3) don ƙara samar da ruwa da ababen more rayuwa a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://emg.org.za/images/downloads/water_cl_ch/SAWC_State-of-DWS-Report.pdf|title=REPORT ON THE STATE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION|website=South African Water Caucus|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925190453/https://www.emg.org.za/images/downloads/water_cl_ch/SAWC_State-of-DWS-Report.pd|archive-date=25 September 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Helen Zille, Firimiyan Western Cape, ta yi kiran da gwamnatin ƙasa ta mayar wa Birnin Cape Town kuɗaɗen da aka kashe wajen tafiyar da matsalar ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan24&quot; /&gt;

A tsakiyar watan Oktoba 2017, wasu kamfanonin raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination) sun soki Birnin saboda tafiyar hawainiya wajen sayan kayayyaki, yawan tsarin mulki na ofis (bureaucracy), rashin nuna gaggawa, da rashin isassun sikelin ayyukan samar da ruwa da aka tsara. A watan Janairu 2018, a matsayin martani ga wani rahoto mai tsanani da ya soki Birnin Cape Town saboda gaza magance bala'in cikin dacewa da lokaci da sauran gazawar shugabanci, hukumar zartarwa ta tarayya ta DA ta yanke shawarar cire magajiyar garin Cape Town Patricia de Lille daga jagorancin tawagar da ke magance matsalar fari, inda aka maye gurbinta da Mmusi Maimane, jagoran jam'iyyar DA gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/cape-town-water-crisis-crossing-state-and-party-lines-isnt-the-answer-90861|title=Cape Town Water Crisis Crossing State and Party Lines|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Polweb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/cape-town-city-manager-given-special-powers-to-dea|title=Cape Town city manager given special powers to deal with water crisis – NEWS &amp; ANALYSIS|last=News24|date=26 October 2017|website=www.politicsweb.co.za|language=en|access-date=2017-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kin amincewa da tsarin raba gishiri da ruwa ===
A shekarar 2018, Cape Town ta yi watsi da tayin da ƙasar Isra'ila ta yi mata na taimaka mata wajen gina masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination).&lt;ref&gt;In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water, Reuters, January 25, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cape Town May Dry Up Because of an Aversion to Israel, Wall St. Journal, February 21, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Cape Town Water Crisis and Hating Israel, aish, February 11, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;South African stupidity, Jerusalem Post, February 3, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasiri ==
[[File:Westridge Gardens 9.jpg|thumb|An gina Babban Tubalin Furanni (Flower Monument) a Westridge Gardens don tunawa da taron addu'o'in neman kyakkyawan ruwan sama lokacin da ake tsaka da matsalar ruwa. ]]
Matsalar ruwan ta haifar da babban tasiri ga tattalin arziki, lafiya, da tsaro. Ya fito fili cewa samar da ruwan famfo na birni don ban ruwa da amfanin birane yana da tasiri mai kyau (positive externalities) ta fuskar wadatar abinci, lafiyar jama'a, da daidaiton al'umma gaba ɗaya.

=== Tattalin Arziki ===
Matsalar ruwan ta yi sanadiyyar asarar ayyukan yi guda 37,000 a lardin Western Cape, sannan an kiyasta cewa mutane 50,000 sun fada ƙasa da layin talauci sakamakon asarar ayyukan yi, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, da ƙarin farashin abinci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Storms to Come&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://features.dailymaverick.co.za/cape-of-storms-to-come/|title=Cape of Storms To Come|last=DIANA NEILLE, MARELISE VAN DER MERWE &amp; LEILA DOUGAN|website=features.dailymaverick.co.za|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-03|archive-date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623202853/http://features.dailymaverick.co.za/cape-of-storms-to-come/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masana sun kiyasta cewa &quot;matsalar ruwan za ta lakume ayyukan yi kusan 300,000 a fannin aikin gona, da kuma wasu dubun-dubatar a fannonin hidima, baƙunci, da abinci&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;In Trouble&quot; /&gt;

==== Aikin Gona ====
Aikin gona wata muhimmiyar masana'anta ce a Western Cape. Masana'antar ruwan inabi (giya) a Western Cape ta janyo hankalin masu yawon buɗe ido miliyan 1.5 a shekarar 2017, kuma tare da masana'antar 'ya'yan itace tana ɗaukar ma'aikata kusan 340,000 tare da ba da gudummawar fiye da kashi 10% ga tattalin arzikin Western Cape. Da yawa daga cikin shuke-shuken suna buƙatar ruwa mai yawa; alal misali, gonar inabi tana buƙatar tsakanin inci 10 zuwa 24 na ruwa don ta tsira. A matsakaici, fannin aikin gona a Western Cape ya gudanar da ragin amfani da ruwa da kashi 60 cikin ɗari daga shekarar 2017 zuwa 2018, wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙarancin amfanin gona da kiyasin asarar tattalin arziki na R5.9 biliyan (Dalar Amurka miliyan 400), ayyukan yi 30,000, da faɗuwar kashi 13–20 cikin ɗari na kayayyakin da ake fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Wasu kiyasin sun sanya adadin ya fi haka inda ya kai R14 biliyan (Dalar Amurka biliyan 1).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/economy/2018-02-05-farmers-lose-r14bn-as-cape-drought-bites/|title=Farmers lose R14bn as Cape drought bites|last=Phakathi|first=Bekezela|date=5 February 2018|work=Business Day|access-date=2018-02-07|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuɗaɗen da ake samu daga hannun jarin masana'antun ruwan inabi da na 'ya'yan itace na cikin gida suna da matukar ƙanƙanta koda yake masana'antar ruwan inabin tana samar da wasu shahararrun ruwan inabi a duniya. Wannan ya haifar da fargabar cewa kasuwancin aikin gona da yawa suna fuskantar haɗarin fatara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== Fannin Yawon Buɗe Ido ====
Cape Town babbar matattarar masu yawon buɗe ido ce kuma ita ce birni mafi karɓar baƙi na dogon zango a nahiyar gaba ɗaya. Masana'antar yawon buɗe ido ita ma ta fuskanci babban kalubale sakamakon raguwar baƙi masu zuwa, masauki, da zirga-zirgar baƙi a wuraren shaƙatawa a watan Janairu 2018 idan aka kwatanta da daidai wannan lokacin a shekarar 2017. Fannin masauki ya ba da rahoton raguwar mazauna da kashi 10%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.capetown.travel/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CTT-Research-Report-April-2018_Classic.pdf|title=CTT Research Report April 2018|date=24 July 2018|website=Cape Town Tourism|access-date=24 July 2018|archive-date=24 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724183611/http://www.capetown.travel/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CTT-Research-Report-April-2018_Classic.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otal-otal sun yi rangwame kan ayyukansu, kamar cire matosai na burtun wanka, ba wa baƙi maganin tsaftace hannu (hand sanitiser), sanya na'urorin rage gudu a wuraren wanka, da ko dai share wuraren ninkaya sarai ko cika su da ruwan gishiri. A watan Oktoba 2017, Birnin ya ƙaddamar da ɗayan mahimman tsare-tsarensa, wato yaƙin neman zaɓe na 'Ajiye ruwa kamar ɗan gida' (Save like a local), tare da mai da hankali kan sanya masu yawon buɗe ido cikin ayyukan dakile fari na fadin birni gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How to &quot;Save Water Like a Local&quot; |url=https://capetownsafaris.com/save-water-like-local/ |website=Cape Town Safaris |date=11 April 2018 |access-date=14 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Talaucin Ruwa (Hydrological poverty) ===
Talaucin ruwa yakan kama mutanen da ba za su iya sayen abinci ko ruwan da ake buƙata don al'ummarsu ta zama mai wadata ba. A Cape Town, ya zama haramun sayar da ruwa daga rijiyoyi ko koguna amma mutane na iya samun riba daga sufuri da kwadagon da ke da alaƙa da kai ruwa daga wasu yankuna. Waɗanda suka yi amfani da ruwa fiye da ƙa'idar yau da kullun da aka gatsa ta lita 50 ga kowane mutum a rana an ci su tara tsakanin R500 zuwa R3,000 (Dalar Amurka 35–210). Sai dai wannan tasiri ya ƙara ƙarfafa tazarar talauci saboda taran ta kasance kaɗan ga mawadata amma mai rugurgutawa ga mazauna marasa galihu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.odi.org/blogs/10616-politics-poverty-and-climate-change-stories-cape-town-s-day-zero|title=Politics, poverty, and climate change: stories from Cape Town's 'Day Zero'|website=ODI|date=8 March 2018 |language=en|access-date=2020-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lafiyayyar Al'umma ===
Ma'aikatan lafiyar al'umma sun nuna damuwa game da cututtukan da za su iya yaduwa ta hanyar gurɓatar bayan gida da baki (faecal-oral contamination) sakamakon ƙarancin wanke hannu. Kamfanonin lafiyar al'umma, cibiyoyin bincike, da masu ba da lafiya su ma sun damu game da tasirin da matsalar ruwan za ta iya yi ga ayyukan lafiya.

Rashin isasshen tsaftar muhalli na iya haifar da cututtukan zawo (diarrhoeal diseases), waɗanda ke kashe mutane miliyan 2.2 kowace shekara a duniya, inda yawancin mace-mace ke faruwa tsakanin yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 5. Tare da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 4.3 da yawa na mutane kusan 1500 a kowace murabba'in kilomita, an ba da shawarar cewa wannan na iya haifar da cututtuka kamar kwalara da sauran su bazu cikin sauri ba tare da ingantaccen tsafta ba, musamman a unguwannin matalauta na Cape Town. Idan babu tsaftataccen ruwa, illolin lafiyar al'umma na iya ƙaruwa ta hanyar kwari a cikin kazaman ruwaye, waɗanda zasu iya haifar da ƙarin bazuwar cututtuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Comes the horror&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/cape-town-water-crisis-drought-disease/|title=Cape Town water crisis: With drought, comes the horror of disease|last=Head|first=Tom|date=10 October 2017|work=The South African|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ai sun yi gargaɗin cewa cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa kamar kwalara, hepatitis A, da zazzabin taifot (typhoid fever) &quot;da alama za su fi yaduwa&quot; yayin da mazauna garin suka fara adana ruwa a cikin kwantena masu ƙazanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAQs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Disaster%20and%20Demand%20FAQ.pdf|title=Water related FAQs|date=15 March 2018|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman bazuwar cututtuka tana da yuwuwar faruwa sakamakon matsakaicin amfani da lita 25 kacal na ruwa ga kowane mutum a rana, adadin da bai isa ba don kiyaye tsaftar gida. Wannan haɗe da amfani da ruwan wanka/wanki (greywater) da ƙarfafawa daga kafofin watsa labaru na rashin wanke 'ya'yan itace ya ƙara haɗarin gurɓatawa. Wani tasiri kuma ga lafiyar al'umma sakamakon matsalar ruwan shi ne ƙarancin abubuwan gina jiki ko ƙarancin ingancin abubuwan gina jiki da mutane ke samu. Saboda ƙarancin ruwa, amfanin gona da dabbobi suna raguwa ko kuma ingancinsu yana faduwa.&lt;ref&gt;Parks, R., McLaren, M., Toumi, R., &amp; Rivett, U. (2019). Experiences and lessons in managing water from Cape Town (29) [Grafiek &amp;  Literatuur]. Geraadpleegd van https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/grantham-institute/public/publications/briefing-papers/Experiences-and-lessons-in-managing-water.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗarin Lafiyar Wurin Aiki ===
Wuraren wankan gaggawa da na wanke idanu muhimmin sashi ne na tsaron wurin aiki ga dakunan gwaje-gwaje (laboratories) da ma'aikata da yawa. Ana buƙatar wadatar ruwa akai-akai idan aka fuskanci haɗarin sinadarai masu guba. Yawancin buƙatun Tsaron Wurin Aiki da Lafiya sun ba da shawarar cewa wuraren wankan gaggawa su kasance suna iya fitar da lita 75 a kowane minti na tsawon mintuna 15 aƙalla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://blogs.plos.org/publichealth/2018/02/05/day-zero-the-impact-of-cape-towns-water-shortage-on-public-health/|title=Day Zero: The impact of Cape Town's water shortage on public health {{!}} Public Health|date=5 February 2018|work=Public Health|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815104537/http://blogs.plos.org/publichealth/2018/02/05/day-zero-the-impact-of-cape-towns-water-shortage-on-public-health/|archive-date=15 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan aka dakatar ko iyakance waɗannan wuraren wankan, ma'aikatan da ke sarrafa sinadarai masu lahani sosai za su kasance cikin haɗari.

=== Kula da Yara ===
A gidaje da gidajen marayu, yara suna ɗaya daga cikin rukunoni mafi rauni da za su iya wahala daga illolin ƙarancin ruwa ga lafiya. Ciyarwa, wankewa, da haifuwar kayayyakin da ake buƙata don kula da yara na buƙatar ruwa mai yawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/vulnerable-fear-cape-towns-water-shut-off-20180208|title=Vulnerable fear Cape Town's water shut-off|work=News24|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en|archive-date=30 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330211225/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/vulnerable-fear-cape-towns-water-shut-off-20180208|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, idan aka kashe famfunan makarantu a Western Cape a ranar &quot;Day Zero&quot;, yara miliyan 1.1 za su kasance ba tare da ruwa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/water-crisis-day-zero-could-affect-a-million-children|title=Water crisis: Day Zero could affect a million children|website=www.enca.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-30|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920082926/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/water-crisis-day-zero-could-affect-a-million-children|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗarin Gobara ===
Akwai damuwa cewa haɗarin gobara zai ƙaru yayin da muhalli da ababen more rayuwa suka daɗa bushewa. Wannan ya kasance mai matukar muhimmanci ga manyan wuraren masana'antu da rumbun adana kayayyaki domin gobara a wuri ɗaya na iya bazuwa cikin sauƙi zuwa sauran gine-gine na kusa. Haka kuma tsarin kashe gobara na iya kasyawa saboda raguwar matsin lamba na ruwa a yankunan da ke sama.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAQs&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pwc.co.za/en/assets/pdf/business-resilience-western-cape-water-crisis.pdf|title=Western Cape Water Crisis: How resilient is your organization in the face of the current water crisis?|date=December 2012|website=PWC|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001034010/https://www.pwc.co.za/en/assets/pdf/business-resilience-western-cape-water-crisis.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Martani ga matsalar ruwa ==

An yi ƙoƙari wajen ƙara samarwa da kuma rage buƙatar ruwa a cikin Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape. Da yawa daga cikin mutane da kasuwanci sun yi ƙoƙarin rage dogaro da tsarin ruwa na birni don kare hanyoyin samar da ruwa na kankansu. Matsalar ruwan ta zaburar da bincike da saka hannun jari a madadin tsarin ruwa na daban, wanda a ƙarshe zai iya taimakawa wajen hana sauran birane faɗawa cikin irin wannan matakin na ƙarancin ruwa. Ta kuma bayyana buƙatar tsare-tsare na dogon lokaci a birnin inda canjin yanayi zai daɗa ta'azzara ƙalubalen fasaha, shari'a, da na hukumomi wajen isar da ruwa a tsakanin babban mataki na rashin daidaito.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://dayzero.org.za/Day-Zero.pdf|title=Day Zero. One city's response to a record-breaking drought|last1=Joubert|first1=Leonie|last2=Ziervogel|first2=Gina|publisher=Axa, Mapula Trust, African Climate and Development Initiative|year=2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haɗuwa da canjin yanayi da haɓakar jama'a a yankunan birane na nufin sauran biranen ma na iya fuskantar irin wannan fari mai tsanani kuma suna iya buƙatar yin la'akari da madadin hanyoyin samun ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/cape-town-drought-day-zero-climate-change-global-warming-south-africa-a8236511.html|title=Cape Town is almost at the feared 'Day Zero'|date=2 March 2018|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɓaka Samar da Ruwa ===
Birnin Cape Town ya ba da gagarumin ƙoƙari wajen haɓaka hanyoyin samar da ruwa. Muhimman ƙoƙarin sun haɗa da:
* sayen ƙarin lita miliyan biyu da miliyan biyar na ruwa kowace shekara daga Ma'ajiyar Ruwa ta Molteno a Oranjezicht da Atlantis Aquifer biyo da biyo
* ƙaddamar da ƙananan masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination) na wucin gadi guda uku (kwangilar shekaru 2) (biyu masu ƙarfin lita miliyan 7 a kowace rana kuma ɗaya mai ƙarfin lita miliyan 2 a kowace rana) a Monwabisi, Strandfontein, V&amp;A Waterfront, da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Cape Town
* aikin sake sarrafa ruwa na Zandvliet

Baki ɗaya, an tsara waɗannan ayyukan don samar da ƙarin lita miliyan 144 a kowace rana tsakanin Fabrairu da Yuli 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.traveller24.com/Explore/Green/cape-water-crisis-day-zero-moved-as-city-prepares-for-2m-tourists-20171118|title=Cape Water Crisis: Day Zero 'moved' as city prepares for 2m tourists|last=Nkanjeni|first=Unathi|date=Nov 2017|work=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma, da yawa daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan sun fuskanci ƙalubalen kayan aiki (logistical challenges), kuma sun yi jinkiri fiye da lokacin da aka tsara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/slow-progress-bringing-new-sources-water-cape-town/|title=Slow progress bringing new water to Cape Town|last=Bratton|first=Laura|date=Nov 2017|website=GroundUp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jagoran DA, Maimane, ya jaddada cewa masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa suna da tsada da kuma rikitarwa; musamman, masana'anta guda ɗaya za ta ci lita R15 biliyan (Dalar Amurka biliyan 1), wanda shi ne kashi ɗaya bisa uku na baki ɗaya kasafin kuɗin Birnin kuma tsarin sayen irin waɗannan kayan aiki yana waje da hurumin shari'a na Birnin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/220919/maimane-takes-over-cape-town-water-crisis-response/|title=Maimane takes over Cape Town water crisis response|date=24 January 2018|work=Business Tech}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga ƙarshe an yi watsi da tsare-tsaren masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa domin tsadar kowace raka'a ta ruwa ta yi yawa sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

A watan Fabrairu 2018, lokacin da aka kai kololuwar fari, Ƙungiyar Masu Amfani da Ruwa ta Groenland (wata hukumar wakilcin manoma a yankin aikin gona na Elgin Grabouw kusa da Cape Town) ta fara sakin ƙarin lita miliyan 10 na ruwa daga Madatsar Ruwansu ta Eikenhof kyauta. An tura wannan ruwan zuwa cikin Madatsar Ruwa ta Upper Steenbras.&lt;ref name=&quot;Groenland&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/cape-town-gets-10bn-litres-of-water|title=WATCH: Cape Town gets 10bn litres of water|date=6 February 2018|website=www.enca.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-08|archive-date=8 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908232503/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/cape-town-gets-10bn-litres-of-water|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya bai wa Birnin damar tura kiyasin ranar Day Zero baya daga 16 ga Afrilu zuwa 11 ga Mayu.

=== Gudanar da Buƙatun Ruwa na Birni ===

[[File:TragedyofCommons.png|thumb|298x298px|Albarkatun tafkin gama gari, kamar ruwan sama, sun fi fuskantar barazanar wuce gona da iri da ƙarewa idan ba a tsara su ba]]
Ruwan saman ƙasa da ruwan sama suna nuna siffofin albarkatun tafkin gama gari (Common-pool resource), wanda ke fuskantar matsalar 'balahirar gama gari' (tragedy of the commons). Idan babu tsari na hukuma, mutane masu son kai za su yanke shawarar amfani da zai gurgunta abubuwan amfanin gama gari, wanda hakan ya sa masanin ilimin halittu Garrett Hardin ya bayyana cewa &quot;yanci a cikin abubuwan gama gari yana kawo barna ga kowa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hardin, G. (1968). &quot;The tragedy of the commons.&quot; ''Science'', ''162''(3859), 1243–1248.&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yana da tsanani musamman lokacin matsalar ruwa lokacin da jimillar samarwa za ta iya faɗawa ƙasa da matakin amfani mafi dacewa ga al'umma. Don haka, Birnin ya yi ƙoƙarin tsara amfani da abubuwan gama gari ta hanyar gargadi na amfani da alhakin kai, rabo kai-tsaye, da kuma amfani da farashin kuɗaɗen ruwa (water tariffs) (don masu amfani su fahimci tsadar yanke shawararsu ga al'umma).

Birnin Cape Town ya yi nasarar rage amfani da ruwa da fiye da kashi 50 cikin dari yayin fari daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/02/cape-town-running-out-of-water-drought-taps-shutoff-other-cities/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202190935/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/02/cape-town-running-out-of-water-drought-taps-shutoff-other-cities/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2018|title=Why Cape Town Is Running Out of Water, and Who's Next|last=Welch|first=Craig|date=Mar 2018|work=National Geographic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amfani da ruwa na gidaje ya ragu sosai ƙarƙashin takunkumin Mataki na 6B, inda adadi mafi ƙanƙanta da aka yi rajista ya kasance lita miliyan 481 a kowace rana a ranar 2 ga Yuli 2018, mafi kusa da matakin da aka yi niyya na lita miliyan 450 a kowace rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot; /&gt; Rahoton Water Outlook 2018 ya tattara bayanan canje-canje a buƙatun ruwa daga Nuwamba 2013 zuwa Mayu 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Water and Sanitation, City of Capetown |date=2018-05-18 |title=Water Outlook 2018 Report, Revision 25 |url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/Water%20Outlook%202018%20-%20Summary.pdf |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tilasta Ragewa ====
An ci gaba da sake duba iyakar amfanin ruwa na kanka gami da rage shi a duk lokacin da ake tsaka da matsalar, inda mafi ƙanƙanta ya kasance lita 50 a kowace rana ga kowane mutum farawa daga 1 ga Fabrairu 2018.&lt;ref name = &quot;Booysen&quot;/&gt; Wannan matakin amfani da ruwa kashi ɗaya bisa uku ne kacal na matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na yau da kullun na lita 150 a ƙasar Burtaniya kuma kashi ɗaya bisa shida na matsakaicin amfanin yau da kullun a Amurka. An bukaci mazauna birnin da kada su zubar da ruwa a bayan gida bayan sun yi fitsari, sannan su yi amfani da ruwan sama ko ruwan wanka bayan sun yi bayan gida, sannan su rage tsayi da yawan wanka. Don kiyaye ruwa, an samar da maganin tsaftace hannu (hand sanitizer) a ofisoshi da gine-ginen gwamnati don amfani da shi maimakon wanke hannu na al'ada. Wasu shagunan kofi sun fara amfani da kofuna da kwanukan roba da na takarda don rage wanke-wanke. Yin amfani da ruwan famfo na birni don cika wuraren ninkaya, shayar da ciyawa ko wanke saman ƙasa ya zama haramun. An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 50 cikin ɗari na gidaje sun bi ka'idojin takunkumin amfani da ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42787773|title=Cape Town water crisis: 'My wife doesn't shower any more'|date=Jan 2018|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Birnin ya bincika matakai daban-daban don tabbatar da bin doka: 
* Ƙirƙirar taswirar intanet mai ɗigo-ɗigo kore da ke nuna waɗanne gidaje ne ke yin kyakkyawan aiki wajen adana ruwa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/09/14/648016169/did-cape-town-learn-from-day-zero|title=Did Cape Town Learn From 'Day Zero'?|last=Shapiro|first=Ari|date=Sep 2018|publisher=National Public Radio (NPR)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jami'an birni sun tuka motoci ta cikin unguwannin da ke amfani da ruwa da yawa tare da amfani da lasifika suna kiran sunayensu don tsawatar musu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/06/28/624397903/cape-town-averts-day-zero-by-limiting-water-use|title=Cape Town Averts 'Day Zero' By Limiting Water Use|last=Shapiro|first=Ari|date=Jun 2018|publisher=National Public Radio (NPR)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wallafa sunayen manyan masu amfani da ruwa fiye da kima&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;
* Rashin bin takunkumin buƙata na iya haifar da sanya na'urar gudanar da ruwa, wanda ke iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 350 kacal a kowace rana, inda mai gidan zai biya kuɗin sanya na'urar na R4,500 (Dalar Amurka 314).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; A watan Disamba 2017, Magajiyar Garin Patricia de Lille da kanta ta ziyarci gidajen masu ɓata ruwa don sanya na'urorin auna ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/africa/1147081/cape-town-drought-as-day-zero-approaches-the-city-needs-to-learn-to-talk-about-climate-change-not-spread-fear/|title=Africa's favorite tourist city is about to run out of water|last=Chutel|first=Lynsey|date=Dec 2017|website=Quartz}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Ma'aikatar tilasta bin doka ta ƙara zafafa sintiri kan ɓarna da almubazzarancin ruwa&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.citylab.com/environment/2018/07/how-cape-town-got-to-the-brink-of-water-catastrophe/564800/|title=How Cape Town Got to the Brink of Water Catastrophe|last=Walton|first=Brett|date=Jul 2018|website=CityLab}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa ====
Haka kuma Birnin ya ƙara kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa (water tariffs), musamman ga mazauna lardin da suka ci gaba da amfani da ruwa mai yawa, galibi don jin daɗi da abubuwan da ba su da muhimmanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; A mafi girman farashin fito, yin amfani da ruwa sama da lita 35,000 a wata guda ya lakume R768.64 (Dalar Amurka 54) a kowace lita 1,000, wanda Birnin ya bayyana a matsayin hukunci. Kamar yadda rahoton Water Outlook 2018 ya nuna, matsakaicin buƙatar ruwa ya faɗi da kusan kashi 45 cikin ɗari daga Fabrairu 2017 zuwa Fabrairu 2018. Wannan ya fassara &quot;zuwa ƙarancin kuɗin shiga na kusan R2 biliyan (Dalar Amurka miliyan 140) a cikin shekarar da muke ciki&quot;, wanda hakan kuma ya kasance babban dalilin ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Bincike ya nuna goyon baya ga amfani da manufar sanya farashi a matsayin kayan aiki don raba ruwa cikin inganci. Yayin da ake kwatanta farashin ƙayyadajen kudi (flat rate pricing) (inda ƙarin kuɗin amfani yake daidai da sifili) da kuma farashin amfani da adadi (volumetric pricing) na kayan amfanin ruwa na gida, Hanke da Bolard (1971) sun nuna cewa sauyawa daga na farko zuwa na biyun yana da tasiri wajen samun dorewar raguwa a amfanin ruwa na gida.

Kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa suna da tasiri musamman wajen rage buƙatun ruwa don abubuwan da ba su da mahimmanci tunda irin wannan buƙatar galibi tana da alaƙa da canjin farashi (price-elastic), kuma za ta ragu fiye da kima a matsayin martani ga ƙarin farashi.&lt;ref&gt;Hanke, S. H., &amp; Boland, J. J. (1971). &quot;Water requirements or water demands?&quot; ''Journal-American Water Works Association'', ''63''(11), 677–681.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Madadin hanyoyin samun ruwa ===
[[File:Newlands Spring Water crisis 2018.jpg|thumb|Mazauna garin suna jerin gwano a Newlands Spring]]
Hasashen ranar ƙarshe ta ƙarshe (Day Zero) a Cape Town ya sa mutane da kasuwanci da yawa neman madadin hanyoyin samar da ruwa daban da Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape. Mazauna cikin gida da yawa, ɗauke da kwantena na roba, sun tattara ruwa daga rafukan duwatsu da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa na halitta a kewayen birnin. Wannan ya haifar da dogon layi har ma da fadace-fadace tsakanin 'yan ƙasa, kuma Birnin ya ƙara tsaro a shahararrun wuraren.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

Hanyoyin mafi inganci sun haɗa da sanya tankunan adana ruwa waɗanda za su tattara ruwan sama, da kuma hakar rijiyoyin burtsatse na kankansu (boreholes).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.co.za/sas-richest-family-coining-it-from-jojo-tanks-2018-2|title=SA's richest family is coining it amid the scramble for JoJo tanks|last=Wasserman|first=Helena|date=Feb 2018|website=Business Insider}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; Tunda ƙarin kuɗin (marginal cost) amfani da ruwa daga tankunan adana ruwa ko rijiyoyin burtsatse na kankansu yana kusa da sifili, gidaje da kasuwanci da ke da irin waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan za su iya rage buƙatunsu na ruwan famfo na birni da kuma biyan buƙatunsu mafi mahimmanci (price inelastic) da waɗannan madadin hanyoyin ruwan, yayin da buƙatu mafi sauƙi ga canjin farashi (price elastic) ke zama mafi girman kaso na baki ɗaya buƙatun ruwan birni.

Wannan yana da lahani na dogon lokaci ga tsaron ruwa da tsarin samar da ruwa na birni: na farko, yana gurgunta ikon birnin na yin amfani da farashin ruwa da manufar kuɗaɗen fito don tsara amfani da abubuwan gama gari, sannan na biyu, la'akari da mahimmancin tallafin giciye (cross-subsidization) inda manyan masu amfani ke rage wa ƙananan masu amfani nauyi a cikin tsarin ci gaba na farashin ruwa, yana haifar da damuwa game da dorewar kuɗi ga tsarin ruwan da ya riga ya durƙushe ƙarƙashin nauyin kuɗinsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Yayin da dokokin ruwa ba sa barin ɗan ƙasa da kasuwancin gida fita cikin sauƙi daga tsarin samar da ruwa na gundumar, ƙila za a buƙaci aiwatar da ƙarin canje-canje a cikin dokokin cikin gida don ba wa gidaje masu wadata da fannoni masu zaman kansu damar ba da gudummawa wajen haɓaka isar da ayyukan ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/businesses-in-w-cape-plan-to-get-off-the-water-grid/|title=Businesses in W Cape plan to get off water grid|last=Poonah|first=Vanessa|date=Jul 2018|work=SABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Uploads/Alternative-water-installation-guidelines-29-Nov-2019.pdf|title=Water Installation Guidelines|last=Green Cape}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Noma mai kiyaye ruwa ===
Wannan matsalar ruwa ta zaburar da bincike da kuma amfani da ingantattun hanyoyin noma masu kiyaye ruwa. Manoma sun ƙara yin amfani da fasahar aikin gona ta zamani (agricultural precision technology) don samun ingantaccen fahimta game da amfani da ruwa a gonakansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Masu bincike daga Jami'ar Cape Town suna nazarin siffofin shuke-shuken daji da za su iya girma da ƙarancin ruwa, da fatan yin koyi da irin waɗannan siffofin a cikin amfanin gona ta hanyar jinsi na gargajiya da fasahar halittu (biotechnology). Wasu masana kimiyya suna nazarin tsarin sarrafa abinci na shuke-shuke (metabolism) don koyon yadda suke amfani da ƙarancin ruwa yayin aiwatar da photosynthesis, wanda ke ba su damar tsira a lokacin dogon fari mai tsanani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/energy-environment/385331-time-to-reevaluate-agriculture-as-cape-town-runs-dry|title=Time to reevaluate agriculture as Cape Town runs dry|date=28 April 2018|website=The Hill}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da kyau a lura cewa duk da samun yanki mafi girma da ake ban ruwa (ha 269 476), Western Cape kuma tana da mafi ƙanƙanta, kuma mafi ingancin amfani da ruwa a kowace raka'a ta yanki (mita mai siffar sili 5,874 a kowace ha) tsakanin lardunan ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Yaƙin neman zaɓen kiyaye ruwa a makarantu ===
A rabin na biyu na shekarar 2017, an ƙaddamar da yaƙin neman zaɓe don taimakawa wajen adana ruwa ta hanyar gyare-gyare da yaƙin neman zaɓe na canjin ɗabi'a a makarantu.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.schoolswater.co.za/ www.SchoolsWater.co.za]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLp-Ogs30mP7pVsa0rHj3pwttny1m6R2QD Bidiyon YouTube akan aikin]&lt;/ref&gt; Manufar ita ce a adana ruwa a makarantu, sannan kuma a faɗakar da yara. Waɗannan yara za su iya kai saƙon gida, ta haka za a isa ga dubun-dubatar masu amfani. An ƙaddamar da yakin neman zaɓen a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin manyan abokan haɗin gwiwa guda huɗu: Shoprite (babban dillali mafi girma a Afirka), Jami'ar Stellenbosch, gidan rediyon Cape Talk, da Bridgiot. Ta hanyar tallafin kamfanoni 93, an kai ga makarantu 358. Kowane kamfani ya ɗauki nauyin makaranta ɗaya ko fiye, inda Shoprite ke tallafawa makarantu 100. Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Western Cape ita ma ta ba da gudummawa wajen tallafawa makarantu da dama.
[[File:Top Trumps playing cards used to raise awareness at schools..png|thumb|Katunan wasa na Top Trumps da aka yi amfani da su don faɗakarwa a makarantu]]
Mataki na farko na yaƙin neman zaɓen shi ne sanya mita mai kaifin basira, da ake kira Dropula,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bridgiot.co.za/solutions/dropula-2/ Shafi na Dropula]&lt;/ref&gt; sannan kuma aka gudanar da aikin gyara cikin hanzari a kowace makaranta.&lt;ref name = &quot;schoolsMaintenance&quot;&gt;M.J. Booysen, C. Ripunda, M. Visser,  (2019). &quot;Results from a water-saving maintenance campaign at Cape Town schools in the run-up to Day Zero&quot;, ''Vol 50'', ''Sustainable Cities and Society''. Published: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101639. (Open access: https://doi.org/10.31224/osf.io/45cf9)&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan kuma ya biyo bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na canza ɗabi'a, inda aka raba makarantu zuwa guda uku: rukunin kulawa da aka bari a cikin duhu yawanci, sai dai don matakan gaggawa na gaba, rukunin da aka tura wa ma'aikata kawai bayanai, da rukunin da ma'aikata suka sami bayanai sannan kuma yara suka shiga cikin gasa.&lt;ref name = &quot;schoolsBehavioural&quot;&gt;M. Visser, M.J. Booysen, K. Berger, J. Brühl (2019). &quot;Saving water at Cape Town schools by using smart metering and behavioural change&quot;, ''Working paper''. https://doi.org/10.31224/osf.io/7kzwv&lt;/ref&gt; Sakamakon ya nuna gagarumin tanadi daga aikin gyaran inda mafi ƙanƙancin kwararar ruwa da daddare ya ragu da kashi 28%. Canjin ɗabi'a ya haifar da ƙarin tanadi baki ɗaya daga kashi 15% zuwa 26%, inda rukunin da suka sami bayanai kawai suka fi yin tanadi. Wani sakamako mai ban sha'awa daga binciken shi ne rabon amfani da ruwa a duk faɗin makarantun quintiles. Makarantun da suka fi fama da talauci suna da ingancin ruwa kusan kashi 50%, yayin da makarantu masu wadata ke da ingancin ruwa kusan kashi 80%.&lt;ref name = &quot;schoolsGovernance&quot;&gt;M.J. Booysen, B. Wijesiri, C. Ripunda, A. Goonetilleke,  (2019). &quot;Fees and governance: Towards sustainability in water resources management at schools in post-apartheid South Africa&quot;, ''Vol 51'', ''Sustainable Cities and Society''. Published: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101694. (Open access: https://doi.org/10.31224/osf.io/5wy8s)&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma an bayyana aikin a cikin wani shiri na musamman na CNN.&lt;ref&gt;[https://edition.cnn.com/2019/09/23/business/cape-town-drought-water-meter-intl/index.html Labarin CNN da bidiyon aikin.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ce-ce-ku-ce ==
Matsalar ruwan ta fuskanci dimbin ce-ce-ku-ce na siyasa da kuma bayanan karya, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama kalubale wajen gane ainihin girman matsalar, da kuma tantance ayyukan da ake yi na magance ta cikin dacewa. Wasu ma sun yi shakka game da kasancewar matsalar ruwan, kuma sun rage darajar ranar &quot;Day Zero&quot; a matsayin dabarar tsoratarwa kawai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Facts and Myths&quot; /&gt;

=== Rashin daidaiton rarrabawa ===
Matsalar ruwan Cape Town ta fito da rashin daidaiton rarraba ruwa a birnin fili. Kodayake kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na aliyun jama'ar Cape Town suna zaune ne a matsugunai marasa tsari (informal settlements), kashi 3.6 cikin ɗari kacal na wadatar ruwan lardin ya je ga irin waɗannan matsugunai a shekarar 2016/2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://africacheck.org/reports/do-formal-residents-use-65-of-cape-towns-water-with-half-going-to-gardens-pools/|title=Do formal residents use 65% of Cape Town's water, with half going to gardens &amp; pools?|last=Makou|first=Gopolang|date=Aug 2017|website=Africa Check}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan haka yake saboda buƙatar ruwa na mazauna ya danganta da ababen more rayuwa da aka samar, kuma gidajen da suka dogara da famfunan taron jama'a—kamar yadda yake a mafi yawan garuruwa (townships)—suna amfani da ruwa kaɗan fiye da gidajen da ke da haɗin famfo na cikin gida.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, L., &amp; Hanson, S. (2003). &quot;Access to water for the urban poor in Cape Town: where equity meets cost recovery.&quot; ''Urban Studies'', ''40''(8), 1517–1548.&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yana nufin cewa a aikace, da yawa daga cikin mazauna matsugunai marasa tsari sun riga sun amfani da ruwa a matakan da suka dace da takunkumin Mataki na 6B kuma ba su ga wani gagarumin canji a salon rayuwarsu ba kafin da kuma lokacin matsalar ruwa. Masu lura da al'amura sun soki sakacin gwamnati na rashin magance irin waɗannan matsaloli na tsaron ruwa da daidaito a cikin matsugunai marasa tsari kafin matsalar ruwan Cape Town.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/water-restrictions-its-nothing-new-us-say-residents-informal-settlements/|title=Water crisis: it makes no difference to us, say residents of informal settlements|last=Bratton|first=Laura|date=Nov 2017|website=GroundUp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar Human Rights Watch ta fitar da wata sanarwa, tana roƙon gwamnati da ta &quot;kiyaye mutuntawa da cika muhimman haƙƙoƙi a tsakiyar dorewar mafita, da kuma tabbatar da cewa an ba da fifikon raba ruwa daidai da buƙatu masu mahimmanci.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/02/01/cape-towns-water-crisis-response-needs-protect-rights-millions|title=Cape Town's Water Crisis Response Needs to Protect the Rights of Millions|last=Mavhinga|first=Deva|date=Feb 2018|website=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rabon ruwa tsakanin aikin gona da amfanin birni ===
[[File:WaterResourceAllocation.png|thumb|291x291px|Rabon ruwa tsakanin amfani daban-daban ya dogara ne akan ribar da kowane fanni ke samu. Jadawalin bai nuna tasirin waje ba.]]
An sanya takunkumin ruwa akan aikin gona da kuma amfanin birni na ruwan famfo. A matsakaici, fannin aikin gona a Western Cape ya fuskanci ragi na amfani da ruwa da kashi 60 cikin ɗari tun daga shekarar 2017. Takunkumin ruwa ya bambanta daga kashi 50 cikin ɗari a kwarin Breede (Breede Valley), kashi 60 cikin ɗari a lardin Berg River da yankin Riviersonderend da kashi 87 cikin ɗari a kwarin Lower Olifants River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 6B, ana saurin sa ran yankunan birane su rage amfani da ruwa da kashi 45 cikin ɗari. Anton Rabe, Shugaban Kamfanin Hortgro, wanda ke wakiltar manoman 'ya'yan itace a Cape Town, ya ba da hujjar cewa yanke kashi 60 cikin ɗari ga aikin gona, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 45 cikin ɗari ga birnin, ba adalci ba ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-farmers-call-for-easing-of-water-restrictions-to-repair-drought-damage-20180917|title=Western Cape farmers call for easing of water restrictions to repair drought damage|last=Gosling|first=Melanie|date=Sep 2018|work=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma, akwai labarai masu ban tsoro da bidiyoyi na vlogs waɗanda suka ɗora alhakin matsalar ruwan akan hanyoyin noma da kiwon dabbobi waɗanda ba sa kiyaye ruwa cikin inganci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Facts and Myths&quot; /&gt; Kyakkyawan rabon ruwa tsakanin aikin gona da amfanin birni yana da matukar rikitarwa saboda kasancewar abubuwan tasiri da yawa na waje (externalities), inda ruwan ban ruwa ke da matukar muhimmanci ga wadatar abinci sannan amfanin birni na da muhimmanci ga lafiyar al'umma, haka kuma canjin buƙatun na lokaci-lokaci.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="74720" sha1="8tqps4pl7jjg8fxgf5jt4fcqa7fb3xm" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Cape_Town_water_crisis_graph.svg|right|thumb|400x400px|Hotunan jimlar ruwan da aka adana a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa shida na Western Cape (blue) da kuma matakin hana ruwa na birnin Cape Town (orange) daga Nuwamba 2013 zuwa Agusta 2021.]]
'''Rikicin ruwan Cape Town''' a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ya kasance shekaru da yawa a cikin 2015-2020 na karancin ruwa a yankin Western Cape, wanda ya fi shafar birnin Cape Town . Matsakaicin ruwan madatsar ruwan ya fara raguwa a shekarar 2015 kuma matsalar ruwan Cape Town ta kai kololuwa a tsakiyar shekarar 2017 zuwa tsakiyar 2018 lokacin da ruwan ya kai tsakanin kashi 14 zuwa 29 na yawan karfin madatsar ruwa.

A ƙarshen 2017, an fara ambaton tsare-tsare na &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, taƙaitaccen bayani game da ranar da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Birni zai iya faɗi ƙasa da kashi 13.5. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cassim |first=Zaheer |date=19 January 2018 |title=Cape Town could be the first major city in the world to run out of water |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/01/19/cape-town-could-first-major-city-run-out-water/1047237001/ |website=USA Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Poplak |first=Richard |date=15 February 2018 |title=What's Actually Behind Cape Town's Water Crisis |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/cape-town-water-crisis/553076/ |access-date=22 February 2018 |website=The Atlantic}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=York |first=Geoffrey |date=8 March 2018 |title=Cape Town residents become 'guinea pigs for the world' with water-conservation campaign |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/cape-town-residents-become-guinea-pigs-for-the-world-with-water-conservationcampaign/article38257004/ |website=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya zama lokaci don nuna farkon matakan hana ruwa na Mataki na 7, lokacin da za a kashe kayan ruwa na birni da yawa kuma ana tunanin cewa mazauna za su iya yin layi don rabon ruwa na yau da kullun. Idan da hakan ta faru, da hakan zai sanya birnin Cape Town ya zama babban birni na farko a duniya da ya kaure da karancin ruwan sha a cikin kananan hukumomin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Day Zero, when is it, what is it and how can we avoid it |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Day%20Zero%20when%20is%20it,%20what%20is%20it,%20and%20how%20can%20we%20avoid%20it |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Rikicin ruwa na Cape Town ya faru a daidai lokacin da fari na Gabashin Cape, wanda ke cikin wani yanki na daban a kusa.

Birnin Cape Town ya aiwatar da tsauraran matakan hana ruwa a wani yunkuri na dakile amfani da ruwa, wanda ya rage yawan ruwan da yake amfani da shi na yau da kullum da fiye da rabi zuwa kusan lita miliyan 500 (130,000,000 US gal) a kowace rana a cikin Maris 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Narrandes |first=Nidha |date=14 March 2018 |title=Cape Town water usage lower than ever |url=http://www.capetownetc.com/water-crisis/water-usage-further-reduced-in-cape-town/ |publisher=Cape Town etc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Faduwar amfani da ruwa ya sa birnin ya jinkirta kiyasin &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, kuma ruwan sama mai karfi ya fara farfadowa a watan Yuni 1.  A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, tare da matakan dam kusa da kashi 70, birnin ya fara sauƙaƙe ƙuntatawa na ruwa, wanda ke nuna cewa mafi munin matsalar ruwa ya ƙare. &lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pitt |first=Christina |date=10 September 2018 |title=City of Cape Town relaxes water restrictions, tariffs to Level 5 |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212034631/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |archive-date=12 December 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |website=News24 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan sama mai kyau a cikin 2020 yadda ya kamata ya karya fari kuma ya haifar da karancin ruwa lokacin da matakan madatsar ruwa ya kai kashi 95 cikin dari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-07 |title=After the drought: Cape Town's gushing water |url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/after-drought-cape-towns-gushing-water/ |access-date=2020-09-11 |website=[[GroundUp News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fage ==
[[Fayil:Cape_Water_map_dams.png|thumb|274x274px|Taswirar manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa zuwa Cape Town]]
Yankin Cape Town yana fuskantar yanayi na Bahar Rum tare da dumi, bushewar lokacin rani da ruwan sama na hunturu. Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Yammacin Cape ya dogara kusan gaba ɗaya akan ruwan sama, wanda ake kamawa kuma ana adana shi a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida da ke cikin wuraren tsaunuka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Welz |first=Adam |date=1 March 2018 |title=Awaiting Day Zero: Cape Town Faces an Uncertain Water Future |url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/awaiting-day-zero-cape-town-faces-an-uncertain-water-future |publisher=Yale Environment 360}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana yin cajin madatsun ruwa ne ta hanyar ruwan sama da ke faɗowa a yankunan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, galibi a lokacin sanyi na watanni na Mayu zuwa Agusta, kuma matakan dam ɗin suna raguwa a lokacin rani na watanni na Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu inda amfani da ruwa na birane ke ƙaruwa kuma ana samun ban ruwa a yankunan noma.

Amfani da birane da aikin gona yana cinye kusan kashi 70 da kashi 30 bisa 100 na jimillar ruwan da tsarin samar da ruwan sha na Western Cape ke bayarwa, tare da sauye-sauye na yanayi.   A cikin zamanin bayan [[Apartheid|wariyar launin fata]], kuma a ƙarƙashin tsarin Tsarin [[Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Afirka ta Kudu|Ruwa na Kyauta na Kyauta]], Birnin Cape Town ya karɓi tsarin haɓaka tsarin jadawalin kuɗin fito don farashin ruwa, wanda aka azabtar da mafi girma masu amfani da ruwa tare da mafi girman jadawalin kuɗin fito don hana amfani, yayin da aka saita jadawalin farko block a (kusa) sifili don tabbatar da samun daidaiton ruwa zuwa kowane matakin asali na Afirka ta Kudu.  Magidanta masu rahusa masu rijista a Cape Town tare da haɗin kai tsaye da ruwa da tsafta suna karɓar lita 6 000 na farko a kowane wata na ruwa kyauta, kuma ana cajin kuɗin fito ne kawai don cinyewa sama da adadin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services and costs in formal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-and-costs-for-formal-housing |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt; Magidanta a ƙauyuka na yau da kullun ana ba da ruwa daga famfun jama'a da kuma amfani da bandakunan jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services in informal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family+and+home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-in-informal-settlements |website=City of Cape Town }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ga manoman da ke samun ruwa daga Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape, ana duba su da allunan ban ruwa da ƙungiyoyi masu amfani da ruwa. Manoman da yawa kuma suna shiga tsarin rarraba ban ruwa (daga takamaiman kwararar kogi), kuma suna da madatsun ruwa masu zaman kansu da [[Rijiyar burtsatse|rijiyoyin burtsatse]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Water File |url=http://www.wwf.org.za/water/?25441/Agricultural-water-file-Farming-for-a-drier-future |website=Worldwide Fund for Nature}}&lt;/ref&gt; Birnin ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba sa samun riba a kan siyar da ruwa, kuma manufofin farashin ruwa na ƙoƙarin daidaita daidaito, daidaito da buƙatun dawo da farashi. 

Zamanin ƙarancin ruwan sama na hunturu a 2000-2001 da 2003-2004 ya haifar da hana ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;WCDM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Basholo |first=Zolile |date=4 February 2016 |title=Overview of Water Demand Management Initiatives: A City of Cape Town Approach |url=https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Water-Sector-Desk-Content/CoCT-WCWDM-presentation-Z-Basholo-Western-Cape-Water-Forum-160204-2016.pdf |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin 2003, Birnin ya shiga yarjejeniya tare da Sashen Ruwa da Dazuzzuka na lokacin don gina madatsar ruwa ta Berg da Tsarin kari sannan kuma ta fara kula da bukatar ruwa. A shekarar 2009, an karu da karfin ajiyar madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Cape Town da kashi 17 cikin 100 daga 768 zuwa miliyan 898 cubic meters lokacin da aka kammala aikin madatsar ruwan Berg da kuma shirin samar da kayayyaki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cape Town&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2009 |title=Cape Town's water supply boosted |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102756/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-date=27 March 2009 |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2015, Birnin Cape Town ya sami babbar lambar yabo ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da sanin ƙoƙarinsu na Kula da Ruwa da Buƙatun Ruwa (WCWDM). Cape Town ya yi nasara musamman wajen rage asarar ruwa ta hanyar yoyon fitsari, inda aka samu asarar ruwa da kashi 14 cikin dari, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin kashi 35 cikin dari na kasa. Dokokin sun kuma fayyace cewa ya kamata a samar da ingantattun kayan aikin ruwa da Ofishin Ma'auni na Afirka ta Kudu ya amince da shi don duk sabbin ci gaba da gyare-gyare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=C40 Cities Awards 2015 |url=https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |access-date=2025-08-12 |archive-date=2021-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923092342/https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Jeron Lokaci ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;cellpadding=&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em; text-align:center; font-size:95%&quot;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th colspan=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;&gt;Matakan ruwa a matsayin kashi na jimillar ƙarfin madatsun ruwa ta shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/whats-causing-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=What's causing Cape Town's water crisis?|last=Bohatch|first=Trevor|date=16 May 2017|publisher=Ground Up|location=Cape Town|language=en|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
|-
! Manyan madatsun ruwa
! Ƙarfi (megalitres)
! 17 Mayu 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-utility-services/residential-water-and-sanitation-services/this-weeks-dam-levels|title=City of Cape Town: Dam Levels|date=18 May 2021|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;!!18 Mayu 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=18 May 2020|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 13 Mayu 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=13 May 2019|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=22 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 14 Mayu 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|title=Water Dashboard|date=Mar 2019|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-date=7 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207180447/http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 15 Mayu 2017 !! 15 Mayu 2016 !! 15 Mayu 2015 !! 15 Mayu 2014
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Berg River|| 130,010
|76.1||65.6||68.1|| 39.2|| 32.4|| 27.2|| 54.0|| 90.5
|-
|Steenbras Lower|| 33,517
|58.0||48.4||38.6|| 35.4|| 26.5|| 37.6|| 47.9|| 39.6
|-
|Steenbras Upper|| 31,767
|54.2||96.5||65.0|| 59.6|| 56.7|| 56.9|| 57.8|| 79.1
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof|| 480,188
|75.2||50.2||36.1|| 12.0|| 15.0|| 31.3|| 51.3|| 74.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Voelvlei|| 164,095
|58.3||50.4||55.4|| 14.5|| 17.2|| 21.3|| 42.5|| 59.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Wemmershoek|| 58,644
|59.1||43.3||43.6|| 48.4|| 36.0|| 48.5|| 50.5|| 58.8
|-
| Jimillar da aka ajiye (megalitres) || 898,221
|626,907||481,370||411,849|| 191,843|| 190,300|| 279,954|| 450,429 || 646,137
|-
|'''Jimillar % na Ma'ajiya'''||100
|'''69.8'''||'''53.6'''||'''45.9'''||'''21.4'''||'''21.2'''||'''31.2'''||'''50.1'''||'''71.9'''
|}

===2015–2016===
Bayan samun kyakkyawan ruwan sama a shekarun 2013 da 2014, Birnin Cape Town ya fara fuskantar fari a shekarar 2015, wanda shi ne na farko cikin shekaru uku a jere na lokutan sanyi marasa ruwa da suka auku, mai yiwuwa sanadiyyar tsarin yanayi na El Niño ko kuma canjin yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AfricaC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://africacheck.org/2016/02/03/frequently-asked-questions-about-south-africas-drought|title=Frequently asked questions about South Africa's drought|date=3 February 2016|publisher=Africa Check|language=en|location=Cape Town|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matakan ruwa a madatsun ruwan Birnin sun ragu daga kashi 71.9 cikin dari a shekarar 2014 zuwa kashi 50.1 cikin dari a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot; /&gt; A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016, hukumar Birnin ta ɗaukaka tsoffin takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 1 (Level 1) tun na shekarar 2005 zuwa Mataki na 2 (Level 2), kuma a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2016 ta sake ɗaukaka shi zuwa Mataki na 3 (Level 3), lokacin da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta wallafa takunkumin amfani da ruwa na hukuma don birane da aikin gona. Kuma babban farin da ya shafi sauran sassan Afirka ta Kudu ya ƙare a watan Agusta 2016 lokacin da aka sami babban ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin ƙasar,&lt;ref name=&quot;encarain&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|title=Southern Africa faces floods after drought|last=Masinde|first=Muthoni|date=18 August 2016|access-date=2017-06-01|archive-date=1 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101190233/https://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma farin na lardin Western Cape ya ci gaba da wanzuwa.

===2017===
Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin amfani da ruwa zuwa Mataki na 3B a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2017, kuma a ƙarshen lokacin rani a watan Mayu 2017, an ayyana farin a matsayin mafi muni da Birnin ya taɓa fuskanta a cikin ƙarni guda, inda ruwan da ke cikin madatsun ruwa ya kasance ƙasa da kashi 10 cikin dari na ƙarfin amfaninsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/31/africa/cape-town-drought/index.html|title=Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century|last=Van Dam|first=Derek|website=CNN.com|publisher=CNN|date=31 May 2017|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 4 a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2017, wanda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 100 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;level4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|title=City of Cape Town approves Level 4 water restrictions|last=Etheridge|first=Jenna|date=31 May 2017|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429230521/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jimillar ruwan sama da aka samu a shekarar 2017 ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta tun lokacin da aka fara riƙe bayanan ruwan sama a shekarar 1933.&lt;ref name=&quot;csag&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2017-08-31-how-severe-is-the-droughta|title=How severe is the drought?|last=Wolski|first=Piotr|date=Aug 2017|website=University of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayin da lokacin zafi mai bushewa ke gabatowa, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin ruwa na yanzu zuwa Mataki na 4B a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2017, sannan zuwa Mataki na 5 a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2017, inda aka haramta amfani da ruwa a waje da kuma ayyukan da ba su da muhimmanci sosai, tare da ƙarfafa amfani da ruwan wanka/wanki (grey water) don zubarwa a bayan gida, kuma aka yi niyyar iyakance yawan amfanin ruwa na kowane mutum zuwa lita 87 a rana, don jimillar amfani da lita miliyan 500 a rana gaba ɗaya birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; Sai dai kuma, sanya takunkumin Mataki na 5 ya zo tare da sanarwa mai rikitarwa game da iyakokin amfani da ruwa na gidaje, wanda hakan ya haifar da akasin haka ta hanyar ƙara yawan amfani da ruwa ga wasu mutane.&lt;ref name = &quot;Booysen&quot; /&gt;  
[[File:Behavioural response to messaging on the drought. .png|thumb|Martanin halayyar mutane game da saƙonni kan fari na Day Zero&lt;ref name=&quot;Booysen&quot;/&gt;
]]

A farkon watan Oktoba 2017, biyo bayan lokacin sanyi mai ƙarancin ruwan sama, an kiyasta cewa Cape Town tana da kusan watanni biyar na ajiyar ruwa kafin matakan ruwan su ƙare sarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; A cikin wannan watan ne kuma, Hukumar Birnin Cape Town ta fitar da shirin gaggawa na ruwa wanda za a aiwatar da shi a matakai daban-daban dangane da tsananin ƙarancin ruwan. Mataki na 1 (Phase 1) wanda ya ƙunshi &quot;rabon ruwa ta hanyar rage ƙarfin matsin ruwa na madatsun ruwa sosai&quot; an aiwatar da shi nan da nan. A Mataki na 2 (Phase 2), bayan &quot;Day Zero&quot;, za a kashe ruwa ga yawancin tsarin samar da ruwa in ban da wuraren da ke da muhimmancin gaske na samun ruwa. Mataki na 3 (Phase 3) zai kasance lokacin da Birnin ba zai iya sake jan ruwa daga madatsun ruwa na saman ƙasa a Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape ba, kuma za a sami ɗan ƙaramin lokaci kafin tsarin samar da ruwa gaba ɗaya ya gaza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Critical%20Water%20Shortages%20Disaster%20Plan%20Summary.pdf|title=Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan Summary|last=Bosman|first=Richard|date=October 2017|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-04-op-ed-the-city-of-cape-towns-critical-water-shortages-disaster-plan/#.WfwyhGiCyUl|title=Op-Ed: The City of Cape Town's Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan {{!}} Daily Maverick|last=De Lille|first=Patricia|date=4 October 2017|website=www.dailymaverick.co.za|publisher=City of Cape Town|language=en|access-date=3 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|title=Day Zero FAQs|date=5 April 2018|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719203400/http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===2018===
[[File:Theewaterskloof Dam 2018 02 10 (28425520089).jpg|thumb|right|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof tana kusan kashi 12% a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 2018]]
A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2018, Birnin ya ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 6 na lita 87 ga kowane mutum a rana guda. A watan Fabrairu 2018, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin zuwa Mataki na 6B inda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 50 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; Majalisar zartarwa ta lardin ta kuma sanar da cewa tana tsara tsare-tsare tare da Hukumar 'Yansandan Afirka ta Kudu don dabarun tura jami'ai a wuraren rarraba ruwa a duk faɗin Birnin bayan &quot;Day Zero&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-01-24-government-must-refund-cape-town-for-cost-of-managing-the-water-crisis/|title=Government must refund Cape Town for cost of managing the water crisis|date=24 January 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Theewaterskloof sandscape 2018-03-11.jpg|thumb|Babban ma'ajiyar ruwa ta Cape Town, Theewaterskloof, ta kasance a kashi 11% na ƙarfinta a watan Maris 2018]]

A tsakiyar watan Janairu 2018, tsohuwar magajiyar garin Cape Town Patricia de Lille ta sanar da cewa Birnin zai tilas ya kashe mafi yawan hanyoyin samar da ruwa na gundumomi idan yanayi bai canza ba. Za a ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 7, wato &quot;Day Zero&quot;, lokacin da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa ga Birnin ya kai kashi 13.5 cikin dari. Za a kashe mafi yawan famfunan ruwa na birni, kuma mazauna gari za su dogara ne da wuraren karɓar ruwa guda 149 a kewayen Birnin don karɓar rabon ruwa na yau da kullun na lita 25 ga kowane mutum.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|title=JP Smith answers Day Zero questions: 'It's going to be really unpleasant'|last1=Harrison|first1=Aletta|last2=Janse van Rensburg|first2=Alet|date=26 January 2018|publisher=News24|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216222015/https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|title=Borehole rules? Can you use sea water to flush? – The City of Cape Town answers your questions|date=30 January 2018|publisher=GroundUp|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913113205/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan zai ƙara shafar tattalin arzikin Cape Town, domin ma'aikata za su buƙaci ɗaukar hutu daga wuraren aiki don yin layi jiran ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;In Trouble&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/cape-town-south-africa-water-crisis/|title='I Knew We Were in Trouble.' What It's Like to Live Through Cape Town's Massive Water Crisis|magazine=Time|access-date=2018-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Za a ci gaba da samar da ruwa a tsakiyar yankin kasuwanci na Birnin (CBD), da kuma matsugunai na wucin gadi (inda dama tuni ake karɓar ruwa daga tsakiyar wurare) da kuma muhimman ayyuka kamar asibitoci. A lokacin da aka yi sanarwar, an kiyasta cewa &quot;Day Zero&quot; zai kasance a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 2018, amma jim kaɗan bayan haka aka sake duba shi zuwa 12 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5103259/cape-town-water-crisis/|title=Cape Town Is 90 Days Away From Running Out of Water|last=Baker|first=Aryn|date=15 January 2018|magazine=Time|access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/drought-stricken-cape-town-south-africa-run-water/story?id=52402170|title=Drought-stricken Cape Town, South Africa, could run out of water by April's 'day zero'|last=Thom|first=Liezl|date=17 January 2018|work=ABC News|access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/01/23/day-zero-brought-forward-ct-officials-prepare-for-worst|title=Day Zero Brought Forward, CT Officials Prepare for Worst|last=Brandt|first=Kevin|date=23 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kiyasin &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya ginu ne bisa canje-canje na mako biyu a matakan ajiyar madatsun ruwa, tare da zaton cewa ƙarancin zai ci gaba ba tare da sauyi ba, ba tare da ƙarin ruwan sama ko canji a buƙatar ruwa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;neilson20Feb&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Defeating%20Day%20Zero%20is%20in%20sight%20if%20we%20sustain%20our%20water-saving%20efforts|title=Statement by the City's Executive Mayor, Alderman Ian Neilson: Defeating Day Zero is in sight if we sustain our water-saving efforts|last=Neilson|first=Ian|date=20 February 2018|publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amfani da ruwa na gidaje da na aikin gona ya ragu sosai ƙarƙashin sabbin takunkumin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot; /&gt; Wannan ya bai wa Birnin damar tura kiyasin &quot;Day Zero&quot; baya a matakai daban-daban, kuma a ranar 28 ga Yuni aka jinkirta &quot;Day Zero&quot; har zuwa wani lokaci da ba a bayyana ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;neilson20Feb&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zero Delayed&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/05/africa/cape-town-day-zero-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town 'Day Zero' delayed as agricultural water use drops|last=Said-Moorhouse|first=Lauren|date=5 February 2018|publisher=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/02/south-africa-day-pushed-june-180215094221289.html|title=South Africa: Day Zero pushed back to June|website=aljazeera.com|date=2018-02-15|access-date=2018-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/01/africa/cape-town-water-crisis-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town cuts water use limit by nearly half|last1=Said-Moorhouse|first1=Lauren|date=1 February 2018|publisher=CNN|access-date=2018-02-03|last2=Mezzofiore|first2=Gianluca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kyakkyawan ruwan sama na lokacin sanyi a shekarar 2018 ya haifar da hauhawar matakan madatsun ruwa, sai dai Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta ƙasa ta sanar da cewa takunkumin ruwa na baki ɗaya zai ci gaba da kasancewa har sai matakan ruwan sun kai kashi 85 cikin dari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-edges-closer-to-an-end-to-the-drought-as-dam-levels-continue-to-rise-20180712|title=Western Cape edges closer to an end to the drought as dam levels continue to rise|date=12 July 2018|publisher=News24|access-date=12 July 2018|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713202149/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-edges-closer-to-an-end-to-the-drought-as-dam-levels-continue-to-rise-20180712|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumba, tare da matakan madatsun ruwa kusa da kashi 70 cikin dari zuwa ƙarshen lokacin damina, birnin ya rage takunkumin amfani da ruwa na masu amfani daga mataki na 6B zuwa mataki na 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;/&gt; Matakan madatsun ruwa sun kai kololuwa a kashi 76 cikin dari. A watan Nuwamba, an rage takunkumin zuwa Mataki na 3, ko lita 105 ga kowane mutum a rana guda.
Ƙarƙashin takunkumin Mataki na 3, ana iya amfani da ruwan famfo na birni don shayar da lambuna a takaitattun lokuta, ta amfani da rariyar shayarwa ko boka amma ba bututun roba (hose) ba, don wanke motoci ta amfani da boka, da kuma cika wuraren ninkaya muddin wurin ninkayar yana sanye da murfi don hana daskarewa ko kafeewar ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures%2C%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Level%203%20water%20restrictions%20FAQs.pdf|title=Level 3 Water Restrictions (2018)|date=30 November 2018|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=29 November 2018|archive-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129184323/http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures%2C%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Level%203%20water%20restrictions%20FAQs.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilai ==
=== Fari mai tsanani ===
Sanadin faruwar matsalar ruwan kai-tsaye shi ne fari mai tsanani da ya auku daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2017 wanda ya wuce ƙa'idodin tsare-tsare na Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli. Bincike kan bayanan yanayi na dogon lokaci da Ƙungiyar Nazarin Tsarin Yanayi (Climate System Analysis Group) ta gudanar a Jami'ar Cape Town ya tabbatar da cewa ƙarancin ruwan sama tsakanin shekarun 2015 da 2017 ya kasance babban al'amari mai wuyar gaske kuma mai tsananin gaske.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.csag.uct.ac.za/2018/01/22/facts-are-few-opinions-plenty-on-drought-severity-again/|title=Facts are few, opinions plenty… on drought severity again|website=www.csag.uct.ac.za|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ragewar yanayin ruwan sama yana da alaƙa da sauye-sauye masu faɗi a cikin zirga-zirgar sararin samaniya da na teku, gami da sauyin alkibla zuwa kusa da pole na hanyoyin raba ruwan sanyi na Kudancin Hemisphere tsakanin 2015–17, sauyin jet-stream da haɓakar matsin lamba na South Atlantic High.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sousa|first1=Pedro M.|last2=Blamey|first2=R.|last3=Reason|first3=C.J.C.|last4=Ramos|first4=A.M.|last5=Trigo|first5=R.M.|date=2018|title=The 'Day Zero' Cape Town drought and the poleward migration of moisture corridors|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=13|issue=12|pages=124025|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aaebc7|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shekarar 2017 ita shekara mafi bushewa tun daga shekarar 1933, kuma mai yiwuwa ma kafin hakan, tunda babu bayanan kwatankwacin hakan kafin 1933. An kuma gano cewa fari mai tsananin haka a ƙididdigance zai iya aukuwa sau ɗaya kacal a kowace shekara 300.&lt;ref name=&quot;csag&quot; /&gt;

=== Gudanar da buƙatu da samar da ruwa na dogon lokaci ===
Yawan jama'ar Birnin Cape Town ya ƙaru daga mazauna miliyan 2.4 a shekarar 1995 zuwa kiyasin mutane miliyan 4.1 a shekarar 2015, wanda ke nuna haɓakar kashi 71 cikin dari na jama'a a cikin shekaru 20, yayin da ajiyar ruwan madatsun ruwa ya ƙaru da kashi 17 cikin dari kacal a daidai wannan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/cape-town-population/|title=Cape Town Population 2019|website=World Population Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tasirin ƙaruwar jama'a akan buƙatar ruwa masana galibi suna rage masa daraja, tunda hasashen yakan gaza yin lissafin cikakken amfani da ruwa na mutum na kaidin fakaici ta hanyar samar da abinci da kayayyakin masarufi.&lt;ref&gt;Schutte, C. F., &amp; Pretorius, W. A. (1997). Water demand and population growth. ''WATER SA-PRETORIA-'', ''23'', 127–134.&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2007, Ma'aikatar Al'amuran Ruwa da Gandun Daji ta yi hasashen cewa ci gaban buƙata akan Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape zai wuce iyakar abin da ake samarwa idan ba a aiwatar da matakan kiyaye ruwa da gudanar da buƙatun ruwa ba ta hannun Birnin da sauran hukumomin gundumomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCWRSNewsletterMarch09&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/19/WCWRSNewsletterMarch09.pdf|title=Western Cape Water Reconciliation Strategy Newsletter 5|date=March 2009|publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ƙaruwa ta buƙatun dogon lokaci tana daɗa ta'azzara sakamakon matsin lamba akan samar da ruwa na dogon lokaci, gami da bazuwar baƙon shuke-shuke da canjin yanayi. Bazuwar baƙon shuke-shuke masu shan ruwa da yawa a mahimman yankunan tattara ruwa ya rage samar da ruwa zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof da kiyasin mita mai siffar sili guda miliyan 30 a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An sami ƙaruwar digiri ɗaya na ma'aunin Celsius a yanayin zafi cikin ƙarni da suka gabata kuma ƙididdigar na'ura ta yi hasashen cewa matsakaicin zafi a Cape Town zai ƙaru da wani digiri 0.25 na Celsius a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, wanda hakan na iya ƙara yuwuwa da tsananin fari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Buis |first1=Alan |date=2020-09-08 |title=Making Sense of 'Climate Sensitivity': New Study Narrows the Range of Uncertainty in Future Climate Projections |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/ask-nasa-climate/3017/making-sense-of-climate-sensitivity/ |access-date=14 January 2022 |website=NASA: Climate Change and Global Warming |publisher=NASA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, ba a nuna tasirin canjin yanayi sosai ba a cikin tsarin yanayi na yanzu: Helen Zille, Firimiyan Western Cape, ta ce Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Afirka ta Kudu ba ta yi tsammanin fari mai tsanani ba har sai bayan wasu shekaru 10.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-01-26-zille-tries-to-blame-it-on-the-weatherman/|title=Zille tries to blame it on the weatherman|last=Petra|first=Saal|date=Jan 2018|work=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gazawar gwamnati ===
Hukumar gaggawa ta gundumomi, na lardi, da na ƙasa suna raba alhakin samar da ruwa. Dokar Ruwa ta Ƙasa (Dokar 36 ta 1998) ta tsara cewa gwamnatin ƙasa ita ce &quot;atoni na jama'a&quot; na albarkatun ruwa na ƙasar don tabbatar da cewa ana &quot;kariya, amfani, haɓakawa, kiyayewa, gudanarwa da sarrafa ruwa cikin dorewa da adalci, don amfanin kowa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Facts and Myths&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/facts-and-myths-about-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=Facts and myths about Cape Town's water crisis|date=Jan 2018|work=GroundUp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haifar da takaddama tsakanin gwamnatin gunduma da ta lardi da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin jam'iyyar adawa (Democratic Alliance, DA) a gefe guda, da kuma gwamnatin ƙasa mai rinjaye a ɗayan gefen (African National Congress, ANC), inda jam'iyyun ke zargin juna da laifin haddasa matsalar ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saunderson-Meyer&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saundersonmeyer-drought-commentary/commentary-in-drought-hit-south-africa-the-politics-of-water-idUSKBN1FP226|title=Commentary: In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water|last=Saunderson-Meyer|first=William|work=U.S.|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sukar DA saboda rashin tunanin gaba wajen samar da sabbin hanyoyin ruwa da ababen more rayuwa, yayin da ake zargin ANC da hana bayar da kuɗaɗe domin gurgunta tare da kunyata gwamnatin da DA ke jagoranta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-03-07-day-zero-heroes-maimane-hails-water-wise-capetonians-as-crisis-recedes/|title='Day Zero heroes': Maimane hails water-wise Capetonians as crisis recedes|last=Hyman|first=Aron|date=Mar 2018|work=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda rahoton ƙungiyar South African Water Caucus ya nuna, tarin bashi da almundahana mai yawa a Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na iya zama dalilin gazawarta na karɓar buƙatar Western Cape ta R35 miliyan (Dalar Amurka miliyan 3) don ƙara samar da ruwa da ababen more rayuwa a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://emg.org.za/images/downloads/water_cl_ch/SAWC_State-of-DWS-Report.pdf|title=REPORT ON THE STATE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION|website=South African Water Caucus|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925190453/https://www.emg.org.za/images/downloads/water_cl_ch/SAWC_State-of-DWS-Report.pd|archive-date=25 September 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Helen Zille, Firimiyan Western Cape, ta yi kiran da gwamnatin ƙasa ta mayar wa Birnin Cape Town kuɗaɗen da aka kashe wajen tafiyar da matsalar ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan24&quot; /&gt;

A tsakiyar watan Oktoba 2017, wasu kamfanonin raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination) sun soki Birnin saboda tafiyar hawainiya wajen sayan kayayyaki, yawan tsarin mulki na ofis (bureaucracy), rashin nuna gaggawa, da rashin isassun sikelin ayyukan samar da ruwa da aka tsara. A watan Janairu 2018, a matsayin martani ga wani rahoto mai tsanani da ya soki Birnin Cape Town saboda gaza magance bala'in cikin dacewa da lokaci da sauran gazawar shugabanci, hukumar zartarwa ta tarayya ta DA ta yanke shawarar cire magajiyar garin Cape Town Patricia de Lille daga jagorancin tawagar da ke magance matsalar fari, inda aka maye gurbinta da Mmusi Maimane, jagoran jam'iyyar DA gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/cape-town-water-crisis-crossing-state-and-party-lines-isnt-the-answer-90861|title=Cape Town Water Crisis Crossing State and Party Lines|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Polweb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/cape-town-city-manager-given-special-powers-to-dea|title=Cape Town city manager given special powers to deal with water crisis – NEWS &amp; ANALYSIS|last=News24|date=26 October 2017|website=www.politicsweb.co.za|language=en|access-date=2017-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kin amincewa da tsarin raba gishiri da ruwa ===
A shekarar 2018, Cape Town ta yi watsi da tayin da ƙasar Isra'ila ta yi mata na taimaka mata wajen gina masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination).&lt;ref&gt;In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water, Reuters, January 25, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cape Town May Dry Up Because of an Aversion to Israel, Wall St. Journal, February 21, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Cape Town Water Crisis and Hating Israel, aish, February 11, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;South African stupidity, Jerusalem Post, February 3, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasiri ==
[[File:Westridge Gardens 9.jpg|thumb|An gina Babban Tubalin Furanni (Flower Monument) a Westridge Gardens don tunawa da taron addu'o'in neman kyakkyawan ruwan sama lokacin da ake tsaka da matsalar ruwa. ]]
Matsalar ruwan ta haifar da babban tasiri ga tattalin arziki, lafiya, da tsaro. Ya fito fili cewa samar da ruwan famfo na birni don ban ruwa da amfanin birane yana da tasiri mai kyau (positive externalities) ta fuskar wadatar abinci, lafiyar jama'a, da daidaiton al'umma gaba ɗaya.

=== Tattalin Arziki ===
Matsalar ruwan ta yi sanadiyyar asarar ayyukan yi guda 37,000 a lardin Western Cape, sannan an kiyasta cewa mutane 50,000 sun fada ƙasa da layin talauci sakamakon asarar ayyukan yi, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, da ƙarin farashin abinci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Storms to Come&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://features.dailymaverick.co.za/cape-of-storms-to-come/|title=Cape of Storms To Come|last=DIANA NEILLE, MARELISE VAN DER MERWE &amp; LEILA DOUGAN|website=features.dailymaverick.co.za|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-03|archive-date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623202853/http://features.dailymaverick.co.za/cape-of-storms-to-come/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masana sun kiyasta cewa &quot;matsalar ruwan za ta lakume ayyukan yi kusan 300,000 a fannin aikin gona, da kuma wasu dubun-dubatar a fannonin hidima, baƙunci, da abinci&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;In Trouble&quot; /&gt;

==== Aikin Gona ====
Aikin gona wata muhimmiyar masana'anta ce a Western Cape. Masana'antar ruwan inabi (giya) a Western Cape ta janyo hankalin masu yawon buɗe ido miliyan 1.5 a shekarar 2017, kuma tare da masana'antar 'ya'yan itace tana ɗaukar ma'aikata kusan 340,000 tare da ba da gudummawar fiye da kashi 10% ga tattalin arzikin Western Cape. Da yawa daga cikin shuke-shuken suna buƙatar ruwa mai yawa; alal misali, gonar inabi tana buƙatar tsakanin inci 10 zuwa 24 na ruwa don ta tsira. A matsakaici, fannin aikin gona a Western Cape ya gudanar da ragin amfani da ruwa da kashi 60 cikin ɗari daga shekarar 2017 zuwa 2018, wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙarancin amfanin gona da kiyasin asarar tattalin arziki na R5.9 biliyan (Dalar Amurka miliyan 400), ayyukan yi 30,000, da faɗuwar kashi 13–20 cikin ɗari na kayayyakin da ake fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Wasu kiyasin sun sanya adadin ya fi haka inda ya kai R14 biliyan (Dalar Amurka biliyan 1).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/economy/2018-02-05-farmers-lose-r14bn-as-cape-drought-bites/|title=Farmers lose R14bn as Cape drought bites|last=Phakathi|first=Bekezela|date=5 February 2018|work=Business Day|access-date=2018-02-07|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuɗaɗen da ake samu daga hannun jarin masana'antun ruwan inabi da na 'ya'yan itace na cikin gida suna da matukar ƙanƙanta koda yake masana'antar ruwan inabin tana samar da wasu shahararrun ruwan inabi a duniya. Wannan ya haifar da fargabar cewa kasuwancin aikin gona da yawa suna fuskantar haɗarin fatara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== Fannin Yawon Buɗe Ido ====
Cape Town babbar matattarar masu yawon buɗe ido ce kuma ita ce birni mafi karɓar baƙi na dogon zango a nahiyar gaba ɗaya. Masana'antar yawon buɗe ido ita ma ta fuskanci babban kalubale sakamakon raguwar baƙi masu zuwa, masauki, da zirga-zirgar baƙi a wuraren shaƙatawa a watan Janairu 2018 idan aka kwatanta da daidai wannan lokacin a shekarar 2017. Fannin masauki ya ba da rahoton raguwar mazauna da kashi 10%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.capetown.travel/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CTT-Research-Report-April-2018_Classic.pdf|title=CTT Research Report April 2018|date=24 July 2018|website=Cape Town Tourism|access-date=24 July 2018|archive-date=24 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724183611/http://www.capetown.travel/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CTT-Research-Report-April-2018_Classic.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otal-otal sun yi rangwame kan ayyukansu, kamar cire matosai na burtun wanka, ba wa baƙi maganin tsaftace hannu (hand sanitiser), sanya na'urorin rage gudu a wuraren wanka, da ko dai share wuraren ninkaya sarai ko cika su da ruwan gishiri. A watan Oktoba 2017, Birnin ya ƙaddamar da ɗayan mahimman tsare-tsarensa, wato yaƙin neman zaɓe na 'Ajiye ruwa kamar ɗan gida' (Save like a local), tare da mai da hankali kan sanya masu yawon buɗe ido cikin ayyukan dakile fari na fadin birni gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How to &quot;Save Water Like a Local&quot; |url=https://capetownsafaris.com/save-water-like-local/ |website=Cape Town Safaris |date=11 April 2018 |access-date=14 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Talaucin Ruwa (Hydrological poverty) ===
Talaucin ruwa yakan kama mutanen da ba za su iya sayen abinci ko ruwan da ake buƙata don al'ummarsu ta zama mai wadata ba. A Cape Town, ya zama haramun sayar da ruwa daga rijiyoyi ko koguna amma mutane na iya samun riba daga sufuri da kwadagon da ke da alaƙa da kai ruwa daga wasu yankuna. Waɗanda suka yi amfani da ruwa fiye da ƙa'idar yau da kullun da aka gatsa ta lita 50 ga kowane mutum a rana an ci su tara tsakanin R500 zuwa R3,000 (Dalar Amurka 35–210). Sai dai wannan tasiri ya ƙara ƙarfafa tazarar talauci saboda taran ta kasance kaɗan ga mawadata amma mai rugurgutawa ga mazauna marasa galihu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.odi.org/blogs/10616-politics-poverty-and-climate-change-stories-cape-town-s-day-zero|title=Politics, poverty, and climate change: stories from Cape Town's 'Day Zero'|website=ODI|date=8 March 2018 |language=en|access-date=2020-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lafiyayyar Al'umma ===
Ma'aikatan lafiyar al'umma sun nuna damuwa game da cututtukan da za su iya yaduwa ta hanyar gurɓatar bayan gida da baki (faecal-oral contamination) sakamakon ƙarancin wanke hannu. Kamfanonin lafiyar al'umma, cibiyoyin bincike, da masu ba da lafiya su ma sun damu game da tasirin da matsalar ruwan za ta iya yi ga ayyukan lafiya.

Rashin isasshen tsaftar muhalli na iya haifar da cututtukan zawo (diarrhoeal diseases), waɗanda ke kashe mutane miliyan 2.2 kowace shekara a duniya, inda yawancin mace-mace ke faruwa tsakanin yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 5. Tare da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 4.3 da yawa na mutane kusan 1500 a kowace murabba'in kilomita, an ba da shawarar cewa wannan na iya haifar da cututtuka kamar kwalara da sauran su bazu cikin sauri ba tare da ingantaccen tsafta ba, musamman a unguwannin matalauta na Cape Town. Idan babu tsaftataccen ruwa, illolin lafiyar al'umma na iya ƙaruwa ta hanyar kwari a cikin kazaman ruwaye, waɗanda zasu iya haifar da ƙarin bazuwar cututtuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Comes the horror&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/cape-town-water-crisis-drought-disease/|title=Cape Town water crisis: With drought, comes the horror of disease|last=Head|first=Tom|date=10 October 2017|work=The South African|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ai sun yi gargaɗin cewa cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa kamar kwalara, hepatitis A, da zazzabin taifot (typhoid fever) &quot;da alama za su fi yaduwa&quot; yayin da mazauna garin suka fara adana ruwa a cikin kwantena masu ƙazanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAQs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Disaster%20and%20Demand%20FAQ.pdf|title=Water related FAQs|date=15 March 2018|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman bazuwar cututtuka tana da yuwuwar faruwa sakamakon matsakaicin amfani da lita 25 kacal na ruwa ga kowane mutum a rana, adadin da bai isa ba don kiyaye tsaftar gida. Wannan haɗe da amfani da ruwan wanka/wanki (greywater) da ƙarfafawa daga kafofin watsa labaru na rashin wanke 'ya'yan itace ya ƙara haɗarin gurɓatawa. Wani tasiri kuma ga lafiyar al'umma sakamakon matsalar ruwan shi ne ƙarancin abubuwan gina jiki ko ƙarancin ingancin abubuwan gina jiki da mutane ke samu. Saboda ƙarancin ruwa, amfanin gona da dabbobi suna raguwa ko kuma ingancinsu yana faduwa.&lt;ref&gt;Parks, R., McLaren, M., Toumi, R., &amp; Rivett, U. (2019). Experiences and lessons in managing water from Cape Town (29) [Grafiek &amp;  Literatuur]. Geraadpleegd van https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/grantham-institute/public/publications/briefing-papers/Experiences-and-lessons-in-managing-water.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗarin Lafiyar Wurin Aiki ===
Wuraren wankan gaggawa da na wanke idanu muhimmin sashi ne na tsaron wurin aiki ga dakunan gwaje-gwaje (laboratories) da ma'aikata da yawa. Ana buƙatar wadatar ruwa akai-akai idan aka fuskanci haɗarin sinadarai masu guba. Yawancin buƙatun Tsaron Wurin Aiki da Lafiya sun ba da shawarar cewa wuraren wankan gaggawa su kasance suna iya fitar da lita 75 a kowane minti na tsawon mintuna 15 aƙalla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://blogs.plos.org/publichealth/2018/02/05/day-zero-the-impact-of-cape-towns-water-shortage-on-public-health/|title=Day Zero: The impact of Cape Town's water shortage on public health {{!}} Public Health|date=5 February 2018|work=Public Health|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815104537/http://blogs.plos.org/publichealth/2018/02/05/day-zero-the-impact-of-cape-towns-water-shortage-on-public-health/|archive-date=15 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan aka dakatar ko iyakance waɗannan wuraren wankan, ma'aikatan da ke sarrafa sinadarai masu lahani sosai za su kasance cikin haɗari.

=== Kula da Yara ===
A gidaje da gidajen marayu, yara suna ɗaya daga cikin rukunoni mafi rauni da za su iya wahala daga illolin ƙarancin ruwa ga lafiya. Ciyarwa, wankewa, da haifuwar kayayyakin da ake buƙata don kula da yara na buƙatar ruwa mai yawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/vulnerable-fear-cape-towns-water-shut-off-20180208|title=Vulnerable fear Cape Town's water shut-off|work=News24|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en|archive-date=30 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330211225/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/vulnerable-fear-cape-towns-water-shut-off-20180208|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, idan aka kashe famfunan makarantu a Western Cape a ranar &quot;Day Zero&quot;, yara miliyan 1.1 za su kasance ba tare da ruwa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/water-crisis-day-zero-could-affect-a-million-children|title=Water crisis: Day Zero could affect a million children|website=www.enca.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-30|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920082926/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/water-crisis-day-zero-could-affect-a-million-children|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗarin Gobara ===
Akwai damuwa cewa haɗarin gobara zai ƙaru yayin da muhalli da ababen more rayuwa suka daɗa bushewa. Wannan ya kasance mai matukar muhimmanci ga manyan wuraren masana'antu da rumbun adana kayayyaki domin gobara a wuri ɗaya na iya bazuwa cikin sauƙi zuwa sauran gine-gine na kusa. Haka kuma tsarin kashe gobara na iya kasyawa saboda raguwar matsin lamba na ruwa a yankunan da ke sama.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAQs&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pwc.co.za/en/assets/pdf/business-resilience-western-cape-water-crisis.pdf|title=Western Cape Water Crisis: How resilient is your organization in the face of the current water crisis?|date=December 2012|website=PWC|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001034010/https://www.pwc.co.za/en/assets/pdf/business-resilience-western-cape-water-crisis.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Martani ga matsalar ruwa ==

An yi ƙoƙari wajen ƙara samarwa da kuma rage buƙatar ruwa a cikin Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape. Da yawa daga cikin mutane da kasuwanci sun yi ƙoƙarin rage dogaro da tsarin ruwa na birni don kare hanyoyin samar da ruwa na kankansu. Matsalar ruwan ta zaburar da bincike da saka hannun jari a madadin tsarin ruwa na daban, wanda a ƙarshe zai iya taimakawa wajen hana sauran birane faɗawa cikin irin wannan matakin na ƙarancin ruwa. Ta kuma bayyana buƙatar tsare-tsare na dogon lokaci a birnin inda canjin yanayi zai daɗa ta'azzara ƙalubalen fasaha, shari'a, da na hukumomi wajen isar da ruwa a tsakanin babban mataki na rashin daidaito.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://dayzero.org.za/Day-Zero.pdf|title=Day Zero. One city's response to a record-breaking drought|last1=Joubert|first1=Leonie|last2=Ziervogel|first2=Gina|publisher=Axa, Mapula Trust, African Climate and Development Initiative|year=2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haɗuwa da canjin yanayi da haɓakar jama'a a yankunan birane na nufin sauran biranen ma na iya fuskantar irin wannan fari mai tsanani kuma suna iya buƙatar yin la'akari da madadin hanyoyin samun ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/cape-town-drought-day-zero-climate-change-global-warming-south-africa-a8236511.html|title=Cape Town is almost at the feared 'Day Zero'|date=2 March 2018|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɓaka Samar da Ruwa ===
Birnin Cape Town ya ba da gagarumin ƙoƙari wajen haɓaka hanyoyin samar da ruwa. Muhimman ƙoƙarin sun haɗa da:
* sayen ƙarin lita miliyan biyu da miliyan biyar na ruwa kowace shekara daga Ma'ajiyar Ruwa ta Molteno a Oranjezicht da Atlantis Aquifer biyo da biyo
* ƙaddamar da ƙananan masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination) na wucin gadi guda uku (kwangilar shekaru 2) (biyu masu ƙarfin lita miliyan 7 a kowace rana kuma ɗaya mai ƙarfin lita miliyan 2 a kowace rana) a Monwabisi, Strandfontein, V&amp;A Waterfront, da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Cape Town
* aikin sake sarrafa ruwa na Zandvliet

Baki ɗaya, an tsara waɗannan ayyukan don samar da ƙarin lita miliyan 144 a kowace rana tsakanin Fabrairu da Yuli 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.traveller24.com/Explore/Green/cape-water-crisis-day-zero-moved-as-city-prepares-for-2m-tourists-20171118|title=Cape Water Crisis: Day Zero 'moved' as city prepares for 2m tourists|last=Nkanjeni|first=Unathi|date=Nov 2017|work=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma, da yawa daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan sun fuskanci ƙalubalen kayan aiki (logistical challenges), kuma sun yi jinkiri fiye da lokacin da aka tsara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/slow-progress-bringing-new-sources-water-cape-town/|title=Slow progress bringing new water to Cape Town|last=Bratton|first=Laura|date=Nov 2017|website=GroundUp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jagoran DA, Maimane, ya jaddada cewa masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa suna da tsada da kuma rikitarwa; musamman, masana'anta guda ɗaya za ta ci lita R15 biliyan (Dalar Amurka biliyan 1), wanda shi ne kashi ɗaya bisa uku na baki ɗaya kasafin kuɗin Birnin kuma tsarin sayen irin waɗannan kayan aiki yana waje da hurumin shari'a na Birnin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/220919/maimane-takes-over-cape-town-water-crisis-response/|title=Maimane takes over Cape Town water crisis response|date=24 January 2018|work=Business Tech}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga ƙarshe an yi watsi da tsare-tsaren masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa domin tsadar kowace raka'a ta ruwa ta yi yawa sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

A watan Fabrairu 2018, lokacin da aka kai kololuwar fari, Ƙungiyar Masu Amfani da Ruwa ta Groenland (wata hukumar wakilcin manoma a yankin aikin gona na Elgin Grabouw kusa da Cape Town) ta fara sakin ƙarin lita miliyan 10 na ruwa daga Madatsar Ruwansu ta Eikenhof kyauta. An tura wannan ruwan zuwa cikin Madatsar Ruwa ta Upper Steenbras.&lt;ref name=&quot;Groenland&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/cape-town-gets-10bn-litres-of-water|title=WATCH: Cape Town gets 10bn litres of water|date=6 February 2018|website=www.enca.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-08|archive-date=8 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908232503/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/cape-town-gets-10bn-litres-of-water|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya bai wa Birnin damar tura kiyasin ranar Day Zero baya daga 16 ga Afrilu zuwa 11 ga Mayu.

=== Gudanar da Buƙatun Ruwa na Birni ===

[[File:TragedyofCommons.png|thumb|298x298px|Albarkatun tafkin gama gari, kamar ruwan sama, sun fi fuskantar barazanar wuce gona da iri da ƙarewa idan ba a tsara su ba]]
Ruwan saman ƙasa da ruwan sama suna nuna siffofin albarkatun tafkin gama gari (Common-pool resource), wanda ke fuskantar matsalar 'balahirar gama gari' (tragedy of the commons). Idan babu tsari na hukuma, mutane masu son kai za su yanke shawarar amfani da zai gurgunta abubuwan amfanin gama gari, wanda hakan ya sa masanin ilimin halittu Garrett Hardin ya bayyana cewa &quot;yanci a cikin abubuwan gama gari yana kawo barna ga kowa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hardin, G. (1968). &quot;The tragedy of the commons.&quot; ''Science'', ''162''(3859), 1243–1248.&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yana da tsanani musamman lokacin matsalar ruwa lokacin da jimillar samarwa za ta iya faɗawa ƙasa da matakin amfani mafi dacewa ga al'umma. Don haka, Birnin ya yi ƙoƙarin tsara amfani da abubuwan gama gari ta hanyar gargadi na amfani da alhakin kai, rabo kai-tsaye, da kuma amfani da farashin kuɗaɗen ruwa (water tariffs) (don masu amfani su fahimci tsadar yanke shawararsu ga al'umma).

Birnin Cape Town ya yi nasarar rage amfani da ruwa da fiye da kashi 50 cikin dari yayin fari daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/02/cape-town-running-out-of-water-drought-taps-shutoff-other-cities/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202190935/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/02/cape-town-running-out-of-water-drought-taps-shutoff-other-cities/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2018|title=Why Cape Town Is Running Out of Water, and Who's Next|last=Welch|first=Craig|date=Mar 2018|work=National Geographic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amfani da ruwa na gidaje ya ragu sosai ƙarƙashin takunkumin Mataki na 6B, inda adadi mafi ƙanƙanta da aka yi rajista ya kasance lita miliyan 481 a kowace rana a ranar 2 ga Yuli 2018, mafi kusa da matakin da aka yi niyya na lita miliyan 450 a kowace rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot; /&gt; Rahoton Water Outlook 2018 ya tattara bayanan canje-canje a buƙatun ruwa daga Nuwamba 2013 zuwa Mayu 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Water and Sanitation, City of Capetown |date=2018-05-18 |title=Water Outlook 2018 Report, Revision 25 |url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/Water%20Outlook%202018%20-%20Summary.pdf |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tilasta Ragewa ====
An ci gaba da sake duba iyakar amfanin ruwa na kanka gami da rage shi a duk lokacin da ake tsaka da matsalar, inda mafi ƙanƙanta ya kasance lita 50 a kowace rana ga kowane mutum farawa daga 1 ga Fabrairu 2018.&lt;ref name = &quot;Booysen&quot;/&gt; Wannan matakin amfani da ruwa kashi ɗaya bisa uku ne kacal na matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na yau da kullun na lita 150 a ƙasar Burtaniya kuma kashi ɗaya bisa shida na matsakaicin amfanin yau da kullun a Amurka. An bukaci mazauna birnin da kada su zubar da ruwa a bayan gida bayan sun yi fitsari, sannan su yi amfani da ruwan sama ko ruwan wanka bayan sun yi bayan gida, sannan su rage tsayi da yawan wanka. Don kiyaye ruwa, an samar da maganin tsaftace hannu (hand sanitizer) a ofisoshi da gine-ginen gwamnati don amfani da shi maimakon wanke hannu na al'ada. Wasu shagunan kofi sun fara amfani da kofuna da kwanukan roba da na takarda don rage wanke-wanke. Yin amfani da ruwan famfo na birni don cika wuraren ninkaya, shayar da ciyawa ko wanke saman ƙasa ya zama haramun. An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 50 cikin ɗari na gidaje sun bi ka'idojin takunkumin amfani da ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42787773|title=Cape Town water crisis: 'My wife doesn't shower any more'|date=Jan 2018|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Birnin ya bincika matakai daban-daban don tabbatar da bin doka: 
* Ƙirƙirar taswirar intanet mai ɗigo-ɗigo kore da ke nuna waɗanne gidaje ne ke yin kyakkyawan aiki wajen adana ruwa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/09/14/648016169/did-cape-town-learn-from-day-zero|title=Did Cape Town Learn From 'Day Zero'?|last=Shapiro|first=Ari|date=Sep 2018|publisher=National Public Radio (NPR)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jami'an birni sun tuka motoci ta cikin unguwannin da ke amfani da ruwa da yawa tare da amfani da lasifika suna kiran sunayensu don tsawatar musu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/06/28/624397903/cape-town-averts-day-zero-by-limiting-water-use|title=Cape Town Averts 'Day Zero' By Limiting Water Use|last=Shapiro|first=Ari|date=Jun 2018|publisher=National Public Radio (NPR)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wallafa sunayen manyan masu amfani da ruwa fiye da kima&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;
* Rashin bin takunkumin buƙata na iya haifar da sanya na'urar gudanar da ruwa, wanda ke iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 350 kacal a kowace rana, inda mai gidan zai biya kuɗin sanya na'urar na R4,500 (Dalar Amurka 314).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; A watan Disamba 2017, Magajiyar Garin Patricia de Lille da kanta ta ziyarci gidajen masu ɓata ruwa don sanya na'urorin auna ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/africa/1147081/cape-town-drought-as-day-zero-approaches-the-city-needs-to-learn-to-talk-about-climate-change-not-spread-fear/|title=Africa's favorite tourist city is about to run out of water|last=Chutel|first=Lynsey|date=Dec 2017|website=Quartz}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Ma'aikatar tilasta bin doka ta ƙara zafafa sintiri kan ɓarna da almubazzarancin ruwa&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.citylab.com/environment/2018/07/how-cape-town-got-to-the-brink-of-water-catastrophe/564800/|title=How Cape Town Got to the Brink of Water Catastrophe|last=Walton|first=Brett|date=Jul 2018|website=CityLab}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa ====
Haka kuma Birnin ya ƙara kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa (water tariffs), musamman ga mazauna lardin da suka ci gaba da amfani da ruwa mai yawa, galibi don jin daɗi da abubuwan da ba su da muhimmanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; A mafi girman farashin fito, yin amfani da ruwa sama da lita 35,000 a wata guda ya lakume R768.64 (Dalar Amurka 54) a kowace lita 1,000, wanda Birnin ya bayyana a matsayin hukunci. Kamar yadda rahoton Water Outlook 2018 ya nuna, matsakaicin buƙatar ruwa ya faɗi da kusan kashi 45 cikin ɗari daga Fabrairu 2017 zuwa Fabrairu 2018. Wannan ya fassara &quot;zuwa ƙarancin kuɗin shiga na kusan R2 biliyan (Dalar Amurka miliyan 140) a cikin shekarar da muke ciki&quot;, wanda hakan kuma ya kasance babban dalilin ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Bincike ya nuna goyon baya ga amfani da manufar sanya farashi a matsayin kayan aiki don raba ruwa cikin inganci. Yayin da ake kwatanta farashin ƙayyadajen kudi (flat rate pricing) (inda ƙarin kuɗin amfani yake daidai da sifili) da kuma farashin amfani da adadi (volumetric pricing) na kayan amfanin ruwa na gida, Hanke da Bolard (1971) sun nuna cewa sauyawa daga na farko zuwa na biyun yana da tasiri wajen samun dorewar raguwa a amfanin ruwa na gida.

Kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa suna da tasiri musamman wajen rage buƙatun ruwa don abubuwan da ba su da mahimmanci tunda irin wannan buƙatar galibi tana da alaƙa da canjin farashi (price-elastic), kuma za ta ragu fiye da kima a matsayin martani ga ƙarin farashi.&lt;ref&gt;Hanke, S. H., &amp; Boland, J. J. (1971). &quot;Water requirements or water demands?&quot; ''Journal-American Water Works Association'', ''63''(11), 677–681.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Madadin hanyoyin samun ruwa ===
[[File:Newlands Spring Water crisis 2018.jpg|thumb|Mazauna garin suna jerin gwano a Newlands Spring]]
Hasashen ranar ƙarshe ta ƙarshe (Day Zero) a Cape Town ya sa mutane da kasuwanci da yawa neman madadin hanyoyin samar da ruwa daban da Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape. Mazauna cikin gida da yawa, ɗauke da kwantena na roba, sun tattara ruwa daga rafukan duwatsu da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa na halitta a kewayen birnin. Wannan ya haifar da dogon layi har ma da fadace-fadace tsakanin 'yan ƙasa, kuma Birnin ya ƙara tsaro a shahararrun wuraren.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

Hanyoyin mafi inganci sun haɗa da sanya tankunan adana ruwa waɗanda za su tattara ruwan sama, da kuma hakar rijiyoyin burtsatse na kankansu (boreholes).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.co.za/sas-richest-family-coining-it-from-jojo-tanks-2018-2|title=SA's richest family is coining it amid the scramble for JoJo tanks|last=Wasserman|first=Helena|date=Feb 2018|website=Business Insider}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; Tunda ƙarin kuɗin (marginal cost) amfani da ruwa daga tankunan adana ruwa ko rijiyoyin burtsatse na kankansu yana kusa da sifili, gidaje da kasuwanci da ke da irin waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan za su iya rage buƙatunsu na ruwan famfo na birni da kuma biyan buƙatunsu mafi mahimmanci (price inelastic) da waɗannan madadin hanyoyin ruwan, yayin da buƙatu mafi sauƙi ga canjin farashi (price elastic) ke zama mafi girman kaso na baki ɗaya buƙatun ruwan birni.

Wannan yana da lahani na dogon lokaci ga tsaron ruwa da tsarin samar da ruwa na birni: na farko, yana gurgunta ikon birnin na yin amfani da farashin ruwa da manufar kuɗaɗen fito don tsara amfani da abubuwan gama gari, sannan na biyu, la'akari da mahimmancin tallafin giciye (cross-subsidization) inda manyan masu amfani ke rage wa ƙananan masu amfani nauyi a cikin tsarin ci gaba na farashin ruwa, yana haifar da damuwa game da dorewar kuɗi ga tsarin ruwan da ya riga ya durƙushe ƙarƙashin nauyin kuɗinsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Yayin da dokokin ruwa ba sa barin ɗan ƙasa da kasuwancin gida fita cikin sauƙi daga tsarin samar da ruwa na gundumar, ƙila za a buƙaci aiwatar da ƙarin canje-canje a cikin dokokin cikin gida don ba wa gidaje masu wadata da fannoni masu zaman kansu damar ba da gudummawa wajen haɓaka isar da ayyukan ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/businesses-in-w-cape-plan-to-get-off-the-water-grid/|title=Businesses in W Cape plan to get off water grid|last=Poonah|first=Vanessa|date=Jul 2018|work=SABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Uploads/Alternative-water-installation-guidelines-29-Nov-2019.pdf|title=Water Installation Guidelines|last=Green Cape}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Noma mai kiyaye ruwa ===
Wannan matsalar ruwa ta zaburar da bincike da kuma amfani da ingantattun hanyoyin noma masu kiyaye ruwa. Manoma sun ƙara yin amfani da fasahar aikin gona ta zamani (agricultural precision technology) don samun ingantaccen fahimta game da amfani da ruwa a gonakansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Masu bincike daga Jami'ar Cape Town suna nazarin siffofin shuke-shuken daji da za su iya girma da ƙarancin ruwa, da fatan yin koyi da irin waɗannan siffofin a cikin amfanin gona ta hanyar jinsi na gargajiya da fasahar halittu (biotechnology). Wasu masana kimiyya suna nazarin tsarin sarrafa abinci na shuke-shuke (metabolism) don koyon yadda suke amfani da ƙarancin ruwa yayin aiwatar da photosynthesis, wanda ke ba su damar tsira a lokacin dogon fari mai tsanani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/energy-environment/385331-time-to-reevaluate-agriculture-as-cape-town-runs-dry|title=Time to reevaluate agriculture as Cape Town runs dry|date=28 April 2018|website=The Hill}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da kyau a lura cewa duk da samun yanki mafi girma da ake ban ruwa (ha 269 476), Western Cape kuma tana da mafi ƙanƙanta, kuma mafi ingancin amfani da ruwa a kowace raka'a ta yanki (mita mai siffar sili 5,874 a kowace ha) tsakanin lardunan ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Yaƙin neman zaɓen kiyaye ruwa a makarantu ===
A rabin na biyu na shekarar 2017, an ƙaddamar da yaƙin neman zaɓe don taimakawa wajen adana ruwa ta hanyar gyare-gyare da yaƙin neman zaɓe na canjin ɗabi'a a makarantu.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.schoolswater.co.za/ www.SchoolsWater.co.za]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLp-Ogs30mP7pVsa0rHj3pwttny1m6R2QD Bidiyon YouTube akan aikin]&lt;/ref&gt; Manufar ita ce a adana ruwa a makarantu, sannan kuma a faɗakar da yara. Waɗannan yara za su iya kai saƙon gida, ta haka za a isa ga dubun-dubatar masu amfani. An ƙaddamar da yakin neman zaɓen a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin manyan abokan haɗin gwiwa guda huɗu: Shoprite (babban dillali mafi girma a Afirka), Jami'ar Stellenbosch, gidan rediyon Cape Talk, da Bridgiot. Ta hanyar tallafin kamfanoni 93, an kai ga makarantu 358. Kowane kamfani ya ɗauki nauyin makaranta ɗaya ko fiye, inda Shoprite ke tallafawa makarantu 100. Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Western Cape ita ma ta ba da gudummawa wajen tallafawa makarantu da dama.
[[File:Top Trumps playing cards used to raise awareness at schools..png|thumb|Katunan wasa na Top Trumps da aka yi amfani da su don faɗakarwa a makarantu]]
Mataki na farko na yaƙin neman zaɓen shi ne sanya mita mai kaifin basira, da ake kira Dropula,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bridgiot.co.za/solutions/dropula-2/ Shafi na Dropula]&lt;/ref&gt; sannan kuma aka gudanar da aikin gyara cikin hanzari a kowace makaranta.&lt;ref name = &quot;schoolsMaintenance&quot;&gt;M.J. Booysen, C. Ripunda, M. Visser,  (2019). &quot;Results from a water-saving maintenance campaign at Cape Town schools in the run-up to Day Zero&quot;, ''Vol 50'', ''Sustainable Cities and Society''. Published: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101639. (Open access: https://doi.org/10.31224/osf.io/45cf9)&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan kuma ya biyo bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na canza ɗabi'a, inda aka raba makarantu zuwa guda uku: rukunin kulawa da aka bari a cikin duhu yawanci, sai dai don matakan gaggawa na gaba, rukunin da aka tura wa ma'aikata kawai bayanai, da rukunin da ma'aikata suka sami bayanai sannan kuma yara suka shiga cikin gasa.&lt;ref name = &quot;schoolsBehavioural&quot;&gt;M. Visser, M.J. Booysen, K. Berger, J. Brühl (2019). &quot;Saving water at Cape Town schools by using smart metering and behavioural change&quot;, ''Working paper''. https://doi.org/10.31224/osf.io/7kzwv&lt;/ref&gt; Sakamakon ya nuna gagarumin tanadi daga aikin gyaran inda mafi ƙanƙancin kwararar ruwa da daddare ya ragu da kashi 28%. Canjin ɗabi'a ya haifar da ƙarin tanadi baki ɗaya daga kashi 15% zuwa 26%, inda rukunin da suka sami bayanai kawai suka fi yin tanadi. Wani sakamako mai ban sha'awa daga binciken shi ne rabon amfani da ruwa a duk faɗin makarantun quintiles. Makarantun da suka fi fama da talauci suna da ingancin ruwa kusan kashi 50%, yayin da makarantu masu wadata ke da ingancin ruwa kusan kashi 80%.&lt;ref name = &quot;schoolsGovernance&quot;&gt;M.J. Booysen, B. Wijesiri, C. Ripunda, A. Goonetilleke,  (2019). &quot;Fees and governance: Towards sustainability in water resources management at schools in post-apartheid South Africa&quot;, ''Vol 51'', ''Sustainable Cities and Society''. Published: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101694. (Open access: https://doi.org/10.31224/osf.io/5wy8s)&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma an bayyana aikin a cikin wani shiri na musamman na CNN.&lt;ref&gt;[https://edition.cnn.com/2019/09/23/business/cape-town-drought-water-meter-intl/index.html Labarin CNN da bidiyon aikin.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ce-ce-ku-ce ==
Matsalar ruwan ta fuskanci dimbin ce-ce-ku-ce na siyasa da kuma bayanan karya, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama kalubale wajen gane ainihin girman matsalar, da kuma tantance ayyukan da ake yi na magance ta cikin dacewa. Wasu ma sun yi shakka game da kasancewar matsalar ruwan, kuma sun rage darajar ranar &quot;Day Zero&quot; a matsayin dabarar tsoratarwa kawai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Facts and Myths&quot; /&gt;

=== Rashin daidaiton rarrabawa ===
Matsalar ruwan Cape Town ta fito da rashin daidaiton rarraba ruwa a birnin fili. Kodayake kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na aliyun jama'ar Cape Town suna zaune ne a matsugunai marasa tsari (informal settlements), kashi 3.6 cikin ɗari kacal na wadatar ruwan lardin ya je ga irin waɗannan matsugunai a shekarar 2016/2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://africacheck.org/reports/do-formal-residents-use-65-of-cape-towns-water-with-half-going-to-gardens-pools/|title=Do formal residents use 65% of Cape Town's water, with half going to gardens &amp; pools?|last=Makou|first=Gopolang|date=Aug 2017|website=Africa Check}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan haka yake saboda buƙatar ruwa na mazauna ya danganta da ababen more rayuwa da aka samar, kuma gidajen da suka dogara da famfunan taron jama'a—kamar yadda yake a mafi yawan garuruwa (townships)—suna amfani da ruwa kaɗan fiye da gidajen da ke da haɗin famfo na cikin gida.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, L., &amp; Hanson, S. (2003). &quot;Access to water for the urban poor in Cape Town: where equity meets cost recovery.&quot; ''Urban Studies'', ''40''(8), 1517–1548.&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yana nufin cewa a aikace, da yawa daga cikin mazauna matsugunai marasa tsari sun riga sun amfani da ruwa a matakan da suka dace da takunkumin Mataki na 6B kuma ba su ga wani gagarumin canji a salon rayuwarsu ba kafin da kuma lokacin matsalar ruwa. Masu lura da al'amura sun soki sakacin gwamnati na rashin magance irin waɗannan matsaloli na tsaron ruwa da daidaito a cikin matsugunai marasa tsari kafin matsalar ruwan Cape Town.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/water-restrictions-its-nothing-new-us-say-residents-informal-settlements/|title=Water crisis: it makes no difference to us, say residents of informal settlements|last=Bratton|first=Laura|date=Nov 2017|website=GroundUp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar Human Rights Watch ta fitar da wata sanarwa, tana roƙon gwamnati da ta &quot;kiyaye mutuntawa da cika muhimman haƙƙoƙi a tsakiyar dorewar mafita, da kuma tabbatar da cewa an ba da fifikon raba ruwa daidai da buƙatu masu mahimmanci.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/02/01/cape-towns-water-crisis-response-needs-protect-rights-millions|title=Cape Town's Water Crisis Response Needs to Protect the Rights of Millions|last=Mavhinga|first=Deva|date=Feb 2018|website=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rabon ruwa tsakanin aikin gona da amfanin birni ===
[[File:WaterResourceAllocation.png|thumb|291x291px|Rabon ruwa tsakanin amfani daban-daban ya dogara ne akan ribar da kowane fanni ke samu. Jadawalin bai nuna tasirin waje ba.]]
An sanya takunkumin ruwa akan aikin gona da kuma amfanin birni na ruwan famfo. A matsakaici, fannin aikin gona a Western Cape ya fuskanci ragi na amfani da ruwa da kashi 60 cikin ɗari tun daga shekarar 2017. Takunkumin ruwa ya bambanta daga kashi 50 cikin ɗari a kwarin Breede (Breede Valley), kashi 60 cikin ɗari a lardin Berg River da yankin Riviersonderend da kashi 87 cikin ɗari a kwarin Lower Olifants River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 6B, ana saurin sa ran yankunan birane su rage amfani da ruwa da kashi 45 cikin ɗari. Anton Rabe, Shugaban Kamfanin Hortgro, wanda ke wakiltar manoman 'ya'yan itace a Cape Town, ya ba da hujjar cewa yanke kashi 60 cikin ɗari ga aikin gona, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 45 cikin ɗari ga birnin, ba adalci ba ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-farmers-call-for-easing-of-water-restrictions-to-repair-drought-damage-20180917|title=Western Cape farmers call for easing of water restrictions to repair drought damage|last=Gosling|first=Melanie|date=Sep 2018|work=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma, akwai labarai masu ban tsoro da bidiyoyi na vlogs waɗanda suka ɗora alhakin matsalar ruwan akan hanyoyin noma da kiwon dabbobi waɗanda ba sa kiyaye ruwa cikin inganci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Facts and Myths&quot; /&gt; Kyakkyawan rabon ruwa tsakanin aikin gona da amfanin birni yana da matukar rikitarwa saboda kasancewar abubuwan tasiri da yawa na waje (externalities), inda ruwan ban ruwa ke da matukar muhimmanci ga wadatar abinci sannan amfanin birni na da muhimmanci ga lafiyar al'umma, haka kuma canjin buƙatun na lokaci-lokaci.

=== Sharhin Firimiyan Western Cape, Helen Zille ===
Helen Zille, Firimiyan Western Cape, ta janyo hankalin mutane saboda wasu sharhinta kan matsalar ruwa. A watan Satumba na shekarar 2017, ta bayyana cewa tana yin wanka sau ɗaya kacal a kowace kwana uku, da kuma cewa tana ɗaukar &quot;gashi mai mai a lokacin fari a matsayin alamar matsayi kamar mota mai kura.&quot; Wannan ya zaburar da muhawarar jama'a, inda wasu suka yaba da sadaukarwarta ga martanin fari yayin da wasu kuma suka riƙa yi mata gizzari.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-41351543|title=Helen Zille: Why South African politician will only shower every three days|last=Fihlani|first=Pumza|date=22 September 2017|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Janairu 2018, Zille ta kuma tunzura fushi a dandalin Twitter bayan ta mayar da martani ga damuwa game da sakacin gwamnati na rashin magance rashin tsaron ruwa a matsugunai marasa tsari ta hanyar yaba wa tsarin mulkin mallaka (colonialism) don samar da ruwan famfo. Wannan ya haifar da tsautsayi daga DA saboda &quot;keta doka akan amfani da kafofin watsa labarun al'umma&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-01-30-da-threatens-to-charge-zille-over-water-colonialism-tweets|title=DA threatens to charge Zille over water colonialism tweets|last=Pather|first=Ra'eesa|date=Jan 2018|work=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kuma sanin Zille da siffanta matsalar ruwan da ranar ƙarshe (doomsday characterization), a wani lokacin tana kwatanta ta da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu da hararin 9/11, wanda wasu suka soki hakan a matsayin abin da bai dace ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-01-22-zille-takes-charge-day-zero-bigger-than-wwii-and-911-says-premier/|title=Zille takes charge: Day Zero bigger than WWII and 9/11' says premier|last=Dave|first=Chambers|date=22 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rikicin cikin gida a jam'iyyar Democratic Alliance ===
A watan Janairu 2018, DA ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a &quot;gurfanar tare da bincikar&quot; Magajiyar Garin Cape Town Patricia de Lille a hukumance don zargi takwas na &quot;gazawar shugabanci&quot; (waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da matsalar ruwa) kuma za a cire ta daga rukunin jagorancinta a cikin martanin birnin game da matsalar ruwa cikin gaggawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Facts and Myths&quot; /&gt; Manajan Birnin Cape Town Achmat Ebrahim, wanda aka ambata a cikin zargin ba daidai ba tare da De Lille, shi ma ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2018-01-16-capewatergate-da-hints-mayor-de-lille-to-blame-for-water-crisis-mismanagement/|title=#CapeWatergate: DA hints Mayor De Lille to blame for water crisis mismanagement|last=Davis|first=Rebecca|date=16 January 2018|work=Daily Maverick}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Raba gishiri da ruwa da kuma Isra'ila ===
Mambobin jam'iyyar African National Congress (ANC) sun zargi DA da ƙirƙira da kuma ƙasaita matsalar ruwan don amfanar Yahudawa da ƙasar Isra'ila. Wannan haka yake tunda Isra'ila ita ce jagorar duniya a fasahar raba gishiri da ruwa (water desalination), kuma za ta kasance abokiyar haɗin gwiwa mai yuwuwa wajen taimaka wa Cape Town kafa masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa. Alakar dake tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu bayan mulkin wariyar launin fata (post-Apartheid) da Isra'

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="74723" sha1="qba6eby9lv787po3wua86cyw1kn01f0" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Cape_Town_water_crisis_graph.svg|right|thumb|400x400px|Hotunan jimlar ruwan da aka adana a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa shida na Western Cape (blue) da kuma matakin hana ruwa na birnin Cape Town (orange) daga Nuwamba 2013 zuwa Agusta 2021.]]
'''Rikicin ruwan Cape Town''' a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ya kasance shekaru da yawa a cikin 2015-2020 na karancin ruwa a yankin Western Cape, wanda ya fi shafar birnin Cape Town . Matsakaicin ruwan madatsar ruwan ya fara raguwa a shekarar 2015 kuma matsalar ruwan Cape Town ta kai kololuwa a tsakiyar shekarar 2017 zuwa tsakiyar 2018 lokacin da ruwan ya kai tsakanin kashi 14 zuwa 29 na yawan karfin madatsar ruwa.

A ƙarshen 2017, an fara ambaton tsare-tsare na &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, taƙaitaccen bayani game da ranar da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Birni zai iya faɗi ƙasa da kashi 13.5. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cassim |first=Zaheer |date=19 January 2018 |title=Cape Town could be the first major city in the world to run out of water |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/01/19/cape-town-could-first-major-city-run-out-water/1047237001/ |website=USA Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Poplak |first=Richard |date=15 February 2018 |title=What's Actually Behind Cape Town's Water Crisis |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/cape-town-water-crisis/553076/ |access-date=22 February 2018 |website=The Atlantic}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=York |first=Geoffrey |date=8 March 2018 |title=Cape Town residents become 'guinea pigs for the world' with water-conservation campaign |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/cape-town-residents-become-guinea-pigs-for-the-world-with-water-conservationcampaign/article38257004/ |website=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya zama lokaci don nuna farkon matakan hana ruwa na Mataki na 7, lokacin da za a kashe kayan ruwa na birni da yawa kuma ana tunanin cewa mazauna za su iya yin layi don rabon ruwa na yau da kullun. Idan da hakan ta faru, da hakan zai sanya birnin Cape Town ya zama babban birni na farko a duniya da ya kaure da karancin ruwan sha a cikin kananan hukumomin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Day Zero, when is it, what is it and how can we avoid it |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Day%20Zero%20when%20is%20it,%20what%20is%20it,%20and%20how%20can%20we%20avoid%20it |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Rikicin ruwa na Cape Town ya faru a daidai lokacin da fari na Gabashin Cape, wanda ke cikin wani yanki na daban a kusa.

Birnin Cape Town ya aiwatar da tsauraran matakan hana ruwa a wani yunkuri na dakile amfani da ruwa, wanda ya rage yawan ruwan da yake amfani da shi na yau da kullum da fiye da rabi zuwa kusan lita miliyan 500 (130,000,000 US gal) a kowace rana a cikin Maris 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Narrandes |first=Nidha |date=14 March 2018 |title=Cape Town water usage lower than ever |url=http://www.capetownetc.com/water-crisis/water-usage-further-reduced-in-cape-town/ |publisher=Cape Town etc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Faduwar amfani da ruwa ya sa birnin ya jinkirta kiyasin &quot;Ranar Zero&quot;, kuma ruwan sama mai karfi ya fara farfadowa a watan Yuni 1.  A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, tare da matakan dam kusa da kashi 70, birnin ya fara sauƙaƙe ƙuntatawa na ruwa, wanda ke nuna cewa mafi munin matsalar ruwa ya ƙare. &lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pitt |first=Christina |date=10 September 2018 |title=City of Cape Town relaxes water restrictions, tariffs to Level 5 |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212034631/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-relaxes-water-restrictions-tariffs-to-level-5-20180910 |archive-date=12 December 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |website=News24 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan sama mai kyau a cikin 2020 yadda ya kamata ya karya fari kuma ya haifar da karancin ruwa lokacin da matakan madatsar ruwa ya kai kashi 95 cikin dari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-07 |title=After the drought: Cape Town's gushing water |url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/after-drought-cape-towns-gushing-water/ |access-date=2020-09-11 |website=[[GroundUp News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fage ==
[[Fayil:Cape_Water_map_dams.png|thumb|274x274px|Taswirar manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa zuwa Cape Town]]
Yankin Cape Town yana fuskantar yanayi na Bahar Rum tare da dumi, bushewar lokacin rani da ruwan sama na hunturu. Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Yammacin Cape ya dogara kusan gaba ɗaya akan ruwan sama, wanda ake kamawa kuma ana adana shi a cikin manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida da ke cikin wuraren tsaunuka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Welz |first=Adam |date=1 March 2018 |title=Awaiting Day Zero: Cape Town Faces an Uncertain Water Future |url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/awaiting-day-zero-cape-town-faces-an-uncertain-water-future |publisher=Yale Environment 360}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana yin cajin madatsun ruwa ne ta hanyar ruwan sama da ke faɗowa a yankunan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, galibi a lokacin sanyi na watanni na Mayu zuwa Agusta, kuma matakan dam ɗin suna raguwa a lokacin rani na watanni na Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu inda amfani da ruwa na birane ke ƙaruwa kuma ana samun ban ruwa a yankunan noma.

Amfani da birane da aikin gona yana cinye kusan kashi 70 da kashi 30 bisa 100 na jimillar ruwan da tsarin samar da ruwan sha na Western Cape ke bayarwa, tare da sauye-sauye na yanayi.   A cikin zamanin bayan [[Apartheid|wariyar launin fata]], kuma a ƙarƙashin tsarin Tsarin [[Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Afirka ta Kudu|Ruwa na Kyauta na Kyauta]], Birnin Cape Town ya karɓi tsarin haɓaka tsarin jadawalin kuɗin fito don farashin ruwa, wanda aka azabtar da mafi girma masu amfani da ruwa tare da mafi girman jadawalin kuɗin fito don hana amfani, yayin da aka saita jadawalin farko block a (kusa) sifili don tabbatar da samun daidaiton ruwa zuwa kowane matakin asali na Afirka ta Kudu.  Magidanta masu rahusa masu rijista a Cape Town tare da haɗin kai tsaye da ruwa da tsafta suna karɓar lita 6 000 na farko a kowane wata na ruwa kyauta, kuma ana cajin kuɗin fito ne kawai don cinyewa sama da adadin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services and costs in formal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-and-costs-for-formal-housing |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt; Magidanta a ƙauyuka na yau da kullun ana ba da ruwa daga famfun jama'a da kuma amfani da bandakunan jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and sanitation services in informal housing |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family+and+home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/Water-and-sanitation-services-in-informal-settlements |website=City of Cape Town }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ga manoman da ke samun ruwa daga Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape, ana duba su da allunan ban ruwa da ƙungiyoyi masu amfani da ruwa. Manoman da yawa kuma suna shiga tsarin rarraba ban ruwa (daga takamaiman kwararar kogi), kuma suna da madatsun ruwa masu zaman kansu da [[Rijiyar burtsatse|rijiyoyin burtsatse]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Water File |url=http://www.wwf.org.za/water/?25441/Agricultural-water-file-Farming-for-a-drier-future |website=Worldwide Fund for Nature}}&lt;/ref&gt; Birnin ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba sa samun riba a kan siyar da ruwa, kuma manufofin farashin ruwa na ƙoƙarin daidaita daidaito, daidaito da buƙatun dawo da farashi. 

Zamanin ƙarancin ruwan sama na hunturu a 2000-2001 da 2003-2004 ya haifar da hana ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;WCDM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Basholo |first=Zolile |date=4 February 2016 |title=Overview of Water Demand Management Initiatives: A City of Cape Town Approach |url=https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Water-Sector-Desk-Content/CoCT-WCWDM-presentation-Z-Basholo-Western-Cape-Water-Forum-160204-2016.pdf |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin 2003, Birnin ya shiga yarjejeniya tare da Sashen Ruwa da Dazuzzuka na lokacin don gina madatsar ruwa ta Berg da Tsarin kari sannan kuma ta fara kula da bukatar ruwa. A shekarar 2009, an karu da karfin ajiyar madatsun ruwa da ke samar da Cape Town da kashi 17 cikin 100 daga 768 zuwa miliyan 898 cubic meters lokacin da aka kammala aikin madatsar ruwan Berg da kuma shirin samar da kayayyaki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cape Town&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2009 |title=Cape Town's water supply boosted |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102756/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx |archive-date=27 March 2009 |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2015, Birnin Cape Town ya sami babbar lambar yabo ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da sanin ƙoƙarinsu na Kula da Ruwa da Buƙatun Ruwa (WCWDM). Cape Town ya yi nasara musamman wajen rage asarar ruwa ta hanyar yoyon fitsari, inda aka samu asarar ruwa da kashi 14 cikin dari, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin kashi 35 cikin dari na kasa. Dokokin sun kuma fayyace cewa ya kamata a samar da ingantattun kayan aikin ruwa da Ofishin Ma'auni na Afirka ta Kudu ya amince da shi don duk sabbin ci gaba da gyare-gyare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=C40 Cities Awards 2015 |url=https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |access-date=2025-08-12 |archive-date=2021-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923092342/https://www.c40.org/awards/2015-awards/profiles |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Jeron Lokaci ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;cellpadding=&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em; text-align:center; font-size:95%&quot;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th colspan=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot;&gt;Matakan ruwa a matsayin kashi na jimillar ƙarfin madatsun ruwa ta shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/whats-causing-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=What's causing Cape Town's water crisis?|last=Bohatch|first=Trevor|date=16 May 2017|publisher=Ground Up|location=Cape Town|language=en|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
|-
! Manyan madatsun ruwa
! Ƙarfi (megalitres)
! 17 Mayu 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-utility-services/residential-water-and-sanitation-services/this-weeks-dam-levels|title=City of Cape Town: Dam Levels|date=18 May 2021|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;!!18 Mayu 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=18 May 2020|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=18 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 13 Mayu 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|date=13 May 2019|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=22 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 14 Mayu 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|title=Water Dashboard|date=Mar 2019|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-date=7 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207180447/http://coct.co/water-dashboard/?ca_source=Website&amp;ca_medium=affiliate&amp;ca_campaign=Home%20page%20trends%20-%20Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_term=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard&amp;ca_content=Day%20Zero%20Dashboard|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;!! 15 Mayu 2017 !! 15 Mayu 2016 !! 15 Mayu 2015 !! 15 Mayu 2014
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Berg River|| 130,010
|76.1||65.6||68.1|| 39.2|| 32.4|| 27.2|| 54.0|| 90.5
|-
|Steenbras Lower|| 33,517
|58.0||48.4||38.6|| 35.4|| 26.5|| 37.6|| 47.9|| 39.6
|-
|Steenbras Upper|| 31,767
|54.2||96.5||65.0|| 59.6|| 56.7|| 56.9|| 57.8|| 79.1
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof|| 480,188
|75.2||50.2||36.1|| 12.0|| 15.0|| 31.3|| 51.3|| 74.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Voelvlei|| 164,095
|58.3||50.4||55.4|| 14.5|| 17.2|| 21.3|| 42.5|| 59.5
|-
|Madatsar Ruwa ta Wemmershoek|| 58,644
|59.1||43.3||43.6|| 48.4|| 36.0|| 48.5|| 50.5|| 58.8
|-
| Jimillar da aka ajiye (megalitres) || 898,221
|626,907||481,370||411,849|| 191,843|| 190,300|| 279,954|| 450,429 || 646,137
|-
|'''Jimillar % na Ma'ajiya'''||100
|'''69.8'''||'''53.6'''||'''45.9'''||'''21.4'''||'''21.2'''||'''31.2'''||'''50.1'''||'''71.9'''
|}

===2015–2016===
Bayan samun kyakkyawan ruwan sama a shekarun 2013 da 2014, Birnin Cape Town ya fara fuskantar fari a shekarar 2015, wanda shi ne na farko cikin shekaru uku a jere na lokutan sanyi marasa ruwa da suka auku, mai yiwuwa sanadiyyar tsarin yanayi na El Niño ko kuma canjin yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AfricaC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://africacheck.org/2016/02/03/frequently-asked-questions-about-south-africas-drought|title=Frequently asked questions about South Africa's drought|date=3 February 2016|publisher=Africa Check|language=en|location=Cape Town|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matakan ruwa a madatsun ruwan Birnin sun ragu daga kashi 71.9 cikin dari a shekarar 2014 zuwa kashi 50.1 cikin dari a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot; /&gt; A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016, hukumar Birnin ta ɗaukaka tsoffin takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 1 (Level 1) tun na shekarar 2005 zuwa Mataki na 2 (Level 2), kuma a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2016 ta sake ɗaukaka shi zuwa Mataki na 3 (Level 3), lokacin da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta wallafa takunkumin amfani da ruwa na hukuma don birane da aikin gona. Kuma babban farin da ya shafi sauran sassan Afirka ta Kudu ya ƙare a watan Agusta 2016 lokacin da aka sami babban ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin ƙasar,&lt;ref name=&quot;encarain&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|title=Southern Africa faces floods after drought|last=Masinde|first=Muthoni|date=18 August 2016|access-date=2017-06-01|archive-date=1 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101190233/https://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma farin na lardin Western Cape ya ci gaba da wanzuwa.

===2017===
Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin amfani da ruwa zuwa Mataki na 3B a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2017, kuma a ƙarshen lokacin rani a watan Mayu 2017, an ayyana farin a matsayin mafi muni da Birnin ya taɓa fuskanta a cikin ƙarni guda, inda ruwan da ke cikin madatsun ruwa ya kasance ƙasa da kashi 10 cikin dari na ƙarfin amfaninsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/31/africa/cape-town-drought/index.html|title=Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century|last=Van Dam|first=Derek|website=CNN.com|publisher=CNN|date=31 May 2017|access-date=2017-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya takunkumin amfani da ruwa na Mataki na 4 a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2017, wanda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 100 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;level4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|title=City of Cape Town approves Level 4 water restrictions|last=Etheridge|first=Jenna|date=31 May 2017|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429230521/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jimillar ruwan sama da aka samu a shekarar 2017 ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta tun lokacin da aka fara riƙe bayanan ruwan sama a shekarar 1933.&lt;ref name=&quot;csag&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2017-08-31-how-severe-is-the-droughta|title=How severe is the drought?|last=Wolski|first=Piotr|date=Aug 2017|website=University of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayin da lokacin zafi mai bushewa ke gabatowa, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin ruwa na yanzu zuwa Mataki na 4B a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2017, sannan zuwa Mataki na 5 a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2017, inda aka haramta amfani da ruwa a waje da kuma ayyukan da ba su da muhimmanci sosai, tare da ƙarfafa amfani da ruwan wanka/wanki (grey water) don zubarwa a bayan gida, kuma aka yi niyyar iyakance yawan amfanin ruwa na kowane mutum zuwa lita 87 a rana, don jimillar amfani da lita miliyan 500 a rana gaba ɗaya birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; Sai dai kuma, sanya takunkumin Mataki na 5 ya zo tare da sanarwa mai rikitarwa game da iyakokin amfani da ruwa na gidaje, wanda hakan ya haifar da akasin haka ta hanyar ƙara yawan amfani da ruwa ga wasu mutane.&lt;ref name = &quot;Booysen&quot; /&gt;  
[[File:Behavioural response to messaging on the drought. .png|thumb|Martanin halayyar mutane game da saƙonni kan fari na Day Zero&lt;ref name=&quot;Booysen&quot;/&gt;
]]

A farkon watan Oktoba 2017, biyo bayan lokacin sanyi mai ƙarancin ruwan sama, an kiyasta cewa Cape Town tana da kusan watanni biyar na ajiyar ruwa kafin matakan ruwan su ƙare sarai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; A cikin wannan watan ne kuma, Hukumar Birnin Cape Town ta fitar da shirin gaggawa na ruwa wanda za a aiwatar da shi a matakai daban-daban dangane da tsananin ƙarancin ruwan. Mataki na 1 (Phase 1) wanda ya ƙunshi &quot;rabon ruwa ta hanyar rage ƙarfin matsin ruwa na madatsun ruwa sosai&quot; an aiwatar da shi nan da nan. A Mataki na 2 (Phase 2), bayan &quot;Day Zero&quot;, za a kashe ruwa ga yawancin tsarin samar da ruwa in ban da wuraren da ke da muhimmancin gaske na samun ruwa. Mataki na 3 (Phase 3) zai kasance lokacin da Birnin ba zai iya sake jan ruwa daga madatsun ruwa na saman ƙasa a Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape ba, kuma za a sami ɗan ƙaramin lokaci kafin tsarin samar da ruwa gaba ɗaya ya gaza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Critical%20Water%20Shortages%20Disaster%20Plan%20Summary.pdf|title=Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan Summary|last=Bosman|first=Richard|date=October 2017|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-04-op-ed-the-city-of-cape-towns-critical-water-shortages-disaster-plan/#.WfwyhGiCyUl|title=Op-Ed: The City of Cape Town's Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan {{!}} Daily Maverick|last=De Lille|first=Patricia|date=4 October 2017|website=www.dailymaverick.co.za|publisher=City of Cape Town|language=en|access-date=3 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|title=Day Zero FAQs|date=5 April 2018|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719203400/http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Day%20Zero%20FAQs.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===2018===
[[File:Theewaterskloof Dam 2018 02 10 (28425520089).jpg|thumb|right|Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof tana kusan kashi 12% a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 2018]]
A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2018, Birnin ya ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 6 na lita 87 ga kowane mutum a rana guda. A watan Fabrairu 2018, Birnin ya ƙara tsananta takunkumin zuwa Mataki na 6B inda ya iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 50 kacal ga kowane mutum a rana ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook 2018&quot; /&gt; Majalisar zartarwa ta lardin ta kuma sanar da cewa tana tsara tsare-tsare tare da Hukumar 'Yansandan Afirka ta Kudu don dabarun tura jami'ai a wuraren rarraba ruwa a duk faɗin Birnin bayan &quot;Day Zero&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-01-24-government-must-refund-cape-town-for-cost-of-managing-the-water-crisis/|title=Government must refund Cape Town for cost of managing the water crisis|date=24 January 2018|website=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Theewaterskloof sandscape 2018-03-11.jpg|thumb|Babban ma'ajiyar ruwa ta Cape Town, Theewaterskloof, ta kasance a kashi 11% na ƙarfinta a watan Maris 2018]]

A tsakiyar watan Janairu 2018, tsohuwar magajiyar garin Cape Town Patricia de Lille ta sanar da cewa Birnin zai tilas ya kashe mafi yawan hanyoyin samar da ruwa na gundumomi idan yanayi bai canza ba. Za a ayyana takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 7, wato &quot;Day Zero&quot;, lokacin da matakin ruwa na manyan madatsun ruwa da ke samar da ruwa ga Birnin ya kai kashi 13.5 cikin dari. Za a kashe mafi yawan famfunan ruwa na birni, kuma mazauna gari za su dogara ne da wuraren karɓar ruwa guda 149 a kewayen Birnin don karɓar rabon ruwa na yau da kullun na lita 25 ga kowane mutum.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|title=JP Smith answers Day Zero questions: 'It's going to be really unpleasant'|last1=Harrison|first1=Aletta|last2=Janse van Rensburg|first2=Alet|date=26 January 2018|publisher=News24|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216222015/https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|title=Borehole rules? Can you use sea water to flush? – The City of Cape Town answers your questions|date=30 January 2018|publisher=GroundUp|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913113205/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan zai ƙara shafar tattalin arzikin Cape Town, domin ma'aikata za su buƙaci ɗaukar hutu daga wuraren aiki don yin layi jiran ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;In Trouble&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/cape-town-south-africa-water-crisis/|title='I Knew We Were in Trouble.' What It's Like to Live Through Cape Town's Massive Water Crisis|magazine=Time|access-date=2018-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Za a ci gaba da samar da ruwa a tsakiyar yankin kasuwanci na Birnin (CBD), da kuma matsugunai na wucin gadi (inda dama tuni ake karɓar ruwa daga tsakiyar wurare) da kuma muhimman ayyuka kamar asibitoci. A lokacin da aka yi sanarwar, an kiyasta cewa &quot;Day Zero&quot; zai kasance a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 2018, amma jim kaɗan bayan haka aka sake duba shi zuwa 12 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5103259/cape-town-water-crisis/|title=Cape Town Is 90 Days Away From Running Out of Water|last=Baker|first=Aryn|date=15 January 2018|magazine=Time|access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/drought-stricken-cape-town-south-africa-run-water/story?id=52402170|title=Drought-stricken Cape Town, South Africa, could run out of water by April's 'day zero'|last=Thom|first=Liezl|date=17 January 2018|work=ABC News|access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/01/23/day-zero-brought-forward-ct-officials-prepare-for-worst|title=Day Zero Brought Forward, CT Officials Prepare for Worst|last=Brandt|first=Kevin|date=23 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kiyasin &quot;Day Zero&quot; ya ginu ne bisa canje-canje na mako biyu a matakan ajiyar madatsun ruwa, tare da zaton cewa ƙarancin zai ci gaba ba tare da sauyi ba, ba tare da ƙarin ruwan sama ko canji a buƙatar ruwa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;neilson20Feb&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Media-and-news/Defeating%20Day%20Zero%20is%20in%20sight%20if%20we%20sustain%20our%20water-saving%20efforts|title=Statement by the City's Executive Mayor, Alderman Ian Neilson: Defeating Day Zero is in sight if we sustain our water-saving efforts|last=Neilson|first=Ian|date=20 February 2018|publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amfani da ruwa na gidaje da na aikin gona ya ragu sosai ƙarƙashin sabbin takunkumin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot; /&gt; Wannan ya bai wa Birnin damar tura kiyasin &quot;Day Zero&quot; baya a matakai daban-daban, kuma a ranar 28 ga Yuni aka jinkirta &quot;Day Zero&quot; har zuwa wani lokaci da ba a bayyana ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;neilson20Feb&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zero Delayed&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/05/africa/cape-town-day-zero-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town 'Day Zero' delayed as agricultural water use drops|last=Said-Moorhouse|first=Lauren|date=5 February 2018|publisher=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/02/south-africa-day-pushed-june-180215094221289.html|title=South Africa: Day Zero pushed back to June|website=aljazeera.com|date=2018-02-15|access-date=2018-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/01/africa/cape-town-water-crisis-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town cuts water use limit by nearly half|last1=Said-Moorhouse|first1=Lauren|date=1 February 2018|publisher=CNN|access-date=2018-02-03|last2=Mezzofiore|first2=Gianluca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kyakkyawan ruwan sama na lokacin sanyi a shekarar 2018 ya haifar da hauhawar matakan madatsun ruwa, sai dai Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli ta ƙasa ta sanar da cewa takunkumin ruwa na baki ɗaya zai ci gaba da kasancewa har sai matakan ruwan sun kai kashi 85 cikin dari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-edges-closer-to-an-end-to-the-drought-as-dam-levels-continue-to-rise-20180712|title=Western Cape edges closer to an end to the drought as dam levels continue to rise|date=12 July 2018|publisher=News24|access-date=12 July 2018|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713202149/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-edges-closer-to-an-end-to-the-drought-as-dam-levels-continue-to-rise-20180712|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumba, tare da matakan madatsun ruwa kusa da kashi 70 cikin dari zuwa ƙarshen lokacin damina, birnin ya rage takunkumin amfani da ruwa na masu amfani daga mataki na 6B zuwa mataki na 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;reduce-sep2018&quot;/&gt; Matakan madatsun ruwa sun kai kololuwa a kashi 76 cikin dari. A watan Nuwamba, an rage takunkumin zuwa Mataki na 3, ko lita 105 ga kowane mutum a rana guda.
Ƙarƙashin takunkumin Mataki na 3, ana iya amfani da ruwan famfo na birni don shayar da lambuna a takaitattun lokuta, ta amfani da rariyar shayarwa ko boka amma ba bututun roba (hose) ba, don wanke motoci ta amfani da boka, da kuma cika wuraren ninkaya muddin wurin ninkayar yana sanye da murfi don hana daskarewa ko kafeewar ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures%2C%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Level%203%20water%20restrictions%20FAQs.pdf|title=Level 3 Water Restrictions (2018)|date=30 November 2018|publisher=City of Cape Town|access-date=29 November 2018|archive-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129184323/http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures%2C%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Level%203%20water%20restrictions%20FAQs.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilai ==
=== Fari mai tsanani ===
Sanadin faruwar matsalar ruwan kai-tsaye shi ne fari mai tsanani da ya auku daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2017 wanda ya wuce ƙa'idodin tsare-tsare na Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli. Bincike kan bayanan yanayi na dogon lokaci da Ƙungiyar Nazarin Tsarin Yanayi (Climate System Analysis Group) ta gudanar a Jami'ar Cape Town ya tabbatar da cewa ƙarancin ruwan sama tsakanin shekarun 2015 da 2017 ya kasance babban al'amari mai wuyar gaske kuma mai tsananin gaske.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.csag.uct.ac.za/2018/01/22/facts-are-few-opinions-plenty-on-drought-severity-again/|title=Facts are few, opinions plenty… on drought severity again|website=www.csag.uct.ac.za|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ragewar yanayin ruwan sama yana da alaƙa da sauye-sauye masu faɗi a cikin zirga-zirgar sararin samaniya da na teku, gami da sauyin alkibla zuwa kusa da pole na hanyoyin raba ruwan sanyi na Kudancin Hemisphere tsakanin 2015–17, sauyin jet-stream da haɓakar matsin lamba na South Atlantic High.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sousa|first1=Pedro M.|last2=Blamey|first2=R.|last3=Reason|first3=C.J.C.|last4=Ramos|first4=A.M.|last5=Trigo|first5=R.M.|date=2018|title=The 'Day Zero' Cape Town drought and the poleward migration of moisture corridors|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=13|issue=12|pages=124025|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aaebc7|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shekarar 2017 ita shekara mafi bushewa tun daga shekarar 1933, kuma mai yiwuwa ma kafin hakan, tunda babu bayanan kwatankwacin hakan kafin 1933. An kuma gano cewa fari mai tsananin haka a ƙididdigance zai iya aukuwa sau ɗaya kacal a kowace shekara 300.&lt;ref name=&quot;csag&quot; /&gt;

=== Gudanar da buƙatu da samar da ruwa na dogon lokaci ===
Yawan jama'ar Birnin Cape Town ya ƙaru daga mazauna miliyan 2.4 a shekarar 1995 zuwa kiyasin mutane miliyan 4.1 a shekarar 2015, wanda ke nuna haɓakar kashi 71 cikin dari na jama'a a cikin shekaru 20, yayin da ajiyar ruwan madatsun ruwa ya ƙaru da kashi 17 cikin dari kacal a daidai wannan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;GUwater&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/cape-town-population/|title=Cape Town Population 2019|website=World Population Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tasirin ƙaruwar jama'a akan buƙatar ruwa masana galibi suna rage masa daraja, tunda hasashen yakan gaza yin lissafin cikakken amfani da ruwa na mutum na kaidin fakaici ta hanyar samar da abinci da kayayyakin masarufi.&lt;ref&gt;Schutte, C. F., &amp; Pretorius, W. A. (1997). Water demand and population growth. ''WATER SA-PRETORIA-'', ''23'', 127–134.&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2007, Ma'aikatar Al'amuran Ruwa da Gandun Daji ta yi hasashen cewa ci gaban buƙata akan Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape zai wuce iyakar abin da ake samarwa idan ba a aiwatar da matakan kiyaye ruwa da gudanar da buƙatun ruwa ba ta hannun Birnin da sauran hukumomin gundumomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCWRSNewsletterMarch09&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/19/WCWRSNewsletterMarch09.pdf|title=Western Cape Water Reconciliation Strategy Newsletter 5|date=March 2009|publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ƙaruwa ta buƙatun dogon lokaci tana daɗa ta'azzara sakamakon matsin lamba akan samar da ruwa na dogon lokaci, gami da bazuwar baƙon shuke-shuke da canjin yanayi. Bazuwar baƙon shuke-shuke masu shan ruwa da yawa a mahimman yankunan tattara ruwa ya rage samar da ruwa zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Theewaterskloof da kiyasin mita mai siffar sili guda miliyan 30 a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An sami ƙaruwar digiri ɗaya na ma'aunin Celsius a yanayin zafi cikin ƙarni da suka gabata kuma ƙididdigar na'ura ta yi hasashen cewa matsakaicin zafi a Cape Town zai ƙaru da wani digiri 0.25 na Celsius a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, wanda hakan na iya ƙara yuwuwa da tsananin fari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Buis |first1=Alan |date=2020-09-08 |title=Making Sense of 'Climate Sensitivity': New Study Narrows the Range of Uncertainty in Future Climate Projections |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/ask-nasa-climate/3017/making-sense-of-climate-sensitivity/ |access-date=14 January 2022 |website=NASA: Climate Change and Global Warming |publisher=NASA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, ba a nuna tasirin canjin yanayi sosai ba a cikin tsarin yanayi na yanzu: Helen Zille, Firimiyan Western Cape, ta ce Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Afirka ta Kudu ba ta yi tsammanin fari mai tsanani ba har sai bayan wasu shekaru 10.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-01-26-zille-tries-to-blame-it-on-the-weatherman/|title=Zille tries to blame it on the weatherman|last=Petra|first=Saal|date=Jan 2018|work=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gazawar gwamnati ===
Hukumar gaggawa ta gundumomi, na lardi, da na ƙasa suna raba alhakin samar da ruwa. Dokar Ruwa ta Ƙasa (Dokar 36 ta 1998) ta tsara cewa gwamnatin ƙasa ita ce &quot;atoni na jama'a&quot; na albarkatun ruwa na ƙasar don tabbatar da cewa ana &quot;kariya, amfani, haɓakawa, kiyayewa, gudanarwa da sarrafa ruwa cikin dorewa da adalci, don amfanin kowa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Facts and Myths&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/facts-and-myths-about-cape-towns-water-crisis/|title=Facts and myths about Cape Town's water crisis|date=Jan 2018|work=GroundUp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haifar da takaddama tsakanin gwamnatin gunduma da ta lardi da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin jam'iyyar adawa (Democratic Alliance, DA) a gefe guda, da kuma gwamnatin ƙasa mai rinjaye a ɗayan gefen (African National Congress, ANC), inda jam'iyyun ke zargin juna da laifin haddasa matsalar ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saunderson-Meyer&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saundersonmeyer-drought-commentary/commentary-in-drought-hit-south-africa-the-politics-of-water-idUSKBN1FP226|title=Commentary: In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water|last=Saunderson-Meyer|first=William|work=U.S.|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sukar DA saboda rashin tunanin gaba wajen samar da sabbin hanyoyin ruwa da ababen more rayuwa, yayin da ake zargin ANC da hana bayar da kuɗaɗe domin gurgunta tare da kunyata gwamnatin da DA ke jagoranta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-03-07-day-zero-heroes-maimane-hails-water-wise-capetonians-as-crisis-recedes/|title='Day Zero heroes': Maimane hails water-wise Capetonians as crisis recedes|last=Hyman|first=Aron|date=Mar 2018|work=Times Live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda rahoton ƙungiyar South African Water Caucus ya nuna, tarin bashi da almundahana mai yawa a Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsaftace Muhalli na iya zama dalilin gazawarta na karɓar buƙatar Western Cape ta R35 miliyan (Dalar Amurka miliyan 3) don ƙara samar da ruwa da ababen more rayuwa a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://emg.org.za/images/downloads/water_cl_ch/SAWC_State-of-DWS-Report.pdf|title=REPORT ON THE STATE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION|website=South African Water Caucus|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925190453/https://www.emg.org.za/images/downloads/water_cl_ch/SAWC_State-of-DWS-Report.pd|archive-date=25 September 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Helen Zille, Firimiyan Western Cape, ta yi kiran da gwamnatin ƙasa ta mayar wa Birnin Cape Town kuɗaɗen da aka kashe wajen tafiyar da matsalar ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jan24&quot; /&gt;

A tsakiyar watan Oktoba 2017, wasu kamfanonin raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination) sun soki Birnin saboda tafiyar hawainiya wajen sayan kayayyaki, yawan tsarin mulki na ofis (bureaucracy), rashin nuna gaggawa, da rashin isassun sikelin ayyukan samar da ruwa da aka tsara. A watan Janairu 2018, a matsayin martani ga wani rahoto mai tsanani da ya soki Birnin Cape Town saboda gaza magance bala'in cikin dacewa da lokaci da sauran gazawar shugabanci, hukumar zartarwa ta tarayya ta DA ta yanke shawarar cire magajiyar garin Cape Town Patricia de Lille daga jagorancin tawagar da ke magance matsalar fari, inda aka maye gurbinta da Mmusi Maimane, jagoran jam'iyyar DA gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/cape-town-water-crisis-crossing-state-and-party-lines-isnt-the-answer-90861|title=Cape Town Water Crisis Crossing State and Party Lines|work=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Polweb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/cape-town-city-manager-given-special-powers-to-dea|title=Cape Town city manager given special powers to deal with water crisis – NEWS &amp; ANALYSIS|last=News24|date=26 October 2017|website=www.politicsweb.co.za|language=en|access-date=2017-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kin amincewa da tsarin raba gishiri da ruwa ===
A shekarar 2018, Cape Town ta yi watsi da tayin da ƙasar Isra'ila ta yi mata na taimaka mata wajen gina masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination).&lt;ref&gt;In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water, Reuters, January 25, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cape Town May Dry Up Because of an Aversion to Israel, Wall St. Journal, February 21, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Cape Town Water Crisis and Hating Israel, aish, February 11, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;South African stupidity, Jerusalem Post, February 3, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasiri ==
[[File:Westridge Gardens 9.jpg|thumb|An gina Babban Tubalin Furanni (Flower Monument) a Westridge Gardens don tunawa da taron addu'o'in neman kyakkyawan ruwan sama lokacin da ake tsaka da matsalar ruwa. ]]
Matsalar ruwan ta haifar da babban tasiri ga tattalin arziki, lafiya, da tsaro. Ya fito fili cewa samar da ruwan famfo na birni don ban ruwa da amfanin birane yana da tasiri mai kyau (positive externalities) ta fuskar wadatar abinci, lafiyar jama'a, da daidaiton al'umma gaba ɗaya.

=== Tattalin Arziki ===
Matsalar ruwan ta yi sanadiyyar asarar ayyukan yi guda 37,000 a lardin Western Cape, sannan an kiyasta cewa mutane 50,000 sun fada ƙasa da layin talauci sakamakon asarar ayyukan yi, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, da ƙarin farashin abinci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Storms to Come&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://features.dailymaverick.co.za/cape-of-storms-to-come/|title=Cape of Storms To Come|last=DIANA NEILLE, MARELISE VAN DER MERWE &amp; LEILA DOUGAN|website=features.dailymaverick.co.za|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-03|archive-date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623202853/http://features.dailymaverick.co.za/cape-of-storms-to-come/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masana sun kiyasta cewa &quot;matsalar ruwan za ta lakume ayyukan yi kusan 300,000 a fannin aikin gona, da kuma wasu dubun-dubatar a fannonin hidima, baƙunci, da abinci&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;In Trouble&quot; /&gt;

==== Aikin Gona ====
Aikin gona wata muhimmiyar masana'anta ce a Western Cape. Masana'antar ruwan inabi (giya) a Western Cape ta janyo hankalin masu yawon buɗe ido miliyan 1.5 a shekarar 2017, kuma tare da masana'antar 'ya'yan itace tana ɗaukar ma'aikata kusan 340,000 tare da ba da gudummawar fiye da kashi 10% ga tattalin arzikin Western Cape. Da yawa daga cikin shuke-shuken suna buƙatar ruwa mai yawa; alal misali, gonar inabi tana buƙatar tsakanin inci 10 zuwa 24 na ruwa don ta tsira. A matsakaici, fannin aikin gona a Western Cape ya gudanar da ragin amfani da ruwa da kashi 60 cikin ɗari daga shekarar 2017 zuwa 2018, wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙarancin amfanin gona da kiyasin asarar tattalin arziki na R5.9 biliyan (Dalar Amurka miliyan 400), ayyukan yi 30,000, da faɗuwar kashi 13–20 cikin ɗari na kayayyakin da ake fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Wasu kiyasin sun sanya adadin ya fi haka inda ya kai R14 biliyan (Dalar Amurka biliyan 1).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/economy/2018-02-05-farmers-lose-r14bn-as-cape-drought-bites/|title=Farmers lose R14bn as Cape drought bites|last=Phakathi|first=Bekezela|date=5 February 2018|work=Business Day|access-date=2018-02-07|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuɗaɗen da ake samu daga hannun jarin masana'antun ruwan inabi da na 'ya'yan itace na cikin gida suna da matukar ƙanƙanta koda yake masana'antar ruwan inabin tana samar da wasu shahararrun ruwan inabi a duniya. Wannan ya haifar da fargabar cewa kasuwancin aikin gona da yawa suna fuskantar haɗarin fatara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== Fannin Yawon Buɗe Ido ====
Cape Town babbar matattarar masu yawon buɗe ido ce kuma ita ce birni mafi karɓar baƙi na dogon zango a nahiyar gaba ɗaya. Masana'antar yawon buɗe ido ita ma ta fuskanci babban kalubale sakamakon raguwar baƙi masu zuwa, masauki, da zirga-zirgar baƙi a wuraren shaƙatawa a watan Janairu 2018 idan aka kwatanta da daidai wannan lokacin a shekarar 2017. Fannin masauki ya ba da rahoton raguwar mazauna da kashi 10%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.capetown.travel/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CTT-Research-Report-April-2018_Classic.pdf|title=CTT Research Report April 2018|date=24 July 2018|website=Cape Town Tourism|access-date=24 July 2018|archive-date=24 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724183611/http://www.capetown.travel/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CTT-Research-Report-April-2018_Classic.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otal-otal sun yi rangwame kan ayyukansu, kamar cire matosai na burtun wanka, ba wa baƙi maganin tsaftace hannu (hand sanitiser), sanya na'urorin rage gudu a wuraren wanka, da ko dai share wuraren ninkaya sarai ko cika su da ruwan gishiri. A watan Oktoba 2017, Birnin ya ƙaddamar da ɗayan mahimman tsare-tsarensa, wato yaƙin neman zaɓe na 'Ajiye ruwa kamar ɗan gida' (Save like a local), tare da mai da hankali kan sanya masu yawon buɗe ido cikin ayyukan dakile fari na fadin birni gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How to &quot;Save Water Like a Local&quot; |url=https://capetownsafaris.com/save-water-like-local/ |website=Cape Town Safaris |date=11 April 2018 |access-date=14 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Talaucin Ruwa (Hydrological poverty) ===
Talaucin ruwa yakan kama mutanen da ba za su iya sayen abinci ko ruwan da ake buƙata don al'ummarsu ta zama mai wadata ba. A Cape Town, ya zama haramun sayar da ruwa daga rijiyoyi ko koguna amma mutane na iya samun riba daga sufuri da kwadagon da ke da alaƙa da kai ruwa daga wasu yankuna. Waɗanda suka yi amfani da ruwa fiye da ƙa'idar yau da kullun da aka gatsa ta lita 50 ga kowane mutum a rana an ci su tara tsakanin R500 zuwa R3,000 (Dalar Amurka 35–210). Sai dai wannan tasiri ya ƙara ƙarfafa tazarar talauci saboda taran ta kasance kaɗan ga mawadata amma mai rugurgutawa ga mazauna marasa galihu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.odi.org/blogs/10616-politics-poverty-and-climate-change-stories-cape-town-s-day-zero|title=Politics, poverty, and climate change: stories from Cape Town's 'Day Zero'|website=ODI|date=8 March 2018 |language=en|access-date=2020-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lafiyayyar Al'umma ===
Ma'aikatan lafiyar al'umma sun nuna damuwa game da cututtukan da za su iya yaduwa ta hanyar gurɓatar bayan gida da baki (faecal-oral contamination) sakamakon ƙarancin wanke hannu. Kamfanonin lafiyar al'umma, cibiyoyin bincike, da masu ba da lafiya su ma sun damu game da tasirin da matsalar ruwan za ta iya yi ga ayyukan lafiya.

Rashin isasshen tsaftar muhalli na iya haifar da cututtukan zawo (diarrhoeal diseases), waɗanda ke kashe mutane miliyan 2.2 kowace shekara a duniya, inda yawancin mace-mace ke faruwa tsakanin yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 5. Tare da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 4.3 da yawa na mutane kusan 1500 a kowace murabba'in kilomita, an ba da shawarar cewa wannan na iya haifar da cututtuka kamar kwalara da sauran su bazu cikin sauri ba tare da ingantaccen tsafta ba, musamman a unguwannin matalauta na Cape Town. Idan babu tsaftataccen ruwa, illolin lafiyar al'umma na iya ƙaruwa ta hanyar kwari a cikin kazaman ruwaye, waɗanda zasu iya haifar da ƙarin bazuwar cututtuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Comes the horror&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/cape-town-water-crisis-drought-disease/|title=Cape Town water crisis: With drought, comes the horror of disease|last=Head|first=Tom|date=10 October 2017|work=The South African|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ai sun yi gargaɗin cewa cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa kamar kwalara, hepatitis A, da zazzabin taifot (typhoid fever) &quot;da alama za su fi yaduwa&quot; yayin da mazauna garin suka fara adana ruwa a cikin kwantena masu ƙazanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAQs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Disaster%20and%20Demand%20FAQ.pdf|title=Water related FAQs|date=15 March 2018|website=City of Cape Town|access-date=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman bazuwar cututtuka tana da yuwuwar faruwa sakamakon matsakaicin amfani da lita 25 kacal na ruwa ga kowane mutum a rana, adadin da bai isa ba don kiyaye tsaftar gida. Wannan haɗe da amfani da ruwan wanka/wanki (greywater) da ƙarfafawa daga kafofin watsa labaru na rashin wanke 'ya'yan itace ya ƙara haɗarin gurɓatawa. Wani tasiri kuma ga lafiyar al'umma sakamakon matsalar ruwan shi ne ƙarancin abubuwan gina jiki ko ƙarancin ingancin abubuwan gina jiki da mutane ke samu. Saboda ƙarancin ruwa, amfanin gona da dabbobi suna raguwa ko kuma ingancinsu yana faduwa.&lt;ref&gt;Parks, R., McLaren, M., Toumi, R., &amp; Rivett, U. (2019). Experiences and lessons in managing water from Cape Town (29) [Grafiek &amp;  Literatuur]. Geraadpleegd van https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/grantham-institute/public/publications/briefing-papers/Experiences-and-lessons-in-managing-water.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗarin Lafiyar Wurin Aiki ===
Wuraren wankan gaggawa da na wanke idanu muhimmin sashi ne na tsaron wurin aiki ga dakunan gwaje-gwaje (laboratories) da ma'aikata da yawa. Ana buƙatar wadatar ruwa akai-akai idan aka fuskanci haɗarin sinadarai masu guba. Yawancin buƙatun Tsaron Wurin Aiki da Lafiya sun ba da shawarar cewa wuraren wankan gaggawa su kasance suna iya fitar da lita 75 a kowane minti na tsawon mintuna 15 aƙalla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://blogs.plos.org/publichealth/2018/02/05/day-zero-the-impact-of-cape-towns-water-shortage-on-public-health/|title=Day Zero: The impact of Cape Town's water shortage on public health {{!}} Public Health|date=5 February 2018|work=Public Health|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815104537/http://blogs.plos.org/publichealth/2018/02/05/day-zero-the-impact-of-cape-towns-water-shortage-on-public-health/|archive-date=15 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan aka dakatar ko iyakance waɗannan wuraren wankan, ma'aikatan da ke sarrafa sinadarai masu lahani sosai za su kasance cikin haɗari.

=== Kula da Yara ===
A gidaje da gidajen marayu, yara suna ɗaya daga cikin rukunoni mafi rauni da za su iya wahala daga illolin ƙarancin ruwa ga lafiya. Ciyarwa, wankewa, da haifuwar kayayyakin da ake buƙata don kula da yara na buƙatar ruwa mai yawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/vulnerable-fear-cape-towns-water-shut-off-20180208|title=Vulnerable fear Cape Town's water shut-off|work=News24|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en|archive-date=30 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330211225/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/vulnerable-fear-cape-towns-water-shut-off-20180208|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, idan aka kashe famfunan makarantu a Western Cape a ranar &quot;Day Zero&quot;, yara miliyan 1.1 za su kasance ba tare da ruwa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/water-crisis-day-zero-could-affect-a-million-children|title=Water crisis: Day Zero could affect a million children|website=www.enca.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-30|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920082926/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/water-crisis-day-zero-could-affect-a-million-children|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗarin Gobara ===
Akwai damuwa cewa haɗarin gobara zai ƙaru yayin da muhalli da ababen more rayuwa suka daɗa bushewa. Wannan ya kasance mai matukar muhimmanci ga manyan wuraren masana'antu da rumbun adana kayayyaki domin gobara a wuri ɗaya na iya bazuwa cikin sauƙi zuwa sauran gine-gine na kusa. Haka kuma tsarin kashe gobara na iya kasyawa saboda raguwar matsin lamba na ruwa a yankunan da ke sama.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAQs&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pwc.co.za/en/assets/pdf/business-resilience-western-cape-water-crisis.pdf|title=Western Cape Water Crisis: How resilient is your organization in the face of the current water crisis?|date=December 2012|website=PWC|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001034010/https://www.pwc.co.za/en/assets/pdf/business-resilience-western-cape-water-crisis.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Martani ga matsalar ruwa ==

An yi ƙoƙari wajen ƙara samarwa da kuma rage buƙatar ruwa a cikin Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape. Da yawa daga cikin mutane da kasuwanci sun yi ƙoƙarin rage dogaro da tsarin ruwa na birni don kare hanyoyin samar da ruwa na kankansu. Matsalar ruwan ta zaburar da bincike da saka hannun jari a madadin tsarin ruwa na daban, wanda a ƙarshe zai iya taimakawa wajen hana sauran birane faɗawa cikin irin wannan matakin na ƙarancin ruwa. Ta kuma bayyana buƙatar tsare-tsare na dogon lokaci a birnin inda canjin yanayi zai daɗa ta'azzara ƙalubalen fasaha, shari'a, da na hukumomi wajen isar da ruwa a tsakanin babban mataki na rashin daidaito.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://dayzero.org.za/Day-Zero.pdf|title=Day Zero. One city's response to a record-breaking drought|last1=Joubert|first1=Leonie|last2=Ziervogel|first2=Gina|publisher=Axa, Mapula Trust, African Climate and Development Initiative|year=2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haɗuwa da canjin yanayi da haɓakar jama'a a yankunan birane na nufin sauran biranen ma na iya fuskantar irin wannan fari mai tsanani kuma suna iya buƙatar yin la'akari da madadin hanyoyin samun ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/cape-town-drought-day-zero-climate-change-global-warming-south-africa-a8236511.html|title=Cape Town is almost at the feared 'Day Zero'|date=2 March 2018|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɓaka Samar da Ruwa ===
Birnin Cape Town ya ba da gagarumin ƙoƙari wajen haɓaka hanyoyin samar da ruwa. Muhimman ƙoƙarin sun haɗa da:
* sayen ƙarin lita miliyan biyu da miliyan biyar na ruwa kowace shekara daga Ma'ajiyar Ruwa ta Molteno a Oranjezicht da Atlantis Aquifer biyo da biyo
* ƙaddamar da ƙananan masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa (desalination) na wucin gadi guda uku (kwangilar shekaru 2) (biyu masu ƙarfin lita miliyan 7 a kowace rana kuma ɗaya mai ƙarfin lita miliyan 2 a kowace rana) a Monwabisi, Strandfontein, V&amp;A Waterfront, da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Cape Town
* aikin sake sarrafa ruwa na Zandvliet

Baki ɗaya, an tsara waɗannan ayyukan don samar da ƙarin lita miliyan 144 a kowace rana tsakanin Fabrairu da Yuli 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.traveller24.com/Explore/Green/cape-water-crisis-day-zero-moved-as-city-prepares-for-2m-tourists-20171118|title=Cape Water Crisis: Day Zero 'moved' as city prepares for 2m tourists|last=Nkanjeni|first=Unathi|date=Nov 2017|work=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma, da yawa daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan sun fuskanci ƙalubalen kayan aiki (logistical challenges), kuma sun yi jinkiri fiye da lokacin da aka tsara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/slow-progress-bringing-new-sources-water-cape-town/|title=Slow progress bringing new water to Cape Town|last=Bratton|first=Laura|date=Nov 2017|website=GroundUp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jagoran DA, Maimane, ya jaddada cewa masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa suna da tsada da kuma rikitarwa; musamman, masana'anta guda ɗaya za ta ci lita R15 biliyan (Dalar Amurka biliyan 1), wanda shi ne kashi ɗaya bisa uku na baki ɗaya kasafin kuɗin Birnin kuma tsarin sayen irin waɗannan kayan aiki yana waje da hurumin shari'a na Birnin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/220919/maimane-takes-over-cape-town-water-crisis-response/|title=Maimane takes over Cape Town water crisis response|date=24 January 2018|work=Business Tech}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga ƙarshe an yi watsi da tsare-tsaren masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa domin tsadar kowace raka'a ta ruwa ta yi yawa sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

A watan Fabrairu 2018, lokacin da aka kai kololuwar fari, Ƙungiyar Masu Amfani da Ruwa ta Groenland (wata hukumar wakilcin manoma a yankin aikin gona na Elgin Grabouw kusa da Cape Town) ta fara sakin ƙarin lita miliyan 10 na ruwa daga Madatsar Ruwansu ta Eikenhof kyauta. An tura wannan ruwan zuwa cikin Madatsar Ruwa ta Upper Steenbras.&lt;ref name=&quot;Groenland&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/cape-town-gets-10bn-litres-of-water|title=WATCH: Cape Town gets 10bn litres of water|date=6 February 2018|website=www.enca.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-08|archive-date=8 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908232503/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/cape-town-gets-10bn-litres-of-water|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya bai wa Birnin damar tura kiyasin ranar Day Zero baya daga 16 ga Afrilu zuwa 11 ga Mayu.

=== Gudanar da Buƙatun Ruwa na Birni ===

[[File:TragedyofCommons.png|thumb|298x298px|Albarkatun tafkin gama gari, kamar ruwan sama, sun fi fuskantar barazanar wuce gona da iri da ƙarewa idan ba a tsara su ba]]
Ruwan saman ƙasa da ruwan sama suna nuna siffofin albarkatun tafkin gama gari (Common-pool resource), wanda ke fuskantar matsalar 'balahirar gama gari' (tragedy of the commons). Idan babu tsari na hukuma, mutane masu son kai za su yanke shawarar amfani da zai gurgunta abubuwan amfanin gama gari, wanda hakan ya sa masanin ilimin halittu Garrett Hardin ya bayyana cewa &quot;yanci a cikin abubuwan gama gari yana kawo barna ga kowa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hardin, G. (1968). &quot;The tragedy of the commons.&quot; ''Science'', ''162''(3859), 1243–1248.&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yana da tsanani musamman lokacin matsalar ruwa lokacin da jimillar samarwa za ta iya faɗawa ƙasa da matakin amfani mafi dacewa ga al'umma. Don haka, Birnin ya yi ƙoƙarin tsara amfani da abubuwan gama gari ta hanyar gargadi na amfani da alhakin kai, rabo kai-tsaye, da kuma amfani da farashin kuɗaɗen ruwa (water tariffs) (don masu amfani su fahimci tsadar yanke shawararsu ga al'umma).

Birnin Cape Town ya yi nasarar rage amfani da ruwa da fiye da kashi 50 cikin dari yayin fari daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/02/cape-town-running-out-of-water-drought-taps-shutoff-other-cities/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202190935/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/02/cape-town-running-out-of-water-drought-taps-shutoff-other-cities/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2018|title=Why Cape Town Is Running Out of Water, and Who's Next|last=Welch|first=Craig|date=Mar 2018|work=National Geographic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amfani da ruwa na gidaje ya ragu sosai ƙarƙashin takunkumin Mataki na 6B, inda adadi mafi ƙanƙanta da aka yi rajista ya kasance lita miliyan 481 a kowace rana a ranar 2 ga Yuli 2018, mafi kusa da matakin da aka yi niyya na lita miliyan 450 a kowace rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard-14may2018&quot; /&gt; Rahoton Water Outlook 2018 ya tattara bayanan canje-canje a buƙatun ruwa daga Nuwamba 2013 zuwa Mayu 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department of Water and Sanitation, City of Capetown |date=2018-05-18 |title=Water Outlook 2018 Report, Revision 25 |url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/Water%20Outlook%202018%20-%20Summary.pdf |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tilasta Ragewa ====
An ci gaba da sake duba iyakar amfanin ruwa na kanka gami da rage shi a duk lokacin da ake tsaka da matsalar, inda mafi ƙanƙanta ya kasance lita 50 a kowace rana ga kowane mutum farawa daga 1 ga Fabrairu 2018.&lt;ref name = &quot;Booysen&quot;/&gt; Wannan matakin amfani da ruwa kashi ɗaya bisa uku ne kacal na matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na yau da kullun na lita 150 a ƙasar Burtaniya kuma kashi ɗaya bisa shida na matsakaicin amfanin yau da kullun a Amurka. An bukaci mazauna birnin da kada su zubar da ruwa a bayan gida bayan sun yi fitsari, sannan su yi amfani da ruwan sama ko ruwan wanka bayan sun yi bayan gida, sannan su rage tsayi da yawan wanka. Don kiyaye ruwa, an samar da maganin tsaftace hannu (hand sanitizer) a ofisoshi da gine-ginen gwamnati don amfani da shi maimakon wanke hannu na al'ada. Wasu shagunan kofi sun fara amfani da kofuna da kwanukan roba da na takarda don rage wanke-wanke. Yin amfani da ruwan famfo na birni don cika wuraren ninkaya, shayar da ciyawa ko wanke saman ƙasa ya zama haramun. An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 50 cikin ɗari na gidaje sun bi ka'idojin takunkumin amfani da ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42787773|title=Cape Town water crisis: 'My wife doesn't shower any more'|date=Jan 2018|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Birnin ya bincika matakai daban-daban don tabbatar da bin doka: 
* Ƙirƙirar taswirar intanet mai ɗigo-ɗigo kore da ke nuna waɗanne gidaje ne ke yin kyakkyawan aiki wajen adana ruwa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/09/14/648016169/did-cape-town-learn-from-day-zero|title=Did Cape Town Learn From 'Day Zero'?|last=Shapiro|first=Ari|date=Sep 2018|publisher=National Public Radio (NPR)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jami'an birni sun tuka motoci ta cikin unguwannin da ke amfani da ruwa da yawa tare da amfani da lasifika suna kiran sunayensu don tsawatar musu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/06/28/624397903/cape-town-averts-day-zero-by-limiting-water-use|title=Cape Town Averts 'Day Zero' By Limiting Water Use|last=Shapiro|first=Ari|date=Jun 2018|publisher=National Public Radio (NPR)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wallafa sunayen manyan masu amfani da ruwa fiye da kima&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;
* Rashin bin takunkumin buƙata na iya haifar da sanya na'urar gudanar da ruwa, wanda ke iyakance amfani da ruwa zuwa lita 350 kacal a kowace rana, inda mai gidan zai biya kuɗin sanya na'urar na R4,500 (Dalar Amurka 314).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; A watan Disamba 2017, Magajiyar Garin Patricia de Lille da kanta ta ziyarci gidajen masu ɓata ruwa don sanya na'urorin auna ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/africa/1147081/cape-town-drought-as-day-zero-approaches-the-city-needs-to-learn-to-talk-about-climate-change-not-spread-fear/|title=Africa's favorite tourist city is about to run out of water|last=Chutel|first=Lynsey|date=Dec 2017|website=Quartz}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Ma'aikatar tilasta bin doka ta ƙara zafafa sintiri kan ɓarna da almubazzarancin ruwa&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.citylab.com/environment/2018/07/how-cape-town-got-to-the-brink-of-water-catastrophe/564800/|title=How Cape Town Got to the Brink of Water Catastrophe|last=Walton|first=Brett|date=Jul 2018|website=CityLab}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa ====
Haka kuma Birnin ya ƙara kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa (water tariffs), musamman ga mazauna lardin da suka ci gaba da amfani da ruwa mai yawa, galibi don jin daɗi da abubuwan da ba su da muhimmanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; A mafi girman farashin fito, yin amfani da ruwa sama da lita 35,000 a wata guda ya lakume R768.64 (Dalar Amurka 54) a kowace lita 1,000, wanda Birnin ya bayyana a matsayin hukunci. Kamar yadda rahoton Water Outlook 2018 ya nuna, matsakaicin buƙatar ruwa ya faɗi da kusan kashi 45 cikin ɗari daga Fabrairu 2017 zuwa Fabrairu 2018. Wannan ya fassara &quot;zuwa ƙarancin kuɗin shiga na kusan R2 biliyan (Dalar Amurka miliyan 140) a cikin shekarar da muke ciki&quot;, wanda hakan kuma ya kasance babban dalilin ƙarin kuɗaɗen fito.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Bincike ya nuna goyon baya ga amfani da manufar sanya farashi a matsayin kayan aiki don raba ruwa cikin inganci. Yayin da ake kwatanta farashin ƙayyadajen kudi (flat rate pricing) (inda ƙarin kuɗin amfani yake daidai da sifili) da kuma farashin amfani da adadi (volumetric pricing) na kayan amfanin ruwa na gida, Hanke da Bolard (1971) sun nuna cewa sauyawa daga na farko zuwa na biyun yana da tasiri wajen samun dorewar raguwa a amfanin ruwa na gida.

Kuɗaɗen fito na ruwa suna da tasiri musamman wajen rage buƙatun ruwa don abubuwan da ba su da mahimmanci tunda irin wannan buƙatar galibi tana da alaƙa da canjin farashi (price-elastic), kuma za ta ragu fiye da kima a matsayin martani ga ƙarin farashi.&lt;ref&gt;Hanke, S. H., &amp; Boland, J. J. (1971). &quot;Water requirements or water demands?&quot; ''Journal-American Water Works Association'', ''63''(11), 677–681.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Madadin hanyoyin samun ruwa ===
[[File:Newlands Spring Water crisis 2018.jpg|thumb|Mazauna garin suna jerin gwano a Newlands Spring]]
Hasashen ranar ƙarshe ta ƙarshe (Day Zero) a Cape Town ya sa mutane da kasuwanci da yawa neman madadin hanyoyin samar da ruwa daban da Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape. Mazauna cikin gida da yawa, ɗauke da kwantena na roba, sun tattara ruwa daga rafukan duwatsu da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa na halitta a kewayen birnin. Wannan ya haifar da dogon layi har ma da fadace-fadace tsakanin 'yan ƙasa, kuma Birnin ya ƙara tsaro a shahararrun wuraren.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

Hanyoyin mafi inganci sun haɗa da sanya tankunan adana ruwa waɗanda za su tattara ruwan sama, da kuma hakar rijiyoyin burtsatse na kankansu (boreholes).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.co.za/sas-richest-family-coining-it-from-jojo-tanks-2018-2|title=SA's richest family is coining it amid the scramble for JoJo tanks|last=Wasserman|first=Helena|date=Feb 2018|website=Business Insider}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; Tunda ƙarin kuɗin (marginal cost) amfani da ruwa daga tankunan adana ruwa ko rijiyoyin burtsatse na kankansu yana kusa da sifili, gidaje da kasuwanci da ke da irin waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan za su iya rage buƙatunsu na ruwan famfo na birni da kuma biyan buƙatunsu mafi mahimmanci (price inelastic) da waɗannan madadin hanyoyin ruwan, yayin da buƙatu mafi sauƙi ga canjin farashi (price elastic) ke zama mafi girman kaso na baki ɗaya buƙatun ruwan birni.

Wannan yana da lahani na dogon lokaci ga tsaron ruwa da tsarin samar da ruwa na birni: na farko, yana gurgunta ikon birnin na yin amfani da farashin ruwa da manufar kuɗaɗen fito don tsara amfani da abubuwan gama gari, sannan na biyu, la'akari da mahimmancin tallafin giciye (cross-subsidization) inda manyan masu amfani ke rage wa ƙananan masu amfani nauyi a cikin tsarin ci gaba na farashin ruwa, yana haifar da damuwa game da dorewar kuɗi ga tsarin ruwan da ya riga ya durƙushe ƙarƙashin nauyin kuɗinsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Yayin da dokokin ruwa ba sa barin ɗan ƙasa da kasuwancin gida fita cikin sauƙi daga tsarin samar da ruwa na gundumar, ƙila za a buƙaci aiwatar da ƙarin canje-canje a cikin dokokin cikin gida don ba wa gidaje masu wadata da fannoni masu zaman kansu damar ba da gudummawa wajen haɓaka isar da ayyukan ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/businesses-in-w-cape-plan-to-get-off-the-water-grid/|title=Businesses in W Cape plan to get off water grid|last=Poonah|first=Vanessa|date=Jul 2018|work=SABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Uploads/Alternative-water-installation-guidelines-29-Nov-2019.pdf|title=Water Installation Guidelines|last=Green Cape}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Noma mai kiyaye ruwa ===
Wannan matsalar ruwa ta zaburar da bincike da kuma amfani da ingantattun hanyoyin noma masu kiyaye ruwa. Manoma sun ƙara yin amfani da fasahar aikin gona ta zamani (agricultural precision technology) don samun ingantaccen fahimta game da amfani da ruwa a gonakansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Masu bincike daga Jami'ar Cape Town suna nazarin siffofin shuke-shuken daji da za su iya girma da ƙarancin ruwa, da fatan yin koyi da irin waɗannan siffofin a cikin amfanin gona ta hanyar jinsi na gargajiya da fasahar halittu (biotechnology). Wasu masana kimiyya suna nazarin tsarin sarrafa abinci na shuke-shuke (metabolism) don koyon yadda suke amfani da ƙarancin ruwa yayin aiwatar da photosynthesis, wanda ke ba su damar tsira a lokacin dogon fari mai tsanani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/energy-environment/385331-time-to-reevaluate-agriculture-as-cape-town-runs-dry|title=Time to reevaluate agriculture as Cape Town runs dry|date=28 April 2018|website=The Hill}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da kyau a lura cewa duk da samun yanki mafi girma da ake ban ruwa (ha 269 476), Western Cape kuma tana da mafi ƙanƙanta, kuma mafi ingancin amfani da ruwa a kowace raka'a ta yanki (mita mai siffar sili 5,874 a kowace ha) tsakanin lardunan ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Yaƙin neman zaɓen kiyaye ruwa a makarantu ===
A rabin na biyu na shekarar 2017, an ƙaddamar da yaƙin neman zaɓe don taimakawa wajen adana ruwa ta hanyar gyare-gyare da yaƙin neman zaɓe na canjin ɗabi'a a makarantu.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.schoolswater.co.za/ www.SchoolsWater.co.za]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLp-Ogs30mP7pVsa0rHj3pwttny1m6R2QD Bidiyon YouTube akan aikin]&lt;/ref&gt; Manufar ita ce a adana ruwa a makarantu, sannan kuma a faɗakar da yara. Waɗannan yara za su iya kai saƙon gida, ta haka za a isa ga dubun-dubatar masu amfani. An ƙaddamar da yakin neman zaɓen a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin manyan abokan haɗin gwiwa guda huɗu: Shoprite (babban dillali mafi girma a Afirka), Jami'ar Stellenbosch, gidan rediyon Cape Talk, da Bridgiot. Ta hanyar tallafin kamfanoni 93, an kai ga makarantu 358. Kowane kamfani ya ɗauki nauyin makaranta ɗaya ko fiye, inda Shoprite ke tallafawa makarantu 100. Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Western Cape ita ma ta ba da gudummawa wajen tallafawa makarantu da dama.
[[File:Top Trumps playing cards used to raise awareness at schools..png|thumb|Katunan wasa na Top Trumps da aka yi amfani da su don faɗakarwa a makarantu]]
Mataki na farko na yaƙin neman zaɓen shi ne sanya mita mai kaifin basira, da ake kira Dropula,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bridgiot.co.za/solutions/dropula-2/ Shafi na Dropula]&lt;/ref&gt; sannan kuma aka gudanar da aikin gyara cikin hanzari a kowace makaranta.&lt;ref name = &quot;schoolsMaintenance&quot;&gt;M.J. Booysen, C. Ripunda, M. Visser,  (2019). &quot;Results from a water-saving maintenance campaign at Cape Town schools in the run-up to Day Zero&quot;, ''Vol 50'', ''Sustainable Cities and Society''. Published: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101639. (Open access: https://doi.org/10.31224/osf.io/45cf9)&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan kuma ya biyo bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na canza ɗabi'a, inda aka raba makarantu zuwa guda uku: rukunin kulawa da aka bari a cikin duhu yawanci, sai dai don matakan gaggawa na gaba, rukunin da aka tura wa ma'aikata kawai bayanai, da rukunin da ma'aikata suka sami bayanai sannan kuma yara suka shiga cikin gasa.&lt;ref name = &quot;schoolsBehavioural&quot;&gt;M. Visser, M.J. Booysen, K. Berger, J. Brühl (2019). &quot;Saving water at Cape Town schools by using smart metering and behavioural change&quot;, ''Working paper''. https://doi.org/10.31224/osf.io/7kzwv&lt;/ref&gt; Sakamakon ya nuna gagarumin tanadi daga aikin gyaran inda mafi ƙanƙancin kwararar ruwa da daddare ya ragu da kashi 28%. Canjin ɗabi'a ya haifar da ƙarin tanadi baki ɗaya daga kashi 15% zuwa 26%, inda rukunin da suka sami bayanai kawai suka fi yin tanadi. Wani sakamako mai ban sha'awa daga binciken shi ne rabon amfani da ruwa a duk faɗin makarantun quintiles. Makarantun da suka fi fama da talauci suna da ingancin ruwa kusan kashi 50%, yayin da makarantu masu wadata ke da ingancin ruwa kusan kashi 80%.&lt;ref name = &quot;schoolsGovernance&quot;&gt;M.J. Booysen, B. Wijesiri, C. Ripunda, A. Goonetilleke,  (2019). &quot;Fees and governance: Towards sustainability in water resources management at schools in post-apartheid South Africa&quot;, ''Vol 51'', ''Sustainable Cities and Society''. Published: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101694. (Open access: https://doi.org/10.31224/osf.io/5wy8s)&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma an bayyana aikin a cikin wani shiri na musamman na CNN.&lt;ref&gt;[https://edition.cnn.com/2019/09/23/business/cape-town-drought-water-meter-intl/index.html Labarin CNN da bidiyon aikin.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ce-ce-ku-ce ==
Matsalar ruwan ta fuskanci dimbin ce-ce-ku-ce na siyasa da kuma bayanan karya, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama kalubale wajen gane ainihin girman matsalar, da kuma tantance ayyukan da ake yi na magance ta cikin dacewa. Wasu ma sun yi shakka game da kasancewar matsalar ruwan, kuma sun rage darajar ranar &quot;Day Zero&quot; a matsayin dabarar tsoratarwa kawai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Facts and Myths&quot; /&gt;

=== Rashin daidaiton rarrabawa ===
Matsalar ruwan Cape Town ta fito da rashin daidaiton rarraba ruwa a birnin fili. Kodayake kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na aliyun jama'ar Cape Town suna zaune ne a matsugunai marasa tsari (informal settlements), kashi 3.6 cikin ɗari kacal na wadatar ruwan lardin ya je ga irin waɗannan matsugunai a shekarar 2016/2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://africacheck.org/reports/do-formal-residents-use-65-of-cape-towns-water-with-half-going-to-gardens-pools/|title=Do formal residents use 65% of Cape Town's water, with half going to gardens &amp; pools?|last=Makou|first=Gopolang|date=Aug 2017|website=Africa Check}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan haka yake saboda buƙatar ruwa na mazauna ya danganta da ababen more rayuwa da aka samar, kuma gidajen da suka dogara da famfunan taron jama'a—kamar yadda yake a mafi yawan garuruwa (townships)—suna amfani da ruwa kaɗan fiye da gidajen da ke da haɗin famfo na cikin gida.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, L., &amp; Hanson, S. (2003). &quot;Access to water for the urban poor in Cape Town: where equity meets cost recovery.&quot; ''Urban Studies'', ''40''(8), 1517–1548.&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yana nufin cewa a aikace, da yawa daga cikin mazauna matsugunai marasa tsari sun riga sun amfani da ruwa a matakan da suka dace da takunkumin Mataki na 6B kuma ba su ga wani gagarumin canji a salon rayuwarsu ba kafin da kuma lokacin matsalar ruwa. Masu lura da al'amura sun soki sakacin gwamnati na rashin magance irin waɗannan matsaloli na tsaron ruwa da daidaito a cikin matsugunai marasa tsari kafin matsalar ruwan Cape Town.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/water-restrictions-its-nothing-new-us-say-residents-informal-settlements/|title=Water crisis: it makes no difference to us, say residents of informal settlements|last=Bratton|first=Laura|date=Nov 2017|website=GroundUp}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar Human Rights Watch ta fitar da wata sanarwa, tana roƙon gwamnati da ta &quot;kiyaye mutuntawa da cika muhimman haƙƙoƙi a tsakiyar dorewar mafita, da kuma tabbatar da cewa an ba da fifikon raba ruwa daidai da buƙatu masu mahimmanci.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/02/01/cape-towns-water-crisis-response-needs-protect-rights-millions|title=Cape Town's Water Crisis Response Needs to Protect the Rights of Millions|last=Mavhinga|first=Deva|date=Feb 2018|website=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rabon ruwa tsakanin aikin gona da amfanin birni ===
[[File:WaterResourceAllocation.png|thumb|291x291px|Rabon ruwa tsakanin amfani daban-daban ya dogara ne akan ribar da kowane fanni ke samu. Jadawalin bai nuna tasirin waje ba.]]
An sanya takunkumin ruwa akan aikin gona da kuma amfanin birni na ruwan famfo. A matsakaici, fannin aikin gona a Western Cape ya fuskanci ragi na amfani da ruwa da kashi 60 cikin ɗari tun daga shekarar 2017. Takunkumin ruwa ya bambanta daga kashi 50 cikin ɗari a kwarin Breede (Breede Valley), kashi 60 cikin ɗari a lardin Berg River da yankin Riviersonderend da kashi 87 cikin ɗari a kwarin Lower Olifants River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A takunkumin ruwa na Mataki na 6B, ana saurin sa ran yankunan birane su rage amfani da ruwa da kashi 45 cikin ɗari. Anton Rabe, Shugaban Kamfanin Hortgro, wanda ke wakiltar manoman 'ya'yan itace a Cape Town, ya ba da hujjar cewa yanke kashi 60 cikin ɗari ga aikin gona, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 45 cikin ɗari ga birnin, ba adalci ba ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/western-cape-farmers-call-for-easing-of-water-restrictions-to-repair-drought-damage-20180917|title=Western Cape farmers call for easing of water restrictions to repair drought damage|last=Gosling|first=Melanie|date=Sep 2018|work=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma, akwai labarai masu ban tsoro da bidiyoyi na vlogs waɗanda suka ɗora alhakin matsalar ruwan akan hanyoyin noma da kiwon dabbobi waɗanda ba sa kiyaye ruwa cikin inganci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Facts and Myths&quot; /&gt; Kyakkyawan rabon ruwa tsakanin aikin gona da amfanin birni yana da matukar rikitarwa saboda kasancewar abubuwan tasiri da yawa na waje (externalities), inda ruwan ban ruwa ke da matukar muhimmanci ga wadatar abinci sannan amfanin birni na da muhimmanci ga lafiyar al'umma, haka kuma canjin buƙatun na lokaci-lokaci.

=== Sharhin Firimiyan Western Cape, Helen Zille ===
Helen Zille, Firimiyan Western Cape, ta janyo hankalin mutane saboda wasu sharhinta kan matsalar ruwa. A watan Satumba na shekarar 2017, ta bayyana cewa tana yin wanka sau ɗaya kacal a kowace kwana uku, da kuma cewa tana ɗaukar &quot;gashi mai mai a lokacin fari a matsayin alamar matsayi kamar mota mai kura.&quot; Wannan ya zaburar da muhawarar jama'a, inda wasu suka yaba da sadaukarwarta ga martanin fari yayin da wasu kuma suka riƙa yi mata gizzari.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-41351543|title=Helen Zille: Why South African politician will only shower every three days|last=Fihlani|first=Pumza|date=22 September 2017|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Janairu 2018, Zille ta kuma tunzura fushi a dandalin Twitter bayan ta mayar da martani ga damuwa game da sakacin gwamnati na rashin magance rashin tsaron ruwa a matsugunai marasa tsari ta hanyar yaba wa tsarin mulkin mallaka (colonialism) don samar da ruwan famfo. Wannan ya haifar da tsautsayi daga DA saboda &quot;keta doka akan amfani da kafofin watsa labarun al'umma&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-01-30-da-threatens-to-charge-zille-over-water-colonialism-tweets|title=DA threatens to charge Zille over water colonialism tweets|last=Pather|first=Ra'eesa|date=Jan 2018|work=Mail and Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kuma sanin Zille da siffanta matsalar ruwan da ranar ƙarshe (doomsday characterization), a wani lokacin tana kwatanta ta da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu da hararin 9/11, wanda wasu suka soki hakan a matsayin abin da bai dace ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-01-22-zille-takes-charge-day-zero-bigger-than-wwii-and-911-says-premier/|title=Zille takes charge: Day Zero bigger than WWII and 9/11' says premier|last=Dave|first=Chambers|date=22 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rikicin cikin gida a jam'iyyar Democratic Alliance ===
A watan Janairu 2018, DA ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a &quot;gurfanar tare da bincikar&quot; Magajiyar Garin Cape Town Patricia de Lille a hukumance don zargi takwas na &quot;gazawar shugabanci&quot; (waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da matsalar ruwa) kuma za a cire ta daga rukunin jagorancinta a cikin martanin birnin game da matsalar ruwa cikin gaggawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Facts and Myths&quot; /&gt; Manajan Birnin Cape Town Achmat Ebrahim, wanda aka ambata a cikin zargin ba daidai ba tare da De Lille, shi ma ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2018-01-16-capewatergate-da-hints-mayor-de-lille-to-blame-for-water-crisis-mismanagement/|title=#CapeWatergate: DA hints Mayor De Lille to blame for water crisis mismanagement|last=Davis|first=Rebecca|date=16 January 2018|work=Daily Maverick}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Raba gishiri da ruwa da kuma Isra'ila ===
Mambobin jam'iyyar African National Congress (ANC) sun zargi DA da ƙirƙira da kuma ƙasaita matsalar ruwan don amfanar Yahudawa da ƙasar Isra'ila. Wannan haka yake tunda Isra'ila ita ce jagorar duniya a fasahar raba gishiri da ruwa (water desalination), kuma za ta kasance abokiyar haɗin gwiwa mai yuwuwa wajen taimaka wa Cape Town kafa masana'antun raba gishiri da ruwa. Alakar dake tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu bayan mulkin wariyar launin fata (post-Apartheid) da Isra'la.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>qba6eby9lv787po3wua86cyw1kn01f0</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Patesko</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>861332</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>gyara</comment>
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'''Rodolpho Barteczko''' (12 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1910 - 13 ga watan Maris shekara ta 1988),  wanda aka fi sani da Patesko, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Brazil wanda ya buga wasan gaba. An haife shi a [[Curitiba]], kasar Brazil kuma ya mutu a birnin [[Rio de Janeiro]] .

Daga asalin kasar Poland, a cikin aikinsa shekarar (1930-1943) ya buga wa Palestra Italiya, Força e Luz, Nacional (inda ya lashe gasar zakarun kasar Uruguay ta shekarar ta v1933) da Botafogo . Ya lashe gasar zakarun jihar Rio de Janeiro a shekarar 1935.

Ga tawagar kasar Brazil ya shiga gasar cin [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|Kofin Duniya]] ta shekara ta 1934 da shekarar 1938. Ya mutu yana da shekaru 77.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Brazil Squad 1934 World Cup}}{{Brazil squad 1937 South American Championship}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1988]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1910]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>861334</id>
      <parentid>861332</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T16:00:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>saka manazarta</comment>
      <origin>861334</origin>
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      <text bytes="924" sha1="43hfevsfw1lkbs3lg894csbjjy8uqfy" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Rodolpho Barteczko'''&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patesko&lt;/ref&gt; (12 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1910 - 13 ga watan Maris shekara ta 1988),  wanda aka fi sani da Patesko, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Brazil wanda ya buga wasan gaba. An haife shi a [[Curitiba]], kasar Brazil kuma ya mutu a birnin [[Rio de Janeiro]] .

Daga asalin kasar Poland, a cikin aikinsa shekarar (1930-1943) ya buga wa Palestra Italiya, Força e Luz, Nacional (inda ya lashe gasar zakarun kasar Uruguay ta shekarar ta v1933) da Botafogo . Ya lashe gasar zakarun jihar Rio de Janeiro a shekarar 1935.

Ga tawagar kasar Brazil ya shiga gasar cin [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|Kofin Duniya]] ta shekara ta 1934 da shekarar 1938. Ya mutu yana da shekaru 77.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Brazil Squad 1934 World Cup}}{{Brazil squad 1937 South American Championship}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1988]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1910]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fernando Ferretti</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
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      <comment>inganta muqala</comment>
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'''Fernando Ferretti''' (26 ga watan Afrilu shekarar ta 1949 - 29 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2011) tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na kungiyar kasar Brazil wanda ya fi buga wa Botafogo wasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;weltf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ferretti |url=http://www.weltfussball.de/spieler_profil/ferretti/ |access-date=30 Aug 2014 |publisher=weltfussball.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan Olympics ==
Ferretti ya fito a dukkan wasannin uku na kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Brazil (a karkashin shekara 23), kuma ya zama babban mai zira kwallaye na Brazil tare da kwallaye biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;FIFA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=FIFA Player Statistics: FERRETTI |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=286306/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701084038/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=286306/index.html |archive-date=July 1, 2013 |access-date=30 Aug 2014 |publisher=[[FIFA]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A minti na 55 na wasan karshe na rukuni da Najeriya, an kore shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;FIFA2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Olympic Football Tournament Mexico City 1968 - Brazil 3:3 (3:0) - Overview |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/mensolympic/mexicocity1968/matches/round=197100/match=32113/index.html |access-date=30 Aug 2014 |publisher=[[FIFA]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Brazil football squad 1968 Summer Olympics}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2011]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]]
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  <page>
    <title>Rashin jituwa</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Rahama Buhari Sani</username>
        <id>45571</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357353660|Dysbiosis]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Dysbiosis''' (wanda kuma ake kira '''dysbacteriosis''' ) ana siffanta shi da katsewar ƙwayoyin cuta wanda ke haifar da rashin daidaito a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta, canje-canje a cikin aikinsu da ayyukan metabolism, ko canji a cikin rarrabawarsu ta gida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tamboli CP, Neut C, Desreumaux P, Colombel JF |date=January 2004 |title=Dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease |journal=Gut |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1136/gut.53.1.1 |pmc=1773911 |pmid=14684564}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Moos_2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Moos WH, Faller DV, Harpp DN, Kanara I, Pernokas J, Powers WR, Steliou K |year=2016 |title=Microbiota and Neurological Disorders: A Gut Feeling |journal=BioResearch Open Access |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=137–45 |doi=10.1089/biores.2016.0010 |pmc=4892191 |pmid=27274912 |quote=As reviewed in this report, synthetic biology shows potential in developing microorganisms for correcting pathogenic dysbiosis (gut microbiota-host maladaptation), although this has yet to be proven.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, wani ɓangare na ƙwayoyin cuta na ɗan adam kamar su flora na fata, flora na hanji, ko flora na farji, na iya zama marasa daidaituwa (rashin daidaito), lokacin da nau'ikan da suka fi rinjaye yawanci ba su da wakilci sosai kuma nau'ikan da yawanci ba su da gasa ko kuma waɗanda aka tattara sun ƙaru don cike gurbin. Saboda tasirin da ake gani a cikin cututtuka daban-daban, an sami ci gaba cikin sauri a cikin bincike da sha'awar kirkire-kirkire a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban don magance dysbiosis.  Kamar ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji na ɗan adam, ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban suna mamaye rhizosphere na shuka, da dysbiosis a cikin rhizosphere, na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga lafiyar tsire-tsire. &lt;ref name=&quot;tk&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ketehouli |first=T |last2=Pasche |first2=J |last3=Buttros |first3=V |last4=Goss |first4=E |last5=Martins |first5=SJ |date=2025 |title=The underground world of plant disease: Rhizosphere dysbiosis reduces above-ground plant resistance to bacterial leaf spot and alters plant transcriptome |journal=Environmental Microbiology |volume=26 |issue=7 |doi=10.1111/1462-2920.16676 |pmid=39010309 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fi ruwaito dysbiosis a matsayin yanayi a cikin hanyar ciki &lt;ref name=&quot;Moos_2016&quot; /&gt; ko rhizosphere na shuka . &lt;ref name=&quot;tk&quot; /&gt;

Yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta da ake samu a jiki ko a jiki ba su da lahani ko kuma suna da amfani . Waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta masu girman da ya dace suna gudanar da ayyuka masu taimako da mahimmanci, kamar taimakawa wajen narkewar abinci . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kau AL, Ahern PP, Griffin NW, Goodman AL, Gordon JI |date=June 2011 |title=Human nutrition, the gut microbiome and the immune system |journal=Nature |volume=474 |issue=7351 |pages=327–36 |doi=10.1038/nature10213 |pmc=3298082 |pmid=21677749}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna kuma taimakawa wajen kare jiki daga shigar ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa . Waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta masu amfani suna gasa da juna don sarari da albarkatu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Xuan C, Shamonki JM, Chung A, Dinome ML, Chung M, Sieling PA, Lee DJ |date=2014-01-08 |title=Microbial dysbiosis is associated with human breast cancer |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=9 |issue=1 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...983744X |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0083744 |pmc=3885448 |pmid=24421902 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, lokacin da aka lalata wannan daidaito, waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta suna nuna ƙarancin ikon duba ci gaban juna, wanda hakan zai iya haifar da ƙaruwar girma ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta masu damuwa wanda zai iya ƙara lalata wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta masu amfani a cikin mummunan zagaye . Yayin da ƙwayoyin cuta masu amfani suka lalace, suna sa rashin daidaito ya fi bayyana, ƙarin matsalolin girma suna faruwa saboda ƙwayoyin cuta da suka lalace ba su da ikon duba ci gaban waɗanda suka girma da yawa. Idan ba a yi la'akari da wannan na dogon lokaci ba, rashin daidaito [[Yanayin da ba shi da kyau|mai]] yaɗuwa tsakanin ƙwayoyin cuta zai shiga, wanda a ƙarshe yana rage yanayin amfani na waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=DeGruttola AK, Low D, Mizoguchi A, Mizoguchi E |date=May 2016 |title=Current Understanding of Dysbiosis in Disease in Human and Animal Models |journal=Inflammatory Bowel Diseases |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=1137–1150 |doi=10.1097/MIB.0000000000000750 |pmc=4838534 |pmid=27070911}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilin da yasa dysbiosis zai iya faruwa ==
Duk wani cikas ga ƙwayoyin cuta na jiki na iya haifar da dysbiosis. Dysbiosis a cikin hanji yana faruwa ne lokacin da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin hanyar narkewar abinci suka zama marasa daidaito. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What Is Dysbiosis? |url=https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/what-is-dysbiosis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202065832/https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/what-is-dysbiosis |archive-date=2022-02-02 |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=WebMD |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai dalilai da yawa da ke haifar da dysbiosis a cikin hanji. Wasu dalilai sun haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance ga:

* Canje-canje a cikin abinci &lt;ref name=&quot;Dysbiosis in intestinal inflammatio&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Buttó LF, Haller D |date=August 2016 |title=Dysbiosis in intestinal inflammation: Cause or consequence |journal=International Journal of Medical Microbiology |volume=306 |issue=5 |pages=302–309 |doi=10.1016/j.ijmm.2016.02.010 |pmid=27012594}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Magungunan rigakafi da ke shafar ƙwayoyin hanji &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burgos |first=F. |last2=Cai |first2=W. |last3=Arias |first3=C. |year=2024 |title=Gut dysbiosis induced by florfenicol increases susceptibility to Aeromonas hydrophila infection in zebrafish after the recommended withdrawal period |journal=Journal of Aquatic Animal Health |volume=36 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/aah.10211 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hawrelak JA, Myers SP |date=June 2004 |title=The causes of intestinal dysbiosis: a review |journal=Alternative Medicine Review |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=180–197 |pmid=15253677}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Dysbiosis in intestinal inflammatio&quot; /&gt;
* [[Damuwa (biology)|Damuwa]] ta fuskar tunani da ta jiki (yana raunana [[Tsarin rigakafi|garkuwar jiki]] ) &lt;ref name=&quot;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&quot; /&gt;
* Amfani da [[Rashin haske|radiation]], [[chemotherapy]], magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, isotopes na rediyoaktif, da kuma maganin hormones &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Wang Z, Wang Q, Wang X, Zhu L, Chen J, Zhang B, Chen Y, Yuan Z |date=May 2019 |title=Gut microbial dysbiosis is associated with development and progression of radiation enteritis during pelvic radiotherapy |journal=Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=3747–3756 |doi=10.1111/jcmm.14289 |pmc=6484301 |pmid=30908851}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Luo N, Zhu W, Li X, Fu M, Peng X, Yang F, Zhang Y, Yin H, Yang C, Zhao J, Yuan X, Hu G |date=April 2022 |title=Impact of Gut Microbiota on Radiation-Associated Cognitive Dysfunction and Neuroinflammation in Mice |journal=Radiation Research |volume=197 |issue=4 |pages=350–364 |doi=10.1667/RADE-21-00006.1 |pmid=34982167 |s2cid=245670201}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Liu J, Liu C, Yue J |date=January 2021 |title=Radiotherapy and the gut microbiome: facts and fiction |journal=Radiation Oncology |volume=16 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s13014-020-01735-9 |pmc=7805150 |pmid=33436010 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kasancewar helminths na hanji ( ƙwayoyin cuta na ɗan adam ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-05-22 |title=How to Deal with Dysbiosis Microbial Imbalance in the Body |url=https://www.doctorshealthpress.com/dysbiosis-microbial-imbalance/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210155127/https://www.doctorshealthpress.com/dysbiosis-microbial-imbalance/ |archive-date=2022-12-10 |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=Doctors Health Press – Daily Free Health Articles and Natural Health Advice |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tsaftace dubura ba tare da kulawa ba tare da amfani da [[Enema|enemas]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Enemas |url=https://www.doctorsbeyondmedicine.com/listing/enemas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210155129/https://www.doctorsbeyondmedicine.com/listing/enemas |archive-date=2022-12-10 |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=www.doctorsbeyondmedicine.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tsarin kumburi a cikin hanji &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zeng MY, Inohara N, Nuñez G |date=January 2017 |title=Mechanisms of inflammation-driven bacterial dysbiosis in the gut |journal=Mucosal Immunology |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=18–26 |doi=10.1038/mi.2016.75 |pmc=5788567 |pmid=27554295}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cututtuka masu tsanani da na gaggawa (HIV, [[Hepatitis C]] da B, herpes, da sauransu) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pham TA, Lawley TD |date=February 2014 |title=Emerging insights on intestinal dysbiosis during bacterial infections |journal=Current Opinion in Microbiology |volume=17 |issue=100 |pages=67–74 |doi=10.1016/j.mib.2013.12.002 |pmc=3969284 |pmid=24581695}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Dysbiosis in intestinal inflammatio&quot; /&gt;

=== Ciwon ciki/ƙwaƙwalwar hanji ===
Kwayoyin cuta a cikin hanjin ɗan adam sune suka fi yawa a jikin ɗan adam kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a lafiyar ɗan adam. A cikin hanji, dysbiosis yana bayyana musamman a lokacin ƙaramin ƙwayar cuta ta hanji (SIBO), wanda yawanci ke faruwa ta hanyar raguwar wucewar abinci da sharar gida ta hanyar hanji bayan tiyata ko wasu yanayi da suka riga suka faru. &lt;ref name=&quot;SIBO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) – Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/small-intestinal-bacterial-overgrowth/symptoms-causes/syc-20370168 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128151358/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/small-intestinal-bacterial-overgrowth/symptoms-causes/syc-20370168 |archive-date=2022-11-28 |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; SIBO yana da alaƙa da alamun [[ciwon ciki]], [[Gudawa/Zawo|gudawa]], rashin jin daɗi bayan cin abinci, da rashin abinci mai gina jiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;SIBO&quot; /&gt; Hakazalika, dysbiosis yana bayyana a lokacin ƙaramin ƙwayar cuta ta hanji (SIFO) wanda yawan ƙwayoyin cuta na fungi ke haifarwa a cikin hanji. &lt;ref name=&quot;Singh_2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Singh R, Mullin GE |date=June 2017 |title=A Wasting Syndrome and Malnutrition Caused by Small Intestine Fungal Overgrowth: Case Report and Review of the Literature |journal=Integrative Medicine |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=48–51 |pmc=6419785 |pmid=30881247}}&lt;/ref&gt; SIFO ana iya siffanta shi da alamun GI (amai, gudawa) a cikin waɗanda a da suka sami rauni a garkuwar jiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Singh_2017&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Erdogan A, Rao SS |date=April 2015 |title=Small intestinal fungal overgrowth |journal=Current Gastroenterology Reports |volume=17 |issue=4 |doi=10.1007/s11894-015-0436-2 |pmid=25786900 |s2cid=3098136}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hanyoyin cin abinci na mai amfani na iya zama ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi tasiri ga ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji. &lt;ref name=&quot;Carding_2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Carding S, Verbeke K, Vipond DT, Corfe BM, Owen LJ |date=February 2015 |title=Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in disease |journal=Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease |volume=26 |doi=10.3402/mehd.v26.26191 |pmc=4315779 |pmid=25651997}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abincin da ke ɗauke da carbohydrates da sukari mai kyau suna da alaƙa da dysbiosis a cikin hanji, yayin da waɗanda ke da wadataccen 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayan lambu, da man kifi ana ɗaukar su mafi kyau ga hanji saboda kaddarorinsu na hana kumburi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tomasello_2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Tomasello G, Mazzola M, Leone A, Sinagra E, Zummo G, Farina F, Damiani P, Cappello F, Gerges Geagea A, Jurjus A, Bou Assi T, Messina M, Carini F |date=December 2016 |title=Nutrition, oxidative stress and intestinal dysbiosis: Influence of diet on gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel diseases |journal=Biomedical Papers of the Medical Faculty of the University Palacky, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia |volume=160 |issue=4 |pages=461–466 |doi=10.5507/bp.2016.052 |pmid=27812084 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ba da shawarar cewa cututtuka da yawa, kamar IBD, Ciwon suga na nau'in 2, Crohn's, har ma da allergies, suna faruwa ne, a wani ɓangare, sakamakon canji a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tomasello_2017&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Carding_2015&quot; /&gt; Probiotics wani lokacin suna iya haifar da ɗan iskar gas da kumburi a cikin mutanen da suka fara shan su, musamman a manyan allurai, yayin da jikinsu ke saba da shigar da sabbin ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji a cikin hanjinsu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Iqbal |date=2023-09-28 |title=Provitalize Probiotics? Are They Effective? |url=https://medictub.com/provitalize-probiotics/ |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=medictub |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ciwon dysbiosis na baki ===
Baki yakan fuskanci sabbin ƙwayoyin cuta daga muhalli, kuma wannan na iya haifar da matsalolin ƙwayoyin cuta a baki da kuma cikin ciki da hanji. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Koliarakis I, Messaritakis I, Nikolouzakis TK, Hamilos G, Souglakos J, Tsiaoussis J |date=August 2019 |title=Oral Bacteria and Intestinal Dysbiosis in Colorectal Cancer |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |volume=20 |issue=17 |page=4146 |doi=10.3390/ijms20174146 |pmc=6747549 |pmid=31450675 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsafta da bambancin abinci mai gina jiki suna da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen hana cututtukan baki kamar gingivitis, [[Rushewar hakori|ruɓewar haƙora]], da kuma ramuka, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da canje-canje a cikin al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin bakin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Chimenos-Küstner_2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chimenos-Küstner E, Giovannoni ML, Schemel-Suárez M |date=October 2017 |title=Dysbiosis as a determinant factor of systemic and oral pathology: importance of microbiome |journal=Medicina Clinica |volume=149 |issue=7 |pages=305–309 |doi=10.1016/j.medcli.2017.05.036 |pmid=28669517 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwayoyin cuta na baki na iya shafar sassan ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa na jiki da kuma canza tsarin tsarin jiki, kamar canje-canje a garkuwar jiki ko matsalolin narkewar abinci. Shan taba, shan giya, saduwa ta baki, da tsufa duk suna da alaƙa da dysbiosis na baki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Chimenos-Küstner_2017&quot; /&gt;

=== Ciwon fata (skin dysbiosis) ===
Akwai nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta da dama da ke zaune a cikin da kuma a kan fatar ɗan adam, waɗanda aka fi sani da flora na fata . Al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta masu lafiya na yau da kullun na iya samun wasu sakamako masu kyau. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grice EA, Segre JA |date=April 2011 |title=The skin microbiome |journal=Nature Reviews. Microbiology |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=244–253 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro2537 |pmc=3535073 |pmid=21407241}}&lt;/ref&gt; Canjin tsarin ƙwayoyin cuta da bambancinsu (dysbiosis), na iya taka rawa a wasu yanayin fata marasa kamuwa da cuta kamar kuraje, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Holland KT, Cunliffe WJ, Roberts CD |date=June 1977 |title=Acne vulgaris: an investigation into the number of anaerobic diphtheroids and members of the Micrococcaceae in normal and acne skin |journal=The British Journal of Dermatology |volume=96 |issue=6 |pages=623–626 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.1977.tb05206.x |pmid=141301 |s2cid=37507292}}&lt;/ref&gt; atopic dermatitis, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Baker BS |date=April 2006 |title=The role of microorganisms in atopic dermatitis |journal=Clinical and Experimental Immunology |volume=144 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02980.x |pmc=1809642 |pmid=16542358}}&lt;/ref&gt; psoriasis, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Paulino LC, Tseng CH, Strober BE, Blaser MJ |date=August 2006 |title=Molecular analysis of fungal microbiota in samples from healthy human skin and psoriatic lesions |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=44 |issue=8 |pages=2933–2941 |doi=10.1128/JCM.00785-06 |pmc=1594634 |pmid=16891514}}&lt;/ref&gt; da rosacea . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grice EA |date=June 2014 |title=The skin microbiome: potential for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to cutaneous disease |journal=Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=98–103 |doi=10.12788/j.sder.0087 |doi-broken-date=15 July 2025 |pmc=4425451 |pmid=25085669}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin mawuyacin hali, kamar cellulitis, ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa na iya kamuwa da fata, waɗanda suka fi yawa sune nau'in Streptococci da Staphylococcus aureus . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vary JC, O'Connor KM |date=May 2014 |title=Common dermatologic conditions |journal=The Medical Clinics of North America |volume=98 |issue=3 |pages=445–485 |doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2014.01.005 |pmid=24758956}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ciwon farji (Vaginal dysbiosis) ===
Farji yana ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta ( ƙwayoyin halitta ) waɗanda za su iya zama masu damuwa kuma su haifar da yanayi kamar vaginosis na ƙwayoyin cuta . Canje-canje a cikin farji na iya shafar lafiyar farji yayin haihuwa, da kuma haɗarin kamuwa da cutar da kuma tsananin kamuwa da cutar ta hanyar jima'i. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lewis FM, Bernstein KT, Aral SO |date=April 2017 |title=Vaginal Microbiome and Its Relationship to Behavior, Sexual Health, and Sexually Transmitted Diseases |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=129 |issue=4 |pages=643–654 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000001932 |pmc=6743080 |pmid=28277350}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Magungunan antibiotics suna da tasiri mai tasiri akan dysbiosis ===
Dysbiosis na iya faruwa a matakai da yawa na rayuwa kuma ana iya haifar da shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Misali, maganin rigakafi galibi yana da matuƙar tasiri ga katsewar ƙwayoyin cuta. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda ba dukkan ƙwayoyin cuta za su shafi maganin rigakafi ta hanya ɗaya ba, don haka yana iya canza daidaiton nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban da kuma canza jimlar adadin ƙwayoyin cuta. Amfani da maganin rigakafi yayin ci gaban ƙananan yara na iya haifar da matsalolin hanji (dysbiosis) a lokacin girma. &lt;ref name=&quot;Vangay_2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vangay P, Ward T, Gerber JS, Knights D |date=May 2015 |title=Antibiotics, pediatric dysbiosis, and disease |journal=Cell Host &amp; Microbe |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=553–564 |doi=10.1016/j.chom.2015.04.006 |pmc=5555213 |pmid=25974298}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwayoyin cuta na hanji suna canzawa daga maganin rigakafi kuma suna da alaƙa da cututtukan hanji na gaba, watau, IBD, [[ulcerative colitis]], kiba, da sauransu. Tsarin garkuwar jiki na hanji yana da tasiri kai tsaye ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji kuma yana iya zama da wahala a murmure idan ya lalace ta hanyar maganin rigakafi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Vangay_2015&quot; /&gt; Amfani da minocycline a cikin kuraje vulgaris yana da alaƙa da dysbiosis na fata da hanji. &lt;ref name=&quot;Thompson_2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Thompson KG, Rainer BM, Antonescu C, Florea L, Mongodin EF, Kang S, Chien AL |date=February 2020 |title=Minocycline and Its Impact on Microbial Dysbiosis in the Skin and Gastrointestinal Tract of Acne Patients |journal=Annals of Dermatology |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=21–30 |doi=10.5021/ad.2020.32.1.21 |pmc=7992645 |pmid=33911705 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasiri ==
An danganta dysbiosis na hanji da cutar da ke haifar da cututtukan hanji da na waje. &lt;ref name=&quot;Carding_2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Carding S, Verbeke K, Vipond DT, Corfe BM, Owen LJ |date=February 2015 |title=Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in disease |journal=Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease |volume=26 |doi=10.3402/mehd.v26.26191 |pmc=4315779 |pmid=25651997}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCardingVerbekeVipondCorfe2015&quot;&gt;Carding S, Verbeke K, Vipond DT, Corfe BM, Owen LJ (February 2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4315779 &quot;Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in disease&quot;]. ''Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease''. '''26''' 26191. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3402/mehd.v26.26191|10.3402/mehd.v26.26191]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4315779 4315779]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25651997 25651997].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dysbiosis na iya shafar cututtukan hanji, ciki har da IBD, IBS, da cutar celiac, da kuma cututtukan waje na hanji, ciki har da rashin lafiyan jiki, [[Cutar Asthma|asma]], ciwon metabolism, cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, da kuma kiba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Carding_2015&quot; /&gt;

Ciwon ciki na iya zama wani abu da ke haifar da cututtukan jijiyoyi da na kwakwalwa saboda alaƙar da ke tsakanin ciwon ciki da kumburi da ke da alaƙa da tsufa. Kumburi abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari ga nau'ikan cututtukan da suka shafi shekaru, gami da cututtukan jijiyoyi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rogers_2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rogers GB, Keating DJ, Young RL, Wong ML, Licinio J, Wesselingh S |date=June 2016 |title=From gut dysbiosis to altered brain function and mental illness: mechanisms and pathways |journal=Molecular Psychiatry |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=738–48 |doi=10.1038/mp.2016.50 |pmc=4879184 |pmid=27090305}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta hanyar gyara ciwon ciki a cikin tsofaffi marasa lafiya, yana iya yiwuwa a hana ci gaban cututtukan jijiyoyi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Koszewicz_2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Koszewicz M, Jaroch J, Brzecka A, Ejma M, Budrewicz S, Mikhaleva LM, Muresanu C, Schield P, Somasundaram SG, Kirkland CE, Avila-Rodriguez M, Aliev G |date=February 2021 |title=Dysbiosis is one of the risk factor for stroke and cognitive impairment and potential target for treatment |journal=Pharmacological Research |volume=164 |doi=10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105277 |pmid=33166735 |s2cid=226296498}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciwon ciki na iya taimakawa wajen haifar da ko ci gaban yanayin jijiyoyi, gami da autism, ciwo, baƙin ciki, damuwa, da bugun jini. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kigerl KA, Hall JC, Wang L, Mo X, Yu Z, Popovich PG |date=November 2016 |title=Gut dysbiosis impairs recovery after spinal cord injury |journal=The Journal of Experimental Medicine |volume=213 |issue=12 |pages=2603–2620 |doi=10.1084/jem.20151345 |pmc=5110012 |pmid=27810921}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciwon ciki yana ba da gudummawa ga yanayin jijiyoyi saboda hulɗa da axis na hanji da kwakwalwa wanda ke ba da damar ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji su yi tasiri ga ci gaban jijiyoyi, fahimta, da hali. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rogers_2016&quot; /&gt; Akwai kuma shaidar cewa ana iya canza tsarin ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji saboda canje-canje a cikin hali, kuma canza ƙwayoyin cuta na iya haifar da halaye masu kama da na baƙin ciki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rogers_2016&quot; /&gt;

Kwayoyin cuta kuma suna fitar da nau'ikan sharar gida daban-daban. &lt;ref name=&quot;Carding_2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Carding S, Verbeke K, Vipond DT, Corfe BM, Owen LJ |date=February 2015 |title=Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in disease |journal=Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease |volume=26 |doi=10.3402/mehd.v26.26191 |pmc=4315779 |pmid=25651997}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCardingVerbekeVipondCorfe2015&quot;&gt;Carding S, Verbeke K, Vipond DT, Corfe BM, Owen LJ (February 2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4315779 &quot;Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in disease&quot;]. ''Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease''. '''26''' 26191. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3402/mehd.v26.26191|10.3402/mehd.v26.26191]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4315779 4315779]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25651997 25651997].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta amfani da hanyoyin kawar da shara daban-daban, a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun jiki yana sarrafa waɗannan samfuran yadda ya kamata ba tare da wata matsala ba ko kuma babu matsala. Abin takaici, manyan gidaje masu girma da ba su dace ba, saboda ƙaruwar adadinsu, suna fitar da ƙarin adadin waɗannan samfuran. Yayin da adadin ƙwayoyin cuta masu yawa ke ƙaruwa, yawan sharar gida na iya zama nauyi ga hanyoyin kawar da sharar gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;DeGruttola_2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=DeGruttola AK, Low D, Mizoguchi A, Mizoguchi E |date=May 2016 |title=Current Understanding of Dysbiosis in Disease in Human and Animal Models |journal=Inflammatory Bowel Diseases |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=1137–50 |doi=10.1097/MIB.0000000000000750 |pmc=4838534 |pmid=27070911}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam na iya canzawa saboda hanyoyin kumburi, kamar kumburin da ƙwayoyin halitta ke haifarwa da kumburi, ko kuma wani ƙwayar cuta mai 'haɗari' da ke haifar da kumburi. Wannan canjin yana bawa al'ummar ƙwayoyin cuta damar zama masu saurin kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta. Da zarar an kafa ƙwayoyin cuta cikin nasara, suna ba da gudummawa ga dysbiosis kuma suna samar da genotoxins da sauran ƙwayoyin cuta masu yuwuwar haifar da ciwon daji. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sheflin_2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sheflin AM, Whitney AK, Weir TL |date=October 2014 |title=Cancer-promoting effects of microbial dysbiosis |journal=Current Oncology Reports |volume=16 |issue=10 |doi=10.1007/s11912-014-0406-0 |pmc=4180221 |pmid=25123079}}&lt;/ref&gt; Juyin halittar ƙwayoyin cuta wani tasiri ne na dysbiosis, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga yuwuwar ƙaruwar haɗarin ciwon daji. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sheflin_2014&quot; /&gt;

Yawan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin hanji yana da yawa (kimanin 10 &lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt; a kowace ml), kuma waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta suna fuskantar dysbiosis. Sabanin haka, ƙaramin hanji yana da ƙarancin yawan ƙwayoyin cuta (kimanin 10 &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; a kowace ml) don haka dysbiosis wataƙila ba shi da matsala. Wannan bambancin na iya haifar da karuwar yawan ciwon daji a cikin hanji fiye da ninki 10 idan aka kwatanta da ƙaramin hanji. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bernstein2022&quot; /&gt; Haɗarin ciwon daji na hanji yana da alaƙa da abincin da ke ɗauke da mai mai yawa na Yamma wanda ke ƙara saurin kamuwa da dysbiosis na bile acid na biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cao2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cao |first=H. |last2=Xu |first2=M. |last3=Dong |first3=W. |last4=Deng |first4=B. |last5=Wang |first5=S. |last6=Zhang |first6=Y. |last7=Wang |first7=S. |last8=Luo |first8=S. |last9=Wang |first9=W. |last10=Qi |first10=Y. |last11=Gao |first11=J. |last12=Cao |first12=X. |last13=Yan |first13=F. |last14=Wang |first14=B. |date=2017 |title=Secondary bile acid-induced dysbiosis promotes intestinal carcinogenesis |journal=International Journal of Cancer |volume=140 |issue=11 |pages=2545–2556 |doi=10.1002/ijc.30643 |pmid=28187526 |s2cid=19866323 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fuskantar hanji ga ƙaruwar matakin bile acid na biyu wanda ya haifar da dysbiosis na iya haifar da lalacewar DNA, kuma irin wannan lalacewar na iya haifar da maye gurbi a cikin ƙwayoyin hanji. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bernstein2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bernstein |first=H. |last2=Bernstein |first2=C. |date=2023 |title=Bile acids as carcinogens in the colon and at other sites in the gastrointestinal system |journal=Experimental Biology and Medicine |volume=248 |issue=1 |pages=79–89 |doi=10.1177/15353702221131858 |pmc=9989147 |pmid=36408538}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciwon ciki na iya shafar tsarin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini &quot;ta hanyar ƙwayoyin sigina da kuma ƙwayoyin halitta masu aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Koszewicz_2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Koszewicz M, Jaroch J, Brzecka A, Ejma M, Budrewicz S, Mikhaleva LM, Muresanu C, Schield P, Somasundaram SG, Kirkland CE, Avila-Rodriguez M, Aliev G |date=February 2021 |title=Dysbiosis is one of the risk factor for stroke and cognitive impairment and potential target for treatment |journal=Pharmacological Research |volume=164 |doi=10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105277 |pmid=33166735 |s2cid=226296498}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKoszewiczJarochBrzeckaEjma2021&quot;&gt;Koszewicz M, Jaroch J, Brzecka A, Ejma M, Budrewicz S, Mikhaleva LM, et&amp;nbsp;al. (February 2021). &quot;Dysbiosis is one of the risk factor for stroke and cognitive impairment and potential target for treatment&quot;. ''Pharmacological Research''. '''164''' 105277. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105277|10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105277]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33166735 33166735]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226296498 226296498].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan na iya haifar da cututtuka ta hanyar hormones na neuro-entero-endocrine waɗanda zasu iya haifar da gazawar zuciya da sauran yanayi kamar [[Cutar koda mai tsanani|cututtukan koda na yau da kullun]], hauhawar jini, kiba, da ciwon suga. &lt;ref name=&quot;Koszewicz_2021&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Dysbiosis''' (wanda kuma ake kira '''dysbacteriosis''' ) ana siffanta shi da katsewar ƙwayoyin cuta wanda ke haifar da rashin daidaito a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta, canje-canje a cikin aikinsu da ayyukan metabolism, ko canji a cikin rarrabawarsu ta gida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tamboli CP, Neut C, Desreumaux P, Colombel JF |date=January 2004 |title=Dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease |journal=Gut |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1136/gut.53.1.1 |pmc=1773911 |pmid=14684564}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Moos_2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Moos WH, Faller DV, Harpp DN, Kanara I, Pernokas J, Powers WR, Steliou K |year=2016 |title=Microbiota and Neurological Disorders: A Gut Feeling |journal=BioResearch Open Access |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=137–45 |doi=10.1089/biores.2016.0010 |pmc=4892191 |pmid=27274912 |quote=As reviewed in this report, synthetic biology shows potential in developing microorganisms for correcting pathogenic dysbiosis (gut microbiota-host maladaptation), although this has yet to be proven.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, wani ɓangare na ƙwayoyin cuta na ɗan adam kamar su flora na fata, flora na hanji, ko flora na farji, na iya zama marasa daidaituwa (rashin daidaito), lokacin da nau'ikan da suka fi rinjaye yawanci ba su da wakilci sosai kuma nau'ikan da yawanci ba su da gasa ko kuma waɗanda aka tattara sun ƙaru don cike gurbin. Saboda tasirin da ake gani a cikin cututtuka daban-daban, an sami ci gaba cikin sauri a cikin bincike da sha'awar kirkire-kirkire a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban don magance dysbiosis.  Kamar ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji na ɗan adam, ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban suna mamaye rhizosphere na shuka, da dysbiosis a cikin rhizosphere, na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga lafiyar tsire-tsire. &lt;ref name=&quot;tk&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ketehouli |first=T |last2=Pasche |first2=J |last3=Buttros |first3=V |last4=Goss |first4=E |last5=Martins |first5=SJ |date=2025 |title=The underground world of plant disease: Rhizosphere dysbiosis reduces above-ground plant resistance to bacterial leaf spot and alters plant transcriptome |journal=Environmental Microbiology |volume=26 |issue=7 |doi=10.1111/1462-2920.16676 |pmid=39010309 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fi ruwaito dysbiosis a matsayin yanayi a cikin hanyar ciki &lt;ref name=&quot;Moos_2016&quot; /&gt; ko rhizosphere na shuka . &lt;ref name=&quot;tk&quot; /&gt;

Yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta da ake samu a jiki ko a jiki ba su da lahani ko kuma suna da amfani . Waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta masu girman da ya dace suna gudanar da ayyuka masu taimako da mahimmanci, kamar taimakawa wajen narkewar abinci . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kau AL, Ahern PP, Griffin NW, Goodman AL, Gordon JI |date=June 2011 |title=Human nutrition, the gut microbiome and the immune system |journal=Nature |volume=474 |issue=7351 |pages=327–36 |doi=10.1038/nature10213 |pmc=3298082 |pmid=21677749}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna kuma taimakawa wajen kare jiki daga shigar ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa . Waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta masu amfani suna gasa da juna don sarari da albarkatu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Xuan C, Shamonki JM, Chung A, Dinome ML, Chung M, Sieling PA, Lee DJ |date=2014-01-08 |title=Microbial dysbiosis is associated with human breast cancer |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=9 |issue=1 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...983744X |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0083744 |pmc=3885448 |pmid=24421902 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, lokacin da aka lalata wannan daidaito, waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta suna nuna ƙarancin ikon duba ci gaban juna, wanda hakan zai iya haifar da ƙaruwar girma ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta masu damuwa wanda zai iya ƙara lalata wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta masu amfani a cikin mummunan zagaye . Yayin da ƙwayoyin cuta masu amfani suka lalace, suna sa rashin daidaito ya fi bayyana, ƙarin matsalolin girma suna faruwa saboda ƙwayoyin cuta da suka lalace ba su da ikon duba ci gaban waɗanda suka girma da yawa. Idan ba a yi la'akari da wannan na dogon lokaci ba, rashin daidaito [[Yanayin da ba shi da kyau|mai]] yaɗuwa tsakanin ƙwayoyin cuta zai shiga, wanda a ƙarshe yana rage yanayin amfani na waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=DeGruttola AK, Low D, Mizoguchi A, Mizoguchi E |date=May 2016 |title=Current Understanding of Dysbiosis in Disease in Human and Animal Models |journal=Inflammatory Bowel Diseases |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=1137–1150 |doi=10.1097/MIB.0000000000000750 |pmc=4838534 |pmid=27070911}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilin da yasa dysbiosis zai iya faruwa ==
Duk wani cikas ga ƙwayoyin cuta na jiki na iya haifar da dysbiosis. Dysbiosis a cikin hanji yana faruwa ne lokacin da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin hanyar narkewar abinci suka zama marasa daidaito. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What Is Dysbiosis? |url=https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/what-is-dysbiosis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202065832/https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/what-is-dysbiosis |archive-date=2022-02-02 |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=WebMD |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai dalilai da yawa da ke haifar da dysbiosis a cikin hanji. Wasu dalilai sun haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance ga:

* Canje-canje a cikin abinci &lt;ref name=&quot;Dysbiosis in intestinal inflammatio&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Buttó LF, Haller D |date=August 2016 |title=Dysbiosis in intestinal inflammation: Cause or consequence |journal=International Journal of Medical Microbiology |volume=306 |issue=5 |pages=302–309 |doi=10.1016/j.ijmm.2016.02.010 |pmid=27012594}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Magungunan rigakafi da ke shafar ƙwayoyin hanji &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burgos |first=F. |last2=Cai |first2=W. |last3=Arias |first3=C. |year=2024 |title=Gut dysbiosis induced by florfenicol increases susceptibility to Aeromonas hydrophila infection in zebrafish after the recommended withdrawal period |journal=Journal of Aquatic Animal Health |volume=36 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/aah.10211 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hawrelak JA, Myers SP |date=June 2004 |title=The causes of intestinal dysbiosis: a review |journal=Alternative Medicine Review |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=180–197 |pmid=15253677}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Dysbiosis in intestinal inflammatio&quot; /&gt;
* [[Damuwa (biology)|Damuwa]] ta fuskar tunani da ta jiki (yana raunana [[Tsarin rigakafi|garkuwar jiki]] ) &lt;ref name=&quot;pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&quot; /&gt;
* Amfani da [[Rashin haske|radiation]], [[chemotherapy]], magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, isotopes na rediyoaktif, da kuma maganin hormones &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Wang Z, Wang Q, Wang X, Zhu L, Chen J, Zhang B, Chen Y, Yuan Z |date=May 2019 |title=Gut microbial dysbiosis is associated with development and progression of radiation enteritis during pelvic radiotherapy |journal=Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=3747–3756 |doi=10.1111/jcmm.14289 |pmc=6484301 |pmid=30908851}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Luo N, Zhu W, Li X, Fu M, Peng X, Yang F, Zhang Y, Yin H, Yang C, Zhao J, Yuan X, Hu G |date=April 2022 |title=Impact of Gut Microbiota on Radiation-Associated Cognitive Dysfunction and Neuroinflammation in Mice |journal=Radiation Research |volume=197 |issue=4 |pages=350–364 |doi=10.1667/RADE-21-00006.1 |pmid=34982167 |s2cid=245670201}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Liu J, Liu C, Yue J |date=January 2021 |title=Radiotherapy and the gut microbiome: facts and fiction |journal=Radiation Oncology |volume=16 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s13014-020-01735-9 |pmc=7805150 |pmid=33436010 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kasancewar helminths na hanji ( ƙwayoyin cuta na ɗan adam ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-05-22 |title=How to Deal with Dysbiosis Microbial Imbalance in the Body |url=https://www.doctorshealthpress.com/dysbiosis-microbial-imbalance/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210155127/https://www.doctorshealthpress.com/dysbiosis-microbial-imbalance/ |archive-date=2022-12-10 |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=Doctors Health Press – Daily Free Health Articles and Natural Health Advice |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tsaftace dubura ba tare da kulawa ba tare da amfani da [[Enema|enemas]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Enemas |url=https://www.doctorsbeyondmedicine.com/listing/enemas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210155129/https://www.doctorsbeyondmedicine.com/listing/enemas |archive-date=2022-12-10 |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=www.doctorsbeyondmedicine.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tsarin kumburi a cikin hanji &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zeng MY, Inohara N, Nuñez G |date=January 2017 |title=Mechanisms of inflammation-driven bacterial dysbiosis in the gut |journal=Mucosal Immunology |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=18–26 |doi=10.1038/mi.2016.75 |pmc=5788567 |pmid=27554295}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cututtuka masu tsanani da na gaggawa (HIV, [[Hepatitis C]] da B, herpes, da sauransu) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pham TA, Lawley TD |date=February 2014 |title=Emerging insights on intestinal dysbiosis during bacterial infections |journal=Current Opinion in Microbiology |volume=17 |issue=100 |pages=67–74 |doi=10.1016/j.mib.2013.12.002 |pmc=3969284 |pmid=24581695}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Dysbiosis in intestinal inflammatio&quot; /&gt;

=== Ciwon ciki/ƙwaƙwalwar hanji ===
Kwayoyin cuta a cikin hanjin ɗan adam sune suka fi yawa a jikin ɗan adam kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a lafiyar ɗan adam. A cikin hanji, dysbiosis yana bayyana musamman a lokacin ƙaramin ƙwayar cuta ta hanji (SIBO), wanda yawanci ke faruwa ta hanyar raguwar wucewar abinci da sharar gida ta hanyar hanji bayan tiyata ko wasu yanayi da suka riga suka faru. &lt;ref name=&quot;SIBO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) – Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/small-intestinal-bacterial-overgrowth/symptoms-causes/syc-20370168 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128151358/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/small-intestinal-bacterial-overgrowth/symptoms-causes/syc-20370168 |archive-date=2022-11-28 |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; SIBO yana da alaƙa da alamun [[ciwon ciki]], [[Gudawa/Zawo|gudawa]], rashin jin daɗi bayan cin abinci, da rashin abinci mai gina jiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;SIBO&quot; /&gt; Hakazalika, dysbiosis yana bayyana a lokacin ƙaramin ƙwayar cuta ta hanji (SIFO) wanda yawan ƙwayoyin cuta na fungi ke haifarwa a cikin hanji. &lt;ref name=&quot;Singh_2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Singh R, Mullin GE |date=June 2017 |title=A Wasting Syndrome and Malnutrition Caused by Small Intestine Fungal Overgrowth: Case Report and Review of the Literature |journal=Integrative Medicine |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=48–51 |pmc=6419785 |pmid=30881247}}&lt;/ref&gt; SIFO ana iya siffanta shi da alamun GI (amai, gudawa) a cikin waɗanda a da suka sami rauni a garkuwar jiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Singh_2017&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Erdogan A, Rao SS |date=April 2015 |title=Small intestinal fungal overgrowth |journal=Current Gastroenterology Reports |volume=17 |issue=4 |doi=10.1007/s11894-015-0436-2 |pmid=25786900 |s2cid=3098136}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hanyoyin cin abinci na mai amfani na iya zama ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi tasiri ga ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji. &lt;ref name=&quot;Carding_2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Carding S, Verbeke K, Vipond DT, Corfe BM, Owen LJ |date=February 2015 |title=Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in disease |journal=Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease |volume=26 |doi=10.3402/mehd.v26.26191 |pmc=4315779 |pmid=25651997}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abincin da ke ɗauke da carbohydrates da sukari mai kyau suna da alaƙa da dysbiosis a cikin hanji, yayin da waɗanda ke da wadataccen 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayan lambu, da man kifi ana ɗaukar su mafi kyau ga hanji saboda kaddarorinsu na hana kumburi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tomasello_2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Tomasello G, Mazzola M, Leone A, Sinagra E, Zummo G, Farina F, Damiani P, Cappello F, Gerges Geagea A, Jurjus A, Bou Assi T, Messina M, Carini F |date=December 2016 |title=Nutrition, oxidative stress and intestinal dysbiosis: Influence of diet on gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel diseases |journal=Biomedical Papers of the Medical Faculty of the University Palacky, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia |volume=160 |issue=4 |pages=461–466 |doi=10.5507/bp.2016.052 |pmid=27812084 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ba da shawarar cewa cututtuka da yawa, kamar IBD, Ciwon suga na nau'in 2, Crohn's, har ma da allergies, suna faruwa ne, a wani ɓangare, sakamakon canji a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tomasello_2017&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Carding_2015&quot; /&gt; Probiotics wani lokacin suna iya haifar da ɗan iskar gas da kumburi a cikin mutanen da suka fara shan su, musamman a manyan allurai, yayin da jikinsu ke saba da shigar da sabbin ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji a cikin hanjinsu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Iqbal |date=2023-09-28 |title=Provitalize Probiotics? Are They Effective? |url=https://medictub.com/provitalize-probiotics/ |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=medictub |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ciwon dysbiosis na baki ===
Baki yakan fuskanci sabbin ƙwayoyin cuta daga muhalli, kuma wannan na iya haifar da matsalolin ƙwayoyin cuta a baki da kuma cikin ciki da hanji. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Koliarakis I, Messaritakis I, Nikolouzakis TK, Hamilos G, Souglakos J, Tsiaoussis J |date=August 2019 |title=Oral Bacteria and Intestinal Dysbiosis in Colorectal Cancer |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |volume=20 |issue=17 |page=4146 |doi=10.3390/ijms20174146 |pmc=6747549 |pmid=31450675 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsafta da bambancin abinci mai gina jiki suna da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen hana cututtukan baki kamar gingivitis, [[Rushewar hakori|ruɓewar haƙora]], da kuma ramuka, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da canje-canje a cikin al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin bakin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Chimenos-Küstner_2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chimenos-Küstner E, Giovannoni ML, Schemel-Suárez M |date=October 2017 |title=Dysbiosis as a determinant factor of systemic and oral pathology: importance of microbiome |journal=Medicina Clinica |volume=149 |issue=7 |pages=305–309 |doi=10.1016/j.medcli.2017.05.036 |pmid=28669517 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwayoyin cuta na baki na iya shafar sassan ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa na jiki da kuma canza tsarin tsarin jiki, kamar canje-canje a garkuwar jiki ko matsalolin narkewar abinci. Shan taba, shan giya, saduwa ta baki, da tsufa duk suna da alaƙa da dysbiosis na baki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Chimenos-Küstner_2017&quot; /&gt;

=== Ciwon fata (skin dysbiosis) ===
Akwai nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta da dama da ke zaune a cikin da kuma a kan fatar ɗan adam, waɗanda aka fi sani da flora na fata . Al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta masu lafiya na yau da kullun na iya samun wasu sakamako masu kyau. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grice EA, Segre JA |date=April 2011 |title=The skin microbiome |journal=Nature Reviews. Microbiology |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=244–253 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro2537 |pmc=3535073 |pmid=21407241}}&lt;/ref&gt; Canjin tsarin ƙwayoyin cuta da bambancinsu (dysbiosis), na iya taka rawa a wasu yanayin fata marasa kamuwa da cuta kamar kuraje, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Holland KT, Cunliffe WJ, Roberts CD |date=June 1977 |title=Acne vulgaris: an investigation into the number of anaerobic diphtheroids and members of the Micrococcaceae in normal and acne skin |journal=The British Journal of Dermatology |volume=96 |issue=6 |pages=623–626 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.1977.tb05206.x |pmid=141301 |s2cid=37507292}}&lt;/ref&gt; atopic dermatitis, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Baker BS |date=April 2006 |title=The role of microorganisms in atopic dermatitis |journal=Clinical and Experimental Immunology |volume=144 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02980.x |pmc=1809642 |pmid=16542358}}&lt;/ref&gt; psoriasis, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Paulino LC, Tseng CH, Strober BE, Blaser MJ |date=August 2006 |title=Molecular analysis of fungal microbiota in samples from healthy human skin and psoriatic lesions |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=44 |issue=8 |pages=2933–2941 |doi=10.1128/JCM.00785-06 |pmc=1594634 |pmid=16891514}}&lt;/ref&gt; da rosacea . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grice EA |date=June 2014 |title=The skin microbiome: potential for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to cutaneous disease |journal=Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=98–103 |doi=10.12788/j.sder.0087 |doi-broken-date=15 July 2025 |pmc=4425451 |pmid=25085669}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin mawuyacin hali, kamar cellulitis, ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa na iya kamuwa da fata, waɗanda suka fi yawa sune nau'in Streptococci da Staphylococcus aureus . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vary JC, O'Connor KM |date=May 2014 |title=Common dermatologic conditions |journal=The Medical Clinics of North America |volume=98 |issue=3 |pages=445–485 |doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2014.01.005 |pmid=24758956}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ciwon farji (Vaginal dysbiosis) ===
Farji yana ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta ( ƙwayoyin halitta ) waɗanda za su iya zama masu damuwa kuma su haifar da yanayi kamar vaginosis na ƙwayoyin cuta . Canje-canje a cikin farji na iya shafar lafiyar farji yayin haihuwa, da kuma haɗarin kamuwa da cutar da kuma tsananin kamuwa da cutar ta hanyar jima'i. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lewis FM, Bernstein KT, Aral SO |date=April 2017 |title=Vaginal Microbiome and Its Relationship to Behavior, Sexual Health, and Sexually Transmitted Diseases |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=129 |issue=4 |pages=643–654 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000001932 |pmc=6743080 |pmid=28277350}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Magungunan antibiotics suna da tasiri mai tasiri akan dysbiosis ===
Dysbiosis na iya faruwa a matakai da yawa na rayuwa kuma ana iya haifar da shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Misali, maganin rigakafi galibi yana da matuƙar tasiri ga katsewar ƙwayoyin cuta. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda ba dukkan ƙwayoyin cuta za su shafi maganin rigakafi ta hanya ɗaya ba, don haka yana iya canza daidaiton nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban da kuma canza jimlar adadin ƙwayoyin cuta. Amfani da maganin rigakafi yayin ci gaban ƙananan yara na iya haifar da matsalolin hanji (dysbiosis) a lokacin girma. &lt;ref name=&quot;Vangay_2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vangay P, Ward T, Gerber JS, Knights D |date=May 2015 |title=Antibiotics, pediatric dysbiosis, and disease |journal=Cell Host &amp; Microbe |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=553–564 |doi=10.1016/j.chom.2015.04.006 |pmc=5555213 |pmid=25974298}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwayoyin cuta na hanji suna canzawa daga maganin rigakafi kuma suna da alaƙa da cututtukan hanji na gaba, watau, IBD, [[ulcerative colitis]], kiba, da sauransu. Tsarin garkuwar jiki na hanji yana da tasiri kai tsaye ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji kuma yana iya zama da wahala a murmure idan ya lalace ta hanyar maganin rigakafi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Vangay_2015&quot; /&gt; Amfani da minocycline a cikin kuraje vulgaris yana da alaƙa da dysbiosis na fata da hanji. &lt;ref name=&quot;Thompson_2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Thompson KG, Rainer BM, Antonescu C, Florea L, Mongodin EF, Kang S, Chien AL |date=February 2020 |title=Minocycline and Its Impact on Microbial Dysbiosis in the Skin and Gastrointestinal Tract of Acne Patients |journal=Annals of Dermatology |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=21–30 |doi=10.5021/ad.2020.32.1.21 |pmc=7992645 |pmid=33911705 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasiri ==
An danganta dysbiosis na hanji da cutar da ke haifar da cututtukan hanji da na waje. &lt;ref name=&quot;Carding_2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Carding S, Verbeke K, Vipond DT, Corfe BM, Owen LJ |date=February 2015 |title=Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in disease |journal=Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease |volume=26 |doi=10.3402/mehd.v26.26191 |pmc=4315779 |pmid=25651997}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCardingVerbekeVipondCorfe2015&quot;&gt;Carding S, Verbeke K, Vipond DT, Corfe BM, Owen LJ (February 2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4315779 &quot;Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in disease&quot;]. ''Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease''. '''26''' 26191. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3402/mehd.v26.26191|10.3402/mehd.v26.26191]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4315779 4315779]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25651997 25651997].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dysbiosis na iya shafar cututtukan hanji, ciki har da IBD, IBS, da cutar celiac, da kuma cututtukan waje na hanji, ciki har da rashin lafiyan jiki, [[Cutar Asthma|asma]], ciwon metabolism, cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, da kuma kiba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Carding_2015&quot; /&gt;

Ciwon ciki na iya zama wani abu da ke haifar da cututtukan jijiyoyi da na kwakwalwa saboda alaƙar da ke tsakanin ciwon ciki da kumburi da ke da alaƙa da tsufa. Kumburi abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari ga nau'ikan cututtukan da suka shafi shekaru, gami da cututtukan jijiyoyi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rogers_2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rogers GB, Keating DJ, Young RL, Wong ML, Licinio J, Wesselingh S |date=June 2016 |title=From gut dysbiosis to altered brain function and mental illness: mechanisms and pathways |journal=Molecular Psychiatry |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=738–48 |doi=10.1038/mp.2016.50 |pmc=4879184 |pmid=27090305}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta hanyar gyara ciwon ciki a cikin tsofaffi marasa lafiya, yana iya yiwuwa a hana ci gaban cututtukan jijiyoyi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Koszewicz_2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Koszewicz M, Jaroch J, Brzecka A, Ejma M, Budrewicz S, Mikhaleva LM, Muresanu C, Schield P, Somasundaram SG, Kirkland CE, Avila-Rodriguez M, Aliev G |date=February 2021 |title=Dysbiosis is one of the risk factor for stroke and cognitive impairment and potential target for treatment |journal=Pharmacological Research |volume=164 |doi=10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105277 |pmid=33166735 |s2cid=226296498}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciwon ciki na iya taimakawa wajen haifar da ko ci gaban yanayin jijiyoyi, gami da autism, ciwo, baƙin ciki, damuwa, da bugun jini. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kigerl KA, Hall JC, Wang L, Mo X, Yu Z, Popovich PG |date=November 2016 |title=Gut dysbiosis impairs recovery after spinal cord injury |journal=The Journal of Experimental Medicine |volume=213 |issue=12 |pages=2603–2620 |doi=10.1084/jem.20151345 |pmc=5110012 |pmid=27810921}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciwon ciki yana ba da gudummawa ga yanayin jijiyoyi saboda hulɗa da axis na hanji da kwakwalwa wanda ke ba da damar ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji su yi tasiri ga ci gaban jijiyoyi, fahimta, da hali. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rogers_2016&quot; /&gt; Akwai kuma shaidar cewa ana iya canza tsarin ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji saboda canje-canje a cikin hali, kuma canza ƙwayoyin cuta na iya haifar da halaye masu kama da na baƙin ciki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rogers_2016&quot; /&gt;

Kwayoyin cuta kuma suna fitar da nau'ikan sharar gida daban-daban. &lt;ref name=&quot;Carding_2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Carding S, Verbeke K, Vipond DT, Corfe BM, Owen LJ |date=February 2015 |title=Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in disease |journal=Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease |volume=26 |doi=10.3402/mehd.v26.26191 |pmc=4315779 |pmid=25651997}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCardingVerbekeVipondCorfe2015&quot;&gt;Carding S, Verbeke K, Vipond DT, Corfe BM, Owen LJ (February 2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4315779 &quot;Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in disease&quot;]. ''Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease''. '''26''' 26191. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3402/mehd.v26.26191|10.3402/mehd.v26.26191]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4315779 4315779]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25651997 25651997].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta amfani da hanyoyin kawar da shara daban-daban, a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun jiki yana sarrafa waɗannan samfuran yadda ya kamata ba tare da wata matsala ba ko kuma babu matsala. Abin takaici, manyan gidaje masu girma da ba su dace ba, saboda ƙaruwar adadinsu, suna fitar da ƙarin adadin waɗannan samfuran. Yayin da adadin ƙwayoyin cuta masu yawa ke ƙaruwa, yawan sharar gida na iya zama nauyi ga hanyoyin kawar da sharar gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;DeGruttola_2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=DeGruttola AK, Low D, Mizoguchi A, Mizoguchi E |date=May 2016 |title=Current Understanding of Dysbiosis in Disease in Human and Animal Models |journal=Inflammatory Bowel Diseases |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=1137–50 |doi=10.1097/MIB.0000000000000750 |pmc=4838534 |pmid=27070911}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam na iya canzawa saboda hanyoyin kumburi, kamar kumburin da ƙwayoyin halitta ke haifarwa da kumburi, ko kuma wani ƙwayar cuta mai 'haɗari' da ke haifar da kumburi. Wannan canjin yana bawa al'ummar ƙwayoyin cuta damar zama masu saurin kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta. Da zarar an kafa ƙwayoyin cuta cikin nasara, suna ba da gudummawa ga dysbiosis kuma suna samar da genotoxins da sauran ƙwayoyin cuta masu yuwuwar haifar da ciwon daji. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sheflin_2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sheflin AM, Whitney AK, Weir TL |date=October 2014 |title=Cancer-promoting effects of microbial dysbiosis |journal=Current Oncology Reports |volume=16 |issue=10 |doi=10.1007/s11912-014-0406-0 |pmc=4180221 |pmid=25123079}}&lt;/ref&gt; Juyin halittar ƙwayoyin cuta wani tasiri ne na dysbiosis, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga yuwuwar ƙaruwar haɗarin ciwon daji. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sheflin_2014&quot; /&gt;

Yawan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin hanji yana da yawa (kimanin 10 &lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt; a kowace ml), kuma waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta suna fuskantar dysbiosis. Sabanin haka, ƙaramin hanji yana da ƙarancin yawan ƙwayoyin cuta (kimanin 10 &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; a kowace ml) don haka dysbiosis wataƙila ba shi da matsala. Wannan bambancin na iya haifar da karuwar yawan ciwon daji a cikin hanji fiye da ninki 10 idan aka kwatanta da ƙaramin hanji. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bernstein2022&quot; /&gt; Haɗarin ciwon daji na hanji yana da alaƙa da abincin da ke ɗauke da mai mai yawa na Yamma wanda ke ƙara saurin kamuwa da dysbiosis na bile acid na biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cao2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cao |first=H. |last2=Xu |first2=M. |last3=Dong |first3=W. |last4=Deng |first4=B. |last5=Wang |first5=S. |last6=Zhang |first6=Y. |last7=Wang |first7=S. |last8=Luo |first8=S. |last9=Wang |first9=W. |last10=Qi |first10=Y. |last11=Gao |first11=J. |last12=Cao |first12=X. |last13=Yan |first13=F. |last14=Wang |first14=B. |date=2017 |title=Secondary bile acid-induced dysbiosis promotes intestinal carcinogenesis |journal=International Journal of Cancer |volume=140 |issue=11 |pages=2545–2556 |doi=10.1002/ijc.30643 |pmid=28187526 |s2cid=19866323 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fuskantar hanji ga ƙaruwar matakin bile acid na biyu wanda ya haifar da dysbiosis na iya haifar da lalacewar DNA, kuma irin wannan lalacewar na iya haifar da maye gurbi a cikin ƙwayoyin hanji. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bernstein2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bernstein |first=H. |last2=Bernstein |first2=C. |date=2023 |title=Bile acids as carcinogens in the colon and at other sites in the gastrointestinal system |journal=Experimental Biology and Medicine |volume=248 |issue=1 |pages=79–89 |doi=10.1177/15353702221131858 |pmc=9989147 |pmid=36408538}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciwon ciki na iya shafar tsarin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini &quot;ta hanyar ƙwayoyin sigina da kuma ƙwayoyin halitta masu aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Koszewicz_2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Koszewicz M, Jaroch J, Brzecka A, Ejma M, Budrewicz S, Mikhaleva LM, Muresanu C, Schield P, Somasundaram SG, Kirkland CE, Avila-Rodriguez M, Aliev G |date=February 2021 |title=Dysbiosis is one of the risk factor for stroke and cognitive impairment and potential target for treatment |journal=Pharmacological Research |volume=164 |doi=10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105277 |pmid=33166735 |s2cid=226296498}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKoszewiczJarochBrzeckaEjma2021&quot;&gt;Koszewicz M, Jaroch J, Brzecka A, Ejma M, Budrewicz S, Mikhaleva LM, et&amp;nbsp;al. (February 2021). &quot;Dysbiosis is one of the risk factor for stroke and cognitive impairment and potential target for treatment&quot;. ''Pharmacological Research''. '''164''' 105277. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105277|10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105277]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33166735 33166735]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226296498 226296498].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan na iya haifar da cututtuka ta hanyar hormones na neuro-entero-endocrine waɗanda zasu iya haifar da gazawar zuciya da sauran yanayi kamar [[Cutar koda mai tsanani|cututtukan koda na yau da kullun]], hauhawar jini, kiba, da ciwon suga. &lt;ref name=&quot;Koszewicz_2021&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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{{databox}}
'''Marie-Catherine Le Jumel de Barneville, Baroness d'Aulnoy''' (1650/1651 - 14 Janairu 1705),  kuma aka sani da '''Countess d'Aulnoy''', marubuciya Bafaranshiya ce wacce aka sani da tatsuniyoyi na adabi. Littafinta na 1697 &quot;Contées Des Fairies&quot; (Fairy-Tales) ya kirkiro sunan nau'in wallafe-wallafen kuma shine tatsuniya ta farko da ta nuna &quot;Prince Charmant&quot; ko Yarima Charming.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
 
An haifi D'Aulnoy a Barneville-la-Bertran, a Normandy, a matsayin memba na dangin daraja na Le Jumel de Barneville. Ita ce 'yar'uwar Marie Bruneau des Loges, abokin François de Malherbe da Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac . A cikin 1666, an ba ta tana da shekaru goma sha biyar (mahaifinta) a cikin wani shiri na aure da ɗan Parisian mai shekaru talatin - François de la Motte, Baron d'Aulnoy, na gidan Duke na Vendôme . Baron ya kasance mai tunani kuma sanannen ɗan caca. A shekara ta 1669, an zargi Baron d'Aulnoy da cin amana (yana magana game da haraji da Sarki ya sanya) ta wasu maza biyu waɗanda watakila masoyan Mme d'Aulnoy (mai shekaru goma sha tara) da mahaifiyarta, wanda ta hanyar aure na biyu. Marchionness de Gadagne. [1] Idan aka same shi da laifi, da hukuncin zai zama kisa. Baron d'Aulnoy ya shafe shekaru uku a cikin Bastille kafin daga bisani ya shawo kan kotun cewa ba shi da laifi. An kashe mutanen biyu da ke da hannu a zargin a maimakon haka. An rubuta tuhume-tuhumen da zarge-zarge a cikin ma'ajiyar tarihin Bastille. Marchionness de Gadagne ta gudu zuwa Ingila, kuma ko da yake an ba da sammacin kama Mme d'Aulnoy, ta tsere daga hannun jami'an ta taga kuma ta ɓoye a cikin coci.

Zai yiwu ta yi aiki a matsayin ɗan leƙen asiri ga Faransa (kuma wataƙila ta ɗan yi ɗan lokaci a Holland, Spain, da Ingila) kafin ta koma Paris a 1685 (wataƙila a matsayin biyan kuɗi don leƙo asirin ƙasa). {{Sfn|Warner|1995}} Marchionness de Gadagne ya zauna a Madrid ne ta hanyar fensho daga Sarkin Spain. Mme d'Aulnoy ta gudanar da taron salon salon a gidanta da ke Rue Saint-Benoît wanda manyan mashahurai da sarakuna ke halarta, gami da kawarta, Saint-Evremond .

A cikin 1699, an fille kan Abokin Mme d'Aulnoy Angélique Ticquet saboda samun wani bawa ya rama wa mijin Angélique wanda ya zagi, shi ma daga auren dole. An rataye bawan ne saboda harbi da raunata kansila Ticquet. Mme d'Aulnoy ta tsere wa tsanantawa duk da zargin da ake mata kuma ta daina shiga cikin yanayin zamantakewar Paris tsawon shekaru ashirin.

D'Aulnoy ya wallafa littattafai goma sha biyu da suka haɗa da abubuwan tarihi guda uku, tarin tatsuniyoyi biyu da litattafai &quot;tarihi&quot; guda uku. Ta ba da gudummawa ga tarihin tarihin ''Recueil des plus belles pièces des poètes français'' a cikin 1692 kuma ta rubuta jerin abubuwan tarihin balaguro dangane da tafiye-tafiyen da ta yi a kotuna a Madrid da London. Kuma ko da yake ana iya yin bogi da ƙirƙira abubuwan da ta fahimta, amma daga baya waɗannan labarun sun zama ayyukanta da suka fi shahara. Ta sami suna a matsayin mai tarihi kuma mai rikodin tatsuniyoyi daga wajen Faransa, kuma an zabe ta a matsayin memba na Paduan Accademia dei Ricovrati, an kira ta da sunan gidan tarihin tarihi, Clio . Duk da haka, a wannan lokacin ra'ayin tarihi ya kasance mafi ƙarancin lokaci wanda ya haɗa da asusun ta na almara. A cikin shekaru 150, mafi tsananin rubuce-rubucen nau'i na kalmar ya sa aka ayyana asusunta &quot;masu zamba&quot;. Duk da haka, a Faransa da Ingila a lokacin ana daukar ayyukanta a matsayin nishaɗi kawai, wani ra'ayi da aka nuna a cikin sake dubawa na lokacin. Ƙoƙarin da ta yi na gaskiya a cikin asusun tarihi na ba da labarin yaƙe-yaƙe na Dutch na Louis XIV bai yi nasara ba. Kuɗin da ta samu daga rubuce-rubucenta ya taimaka wajen haɓaka 'ya'yanta mata uku, ba duka aka samar ba a lokacin da take tare da Baron d'Aulnoy.

Shahararrun ayyukanta su ne tatsuniyoyinta da labaran kasada kamar yadda aka fada a cikin ''Les Contes des Fées'' (Tales of fairies) da ''Contes Nouveaux, ou Les Fées à la Mode'' . Ba kamar tatsuniyoyi na Grimm Brothers, waɗanda aka haifa wasu shekaru 135 bayan d'Aulnoy, ta ba da labarun ta a cikin salon tattaunawa, kamar yadda za a iya fada a cikin salons . Yawancin rubuce-rubucen nata sun haifar da duniyar ango da ango na dabbobi, inda soyayya da farin ciki suka zo ga jarumai bayan da suka mamaye manyan cikas. Waɗannan labarun sun yi nisa da dacewa da yara kuma yawancin gyare-gyare na Ingilishi sun bambanta da na asali. A Ingila, an san ta da sunan mai suna &quot;Madame Bunch&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Verdier |first=Gabrielle |date=December 1996 |title=Comment l'auteur des «Fées à la mode» devint «Mother Bunch»: Métamorphoses de Comtesse d'Aulnoy en Angleterre&quot; (&quot;How the Author of 'Fairies à la mode' became 'Mother Bunch': Metamorphoses of Countess d'Aulnoy in England |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41390464 |journal=Merveilles &amp; Contes (Wonders &amp; Tales) |publisher=Wayne State University Press |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=285-309 |access-date=30 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masanan Jack Zipes da David Blamires sun ba da shawarar cewa, saboda yawan kamanni na MMe. Ayyukan adabin d'Aulnoy tare da abubuwan ban mamaki na al'ada, tabbas ta san al'adar baka ko sake aikin adabin su a lokacinta.   Bugu da kari, Jacques Barchilon ya bayyana cewa d'Aulnoy ta ayyukan za a iya classified karkashin wasu rare tatsuniyoyi iri na kasa da kasa index na almara classification, wasu daga abin da &quot;The Animal Bride&quot; da kuma &quot; Animal a matsayin amarya &quot;tatsuniya iri. &lt;ref&gt;Barchilon, Jacques. &quot;Adaptations of Folktales and Motifs in Madame D'Aulnoy's &quot;Contes&quot;: A Brief Survey of Influence and Diffusion&quot;. In: ''Marvels &amp; Tales'' 23, no. 2 (2009): 353-64. Accessed 23 June 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/41388930.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Batu ==
Madame d'Aulnoy tana da 'ya'ya shida, biyu daga cikinsu an haife su ne bayan ta rabu da mijinta, ko da yake sun ci sunansa.

* Marie-Angélique (26 Janairu 1667, ta mutu ƙuruciya, mai yiwuwa kafin Nuwamba 1669 &lt;ref&gt;Jeanne Roche-Mazon, ''Autour des contes de fées : recueil d'études de Jeanne Roche-Mazon, accompagnées de pièces complémentaires'', Volume 55, 1968, p. 8&lt;/ref&gt; )
* Dominique-César, ɗanta tilo (23 Nuwamba 1667, ya mutu yana ƙarami)
* Marie-Anne, Dame de Barneville (27 Oktoba 1668 &lt;ref&gt;Raymond Foulché-Delbosc, ''Revue Hispanique'', Volume 69, 1926, p. 11.&lt;/ref&gt; - kafin 1726 &lt;ref name=&quot;Raymond Foulché-Delbosc 1926, p 106&quot;&gt;Raymond Foulché-Delbosc, ''Revue Hispanique'', Volume 69, 1926, p. 106.&lt;/ref&gt; ); ta yi aure a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 1685 Claude-Denis de Héère (1658 - kafin Yuni 1711 &lt;ref name=&quot;Raymond Foulché-Delbosc 1926, p 106&quot; /&gt; ), wani mai martaba daga Berry, wanda ya zama Sire de Barneville, kuma yana da:
** Jacques-Denis-Augustin de Héère (1698-?); ya yi aure a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba 1734 Geneviève Françoise de La Fauche. Babu batun.
** Marguerite de Héère, Dame de Vaudoy.
** Denise-Lucrèce de Héère (? - bayan 1772).
** Marguerite-Françoise de Héère; ta auri Jacques-François Tardieu, &quot;Count&quot; na Malissy.
** Marie-Anne de Héère (Agusta 6, 1701{{Spaced en dash}}3 ga Janairu 1737); Ta yi aure a ranar 24 ga Satumba 1735 Jean-Pierre de Fontanges, kuma ta haifi ɗa:
*** François-Alexandre de Fontanges (28 Disamba 1736{{Spaced en dash}}1754).
* Judith-Henriette (14 Nuwamba 1669 - bayan 1711); ta yi aure a ranar 4 ga Satumba 1704 a [[Madrid]] Giulio Orazio Pucci, Marquis na Bargente na biyu (Barsento, a Italiya), kuma tana da aƙalla yara biyu:
** Antonio Pucci &lt;ref name=&quot;Raymond Foulché-Delbosc 1926, p 109&quot;&gt;Raymond Foulché-Delbosc, ''Revue Hispanique'', Volume 69, 1926, p 109.&lt;/ref&gt;
** Luisa Maria Pucci; ita ce matar farko ta Francesco Guicciardini.
* Thérèse-Aimee (13 Oktoba 1676 - bayan 1726 &lt;ref name=&quot;Raymond Foulché-Delbosc 1926, p 109&quot; /&gt; ); ta auri Edmé des Préaux d'Antigny kuma ta haifi 'ya:
** Edmée-Angélique des Préaux d'Antigny (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 1704 - ba a san ranar mutuwa ba); ta auri Pierre-Joseph Vermale amma an soke auren.
* Françoise-Angélique-Maxime (c. 1677 - 17 Nuwamba 1727); ba ta taba yin aure ba kuma ba ta da batun.

== Ayyuka ==

* Sentiments of a Penitent Soul (''Sentiments d'une Ame penitente'')
* The Return of a Soul to God (''Le Retour d'une Ame à Dieu'')
* History of Hippolyte, Count of Douglas (''Histoire d'Hippolyte, comte de Duglas'') (1690)
* History of Jean de Bourbon, Prince of Carency (''Histoire de Jean de Bourbon, Prince de Carency'') (1692)
* The Count of Warwick (''Le Comte de Warwick'')
* The present court of Spain, or, The modern gallantry of the Spanish nobility unfolded in several histories and seventy five letters from the enamour'd Teresa, to her beloved the Marquess of Mancera (1693) (''Memoire de la cour d'Espagne'') (1690)
* Memories of the Court of Spain, Account of the Voyage to Spain (''Memoires de la cour d'Espagne, Relation du voyage d'Espagne'') (1690 or 1691)
* Memories of the Court of England (''Mémoires de la cour d'Angleterre'') (1695)
* From ''Fairy Tales'' (''Les Contes des Fées'') (1697)
** Graciosa and Percinet (''Gracieuse et Percinet'')
** The Story of Pretty Goldilocks or ''The Beauty with Golden Hair'' (''La Belle aux cheveux d'or'')
** The Blue Bird (''L'Oiseau bleu'')
** The Imp Prince (''Le Prince Lutin'')
** Princess Mayblossom (''La Princesse Printanière'')
** Princess Rosette (''La Princesse Rosette'')
** The Golden Branch (''Le Rameau d'Or'')
** The Bee and the Orange Tree (''L'Orangier et l'Abeille'')
** The Little Good Mouse (''La bonne petite souris'')
** The Ram or ''The Wonderful Sheep'' (''Le Mouton'')
** Cunning Cinders (''Finette Cendron'')
** The Fortunate One or ''Felicia and the Pot of Pinks'' (''Fortunée'')
** Babiole
** The Yellow Dwarf (''Le Nain jaune'')
** Green Serpent (''Serpentin vert'')
* From ''New Tales, or Fairies in Fashion'' (''Contes Nouveaux ou Les Fées à la Mode'') (1698)
** [[The Princess Carpillon]] (''Princesse Carpillon'')
** The Benevolent Frog or ''The Frog and the Lion Fairy'' (''La Grenouille bienfaisante'')
** ''The Hind in the Wood'' or The White Doe (''La Biche au bois'')
** The White Cat (''La Chatte Blanche'')
** Belle-Belle (''Belle-Belle ou Le Chevalier Fortuné'')
** The Pigeon and the Dove (''Le Pigeon et la Colombe'')
** Princess Belle-Etoile (''La Princesse Belle-Étoile'')
** Prince Marcassin (''Le Prince Marcassin'')
** The Dolphin (''Le Dauphin'')

== Bayani ==
{{Reflist}}

== Manazarta ==
 

== Kara karantawa ==

* Palmer, Nancy, da Melvin Palmer. &quot;Buga na Ingilishi na Faransanci&quot;Contes De Fees&quot; da aka danganta ga Mme D'Aulnoy.&quot; Nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki 27 (1974): 227-32. An shiga 29 Yuni 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/40371596.
* Planche, James Robinson. 'Tatsuniya ta The Countess d'Aulnoy, wanda JR Planché ya fassara ''.'' ''London: G. Routledge &amp; Co. 1856.''
* Verdier, Gabrielle. &quot;Comment l'auteur des «Fées à la mode» dent «Mother Bunch»: Métamorphoses de Comtesse d'Aulnoy en Angleterre (&quot;Yadda Marubucin 'Fairies à la yanayin' ya zama 'Uwar Bunch': Metamorphoses na Countess d' Aulnoy a Ingila&quot;. Merveilles &amp; Contes 10, lamba 2 (Disamba 1996): 285-309. Jami'ar Jihar Wayne. An shiga 30 Yuni 2020. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41390464]

== Hanyoyin haɗi da albarkatu na waje ==
{{Authority control}}

* [http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/authors/daulnoy.html Shafukan Tatsuniyoyi na SurLaLune: Tatsuniyoyi na Madame d'Aulnoy (1893) tare da jagora ga tatsuniyoyi na d'Aulnoy a cikin Turanci] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511004301/http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/authors/daulnoy.html |date=2019-05-11 }} Archived  &lt;/link&gt;
* Works by Madame d'Aulnoy  
* Works by or about Madame d'Aulnoy  
* Works by Madame d' Aulnoy   &lt;/img&gt;
* [https://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/search.jsp?Erp=20&amp;N=38537+38533+37910+4288642994&amp;view=grid Aiki daga Madame d'Aulnoy] a Toronto Public Library
* &quot;Les Contes de Fées: The Literary Fairy Tales of France&quot; 
* Comtesse d'Aulnoy  
* Madame d'Aulnoy   
{{Authority control}}</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1224350909|Ground itch]]&quot;</comment>
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| symptoms      = 
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Girman ƙasa yana nufin kumburi wanda ya haifar da wasu mamayewar helminthic a cikin fata.

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
Tasirin da ke tattare da shiga ta hanyar tsutsotsi 

* Rashin hanzari na maculopapular
* Rashin jini na yankierythema
* Rashin ƙishirwa mai tsanani (yawanci tsakanin yatsunsu) 

== Dalilin da ya sa ==
Wakilan da ke da alhakin sun hada da: [ana buƙatar ambaton]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2021}}

* Threadworms 
** Strongyloides stercoralis
* Hookworms Ancylostoma duodenale Necator americanus Ancylustoma braziliense
** Ancylostoma duodenal
** Necator americanus
** Ancylostoma na Brazil

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Tsuntsu na fata]]
* [[Cutar ƙwaro]]

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1224350909|Ground itch]]&quot;</comment>
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| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Dermatology|Kimiyyar fata]]
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Infobox/styles-images.css&quot; /&gt;Girman ƙasa yana nufin kumburi wanda ya haifar da wasu mamayewar helminthic a cikin fata.

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
Tasirin da ke tattare da shiga ta hanyar tsutsotsi 

* Rashin hanzari na maculopapular
* Rashin jini na yankierythema
* Rashin ƙishirwa mai tsanani (yawanci tsakanin yatsunsu) 

== Dalilin da ya sa ==
Wakilan da ke da alhakin sun hada da: [ana buƙatar ambaton]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2021}}

* Threadworms 
** Strongyloides stercoralis
* Hookworms Ancylostoma duodenale Necator americanus Ancylustoma braziliense
** Ancylostoma duodenal
** Necator americanus
** Ancylostoma na Brazil

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Tsuntsu na fata]]
* [[Cutar ƙwaro]]

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>2ojdryletkodr4isn12dfjzqb1zk5sa</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Jarumai na Honeybee</title>
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        <id>23412</id>
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      <comment>gyara</comment>
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[[Fayil:Honeybee_Heroes_hive.jpg|thumb]]
Ƙungiyar '''Honeybee Heroes''' ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta ilimi ta masu kiwon zuma da kuma masu kiwon zuma wadda Chris Oosthuizen ya kafa a shekarar 2020 a yankin Overberg na Afirka ta Kudu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Western Cape residents warned about bee removal scammers |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/western-cape-residents-warned-about-bee-removal-scammers-20220221?fbclid=IwAR3gGlIjGfKzb_q-I1svMIWa-K9UQeDfANkmA4bqocuYDSR5-tgt5JuSMaM |website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 27, 2021 |title=All the buzz: learning about bees with Honeybee Heroes |url=https://www.getaway.co.za/travel-news/all-the-buzz-learning-about-bees-with-honeybee-heroes/ |website=Getaway Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Heroes na Honeybee Heroes na neman ƙara yawan jama'a na nau'ikan ƙudan zuma na Capensis ( Apis mellifera capensis ), wanda ke ƙara fuskantar haɗari saboda dalilai da dama, ciki har da shukar zuma ɗaya, amfani da [[Maganin Kashe Kwari|magungunan kashe kwari]], rashin kula da masu kiwon zuma, [[Rashin mazaunin|asarar muhalli]], da [[Sauyin yanayi a Afirka ta Kudu|sauyin yanayi]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Western Cape residents warned about bee removal scammers |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/western-cape-residents-warned-about-bee-removal-scammers-20220221?fbclid=IwAR3gGlIjGfKzb_q-I1svMIWa-K9UQeDfANkmA4bqocuYDSR5-tgt5JuSMaM |website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukan biyu na ƙungiyar sun haɗa da wayar da kan masu amfani da zuma na Afirka ta Kudu game da [[Mai zina|lalata]] zuma da kuma ƙarfafa su su saya daga masu samar da kayan lambu na gida. Yin aiki tare da manoma na gida don ƙirƙirar dabarun noma mafi kyau ga muhalli, gami da shuka amfanin gona masu kyau ga masu fure, da sauran ayyukan tallafawa jin daɗin zuma gabaɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 27, 2021 |title=All the buzz: learning about bees with Honeybee Heroes |url=https://www.getaway.co.za/travel-news/all-the-buzz-learning-about-bees-with-honeybee-heroes/ |website=Getaway Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Engelbrecht |first=Renate |title=Wanneer Die Gezoem Stil Raak (When the Buzz Goes Quiet) |url=https://indd.adobe.com/view/eea6cfb7-9d79-4687-9608-5a33ac44161b?fbclid=IwAR3SdgtDwWPfFtD2Srhb2K9iZm2bFAO6WUV22MYlOy68pwvFJFCG07zlyT8 |website=Die Taalgenoot Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=South African Honeybees in Peril Due to Excessive Pollination Demands |url=https://beemission.com/blogs/news/south-african-honeybees-in-peril-due-to-excessive-pollination-demands |website=Save the Bees |access-date=2026-01-02 |archive-date=2023-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001205528/https://beemission.com/blogs/news/south-african-honeybees-in-peril-due-to-excessive-pollination-demands |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta hanyar shirin Adopt-a-Hive na Jaruman Honeybee, mutane a Afirka ta Kudu ko ƙasashen waje, suna ɗaukar nauyin gidajen zuma, waɗanda aka sanya a gonar Jaruman Honeybee da ke [[Stanford Valley]] ( [[Western Cape]], Afirka ta Kudu) ko kuma a gonaki da ke kusa da wuraren ajiyar dabbobi masu zaman kansu. Ƙwararrun masu kiwon dabbobin Honeybee suna kula da gidajen zuma masu ɗaukar nauyin, waɗanda [[Honey extraction|ke cire zuma]] daga gidajen zuma kuma suna sayar da su a gida don taimakawa wajen tallafawa aikin wurin ibada. &lt;ref name=&quot;IOL2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Honeybee Heroes makes a sweet deal |url=https://www.iol.co.za/weekend-argus/lifestyle/honeybee-heroes-makes-a-sweet-deal-1f766e39-2017-4af1-8efe-32ac15dd361f |access-date=1 November 2021 |website=IOL}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Honeybee Heroes tana ba da darussan kiwon zuma kyauta da biyan kuɗi kowane wata ga masu farawa masu sha'awar, inda ake horar da baƙi kan tsaro, kula da amya, da kuma cire zuma. &lt;ref name=&quot;MG&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Phillips |first=Tunicia |title=Honey laundering: Transcontinental scheme puts fake honey into our supermarkets |url=https://mg.co.za/environment/2021-06-19-honey-laundering-transcontinental-scheme-puts-fake-honey-into-our-supermarkets/ |access-date=1 November 2021 |website=Mail &amp; Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Western Cape residents warned about bee removal scammers |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/western-cape-residents-warned-about-bee-removal-scammers-20220221?fbclid=IwAR3gGlIjGfKzb_q-I1svMIWa-K9UQeDfANkmA4bqocuYDSR5-tgt5JuSMaM |website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙungiyar tana kuma gudanar da wani shiri na ƙananan manoma na al'umma, inda ake horar da 'yan Afirka ta Kudu masu ƙarancin kuɗi, galibi mata, don kula da amya a filayen da masu filaye ko ajiyar kuɗi masu zaman kansu suka bayar, kuma suna karɓar wani ɓangare na ribar da aka samu daga zumar da aka samar don ciyar da kansu da iyalansu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 27, 2021 |title=All the buzz: learning about bees with Honeybee Heroes |url=https://www.getaway.co.za/travel-news/all-the-buzz-learning-about-bees-with-honeybee-heroes/ |website=Getaway Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Honeybee Heroes tana da haɗin gwiwa da ƙungiyoyi da dama na cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje, ciki har da shirin ilmantar da masu amfani da kayayyaki tare da babban dillalin lafiya da walwala na Afirka ta Kudu Wellness Warehouse, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Western Cape residents warned about bee removal scammers |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/western-cape-residents-warned-about-bee-removal-scammers-20220221?fbclid=IwAR3gGlIjGfKzb_q-I1svMIWa-K9UQeDfANkmA4bqocuYDSR5-tgt5JuSMaM |website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt; haɗin gwiwa na ɗaukar hive tare da ƙungiyar agaji ta Mantis Collection Community Conservation Fund Africa, &lt;ref name=&quot;IOL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Honeybee Heroes makes a sweet deal |url=https://www.iol.co.za/weekend-argus/lifestyle/honeybee-heroes-makes-a-sweet-deal-1f766e39-2017-4af1-8efe-32ac15dd361f |access-date=1 November 2021 |website=IOL}}&lt;/ref&gt; haɗin gwiwa na ɗaukar nauyin dabbobin gida tare da ƙananan kasuwancin gida Lomond Wine Estate da Stonehouse Cheese Estate, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 27, 2021 |title=All the buzz: learning about bees with Honeybee Heroes |url=https://www.getaway.co.za/travel-news/all-the-buzz-learning-about-bees-with-honeybee-heroes/ |website=Getaway Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma aikin ƙira lakabi tare da masu zane-zane na gida na Afirka ta Kudu ciki har da Lionel Smit, Riaan Van Zyl, da Janko de Beer . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Western Cape residents warned about bee removal scammers |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/western-cape-residents-warned-about-bee-removal-scammers-20220221?fbclid=IwAR3gGlIjGfKzb_q-I1svMIWa-K9UQeDfANkmA4bqocuYDSR5-tgt5JuSMaM |website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wurin ajiye na Jaruman Honeybee yana da amya sama da 700 na zuma. &lt;ref name=&quot;MG&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Manufar Inganta Kasuwancin Carbon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>861895</id>
      <parentid>853241</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T10:58:48Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Nnamadee</username>
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'''Manufar Rage Haɗakar Carbon''' (CERT) a Burtaniya (wanda a da ake '''kira da Alƙawarin Inganta Amfani da Makamashi''' ) manufa ce da aka sanya wa masu jigilar iskar gas da wutar lantarki da masu samar da kayayyaki a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 33BC na Dokar Gas ta shekarar 1986 da Sashe na 41A na Dokar Wutar Lantarki ta shekarar 1989, kamar yadda aka gyara ta [[Dokar Canjin Yanayi da Makamashi mai dorewa ta 2006|Dokar Sauyin Yanayi da Makamashi Mai Dorewa ta 2006]].&lt;ref&gt;Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006 Archived 25 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine&lt;/ref&gt; 

Shirin Amincewa da Inganta Makamashi na asali na 1 (2002-2005) ya buƙaci dukkan masu samar da wutar lantarki da iskar gas waɗanda ke da abokan ciniki na cikin gida 15,000 ko fiye dole ne su cimma haɗin tanadin makamashi na 62 TWh nan da shekarar 2005 ta hanyar taimaka wa abokan cinikinsu su ɗauki matakan inganta makamashi a gidajensu: masu samar da wutar lantarki dole ne su cimma aƙalla rabin [[Tsaro na makamashi|tanadin]] makamashinsu a cikin gidaje waɗanda ke karɓar fa'idodi da lamunin haraji.

A mataki na biyu na shirin Alƙawarin Inganta Makamashi (2005-2008), an ɗaga manufofin tanadin makamashi zuwa masu samar da TWh 130, kuma a nan masu samar da kayayyaki waɗanda ke da aƙalla abokan ciniki na cikin gida 50,000 (gami da lasisin da ke da alaƙa) sun cancanci a ba su wani hakki.

Mataki na uku na CERT (wanda a da aka sani da Alƙawarin Ingantaccen Makamashi na 3) ya fara aiki ne daga 2008 zuwa 2011 kuma ya ƙara manufofin da aka sa a gaba zuwa 154 MtC. An buga takardar shawarwari tare da [[Manufar makamashi ta Burtaniya|Takardar Farin Makamashi ta 2007]], kuma an gayyaci amsoshin kafin 15 ga Agusta 2007. Sabon tsarin an tsara shi ne ta hanyar Umarnin Rage Gurɓatar Iskar Carbon (SI 2008/188). A shekarar 2009, Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ƙara manufar rage gurɓatar iska da ƙarin kashi 20% zuwa 185 MtC. A shekarar 2010, Gwamnati ta ƙara manufar zuwa 293 MtC, wanda za a cimma a tsawon lokaci mai tsawo har zuwa ƙarshen shekarar 2012 (duba Umarnin Wutar Lantarki da Iskar Gas (Rage Gurɓatar Iskar Carbon) (Gyara) na 2010: SI2010/1958).

Daga shekarar 2013, CERT za ta maye gurbinsa da [[Hakkin Kamfanin Makamashi|Obligation na Kamfanin Makamashi]] (ECO)

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <comment>Nnamadee moved page [[Manufar Rage Rashin Kasuwancin Carbon]] to [[Manufar Inganta Kasuwancin Carbon]]</comment>
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'''Manufar Rage Haɗakar Carbon''' (CERT) a Burtaniya (wanda a da ake '''kira da Alƙawarin Inganta Amfani da Makamashi''' ) manufa ce da aka sanya wa masu jigilar iskar gas da wutar lantarki da masu samar da kayayyaki a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 33BC na Dokar Gas ta shekarar 1986 da Sashe na 41A na Dokar Wutar Lantarki ta shekarar 1989, kamar yadda aka gyara ta [[Dokar Canjin Yanayi da Makamashi mai dorewa ta 2006|Dokar Sauyin Yanayi da Makamashi Mai Dorewa ta 2006]].&lt;ref&gt;Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006 Archived 25 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine&lt;/ref&gt; 

Shirin Amincewa da Inganta Makamashi na asali na 1 (2002-2005) ya buƙaci dukkan masu samar da wutar lantarki da iskar gas waɗanda ke da abokan ciniki na cikin gida 15,000 ko fiye dole ne su cimma haɗin tanadin makamashi na 62 TWh nan da shekarar 2005 ta hanyar taimaka wa abokan cinikinsu su ɗauki matakan inganta makamashi a gidajensu: masu samar da wutar lantarki dole ne su cimma aƙalla rabin [[Tsaro na makamashi|tanadin]] makamashinsu a cikin gidaje waɗanda ke karɓar fa'idodi da lamunin haraji.

A mataki na biyu na shirin Alƙawarin Inganta Makamashi (2005-2008), an ɗaga manufofin tanadin makamashi zuwa masu samar da TWh 130, kuma a nan masu samar da kayayyaki waɗanda ke da aƙalla abokan ciniki na cikin gida 50,000 (gami da lasisin da ke da alaƙa) sun cancanci a ba su wani hakki.

Mataki na uku na CERT (wanda a da aka sani da Alƙawarin Ingantaccen Makamashi na 3) ya fara aiki ne daga 2008 zuwa 2011 kuma ya ƙara manufofin da aka sa a gaba zuwa 154 MtC. An buga takardar shawarwari tare da [[Manufar makamashi ta Burtaniya|Takardar Farin Makamashi ta 2007]], kuma an gayyaci amsoshin kafin 15 ga Agusta 2007. Sabon tsarin an tsara shi ne ta hanyar Umarnin Rage Gurɓatar Iskar Carbon (SI 2008/188). A shekarar 2009, Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ƙara manufar rage gurɓatar iska da ƙarin kashi 20% zuwa 185 MtC. A shekarar 2010, Gwamnati ta ƙara manufar zuwa 293 MtC, wanda za a cimma a tsawon lokaci mai tsawo har zuwa ƙarshen shekarar 2012 (duba Umarnin Wutar Lantarki da Iskar Gas (Rage Gurɓatar Iskar Carbon) (Gyara) na 2010: SI2010/1958).

Daga shekarar 2013, CERT za ta maye gurbinsa da [[Hakkin Kamfanin Makamashi|Obligation na Kamfanin Makamashi]] (ECO)

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Kyakkyawan Tunanin</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-19T21:10:05Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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'''TESCREAL''' wani tsari neologism ne da masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta Timnit Gebru da masanin falsafa Émile P. Torres suka gabatar. Kalmar &quot;taƙaitaccen bayani&quot;, tana nufin [[Canjin Dan Adam|Transhumanism]], Extropianism, Singularitarianism, (modern) Cosmism, Rationalists (al'ummar intanet, ba za a ruɗe ta da sauran amfani da kalmar ba), Inganci Altruism, da Longtermism . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebru |first=Timnit |author-link=Timnit Gebru |last2=Torres |first2=Émile P. |author-link2=Émile P. Torres |date=April 14, 2024 |title=The TESCREAL bundle: Eugenics and the promise of utopia through artificial general intelligence |journal=[[First Monday (journal)|First Monday]] |volume=29 |issue=4 |doi=10.5210/fm.v29i4.13636 |issn=1396-0466 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Gebru da Torres suna jayayya cewa ya kamata a ɗauki waɗannan akidu a matsayin ƙungiya &quot;mai haɗin kai da haɗuwa&quot; tare da asali iri ɗaya. Suna da'awar cewa waɗannan sun ƙunshi motsi wanda ke ba wa masu goyon bayansa damar amfani da barazanar halaka ɗan adam don ba da hujjar ayyuka masu tsada ko masu cutarwa kuma suna ɗaukar su yaɗuwa a cikin da'irar zamantakewa da ilimi a [[Silicon Valley]] wanda ke mai da hankali kan [[Kirkirar Basira|fasahar wucin gadi]] . &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;dig1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Torres |first=Émile P |author-link=Émile P. Torres |date=June 15, 2023 |title=The Acronym Behind Our Wildest AI Dreams and Nightmares |url=https://www.truthdig.com/articles/the-acronym-behind-our-wildest-ai-dreams-and-nightmares/ |access-date=October 1, 2023 |website=[[TruthDig]] |publisher= |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda haka, wani lokacin ana amfani da kalmar &quot;taƙaitaccen bayani&quot; don sukar tsarin imani da aka yi imani da shi wanda ke da alaƙa da Big Tech . &lt;ref name=&quot;dig1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;was1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Troy |first=Dave |date=May 1, 2023 |title=The Wide Angle: Understanding TESCREAL — the Weird Ideologies Behind Silicon Valley's Rightward Turn |url=https://washingtonspectator.org/understanding-tescreal-silicon-valleys-rightward-turn/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606223259/https://washingtonspectator.org/understanding-tescreal-silicon-valleys-rightward-turn/ |archive-date=June 6, 2023 |access-date=October 1, 2023 |website=[[The Washington Spectator]] |publisher= |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;financial1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahuja |first=Anjana |author-link=Anjana Ahuja |date=May 10, 2023 |title=We need to examine the beliefs of today's tech luminaries |url=https://www.ft.com/content/edc30352-05fb-4fd8-a503-20b50ce014ab |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231211051528/https://www.ft.com/content/edc30352-05fb-4fd8-a503-20b50ce014ab |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |access-date=October 1, 2023 |website=[[Financial Times]] |publisher= |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asali ==
Gebru da Torres sun gabatar da kalmar &quot;TESCREAL&quot; a shekarar 2023, inda suka fara amfani da ita a cikin daftarin takarda mai taken &quot;The TESCREAL fakitin: Eugenics da alƙawarin utopia ta hanyar fasahar kere-kere ta wucin gadi &quot;. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebru |first=Timnit |author-link=Timnit Gebru |last2=Torres |first2=Émile P. |author-link2=Émile P. Torres |date=April 14, 2024 |title=The TESCREAL bundle: Eugenics and the promise of utopia through artificial general intelligence |journal=[[First Monday (journal)|First Monday]] |volume=29 |issue=4 |doi=10.5210/fm.v29i4.13636 |issn=1396-0466 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGebruTorres2024&quot;&gt;[[Timnit Gebru|Gebru, Timnit]]; [[Émile P. Torres|Torres, Émile P.]] (April 14, 2024). [[doi:10.5210/fm.v29i4.13636|&quot;The TESCREAL bundle: Eugenics and the promise of utopia through artificial general intelligence&quot;]]. ''[[First Monday (journal)|First Monday]]''. '''29''' (4). [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.5210/fm.v29i4.13636|10.5210/fm.v29i4.13636]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1396-0466 1396-0466].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;was1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Troy |first=Dave |date=May 1, 2023 |title=The Wide Angle: Understanding TESCREAL — the Weird Ideologies Behind Silicon Valley's Rightward Turn |url=https://washingtonspectator.org/understanding-tescreal-silicon-valleys-rightward-turn/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606223259/https://washingtonspectator.org/understanding-tescreal-silicon-valleys-rightward-turn/ |archive-date=June 6, 2023 |access-date=October 1, 2023 |website=[[The Washington Spectator]] |publisher= |quote=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTroy2023&quot;&gt;Troy, Dave (May 1, 2023). [https://washingtonspectator.org/understanding-tescreal-silicon-valleys-rightward-turn/ &quot;The Wide Angle: Understanding TESCREAL — the Weird Ideologies Behind Silicon Valley's Rightward Turn&quot;]. ''[[The Washington Spectator]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230606223259/https://washingtonspectator.org/understanding-tescreal-silicon-valleys-rightward-turn/ Archived] from the original on June 6, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 1,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwQw&quot;&gt;Litinin ta farko&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ta buga takardar a watan Afrilun 2024, kodayake Torres da Gebru sun shahara da kalmar a wani wuri &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;dig1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Torres |first=Émile P |author-link=Émile P. Torres |date=June 15, 2023 |title=The Acronym Behind Our Wildest AI Dreams and Nightmares |url=https://www.truthdig.com/articles/the-acronym-behind-our-wildest-ai-dreams-and-nightmares/ |access-date=October 1, 2023 |website=[[TruthDig]] |publisher= |quote=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTorres2023&quot;&gt;[[Émile P. Torres|Torres, Émile P]] (June 15, 2023). [https://www.truthdig.com/articles/the-acronym-behind-our-wildest-ai-dreams-and-nightmares/ &quot;The Acronym Behind Our Wildest AI Dreams and Nightmares&quot;]. ''[[TruthDig]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 1,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kafin a buga jaridar. A cewar Gebru da Torres, [[Canjin Dan Adam|transhumanism]], extropianism, singularitarianism, (modern) cosmism, rationalism, effective altruism, da longtermism &quot;cuku&quot; ne na &quot;akidu masu alaƙa da juna&quot; waɗanda suka fito daga eugenics na ƙarni na 20, tare da magabatan da suka raba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Suna amfani da kalmar &quot;TESCREList&quot; don nufin mutanen da a cikin hukuncinsu suka amince da, ko kuma suka bayyana suna goyon bayan, kowane ko duk akidu da aka kama a cikin acronym. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;dig1&quot; /&gt;

== Bincike ==
A cewar masu sukar waɗannan falsafar, TESCREAL ya bayyana ƙungiyoyi masu haɗuwa da manyan mutane a masana'antar fasaha suka amince da su don samar da goyon baya na ilimi don ci gaba da ba da fifiko ga ayyuka ciki har da basirar gabaɗaya ta wucin gadi (AGI), faɗaɗa rayuwa, da kuma mulkin mallaka a sararin samaniya . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebru |first=Timnit |author-link=Timnit Gebru |last2=Torres |first2=Émile P. |author-link2=Émile P. Torres |date=April 14, 2024 |title=The TESCREAL bundle: Eugenics and the promise of utopia through artificial general intelligence |journal=[[First Monday (journal)|First Monday]] |volume=29 |issue=4 |doi=10.5210/fm.v29i4.13636 |issn=1396-0466 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGebruTorres2024&quot;&gt;[[Timnit Gebru|Gebru, Timnit]]; [[Émile P. Torres|Torres, Émile P.]] (April 14, 2024). [[doi:10.5210/fm.v29i4.13636|&quot;The TESCREAL bundle: Eugenics and the promise of utopia through artificial general intelligence&quot;]]. ''[[First Monday (journal)|First Monday]]''. '''29''' (4). [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.5210/fm.v29i4.13636|10.5210/fm.v29i4.13636]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1396-0466 1396-0466].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;was1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Troy |first=Dave |date=May 1, 2023 |title=The Wide Angle: Understanding TESCREAL — the Weird Ideologies Behind Silicon Valley's Rightward Turn |url=https://washingtonspectator.org/understanding-tescreal-silicon-valleys-rightward-turn/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606223259/https://washingtonspectator.org/understanding-tescreal-silicon-valleys-rightward-turn/ |archive-date=June 6, 2023 |access-date=October 1, 2023 |website=[[The Washington Spectator]] |publisher= |quote=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTroy2023&quot;&gt;Troy, Dave (May 1, 2023). [https://washingtonspectator.org/understanding-tescreal-silicon-valleys-rightward-turn/ &quot;The Wide Angle: Understanding TESCREAL — the Weird Ideologies Behind Silicon Valley's Rightward Turn&quot;]. ''[[The Washington Spectator]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230606223259/https://washingtonspectator.org/understanding-tescreal-silicon-valleys-rightward-turn/ Archived] from the original on June 6, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 1,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pejcha |first=Camille Sojit |date=May 23, 2024 |title=Techno-futurists are selling an interplanetary paradise for the posthuman generation—they just forgot about the rest of us |url=https://www.documentjournal.com/2024/05/the-myth-of-silicon-valley-messiahs-and-the-rise-of-tescrealism-longtermism-transhumanism-technology-ai/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629221930/https://www.documentjournal.com/2024/05/the-myth-of-silicon-valley-messiahs-and-the-rise-of-tescrealism-longtermism-transhumanism-technology-ai/ |archive-date=June 29, 2024 |access-date=June 29, 2024 |website=[[Document Journal]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Marubucin almara na kimiyya Charles Stross, yana amfani da misalin mulkin mallaka a sararin samaniya, ya yi jayayya cewa akidun suna ba wa attajirai damar bin manyan ayyukan sirri waɗanda fassarar almarar kimiyya ta hannun dama ke jagoranta ta hanyar jayayya cewa rashin bin irin waɗannan ayyukan yana haifar da haɗari ga al'umma. &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stross |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Stross |date=December 20, 2023 |title=Tech Billionaires Need to Stop Trying to Make the Science Fiction They Grew Up on Real |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/tech-billionaires-need-to-stop-trying-to-make-the-science-fiction-they-grew-up-on-real/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626062646/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/tech-billionaires-need-to-stop-trying-to-make-the-science-fiction-they-grew-up-on-real/ |archive-date=June 26, 2024 |access-date=June 27, 2024 |website=[[Scientific American]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gebru da Torres sun rubuta cewa, ta amfani da barazanar ɓacewa, masu binciken TESCREAL za su iya ba da hujjar &quot;ƙoƙarin gina tsarin da ba a tantance ba waɗanda ba su da aminci a zahiri&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Masanin watsa labarai Ethan Zuckerman ya yi jayayya cewa ta hanyar la'akari da manufofi masu mahimmanci ga motsi na TESCREAL kawai, ayyukan gaba masu fa'ida nan take, kamar rashin daidaiton launin fata, son zuciya na algorithmic, da lalata muhalli, za a iya ba da hujja. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zuckerman |first=Ethan |author-link=Ethan Zuckerman |date=January 16, 2024 |title=Two warring visions of AI |url=https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/ideas/technology/64491/two-warring-visions-of-artificial-intelligence-tescreal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701165000/https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/ideas/technology/64491/two-warring-visions-of-artificial-intelligence-tescreal |archive-date=July 1, 2024 |access-date=June 29, 2024 |website=[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masanin Falsafa Yogi Hale Hendlin ya yi jayayya cewa ta hanyar yin watsi da abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalolin zamantakewa da kuma hanyoyin da suka wuce gona da iri na injiniyanci, masu ilimin TESCREAL sun yi watsi da mahallin da matsaloli da yawa ke tasowa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Camille Sojit Pejcha ta rubuta a cikin ''Mujallar Document'' cewa TESCREAL kayan aiki ne ga manyan masana fasaha don tattara iko. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; A cikin ''The Washington Spectator'', Dave Troy ya kira TESCREAL &quot; ƙarshe yana tabbatar da hanyar &quot; motsi wanda ya saba wa &quot;mulkin dimokuradiyya, haɗaka, adalci, haƙuri, da adalci&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;was1&quot;/&gt; Gil Duran ya rubuta cewa &quot;TESCREAL&quot;, &quot;fasahar mulki mai iko&quot;, da &quot;fasahar fasaha&quot; an yi amfani da su a farkon 2024 don bayyana sabuwar akida da ke tasowa a masana'antar fasaha. 

Gebru, Torres, da sauransu sun kwatanta TESCREAL da addini na duniya saboda kamanceceniya da tauhidin Kirista da kuma koyarwar ƙarshen zamani . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;dig1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Torres |first=Émile P |author-link=Émile P. Torres |date=June 15, 2023 |title=The Acronym Behind Our Wildest AI Dreams and Nightmares |url=https://www.truthdig.com/articles/the-acronym-behind-our-wildest-ai-dreams-and-nightmares/ |access-date=October 1, 2023 |website=[[TruthDig]] |publisher= |quote=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTorres2023&quot;&gt;[[Émile P. Torres|Torres, Émile P]] (June 15, 2023). [https://www.truthdig.com/articles/the-acronym-behind-our-wildest-ai-dreams-and-nightmares/ &quot;The Acronym Behind Our Wildest AI Dreams and Nightmares&quot;]. ''[[TruthDig]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 1,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;hebdo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Redaud |first=Lorraine |date=August 2, 2024 |title=TESCREAL, l'idéologie futuriste qui se répand chez les élites de la Silicon Valley |url=https://charliehebdo.fr/2024/08/societe/tech/tescreal-lideologie-futuriste-qui-se-repand-chez-les-elites-de-la-silicon-valley/ |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=August 7, 2024 |website=[[Charlie Hebdo]] |publisher= |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;/&gt;  Marubuta a cikin &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwqQ&quot;&gt;Harkokin Yau da Kullum&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; sun kwatanta waɗannan falsafar da kuma kyakkyawan fata na fasaha da &quot;kowace irin bangaskiyar da ba ta da addini ɗaya... inda ake ganin masu shakka a matsayin maƙiya kuma ana karɓar imani ba tare da shaida ba&quot;. Suna jayayya cewa bin TESCREAL zai hana raba gaskiya tsakanin mutane.  nan gaba. 

=== Ƙwaƙwalwar wucin gadi ===
Yawancin tattaunawa game da haɗarin wanzuwa daga AGI yana faruwa ne tsakanin waɗanda Gebru da Torres suka bayyana a matsayin masu goyon bayan akidun TESCREAL. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Helfrich |first=Gina |date=March 11, 2024 |title=The harms of terminology: why we should reject so-called &quot;frontier AI&quot; |journal=AI Ethics |language=en |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=699–705 |doi=10.1007/s43681-024-00438-1 |issn=2730-5961 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ana ɗaukar masu TESCREAL a matsayin &quot;masu hanzarta AI&quot;, waɗanda ke ɗaukar AI a matsayin hanya ɗaya tilo ta bi sahun makomar utopian inda ake magance matsaloli, ko kuma &quot; masu ƙaddarar AI&quot;, waɗanda ke ɗaukar AI a matsayin wanda ba shi da alaƙa da rayuwar ɗan adam kuma yana iya haifar da halakar ɗan adam. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;  Duk da haɗarin, masu ƙaddarar da yawa suna ɗaukar ci gaban AGI wanda ba makawa kuma suna jayayya cewa ta hanyar haɓakawa da daidaita AGI da farko za a iya guje wa haɗarin wanzuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Van Rensburg |first=Wessel |date=June 7, 2024 |title=AI and the quest for utopia |url=https://www.vryeweekblad.com/en/opinions-and-debate/2024-06-07-ai-and-the-quest-for-utopia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630025036/https://www.vryeweekblad.com/en/opinions-and-debate/2024-06-07-ai-and-the-quest-for-utopia/ |archive-date=June 30, 2024 |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[Vrye Weekblad]] |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;

Gebru ya kwatanta rikicin da ke tsakanin masu hanzarin gaggawa da masu hallakarwa da &quot;addini mai son zaman lafiya wanda ke sayar da AGI wanda ke ba da damar utopia da apocalypse&quot;.  Torres da Gebru sun yi jayayya cewa ƙungiyoyin biyu suna amfani da hasashen apocalypse da AI ke jagoranta da kuma makomar utopian don ba da hujjar bincike, ci gaba, da kuma rage ƙa'idojin fasaha mara iyaka. Torres da Gebru sun yi zargin cewa ta hanyar la'akari da sakamako mai nisa kawai na gaba, suna haifar da hayaniya ga fasahar da ba a tabbatar da ita ba, da kuma tsoratarwa, masu ra'ayin TESCREAL suna janye hankali daga tasirin fasaha wanda zai iya yin mummunan tasiri ga al'umma, yana cutar da tsiraru ta hanyar nuna son kai, kuma yana da mummunan [[Tasirin muhalli na hankali na wucin gadi|tasiri ga muhalli]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;financial1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahuja |first=Anjana |author-link=Anjana Ahuja |date=May 10, 2023 |title=We need to examine the beliefs of today's tech luminaries |url=https://www.ft.com/content/edc30352-05fb-4fd8-a503-20b50ce014ab |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231211051528/https://www.ft.com/content/edc30352-05fb-4fd8-a503-20b50ce014ab |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |access-date=October 1, 2023 |website=[[Financial Times]] |publisher= |quote= }}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAhuja2023&quot;&gt;[[Anjana Ahuja|Ahuja, Anjana]] (May 10, 2023). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://www.ft.com/content/edc30352-05fb-4fd8-a503-20b50ce014ab &quot;We need to examine the beliefs of today's tech luminaries&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''[[Financial Times]]''. from the original on December 11, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 1,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;hebdo&quot;/&gt; 

=== Magunguna ===
Neşe Devenot ya yi amfani da kalmar TESCREAL don nufin &quot;masu kuɗi da fasaha na duniya&quot; waɗanda ke haɓaka sabbin amfani da magungunan psychedelic a matsayin maganin lafiyar kwakwalwa, ba wai don suna son taimaka wa mutane ba, amma don su sami kuɗi akan siyar da waɗannan magunguna a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin ƙara rashin daidaito. &lt;ref name=&quot;devenot&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Devenot |first=Neşe |date=2023-12-29 |title=TESCREAL hallucinations: Psychedelic and AI hype as inequality engines |journal=Journal of Psychedelic Studies |volume=7 |issue=S1 |pages=22–39 |doi=10.1556/2054.2023.00292 |issn=2559-9283 |quote=Counterfactual efforts to improve mental health by increasing inequality are widespread in the psychedelics industry. These efforts have been propelled by an elitist worldview that is widely-held in Silicon Valley. The backbone of this worldview is the TESCREAL bundle of ideologies, ... While others have noted similarities between the earlier SSRI hype and the ongoing hype for psychedelic medications, the rhetoric of psychedelic hype is tinged with utopian and magico-religious aspirations that have no parallel in the discourse surrounding SSRIs or other antidepressants. I argue that this utopian discourse provides insight into the ways that global financial and tech elites are instrumentalizing psychedelics as one tool in a broader world-building project that justifies increasing material inequality. |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ana zargin nuna son kai ga tsiraru ===
Gebru da Torres sun yi iƙirarin cewa akidun TESCREAL sun samo asali ne kai tsaye daga eugenics na ƙarni na 20 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; kuma tarin akidu suna goyon bayan sabbin eugenics . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kuma sun yi jayayya cewa akidun TESCREAL sun samo asali ne daga falsafar da aka yi amfani da su don ba da hujjar kisan kai da kisan kare dangi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; An yi zargin cewa wasu fitattun mutane waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga akidun TESCREAL suna nuna wariyar launin fata da kuma nuna wariyar jinsi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brownell |first=Claire |date=November 27, 2023 |title=Doom, Inc.: The well-funded global movement that wants you to fear AI |url=https://thelogic.co/news/special-report/doom-inc-the-well-funded-global-movement-that-wants-you-to-fear-ai/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=July 2, 2024 |website=[[The Logic]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Suka da muhawara ===
A rubuce-rubuce a cikin ''mujallar Asterisk'', wata mujalla da ke da alaƙa da ingantaccen son rai, Ozy Brennan ya soki yadda Gebru da Torres suka haɗa falsafar daban-daban kamar dai suna da &quot;monolithic&quot;. Brennan ya yi jayayya cewa Torres ya fahimci waɗannan falsafar daban-daban, kuma ya ɗauki gwaje-gwajen tunanin falsafa daga mahallinsu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakazalika, Oliver Habryka na ''LessWrong'' ya soki ra'ayin, yana cewa: &quot;Ban taɓa haɗuwa da wani masanin kimiyyar sararin samaniya ba a rayuwata; a bayyane yake ina da abokai na kud da kud da su. A bayyane yake, ina kamar ina cikin haɗin kai [tare da su].&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Rediyon New Zealand, marubucin siyasa Danyl McLauchlan ya ce yayin da wasu membobin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ke son ƙirƙirar mutane masu ƙarfin hali, wasu kuma, kamar masu taimakon talakawa masu ƙwarewa (waɗanda galibi suna son taimaka wa talakawa), suna mamakin yadda aka jefa su cikin wani makirci na mugunta na eugenics.

James Pethokoukis, na Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka, bai yarda da sukar masu goyon bayan TESCREAL ba. Ya yi jayayya cewa attajiran fasaha da aka soki a cikin wani labarin Scientific American saboda zargin goyon bayan TESCREAL sun sami ci gaba sosai a cikin al'umma.  A cikin shafin yanar gizon Cibiyar Fasaha ta Fasaha da Fasaha Mai tasowa, Eli Sennesh da James Hughes sun yi jayayya cewa TESCREAL ka'ida ce ta makirci ta hagu wadda ke haɗa falsafar da ba ta dace ba tare da fahimtar ƙa'idodinsu na musamman ba .

== Ana zargin masu bin diddigin ==
A shekarar 2023, mai ra'ayin jari-hujja Marc Andreessen ya buga &quot; Fasaha-Optimist Manifesto &quot;, wanda Jag Bhalla da Nathan J. Robinson suka kira &quot;misali mai kyau&quot; na akidun TESCREAL.  A cikinsa, ya yi jayayya cewa ƙarin fasahar wucin gadi na zamani zai iya ceton rayuka marasa adadi a nan gaba, kuma ya kamata a la'anci waɗanda ke aiki don rage ko hana ci gabanta a matsayin masu kisan kai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

An bayyana [[Elon Musk]] a matsayin mai tausayi ga wasu akidun TESCREAL. &lt;ref name=&quot;financial1&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;hebdo&quot;/&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;devenot&quot;/&gt; A watan Agusta na 2022, Musk ya wallafa a shafinsa na Twitter cewa littafin William MacAskill na dogon lokaci '', What We Owe the Future'', &quot;ya dace da falsafata&quot;.  Wasu marubuta sun yi imanin cewa Neuralink na Musk yana bin manufofin TESCREList. &lt;ref name=&quot;financial1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kandimalla |first=Sriskandha |date=June 5, 2024 |title=The dark side of techno-utopian dreams: Ethical and practical pitfalls |url=https://newuniversity.org/2024/06/05/the-dark-side-of-techno-utopian-dreams-ethical-and-practical-pitfalls/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630020527/https://newuniversity.org/2024/06/05/the-dark-side-of-techno-utopian-dreams-ethical-and-practical-pitfalls/ |archive-date=June 30, 2024 |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=[[New University (newspaper)|New University]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kwararrun AI sun koka game da yadda kamfanin Musk na XAI ke mayar da hankali kan haɗarin wanzuwa, suna jayayya cewa shi da sauran kamfanonin AI suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin TESCREAL. &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Goldman |first=Sharon |date=July 24, 2023 |title=Doomer AI advisor joins Musk's xAI, the 4th top research lab focused on AI apocalypse |url=https://venturebeat.com/ai/doomer-advisor-joins-musks-xai-the-4th-top-research-lab-focused-on-ai-apocalypse/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629215134/https://venturebeat.com/ai/doomer-advisor-joins-musks-xai-the-4th-top-research-lab-focused-on-ai-apocalypse/ |archive-date=June 29, 2024 |access-date=June 29, 2024 |website=[[VentureBeat]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Torres |first=Émile P. |author-link=Émile P. Torres |date=June 11, 2023 |title=AI and the threat of &quot;human extinction&quot;: What are the tech-bros worried about? It's not you and me |url=https://www.salon.com/2023/06/11/ai-and-the-of-human-extinction-what-are-the-tech-bros-worried-about-its-not-you-and-me/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630140825/https://www.salon.com/2023/06/11/ai-and-the-of-human-extinction-what-are-the-tech-bros-worried-about-its-not-you-and-me/ |archive-date=June 30, 2024 |access-date=June 29, 2024 |website=[[Salon.com|Salon]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dave Troy ya yi imanin cewa ra'ayoyin Musk na haihuwa sun samo asali ne daga manufofin TESCREAL. &lt;ref name=&quot;was1&quot;/&gt;

An kuma nuna cewa [[Peter Thiel]] yana tausayawa ra'ayoyin TESCREAL. &lt;ref name=&quot;financial1&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;hebdo&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Svetkey |first=Benjamin |date=2024-08-07 |title=&quot;F*** These Trump-Loving Techies&quot;: Hollywood Takes on Silicon Valley in an Epic Presidential Brawl |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/politics-news/election-2024-hollywood-silicon-valley-1235967050/ |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Benjamin Svetkey ya rubuta a cikin ''Jaridar Hollywood Reporter'' cewa Thiel da sauran shugabannin kamfanonin Silicon Valley waɗanda suka goyi bayan kamfen ɗin Donald Trump na shugaban ƙasa na 2024 suna neman manufofi waɗanda za su rufe &quot;masu kula da harkokin da suka daɗe suna hana su yin abubuwa kamar gwajin ɗan adam suna rage ci gaba zuwa aljannar fasaha &quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;

An bayyana Sam Altman da yawancin kwamitin OpenAI a matsayin masu goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin TESCREAL, musamman ma a lokacin da ya yi ƙoƙarin harba bindiga a shekarar 2023. &lt;ref name=&quot;hebdo&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Gebru da Torres sun yi kira ga Altman da kada ya bi ƙa'idodin TESCREAL. &lt;ref name=&quot;business1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Melia |last2=Black |first2=Julia |date=April 27, 2023 |title=He's played chess with Peter Thiel, sparred with Elon Musk and once, supposedly, stopped a plane crash: Inside Sam Altman's world, where truth is stranger than fiction |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/sam-altman-openai-chatgpt-worldcoin-helion-future-tech-2023-4?op=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011023337/https://www.businessinsider.com/sam-altman-openai-chatgpt-worldcoin-helion-future-tech-2023-4?op=1 |archive-date=October 11, 2023 |access-date=October 1, 2023 |website=[[Business Insider]] |publisher= |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lorraine Redaud ta rubuta a cikin ''Charlie Hebdo'' ta bayyana Altman da sauran shugabannin Silicon Valley a matsayin masu goyon bayan ƙa'idodin TESCREAL. &lt;ref name=&quot;hebdo&quot; /&gt;

An kuma bayyana Nick Bostrom da Eliezer Yudkowsky, waɗanda suka yi tasiri a tattaunawar haɗarin wanzuwa daga AI, &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; a matsayin shugabannin ƙungiyar TESCREAL. &lt;ref name=&quot;financial1&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

Sam Bankman-Fried, tsohon Shugaba na musayar kuɗi ta FTX, ya kasance fitaccen kuma memba na al'umma mai son taimakon jama'a.  A cewar ''[[The Guardian|jaridar The Guardian]]'', tun bayan rugujewar FTX, masu kula da kadarorin fatarar kuɗi suna ƙoƙarin dawo da kimanin dala miliyan 5 da suka yi zargin an mayar da su ga wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta don taimakawa wajen siyan wani otal mai tarihi wanda aka yi hayar don tarurruka da bita da suka shafi dogon lokaci, Ra'ayi, da kuma taimakon jama'a mai tasiri. Waɗanda suka halarci ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan taron sun haɗa da wani mai kiran kansa &quot;mai son sassaucin ra'ayi&quot; da masu magana waɗanda ''[[The Guardian|jaridar The Guardian]]'' ta ambata saboda suna da alaƙar wariyar launin fata da nuna wariya. {{R|&quot;:5&quot;}} &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;&lt;span class=&quot;tooltip tooltip-dashed&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px dashed;&quot; title=&quot;Page: 1
Quotation: &amp;quot;The revelations cast new light on so-called 'Tescreal' intellectual movements – an umbrella term for a cluster of movements including EA and rationalism that exercise broad influence in Silicon Valley, and have the ear of the likes of Sam Altman, Marc Andreessen and Elon Musk. It also raises questions about the extent to which people within that movement continue to benefit from Bankman-Fried's fraud, the largest in US history.&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&amp;#x200A;&lt;/sup&gt;

Torres da Gebru sun ce yakin neman zaben Trump na 2024 da kuma shugabancin kasa na biyu sun goyi bayan manufofin TESCREAL, musamman saboda hadin gwiwarsa da Musk. &lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Duba kuma ==

* Ingantaccen hanzari
* ''KadanBa daidai ba''
* Amfanin jama'a
* Akidar California

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Lola Badia</title>
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'''Lola Badia i Pàmies''' ( [[Barcelona]], Maris 22, 1951) ƙwararren masanin ilimin falsafa ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya ne, masanin ilimin zamani, kuma malami na Reial Acadèmia de Bones Lletres de Barcelona . Tare da yin ritaya a cikin 2021, &lt;ref name=&quot;UB2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 September 2021 |title=Tribute to the expert on Catalan medieval literatura, Lola Badia |url=https://web.ub.edu/en/web/actualitat/w/tribute-to-the-expert-on-catalan-medieval-literatura-lola-badia |access-date=18 August 2024 |website=Current events}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta zama ''farfesa'' a fannin adabin Catalan a Jami'ar Barcelona . &lt;ref name=&quot;UB2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 April 2024 |title=Professor Lola Badia wins the Serra d'Or Award |url=https://web.ub.edu/en/web/actualitat/w/lola-badia-premi-serra-dor |access-date=18 August 2024 |website=Current events}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Lola Badia Pàmies a Barcelona, Spain, a ranar 22 ga Maris, 1951. &lt;ref name=&quot;goodreads&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lola Badia |url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/1086941.Lola_Badia |access-date=18 August 2024 |website=www.goodreads.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatunta a fannin Hispanic Philology daga Jami'ar Barcelona mai cin gashin kanta a shekarar 1973, &lt;ref name=&quot;march.es&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tirant lo Blanch (I): Joanot Martorell, caballero, cortesano y escritor (1410-1465) |trans-title=Tirant lo Blanch (I): Joanot Martorell, knight, courtier and writer (1410-1465) |url=https://www.march.es/es/madrid/conferencia/tirant-blanch-i-joanot-martorell-caballero-cortesano-escritor-1410-1465 |access-date=18 August 2024 |website=www.march.es |publisher=Fundación Juan March |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; inda ta sami digirin digirgir a shekarar 1977 a ƙarƙashin kulawar Martí de Riquer i Morera .

== Sana'a ==
Ta kasance farfesa a [[Catalan literature|fannin adabin Catalan]] a [[University of the Balearic Islands|Jami'ar Balearic Islands]], Jami'ar Barcelona mai cin gashin kanta, [[University of Girona|Jami'ar Girona]], da [[University of Barcelona|Jami'ar Barcelona]], inda ta tsara taron SLIMM (Taro kan Adabi da Al'adu na Tsakiyar Zamani da Zamanin Zamani) &lt;ref name=&quot;slimm2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Programa en curs |trans-title=Program in progress |url=https://stel2.ub.edu/slimm/ |access-date=18 August 2024 |website=stel2.ub.edu |publisher=SLIMM - Seminari de Literatura i Cultura de l'Edat Mitjana i l'Edat Moderna |archive-date=18 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818154449/https://stel2.ub.edu/slimm/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; a Sashen Falsafar Catalan tun daga 1987. Ita ce ke da alhakin Ƙungiyar Bincike Mai Haɗaka kan Adabin Catalan da Al'adu na Tsakiyar Zamani, kuma tana jagorantar ayyukan bincike na [[Ministry of Education (Spain)|Ma'aikatar Ilimi]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;1eswp2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lola Badia i Pàmies |url=https://www.enciclopedia.cat/gran-enciclopedia-catalana/lola-badia-i-pamies |access-date=18 August 2024 |website=www.enciclopedia.cat |language=ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwarewa a cikin wallafe-wallafen Catalan daga Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiya, kuma musamman Raimundo Lulio, ta kasance farfesa mai ziyara a Jami'ar Mai zaman kanta ta Barcelona, Jami'ar Girona,  Cibiyar Warburg ta Jami'ar London, Kwalejin Westfield na Jami'ar Sarauniya Mary na London, Cibiyar Raimundus Lullus na Jami'ar Freimundu, Jami'ar Lullus da sauran wurare na Toronto . Har ila yau, ta buga bugu na philological na litattafan Catalan kamar ''Lo Somni de Bernat Metge'' (1999) &lt;ref name=&quot;cervantesvirtual&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lo somni de Bernat Metge : heretgia i hermenèutica / Lola Badia |trans-title=Bernat Metge's dream: heresy and hermeneutics. Lola Badia. |url=https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra/lo-somni-de-bernat-metge-heretgia-i-hermeneutica/ |access-date=18 August 2024 |website=www.cervantesvirtual.com |publisher=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ''Curial e Güelfa'' (2011). 

Tun daga shekarar 1996, ta kasance memba na Reial Acadèmia de Bones Lletres de Barcelona (Royal Academy of Fine Arts of Barcelona). Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin darakta na Computerized Repertory of Ancient Catalan Literature (RIALC) da kuma darektan Ramon Llull Documentation Centre na Jami'ar Barcelona . Tun daga shekarar 2024, ta kasance farfesa a fannin adabin Catalan a Jami'ar Barcelona. &lt;ref name=&quot;UB2024&quot;/&gt;

== Lambobin yabo da girmamawa ==
A cikin 2000, ta sami Medal Narcís Monturiol daga Generalitat de Catalunya . &lt;ref name=&quot;UB2024&quot;/&gt; A cikin 2016, ta lashe {{Interlanguage link|Premios Nacionales de Cultura de Cataluña|es}} (Kyautar Ƙasa don Al'adun [[Katalunya|Catalonia]] ). &lt;ref name=&quot;1eswp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lola Badia i Pàmies |url=https://www.enciclopedia.cat/gran-enciclopedia-catalana/lola-badia-i-pamies |access-date=18 August 2024 |website=www.enciclopedia.cat |language=ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A shekarar 2024, ta sami kyautar Serra d'Or. &lt;ref name=&quot;UB2024&quot; /&gt;

== Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka ==

* ''Waƙoƙin Catalan na ƙarni na sha huɗu. Buga da nazarin Cançoneret na Ripoll'' (1983)  {{ISBN|8485704150}}
* ''Waƙoƙin Jordi na Sant Jordi'' (1984), tare da Martí de Riquer  {{ISBN|9788475021102}}
* Daga ''Bernat Metge'' zuwa ''Joan Roís de Corella'' (1988, Kyautar Crítica Serra d'Or 1989)  {{ISBN|978-84-7727-030-0}}
* Ramon Llull Vida, pensament i obra literària (1988), tare da Anthony Bonner  {{ISBN|8475961681}}
* Al'ada da zamani a ƙarni na 14 da na VX. Nazarin al'adun wallafe-wallafen da karatun Ausiàs March (1992)  {{ISBN|8478263993}}
* ''Shafukan koyarwa na Ramon Llull'' (1992) 
* Masu ilimi da marubuta a cikin ƙananan Tsakiyar Tsakiya (1994)  {{ISBN|9788478265749}}
* Rubutun Catalan na ƙarshen zamani da kimiyyar halitta (1996)  {{ISBN|8488762658}}
* ''Kimiyya a cikin aikin Ramon Llull'' (2003)  {{ISBN|84-370-6047-8}}

=== A matsayin edita ===

* ''Tarihin wallafe-wallafen Catalan Vol. II Littattafan Tsakiya (II). Karni na XIV-XV'' (2014)  {{ISBN|9788441222960}}
* Tarihin wallafe-wallafen Catalan Vol. I Littattafan Tsakiya (I). Daga asalin karni na sha huɗu (2013)  {{ISBN|9788441222502}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]]</text>
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    <title>Kwalejin St Mary, Hobart</title>
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'''Kwalejin St Mary''' ta kasance makarantar [[Cocin katolika|Katolika ta]] yara daga aji 12 zuwa aji 12, makarantar kwana ga 'yan mata, wacce ke gefen arewacin birnin Hobart, Tasmania, Ostiraliya.

Duk da cewa galibi makarantar 'yan mata ce, makarantar St Mary's tana karɓar yara maza da mata har zuwa aji na 2, kuma a halin yanzu tana ɗaukar kimanin ɗalibai 900 daga makarantar renon yara zuwa aji na 12. Tana nan a filin cocin St Mary's, kusa da harabar makarantar renon yara ta Kwalejin St Virgil . Yaran da ke zuwa makarantar renon yara ta St Mary's don renon yara zuwa aji na 2 galibi suna komawa harabar makarantar renon yara ta Kwalejin St Virgil da ke kusa da gidan.

Kwalejin St Mary memba ce ta ƙungiyar Makarantun 'Yan Mata ta Ostiraliya. &lt;ref name=&quot;AGSA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Member Schools |url=http://www.agsa.org.au/members.php?PageID=11&amp;Group=State&amp;State=TAS |access-date=2007-09-01 |website=The Alliance of Girls' Schools Australia |archive-date=2007-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928131355/http://www.agsa.org.au/members.php?PageID=11&amp;Group=State&amp;State=TAS |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2008, Kwalejin St Mary ta yi bikin cika shekaru 140 da haihuwa a matsayin makarantar Presentation Sisters. Taken bikin na wannan shekarar shine &quot;Kwalejin St Mary. Abin alfahari. Makomar da ta fi ƙarfi&quot;.

== Tarihi ==
An kafa kwalejin ne ta hannun Presentation Sisters a shekarar 1868, kuma duk da cewa ɗaliban ba sa koyarwa ne kawai daga 'yan'uwansu mata na wannan cocin, har yanzu suna gudanar da kwalejin. Da farko akwai makarantu biyu a harabar makarantar ta yanzu - St Columba's (makarantar firamare kyauta ga al'umma mafi talauci) da kuma Mt St Mary's. Daga ƙarshe aka haɗa su biyun. Asalin gidan sufi da ɗakunan makaranta har yanzu suna nan a wurin har yanzu.

Duk da cewa makarantar 'yan mata ce kawai, har zuwa lokacin da aka buɗe Kwalejin St Virgil a shekarar 1911, kwalejin ta kuma kula da yara maza a manyan makarantu. Kwalejin ta koyar da shirye-shirye zuwa aji 12 ne kawai har zuwa 1996, lokacin da aka buɗe makarantar yara. Har zuwa shekarun 1990, shugabar kwalejin koyaushe tana cikin ƙungiyar, amma ta ƙarshe daga cikin 'yan'uwan da suka zama Shugaba ita ce Sister Barbara Amott. Sister Barbara malamar makaranta ce kuma ta kasance memba mai himma a Kwalejin St Mary tsawon shekaru da yawa, kuma ta kasance Shugabar makaranta a lokuta da dama. Shugabar makarantar a yanzu ita ce Damien Messer.

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Lucy M. Lewis</title>
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[[Fayil:Lucy_Lewis_plate_MNA.jpg|thumb|Ƙaramin faranti mai ado mai ƙirar Chaco ta gargajiya, ta Lucy M. Lewis. Ana nuna shi a Gidan Tarihi na Arewacin Arizona, Flagstaff]]
[[Fayil:Lucy_lewis_fineline_jar.jpg|thumb|Fineline black-on-white olla ta Lucy M. Lewis, kimanin 1960-1970s, tarin Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Fred Jones Jr.]]
'''Lucy Martin Lewis''' (1890/8–12 ga Maris, 1992) ma'aikaciyar tukwane ce 'yar asalin Amurka daga Acoma Pueblo, [[New Mexico]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;holmes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lucy Martin Lewis |url=https://soar.wichita.edu/bitstream/handle/10057/128/Morgan+Collection.pdf;jsessionid=715E1BD0FC04223EBA1BC706AADCC9F4?sequence=1 |access-date=3 February 2016 |website=The Morgan Collection of Southwest Pottery }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; An san ta da kayan ado na tukwane masu launin baƙi da fari da aka yi ta amfani da dabarun gargajiya.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haifi Lucy Martin Lewis a Sky City, wani [[Tebur|wuri mai suna Mesa]] a Acoma Pueblo, [[New Mexico]], ga Lola Santiago da Martin Ortiz. &lt;ref name=&quot;nmwa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lucy M. Lewis {{!}} National Museum of Women in the Arts |url=http://nmwa.org/explore/artist-profiles/lucy-m-lewis |access-date=2016-03-05 |website=nmwa.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Duk da cewa ta yi bikin ranar haihuwarta a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, shekarar haihuwarta, ko da yake ba a san ta ba, wataƙila a shekarun 1890 ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Babu makarantu a kan mesa, don haka Lewis bai sami ilimi ko azuzuwan fasaha ba. [1] Ta fara yin tukwane tun tana ɗan shekara takwas, bayan ta yi karatu tare da kakanta, Helice Vallo, da sauran matan Acoma Pueblo. [2] Iyayenta biyu suna aiki lokaci-lokaci a garin da ke kusa, Grants . An yi tukwanen tukwane na farko don masu yawon buɗe ido. Ana yin kwanukan toka cikin sauƙi kuma ana sayar da su akan senti biyar ko goma. [3]

A ƙarshen shekarun 1910, Lewis ta auri Toribio 'Haskaya' Luis. An canza sunan iyali zuwa Lewis lokacin da babban ɗanta, Ivan, ya shiga rundunar sojojin ruwa a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] .  Tana da 'ya'ya tara. Lewis tana kula da ayyukan gida kuma tana taimaka wa mijinta da noma, amma duk da haka ta sami lokaci don tukwanenta; bakwai daga cikin 'ya'yanta tara suka zama masu tukwane. &lt;ref name=&quot;holmes&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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Logotherapy wani nau'i ne na maganin rayuwa wanda masanin ilimin jijiyoyi da likitan kwakwalwa Viktor Frankl ya kirkira. An kafa shi ne a kan ka'idar cewa ainihin ƙarfin motsawa na mutane shine samun ma'ana a rayuwa. Frankl ya bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;Makarantar Viennese ta Uku ta Psychotherapy&quot;  tare da psychoanalysis na [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]] da ilimin halayyar mutum na Alfred Adler's. 

Logotherapy ya dogara ne akan nazarin rayuwa [1] wanda ke mai da hankali kan nufin Kierkegaard ga ma'ana kamar yadda ya saba da koyarwar Nietzschean ta Adler game da nufin iko ko nufin Freud ga jin daɗi. Maimakon iko son jin daɗi, an kafa logotherapy ne akan imanin cewa ƙoƙarin samun ma'ana a rayuwa shine na farko, mafi ƙarfin motsawa da ƙarfin motsawa a cikin mutane.[2] An ba da ɗan gajeren gabatarwa ga wannan tsarin a cikin littafin Frankl mafi shahara, Man's Search for Meaning (1946), inda ya bayyana yadda ra'ayoyinsa suka taimaka masa ya tsira daga kwarewarsa ta Holocaust da kuma yadda wannan kwarewar ta ci gaba da ƙarfafa ra'ayoyinsa. A halin yanzu, akwai cibiyoyin logotherapy da yawa a duniya.

== Ka'idoji na asali ==
An kirkiro ra'ayin logotherapy tare da kalmar Helenanci logos (&quot;ma'ana&quot;). Manufar Frankl ta dogara ne akan ka'idar cewa ainihin ƙarfin motsawa na mutum shine neman ma'ana a rayuwa. Jerin ka'idoji masu zuwa suna wakiltar ka'idojin asali na logotherapy:

* Rayuwa tana da ma'ana a kowane yanayi, har ma da mafi munin yanayi.
* Babban dalilin da ya sa muke rayuwa shi ne nufinmu na samun ma'ana a rayuwa.
* Muna da 'yancin samun ma'ana a cikin abin da muke yi, da abin da muke fuskanta, ko kuma aƙalla a cikin matsayin da muke ɗauka lokacin da muke fuskantar yanayin wahala marar canji.

Ana kiran ruhun ɗan adam a cikin ra'ayoyi da yawa na logotherapy, amma amfani da kalmar ruhu ba &quot;ruhaniya&quot; ko &quot;addini ba ne. &quot; A ra'ayin Frankl, ruhun shine nufin ɗan adam. Saboda haka, an jaddada shi ne a kan neman ma'ana, wanda ba lallai ba ne neman [[Allah]] ko wani allahntaka. Frankl ya kuma lura da shingen da ke tattare da neman ma'ana ga bil'adama a rayuwa. Ya yi gargadi game da &quot;...hawan jama'a, [[Hedonism|jin daɗi]],  jari-hujja...&quot; a cikin neman ma'ana.[and]&lt;ref name=&quot;FranklInstitute&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Logotherapy |url=http://www.logotherapyinstitute.org/About_Logotherapy.html |access-date=22 May 2012 |publisher=Viktor Frankl Institute of Logotherapy |archive-date=28 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228110855/http://www.logotherapyinstitute.org/About_Logotherapy.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manufa a rayuwa da ma'ana a cikin gine-ginen rayuwa sun bayyana a cikin rubuce-rubucen logotherapy na Frankl tare da alaƙa da rashin rayuwa da nufin ma'ana, da kuma wasu waɗanda suka yi la'akari da kuma bayyana aiki mai kyau na tunanin mutum. Frankl ya lura cewa yana iya zama mai cutarwa a hankali lokacin da aka toshe binciken mutum na ma'ana. Manufar rayuwa mai kyau da ma'ana suna da alaƙa da imani na addini mai ƙarfi, kasancewa cikin ƙungiyoyi, sadaukarwa ga dalili, dabi'un rayuwa, da manufofi masu kyau. Ci gaban manya da ka'idojin balaga sun haɗa da manufar rayuwa. Girma yana jaddada kyakkyawar fahimtar manufar rayuwa, jagora, da niyya wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga jin cewa rayuwa tana da ma'ana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adler1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adler |first=Nancy |date=November 1997 |title=Purpose in Life |url=http://www.macses.ucsf.edu/research/psychosocial/purpose.php |access-date=2011-11-03 |website=Psychosocial workgroup |publisher=MacArthur Foundation |archive-date=2019-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322053400/https://www.macses.ucsf.edu/research/psychosocial/purpose.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gano ma'ana ===
A cewar Frankl, &quot;Za mu iya gano wannan ma'anar a rayuwa ta hanyoyi uku daban-daban: (1) ta hanyar ƙirƙirar aiki ko yin aiki; (2) ta hanyar fuskantar wani abu ko saduwa da wani; da kuma (3) ta hanyar halin da muke ɗauka game da wahalar da ba za a iya gujewa ba&quot; kuma cewa &quot;duk abin da za a iya ɗauka daga mutum sai abu ɗaya: na ƙarshe na 'yancin ɗan adam - don zaɓar halin mutum a kowane yanayi&quot;. A kan ma'anar wahala, Frankl ya ba da misali mai zuwa:

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Madagascar Oil</title>
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[[File:A factory for producing essential oil from the Cananga odorata tree on the island of Nosy Be in Madagascar (7).jpg|thumb|250|A_factory_for_producing_essential_oil_from_the_Cananga_odorata_tree_on_the_island_of_Nosy_Be_in_Madagascar_(7)]]
'''[[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] Oil SA''' kamfani ne na mai da ke aiki a ƙasar Madagascar . Shine babban Kamfanin mai a ƙasar Madagascar dangane da albarkatun mai da ƙasa.

Ofishin Kamfanin Madagascar Oil's yana a cikin  [[Antananarivo]], Madagascar da kuma ofishin ma'aikatar yana a ƙasar [[Singafora|Singapore]]. Shugaban ƙasar indanosiya Al Njoo. Prior to this,  Kamfanin yana a ƙarƙashin[[Houston]], [[Texas]] daga baya kuma a[[Landan|London]], England. The company's flagship oil field is Tsimiroro in the Morondava Basin of western Madagascar. Madagascar Oil wholly owns its subsidiary, Madagascar Oil S.A.

== Tarihi ==
Madagascar Oil an kafa shi ne a cikin shekara ta 2004 ta hanyar injiniyan Kanada Sam Malin da ɗan kasuwa na ƙasar Australiya Alan Bond .   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rabe |first=Norbert |title=A review of exploration for non-conventional hydrocarbon resources in Madagascar |url=http://magpetroleumgas-norabe.com/005-REVIEW.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715052417/http://magpetroleumgas-norabe.com/005-REVIEW.htm |archive-date=15 July 2018 |access-date=29 February 2016 |website=Oil and Mining in Madagascar}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asalin iyayen kamfanin shine  Madagascar Oil Limited (Mauritius).

A cikin watan Maris na shekara ta 2006, a lokaci guda tare da asusun US $ 60m da aka tara zuwa asusun ajiyar Arewacin Amurka, an sake tsara kamfanin iyaye a matsayin Madagascar Oil Limited a Bermuda. A shekara ta 2006, Madagascar Oil ta ƙaddamar da zagaye na farko na lasisi wanda ya haɗa da tubalan 44 na waje a cikin Morondava Basin . 

A shekara ta 2008, an aiwatar da yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa tare da Total SA wanda ya ba shi aiki da kashi 60% a cikin yashi na Bemolanga. A shekara ta 2010, ta tara fam miliyan 50 a cikin IPO don tallafawa aikin matukin jirgi a filin Tsimiroro.

An jera man fetur na Madagascar a kan Alternative Investment Market (AIM) na London Stock Exchange daga shekarar 2010 har zuwa 2016. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010, an dakatar da cinikin hannun jarin kamfanin bayan sanarwar gwamnatin Madagascar cewa za a soke mafi yawan lasisin mai na kamfanin. An warware gardamar kuma an sake fara kasuwanci a AIM a watan Yunin shekarar 2011.  Kamfanin ya cire shi a cikin shekara ta 2016, a matsayin yanayin masu ba da rance da ke sake fasalin kamfanin.

A ranar 15 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 2015, gwamnatin Madagascar ta baiwa kamfanin lasisi na shekaru 25 kan samar da mai a Tsimiroro block 3104.  A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2019, sabon shugaban Madagascar [[Andry Rajoelina]] ya soke zagaye na lasisi da ke gudana wanda ya shafi tubalan 44 a cikin tafkin Morondava har sai an sake sanarwa.

== Bayyanawa ==
Madagascar Oil yana mai da hankali kan ci gaba, bincike da samar da [[Danyen mai|man fetur]]. A cikin shekara ta 2008, Madagascar Oil ta gudanar da mafi girman lasisi a kan iyaka a Madagascar. Madagascar Oil tana riƙe da manyan filayen mai mai nauyi na Tsimiroro da Bemolanga, waɗanda sune manyan filayen man fetur na tsibirin.

Kamfanin yana aiki da filin mai nauyi na Tsimiroro 100%, yayin da ,  abokin aikinta na gona, ke aiki da filin bitumen na Bemolanga mai kashi 40%.  Tsimiroro yana da ajiyar 2P na ganga miliyan 614 3C albarkatun 3C na ganga biliyan 1.6, a cikin yashi mai zurfi tsakanin 100m da 200m.&lt;ref name=&quot;board&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 March 2020 |title=Madagascar Oil: Appointment to the Board |url=https://www.oilandgas360.com/madagascar-oil-appointment-to-the-board/ |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=Oil &amp; Gas 360 |publisher=EnerCom, Inc}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baya ga Tsimiroro da Bemolanga, kamfanin yana da ɓangarori uku na bincike: Manambolo, Morondava da Manandaza. A kan tubalan Man fetur na Madagascar, misalai na binciken da suka gabata sun haɗa da rijiyar Manambolo West # 1, wanda aka hako a cikin shekara ta a 1987 wanda ke gudana da iskar gas a {{Convert|15.6|e6cuft|m3}} miliyan cubic feet (440,000 m3) a kowace rana a kan gwajin bututun bututun kuma an watsar da shi a matsayin wanda ba na kasuwanci ba saboda rashin ababen more rayuwa;  da kuma Manandaza da aka hako sosai a 1991 wanda ke gudada 41 ° API mai mai haske. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Cowan |first1=Sean |last2=Ghandour |first2=Rania |date=24 January 2005 |title=Bond busy spruiking Madagascar Oil venture |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/Business/Bond-busy-spruiking-Madagascar-Oil-venture/2005/01/23/1106415455923.html |accessdate=29 February 2016 |work=The Age |location=Melbourne}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayyukan Madagascar Oil suna sarrafawa ta Yarjejeniyar raba samarwa da aka sanya hannu tare da OMNIS, hukumar gwamnati ta Madagascar, a cikin shekara ta 2004. Waɗannan yarjejeniyoyi suna ba Gwamnatin Madagascar babban matsayi a cikin samarwa a nan gaba.

Mai kula da hannun jari na kamfanin shine Benchmark Group na Singapore. Sauran masu hannun jari sune Outrider Management LLC, SEP African Ventures Limited (tsohon Persistency Capital LLC), da John Paul DeJoria Family Trust . &lt;ref name=&quot;board&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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== Hanyoyin Haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.madagascaroil.com Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323080201/http://www.madagascaroil.com/ |date=2010-03-23 }}
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    <title>Laylat al-Jaiza</title>
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'''Lailat al-Jaiza''' ko '''Daren Lada''' shine daren da ke gabatowa [[Sallar Idi ƙarama|Eid al-Fitr]] . Yana da muhimmanci musamman ga watan Ramadan kuma shine samun lada ga dukkan azumi da ayyukan alheri a wannan watan. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin dare mai albarka ga [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] . Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa a wannan daren, ƙofofin aljanna a buɗe suke kuma albarkar Allah tana da yawa. Saboda haka, suna yin ayyukan ibada daban-daban kamar yin ƙarin addu'o'i na son rai, karanta [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alƙur'ani]], neman gafara daga Allah, da kuma yin addu'o'in albarka da rahama.

An yi imanin cewa Laylat al-Jaiza yana daya daga cikin dare biyar da ba a ƙi addu'o'i da addu'o-auki ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 June 2019 |title=Hadith about the Night and Day of Eid-ul-Fitr |url=https://muslimhands.org.uk/latest/2019/06/hadith-about-the-night-and-day-of-eid-ul-fitr |access-date=20 February 2026 |archive-date=22 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622151057/https://muslimhands.org.uk/latest/2019/06/hadith-about-the-night-and-day-of-eid-ul-fitr |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa Musulmai ke yin amfani da wannan dare ta hanyar yin ibada, suna fatan samun lada daga Allah saboda kokarin da suka yi a watan [[Ramadan]]. Don amfana daga wannan dare Musulmi ya kamata ya kashe shi yana yin ayyukan ibada masu kyau da yin addu'a ga Allah.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 June 2018 |title=Night before EID (Laylatul Jaa'izah) |url=http://www.ummah.co/last-night-of-ramadan-laylatul-jaaizah/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910213855/https://www.ummah.co/last-night-of-ramadan-laylatul-jaaizah/ |archive-date=10 September 2024 |access-date=6 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Annabi na [[Musulunci]] [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]] ya ba da misali ga Musulmai ta hanyar ciyar da wannan dare a addu'a da addu'a. Zai yi [[Sallar Nafila|Addu'o'in nafl]], waɗanda addu'o-daya ne na zaɓi, ya karanta Alkur'ani, kuma ya nemi gafara daga Allah. Zai kuma yi addu'o'in [[Tahajjud]], waɗanda addu'o-ru'in zaɓi ne da aka ba da shawarar a yi a ƙarshen dare.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 June 2018 |title=Night before Eid al-Fitr or 'Laylatul Jaiza': Best practices, prayers for 'night of reward' |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/night-before-eid-al-fitr-laylatul-jaiza-best-practices-prayers-night-reward-771783 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Laylat al-Jaiza muhimmiyar dare ce kuma dama ce a gare su don samun lada da albarka daga Allah saboda kokarin da suka yi a watan Ramadan. Lokaci ne na tunani, inganta kai, da neman gafara daga Allah, kuma Musulmai suna ƙoƙari su yi amfani da wannan dare ta hanyar ayyukan ibada da addu'a.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Sami |date=13 June 2018 |title=Night before Eid al-Fitr or 'Laylatul Jaiza': Best practices, prayers for 'night of reward' |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/night-before-eid-al-fitr-laylatul-jaiza-best-practices-prayers-night-reward-771783 |website=[[International Business Times]] |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 August 2013 |title=Shawwal: What to Do On Eid Night, Eid Day, and During the Month - MuslimMatters.org |url=https://muslimmatters.org/2013/08/07/shawwal-what-to-do-on-eid-night-eid-day-and-during-the-month/ |website=muslimmatters.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Imam Sadiq yana da ra'ayi cewa gafara da ceto sun sauko kan mai azumi a wannan dare kuma ba a daren iko ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Virtue of the Night of Eid-ul-Fitr |url=https://www.almaaref.org/maarefdetails.php?id=12037&amp;subcatid=1353&amp;cid=169&amp;supcat=6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An ruwaito cewa Muhammadu ya ce a cikin [[Hadisi|hadith]] a cikin [[Sunan ibn Majah|Sunan ibn Maja]]: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zia-e-Taiba |first=I.T Department of |title=zaietaiba - |url=http://www.ziaetaiba.com/en/hadith/night-of-reward-lailatul-jaiza |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530034816/http://www.ziaetaiba.com/en/hadith/night-of-reward-lailatul-jaiza |archive-date=2019-05-30 |access-date=2018-06-15 |website=www.ziaetaiba.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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'''Syed Nomanul Haq''' ('''Nu'man al-Haqq''') (Urdu; an haife shi ne a ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1948 a [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]]) masanin Pakistan ne kuma masanin tarihi wanda ya kware a fannonin tarihin Islama da falsafar Islama. A halin yanzu shi ne fitaccen farfesa a Jami'ar Habib, Karachi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr. Syed Nomanul Haq {{!}} Habib University |url=https://habib.edu.pk/AHSS/dr-syed-nomanul-haq/ |access-date=2018-10-07 |website=habib.edu.pk |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da aiki ==
An haifi Nomanul Haq a Pakistan, amma ya shafe mafi yawan rayuwarsa a Ingila da Amurka. A [[Jami'ar Hull]] ya sami digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar lissafi kuma a Kwalejin Jami'ar London ya yi karatun tarihin kimiyya da falsafar.

A cikin aikinsa na tsawon shekaru ashirin, Nomanul Haq ya samar da wallafe-wallafe da aikin edita da bincike kan Tarihi da falsafar kimiyya, Falsafar zamani, Tarihin addini, [[Tarihin Fasaha|tarihin fasaha]] da tarihin adabi.

Nomanul Haq ya wallafa littattafai da labarai da yawa. Ya rubuta a Turanci da Urdu.

A shekara ta 2009, ya ba da gudummawa ga wani taro a Cibiyar Metanexus .

Noman ya faɗaɗa dangi a Pakistan, amma danginsa na kusa suna zaune a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Noman ta yi aure tun tana 'yar shekara 18.

== Bayanan littattafai ==

* ''Sunayen, Halitta, da Abubuwa: Alchemist Jaabir ibn Hayyaan da Kitaab al-Ahjaar (Littafin Dutse) ''. Dordrecht/London/ Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993 (Cloth). Littafin da aka buga a shekara ta 1995.
* Tare da Ted Peters da Muzaffar Iqbal, ''Allah, Rayuwa, da Cosmos: Ra'ayoyin Theistic .'' Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2002.
* ''Harris Khalique, Zaɓuɓɓukan Ayoyi, tare da Gabatarwa da Bayani'' (a cikin Urdu). Karachi: Maktaba-e Daniyal, 2006.
* Refiner's Fire: Wasu Tunanin Neville, Postmodernism, da Tends in Discourses on Islam a cikin P. Heltzel da A. Yong eds. ''Theology in a Global Context: Essays in Honor of [[Robert Neville.|Robert Neville]] .'' New York/London: Ci gaba, T &amp; T Clark International, 2004.
* ''Musulunci da [[Ecology|Muhalli]]: Zuwa ga Maidowa da sake ginawa''. Daedalus. Fall 2001. Fashewa. 130, Na 4, 141-177.
* ''Kimiyya da Magunguna''. Sabon Tarihin Islama na Cambridge . Fashewa. 3, Michael Cook ed. -a cikin jagora. Cambridge: Jami'ar Cambridge Press, 2007.

== Manazarta ==
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[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]]
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'''Lance X̱ʼunei Twitchell''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1975) masanin Amurka ne, mawaki, kuma mai ba da shawara kan farfado da harshe. Yana aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa na Harsunan asalin Alaska a Jami'ar Alaska ta Kudu maso Gabas. Ya rubuta wa &quot;[[Molly of Denali|Molly na Denali]]&quot;.

An ba X̱'unei Lance Twitchell matsayi a Ma'aikatar Humanities, Makarantar Fasaha da Kimiyya a Cibiyar UAS Juneau a cikin 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UAS Celebrates 2018 Faculty Promotions and Tenure |url=https://www.uas.alaska.edu/about/press-releases/2018/180822-faculty-promotions.html |access-date=18 March 2021 |website=University of Alaska Southeast |language=en |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417043821/https://www.uas.alaska.edu/about/press-releases/2018/180822-faculty-promotions.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya sami Ph.D. a cikin harshen Hawaiian da na asali da kuma farfado da al'adu daga Kwalejin Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani na Harshen Hawaiian a Jami'ar Hawaii a Hilo, M.F.A. a rubuce-rubuce masu kirkiro daga Jami'ar Alaska Fairbanks, da kuma BA a Turanci tare da ƙarami a cikin karatun Indiyawan Amurka daga Jami'in Minnesota Twin Cities . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Yana aiki a Majalisar Kare Harshen Yaren Alaska da Ba da Shawara ta jihar, wanda gwamnan ya nada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ANLPAC Report |url=https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/dcra/AKNativeLanguagePreservationAdvisoryCouncil/ |access-date=23 April 2021 |website=Alaska Dept of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development |archive-date=31 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531165656/https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/dcra/AKNativeLanguagePreservationAdvisoryCouncil/Languages.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Twitchell ɗan ƙasa ne na Majalisar Tsakiya ta Tlingit &amp; Haida Indian Tribes na Alaska kuma ɗan asalin Tlingit, Haida, Yup'ik, da Sami ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2023 |title=Keeping Alaska Native Languages Alive: Interview with Dr. X̱ʼunei Lance Twitchell |url=https://hir.harvard.edu/keeping-alaska-native-languages-alive/ |access-date=2024-01-07 |publisher=[[Harvard International Review]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 April 2021 |title='We are past the point of crisis' |url=https://ictnews.org/news/we-are-past-the-point-of-crisis |access-date=2024-01-07 |publisher=[[Indian Country Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da aiki ==

=== Kyaututtuka ===

* Kyautar Top Forty Under 40, Alaska Journal of Commerce (2013) 
* Kyautar Jagorancin Judson L. Brown daga Cibiyar Tarihin Sealaska (2016) 
* Gudummawa ga Literacy a Alaska (CLIA) Awards, Alaska Center for the Book (2017) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 October 2014 |title=CLIA Awards List – Alaska Center for the Book |url=https://www.alaskacenterforthebook.org/clia-awards-list/ |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=Alaska Center for the Book}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cibiyar Nazarin Matasan Kasa ta Alaska ta Farko (2020) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Twitchell earns prestigious award |url=https://www.kinyradio.com/news/news-of-the-north/twitchell-earns-prestigious-award/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201231559/https://www.kinyradio.com/news/news-of-the-north/twitchell-earns-prestigious-award/ |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=KINY radio |publisher=Frontier Media |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Emmy don &quot;Molly of Denali&quot; a cikin rukunin Rubuce-rubuce na Musamman don Shirin Animated na Makarantar (2025) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Hilary |date=16 March 2025 |title=Childrenʼs and Family Emmy Award |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/2025-childrens-and-family-emmy-awards-winners-list-1236164512/ |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Linda Nazar</title>
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'''Linda Faye Nazar''' OC FRSC FRS babban kujera ne na Bincike na Kanada a cikin Kayan Kasuwanci da Kyakkyawan Bincike Farfesa na Kimiyya a Jami'ar Waterloo . Tana haɓaka kayan aiki don adana makamashi na lantarki da juyawa. Nazar ya nuna cewa ana iya amfani da sinadarai masu haɗuwa don inganta ƙarfin makamashi na Batirin lithium-sulphur. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kanada ta 2019.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Nazar ta yi karatun ilmin sunadarai a Jami'ar British Columbia, inda ta sami digiri na farko a shekarar 1978. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PRISM/PCCM SEMINAR SERIES SPRING 2017: Linda Nazar, University of Waterloo |url=https://materials.princeton.edu/events/prismpccm-seminar-series-spring-2017-linda-nazar-university-waterloo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401212336/https://materials.princeton.edu/events/prismpccm-seminar-series-spring-2017-linda-nazar-university-waterloo |archive-date=2019-04-01 |access-date=2019-04-01 |website=PRISM}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi wahayi zuwa gare ta don nazarin ilmin sunadarai bayan farfesa na shekara ta farko ya yi wahayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Mahaifinta ya horar da shi a matsayin masanin kimiyya kuma ya gudanar da kasuwancin kansa na yin kayan ado.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Nazar ta shiga Jami'ar Toronto don karatun digiri, kuma ta kammala PhD a karkashin kulawar Geoffrey Ozin a shekarar 1984. Bayan ta sami digiri, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike na postdoctoral tare da Allan Jacobson a Kamfanin Bincike da Injiniya na Exxon,  kafin ta shiga Jami'ar Waterloo a ƙarshen shekarun 1980, lokacin da ta zama mai sha'awar ilimin lantarki da ilmin sunadarai na Inorganic. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=February 2016 |first=Rebecca Trager9 |title=An energetic chemist |url=https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/an-energetic-chemist-/9435.article |access-date=2019-04-01 |website=Chemistry World}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prof. Linda Nazar |url=http://inrep.org.il/members/prof-linda-nazar/ |access-date=2019-04-01 |website=Israel National Research Center for Electrochemical Propulsion |archive-date=2019-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401212328/http://inrep.org.il/members/prof-linda-nazar/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike da aiki ==
Nazar tana aiki a cikin ilmin sunadarai a Jami'ar Waterloo, inda take tsara na'urorin adana makamashi da tsarin electrochemical. Kungiyar bincikenta ta kirkiro sabbin kayan aiki da nanostructures don batirin lithium-sulfur, gami da abubuwan da aka haɗa. Ta haɓaka bincike na tsari don fahimtar yadda yanayin kayan da ke iya caji / hanyoyin redox na ionic ke tasiri ga ayyukansu. Wadannan dabarun sun hada da ma'aunin magnetic na nukiliya (NMR), electrochemistry, AC Impedance Spectroscopy da ma'anonin diffraction na X-ray.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Linda Nazar – Joint Center for Energy Storage Research |url=http://www.jcesr.org/about/leadership/research-leadership/linda-nazar-2/ |access-date=2019-04-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nazar Research Group {{!}} Facilities |url=https://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~lfnazar/facilities.html |access-date=2019-04-01 |website=www.science.uwaterloo.ca |archive-date=2019-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406192651/http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~lfnazar/facilities.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nazar ta kasance memba ne na kafa Cibiyar Waterloo don Nanotechnology . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Nazar an san shi da kasancewa &quot;babban iko a cikin kayan ci gaba&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Waterloo Daily Bulletin, September 9, 2011 |url=https://bulletin.uwaterloo.ca/2011/sep/09fr.html |access-date=2019-04-01 |website=bulletin.uwaterloo.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba ta lambar yabo ta Kanada Research Chair a shekara ta 2004, wanda aka sabunta a shekara ta 2008 da 2012.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-03-22 |title=University of Waterloo awarded six Canada Research Chairs |url=https://uwaterloo.ca/news/news/university-waterloo-awarded-six-canada-research-chairs |access-date=2019-04-01 |website=Waterloo News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nazar Research Group {{!}} People |url=https://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~lfnazar/people.html |access-date=2019-04-01 |website=www.science.uwaterloo.ca }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Industry Canada |date=2012-11-29 |title=Canada Research Chairs |url=http://www.chairs-chaires.gc.ca/chairholders-titulaires/profile-eng.aspx?profileId=1585 |access-date=2019-04-01 |website=www.chairs-chaires.gc.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2009 Nazar ta shiga Cibiyar Fasaha ta California a matsayin Masanin Mahimmanci.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Distinguished Speaker Seminar – Professor Linda Nazar {{!}} Chemical and Biological Engineering |url=http://www.chbe.ubc.ca/events/event/distinguished-speaker-seminar-professor-linda-nazar/ |access-date=2019-04-01 |website=www.chbe.ubc.ca |archive-date=2019-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401212332/http://www.chbe.ubc.ca/events/event/distinguished-speaker-seminar-professor-linda-nazar/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2013 an ba ta kyautar dala miliyan 1.8 daga Majalisar Bincike ta Kasa don bincika kayan adana makamashi don aikace-aikacen mota.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Waterloo research into new battery technology receives government support – Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy |url=https://wise.uwaterloo.ca/news1/newsupdates/waterlooresearchintonewbatterytechnologyreceivesgovernmentsupport |access-date=2019-04-01 |website=wise.uwaterloo.ca |archive-date=2019-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401212328/https://wise.uwaterloo.ca/news1/newsupdates/waterlooresearchintonewbatterytechnologyreceivesgovernmentsupport |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nazar yana da sha'awar kayan ajiya waɗanda suka wuce lithium-ion_battery&quot; id=&quot;mwZQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Lithium-ion battery&quot;&gt;Batirin lithium-ion, Batirin sodium-ion.[1][2][3][4] Batirin Lithium-ion shine batirin da aka zaba a cikin motocin lantarki na hybrid, amma damuwa ta taso game da samar da lithium a duniya. Ayyukanta na farko sun haɓaka gine-ginen carbon a matsayin tsarin cathodes, suna haɓaka halayensu da ƙarfin fitarwa.[5] Ta nuna cewa ana iya amfani da sinadarin carbon don inganta ƙarfin makamashi na Batirin lithium-sulphur.[6] Ta nuna cewa yana yiwuwa a ƙirƙiri tsarin carbon mesoporous wanda ke hana girma na nanofillers na sulphur, wanda ya inganta ajiyar makamashi da sakewa.[5]

Nazar ya lissafa Batirin lithium-sulphur mai arha zai iya ɗaukar motocin lantarki sau biyu kamar fasahar lithium-ion ta yanzu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Sulphur abu ne mai yawa wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don maye gurbin cobalt oxide a cikin Batirin lithium-ion.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Abin takaici, sulphur na iya narkewa cikin maganin lantarki, kuma za a rage shi ta hanyar lantarki don samar da polysulphides.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chemists one step closer to new generation of electric car battery |url=https://phys.org/news/2015-01-chemists-closer-electric-car-battery.html |access-date=2019-04-01 |website=phys.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, suna da saukin kamuwa da tsayayyar ciki da ƙarfin da ke raguwa a kan keke.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nazar |first=Linda F. |last2=Ji |first2=Xiulei |date=2010-11-02 |title=Advances in Li–S batteries |journal=Journal of Materials Chemistry |volume=20 |issue=44 |pages=9821–9826 |doi=10.1039/B925751A |issn=1364-5501}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan ƙalubalen za a iya shawo kan su ta hanyar ƙirƙirar nanostructures a cikin electrodes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Hakanan ana iya yin sinadarai masu haɗuwa daga Manganese dioxide, wanda ke daidaita polysuplphides a cikin Batirin lithium-sulphur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Manganese dioxide yana rage sulphides ta hanyar polythiosulphanates, kuma yana iya tsayayya da sake zagayowar fitarwa 2,000 ba tare da asarar capacitance ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-01-19 |title=One step closer to a new generation of electric car battery |url=https://www.electricvehiclesresearch.com/articles/7309/one-step-closer-to-a-new-generation-of-electric-car-battery |access-date=2019-04-01 |website=Printed Electronics World}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma haɓaka Batirin iskar oxygen na lithium, waɗanda suke da nauyi mai sauƙi tare da ƙarfin makamashi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-09-28 |title=Dr. Linda Nazar and team create long-life lithium-oxygen battery |url=http://sustainableskies.org/lithium-oxygen-battery-breakthrough/ |access-date=2019-04-01 |website=Sustainable Skies}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-08-23 |title=Chemists make breakthrough on road to creating a rechargeable lithium-oxygen battery |url=https://uwaterloo.ca/chemistry/news/chemists-make-breakthrough-road-creating-rechargeable |access-date=2019-04-01 |website=Chemistry |archive-date=2019-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401213324/https://uwaterloo.ca/chemistry/news/chemists-make-breakthrough-road-creating-rechargeable |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Batirin iskar oxygen na lithium, [[peroxide]]&quot; id=&quot;mwww&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Superoxide&quot;&gt;superoxide da peroxide na iya aiki don lalata sel; iyakance rayuwarsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Idan an maye gurbin electrolyte da gishiri mai narkewa da kuma cathode mai ƙuƙwalwa tare da oxide na ƙarfe, peroxide ba ya samuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Nazar ya yi aiki a kan supercapacitors da kayan polyanion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nazar Research Group {{!}} Research |url=https://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~lfnazar/research.html |access-date=2019-04-01 |website=www.science.uwaterloo.ca |archive-date=2019-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406193314/http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~lfnazar/research.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Choi |first=Nam-Soon |last2=Chen |first2=Zonghai |last3=Freunberger |first3=Stefan A. |last4=Ji |first4=Xiulei |last5=Sun |first5=Yang-Kook |last6=Amine |first6=Khalil |last7=Yushin |first7=Gleb |author-link7=Gleb Yushin |last8=Nazar |first8=Linda F. |last9=Cho |first9=Jaephil |date=2012 |title=Challenges Facing Lithium Batteries and Electrical Double-Layer Capacitors |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition |volume=51 |issue=40 |pages=9994–10024 |doi=10.1002/anie.201201429 |issn=1521-3773 |pmid=22965900}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An sanya ta Farfesa a Jami'ar Waterloo a shekarar 2016 kuma tana da kujerar Bincike ta Tier 1 Canada a cikin Kayan Makamashi na Kasuwanci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-06-17 |title=Prominent Waterloo chemist appointed University Professor at Spring Convocation |url=https://uwaterloo.ca/chemistry/news/prominent-waterloo-chemist-appointed-university-professor |access-date=2019-04-01 |website=Chemistry |archive-date=2019-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401213239/https://uwaterloo.ca/chemistry/news/prominent-waterloo-chemist-appointed-university-professor |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga shekara ta 2014 Nazar ta yi aiki a cikin kwamitin daraktocin taron kasa da kasa kan Li-Batteries . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=SG8 9AZ. (01763) 222 333 |first=Black Pig Ltd, The Sty, 47 Upper King Street, Royston, Hertfordshire |date=2015 |title=17th International Meeting on Lithium Batteries |url=https://www.technology.matthey.com/article/59/1/56-63/ |journal=Johnson Matthey Technology Review |volume=59 |pages=56–63 |doi=10.1595/205651315X685733 |access-date=2019-04-01 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana aiki a kan allon edita na mujallu Angewandte Chemie, Energy &amp; Environmental Science da Journal of Materials Chemistry A .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Energy and Environmental Science editorial board members |url=https://www.rsc.org/journals-books-databases/about-journals/energy-environmental-science/editorial-board-members/ |access-date=2019-04-01 |website=www.rsc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-04-03 |title=Linda Nazar |url=https://uwaterloo.ca/chemistry/people-profiles/linda-nazar |access-date=2019-04-01 |website=Chemistry}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kyaututtuka da girmamawa ===
Kyaututtuka da girmamawa sun hada da;

* 1978 Kyautar Royal Society of Chemistry ta farko &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CIC Medal {{!}} The Chemical Institute of Canada |url=https://www.cheminst.ca/awards/cic-awards/cic-medal |access-date=2019-04-01 |website=www.cheminst.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2010 Canadian Society for Chemistry Rio Tinto Alcan Award for Electrochemistry &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rio Tinto Alcan Award {{!}} The Chemical Institute of Canada |url=https://www.cheminst.ca/awards/csc-awards-old/rio-tinto-alcan-award |access-date=2019-04-01 |website=www.cheminst.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Ƙungiyar Batir ta Duniya ta 2011 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=(MSE 2018 Dorn Lecture) &quot;Beyond Li-Ion: From Solid State to Aqueous Electrochemical Energy Storage Batteries&quot; {{!}} Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern (ISEN) |url=https://isen.northwestern.edu/mse-2018-dorn-lecture-beyond-li-ion-from-solid-state-to-aqueous-electrochemical-energy-storage |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401212343/https://isen.northwestern.edu/mse-2018-dorn-lecture-beyond-li-ion-from-solid-state-to-aqueous-electrochemical-energy-storage |archive-date=2019-04-01 |access-date=2019-04-01 |website=isen.northwestern.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011 Royal Society of Canada Fellowship  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Waterloo Daily Bulletin, September 9, 2011 |url=https://bulletin.uwaterloo.ca/2011/sep/09fr.html |access-date=2019-04-01 |website=bulletin.uwaterloo.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nazar, Linda {{!}} The Royal Society of Canada |url=https://rsc-src.ca/en/node/2405 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401212327/https://rsc-src.ca/en/node/2405 |archive-date=2019-04-01 |access-date=2019-04-01 |website=rsc-src.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2012 Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Kimiyyar Kimiyya Mai Tsarki da Aikace-aikace Mata Masu Kyau a Kimiyyar &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IUPAC Distinguished Women in Chemistry or Chemical Engineering |url=https://iupac.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Recipients-IUPAC-Distinguished-Women-in-Chemistry-or-Chemical-Engineering_20170321.pdf |access-date=2019-04-01 |website=IUPAC}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2013 Kungiyar Masana Kimiyya ta Jamus Agusta-Wilhelm-von-Hofmann Lectureship
* 2014 Yanar gizo na Kimiyya Mafi Girma Masu Bincike &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-08-01 |title=Waterloo chemist among world's most highly cited researchers |url=https://uwaterloo.ca/science/news/waterloo-chemist-among-worlds-most-highly-cited-researchers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401213439/https://uwaterloo.ca/science/news/waterloo-chemist-among-worlds-most-highly-cited-researchers |archive-date=2019-04-01 |access-date=2019-04-01 |website=Science}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2014 Thomson Reuters Mafi Muhimmancin Kimiyya a Duniya
* 2015 Jami'in Order of Canada &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 September 2017 |title=gg.ca |url=https://www.gg.ca/en |access-date=2019-04-01 |website=www.gg.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Kyautar Kyautattun Ayyuka ta Jami'ar Waterloo ta 2017
* 2018 Thomson Reuters Mafi yawan Masu Bincike &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Highly Cited Researchers – The Most Influential Scientific Minds |url=https://hcr.clarivate.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220122703/https://hcr.clarivate.com/ |archive-date=2019-02-20 |access-date=2019-04-01 |website=HCR}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2019 Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kanada Medal &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-08 |title=Linda Nazar is awarded the 2019 Chemical Institute of Canada Medal |url=https://uwaterloo.ca/science/news/linda-nazar-awarded-2019-chemical-institute-canada-medal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401212504/https://uwaterloo.ca/science/news/linda-nazar-awarded-2019-chemical-institute-canada-medal |archive-date=2019-04-01 |access-date=2019-04-01 |website=Science}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020 Zaɓaɓɓen Fellow na Royal Society &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Linda Nazar {{!}} Royal Society |url=https://royalsociety.org/people/Linda-Nazar-25374/ |access-date=2020-04-30 |website=royalsociety.org |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2022 Kyautar E.W.R. Steacie &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Linda Nazar recognized with the 2022 E.W.R. Steacie Award {{!}} Science |url=https://uwaterloo.ca/science/news/linda-nazar-recognized-2022-ewr-steacie-award |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=uwaterloo.ca |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2024 Kyautar Royal Society Hughes &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-29 |title=Hughes Medal {{!}} Royal Society |url=https://royalsociety.org/medals-and-prizes/hughes-medal/ |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=royalsociety.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lalla Masuda</title>
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'''Mas'uda al-Wizkitiya''' ( Arabic   ; ya rasu a shekara ta 1591), wanda aka fi sani da shi a Maroko da '''Lala 'Auda''' ( {{Lang|ar|للا عودة}} ) kuma a majiyoyin Yamma a matsayin '''Lalla Masuda''', ta kasance fitacciyar 'yar siyasa 'yar ƙasar Morocco a Daular Saadi .   &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=لالة عودة الصّالحة.. بانية المساجد وحاضنة الأيتام |url=https://www.maghress.com/almassae/187868 |access-date=2020-05-18 |website=مغرس |archive-date=2023-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113231759/https://www.maghress.com/almassae/187868 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana tunawa da ita saboda ayyukan agaji, agaji, siyasa, da ci gaba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ita ce matar Sarkin Saadi Mohammed al-Shaykh kuma mahaifiyar ɗansu Sultan [[Ahmad al-Mansur]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Lalla Masuda 'yar shehin  ce ta ƙasba ta Warzazat, Sheikh Abu al-'Abaas Ahmed bin Abdellah al-Wizkiti al-Warzazi, wanda ke da hannu wajen kafa ikon Sa'adiyawa a yankin Sous - Dra'a .   Ana ɗaukarta &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwOQ&quot;&gt;waliyyai&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ko waliyyai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Suna ==
Mas'uda al-Wizkitiya an fi saninsa da ''Lala 'Auda'' ( {{Lang|ar|للا عودة}} ), ma'ana Uwar Dawowa, domin sau da yawa tana tafiya ta cikin yankuna masu nisa a cikin karkara tana kawo 'ya'yan itace da arziki.  An kuma kira ta ''da suna-Sayida al-Hurra'' ( {{Lang|ar|السيدة الحرة}} '', The Free Lady'' ) da kuma Phoenix na Sahara ( {{Lang|ar|عنقاء الصحراء}} ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=..نساء حكمن المغرب مسعودة الوزكيتية... الأميرة الرحيمة |url=https://www.maghress.com/alalam/59931 |access-date=2020-05-17 |website=مغرس |archive-date=2022-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201221554/https://www.maghress.com/alalam/59931 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
Lalla Mas'uda ta fito daga ƙabilar Ait Ouaouzguit,  waɗanda Chleuhs ne na ƙungiyar Masmuda . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=MATIN |first=LE |title=&quot;Ouda, princesse marocaine (1532-1591)&quot; de Josée Balagna Coustou |url=https://lematin.ma/journal/2002/a-eurooeOuda-princesse-marocaine--1532-1591-a-euro%EF%BF%BD-de-Josee-Balagna-Coustou/14913.html |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=lematin.ma |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masanin tarihi [[Timbuktu|na Timbuktu]] 'Abd ar-Rahman as-Sa'di ya yi jayayya a maimakon haka cewa ita ƙwarƙwarar [[Fulani|Fulani ce]] .  Ta kafa [[Masallaci|masallatai]] da [[Makarantar Islamiyya|makarantun Alƙur'ani]], gami da Masallacin Bab Doukkala .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=باحث |first=ذ أحمد متفكر / استاذ |title=مسجد باب دكالة في مراكش ..التاريخ .. والمرافق |url=https://www.almarrakchia.net/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%82_a3249.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119073405/http://www.almarrakchia.net/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%82_a3249.html |archive-date=2017-11-19 |access-date=2020-05-17 |website=المراكشية : بوابة مراكش |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masallacin Lala 'Auda da ke [[Ameknas|Meknes]], shi ma yana ɗauke da sunanta, kamar yadda yake a Dandalin Lalla 'Auda da ke kusa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=دعوة الحق - مسجد للا عودة بمكناس [تر.ع.ل.ملين] |url=http://habous.gov.ma/daouat-alhaq/item/1213 |access-date=2020-05-18 |website=habous.gov.ma |archive-date=2020-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808063319/http://www.habous.gov.ma/daouat-alhaq/item/1213 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta kuma himmatu wajen inganta hanyoyi a cikin masarautar, musamman a yankunan karkara domin haɗa su da cibiyoyin birane domin ba su damar samun muhimman ayyuka, kamar kiwon lafiya da ilimi.  An yaba mata da gina gadar da ta ratsa kogin Um ar-Rabii'a . 

Ta kuma ba ɗanta Ahmad al-Mansur lauyan gudanarwa. [1] Ta ba da shawarar, misali, ya nemi taimako daga sarkin Ottoman, Selim na II . [1]

Ta tallafa wa al'ummomin da ke fama da talauci a yankunan karkara ta hanyar taimakon tattalin arziki da tallafi ga ƙananan 'yan kasuwa.  Ta kuma sauƙaƙa auren matasa don ƙarfafa waɗannan al'ummomin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ] Ta taimaka wa waɗannan matasan su yi amfani da [[Haƙƙin Rayuwar Iyali|'yancin aure da rayuwar iyali]] ta hanyar taimaka musu su sami sadaki, kuɗin aure, da sauran nauyin kuɗi da ke hana su yin aure. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Tana da sha'awar yin takardu, tana yin rikodin ayyukanta da gudummawar sadaka cikin tsanaki. 
[[Fayil:Μαυσωλείο_των_Σααντί_1063.jpg|thumb|Ɗakin Lalla Masuda a kaburburan Saadian da ke Marrakesh.]]
Lalla Masuda Qubba ita ce mafi tsufan ɓangaren kaburburan Saadiya a Marrakesh. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Saadian Tombs |url=https://www.touchscreentravels.com/apps/marrakeshs-best/21891/the-saadian-tombs |access-date=2020-05-17 |website=www.touchscreentravels.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masanin tarihin [[Marrakesh|Marrakshi]] Al-Abbas bin Ibrahim as-Samlali ya rubuta a cikin kundin tarihinsa ''[[Information About the Notables of Marrakesh and Aghmat|Bayani Game da Manyan Marrakesh da Aghmat]]'' :{{Text and translation|{{right|فكم جهزت من يتامى}}&lt;br&gt;{{right|وكم زوجت من أيامى}}&lt;br&gt;{{right|وكم بذلت من صدقات}}&lt;br&gt;{{right|وكم أجزلت من صلات}}|&quot;For so many orphans did she aid, &lt;br&gt;and so many widows did she remarry, &lt;br&gt;and so much charity did she give, &lt;br&gt;and so generously did she connect.&quot;|[[Al-Abbas bin Ibrahim as-Samlali]], ''[[Information about the Notables of Marrakesh and Aghmat]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=مغربيات خالدات: مسعودة الوزكيتية … عرابة السعديين|url=https://www.maghress.com/assabah/325690|website=مغرس|access-date=2020-05-18|archive-date=2022-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403004824/https://www.maghress.com/assabah/325690|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=مغربيات صنعن التاريخ: مسعودة.. مؤسسة باب دكالة بمراكش|url=https://anfaspress.com/news/voir/18291-2015-02-28-09-47-04|last=فردوس|first=الباحث مصطفى حمزة، تقديم أحمد|website=الكاتب|language=fr|access-date=2020-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Macarona bil-bechamel</title>
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'''Macarona bil-bechamel''' (Larabci na Masar) burodi ne na gargajiya na Masar wanda ya haɗu da pasta, soya mai ɗanɗano, da soya mai ƙanshi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Egyptian Food Guide |url=https://travelfoodatlas.com/egyptian-food |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=Travel Food Atlas}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 10, 2025 |title=Macarona Bechamel (Egyptian Pasta Bake) |url=https://amiraspantry.com/egyptian-baked-bechamel-pasta/ |access-date=March 15, 2025 |website=Amira's Pantry}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=معكرونة بشاميل باللحمة المفرومة |url=https://www.puckarabia.com/ar/recipes/pasta-bake-with-bechamel-sauce/ |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=Puck Arabia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu sassan sun haɗa da saman cuku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-03 |title=Egyptian Macarona Bechamel Recipe |url=https://www.chocolatesandchai.com/egyptian-macarona-bechamel-recipe/ |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Chocolates &amp; Chai |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan casserole yana tunatar da lasagna na Italiyanci da pastitsio na Girkanci, mai yiwuwa ya samo asali ne daga ƙarshen a farkon karni na 20, lokacin da wata babbar al'umma ta Girka ta zauna a Misira.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 3, 2021 |title=Macarona Forn: مكرونة فرن او مكرونة بشاميل |url=https://cheznermine.com/2021/02/03/macarona-bechamel-forn-the-dish-that-bridges-three-cultures/ |access-date=March 15, 2025 |website=Chez Nermine |archive-date=November 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121091904/https://cheznermine.com/2021/02/03/macarona-bechamel-forn-the-dish-that-bridges-three-cultures/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Macarona Bechamel: Egypt’s Superior Answer to Lasagna |url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2025/01/07/macarona-bechamel-egypts-superior-answer-to-lasagna/ |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=Egyptian Streets}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Macarona bil-bechamel, sanannen abincin Masar, ya samo asali ne daga masu dafa abinci da aka horar da Faransanci waɗanda suka yi aiki a cikin ɗakunan abinci na fadar khedival da otal-otal masu alatu a tsakiyar karni na 19. Wadannan masu dafa abinci sun gabatar da dabarun dafa abinci na Turai, wanda daga baya masu dafa abinci na Masar suka karɓa.&lt;ref name=&quot;rawiablanazira&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ask Abla Nazira |url=https://rawi-publishing.com/articles/ask-abla-nazira?lang=en |access-date=19 March 2025 |website=Rawi Publishing}}&lt;/ref&gt; A farkon karni na 20, gidajen cin abinci na Girka a [[Kairo|Alkahira]] da [[Alexandria|Iskandariya]] sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fadada jita-jita kamar pastitsio, wanda ya riga ya kasance na Girka ga macarona bil-bechamel. Masu dafa abinci na Masar sun daidaita abincin, sun maye gurbin kayan yaji na gargajiya da sauce na béchamel, dabara da ke da tasiri daga abincin Faransa. Wannan canjin ya kasance a cikin dafa abinci na gida na Masar ta hanyar litattafan dafa abinci kamar su Kitab Abla Nazira, wanda ya daidaita abincin kuma ya sanya shi babban abu na gidajen Masar. Maimakon shigo da Turai kai tsaye, macarona bil-bechamel yana wakiltar haɗuwa da al'adun abinci na Bahar Rum, wanda ya samo asali a cikin al'adun cin abinci na Masar.&lt;ref name=&quot;rawiablanazira&quot; /&gt;

== Shirye-shiryen ==
Shirye-shiryen macarona bil-bechamel ya ƙunshi manyan abubuwa uku: pasta, naman nama, da naman bechamel. Ana amfani da pasta na Penne, ana dafa shi har sai an zubar da shi, kuma an ajiye shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;eyesclosed&quot;/&gt;

Ana shirya naman nama ta hanyar sautéing albasa da tafarnuwa a cikin man shanu har sai an taushi da ƙanshi. Ana ƙara naman sa kuma a dafa shi har sai an yi launin ruwan kasa. An haɗa sauce na tumatir, kuma an haɗa cakuda tare da gishiri, baƙar fata, da thyme. Ana dafa wannan sauce a takaice don ba da damar dandano ya haɗu.&lt;ref name=&quot;eyesclosed&quot;/&gt;

Ana yin sauce na béchamel ta hanyar ƙirƙirar roux daga sassan man shanu da gari daidai, an dafa shi har zuwa zinariya. A hankali, ana shayar da madara don cimma daidaituwa mai santsi, mai laushi. Ana ƙara kayan yaji kamar gishiri, fararen albasa, da nutmeg don inganta dandano.&lt;ref name=&quot;eyesclosed&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 15, 2024 |title=Egyptian Macarona Bechamel Recipe |url=https://eyesclosedcooking.com/blog/egyptian-macarona-bechamel-recipe |access-date=March 15, 2025 |website=Eyes Closed Cooking}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Don tara abincin, ana sanya wani nau'i na dafa abinci a cikin abincin yin burodi, sannan kuma ana amfani da naman nama, kuma a saman shi da wani nau'in pasta. Ana zuba sauce na béchamel a saman, kuma don ƙara wadata, ana iya yayyafa cuku na mozzarella da aka yanka kafin yin burodi. Ana yin burodi a cikin tanda har sai ya zama ruwan kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;eyesclosed&quot;/&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Abincin Masar
* Jerin abincin Gabas ta Tsakiya
* Jerin abincin Afirka

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya</title>
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Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kwakwalwa ta [[Najeriya]] ita ce '''Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya''' wacce ke wakiltar tawagar a gasa ta kasa da kasa. An ƙaddamar da shirin na ƙungiyar ƙasa a cikin 2012, amma tun daga 2016 ƙungiyar ba ta taɓa buga wasan ƙasa da ƙasa ba. An shirya wasanni da yawa amma batutuwa sun taso kuma tawagar ba ta iya tafiya don waɗannan wasannin ba.

Abubuwan da suka faru sun faru a bayan fage don tallafawa tawagar kasa, gami da karbar bakuncin gasar a Filin wasa na kasa, Legas a watan Yulin 2016. A wannan shekarar, Najeriya kuma tana neman yiwuwar kirkirar tawagar mata ta kasa.

== Tarihi ==
[[Power Eagles Cerebral Palsy]] (CPFAN) tana kula da tawagar kasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our Members&amp;nbsp;— CP Football |url=http://www.ifcpf.com/our-members |access-date=25 August 2016 |website=IFCPF}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-08-11 |title=Cerebral Palsy to feature as demonstration sport at 19th Sports Festival |url=http://reporters365.com/2016/08/92290/cerebral-palsy-to-feature-as-demonstration-sport-at-19th-sports-festival/ |access-date=2016-08-27 |website=Reporters365...}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kocin tawagar kasa a shekarar 2015 da 2016 shi ne [[Gbenga Dosumu]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cerebral Palsy Football Berths In Lagos {{!}} |url=http://leadership.ng/sports/414407/cerebral-palsy-football-berths-in-lagos |access-date=2016-08-27 |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2015, manajan kungiyar shine [[Adegboyega Ganiyu]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

An fara buga wasan ne a Najeriya a shekarar 2012 a karkashin jagorancin [[Nigeria Paralympics Committee|Kwamitin Wasannin Wasannin Wasano na Najeriya]] (NPC). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ikpea asks for support for cerebral palsy sportsmen {{!}} Nigeria Newspapers |url=http://breaking.com.ng/nigeria/ikpea-asks-for-support-for-cerebral-palsy-sportsmen/ |access-date=2016-08-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwallon ƙafa na ƙwaƙwalwa yana da iyakantaccen kasancewar a Afirka a cikin 2015, tare da wasan kawai ana buga shi a Najeriya, Afirka ta Kudu, Tunisia, Ghana da Saliyo. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2015, an gudanar da bita na horarwa a kasar don kokarin ci gaba da bunkasa wasanni. .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2016 - Coach Education Workshops&amp;nbsp;— CP Football |url=http://www.ifcpf.com/development/2016-coach-education-workshops |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815220130/http://www.ifcpf.com/development/2016-coach-education-workshops |archive-date=2016-08-15 |access-date=2016-08-27 |website=www.ifcpf.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria has membership of IFCPF&amp;nbsp;— CP Football |url=http://www.ifcpf.com/news/nigeria-has-membership-of-ifcpf |access-date=2016-08-27 |website=www.ifcpf.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2016, tawagar kasa ba ta aiki yayin da shugabanci ya yi ƙoƙarin kafa wasannin kasa da kasa. Ba su da wasannin kasa da kasa a tarihin su. Wasan har yanzu yana kan matakin ci gaba a matakin kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Worldwide Reach&amp;nbsp;— CP Football |url=http://www.ifcpf.com/development/worldwide-reach |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818145854/http://www.ifcpf.com/development/worldwide-reach |archive-date=18 August 2016 |access-date=2016-08-27 |website=www.ifcpf.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gudanar da gasar kwana uku a watan Yulin 2016 a Filin wasa na kasa, Legas tare da kungiyoyi hudu da suka halarci. Wadannan kungiyoyi sun hada da Team Balo ldi-Araba, Team Rev. Sam lkpea, Team Premier Lotto da Team Ajadi Lawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=CP Football Association of Nigeria hold 3 day tournament&amp;nbsp;— CP Football |url=http://www.ifcpf.com/news/cp-football-association-of-nigeria-hold-3-day-tournament |access-date=2016-08-27 |website=www.ifcpf.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rev. Samuel Ikpea Football ne ya lashe gasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ikpea FC Win Cerebral Palsy Tourney - SportsDay |url=http://sportsdayonline.com/ikpea-fc-win-cerebral-palsy-tourney/ |access-date=2016-08-27 |website=sportsdayonline.com }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan gasar ta kasa ta amince da ita ta Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta Cerebral Palsy . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=National Championships 2015 |url=http://www.ifcpf.com/tournaments/national-championships-2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817012702/http://www.ifcpf.com/tournaments/national-championships-2015 |archive-date=17 August 2016 |access-date=28 August 2016 |website=CP Football}}&lt;/ref&gt; Najeriya kuma tana neman ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar CP ta mata a cikin 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Cerebral Palsy 7-Aside Football Association of Nigeria ==
[[Cerebral Palsy 7-Aside Football Association of Nigeria]] (CPFAN) tana kula da gudanar da wasanni a Najeriya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; An kafa CPFAN a cikin shekara ta 2012.  Sun zama mambobi ne na IFCPF a hukumance a farkon 2015 . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; [[Jude Uwazie]] shine Shugaban kungiyar kuma Shugaban kungiyar  &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; kuma [[Sam Ikpea]] mai ba da shawara na kasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cerebral Palsy Football Tourney Gets Date - SportsDay |url=http://sportsdayonline.com/cerebral-palsy-football-tourney-gets-date/ |access-date=2016-08-27 |website=sportsdayonline.com }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt;

== Matsayi ==
A cikin 2016, IFCPF tana aiki sosai wajen ƙoƙarin haɓaka tsarin matsayi na yanki don Afirka. Kungiyar ta cancanci matsayi da zarar an inganta wannan tsarin sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;africa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Africa Ranking&amp;nbsp;— CP Football |url=http://www.ifcpf.com/ranking/africa-regional-rankings |access-date=25 August 2016 |website=CP Football |archive-date=18 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818144016/http://www.ifcpf.com/ranking/africa-regional-rankings |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;world&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Africa Ranking&amp;nbsp;— CP Football |url=http://www.ifcpf.com/ranking |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726005409/http://www.ifcpf.com/ranking |archive-date=26 July 2015 |access-date=25 August 2016 |website=CP Football}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kürşad Sürmeli</title>
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'''Kürşad Sürmeli''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Agusta 1995) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan]] ƙasar Holland wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Turkiyya TFF 2. Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta 68 Aksarayspor.

A youth product of NEC, Sürmeli experienced his breakthrough as part of the Achilles '29 team competing in the second-tier Eerste Divisie. He later played for clubs in Turkey and Belgium.

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Shekarun farko ===
Tun daga lokacin da ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ɗan wasan matasa a SV Hatert da Quick 1888, Sürmeli ya koma makarantar matasa ta NEC a shekarar 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 July 2008 |title=Mutaties teams N.E.C. Voetbalschool 2008-2009 |url=https://www.nec-nijmegen.nl/nieuws/artikel/mutaties-teams-n.e.c.-voetbalschool-2008-2009.htm |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=[[NEC Nijmegen]] |language=Dutch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ya kasa samun wannan matsayi, ya koma reshen NEC na masu son shiga, Sportclub NEC. Bayan 'yan watanni, ya sanya hannu kan kwangila, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama memba na NEC Amateurs akai-akai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nieuwkamp |first=Walter |date=28 March 2013 |title=NEC: derde aanwinst, zestal blijft |url=https://www.gelderlander.nl/amateurvoetbal/nec-derde-aanwinst-zestal-blijft~a15bd6da/ |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=De Gelderlander |language=Dutch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Achilles '29 ===
A ranar 18 ga Yuni 2013, Sürmeli ya koma ƙungiyar Eerste Divisie Achilles '29 a watan Yunin 2013, kuma ya fara buga wasa a ranar 24 ga Agusta 2013 a wasan da suka yi da Almere City FC ba tare da kyaftin ɗin ƙungiyar [[Twan Smits]] wanda aka dakatar ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 August 2013 |title=Game Report by Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/08/24/netherlands/eerste-divisie/fc-omniworld/achilles-1929/1478679/ |publisher=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fiye da wata guda bayan haka, ya buga wasa a waje da FC Den Bosch (nasara 0-2) a mintuna na ƙarshe da suka biyo baya ga Levi Raja Boean. Mako guda bayan haka ya shigo a matsayin madadin Kay Thomassen kuma ya zura ƙwallo mai kyau a kan Jong PSV da bugun daga nesa. Daga ƙarshe an yi nasara a wasan da ci 3-2. Makonni biyu bayan haka, a kan Willem II, ya sake maye gurbin Smits, a wannan karon saboda ya ji rauni a cinyarsa. Sürmeli ya kuma fara a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai tsaron baya da Fortuna Sittard da kuma a wasan Kofin KNVB da AZ . A lokacin hutun hunturu, babban kocin François Gesthuizen ya yanke shawarar yin amfani da tsarin da zai taimaka wa 'yan wasan tsakiya biyu masu tsaron baya maimakon ɗaya, wanda hakan ya buɗe wa Sürmeli gurbi a cikin 'yan wasa goma sha ɗaya da suka fara wasa. Wasan farko na gasar 2014 ya ƙunshi Sürmeli da Jop van Steen a matsayin 'yan wasan tsakiya masu tsaron tsakiya da aka ci 2-1 a kan Almere City. Saboda raunin da ya samu, bai buga wasan waje da za a yi da FC Dordrecht (4-2) ba, kuma an yi amfani da shi ne kawai a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a gida da FC Emmen (0-0). Bayan wata ɗaya ba tare da ya buga wasa ba, ya buga wasanni shida a jere, inda aka yi amfani da shi a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a cikin biyar daga cikinsu. Sürmeli ya buga wasanni huɗu na ƙarshe na kakar wasa a matsayin wanda zai fara wasa.

A wasanni goma na farko na kakar wasa mai zuwa, Sürmeli ya fara wasa sau takwas kuma ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa sau ɗaya. A ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2014, ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka tashi 0-4 a filin wasa na RKC Waalwijk kuma ya buga dukkan mintuna 90: ya zura kwallaye 0-1 da 0-3. A wasan da suka yi da MVV, ya rasa matsayinsa na farko saboda rauni kuma an sanya shi a benci a wasanni takwas da suka biyo baya, kodayake ya shigo ne a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasanni bakwai daga cikinsu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan wasannin, a ranar 12 ga Disamba, a wasan gida da VVV-Venlo (3-0), ya zura kwallo ta ƙarshe a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa. Bayan hutun hunturu, ya fara wasa a matsayin wanda zai fara wasa a tsakiyar tsakiya. A ranar 2 ga Maris, 2015, Sürmeli ya zura kwallo ta biyar ga Achilles, kuma ta huɗu a kakar wasa, a wasan da suka yi da Telstar da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Makonni biyu da rabi bayan haka, ya jagoranci kungiyar Almere City da ci 2-1 bayan da Twan Smits ya yi mata cross, a wasan da ya kare da ci 3-1. A kakar wasa ta 2016-17, ya fuskanci koma baya daga Eerste Divisie a hannun Achilles '29, bayan haka ya tafi a matsayin dan wasa mai zaman kansa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pichel |first=Dominique |last2=Droog |first2=Julian |date=11 May 2017 |title=Uittocht bij Achilles'29 na degradatie |url=https://www.gelderlander.nl/achilles-29/uittocht-bij-achilles-29-na-degradatie~a225c5a2/ |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=De Gelderland |language=Dutch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kin amincewa da tayin da kungiyar Carpi ta Italiya ta yi masa, da kuma kungiyoyin Turkiyya Adanaspor da Adana Demirspor, ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da zama a Achilles '29 a watan Agusta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Droog |first=Julian |date=6 August 2017 |title=Sürmeli slaat buitenlandse clubs af en blijft bij Achilles'29 |url=https://www.gelderlander.nl/voetbal-nijmegen/surmeli-slaat-buitenlandse-clubs-af-en-blijft-bij-achilles-29~ad9ff2a5/ |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=6 August 2017 |language=Dutch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Adanaspor da Lienden ===
A farkon watan Janairun 2018, Sürmeli ya amince da yarjejeniyar sallamar Achilles '29 a lokacin hutun hunturu, bayan da kungiyar ta shigar da kara kan fatara, sannan ta koma kungiyar Adanaspor ta Turkiyya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Droog |first=Julian |date=7 January 2018 |title=Achilles'29-speler Sürmeli per direct naar Turkije |url=https://www.gelderlander.nl/dossier-achilles-29-failliet/achilles-29-speenshy-ler-surmeli-per-direct-naar-turkije~a4b0e206/ |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=De Gelderlander |language=Dutch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan bai buga wasa a kungiyar ba, an dakatar da kwangilarsa a karshen watan, kuma ya koma kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Dutch Tweede Divisie FC Lienden a ranar 31 ga Janairu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Westerink |first=Robert |date=31 January 2018 |title=FC Lienden neemt Sürmeli over van Adanaspor |url=https://www.gelderlander.nl/dossier-achilles-29-failliet/fc-lienden-neemt-surmeli-over-van-adanaspor~afc28533/ |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=[[De Gelderlander]] |language=Dutch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Giresunspor da Winkel ===
Daga kakar wasa ta 2018-19, Sürmeli ya amince ya koma De Treffers . [1] A ƙarshen watan Yulin 2018, ya bar De Treffers kafin fara gasar kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da Giresunspor na TFF First League . [2] A farkon watan Janairun 2019, an dakatar da kwantiraginsa saboda bai karɓi albashinsa ba. Bayan haka, ya yi yarjejeniya da Osmanlıspor, amma saboda rauni da ya samu, ƙungiyar ta ƙi amincewa da yarjejeniyar kuma aka bar Sürmeli a matsayin ɗan wasa mai zaman kansa. [3]

A kan 12 Yuli 2019, Sürmeli ya shiga Sint-Eloois-Winkel, ƙungiyar da ke fafatawa a cikin rukuni na uku na Belgian First Amateur Division . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vander Stricht |first=Wouter |date=12 July 2019 |title=Winkel Sport trekt op dag van eerste training nog Kürsad Sürmeli aan |url=https://kw.be/sport/voetbal/winkel-sport-trekt-op-dag-van-eerste-training-nog-kursad-surmeli-aan/article-normal-383853.html?cookie_check=1602590958 |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=De Krant van West-Vlaanderen |language=Dutch |archive-date=18 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018073514/https://kw.be/sport/voetbal/winkel-sport-trekt-op-dag-van-eerste-training-nog-kursad-surmeli-aan/article-normal-383853.html?cookie_check=1602590958 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Luís Figo</title>
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{{Infobox dan kwallon kafa
| suna = Luís Figo
| hoto = Luís Figo 2017.jpg
| cikakken_suna = Luís Filipe Madeira Caeiro Figo
| ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|1972|11|4}}
| wurin_haihuwa = Almada, Portugal
| tsawo = 1.80 m
| matsayi = Dan wasan gefe, dan wasan tsakiya
| matasa_shekaru1 = 1984–1989
| matasa_kungiya1 = Sporting CP
| shekaru1 = 1989–1995
| kungiya1 = Sporting CP
| wasa1 = 137
| kwallaye1 = 16
| shekaru2 = 1995–2000
| kungiya2 = Barcelona
| wasa2 = 172
| kwallaye2 = 30
| shekaru3 = 2000–2005
| kungiya3 = Real Madrid
| wasa3 = 164
| kwallaye3 = 38
| shekaru4 = 2005–2009
| kungiya4 = Inter Milan
| wasa4 = 105
| kwallaye4 = 9
| jimillar_wasa = 578
| jimillar_kwallaye = 93
| tawagar_kasa1 = Portugal U16
| tawagar_kasa2 = Portugal U20
| tawagar_kasa3 = Portugal
| shekarun_kasa3 = 1991–2006
| wasannin_kasa3 = 127
| kwallayen_kasa3 = 32
}}

'''Luís Filipe Madeira Caeiro Figo''' (an haife shi ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba 1972), wanda aka fi sani da '''Luís Figo''', tsohon dan kwallon kafa ne daga ƙasar [[Portugal]]. Ana kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan gefe a tarihin wasan ƙwallon kafa saboda iya dribbling dinsa, saurin gudu, bayar da taimakon kwallo da kuma kwarewa wajen sarrafa wasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Luis-Figo|title=Luís Figo |website=Britannica|access-date=2026-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Figo ya taka rawa sosai wajen bunƙasa ƙwallon kafa ta [[Portugal]] a shekarun 1990 da farkon shekarun 2000. Ya kasance daga cikin manyan ‘yan wasan da suka taimaka wa Portugal samun matsayi mai ƙarfi a duniya kafin zamanin [[Cristiano Ronaldo]]. Salon wasansa ya haɗa da saurin kai hari daga gefe, fasahar zura kwallo, da kuma iya ketare ƙwallo cikin daidaito.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/luis-figo-portugal-real-madrid-barcelona-inter-milan|title=Luís Figo profile|website=FIFA|access-date=2026-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Figo a garin Almada da ke Portugal, sannan ya taso a yankin Cova da Piedade. Tun yana ƙarami ya nuna sha’awar wasan ƙwallon kafa, inda yake buga wasa a tituna da ƙananan kungiyoyi kafin daga baya ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta Sporting CP. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, an san shi da bajinta wajen sarrafa ƙwallo da kuma iya tsallake abokan hamayya cikin sauƙi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/luis-figo-5057.php|title=Luís Figo Biography|website=The Famous People|access-date=2026-05-07}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kungiya ==

=== Sporting CP ===
Figo ya fara buga wa babbar kungiyar Sporting CP wasa a shekarar 1989. Ya yi suna cikin sauri saboda irin gudummawar da yake bayarwa daga gefen fili. A Sporting ne ya fara nuna cewa zai zama babban tauraro a Turai. Ya buga wasanni da dama tare da taimaka wa kungiyar wajen samun nasarori a gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/luis-figo/profil/spieler/897|title=Luís Figo statistics|website=Transfermarkt|access-date=2026-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1991, Figo ya kasance cikin tawagar Portugal ta matasa da ta lashe gasar FIFA U-20 World Cup. Wannan nasara ta sanya sunansa ya fara karɓuwa a nahiyar Turai baki ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/u20worldcup/portugal1991|title=1991 FIFA World Youth Championship|website=FIFA|access-date=2026-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Barcelona ===
A shekarar 1995, Figo ya koma kungiyar [[FC Barcelona]] bayan kungiyoyi da dama sun nuna sha’awar sa hannu da shi. A Barcelona ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasa a duniya. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimaka wa kungiyar lashe kofuna da dama ciki har da La Liga da Copa del Rey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/card/648153/luis-figo|title=Luís Figo at Barcelona|website=FC Barcelona|access-date=2026-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lokacin da yake Barcelona, Figo ya yi haɗin kai da fitattun ‘yan wasa irin su Rivaldo, [[Pep Guardiola]] da Patrick Kluivert. Magoya bayan Barcelona sun ƙaunace shi saboda irin bajintar da yake nunawa a filin wasa, musamman iya yin dribble da bayar da kyawawan passes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/luis-figo-barcelona-real-madrid-transfer/blt7a5a8f7b1c7f4d8f|title=Figo and Barcelona years|website=Goal|access-date=2026-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Real Madrid ===
A shekarar 2000, Figo ya koma [[Real Madrid CF]] cikin wani canji da ya girgiza duniya. Shugaban Real Madrid Florentino Pérez ya saye shi kan kuɗi mai yawa wanda ya zama tarihin duniya a lokacin. Wannan sauya sheƙa daga Barcelona zuwa Real Madrid ya haifar da cece-kuce sosai tsakanin magoya bayan ƙungiyoyin biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/33663435|title=Luis Figo transfer to Real Madrid|website=BBC Sport|access-date=2026-05-07}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lokacin da Figo ya koma Barcelona domin wasa da tsohuwar kungiyarsa, magoya bayan Barcelona sun nuna fushinsu sosai har aka jefa masa abubuwa daga filin kallo, ciki har da sanannen kan alade da aka jefa kusa da shi yayin bugun kusurwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2002/nov/24/europeanfootball.sport|title=Pig's head incident|website=The Guardian|access-date=2026-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Real Madrid, Figo ya kasance cikin shahararriyar tawagar “Galácticos” tare da taurari irin su [[Zinedine Yazid Zidane|Zinedine Zidane]], Ronaldo Nazário, [[David Beckham]] da Raúl. Ya taimaka wa kungiyar lashe gasar [[La Liga]] da kuma [[UEFA Champions League]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.realmadrid.com/en/about-real-madrid/history/football-legends/luis-figo|title=Luís Figo at Real Madrid|website=Real Madrid|access-date=2026-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Inter Milan ===
A shekarar 2005, Figo ya koma kungiyar [[Inter Milan]] ta [[Italiya]]. Duk da cewa shekarunsa sun fara yawa a lokacin, ya ci gaba da nuna kwarewa sosai a Serie A. Ya taimaka wa Inter Milan lashe kofunan Serie A da dama a jere kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon kafa a shekarar 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.inter.it/en/legend/58-luis-figo|title=Luís Figo profile|website=Inter Milan|access-date=2026-05-07}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin tawagar ƙasa ==
Figo ya fara buga wa tawagar ƙasar Portugal wasa a shekarar 1991. Ya wakilci ƙasarsa a gasar cin kofin duniya da kuma gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai sau da dama. Ya kasance kyaftin din Portugal tsawon shekaru masu yawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/news-media/news/0253-0d7ff225dd51-40a1c50d17f5-1000--figo-portugal-legend/|title=Portugal legend Luís Figo|website=UEFA|access-date=2026-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da ya samu tare da Portugal ita ce kai wa wasan ƙarshe na [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Euro]] 2004, inda suka sha kashi a hannun Girka. Haka kuma ya taimaka wa Portugal kai wa wasan kusa da na ƙarshe a gasar [[FIFA World Cup]] ta 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/germany2006|title=2006 FIFA World Cup|website=FIFA|access-date=2026-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Figo ya buga wasanni 127 a tawagar Portugal tare da zura kwallaye 32, wanda ya sanya shi cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan tarihin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/figo-intlg.html|title=Luís Figo international appearances|website=RSSSF|access-date=2026-05-07}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon wasa ==
An san Figo da saurin gudu, iya dribble, ketare ƙwallo cikin daidaito da kuma hangen nesa a wasa. Yana iya taka leda a bangarori daban-daban na tsakiya da gefe. Masana da dama sun bayyana shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ‘yan wasan gefe na zamaninsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/luis-figo-portugal-barcelona-real-madrid-inter-milan|title=How good was Luís Figo?|website=FourFourTwo|access-date=2026-05-07}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka ==
Figo ya lashe kyautar [[Ballon d'Or]] a shekarar 2000 bayan irin gagarumar bajintar da ya nuna a Turai. Haka kuma FIFA ta ba shi kyautar FIFA World Player of the Year a shekarar 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ballondor.com|title=Ballon d'Or winners|website=France Football|access-date=2026-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manyan kofuna ===
;Barcelona
* La Liga: 1997–98, 1998–99
* Copa del Rey: 1996–97, 1997–98

;Real Madrid
* La Liga: 2000–01, 2002–03
* UEFA Champions League: 2001–02

;Inter Milan
* Serie A: 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09

;Portugal
* UEFA Euro 2004: Matsayi na biyu

== Rayuwar sirri ==
Figo ya auri samfurin zamani na Sweden mai suna Helen Svedin, kuma suna da ‘ya’ya tare. Bayan ritayarsa daga ƙwallon kafa, ya shiga harkokin kasuwanci da ayyukan taimakon jama'a. Haka kuma ya kasance jakadan wasu kungiyoyin wasanni da shirye-shiryen FIFA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/social-impact/football-for-schools|title=Figo and FIFA activities|website=FIFA|access-date=2026-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Cristiano Ronaldo]]
* [[Real Madrid CF]]
* [[FC Barcelona]]
* [[Portugal national football team]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Figo, Luis}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Portuguese footballers]]
[[Category:Portugal international footballers]]
[[Category:Sporting CP players]]
[[Category:FC Barcelona players]]
[[Category:Real Madrid CF players]]
[[Category:Inter Milan players]]
[[Category:FIFA World Player of the Year winners]]
[[Category:Ballon d'Or winners]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Loïc Badé</title>
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{{Infobox dan kwallon kafa
| suna = Loïc Badé
| hirma = Loïc Badé
| hoto = Loïc Badé 2025.jpg
| cikakken_suna = Loïc Séri Badé
| ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|2000|4|11}}
| wurin_haihuwa = Sèvres, Faransa
| tsawo = 1.91 m
| matsayi = Mai tsaron baya
| kulob_yanzu = {{Ill|Bayer Leverkusen|en|Bayer Leverkusen}}
| lambar_riga = 5
| shekarun_matasa1 = 2007–2014
| kungiyoyin_matasa1 = Antony Sports
| shekarun_matasa2 = 2014–2015
| kungiyoyin_matasa2 = Boulogne-Billancourt
| shekarun_matasa3 = 2015–2017
| kungiyoyin_matasa3 = Paris FC
| shekarun_matasa4 = 2017–2018
| kungiyoyin_matasa4 = Le Havre
| shekaru1 = 2018–2020
| kungiyoyi1 = Le Havre II
| wasanni1 = 30
| kwallaye1 = 3
| shekaru2 = 2020
| kungiyoyi2 = Le Havre
| wasanni2 = 7
| kwallaye2 = 0
| shekaru3 = 2020–2021
| kungiyoyi3 = Lens
| wasanni3 = 31
| kwallaye3 = 0
| shekaru4 = 2021–2023
| kungiyoyi4 = Rennes
| wasanni4 = 15
| kwallaye4 = 0
| shekaru5 = 2022–2023
| kungiyoyi5 = → Nottingham Forest (aro)
| wasanni5 = 0
| kwallaye5 = 0
| shekaru6 = 2023
| kungiyoyi6 = → Sevilla (aro)
| wasanni6 = 19
| kwallaye6 = 1
| shekaru7 = 2023–2025
| kungiyoyi7 = Sevilla
| wasanni7 = 60
| kwallaye7 = 1
| shekaru8 = 2025–
| kungiyoyi8 = Bayer Leverkusen
| wasanni8 = 23
| kwallaye8 = 0
| shekarun_kasa1 = 2021–2023
| tawagar_kasa1 = Faransa U21
| wasannin_kasa1 = 6
| kwallayen_kasa1 = 0
| shekarun_kasa2 = 2024
| tawagar_kasa2 = Faransa Olympic
| wasannin_kasa2 = 8
| kwallayen_kasa2 = 1
| shekarun_kasa3 = 2025–
| tawagar_kasa3 = Faransa
| wasannin_kasa3 = 1
| kwallayen_kasa3 = 0
}}

'''Loïc Séri Badé''' (an haife shi ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 2000) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Faransa wanda yake taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar {{Ill|Bayer Leverkusen|en|Bayer Leverkusen}} da kuma tawagar ƙasar Faransa. An san shi da ƙwarewa wajen kare baya, iya cin ƙwallon sama da kuma karfin jiki a fili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Bad%C3%A9|title=Loïc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Bad%C3%A9|title=Loïc) Badé|website=Wikipedia|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Loïc Badé a garin Sèvres da ke ƙasar Faransa, kuma yana da asalin Ivory Coast daga iyayensa. Ya fara buga ƙwallo tun yana ƙarami a makarantar Antony Sports kafin daga bisani ya koma Boulogne-Billancourt da Paris FC. Salon wasansa ya fara jawo hankali tun yana matashi saboda tsayinsa da kuma saurin fahimtar wasan baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=[https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Bad%C3%A9|title=Loïc](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Bad%C3%A9|title=Loïc) Badé|website=Wikipédia|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'ar kulob ==
=== Le Havre ===
A shekarar 2017, Badé ya shiga makarantar matasa ta {{Ill|Le Havre AC|en|Le Havre AC}} bayan barinsa Paris FC. Ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar manya ta Le Havre wasa a ranar 10 ga Janairu 2020 a wasan Ligue 2 tsakaninsu da Niort. Wannan ne ya zama farkon fitowarsa a matakin ƙwararru, inda ya nuna bajinta wajen dakile hare-haren abokan hamayya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Bad%C3%A9|title=Loïc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Bad%C3%A9|title=Loïc) Badé - Club career|website=Wikipedia|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lens ===
Bayan kammala kakar wasa ta 2019–20, Badé ya koma {{Ill|RC Lens|en|RC Lens}} a shekarar 2020. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimakawa Lens a gasar Ligue 1, inda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matasan masu tsaron baya a Faransa. Salon kare baya da ƙarfin jiki ya sa manyan kulob din Turai suka fara bibiyarsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=[https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Bad%C3%A9|title=Loïc](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Bad%C3%A9|title=Loïc) Badé|website=Wikipedia en español|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rennes ===
A ranar 5 ga Yuli 2021, ya sanya hannu da {{Ill|Stade Rennais FC|en|Stade Rennais FC}} kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar. A lokacin zamansa a Rennes, ya samu damar buga wasanni a gasar Turai, ciki har da UEFA Europa Conference League. Ya ci ƙwallonsa ta farko a matakin ƙwararru yayin da yake tare da Rennes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Bad%C3%A9|title=Loïc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Bad%C3%A9|title=Loïc) Badé - Rennes|website=Wikipedia|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Aro zuwa Nottingham Forest ====
A watan Satumban 2022, Badé ya koma ƙungiyar {{Ill|Nottingham Forest|en|Nottingham Forest F.C.}} ta Ingila aro domin taka leda a Premier League. Sai dai bai samu damar buga wasa ba saboda matsalolin rauni da kuma rashin dacewa da tsarin ƙungiyar. Daga bisani an kawo ƙarshen aron nasa a farkon shekarar 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=[https://www.premierleague.com/players/75686/Lo%C3%AFc-Bad%C3%A9/overview|title=Loïc](https://www.premierleague.com/players/75686/Lo%C3%AFc-Bad%C3%A9/overview|title=Loïc) Badé Overview|website=Premier League|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sevilla ===
A watan Janairun 2023, Badé ya koma {{Ill|Sevilla FC|en|Sevilla FC}} aro daga Rennes. Ya taka rawa sosai wajen taimakawa Sevilla lashe gasar UEFA Europa League ta 2022–23, inda ma ya ci ƙwallo a wasan daf da na kusa da na ƙarshe da Manchester United. Bajintarsa ta sa Sevilla ta saye shi dindindin bayan kammala yarjejeniyar aro.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Bad%C3%A9|title=Loïc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Bad%C3%A9|title=Loïc) Badé - Sevilla|website=Wikipedia|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin da yake Sevilla, Badé ya zama ginshiƙin tsaron ƙungiyar, kuma ya jawo hankalin manyan kungiyoyi daga Ingila da Jamus. Rahotanni daga kafafen yada labarai sun bayyana cewa Liverpool da Roma sun nuna sha'awar ɗaukar sa saboda ƙwarewarsa wajen kare baya da kuma iya fara gina hari daga baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=[https://as.com/futbol/primera/el-liverpool-apunta-a-bade-n/|title=El](https://as.com/futbol/primera/el-liverpool-apunta-a-bade-n/|title=El) Liverpool apunta a Badé|website=Diario AS|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bayer Leverkusen ===
A watan Agustan 2025, Badé ya koma {{Ill|Bayer Leverkusen|en|Bayer Leverkusen}} ta Jamus kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar. Kungiyar ta bayyana cewa an ɗauke shi domin ƙarfafa bangaren tsaro bayan barin wasu manyan 'yan wasa daga kulob din. Ya fara taka rawar gani a Bundesliga tun bayan zuwansa Jamus.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=[https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/leverkusen-sign-france-defender-lois-bade-sevilla-on-five-year-deal-2025-08-21/|title=Leverkusen](https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/leverkusen-sign-france-defender-lois-bade-sevilla-on-five-year-deal-2025-08-21/|title=Leverkusen) sign France defender Loic Bade from Sevilla|publisher=Reuters|date=21 Agusta 2025|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'ar kasa da kasa ==
Badé ya fara bugawa tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 21 ta Faransa wasa a shekarar 2021. Daga baya ya shiga tawagar Faransa ta Olympics a gasar Olympics ta Paris 2024, inda suka kai wasan ƙarshe kuma suka lashe lambar azurfa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=[https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Bad%C3%A9|title=Loïc](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Bad%C3%A9|title=Loïc) Badé|website=Wikipédia em português|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 8 ga Yuni 2025, ya fara bugawa babbar tawagar ƙasar Faransa wasa a karon farko a wasan Nations League da Jamus. Wannan ya nuna ci gaba a rayuwarsa ta ƙwallon ƙafa bayan shekaru na kokari a manyan kulob din Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Bad%C3%A9|title=Loïc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Bad%C3%A9|title=Loïc) Badé - International career|website=Wikipedia|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon wasa ==
Ana kallon Loïc Badé a matsayin mai tsaron baya mai ƙarfi da iya taka leda cikin natsuwa. Yana da tsayi sosai wanda ke taimaka masa wajen cin ƙwallon sama da dakatar da hare-hare. Haka kuma yana da ƙwarewa wajen fara kai hari daga baya ta hanyar kyawawan dogayen pase-pase. Masana ƙwallon ƙafa sun yaba masa saboda nutsuwarsa da kuma iya karanta wasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=[https://theanalyst.com/players/1795/loic-bade|title=Loïc](https://theanalyst.com/players/1795/loic-bade|title=Loïc) Badé Stats and Profile|website=Opta Analyst|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nasarori ==
=== Sevilla ===

* UEFA Europa League: 2022–23&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Bad%C3%A9|title=Loïc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Bad%C3%A9|title=Loïc) Badé Honours|website=Wikipedia|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Faransa Olympic ===

* Lambar Azurfa ta O

==manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Luciano Galletti</title>
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'''Luciano Martín Galletti''' (Spanish pronunciation: [luˈsjano ɣaˈleti]; an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 1980) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Argentina da ya yi ritaya wanda ya yi wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan dama.{{IPA|es|luˈsjano ɣaˈleti}}{{IPA|es|luˈsjano ɣaˈleti}}{{IPA|es|luˈsjano ɣaˈleti}}

A cikin aikinsa na ƙwararru wanda ya ɗauki shekaru 14, ya buga wasa galibi a Spain, tare da Zaragoza da [[Atlético Madrid]], amma kuma ya wakilci Olympiacos, inda ya lashe manyan kofuna biyar tare da ƙungiyar ta ƙarshe. An kuma yi masa ritaya daga 2010 zuwa 2013, kafin ya koma aiki tare da OFI .

Galletti, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Argentina a shekarun 2000, ya bayyana tare da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa a gasar cin kofin Confederation Cup ta 2005 .

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Shekarun farko da Italiya ===
An haife shi a La Plata, Lardin Buenos Aires, Galletti ya fara aikinsa ne da Estudiantes de La Plata, inda mahaifinsa Rubén Horacio ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na gefen dama a shekarun 1970.  &lt;ref name=&quot;VAVEL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 December 2012 |title=Yo jugué en el Real Zaragoza: Luciano Galletti |trans-title=I played for Real Zaragoza: Luciano Galletti |url=https://www.vavel.com/es/futbol/real-zaragoza/205114.html |access-date=14 December 2017 |publisher=[[Vavel]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zura kwallaye sau ɗaya a wasanni 24 a kakar wasa ta biyu a Primera División .

A watan Janairun 1999, Galletti ya koma Parma AC a Italiya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 November 1998 |title=Galletti al Parma |trans-title=Galletti to Parma |url=http://www2.raisport.rai.it/news/rubriche/cmercato/199811/11/3649c67404c65/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215000530/http://www2.raisport.rai.it/news/rubriche/cmercato/199811/11/3649c67404c65/ |archive-date=15 December 2017 |access-date=14 December 2017 |publisher=[[Rai Sport 2]] |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma ya kasa shiga ƙungiyar farko, inda ya koma wata ƙungiya a ƙasar, SSC Napoli ta Serie B - wacce Estudiantes ya ba aro, inda zai koma don kakar wasa ta 2000-01 .

=== Zaragoza ===
Galletti ya rattaba hannu da Real Zaragoza daga Spain a lokacin hutun kakar wasa ta 2001. Ya fara buga gasar [[La Liga]] a ranar 26 ga Agusta a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun RCD Espanyol da ci 1-2,  kuma ya kammala shekararsa ta farko da wasanni 27 da kwallaye biyu yayin da kakar wasa ta kare a matakin faduwa daga gasar.

Daga nan zuwa gaba, Galletti ya zama ɗan wasan farko a ƙungiyar Aragonese, bai taɓa fitowa a gasa ƙasa da 34 ba a sauran lokacin da ya yi wasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;VAVEL&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 2003–04 ya taimaka musu lashe Copa del Rey, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] da ci 3-2 a ƙarin lokaci . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2004 |title=Beckham misses out on Cup |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/3516028.stm |access-date=9 August 2012 |publisher=[[BBC Sport]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Atletico Madrid ===
A ranar 29 ga Yuli 2005, Galletti ya koma ƙungiyar [[Atlético Madrid|Atletico Madrid]] ta ƙasar Spain kan Yuro miliyan 4. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 July 2005 |title=Galletti arrives at Atlético |url=https://www.uefa.com/news/0254-0d7b399bd3d6-e9dcf4f99442-1000--galletti-arrives-at-atletico/ |access-date=26 July 2007 |publisher=UEFA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a gasar a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, inda ya kammala cin kwallaye a gida a wasan da suka yi da Cádiz CF (3-0). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 October 2005 |title=Atlético Madrid 3–0 Cádiz |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report/_/id/190177?cc=5739 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103065311/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report/_/id/190177?cc=5739 |archive-date=3 January 2013 |access-date=9 August 2012 |publisher=[[ESPN FC|ESPN Soccernet]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kakar wasa ta biyu da ya yi da ''Colchoneros'', Galletti ya zura kwallaye hudu a wasanni 36 yayin da suka kare a matsayi na bakwai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 May 2017 |title=Qué fue de… 21. Galletti |trans-title=What happened to… 21. Galletti |url=https://www.estoesatleti.es/2017/05/que-fue-de-21-galletti/ |access-date=14 December 2017 |publisher=Esto es Atleti |language=es |archive-date=15 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215001016/https://www.estoesatleti.es/2017/05/que-fue-de-21-galletti/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Olympiakos ===
A ranar 30 ga Yuni 2007, an mayar da Galletti zuwa Olympiacos FC da ke Girka, kan kuɗin da aka ruwaito na Yuro miliyan 2.5, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 June 2007 |title=Galletti lured by European goal |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/025a-0eaa408037f3-cc3f356f5b0c-1000--galletti-lured-by-european-goal/ |access-date=26 July 2007 |publisher=UEFA}}&lt;/ref&gt; inda ɗan wasan ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu tare da albashin shekara-shekara na Yuro miliyan 1.3. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 2009, ya ci ƙwallon Olympiacos ta huɗu a wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin Girka da AEK Athens FC, inda ya bai wa ƙungiyarsa jagora da ci 4-3, amma an kore shi daga wasa nan take kuma ya ga ƙungiyarsa ta daidaita amma daga ƙarshe ta lashe wasan da kuma lashe kofin bayan bugun fenariti mai ban sha'awa; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 May 2009 |title=Olympiakos win Cup in shoot-out |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=1054264.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506050137/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=1054264.html |archive-date=6 May 2009 |access-date=9 August 2012 |publisher=FIFA}}&lt;/ref&gt; bayan wannan kakar wasa ta ƙare kuma ya ba da gudummawa da kwallaye 14 mafi kyau a rayuwarsa don cin nasarar gasar ƙasa, ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin da ya haɗa shi da ƙungiyar Piraeus har zuwa 2013 - sabuwar yarjejeniyar ta ƙunshi kuɗin sakin €15 miliyan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 July 2009 |script-title=el:Ερυθρόλευκος για πάντα ο Γκαλέτι |trans-title=Galletti forever red |url=http://www.olympiacos.org/index.html?#/Article/26063/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802182450/http://www.olympiacos.org/index.html#/Article/26063/ |archive-date=2 August 2009 |access-date=9 July 2009 |publisher=Olympiacos F.C |language=el}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A farkon watan Fabrairun 2010, an gano cewa Galletti yana da matsalar koda mai tsanani, wanda hakan ya sa bai samu damar yin sauran kakar wasa ba. Ya sanar da yin ritayarsa a bazara mai zuwa, yana da shekaru 30 kacal; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 September 2010 |title=Una insuficiencia renal obligó a Galletti a dejar el fútbol profesional |trans-title=Kidney failure forced Galletti to retire from professional football |url=https://www.infobae.com/2010/09/27/538576-una-insuficiencia-renal-obligo-galletti-dejar-el-futbol-profesional/ |access-date=14 December 2017 |publisher=[[Infobae]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; a farkon watan Oktoban 2012, duk da haka, an yi masa dashen koda mai nasara, wanda aka yi wa mai bayar da gudummawar shine mahaifinsa Rubén.  

Galletti ya koma Olympiacos a ranar 3 ga Satumba 2014 bayan ya yi wasa mai ban mamaki a OFI, inda aka naɗa shi ɗan leƙen asiri na Latin Amurka . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 September 2014 |script-title=el:Ανακοίνωση της ΠΑΕ Ολυμπιακός σχετικά με την ένταξη του Λουτσιάνο Γκαλέτι στο τεχνικό τιμ |trans-title=Olympiacos FC announcement on Luciano Galletti's coaching integration |url=http://www.olympiacos.org/article/40341/pae-olympiakos-anakoinosi |access-date=3 September 2014 |publisher=Olympiacos F.C |language=el}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Galletti shine wanda ya fi kowa zura kwallaye a gasar matasa ta Kudancin Amurka ta 1999, inda ya zura kwallaye tara a wasanni takwas kacal, inda ya jagoranci 'yan wasa kamar [[Ronaldinho]] da Roque Santa Cruz yayin da 'yan wasan Argentina 'yan kasa da shekara 20 suka lashe gasar a [[Paraguay]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;VAVEL&quot; /&gt; Ya samu wasanni 13 a dukkan 'yan wasan,  ya fara bugawa a shekarar 2000 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 December 2000 |title=Argentina blank Mexico in friendly |url=http://www.espnfc.us/global/news/2000/1221/20001221argvmexrep.html |access-date=21 January 2019 |publisher=ESPN FC}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an zabe shi cikin 'yan wasan da suka fito a gasar cin kofin FIFA Confederation Cup ta 2005, inda ya buga wasanni uku a gasar da ta zo ta biyu, ciki har da wasan karshe da Brazil .
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]

==manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Luis Acosta (mai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa)</title>
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'''Luis Acosta Mena''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1994) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Spain wanda ke buga wa Marbella a matsayin mai tsaron gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Soccerway|luis-acosta-mena/359425|Luis Acosta}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan kulob din ==
An haife shi a Cádiz, [[Andalusia]], Acosta ya shiga kungiyar matasa ta [[Atlético Madrid|Atletico Madrid]] a 2008 yana da shekaru 14, daga Cádiz CF . &lt;ref name=&quot;FM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 December 2013 |title=El central Luis Acosta cedido al Real Carabanchel |trans-title=Stopper Luis Acosta loaned to Real Carabanchel |url=http://www.futmadrid.com/noticia/el-central-luis-acosta-cedido-al-real-carabanchel.html |access-date=12 November 2016 |publisher=FutMadrid |language=es |archive-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113035304/http://www.futmadrid.com/noticia/el-central-luis-acosta-cedido-al-real-carabanchel.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; An ci gaba da shi zuwa ƙungiyar C a watan Yulin 2013, amma bai taɓa bayyana a gefe ba saboda rauni.

A ranar 19 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013 aka ba da rancen Acosta ga kungiyar RCD Carabanchel ta Tercera División, har zuwa karshen kakar.&lt;ref name=&quot;FM&quot;/&gt; A ranar 8 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, ya shiga CD Olímpic de Xàtiva na Segunda División B . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 August 2014 |title=Luis Acosta ficha por el Olímpic de Xàtiva |trans-title=Luis Acosta signs for Olímpic de Xàtiva |url=https://www.vavel.com/es/futbol/segunda-b/377643-luis-acosta-ficha-por-el-olimpic-de-xtiva.html |access-date=12 November 2016 |publisher=Vavel |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yulin 2015 Acosta ya sanya hannu ga wata kungiya mai ajiya, CF Pobla de Mafumet kuma na rukuni na uku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 July 2015 |title=El CF Pobla de Mafumet fa pública la plantilla de la propera temporada |trans-title=CF Pobla de Mafumet turn public the squad for the next season |url=http://diaridigital.tarragona21.com/el-cf-pobla-de-mafumet-fa-public-la-plantilla-de-la-propera-temporada/ |access-date=12 November 2016 |publisher=Tarragona 21 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara mai zuwa ya koma Getafe CF B na matakin na huɗu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 July 2016 |title=Movimientos en la plantilla del Getafe C.F. &quot;B&quot; de Nano Rivas |trans-title=Movements in Nano Rivas' Getafe C.F. &quot;B&quot; squad |url=http://www.futmadrid.com/noticia/movimientos-en-la-plantilla-del-getafe-c-dot-f-b-de-nano-rivas.html |access-date=12 November 2016 |publisher=FutMadrid |language=es |archive-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113035550/http://www.futmadrid.com/noticia/movimientos-en-la-plantilla-del-getafe-c-dot-f-b-de-nano-rivas.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Acosta ya fara buga wasan farko a ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamba 2016, ya fara kuma an yi rajista a wasan 0-1 da aka yi da Gimnàstic de Tarragona a Segunda División . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 November 2016 |title=Juan Muñiz vale por seis |trans-title=Juan Muñiz worths for six |url=http://www.marca.com/futbol/segunda-division/2016/11/12/58274ad0ca4741b9698b45a1.html |access-date=12 November 2016 |publisher=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya bar ''Geta'' a cikin 24 ga watan Agusta, ya sanya hannu ga CD Eldense a cikin rukuni na huɗu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 August 2017 |title=Luis Acosta, nuevo central para el CD Eldense |trans-title=Luis Acosta, new stopper for CD Eldense |url=http://www.cdeldense.es/luis-acosta-nuevo-central-para-el-cd-eldense/ |access-date=11 September 2018 |publisher=CD Eldense |language=es |archive-date=11 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911191311/http://www.cdeldense.es/luis-acosta-nuevo-central-para-el-cd-eldense/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 25 ga watan Janairun 2018, Acosta ya koma rukuni na uku bayan ya amince da kwangila tare da CDA Navalcarnero . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 January 2018 |title=Luis Acosta, nuevo jugador del CDA Navalcarnero |trans-title=Luis Acosta, new player of CDA Navalcarnero |url=http://www.cdanavalcarnero.es/luis-acosta-nuevo-jugador-del-cda-navalcarnero/ |access-date=11 September 2018 |publisher=CDA Navalcarnero |language=es }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 8 ga watan Yulin, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da 'yan wasan league Burgos CF, amma ya koma CD Guijuelo a aro a ranar 31 ga watan Disamba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 July 2018 |title=Luis Acosta firma por dos temporadas con el Burgos CF |trans-title=Luis Acosta signs for two seasons with Burgos CF |url=http://www.burgoscf.es/ficha/ZC0E5D015-CD9D-68B1-6603CE9881DEE2B8/luis-acosta-firma-por-dos-temporadas-con-el-burgos-cf |access-date=11 September 2018 |publisher=Burgos CF |language=es |archive-date=11 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911191729/http://www.burgoscf.es/ficha/ZC0E5D015-CD9D-68B1-6603CE9881DEE2B8/luis-acosta-firma-por-dos-temporadas-con-el-burgos-cf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 December 2018 |title=El central Luis Acosta, cedido al Guijuelo |trans-title=Stopper Luis Acosta, loaned to Guijuelo |url=https://www.salamanca24horas.com/texto-diario/mostrar/1290468/central-luis-acosta-cedido-guijuelo |publisher=Salamanca 24 Horas |language=es |access-date=10 May 2026 |archive-date=26 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426152934/https://www.salamanca24horas.com/texto-diario/mostrar/1290468/central-luis-acosta-cedido-guijuelo |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2019, bayan ya kwashe watanni na farko na kakar ba tare da kulob ba, Acosta ya sanya hannu ga Kungiyar B ta Albacete Balompié a kashi na huɗu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 November 2019 |title=El Atlético Albacete se ejercita con novedades |trans-title=Atlético Albacete train with novelties |url=http://www.aupaalba.es/2019/11/01/el-atletico-albacete-se-ejercita-con-novedades/ |access-date=19 June 2020 |publisher=Aúpa Alba |language=es |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919080824/http://www.aupaalba.es/2019/11/01/el-atletico-albacete-se-ejercita-con-novedades/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 21 ga watan Satumba, ya koma matsayi na uku bayan ya amince da yarjejeniya da Unionistas de Salamanca CF.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 September 2020 |title=PLANTILLA {{!}} Luis Acosta, nuevo refuerzo para el primer equipo |trans-title=SQUAD {{!}} Luis Acosta, new addition for the first team |url=https://www.unionistascf.com/plantilla-luis-acosta-nuevo-refuerzo-para-el-primer-equipo/ |access-date=25 September 2020 |publisher=Unionistas de Salamanca CF |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 1 ga Yulin 2024, Acosta ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar kakar wasa biyu tare da Marbella a matakin na uku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 July 2024 |title=FICHAJE: LUIS ACOSTA |trans-title=SIGNING: LUIS ACOSTA |url=https://marbellafc.es/fichaje-luis-acosta/ |access-date=12 October 2024 |publisher=Marbella |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kyle Adams (mai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa)</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-19T21:32:18Z</timestamp>
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'''Kyle Adams''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1996) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ne na [[New Zealand]] wanda a halin yanzu ke buga wa Louisville City.

== Ayyuka ==

=== Matasa da kwaleji ===
Adams ya buga shekaru uku na Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Jami'ar Jihar San Diego tsakanin 2015 da 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kyle Adams |url=http://www.goaztecs.com/sports/m-soccer/mtt/kyle_adams_976129.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328062921/http://www.goaztecs.com/sports/m-soccer/mtt/kyle_adams_976129.html |archive-date=28 March 2018 |access-date=17 April 2020 |website=goaztecs.com |publisher=CBS Interactive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayinda yake a kwaleji, Adams ya taka leda tare da kungiyoyin USL PDL FC Tucson &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=FC Tucson - 2016 Regular Season - Roster - Kyle Adams |url=https://www.uslpdl.com/roster_players/12301360 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317233306/https://www.uslpdl.com/roster_players/12301360 |archive-date=17 March 2018 |access-date=17 April 2020 |website=uslpdl.com |publisher=USL PDL}}&lt;/ref&gt; da SoCal Surf.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Southern California Surf - 2017 Regular Season - Roster - Kyle Adams |url=https://www.uslpdl.com/roster_players/18033450 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317232030/https://www.uslpdl.com/roster_players/18033450 |archive-date=17 March 2018 |access-date=17 April 2020 |website=uslpdl.com |publisher=USL PDL}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kwararru ===

==== Rio Grande Valley FC ====
Adams ya shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta United Soccer League ta Rio Grande Valley FC Toros a ranar 18 ga watan Janairun 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Communications |first=Toros |date=18 January 2018 |title=RGV FC Adds 10 Players to Roster Ahead of 2018 Season |url=https://www.rgvfc.com/news_article/show/877425 |access-date=17 March 2018 |publisher= |archive-date=17 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317233344/https://www.rgvfc.com/news_article/show/877425 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara aikinsa na farko a ranar 16 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2018 a wasan 1-1 tare da Saint Louis FC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rio Grande Valley FC vs Saint Louis FC |url=https://www.uslsoccer.com/riograndevalleyfc-saintlouisfc-971218 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317102331/https://www.uslsoccer.com/riograndevalleyfc-saintlouisfc-971218 |archive-date=17 March 2018 |access-date=17 March 2018 |website=uslsoccer.com |publisher=United Soccer League}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya buga wasanni 25 tare da Toros a lokacin kakar wasa ta farko. A ranar 20 ga watan Yulin 2019, Adams ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Toros a minti na 90 don ba RGVFC nasarar 2-1 a kan Jamhuriyar Sacramento.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kyle Adams 2019 Match Logs |url=https://fbref.com/en/players/759a31cd/matchlogs/2019/Kyle-Adams-Match-Logs |access-date=26 January 2020 |website=FBref.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adams ya yi aiki a matsayin kyaftin din RGVFC a lokacin kakar 2019. A cikin kakar an inganta Adams zuwa kungiyar MLS ta Toro Houston Dynamo a kan rance na gajeren lokaci, amma bai bayyana a kowane wasa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=24 January 2020 |title=Houston Dynamo sign defender Kyle Adams |url=https://www.houstondynamo.com/post/2020/01/24/houston-dynamo-sign-defender-kyle-adams |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=25 January 2020 |website=houstondynamo.com |publisher=Houston Dynamo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Houston Dynamo ====
A ranar 25 ga watan Janairun 2020, Adams ya sanya hannu tare da Houston Dynamo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; An ba da rancensa ga RGVFC a cikin 2020, inda ya buga wasanni 9 a cikin gajeren lokacin saboda cutar ta COVID-19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kyle Adams 2020 Match Logs |url=https://fbref.com/en/players/759a31cd/matchlogs/2020/summary/Kyle-Adams-Match-Logs |access-date=2020-11-11 |website=FBref.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Houston ta ki amincewa da zaɓin kwangilarsa bayan kakar 2020 ta yi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Houston Dynamo FC exercise 2021 contract options on 10 players &amp;#124; Houston Dynamo |url=https://www.houstondynamofc.com/post/2020/12/01/houston-dynamo-fc-exercise-2021-contract-options-10-players}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kididdigar aiki ==

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]]</text>
      <sha1>bvip3chgetc9f5r0w48cnoysow790v2</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Liu Huana</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-20T04:22:27Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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'''Liu Huana''' ( simplified Chinese      ; an haife ta a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 1981, a Shandong ) 'yar wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ce [[Sin|ta ƙasar Sin]] wadda ta fafata a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2004 .

A shekarar 2004, ta kasance memba a ƙungiyar 'yan wasan China waɗanda suka kare a matsayi na tara a [[Kwallon ƙafa a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2004 - Gasar mata|gasar mata]] .

== Manufofin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!A'a.
! Kwanan wata
! Wuri
! Abokin hamayya
! Ci
! Sakamako
! Gasar
|-
| 1.
| 14 Nuwamba 2010
| Filin wasa na Babban Ilimi na Guangzhou Mega Center Central Stadium, [[Guangzhou]], [[Sin|China]]
|{{Fbw|JOR}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''8''' – 1
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 10–1
| Wasannin Asiya na 2010
|-
|}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://sports.yahoo.com/olympics/athens2004/chn/Huana+Liu/364778 bayanin martaba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014135749/https://sports.yahoo.com/olympics/athens2004/chn/Huana+Liu/364778 |date=2012-10-14 }}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]]
==manazarta==</text>
      <sha1>dq4yxae3ozmb7aw9nzlsi56ojryflto</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Luis Manuel Orejuela</title>
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      <id>861751</id>
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'''Luis Manuel Orejuela García''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Agusta 1995) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Colombia wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya na dama]] ga Deportivo Cali .

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Deportivo Cali ===
An haife shi a Cali, Orejuela ya wakilci Deportivo Cali a lokacin ƙuruciya. Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyarsa ta farko a ranar 7 ga Agusta 2013 yana da shekaru 18, inda ya fara da kunnen doki 1-1 a Copa Colombia da Unión Magdalena . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 March 2019 |title=¿Quién es Luis Orejuela, el lateral convocado por Queiroz? |trans-title=Who is Luis Orejuela, the full back called up by Queiroz? |url=https://colombia.as.com/colombia/2019/03/14/futbol/1552521628_346953.html |access-date=17 December 2019 |publisher=[[Diario AS]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Orejuela ya fara buga wasa a Categoría Primera A a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 2014, inda ya buga cikakken minti 90 a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Millonarios da ci 1-0. [1] Da farko ya zama dan wasa mai tsaron baya, ya zama dan wasan farko a kungiyar tun daga kakar wasa ta 2016; ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a babban wasa a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba na wannan shekarar, inda ya zura kwallon farko a wasan da suka doke Rionegro Águilas da ci 3-1 a waje. [2]

=== Ajax ===
A ranar 11 ga Agusta 2017, Orejuela ya koma ƙasar waje ya kuma sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar da ƙungiyar Ajax ta Eredivisie . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 August 2017 |title=Ajax signs Luis Manuel Orejuela |url=https://english.ajax.nl/streams/ajax-now/ajax-signs-luis-manuel-orejuela-.htm |access-date=17 December 2019 |publisher=AFC Ajax}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da farko an tura shi zuwa ƙungiyar 'yan wasa ta Eerste Divisie, ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyarsa ta farko a ranar 20 ga Satumba, inda ya fara da wasan SVV Scheveningen da ci 5-1 a waje don gasar cin kofin KNVB . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 September 2017 |title=Dolberg leads Ajax to 2nd round KNVB Cup |url=https://english.ajax.nl/streams/ajax-now/dolberg-leads-ajax-to-2nd-round-knvb-cup-.htm |access-date=17 December 2019 |publisher=AFC Ajax}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Orejuela ya fara buga wasa a Eredivisie a ranar 17 ga Disamba 2017, inda ya maye gurbin Deyovaisio Zeefuik a hutun rabin lokaci a wasan da suka doke AZ Alkmaar da ci 2-1 a waje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 December 2017 |title=AZ Alkmaar vs. Ajax |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/12/17/netherlands/eredivisie/stichting-az/afc-ajax/2462489/ |access-date=23 June 2021 |website=soccerway.com |publisher=Perform Group}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cruzeiro ===
A ranar 8 ga Janairun 2019, Orejuela ya koma Cruzeiro a matsayin aro har zuwa Disamba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 January 2019 |title=Ajax loans out Luis Orejuela to Cruzeiro Esporte Clube |url=https://english.ajax.nl/streams/ajax-now/ajax-loans-out-luis-orejuela-to-cruzeiro-esporte-clube-.htm?_ga=2.267762638.1198844661.1551970408-1087441787.1551970408 |access-date=7 March 2019 |publisher=AFC Ajax}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da farko ya kasance mai goyon bayan Edílson, ya zama dan wasan farko na yau da kullun yayin da kungiyarsa ta fuskanci koma baya a karon farko a tarihin kungiyar. A karshen shekarar, Cruzeiro ta yi amfani da zabinta na sayen Orejuela, inda ta biya dala miliyan 1.5 don kashi 50% na hakkokinsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 December 2019 |title=Cruzeiro exerce preferência e anuncia compra de parte dos direitos de Orejuela |url=https://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/times/cruzeiro/noticia/cruzeiro-exerce-preferencia-e-anuncia-compra-de-parte-dos-direitos-de-orejuela.ghtml |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=Globoesporte |language=pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Lamuni (Grêmio) ====
A ranar 17 ga Janairun 2020, Orejuela ya koma Grêmio a matsayin aro. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 January 2020 |title=Grêmio anuncia contratação do lateral Orejuela, do Cruzeiro |url=https://globoesporte.globo.com/google/amp/rs/futebol/times/gremio/noticia/gremio-anuncia-contratacao-do-lateral-orejuela-do-cruzeiro.ghtml |access-date=17 January 2020 |website=Globoesporte |language=pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sao Paulo ===
A kan 11 Maris 2021, Orejuela ya sanya hannu tare da São Paulo . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 March 2021 |title=São Paulo anuncia contratação do lateral-direito Orejuela, ex-Grêmio e Cruzeiro, até 2025 |trans-title=São Paulo announces signing of right-back Orejuela, formerly of Grêmio and Cruzeiro, until 2025 |url=https://www.espn.com.br/futebol/artigo/_/id/8308616/sao-paulo-anuncia-contratacao-do-lateral-direito-orejuela-ex-gremio-e-cruzeiro-ate-2025 |access-date=11 March 2021 |website=ESPN.com |language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Orejuela ya wakilci Colombia a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 kafin a kira shi zuwa ga cikakken ɗan wasan a ranar 13 ga Maris 2019, don buga wasannin sada zumunci guda biyu da Japan da Koriya ta Kudu . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 March 2019 |title=Carlos Queiroz convocó a Luis Manuel Orejuela tras la lesión de Santiago Arias |trans-title=Carlos Queiroz called up Luis Manuel Orejuela after the injury of Santiago Arias |url=https://www.elespectador.com/deportes/futbol-colombiano/carlos-queiroz-convoco-luis-manuel-orejuela-tras-la-lesion-de-santiago-arias-articulo-844835 |access-date=17 December 2019 |publisher=[[El Espectador]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a duniya a ranar 26 ga Maris, inda ya fara da rashin nasara 2-1 a hannun na biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 March 2019 |title=Orejuela hizo un &quot;partidazo&quot; ante Corea, según Queiroz |trans-title=Orejuela played &quot;superbly&quot; against Korea, according to Queiroz |url=https://www.antena2.com.co/futbol/amistosos/orejuela-hizo-un-partidazo-ante-corea-segun-queiroz |access-date=17 December 2019 |publisher=Antena 2 |language=es |archive-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217203547/https://www.antena2.com.co/futbol/amistosos/orejuela-hizo-un-partidazo-ante-corea-segun-queiroz |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==

=== Kulob ===
{{Updated|16 September 2020.}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Soccerway|luis-manuel-orejuela-garcia/306588|accessdate=17 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kulob
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kakar wasa
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Gasar League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kofi
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Nahiyar Nahiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Wani
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimilla
|-
! Sashe
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; | Deportivo Cali
| 2013
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | Nau'in Primera A
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| 1
| 0
|-
| 2014
| 1
| 0
| 1
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| 2
| 0
|-
| 2015
| 4
| 0
| 2
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| 6
| 0
|-
| 2016
| 24
| 1
| 4
| 0
| 1 
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| 29
| 1
|-
| 2017
| 25
| 2
| 5
| 1
| 4 
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| 34
| 3
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimilla
! 54
! 3
! 13
! 1
! 5
! 0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
! 72
! 4
|-
| valign=&quot;center&quot; | Jong Ajax
| 2017–18
| Eerste Division
| 16
| 1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| 16
| 1
|-
| valign=&quot;center&quot; | Ajax
| 2017–18
| Eredivisie
| 1
| 0
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| 4
| 0
|-
| valign=&quot;center&quot; | Cruzeiro (lamuni)
| 2019
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; | Sire A
| 23
| 2
| 3
| 0
| 4 &lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; name=&quot;COL&quot; /&gt;
| 0
| 5 
| 0
| 35
| 2
|-
| valign=&quot;center&quot; | Lamuni (Grêmio )
| 2020
| 9
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 1 &lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; name=&quot;COL&quot; /&gt;
| 0
| 7 
| 0
| 17
| 0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | '''Jimillar aiki'''
! 103
! 5
! 19
! 1
! 10
! 0
! 12
! 0
! 144
! 7
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Julian Rijkhoff</title>
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      <id>861317</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-19T15:36:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351576576|Julian Rijkhoff]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Julian Dean Rijkhoff''' (born 25 January 2005) is a Dutch professional [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|footballer]] who plays as a forward for Eerste Divisie club Almere City, on loan from Ajax.&lt;ref name=&quot;ajax&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ajax signs Julian Rijkhoff |url=https://www.ajax.nl/articles/ajax-signs-julian-rijkhoff |website=www.ajax.nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Club career ==
Rijkhoff started his career with local side FC Purmerend, before a move to Ajax in 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tittmar |first=Jochen |date=17 December 2021 |title=BVB - &quot;Selbst im Profibereich sehr selten&quot;: So schlägt sich U19-Talent Julian Rijkhoff bei Borussia Dortmund |trans-title=BVB - &quot;Even in the professional field very rarely&quot;: This is how U19 talent Julian Rijkhoff does at Borussia Dortmund |url=https://www.spox.com/de/sport/fussball/nachwuchs/2112/Artikel/bvb-so-schlaegt-sich-u-19-talent-julian-rijkhoff-bei-borussia-dortmund-ftr.html |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=spox.com |language=German}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2021 he made a controversial move to Germany to sign for Borussia Dortmund, with Dutch footballing legend [[Marco van Basten]] criticising the deal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tittmar |first=Jochen |date=21 December 2021 |title=Julian Rijkhoff: Dortmund's Dutch wonderkid who is likened to Lewandowski |url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/julian-rijkhoff-dortmund-dutch-wonderkid-likened-lewandowski/bltee44e0bd30e34589 |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In September 2022, he was named by English newspaper ''The Guardian'' as one of the best players born in 2005 worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christenson |first=Marcus |last2=Bloor |first2=Steven |last3=Blight |first3=Garry |date=28 September 2022 |title=Next Generation 2022: 60 of the best young talents in world football |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/ng-interactive/2022/sep/28/next-generation-2022-60-of-the-best-young-talents-in-world-football |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In January 2024, Rijkhoff returned to Ajax.&lt;ref name=&quot;ajax&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ajax signs Julian Rijkhoff |url=https://www.ajax.nl/articles/ajax-signs-julian-rijkhoff |website=www.ajax.nl}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.ajax.nl/articles/ajax-signs-julian-rijkhoff &quot;Ajax signs Julian Rijkhoff&quot;]. ''www.ajax.nl''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

On 22 June 2025, Rijkhoff moved on loan to Almere City.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 June 2025 |title=Julian Rijkhoff op huurbasis naar Almere City FC |trans-title=Julian Rijkhoff on loan to Almere City FC |url=https://almerecity.nl/almere-city-1/julian-rijkhoff-op-huurbasis-naar-almere-city-fc/ |access-date=26 July 2025 |publisher=Almere City FC |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Career statistics ==
{{Updated|match played 20 December 2025}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Soccerway|julian-rijkhoff/721775}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Europe
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Jong Ajax
|2023–24
|Eerste Divisie
|12
|6
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12
|6
|-
|2024–25
|Eerste Divisie
|29
|9
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|29
|9
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!41
!15
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!41
!15
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ajax
|2023–24
|Eredivisie
|8
|0
|0
|0
|2{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa Conference League]]|name=UECL}}
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|10
|0
|-
|2024–25
|Eredivisie
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]|name=UEL}}
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!8
!0
!0
!0
!3
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!11
!0
|-
|Almere City (loan)
|2025–26
|Eerste Divisie
|20
|10
|2
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|22
|12
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!69
!25
!2
!2
!3
!0
!0
!0
!74
!27
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Notes ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Notelist}}

== References ==

== External links ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]]</text>
      <sha1>6nmf5fuw343n1gqichhxger103kis1r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861318</id>
      <parentid>861317</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T15:40:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>inganta muqala</comment>
      <origin>861318</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4245" sha1="pgqyqi0r2bpsyljql7z8y195l44lymt" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''Julian Dean Rijkhoff''' Julian Dean Rijkhoff an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Janairu 2005 ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Holland wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar Eerste Divisie ta Almere City, a matsayin aro daga Ajax. &lt;ref name=&quot;ajax&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ajax signs Julian Rijkhoff |url=https://www.ajax.nl/articles/ajax-signs-julian-rijkhoff |website=www.ajax.nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Club career ==
Rijkhoff started his career with local side FC Purmerend, before a move to Ajax in 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tittmar |first=Jochen |date=17 December 2021 |title=BVB - &quot;Selbst im Profibereich sehr selten&quot;: So schlägt sich U19-Talent Julian Rijkhoff bei Borussia Dortmund |trans-title=BVB - &quot;Even in the professional field very rarely&quot;: This is how U19 talent Julian Rijkhoff does at Borussia Dortmund |url=https://www.spox.com/de/sport/fussball/nachwuchs/2112/Artikel/bvb-so-schlaegt-sich-u-19-talent-julian-rijkhoff-bei-borussia-dortmund-ftr.html |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=spox.com |language=German}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2021 he made a controversial move to Germany to sign for Borussia Dortmund, with Dutch footballing legend [[Marco van Basten]] criticising the deal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tittmar |first=Jochen |date=21 December 2021 |title=Julian Rijkhoff: Dortmund's Dutch wonderkid who is likened to Lewandowski |url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/julian-rijkhoff-dortmund-dutch-wonderkid-likened-lewandowski/bltee44e0bd30e34589 |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In September 2022, he was named by English newspaper ''The Guardian'' as one of the best players born in 2005 worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christenson |first=Marcus |last2=Bloor |first2=Steven |last3=Blight |first3=Garry |date=28 September 2022 |title=Next Generation 2022: 60 of the best young talents in world football |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/ng-interactive/2022/sep/28/next-generation-2022-60-of-the-best-young-talents-in-world-football |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In January 2024, Rijkhoff returned to Ajax.&lt;ref name=&quot;ajax&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ajax signs Julian Rijkhoff |url=https://www.ajax.nl/articles/ajax-signs-julian-rijkhoff |website=www.ajax.nl}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.ajax.nl/articles/ajax-signs-julian-rijkhoff &quot;Ajax signs Julian Rijkhoff&quot;]. ''www.ajax.nl''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

On 22 June 2025, Rijkhoff moved on loan to Almere City.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 June 2025 |title=Julian Rijkhoff op huurbasis naar Almere City FC |trans-title=Julian Rijkhoff on loan to Almere City FC |url=https://almerecity.nl/almere-city-1/julian-rijkhoff-op-huurbasis-naar-almere-city-fc/ |access-date=26 July 2025 |publisher=Almere City FC |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Career statistics ==
{{Updated|match played 20 December 2025}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Soccerway|julian-rijkhoff/721775}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Europe
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Jong Ajax
|2023–24
|Eerste Divisie
|12
|6
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12
|6
|-
|2024–25
|Eerste Divisie
|29
|9
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|29
|9
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!41
!15
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!41
!15
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ajax
|2023–24
|Eredivisie
|8
|0
|0
|0
|2{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa Conference League]]|name=UECL}}
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|10
|0
|-
|2024–25
|Eredivisie
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]|name=UEL}}
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!8
!0
!0
!0
!3
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!11
!0
|-
|Almere City (loan)
|2025–26
|Eerste Divisie
|20
|10
|2
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|22
|12
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!69
!25
!2
!2
!3
!0
!0
!0
!74
!27
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Notes ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Notelist}}

== References ==

== External links ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]]</text>
      <sha1>pgqyqi0r2bpsyljql7z8y195l44lymt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861319</id>
      <parentid>861318</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T15:41:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>gyara</comment>
      <origin>861319</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4158" sha1="h077os1t5czutv1yvloaolkb6fq0812" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''Julian Dean Rijkhoff''' Julian Dean Rijkhoff an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Janairu 2005 ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Holland wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar Eerste Divisie ta Almere City, a matsayin aro daga Ajax. &lt;ref name=&quot;ajax&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ajax signs Julian Rijkhoff |url=https://www.ajax.nl/articles/ajax-signs-julian-rijkhoff |website=www.ajax.nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kulob ==
 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tittmar |first=Jochen |date=17 December 2021 |title=BVB - &quot;Selbst im Profibereich sehr selten&quot;: So schlägt sich U19-Talent Julian Rijkhoff bei Borussia Dortmund |trans-title=BVB - &quot;Even in the professional field very rarely&quot;: This is how U19 talent Julian Rijkhoff does at Borussia Dortmund |url=https://www.spox.com/de/sport/fussball/nachwuchs/2112/Artikel/bvb-so-schlaegt-sich-u-19-talent-julian-rijkhoff-bei-borussia-dortmund-ftr.html |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=spox.com |language=German}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2021 he made a controversial move to Germany to sign for Borussia Dortmund, with Dutch footballing legend [[Marco van Basten]] criticising the deal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tittmar |first=Jochen |date=21 December 2021 |title=Julian Rijkhoff: Dortmund's Dutch wonderkid who is likened to Lewandowski |url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/julian-rijkhoff-dortmund-dutch-wonderkid-likened-lewandowski/bltee44e0bd30e34589 |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In September 2022, he was named by English newspaper ''The Guardian'' as one of the best players born in 2005 worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christenson |first=Marcus |last2=Bloor |first2=Steven |last3=Blight |first3=Garry |date=28 September 2022 |title=Next Generation 2022: 60 of the best young talents in world football |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/ng-interactive/2022/sep/28/next-generation-2022-60-of-the-best-young-talents-in-world-football |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In January 2024, Rijkhoff returned to Ajax.&lt;ref name=&quot;ajax&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ajax signs Julian Rijkhoff |url=https://www.ajax.nl/articles/ajax-signs-julian-rijkhoff |website=www.ajax.nl}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.ajax.nl/articles/ajax-signs-julian-rijkhoff &quot;Ajax signs Julian Rijkhoff&quot;]. ''www.ajax.nl''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

On 22 June 2025, Rijkhoff moved on loan to Almere City.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 June 2025 |title=Julian Rijkhoff op huurbasis naar Almere City FC |trans-title=Julian Rijkhoff on loan to Almere City FC |url=https://almerecity.nl/almere-city-1/julian-rijkhoff-op-huurbasis-naar-almere-city-fc/ |access-date=26 July 2025 |publisher=Almere City FC |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Career statistics ==
{{Updated|match played 20 December 2025}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Soccerway|julian-rijkhoff/721775}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Europe
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Jong Ajax
|2023–24
|Eerste Divisie
|12
|6
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12
|6
|-
|2024–25
|Eerste Divisie
|29
|9
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|29
|9
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!41
!15
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!41
!15
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ajax
|2023–24
|Eredivisie
|8
|0
|0
|0
|2{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa Conference League]]|name=UECL}}
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|10
|0
|-
|2024–25
|Eredivisie
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]|name=UEL}}
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!8
!0
!0
!0
!3
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!11
!0
|-
|Almere City (loan)
|2025–26
|Eerste Divisie
|20
|10
|2
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|22
|12
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!69
!25
!2
!2
!3
!0
!0
!0
!74
!27
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Notes ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Notelist}}

== References ==

== External links ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]]</text>
      <sha1>h077os1t5czutv1yvloaolkb6fq0812</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861326</id>
      <parentid>861319</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T15:49:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>inganta muqala</comment>
      <origin>861326</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4380" sha1="7wca2f2a3j6n0qb9pp297ps9zj29ibv" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''Julian Dean Rijkhoff''' Julian Dean Rijkhoff an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Janairu 2005 ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Holland wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar Eerste Divisie ta Almere City, a matsayin aro daga Ajax. &lt;ref name=&quot;ajax&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ajax signs Julian Rijkhoff |url=https://www.ajax.nl/articles/ajax-signs-julian-rijkhoff |website=www.ajax.nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kulob ==
Rijkhoff ya fara aikinsa ne da ƙungiyar FC Purmerend ta gida, kafin ya koma Ajax a shekarar 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tittmar |first=Jochen |date=17 December 2021 |title=BVB - &quot;Selbst im Profibereich sehr selten&quot;: So schlägt sich U19-Talent Julian Rijkhoff bei Borussia Dortmund |trans-title=BVB - &quot;Even in the professional field very rarely&quot;: This is how U19 talent Julian Rijkhoff does at Borussia Dortmund |url=https://www.spox.com/de/sport/fussball/nachwuchs/2112/Artikel/bvb-so-schlaegt-sich-u-19-talent-julian-rijkhoff-bei-borussia-dortmund-ftr.html |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=spox.com |language=German}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2021 ya yi wani abin cece-kuce game da komawa Jamus don sanya hannu a Borussia Dortmund, inda fitaccen ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Holland [[Marco van Basten]] ya soki yarjejeniyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tittmar |first=Jochen |date=21 December 2021 |title=Julian Rijkhoff: Dortmund's Dutch wonderkid who is likened to Lewandowski |url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/julian-rijkhoff-dortmund-dutch-wonderkid-likened-lewandowski/bltee44e0bd30e34589 |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;


A watan Satumba na 2022, jaridar Ingila mai suna 'The Guardian' ta nada shi a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasa da aka haifa a shekarar 2005 a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christenson |first=Marcus |last2=Bloor |first2=Steven |last3=Blight |first3=Garry |date=28 September 2022 |title=Next Generation 2022: 60 of the best young talents in world football |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/ng-interactive/2022/sep/28/next-generation-2022-60-of-the-best-young-talents-in-world-football |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Janairun 2024, Rijkhoff ya koma Ajax. &lt;ref name=&quot;ajax&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ajax signs Julian Rijkhoff |url=https://www.ajax.nl/articles/ajax-signs-julian-rijkhoff |website=www.ajax.nl}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.ajax.nl/articles/ajax-signs-julian-rijkhoff &quot;Ajax signs Julian Rijkhoff&quot;]. ''www.ajax.nl''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 22 ga Yuni 2025, Rijkhoff ya koma Almere City a matsayin aro. 
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 June 2025 |title=Julian Rijkhoff op huurbasis naar Almere City FC |trans-title=Julian Rijkhoff on loan to Almere City FC |url=https://almerecity.nl/almere-city-1/julian-rijkhoff-op-huurbasis-naar-almere-city-fc/ |access-date=26 July 2025 |publisher=Almere City FC |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Career statistics ==
{{Updated|match played 20 December 2025}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Soccerway|julian-rijkhoff/721775}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Europe
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Jong Ajax
|2023–24
|Eerste Divisie
|12
|6
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12
|6
|-
|2024–25
|Eerste Divisie
|29
|9
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|29
|9
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!41
!15
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!41
!15
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ajax
|2023–24
|Eredivisie
|8
|0
|0
|0
|2{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa Conference League]]|name=UECL}}
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|10
|0
|-
|2024–25
|Eredivisie
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]|name=UEL}}
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!8
!0
!0
!0
!3
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!11
!0
|-
|Almere City (loan)
|2025–26
|Eerste Divisie
|20
|10
|2
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|22
|12
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!69
!25
!2
!2
!3
!0
!0
!0
!74
!27
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Bayanan kula ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Notelist}}

== Manazarta ==

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]]</text>
      <sha1>7wca2f2a3j6n0qb9pp297ps9zj29ibv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861328</id>
      <parentid>861326</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T15:51:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>inganta muqala</comment>
      <origin>861328</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4379" sha1="9yqamiultkz4cp8fjpev9i1pxkee2py" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''Julian Dean Rijkhoff''' Julian Dean Rijkhoff an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Janairu 2005 ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Holland wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar Eerste Divisie ta Almere City, a matsayin aro daga Ajax. &lt;ref name=&quot;ajax&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ajax signs Julian Rijkhoff |url=https://www.ajax.nl/articles/ajax-signs-julian-rijkhoff |website=www.ajax.nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kulob ==
Rijkhoff ya fara aikinsa ne da ƙungiyar FC Purmerend ta gida, kafin ya koma Ajax a shekarar 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tittmar |first=Jochen |date=17 December 2021 |title=BVB - &quot;Selbst im Profibereich sehr selten&quot;: So schlägt sich U19-Talent Julian Rijkhoff bei Borussia Dortmund |trans-title=BVB - &quot;Even in the professional field very rarely&quot;: This is how U19 talent Julian Rijkhoff does at Borussia Dortmund |url=https://www.spox.com/de/sport/fussball/nachwuchs/2112/Artikel/bvb-so-schlaegt-sich-u-19-talent-julian-rijkhoff-bei-borussia-dortmund-ftr.html |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=spox.com |language=German}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2021 ya yi wani abin cece-kuce game da komawa Jamus don sanya hannu a Borussia Dortmund, inda fitaccen ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Holland [[Marco van Basten]] ya soki yarjejeniyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tittmar |first=Jochen |date=21 December 2021 |title=Julian Rijkhoff: Dortmund's Dutch wonderkid who is likened to Lewandowski |url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/julian-rijkhoff-dortmund-dutch-wonderkid-likened-lewandowski/bltee44e0bd30e34589 |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;


A watan Satumba na 2022, jaridar Ingila mai suna 'The Guardian' ta nada shi a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasa da aka haifa a shekarar 2005 a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christenson |first=Marcus |last2=Bloor |first2=Steven |last3=Blight |first3=Garry |date=28 September 2022 |title=Next Generation 2022: 60 of the best young talents in world football |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/ng-interactive/2022/sep/28/next-generation-2022-60-of-the-best-young-talents-in-world-football |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Janairun 2024, Rijkhoff ya koma Ajax. &lt;ref name=&quot;ajax&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ajax signs Julian Rijkhoff |url=https://www.ajax.nl/articles/ajax-signs-julian-rijkhoff |website=www.ajax.nl}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.ajax.nl/articles/ajax-signs-julian-rijkhoff &quot;Ajax signs Julian Rijkhoff&quot;]. ''www.ajax.nl''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 22 ga Yuni 2025, Rijkhoff ya koma Almere City a matsayin aro. 
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 June 2025 |title=Julian Rijkhoff op huurbasis naar Almere City FC |trans-title=Julian Rijkhoff on loan to Almere City FC |url=https://almerecity.nl/almere-city-1/julian-rijkhoff-op-huurbasis-naar-almere-city-fc/ |access-date=26 July 2025 |publisher=Almere City FC |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{{Updated|match played 20 December 2025}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Soccerway|julian-rijkhoff/721775}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Europe
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Jong Ajax
|2023–24
|Eerste Divisie
|12
|6
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12
|6
|-
|2024–25
|Eerste Divisie
|29
|9
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|29
|9
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!41
!15
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!41
!15
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ajax
|2023–24
|Eredivisie
|8
|0
|0
|0
|2{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa Conference League]]|name=UECL}}
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|10
|0
|-
|2024–25
|Eredivisie
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]|name=UEL}}
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!8
!0
!0
!0
!3
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!11
!0
|-
|Almere City (loan)
|2025–26
|Eerste Divisie
|20
|10
|2
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|22
|12
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!69
!25
!2
!2
!3
!0
!0
!0
!74
!27
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Bayanan kula ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Notelist}}

== Manazarta ==

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]]</text>
      <sha1>9yqamiultkz4cp8fjpev9i1pxkee2py</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mai Girma Monye</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>861936</id>
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'''Precious Monye Onyabor''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Disamba 1974) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne [[Najeriya|na Najeriya]] da ya yi ritaya.

== Sana'a ==
Monye ya rattaba hannu da ƙungiyar Reggiana ta Italiya a shekarar 1919, kuma an ba shi aro ga ƙungiyar Cosenza Calcio ta rukuni na biyu da kuma ƙungiyar Hungarian Videoton, inda ya zama ɗan wasa baƙar fata na farko da ƙungiyar ta taɓa bugawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PRECIOUS ONYEABOR MONYE |url=https://www.molfehervarfc.hu/jatekosok/precious-onyeabor-monye.html |access-date=12 November 2020 |publisher=[[Fehérvár FC|Videoton]] |language=hu |archive-date=13 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113021113/https://www.molfehervarfc.hu/jatekosok/precious-onyeabor-monye.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma ba shi aro ga Újpest FC, inda ya lashe gasar lig tare da su a 1997–98 .  Ya koma Najeriya don neman magani sakamakon raunin da ya samu kafin ya koma UTA Arad a Romania na tsawon kakar wasa.  Daga nan ya koma Hungary a 2002 don komawa Videoton. &lt;ref name=&quot;nemzeti&quot; /&gt;

Daga nan, ya sanya hannu a ƙungiyar Bilkirkara ta Malta a watan Janairun 2004,  inda ya shafe shekaru huɗu. Ya koma Ħamrun Spartans a shekarar 2007,  inda ya sake buga wasa na wata shekara.

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
A matakin matasa, ya buga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 'yan kasa da shekara 16 a [[Scotland]] a shekarar 1989 da kuma [[Wasannin Afirka na 1991|gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 1991]], inda ya lashe lambar tagulla tare da tawagar 'yan kasa da shekara 23. 

Ya fara buga wa babbar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa da ƙasa a wasan da suka fafata da Sudan a ranar 16 ga Agusta 1992 a lokacin neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 1994. Ya kuma buga wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 1994 .

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>2018-2021 Kudancin Afirka fari</title>
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        <username>Sirjat</username>
        <id>20447</id>
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      <comment>/* fari na 2018-2021 */</comment>
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Yankin [[Kudancin Afirka]] na 2018-2021 wani lokaci ne na fari wanda ya faru a Kudancin Afrika. An fara fari a ƙarshen Oktoba 2018, kuma ya shafi tsaron abinci a yankin. A tsakiyar watan Agusta 2019, an rarraba fari a matsayin matakin 2 na Red-Class ta hanyar Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Overall Red Drought alert for Southern Africa-2018 in Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, South Africa, Zimbabwe from 11 Oct 2018 00:00 UTC to 15 Feb 2019 00:27 UTC |url=http://www.gdacs.org/report.aspx?eventid=1012728&amp;episodeid=9&amp;eventtype=DR |access-date=2019-02-15 |website=www.gdacs.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; An rage matakin faɗakarwa zuwa Orange-1.7 a ranar 12 ga Disamba 2019, yayin da sabon lokacin rigar ya fara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Overall Red Drought alert for Zambezi Basin-2018 in Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe from 21 Oct 2018 00:00 UTC to 01 Dec 2019 13:51 UTC |url=https://www.gdacs.org/report.aspx?eventid=1012728&amp;episodeid=42&amp;eventtype=DR |website=www.gdacs.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumbar 2020, an rarraba fari a matsayin matakin 2 na Red-Class.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Overall Red alert Drought for Southern Africa-2018 in Angola, Botswana, Congo, DRC, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe |url=https://www.gdacs.org/report.aspx?eventid=1012728&amp;episodeid=46&amp;eventtype=DR |access-date=2020-01-22 |website=www.gdacs.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin ya ci gaba har zuwa farkon 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 March 2021 |title=Global Weather Hazards Summary: March 5 - 11, 2021 - World |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/global-weather-hazards-summary-march-5-11-2021 |access-date=2021-03-10 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da farko a watan Oktoba 2021, Afirka ta Kudu ta sami sama da matsakaicin ruwan sama kuma tafkunan sun cika a farkon 2022.

== Bayyanawa ==

=== Tarihi ===
A matsayin yanki, Kudancin Afirka a tarihi yana cikin haɗarin fari; yiwuwar saboda dalilai da yawa na yanayi da zamantakewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 January 2019 |title=Southern Africa {{!}} Drought {{sic|Situtation|nolink=y}} – Emergency Response Coordination Centre (ERCC) – DG ECHO Daily Map {{!}} 29/01/2019 - Zimbabwe |url=https://reliefweb.int/map/zimbabwe/southern-africa-drought-situtation-emergency-response-coordination-centre-ercc-dg-echo |access-date=2019-02-14 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Yanayin Afirka ta Kudu|Yanayin Kudancin Afirka]] yana shafar yanayin ruwan sama mai karfi na yanayi; yawancin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na yankin yana samuwa ne daga guguwa daga farkon Nuwamba zuwa Maris, yana samar da abin da ake la'akari da Lokacin rigar Kudancin Afrika. Watanni masu laushi na ruwan sama suna cika ƙasar yankin, suna ba da danshi wanda ke ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin watanni masu bushewa na shekara. Duk da yake wannan sake zagayowar yawanci abin dogaro ne, abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi - kamar abubuwan da suka faru na [[El Niño-Kudancin Oscillation|El Niño]] - suna rushe matakin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na yankin; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Southern Africa: Drought - Nov 2018 |url=https://reliefweb.int/disaster/dr-2018-000429-zwe |access-date=2019-02-15 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wannan, bi da bi, yana haifar da raguwar rayuwar shuke-shuke na yankin, raguwar matakan ruwa a cikin ruwa da asarar danshi daga ƙasa, tare da tasirin ƙarshe yana haifar da fari. 

Kamar yadda kafofin suka lura, ƙananan Ci gaban tattalin arziki na Kudancin Afirka da dogaro da aikin gona - wato amfanin gona da dabbobi - sun bar yankin da ke da saukin kamuwa da fari.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 January 2019 |title=Southern Africa {{!}} Drought {{sic|Situtation|nolink=y}} – Emergency Response Coordination Centre (ERCC) – DG ECHO Daily Map {{!}} 29/01/2019 - Zimbabwe |url=https://reliefweb.int/map/zimbabwe/southern-africa-drought-situtation-emergency-response-coordination-centre-ercc-dg-echo |access-date=2019-02-14 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://reliefweb.int/map/zimbabwe/southern-africa-drought-situtation-emergency-response-coordination-centre-ercc-dg-echo &quot;Southern Africa | Drought Situtation&amp;#x20;&amp;#x5B;''sic''&amp;#x5D; – Emergency Response Coordination Centre (ERCC) – DG ECHO Daily Map | 29/01/2019 - Zimbabwe&quot;]. ''ReliefWeb''. 2019-01-29&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-02-14&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake akwai bambance-bambance, ma[[noma]] na yankin shuka shuka amfanin gonar su na gaba a ƙarshen Oktoba - wannan shuka yana daidai da ruwan sama da ake tsammani wanda ya fara zuwa a watan Nuwamba. Watanni biyar zuwa shida masu zuwa ana ɗaukar su a matsayin &quot;mai tsabta&quot;, a lokacin da ake cin abinci da aka adana yayin da ruwan sama na &quot;ruwa&quot; na lokaci guda ke ciyar da amfanin gona na shekara mai zuwa. Koyaya, idan ruwan sama na yau da kullun ya rushe ta hanyar yanayin yanayi, ana jinkirta shuka har zuwa Nuwamba ko farkon Disamba, wanda ke haifar da tsawon lokacin &quot;mai laushi&quot; kafin a iya girbe amfanin gona. Idan yanayin yanayi na yankin ya lalace sosai don haifar da fari, rashin ruwan sama da asarar danshi daga ƙasa sau da yawa yakan haifar da raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin samar da aikin gona na Kudancin Afirka; sakamakon yanayin tattalin arziki yana haifar da tashin hankali na zamantakewa da raguwa a matakin tsaro na abinci na yanki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

A ƙarshen 2015 - farkon kakar 2016, wani taron El Niño ya haifar da fari a wasu sassan Kudancin Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 February 2019 |title=FAO in the 2019 humanitarian appeal: 2018/19 El Niño Response Plan for Southern Africa - Zimbabwe |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/zimbabwe/fao-2019-humanitarian-appeal-201819-el-ni-o-response-plan-southern-africa |access-date=2019-02-13 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa farkon fari na El Niño na 2018-19, wasu sassan Kudancin Afirka ba su riga sun warke daga tasirin fari na baya ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A Namibia, fari na 2012/2013 an yi la'akari da shi mafi muni a cikin shekaru goma kamar yadda kusan kashi 42% idan yawan jama'a sun fuskanci rashin tsaro na abinci. Gwamnatin Namibia ta ayyana dokar ta baci a shekarar 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shikangalah |first=Rosemary |date=30 July 2020 |title=The 2019 drought in Namibia: An overview |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342610841 |journal=University of Namibia |pages=40 |via=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fari na 2018-2021 ==

=== Gargaɗin farko ===
A watan Agusta da Satumba na shekara ta 2018, kungiyoyi da yawa sun fara gargadi manoma game da yiwuwar fari mai zuwa. A watan Agustan 2018 Kudancin Afirka ya shawarci manoma da su guji sayar da wasu abincin da suka adana daga kakar da ta gabata,  kuma a watan Satumbar 2018 Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (FAO) ta ba da gargadi ga ƙasashen Kudancin Afrika game da samar da yanayin fari. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 September 2018 |title=FAO Warns Southern Africa to Prepare for Drought |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/fao-warns-southern-africa-to-prepare-for-drought/4559235.html |access-date=2019-02-14 |website=VOA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Patrick Kormawa, mai kula da yanki na FAO a Kudancin Afirka, ya yi hasashen yiwuwar kashi 40 cikin 100 da yankin zai shafi wani taron El Niño a cikin Fall 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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Yankin [[Kudancin Afirka]] na 2018-2021 wani lokaci ne na fari wanda ya faru a Kudancin Afrika. An fara fari a ƙarshen Oktoba 2018, kuma ya shafi tsaron abinci a yankin. A tsakiyar watan Agusta 2019, an rarraba fari a matsayin matakin 2 na Red-Class ta hanyar Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Overall Red Drought alert for Southern Africa-2018 in Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, South Africa, Zimbabwe from 11 Oct 2018 00:00 UTC to 15 Feb 2019 00:27 UTC |url=http://www.gdacs.org/report.aspx?eventid=1012728&amp;episodeid=9&amp;eventtype=DR |access-date=2019-02-15 |website=www.gdacs.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; An rage matakin faɗakarwa zuwa Orange-1.7 a ranar 12 ga Disamba 2019, yayin da sabon lokacin rigar ya fara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Overall Red Drought alert for Zambezi Basin-2018 in Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe from 21 Oct 2018 00:00 UTC to 01 Dec 2019 13:51 UTC |url=https://www.gdacs.org/report.aspx?eventid=1012728&amp;episodeid=42&amp;eventtype=DR |website=www.gdacs.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumbar 2020, an rarraba fari a matsayin matakin 2 na Red-Class.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Overall Red alert Drought for Southern Africa-2018 in Angola, Botswana, Congo, DRC, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe |url=https://www.gdacs.org/report.aspx?eventid=1012728&amp;episodeid=46&amp;eventtype=DR |access-date=2020-01-22 |website=www.gdacs.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin ya ci gaba har zuwa farkon 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 March 2021 |title=Global Weather Hazards Summary: March 5 - 11, 2021 - World |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/global-weather-hazards-summary-march-5-11-2021 |access-date=2021-03-10 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da farko a watan Oktoba 2021, Afirka ta Kudu ta sami sama da matsakaicin ruwan sama kuma tafkunan sun cika a farkon 2022.

== Bayyanawa ==

=== Tarihi ===
A matsayin yanki, Kudancin Afirka a tarihi yana cikin haɗarin fari; yiwuwar saboda dalilai da yawa na yanayi da zamantakewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 January 2019 |title=Southern Africa {{!}} Drought {{sic|Situtation|nolink=y}} – Emergency Response Coordination Centre (ERCC) – DG ECHO Daily Map {{!}} 29/01/2019 - Zimbabwe |url=https://reliefweb.int/map/zimbabwe/southern-africa-drought-situtation-emergency-response-coordination-centre-ercc-dg-echo |access-date=2019-02-14 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Yanayin Afirka ta Kudu|Yanayin Kudancin Afirka]] yana shafar yanayin ruwan sama mai karfi na yanayi; yawancin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na yankin yana samuwa ne daga guguwa daga farkon Nuwamba zuwa Maris, yana samar da abin da ake la'akari da Lokacin rigar Kudancin Afrika. Watanni masu laushi na ruwan sama suna cika ƙasar yankin, suna ba da danshi wanda ke ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin watanni masu bushewa na shekara. Duk da yake wannan sake zagayowar yawanci abin dogaro ne, abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi - kamar abubuwan da suka faru na [[El Niño-Kudancin Oscillation|El Niño]] - suna rushe matakin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na yankin; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Southern Africa: Drought - Nov 2018 |url=https://reliefweb.int/disaster/dr-2018-000429-zwe |access-date=2019-02-15 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wannan, bi da bi, yana haifar da raguwar rayuwar shuke-shuke na yankin, raguwar matakan ruwa a cikin ruwa da asarar danshi daga ƙasa, tare da tasirin ƙarshe yana haifar da fari. 

Kamar yadda kafofin suka lura, ƙananan Ci gaban tattalin arziki na Kudancin Afirka da dogaro da aikin gona - wato amfanin gona da dabbobi - sun bar yankin da ke da saukin kamuwa da fari.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 January 2019 |title=Southern Africa {{!}} Drought {{sic|Situtation|nolink=y}} – Emergency Response Coordination Centre (ERCC) – DG ECHO Daily Map {{!}} 29/01/2019 - Zimbabwe |url=https://reliefweb.int/map/zimbabwe/southern-africa-drought-situtation-emergency-response-coordination-centre-ercc-dg-echo |access-date=2019-02-14 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://reliefweb.int/map/zimbabwe/southern-africa-drought-situtation-emergency-response-coordination-centre-ercc-dg-echo &quot;Southern Africa | Drought Situtation&amp;#x20;&amp;#x5B;''sic''&amp;#x5D; – Emergency Response Coordination Centre (ERCC) – DG ECHO Daily Map | 29/01/2019 - Zimbabwe&quot;]. ''ReliefWeb''. 2019-01-29&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-02-14&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake akwai bambance-bambance, ma[[noma]] na yankin shuka shuka amfanin gonar su na gaba a ƙarshen Oktoba - wannan shuka yana daidai da ruwan sama da ake tsammani wanda ya fara zuwa a watan Nuwamba. Watanni biyar zuwa shida masu zuwa ana ɗaukar su a matsayin &quot;mai tsabta&quot;, a lokacin da ake cin abinci da aka adana yayin da ruwan sama na &quot;ruwa&quot; na lokaci guda ke ciyar da amfanin gona na shekara mai zuwa. Koyaya, idan ruwan sama na yau da kullun ya rushe ta hanyar yanayin yanayi, ana jinkirta shuka har zuwa Nuwamba ko farkon Disamba, wanda ke haifar da tsawon lokacin &quot;mai laushi&quot; kafin a iya girbe amfanin gona. Idan yanayin yanayi na yankin ya lalace sosai don haifar da fari, rashin ruwan sama da asarar danshi daga ƙasa sau da yawa yakan haifar da raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin samar da aikin gona na Kudancin Afirka; sakamakon yanayin tattalin arziki yana haifar da tashin hankali na zamantakewa da raguwa a matakin tsaro na abinci na yanki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

A ƙarshen 2015 - farkon kakar 2016, wani taron El Niño ya haifar da fari a wasu sassan Kudancin Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 February 2019 |title=FAO in the 2019 humanitarian appeal: 2018/19 El Niño Response Plan for Southern Africa - Zimbabwe |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/zimbabwe/fao-2019-humanitarian-appeal-201819-el-ni-o-response-plan-southern-africa |access-date=2019-02-13 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa farkon fari na El Niño na 2018-19, wasu sassan Kudancin Afirka ba su riga sun warke daga tasirin fari na baya ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A Namibia, fari na 2012/2013 an yi la'akari da shi mafi muni a cikin shekaru goma kamar yadda kusan kashi 42% idan yawan jama'a sun fuskanci rashin tsaro na abinci. Gwamnatin Namibia ta ayyana dokar ta baci a shekarar 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shikangalah |first=Rosemary |date=30 July 2020 |title=The 2019 drought in Namibia: An overview |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342610841 |journal=University of Namibia |pages=40 |via=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fari na 2018-2021 ==

=== Gargaɗin farko ===
A watan Agusta da Satumba na shekara ta 2018, kungiyoyi da yawa sun fara gargadi manoma game da yiwuwar fari mai zuwa. A watan Agustan 2018 Kudancin Afirka ya shawarci manoma da su guji sayar da wasu abincin da suka adana daga kakar da ta gabata,  kuma a watan Satumbar 2018 Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (FAO) ta ba da gargadi ga ƙasashen Kudancin Afrika game da samar da yanayin fari. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 September 2018 |title=FAO Warns Southern Africa to Prepare for Drought |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/fao-warns-southern-africa-to-prepare-for-drought/4559235.html |access-date=2019-02-14 |website=VOA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Patrick Kormawa, mai kula da yanki na FAO a Kudancin Afirka, ya yi hasashen yiwuwar kashi 40 cikin 100 da yankin zai shafi wani taron El Niño a cikin Fall 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Fari na yanzu ===
[[File:DroughtinNamibia.jpg|thumb|Mataccen [[oryx]] (wata irin barewa) a ƙasar Namibia.]]

A lokacin bazara na shekarar 2018, wani lamari na El Niño ya hargitsa ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na Kudancin Afirka. Tasiri na farko na wannan hargitsi shi ne jinkirin ranar shuka, wanda aka tura shi baya daga ƙarshen Oktoba zuwa farkon Nuwamba. A cikin Nuwamba, wani rahoto da Ofishin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na Gudanar da Al'amuran Jin Kai (OCHA) ya fitar ya bayyana cewa akwai yajin kashi 80 cikin ɗari na cewa lamarin El Niño zai ci gaba har zuwa watan Disamba; ya kuma lura cewa mutane miliyan 9.6 a Kudancin Afirka suna fuskantar matsananciyar ƙarancin abinci (food-insecure) tun daga farkon lokacin rani na shekarar 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Farin ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarar 2019 inda yankuna da dama a Kudancin Afirka suka sami raguwar ruwan sama sosai. Wani rahoto&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ca3071en_0.pdf|title=Southern Africa Dry weather conditions reduce agricultural production prospects in 2019. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 22 January 2019.}}&lt;/ref&gt; daga hukumar FAO ya lura cewa, ko da yake ruwan sama ya ɗan sarara a ƙarshen Disamba 2018, yankuna da dama a cikin rukunin suna fama da matsananciyar fari da kuma tasirin da ke tattare da shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/Madagascar/giews-update-southern-africa-dry-weather-conditions-reduce-agricultural-production|title=GIEWS Update: Southern Africa - Dry weather conditions reduce agricultural production prospects in 2019 (22 January 2019) - Madagascar|website=ReliefWeb|date=22 January 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa watan Afrilu na shekarar 2019, sassan Kudancin Afirka sun ci gaba da kasancewa cikin fari da ke gudana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/zimbabwe/southern-africa-food-security-alert-february-1-2019|title=Southern Africa Food Security Alert: February 1, 2019 - Zimbabwe|website=ReliefWeb|date=2 February 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan sama mafi yawa fiye da na al'ada a cikin makonnin farko na watan Fabrairu a wasu wurare ya rage radadin fari na cikin gida,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/GlobalWeatherHazard-19.02.15.pdf|title=Famine Early Warning System Network. Hosted by Reliefweb}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma ana sa ran yankin baki ɗaya zai sha wahala daga mummunan tasiri ga yanayin amfanin gona. Adadin yunwa a yankin ya karu, kuma ana sa ran zai ci gaba da karuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.busiweek.com/hunger-in-africa-continues-to-rise-says-new-un-report/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319071657/https://www.busiweek.com/hunger-in-africa-continues-to-rise-says-new-un-report/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 March 2020|title=Hunger in Africa continues to rise, says New UN report|date=2019-02-14|website=East African Business Week|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://southerntimesafrica.com/site/news/un-raises-alarm-on-drought-crisis-in-sadc|title=UN raises alarm on drought crisis in SADC |website=The Southern Times|language=en|access-date=2019-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An sake ayyana farin a matsayin dokar ta ɓaci ta ƙasa a Afirka ta Kudu a ranar 4 ga Maris 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.co.za/south-africas-drought-was-just-declared-a-national-emergency-2020-3|title=Two years later, SA's drought has just been declared a national emergency – again|website=BusinessInsider}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 17 ga Maris 2020, an ba da rahoton kasuwar ɓoye ta satar ruwa a cikin gundumar Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality a tsakiyar damuwa game da rashawa da ke da alaƙa da dokar ta ɓaci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.occrp.org/en/daily/11832-report-corruption-fuels-water-shortage-in-south-africa|title=Report: Corruption fuels Water Shortage in South Africa|first=Sandrine|last=Gagné-Acoulon|website=OCCRP}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayu 2019, ƙasar Namibia ta ayyana dokar ta ɓaci ta ƙasa don mayar da martani ga farin,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanews.com/2019/05/06/namibia-declares-national-state-of-emergency-over-drought/|title=Namibia declares national state of emergency over drought|date=2019-05-06|website=Africanews|language=en|access-date=2019-05-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; sannan ta tsawaita shi da ƙarin watanni 6 a watan Oktoba 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=State of drought emergency extended|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&amp;id=193796|access-date=2020-11-24|website=The Namibian|language=en|archive-date=2021-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310104544/https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&amp;id=193796|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan shi ne karo na uku a cikin shekaru shida da gwamnati ta ayyana dokar ta ɓaci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tjitemisa|first=Kuzeeko|date=2019-05-07|title=President declares state of emergency over drought|url=https://neweralive.na/posts/president-declares-state-of-emergency-over-drought|access-date=2020-11-25|website=New Era Live|language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kwatanta farin na shekarar 2019 a matsayin mafi muni a cikin shekaru 90 da suka gabata a ƙasar, tare da mafi ƙanƙancin ruwan sama da aka yi rikodinsa a Windhoek tun shekarar 1891.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Shikangalah|first=Rosemary|date=30 July 2020|title=The 2019 drought in Namibia: An overview|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342610841|journal=University of Namibia|pages=37|via=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fannin aikin gona yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana'antu na Namibia kuma saboda ƙarancin ruwan sama na shekarar 2019, samar da amfanin gona a fannin ya faɗi da kashi 17.5%. An lura cewa yanayin filayen kiwo ya lalace sosai zuwa mummuna a sassa da dama na ƙasar, wanda hakan ya haifar da matsin lamba ga kiwo da kuma raguwar dabbobi saboda yunwa. Haɗuwa da rashin ruwan sama da ƙarancin danshi a cikin ƙasa ya haifar da matsananciyar fari mai tsayi a cikin shekarar 2019 wanda ya haifar da ainihin wahala kuma ya shafi rayuwar mutane da yawa, musamman a tsakanin al'ummomin da suka fi rauni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Shikangalah|first=Rosemary|date=30 July 2020|title=The 2019 drought in Namibia: An overview|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342610841|journal=University of Namibia|pages=49|via=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Agusta na shekarar 2020, wani kima na rauni da gwamnatin Namibia ta gudanar ya gano cewa mutanen Namibia 427,905 a halin yanzu ba su da tsaron abinci. Abubuwan da ke haifar da wannan rashin tsaro sun haɗa da tasirin fari, ambaliyar ruwa, kwari da kuma tsutsotsi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Over 400 000 Namibians food insecure - Prime Minister|url=https://www.nbc.na/news/over-400-000-namibians-food-insecure-prime-minister.38333|access-date=2020-11-30|website=NBC|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lakshmi Mittal</title>
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      <text bytes="2756" sha1="stvy4sox61f80yejlux9jaa8g7pjmkb" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}Lakshmi Niwas Mittal (; an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1950) ɗan kasuwa ne kuma ɗan ƙarfe.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/lakshmi-mittal-birthday-check-out-how-the-net-worth-of-steel-barons-changed-between-55-and-72-years-of-age-13814212.htm&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne shugaban zartarwa na ArcelorMittal, kamfanin na biyu mafi girma a duniya, da kuma shugaban kamfanin kera ƙarfe mai suna Aperam.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.4-traders.com/APERAM-7261038/company/&lt;/ref&gt; Mittal ya mallaki kashi 38 cikin 100 na ArcelorMittal. Har ila yau, yana da kashi 75 cikin dari a cikin ƙungiyar Rajasthan Royals ta Premier League (IPL) da kuma kashi uku cikin dari a kulob din kwallon kafa na Queens Park Rangers . Mittal yana zaune a Switzerland da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa bayan ya tashi daga Ingila a 2025, inda ya zauna tun 1995.hihihi
A shekara ta 2005, Forbes'&quot; id=&quot;mwSQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Forbes&quot;&gt;Forbes ya sanya Mittal a matsayin mutum na uku mafi arziki a duniya, wanda ya sanya shi dan Indiya na farko da ya kasance a cikin manyan goma a cikin jerin shekara-shekara na mutanen da suka fi arziki a duniya. An sanya shi mutum na shida mafi arziki a duniya ta Forbes a cikin 2011, amma ya sauka zuwa Matsayi na 82 a watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, kuma kawai zuwa na 130 a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024. Har ila yau, shi ne &quot;mutum na 57 mafi iko&quot; daga cikin mutane 72 da aka ambata a cikin jerin &quot;Mutanen da suka fi iko&quot; na Forbes na shekarar 2015.Bikin auren 'yarsa Vanisha Mittal (a shekara ta 2005) shine na shida mafi tsada a Tarihin da aka rubuta.Ya zuwa 2025, an kiyasta darajar Mittal ta zama £ 15.444 biliyan ta Sunday Times Rich List.
==Farkon Rayuwa shi da karatun shi==
An haifi Lakshmi Niwas Mittal a ranar 15 ga Yuni 1950, a Sadulpur, Rajasthan ga dangin Marwari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.marketingmind.in/indias-top-billionaires-schools-they-attended/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-05-31 |archive-date=2020-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031110735/https://www.marketingmind.in/indias-top-billionaires-schools-they-attended/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi karatu a Shri Daulatram Nopany Vidyalaya, Calcutta daga 1957 zuwa 1964.Ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin St. Xavier, wanda ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Calcutta, tare da digiri na B.Com a aji na farko. Mahaifin Lakshmi Niwas, Mohanlal Mittal, ya gudanar da kasuwancin ƙarfe, Nippon Denro Ispat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.financeninvestments.com/entrepreneurs/lakshmi-mittal-biography.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-05-31 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716155123/http://www.financeninvestments.com/entrepreneurs/lakshmi-mittal-biography.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Manazarta</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kwararar Hamada</title>
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      <text bytes="44562" sha1="q9p2k15hwmk928apt8cq5tphrnrnc2a" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Fayil:Global_distribution_of_dryland_subtypes_based_on_the_aridity_index.png|thumb|Rarrabawar duniya na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa bisa ga ƙididdigar busasshiwar da aka ƙididdige a kan matsakaicin shekaru 30 a cikin 1981 zuwa 2010. Ana nuna hamada ta al'ada ta hanyar nau'in hyper-arid (launin rawaya). ]]
[[Fayil:Somalia,_Mudug,_Dhinowda_(02).jpg|right|thumb|234x234px|Kyakkyawan hamada a Somalia]]
Kwararar Hamada wani nau'i ne na raguwar ƙasa mai kyau a cikin hamada mai bushe saboda haɗuwa da matakai na halitta da ayyukan ɗan adam.

Dalilin da ke haifar da hamada shine asarar mafi yawan ciyayi. Wannan yana motsawa ta hanyar dalilai da yawa, kadai ko a hade, kamar fari, sauye-sauyen yanayi, noma don noma, wuce gona da iri da kuma [[Gandun daji|sare daji]] don man fetur ko kayan gini. Kodayake ciyayi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance abun da ke cikin ƙasa, binciken ya nuna cewa, a wurare da yawa, yawan rushewa da runoff yana raguwa sosai tare da karuwar murfin ciyayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba a kare shi ba, busassun ƙasa suna hurawa da iska ko kuma ambaliyar ruwa ta wanke su, suna barin ƙananan ƙasa marasa amfani waɗanda ke yin burodi a cikin rana kuma suna zama mai wuya mara amfani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akalla kashi 90% na mazaunan wuraren da ba su da ruwa suna zaune a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]], inda kuma suke fama da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa mara kyau.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan halin da ake ciki ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar lalacewar ƙasa saboda raguwar yawan aiki, rashin lafiyar yanayin rayuwa da wahalar samun damar samun albarkatu da dama.

Yankunan da suka fi shafa suna cikin Afirka (Yankin [[Sahel]]), Asiya ([[Hamadar Gobi|Gobi Desert]] da [[Mangoliya|Mongolia]]) da kuma wasu sassan [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]]. Yankunan da ba su da ruwa sun mamaye kusan 40-41% na yankin duniya kuma suna da gida ga mutane sama da biliyan 2. Tasirin hamada sun hada da yashi da ƙura, [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]], da [[talauci]].&amp;nbsp;

Hanyoyin ragewa ko juyar da hamada sun haɗa da inganta ingancin ƙasa, shuke-shuke, sarrafa kiwo, da dasa bishiyoyi (sake gandun daji da gandun daji).

A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, ci gaban hamada ya faru ne ta hanyar halitta a tsawon lokaci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nazarin zamani na hamada ya fito ne daga nazarin fari na shekarun 1980 a [[Sahel]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Michael}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma'ana ==
Yaduwar hamada tsari ne na sannu a hankali na karuwar busassun ƙasa. An bayyana hamada a cikin rubutun Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki da hamada (UNCCD) a matsayin &quot;rugujewar ƙasa a cikin yankuna masu bushewa, masu bushewa da bushewa sakamakon dalilai daban-daban, gami da bambancin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hulme |first=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'anar hamada - Wannan yanki na duniya inda jimlar ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara ya fi ƙasa da sauran yankuna, inda matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 25CM ba. Ma'anar ta UNO (1995) - Rashin lalacewar ƙasa a wuraren da ba su da ruwa, masu zafi da ƙananan zafi saboda canjin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam ana kiransa hamada.

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, akwai jayayya mai yawa game da ma'anar kalmar ''hamada'' tare da fiye da ma'anoni 100 da ke akwai. Mafi karɓa daga cikin waɗannan shine na Jami'ar Princeton wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;tsarin ƙasa mai kyau wanda ke ''canzawa zuwa hamada'' yawanci sakamakon [[Gandun daji|sare daji]], [[fari]] ko aikin gona mara kyau / mara kyau&quot;. Wannan ma'anar ta nuna a sarari cewa ana amfani da ita ne da kuma ayyukan hamada, musamman amfani da ƙasa da ayyukan kula da ƙasa. Har ila yau, ya nuna tasirin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da muhalli na hamada. Koyaya, wannan fahimtar asali cewa hamada ta haɗa da fadada hamada ta zahiri an ƙi shi yayin da ra'ayin ya ci gaba da canzawa tun daga lokacin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}}

Har ila yau, akwai rikice-rikice game da rukuni na nau'ikan hamada, gami da, alal misali, inganci da amfani da irin waɗannan kalmomin kamar &quot; hamada da aka yi da mutum&quot; da &quot;hamara mara tsari&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Geist |first=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Dalilai==

=== Dalilan gaggawa ===
Dalilin gaggawa na Kwararar Hamada shine rasa yawancin tsirrai. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda abubuwa da dama, ko dai guda ɗaya ko haɗe, kamar fari, sauyin yanayi, noma, kiwo fiye da kima da kuma sare itatuwa don itace ko kayan gini. Duk da cewa tsirrai suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙayyade tsarin halittu na ƙasa, bincike ya nuna cewa, a yawancin wurare, saurin hawan ƙasa da gudu yana raguwa sosai idan tsirrai sun ƙaru.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;/&gt; Idan ƙasa ba ta da kariya, iska ko ambaliyar ruwa suna wanke ta, suna barin ƙasa marar albarka wadda rana ke busarwa ta zama ƙasa mai wuya ba tare da amfani ba.

=== Tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam ===
Bincike na farko ya nuna cewa ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da aka fi sani na Kwararar Hamada shine kiwo fiye da kima, wato cinye tsirrai da yawa daga shanu ko sauran dabbobi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amma rawar da cinye tsirrai fiye da kima ke takawa wajen haifar da Kwararar Hamada a baya-bayan nan tana da cece-kuce.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; Fari a yankin Sahel yanzu ana ganin ya fi kasancewa sakamakon bambancin ruwan sama da ke faruwa saboda sauyin yanayin teku, wanda ke da alaƙa da bambancin halitta da kuma hayaki da ɗan adam ke fitarwa (ƙwayoyin sulphate masu haske) da iskar gas mai dumama duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya sa wasu masana suka ce asarar tsirrai ta hanyar noma ba babban dalili ba ne wajen Kwararar Hamada.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Yawan jama'a yana da tasiri sosai wajen kiwo fiye da kima, noma fiye da kima da sare itatuwa, domin hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su sun zama ba su da dorewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai dalilai da dama da ke sa manoma su yi amfani da noma mai tsanani maimakon noma mai sauƙi, amma babban dalili shine su ƙara yawan amfanin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Kwararar Hamada and the role of climate change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yin haka yana buƙatar amfani da takin zamani, magungunan kashe kwari da kuma aiki mai yawa don kula da injina. Wannan amfani da ƙasa ba tare da hutu ba yana sa ƙasa ta rasa sinadarai cikin sauri, yana haifar da Kwararar Hamada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Kwararar Hamada and Drought |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sauyin halitta ===
Masana sun amince cewa kasancewar hamada a inda Sahara take yanzu ya samo asali ne daga sauyin hasken rana saboda juyawar duniyar ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan sauyi yana shafar ƙarfin damina ta yammacin Afirka, yana haifar da tasirin tsirrai da ƙura wanda ke ƙara wannan zagaye na yanayin Sahara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&amp;PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan akwai ra’ayin cewa sauyin Sahara daga savanna zuwa hamada a tsakiyar Holocene ya samo asali ne daga kiwo fiye da kima da mutanen yankin suka yi.

=== Sauyin Yanayi ===

Bincike kan hamadar ƙasa (desertification) yana da sarkakiya, kuma babu wata guda takamaiman ma’auni da zai iya bayyana dukkan fannoni. Duk da haka, ana sa ran ƙarin tsanantar sauyin yanayi zai ƙara faɗaɗa yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa a nahiyoyin duniya: daga kashi 38% a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 zuwa kashi 50% ko 56% zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni, a ƙarƙashin matsakaici da kuma babban yanayin ɗumamar yanayi na [[Representative Concentration Pathway]]s 4.5 da 8.5. Mafi yawan wannan faɗaɗa zai bayyana a yankuna kamar &quot;kudu maso yammacin Arewacin Amurka, arewacin gefen Afirka, kudancin Afirka, da Ostiraliya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;/&gt;

Yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa suna rufe kashi 41% na ƙasar duniya kuma suna ɗauke da kashi 45% na ƙasar noma ta duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Burrell&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Burrell |first1=A. L. |last2=Evans |first2=J. P. |last3=De Kauwe |first3=M. G. |date=2020 |title=Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=3853 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7395722 |pmid=32737311 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An kwafe rubutu daga wannan tushe, wanda yake samuwa ƙarƙashin lasisin [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt;

Waɗannan yankuna suna daga cikin halittun muhalli da suka fi fuskantar barazana daga sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam da sauyin amfani da ƙasa, kuma suna fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa. Wani bincike na shekarar 2020 da ya dogara da abubuwan da aka lura ya binciki dalilan hamadar ƙasa, inda aka haɗa sauyin yanayi, bambancin yanayi, tasirin takin CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, da kuma sauye-sauyen muhalli masu sauri da masu hankali da ke faruwa saboda amfani da ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Burrell&quot; /&gt;

Binciken ya gano cewa, tsakanin 1982 zuwa 2015, kashi 6% na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa a duniya sun shiga yanayin hamadar ƙasa sakamakon rashin dorewar amfani da ƙasa tare da haɗin gwiwar sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam. Duk da cewa akwai ƙarin korewa a wasu sassan duniya, sauyin yanayi na ɗan’adam ya lalata kashi 12.6% (milion 5.43 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa, wanda ya taimaka wajen hamadar ƙasa tare da shafar mutane miliyan 213, inda kashi 93% daga cikinsu ke rayuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Burrell&quot; /&gt;

== Illolin ==

=== Guguwar Yashi da Ƙura ===
[[File:SHB-Red-Dust.jpg|thumb|Hangen [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]] da ƙura ta rufe shi]]

An samu ƙaruwa da kashi 25% na fitar ƙura a duniya a kowace shekara tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 zuwa zamanin yau.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Stanelle |first1=Tanja |last2=Bey |first2=Isabelle |last3=Raddatz |first3=Thomas |last4=Reick |first4=Christian |last5=Tegen |first5=Ina |date=16 December 2014 |title=Anthropogenically induced changes in twentieth century mineral dust burden and the associated impact on radiative forcing |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=119 |issue=23 |pages=13,526–13,546 |bibcode=2014JGRD..11913526S |doi=10.1002/2014JD022062 |s2cid=128663108 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0024-A9A2-C}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ƙaruwar hamadar ƙasa (desertification) ta kuma ƙara yawan yashi da ƙura mai sauƙin tashi da iska, wanda ke haifar da guguwar ƙura. Misali, guguwar ƙura a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya &quot;na ƙara yawaita da ƙarfi a shekarun baya-bayan nan&quot; saboda &quot;raguwar ruwan sama na dogon lokaci [wanda ke haifar da] ƙarancin danshin ƙasa ([[soil moisture]]) da raguwar ciyayi ([[vegetative cover]])&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Namdari |first1=Soodabeh |last2=Karimi |first2=Neamat |last3=Sorooshian |first3=Armin |last4=Mohammadi |first4=GholamHasan |last5=Sehatkashani |first5=Saviz |date=1 January 2018 |title=Impacts of climate and synoptic fluctuations on dust storm activity over the Middle East |journal=Atmospheric Environment |volume=173 |pages=265–276 |bibcode=2018AtmEn.173..265N |doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.016 |issn=1352-2310 |pmc=6192056 |pmid=30344444}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Guguwar ƙura]] na iya jawo wasu cututtuka na numfashi kamar ciwon huhu (pneumonia), cututtukan fata, asma da sauransu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Goudie |first=Andrew S. |date=1 February 2014 |title=Desert dust and human health disorders |journal=Environment International |volume=63 |pages=101–113 |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.011 |issn=0160-4120 |pmid=24275707|bibcode=2014EnInt..63..101G }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan suna iya gurɓata ruwan sha, rage ingancin makamashi mai tsafta, da hana wasu nau’o’in sufuri aiki.

Guguwar yashi da ƙura na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga yanayi, wanda hakan zai iya ƙara tsananta hamadar ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Tiantian |last2=Wu |first2=Di |last3=Li |first3=Yaohui |last4=Wang |first4=Chenghai |date=28 March 2017 |title=The Effects of Sandstorms on the Climate of Northwestern China |journal=Advances in Meteorology |language=en |volume=2017 |issue=1 |article-number=e4035609 |doi=10.1155/2017/4035609 |bibcode=2017AdMet201735609H |issn=1687-9309 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Yao |last2=Wen |first2=Bo |last3=Li |first3=Shanshan |last4=Guo |first4=Yuming |date=1 June 2021 |title=Sand and dust storms in Asia: a call for global cooperation on climate change |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |language=English |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=e329–e330 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00082-6 |issn=2542-5196 |pmid=33915087 |bibcode=2021LanPH...5.e329W |s2cid=233460168 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ƙwayoyin ƙura a cikin iska suna warwatsa hasken rana da ke shigowa (Hassan, 2012). Ƙurar na iya rage zafin ƙasa na ɗan lokaci, amma zafin sararin samaniya (atmosphere) na iya ƙaruwa. Wannan na iya lalata tsarin girgije da rage tsawon rayuwarsu, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwan sama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;/&gt;

=== Rashin Tsaron Abinci ===
Tsaron abinci na duniya yana fuskantar barazana daga hamadar ƙasa. Yayin da yawan jama’a ke ƙaruwa, buƙatar abinci ma tana ƙaruwa.

Kasuwancin noma na ƙaura daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Misali, Turai na shigo da sama da kashi 50% na abincinta. A gefe guda kuma, kashi 44% na ƙasar noma tana cikin yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa, kuma tana samar da kashi 60% na abincin duniya. Hamadar ƙasa na rage yawan ƙasar noma mai dorewa, yayin da buƙatu ke ci gaba da ƙaruwa. A nan gaba, buƙatun za su iya wuce wadatar abinci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=WAD {{!}} World Atlas of Desertification |url=https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170553/https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |archive-date=9 December 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rikice-rikicen makiyaya da manoma a [[Najeriya]], [[Sudan]], [[Mali]] da sauran ƙasashen yankin Sahel sun ƙaru sakamakon sauyin yanayi, lalacewar ƙasa da ƙaruwa yawan jama’a.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |date=28 June 2018 |title=How Climate Change Is Spurring Land Conflict in Nigeria |url=https://time.com/5324712/climate-change-nigeria/ |magazine=Time |access-date=1 June 2026 |archive-date=10 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001604/https://time.com/5324712/climate-change-nigeria/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=22 January 2019 |title=The battle on the frontline of climate change in Mali |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487 |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009175946/https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487 |archive-date=9 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=6 August 2018 |title=Farmer-Herder Conflicts on the Rise in Africa |publisher=ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417045057/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa |archive-date=17 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ƙaruwar Talauci ===
[[File:Soil erosion, Southfield - geograph.org.uk - 367917.jpg|thumb|[[Erosion na ƙasa]] sakamakon iska a [[Leuchars]]]]

Aƙalla kashi 90% na mazauna yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa suna rayuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa, inda suke fama da matsalolin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;/&gt;

Wannan yanayi yana ƙara tsananta saboda lalacewar ƙasa da raguwar amfanin gona, wahalar rayuwa, da ƙarancin samun albarkatu da dama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;[https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/publications/The%20Global%20Drylands%20Initiative,%202001-09%20-%20Challenge%20Paper-%20Poverty%20and%20the%20Drylands.pdf Poverty and the Drylands] undp.org&lt;/ref&gt;

A ƙasashe masu tasowa, matsaloli kamar kiwo fiye da kima, gajiyar ƙasa, da amfani da ruwan ƙasa fiye da kima na ƙara lalata yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa. Rashin saka jari a waɗannan yankuna na ƙara mayar da su baya wajen ci gaba.

Hamadar ƙasa na tilasta wa mutane barin ƙauyuka zuwa birane, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin rashin aikin yi da samuwar unguwannin marasa galihu ([[slums]]). Yawan waɗannan masu hijira na muhalli na ƙaruwa a kowace shekara, inda ake hasashen cewa a yankin Saharar Afirka zai iya ƙaruwa daga miliyan 14 a 2010 zuwa kusan miliyan 200 a 2050.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Myers |first1=Norman |date=29 April 2002 |title=Environmental refugees: a growing phenomenon of the 21st century |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |volume=357 |issue=1420 |pages=609–613 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0953 |pmc=1692964 |pmid=12028796}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Epule |first1=Terence Epule |last2=Peng |first2=Changhui |last3=Lepage |first3=Laurent |date=5 February 2014 |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward |journal=GeoJournal |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=79–92 |doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z |bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ƙasar [[Mongolia]], kashi 90% na ƙasar busasshiyar ƙasa ce, wanda ke tilasta makiyaya ƙaura zuwa birane don neman aiki. Waɗanda suka rage suna kiwo da matuƙar kulawa domin kare ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 August 2018 |title=Mongolia's nomadic way of life under threat |url=https://gulfnews.com/lifestyle/mongolias-nomadic-way-of-life-under-threat-1.2259998 |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Noma na ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samun kuɗi a yankunan hamada, amma hamadar ƙasa tana rage amfanin gona har mutane ba sa iya noma yadda ya kamata, wanda ke ƙara talauci.

Akwai kuma ƙoƙarin duniya kamar manufar [[UN Sustainable Development Goal 15|SDG 15]] don yaki da hamadar ƙasa da dawo da ƙasar da ta lalace.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Goal 15 targets |url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904001634/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-date=4 September 2017 |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=UNDP |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yankunan Da Hamadar Ƙasa Ke Shafa ==

[[Drylands]] suna rufe kusan kashi 40–41% na ƙasar duniya kuma suna ɗauke da sama da mutane biliyan 2.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Governing global desertification: linking environmental degradation, poverty and participation |date=2006 |publisher=Ashgate [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-7546-4359-3 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Pierre-Marc |series=Global environmental governance series |location=Aldershot |editor-last2=Johnson |editor-first2=Pierre Marc}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 10–20% na yankunan busasshiyar ƙasa sun riga sun lalace, inda jimillar yankin da hamadar ƙasa ta shafa ke tsakanin kilomita murabba’i miliyan 6 zuwa 12. Haka kuma an kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 1–6% na mazauna waɗannan yankuna suna rayuwa a wuraren da hamadar ƙasa ta riga ta shafa, yayin da kusan mutane biliyan guda ke fuskantar barazanar ƙarin lalacewa a nan gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;holtz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=10 October 2017 |title=UNCCD: Impact and role of drylands |url=https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107121026/https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-date=7 November 2019 |access-date=7 November 2019 |website=UNCCD}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=World Bank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&amp;pg=PA454 |title=Gender in agriculture sourcebook |publisher=World Bank Publications |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8213-7587-7 |page=454 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160546/https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&amp;pg=PA454 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sahel ===

Tasirin sauyin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan’adam kan hamadar ƙasa ya fi bayyana a yankin [[Sahel]] na Afirka. Yankin yana da yanayi mai zafi da bushewa, da ƙarancin ruwan sama (100–600 mm a shekara).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=Sharon E. |date=17 February 2013 |title=The West African Sahel: A Review of Recent Studies on the Rainfall Regime and Its Interannual Variability |journal=International Scholarly Research Notices |language=en |volume=2013 |article-number=e453521 |doi=10.1155/2013/453521 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda haka, fari yana daga cikin halayen yankin Sahel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Riebeek |first=Holli |date=3 January 2007 |title=Defining Desertification: Feature Articles |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201211259/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |archive-date=1 December 2016 |access-date=30 November 2016 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sahel ya rasa kusan kilomita murabba’i 650,000 na ƙasar noma mai amfani cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thegeographeronline.net/uploads/2/6/6/2/26629356/a116_sahel.pdf Environmental issues in the Sahel] Geo Factsheet&lt;/ref&gt; Yaduwar hamadar ƙasa a wannan yanki ta yi tsanani sosai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nicholson |first1=S. E. |last2=Tucker |first2=C. J. |last3=Ba |first3=M. B. |date=1 May 1998 |title=Desertification, Drought, and Surface Vegetation: An Example from the West African Sahel |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=815–830 |bibcode=1998BAMS...79..815N |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079&lt;0815:DDASVA&gt;2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Land Resource Stresses and Desertification in Africa |url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401055308/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=United States Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Village Telly in Mali.jpg|thumb|Yankin Sahel a Mali]]

Yanayin Sahara ya sha bamban sosai a cikin ɗaruruwan dubban shekaru da suka gabata, yana sauyawa tsakanin yanayin ciyayi da hamada a kusan kowane shekaru 20,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lakes&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |author1=Kevin White |author2=David J. Mattingly |year=2006 |title=Ancient Lakes of the Sahara |journal=American Scientist |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=58–65 |doi=10.1511/2006.57.983}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu bayanai sun nuna cewa tun daga shekarar 1900, Sahara ta faɗaɗa da kusan kilomita 250 zuwa kudu a wani yanki mai tsawon kilomita 6,000 daga yamma zuwa gabas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Christian Bouquet |date=December 2017 |title=Le Sahara entre ses deux rives. Éléments de délimitation par la géohistoire d'un espace de contraintes |url=http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001607/http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=25 January 2018 |website=Géoconfluences |quote=Mais il aurait progressé de 250 km vers le sud depuis 1900 (Mainguet, 2003), et dépasserait donc 9 millions de km² soit 30 % de la superficie totale du continent africain.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Lake Chad]], da ke yankin Sahel, ya yi matuƙar raguwa sakamakon amfani da ruwa don ban ruwa da kuma raguwar ruwan sama.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Okpara |first1=Uche T. |last2=Stringer |first2=Lindsay C. |last3=Dougill |first3=Andrew J. |date=November 2016 |title=Lake drying and livelihood dynamics in Lake Chad: Unravelling the mechanisms, contexts and responses |journal=Ambio |volume=45 |issue=7 |pages=781–795 |bibcode=2016Ambio..45..781O |doi=10.1007/s13280-016-0805-6 |pmc=5055484 |pmid=27371137}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tafkin ya ragu da sama da kashi 90% tun daga 1987, wanda ya raba miliyoyin mutane da muhallinsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jiang |first=Ingrid |date=12 August 2022 |title=A Remarkable Size Shrinking in Lake Chad |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/e63a90f8552d4e5f98f4c56a56c06f9d |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |language=en-ca |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002062620/https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/e63a90f8552d4e5f98f4c56a56c06f9d |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Don rage hamadar ƙasa, an ƙaddamar da shirin [[Great Green Wall (Africa)]] a 2007, wanda ke nufin dasa bishiyoyi a kan kilomita 7,775 na yanki mai faɗin kilomita 15 a faɗi, a ƙasashe 22 har zuwa 2030.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Great Green Wall Initiative |url=https://www.unccd.int/our-work/ggwi |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=UNCCD |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gobi Desert da Mongolia ===
{{See also|Environmental issues in Mongolia#Desertification|Great Green Wall (China)}}

Wani babban yankin da hamadar ƙasa ke shafa shi ne [[Gobi Desert]] da ke Arewacin China da Kudancin Mongolia. Gobi na daga cikin hamadun da ke faɗaɗa cikin sauri a duniya, yana canza kusan kilomita murabba’i 3600 na ciyayi zuwa hamada a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rechtschaffen |first=Daniel |title=How China's Growing Deserts Are Choking The Country |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrechtschaffen/2017/09/18/how-chinas-growing-deserts-are-choking-the-country/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216110308/https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrechtschaffen/2017/09/18/how-chinas-growing-deserts-are-choking-the-country/ |archive-date=16 February 2022 |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A [[Mongolia]], kusan kashi 90% na ciyayi na cikin haɗarin hamadar ƙasa. Kimanin kashi 13% na wannan lalacewar ya fito daga dalilai na halitta, yayin da sauran ke fitowa daga ayyukan ɗan’adam kamar kiwo fiye da kima da lalacewar ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What Is Desertification and How Does It Impact Mongolia? |url=https://breathemongolia.org/en/news-article/desertification-impact-mongolia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401180828/https://breathemongolia.org/en/news-article/desertification-impact-mongolia |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=Breathe Mongolia – English |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kudancin Amurka ===
[[Kudancin Amurka]] ma yana cikin yankunan da ke fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa, inda kusan kashi 25% na ƙasar ake ɗauka a matsayin busasshiyar ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=Soil Degradation Threatens Nutrition in Latin America - World |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/soil-degradation-threatens-nutrition-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403121753/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/soil-degradation-threatens-nutrition-latin-america |archive-date=3 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fiye da kashi 68% na ƙasar sun riga sun fuskanci zaizayar ƙasa sakamakon sare dazuka da kiwo fiye da kima.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 June 2018 |title=Why We Should Invest in Land Management in Latin America |url=https://www.nrdc.org/bio/carolina-herrera/why-we-should-invest-land-management-latin-america |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=www.nrdc.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ƙasashe kamar [[Bolivia]], [[Chile]], [[Ecuador]] da [[Peru]], kusan kashi 27 zuwa 43% na ƙasa na fuskantar barazanar hamadar ƙasa. A [[Argentina]], [[Mexico]] da [[Paraguay]], fiye da rabin ƙasar ta riga ta lalace.

A Amurka ta Tsakiya, fari yana haifar da rashin aikin yi da ƙarancin abinci, wanda ke tilasta mutane yin ƙaura. Haka ma a Mexico, kusan kilomita murabba’i 1,000 na ƙasa na lalacewa kowace shekara saboda hamadar ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A [[Argentina]], hamadar ƙasa na iya yin tasiri sosai ga samar da abinci na ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Torres |first1=Laura |last2=Abraham |first2=Elena M. |last3=Rubio |first3=Clara |last4=Barbero-Sierra |first4=Celia |last5=Ruiz-Pérez |first5=Manuel |date=7 July 2015 |title=Desertification Research in Argentina |journal=Land Degradation &amp; Development |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=433–440 |bibcode=2015LDeDe..26..433T |doi=10.1002/ldr.2392 |s2cid=129476957 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11336/48401}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Yadda ake sake dakile hamadar Sahara{{anchor|Countermeasures_and_prevention}}==

Techniques da hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su domin rage ko ma dakile ci gaban hamada (desertification) sun wanzu. Amma akwai wasu kalubale wajen aiwatar da wasu daga cikin waɗannan matakan. Duk da haka, wasu hanyoyin suna bukatar kawai amfani da hikimar ɗan adam da kyakkyawan tsari.

Wani babban cikas da ake ganin yana hana aiwatar da wasu matakan shi ne cewa kudin amfani da hanyoyin noma mai dorewa sau da yawa ya fi amfanin da manoma ke samu nan take, duk da cewa suna da amfani ga muhalli da al’umma gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Drost|first1=Daniel|last2=Long|first2=Gilbert|last3=Wilson|first3=David|last4=Miller|first4=Bruce|last5=Campbell|first5=William|title=Barriers to Adopting Sustainable Agricultural Practices|issue=6|url=https://www.joe.org/joe/1996december/a1.php|journal=Journal of Extension|volume=34|date=1 December 1996|access-date=21 February 2017|archive-date=22 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222053123/https://www.joe.org/joe/1996december/a1.php}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani matsala kuma ita ce rashin niyyar siyasa da rashin kuɗi don tallafawa gyaran ƙasa da shirye-shiryen yaƙi da hamadar Sahara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Briassoulis, Helen|title=Policy integration for complex environmental problems: the example of Mediterranean desertification|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7546-4243-5|page=237|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpYnV45hVRsC&amp;pg=PA237}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An gane hamadar Sahara a matsayin babbar barazana ga bambancin halittu (biodiversity). Wasu ƙasashe sun kirkiri tsare-tsaren kare halittu (biodiversity action plans) domin kare dabbobi da tsirrai masu hatsari.&lt;ref&gt;Techniques for Desert Reclamation by Andrew S. Goudie&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gsafweb.org/TrusteeNews/desertdevelopmen.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103172821/http://www.gsafweb.org/TrusteeNews/desertdevelopmen.html|title=Desert reclamation projects|archive-date=3 January 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Inganta ingancin ƙasa ===
Hanyoyin da ake amfani da su suna mai da hankali kan abubuwa biyu: samar da ruwa, da gyara ƙasa da kuma ƙara mata ƙarfin haihuwa. Ana yin gyaran ƙasa ta hanyar amfani da itatuwan kariya daga iska (windbreaks), da gandun itatuwa (woodlots). Waɗannan itatuwa da bishiyoyi suna rage zaizayar ƙasa da kuma rage bushewar ruwa daga ƙasa.

Wasu ƙasa (misali yumbu), idan ba su da ruwa na iya tauri sosai maimakon zama mai laushi. A irin waɗannan lokuta ana amfani da hanyoyi kamar ''zaï'' ko noman ƙasa (tillage) domin ba da damar shuka amfanin gona.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/soil/mann-text.html|title=Our Good Earth – National Geographic Magazine|access-date=21 June 2016|archive-date=25 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425181742/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/soil/mann-text.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wata muhimmiyar hanya ita ce tona ramuka a layi (contour trenching). Ana tona ramuka masu tsawon kusan mita 150 da zurfin mita 1 a ƙasa. Ana tsara su bisa layukan gangaren ƙasa domin hana ruwa gudu da haddasa zaizayar ƙasa. Ana kuma sanya duwatsu a gefen ramukan domin hana su rufewa. Peter Westerveld ne ya ƙirƙiri wannan hanyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nagafoundation.org/|title=Home – Justdiggit|access-date=21 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402205707/https://nagafoundation.org/|archive-date=2 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inganta ƙasa da dawo da haihuwarta ana yi ne ta hanyar amfani da tsirrai. Daga ciki akwai tsirran legume da ke ɗaukar nitrogen daga iska su mayar da shi cikin ƙasa, da tsirrai masu kauri kamar cactus (Opuntia),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nefzaoui |first1=Ali |title=Cactus as a Tool to Mitigate Drought and to Combat Desertification |journal=Journal of Arid Land Studies |volume=24 |issue=1 |date=30 January 2014 |pages=121–124 |hdl=20.500.11766/7319 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma amfanin gona kamar hatsi, sha'ir, wake da dabino. Ana kuma amfani da shingen yashi (sand fences) domin hana iska ɗaukar ƙasa.

Wata hanya ita ce amfani da taki mai ɗauke da nitrogen, amma saboda tsada, manoma kananan gonaki ba sa yawan amfani da shi. Wasu ƙasashe kamar Indiya, Zambia da Malawi sun fara bayar da tallafi domin ƙarfafa amfani da wannan taki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Duflo |first1=Esther |last2=Kremer |first2=Michael |last3=Robinson |first3=Jonathan |title=Nudging Farmers to Use Fertilizer: Theory and Experimental Evidence from Kenya |journal=American Economic Review |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=2350–2390 |doi=10.1257/aer.101.6.2350 |date=October 2011|url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w15131.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002053100/http://www.nber.org/papers/w15131.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2015 |url-status=live |hdl=1721.1/63964 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu cibiyoyin bincike (kamar Bel-Air Research Center IRD/ISRA/UCAD) suna gwada amfani da fungi na mycorrhiza a cikin yankunan busassu. Wadannan fungi suna haɗuwa da tushen tsirrai, suna ƙara musu damar samun sinadarai daga ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://196.1.95.4/fst/biologie-vegetale/labo_commun.htm|title=Département Biologie Végétale – Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie IRD-ISRA-UCAD|access-date=21 June 2016|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624015819/http://196.1.95.4/fst/biologie-vegetale/labo_commun.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma ba da shawarar amfani da injiniyan halittu (bioengineering) na ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙasa domin inganta yanayin ƙasa a yankunan busassu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bioengineered soil microbes may help prevent desertification|url=https://phys.org/news/2020-08-bioengineered-soil-microbes-desertification.html|access-date=26 August 2020|website=phys.org|language=en|archive-date=27 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827204631/https://phys.org/news/2020-08-bioengineered-soil-microbes-desertification.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kore hamada (Desert greening) ===
Saboda hamada iri-iri ce, akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na sake gyara ta. Misali, yankunan gishiri a cikin hamadar Rub' al Khali a Saudiyya ana ganin suna da damar amfani da ruwan teku wajen noma, ba tare da amfani da ruwa mai ɗaci ba.

Hanyar Farmer-managed natural regeneration (FMNR) ta yi nasara a Niger tun 1980, inda aka sake farfado da kusan murabba'in kilomita 30,000 na ƙasa. Wannan hanyar tana taimaka wa bishiyoyi su sake girma ta hanyar yankan rassan da kyau, sannan ragowar bishiyoyi suna taimakawa riƙe danshi a ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/10/18/sprouting-trees-from-the-underground-forest-a-simple-way-to-fight-desertification-and-climate-change/ |title=Sprouting Trees From the Underground Forest — A Simple Way to Fight Desertification and Climate Change – Water Matters – State of the Planet |publisher=Blogs.ei.columbia.edu |date=18 October 2011 |access-date=11 August 2012 |archive-date=23 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623022554/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/10/18/sprouting-trees-from-the-underground-forest-a-simple-way-to-fight-desertification-and-climate-change/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

FAO ta ƙaddamar da shirin FAO Drylands Restoration Initiative a 2012 domin haɗa ilimi da gogewa wajen gyaran ƙasashen busassu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Drylands Restoration Initiative |url=http://www.fao.org/forestry/aridzone/restoration/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723220152/http://www.fao.org/forestry/aridzone/restoration/en/ |archive-date=23 July 2016 |access-date=14 April 2016 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shirin [[Green Wall of China]] ya nuna yadda dasa bishiyoyi a babban sikeli zai iya rage ci gaban hamada. A China an dasa biliyoyin bishiyoyi, wanda ya rage yawan guguwar yashi da kashi 20%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Beiser |first=Vince |date=1 September 2017 |title=A tree grows in China: can a &quot;Green Great Wall&quot; stop sand from devouring the countryside? |journal=Mother Jones |volume=83 |issue=4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Afirka kuma an fara shirin Great Green Wall na Afirka a 2007 domin yaƙi da hamadar Sahara a kasashe 20. An riga an dawo da miliyoyin hekta na ƙasa kuma ana sa ran ƙarin gyara zuwa 2030.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification |date=2019 |title=The Great Green Wall Initiative |url=https://www.unccd.int/actions/great-green-wall-initiative |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202120122/https://www.unccd.int/actions/great-green-wall-initiative |archive-date=2 December 2019 |access-date=3 December 2019 |website=United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ingantaccen kiwo ===
Wata hanya ita ce sarrafa kiwo ta hanyar motsa dabbobi daga wuri zuwa wuri domin ƙasa ta samu damar farfadowa. Wannan na taimakawa wajen ƙara carbon a ƙasa, amma wasu masana suna cewa ba ya magance hamada gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Briske |first1=David D. |last2=Bestelmeyer |first2=Brandon T. |last3=Brown |first3=Joel R. |last4=Fuhlendorf |first4=Samuel D. |last5=Wayne Polley |first5=H. |date=Oct 2013 |title=The Savory Method Can Not Green Deserts or Reverse Climate Change |journal=Rangelands |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=72–74 |doi=10.2111/RANGELANDS-D-13-00044.1|hdl=10150/639967 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agrivoltaics ===
Masu bincike a arewacin China sun ba da shawarar amfani da tsarin agrivoltaic domin tallafawa muhalli a yankunan busassu. Bincike na 2025 ya nuna cewa hakan na iya inganta rayuwar ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙasa da tsarin muhalli gaba ɗaya.

== Tarihin hamada da faruwar desertification ==

Mafi shahararrun hamadun duniya sun samo asali ne ta hanyoyin yanayi na halitta da suka yi aiki na dogon lokaci. A cikin mafi yawan waɗannan lokuta, hamada suna faɗaɗa da raguwa ba tare da tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam ba. Paleodeserts su ne tsofaffin manyan tekunan yashi (sand seas) da yanzu ba sa aiki saboda ciyayi sun rufe su, wasu daga cikinsu suna wuce iyakokin hamadar da ake gani a yau, kamar [[Sahara]], wadda ita ce mafi girman hamadar zafi a duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

Shaidun tarihi sun nuna cewa mummunan lalacewar ƙasa da ta faru shekaru aru-aru da suka wuce a yankunan busassu tana da manyan cibiyoyi guda uku: yankin Bahar Rum (Mediterranean), kwarin Mesopotamia, da [[Loess Plateau]] na China, inda yawan jama'a ya yi yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Dregne |first=H.E. |title=Desertification of Arid Lands |url=http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/docs/002-193/002-193.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428120939/http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/docs/002-193/002-193.html |archive-date=28 April 2023 |access-date=3 December 2013 |publisher=Columbia University}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Farkon tattaunawar da aka sani kan wannan batu ta fara ne jim kaɗan bayan mamayar Faransa a Afirka ta Yamma, lokacin da hukumar Comité d’Etudes ta ba da umarnin gudanar da bincike kan ''desséchement progressif'' domin nazarin yadda hamadar Sahara ta fara faɗaɗa a tarihi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Mortimore, Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx89AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA12 |title=Adapting to drought: farmers, famines, and desertification in West Africa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-521-32312-3 |page=12 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160046/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx89AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA12 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken zamani kan desertification ya samo asali ne daga nazarin fari mai tsanani na shekarun 1980 a yankin [[Sahel]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Lazım Esmaeili</title>
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'''Lazım Esmaeili''' (kuma &quot;Lazem&quot;) (1945-28 Janairu 1996) ya kasance mai safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi na [[Kurdawa]] [[Iran|Dan Iran]] da ke aiki a [[Turkiyya]], wanda aka same shi da azabtarwa kuma ya harbe shi da kisan gilla na Turkiyya da Iran a [[Istanbul]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Susurluk scandal |url=https://www.newturkey.today/Gladio-B/Susurluk-scandal/index.html |access-date=2019-10-20 |website=www.newturkey.today |archive-date=2019-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020235025/https://www.newturkey.today/Gladio-B/Susurluk-scandal/index.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An haifi Esmaelli a shekarar 1945 a Urmia ( lardin Azarbaijan ta Yamma ) a [[Iran]] a matsayin ɗan Selim. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ya koma Turkiyya kuma ya sami izinin aiki daga Babban Daraktan Tsaro na Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida na tsawon lokaci tsakanin Mayu 20, 1991, da Satumba 20, 1992. Ya zuwa watan Satumbar 1991, ya kasance abokin tarayya na Beyazıt Foreign Trade Co. a Istanbul, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan. A ranar 11 ga Satumba, 1993, ya sami izinin zama na tsawon shekaru biyu.

== Mutuwa ==
A ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1996, an sace shi da abokin aikinsa Askar Simitko lokacin da suka bar gidan caca na [[Polat Renaissance Hotel|Otal din Polat Renaissance]] a Yeşilköy, Istanbul a lokacin gida 03:45 ko 03:30 na safe. A ranar 28 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1996, mazauna kauyen sun sami gawawwakin su biyu a Kerev Creek, Silivri, kimanin kilomita {{Convert|60|km|mi}} (37  nesa da Istanbul. An azabtar da su, an yanke kunnuwa kuma an harbe su sau da yawa.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* &quot;Rahoton 1998&quot; (PDF). Gidauniyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turkiyya. An adana shi daga asali (PDF) a 2009-02-05.  &lt;small&gt; (ya ƙunshi rahotanni na Susurluk a Turanci) &lt;/small&gt; {{Cite web |title=1998 Report |url=http://www.tihv.org.tr/tihve/data/Yayinlar/Human_Rights_Reports/Ra1998HumanRigthsReport.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205022400/http://www.tihv.org.tr/tihve/data/Yayinlar/Human_Rights_Reports/Ra1998HumanRigthsReport.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-05 |publisher=[[Human Rights Foundation of Turkey]] |ref=CITEREFHRFT1998}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]]
[[Rukuni:Matattun 1995]]</text>
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    <title>Sufurin ruwa a Zambia</title>
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Sufurin ruwa da kuma hanyoyin ruwa na cikin gida da yawa da ake iya bi a [[Zambiya|Zambia]] suna da dogon tarihi na amfani da su a aikace sai dai a wasu sassan kudu. Tunda ba a yi amfani da dabbobin da ke shawagi kamar shanu sosai ba, jigilar ruwa yawanci ita ce kawai mafita ga tafiya da ƙafa har zuwa ƙarni na 19. Tarihi da mahimmancin hanyoyin ruwan Zambia a yanzu, da kuma nau'ikan jiragen ruwa na asali da ake amfani da su, suna ba da bayanai kan wannan muhimmin fanni na tattalin arzikin Zambia.

== Jiragen ruwa na asali da kuma amfani da hanyoyin ruwa na gargajiya ==

=== Kwale-kwalen Dugout ===
Dabarar yin kwale-kwale na wucin gadi ko rafting ta hanyar haɗa tarin ciyawa masu tasowa ta hanyar haɗa su da yawa, an san su ga mutanen Afirka da ke zaune kusa da koguna, tafkuna, tafkuna da dausayi na abin da yanzu ake kira Zambia.  Zuwan Zamanin Ƙarfe ya gabatar da kayan aiki kamar [[Gizago|adze]] wanda ke sauƙaƙa gina kwale-kwalen dugout, musamman daga teak na Afirka ( ''Pterocarpus angolensis'' ko 'mulombe' a Chibemba, 'mulombe' a Chilozi, 'mukwa' a Chishona) wanda ke da tsawon rai ko da lokacin da ake nutsar da shi akai-akai. Daga nan sai wurin ya zama babban hanyar kamun kifi da tafiye-tafiye ta jirgin ruwa, ko dai a yi amfani da shi a cikin ruwa mai zurfi, ko kuma a yi amfani da shi a cikin ruwa mara zurfi kamar makoros a Botswana maƙwabciya.

Lokacin da mai bincike David Livingstone, Ba’amurke na farko da ya ga [[Tafkin Bangweulu]], ya isa gabar yammacin wannan tafkin a shekarar 1868, an kai shi ta cikin jirgin ruwa mai tsawon ƙafa 45 da faɗin ƙafa 4 (kimanin mita 14 da mita 1.2), wanda mutane shida suka yi wa kwale-kwale. Mutanen tafkin da wuraren danshi, waɗanda suka mamaye wani yanki mai faɗi sama da 10,000, sun mamaye shi.&amp;nbsp;kilomita &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; a cikin ambaliyar ruwa, suna da ikon kewaya ba tare da taimako ba a cikin ruwa mai buɗewa ko ta cikin hanyoyin ruwa masu faɗi duk da cewa ba su da alamun da za su jagorance su a mafi yawan lokuta. 

Akwai labarin mutanen Shila a cikin fadama [[Kogin Luapula|na Luapula]] a ƙarni na 19 suna farautar dorinar ruwa da ƙwarewa mai kyau ta hanyar jefa musu harpoon daga kwale-kwalen da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa, duk da cewa suna cikin babban haɗari daga ikon waɗannan manyan dabbobi masu ƙarfin hali na juyar da kwale-kwalen da kuma cizon masu faka da shi kusan rabi, kuma su ne ke da alhakin mutuwar mutane da yawa a Zambia. &lt;ref&gt;[http://NRJ/V2N5/V2N5.htm (On www.nrzam.org.uk website accessed 24 February 2007)]{{Dead link|date=August 2025|fix-attempted=yes}} William Lammond: “The Luapula Valley”, in ''The [[Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'', Vol 2 No 5 pp 50−55(1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana iya haɗa kwale-kwalen da dama tare da gina wani dandamali na katako a kansu don ɗaukar kaya masu nauyi, kuma an yi jiragen ruwa na farko da yawa ta wannan hanyar, kamar jirgin ruwa na farko da ya ratsa Kogin Luangwa a shekarar 1929, wanda zai iya ɗaukar babbar mota mai nauyin tan 1.5. An yi amfani da mutane goma sha biyu wajen yin hayan, hanyar ta kan ɗauki awanni huɗu zuwa shida, ba saboda faɗin kogin ba, amma saboda buƙatar yin tafiya mai nisa kafin a haye, lokacin da wutar lantarki za ta share pontoon kilomita da yawa a ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;NRJ&quot;&gt;[http://NRJ/V2N5/V2N5.htm (On www.nrzam.org.uk website accessed 24 February 2007)]{{Dead link|date=August 2025|fix-attempted=yes}} H. C. N. Ridley: “Early History of Road Transport in Northern Rhodesia”, The Northern Rhodesia Journal, Vol 2 No 5 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai al'ummomin kamun kifi na dindindin da na yanayi waɗanda kawai hanyar shiga ta jirgin ruwa ko kwale-kwale take, kamar a Bangweulu da [[Tafkin Mweru Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] musamman, har ma da koguna da gabar tafkin da yawa. Ga irin waɗannan al'ummomin, kwale-kwale da jiragen ruwa hanya ce ta rayuwa. Wani mai mulkin mallaka a shekarun 1920 ya ga kwale-kwale mai hawa dutse yana ratsa tafkin Tanganyika (35)&amp;nbsp;(kilomita 1) wanda ya isa ya sami raƙuman ruwa na kusan mita 1. Ko da yake irin wannan aikin ya zama ruwan dare gama gari, ya yi mamakin ganin cewa masu tuka jirgin ruwa uku duk makafi ne, kuma wani ƙaramin yaro ne ke tuƙa jirgin zuwa shagon da ke Mpulungu domin su sayi kayayyaki. &lt;ref&gt;[http://NRJ/V2N5/V2N5.htm (On www.nrzam.org.uk website accessed 24 February 2007)]{{Dead link|date=August 2025|fix-attempted=yes}} — (No author): “Strange Encounter”, in ''The Northern Rhodesia Journal'', Vol 2 No 5 p55 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jiragen ruwan katako na Lozi ===
Kafin zuwan Turawa daga shekarar 1860 zuwa gaba, mutanen Lozi na Barotseland suna gina jiragen ruwa na sarauta na ''Nalikwanda'' da aka yi da alluna na teak da aka ɗaure da ƙusoshin ƙarfe (dazuzzukan Teak na Rhodesian sun girma a gabashin Barotseland). Kamar yadda aka gani a bikin Kuomboka, waɗannan sun kai girman da ya kai ɗari, suna buƙatar masu yin kwale-kwale ɗari ko fiye. Duk da cewa akwai rade-radin cewa Lozi ya koyi wannan hanyar gina kwale-kwale daga 'yan kasuwa [[Larabawa]] ko na Portugal, Lozi bai bar irin waɗannan 'yan kasuwa su shiga yankinsu ba, kuma 'yan kasuwa ba su yi jigilar kwale-kwale zuwa tsakiyar Afirka da su ba. Babu wata shaida da za ta nuna cewa jirgin ruwan Lozi wani abu ne banda fasaha ta asali. 

== Sufurin ruwa a zamanin mulkin mallaka ==
Tsawon kimanin shekaru talatin bayan fara mulkin mallaka a matsayin [[Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia|Arewa maso Yamma]] da [[Arewa maso gabashin Rhodesia|Arewa maso Gabashin Rhodesia]], babu wani sufuri a yankin, sai dai ta hanyar keken shanu . Ko da lokacin da layin dogo na farko ya isa Copperbelt a shekarar 1910, babu wani sufuri na hanya daga wannan layin guda ɗaya zuwa yankunan da ke kewaye ko sauran ƙasar. Jami'an mulkin mallaka, 'yan kasuwa, da 'yan ƙalilan mazauna yankin sun yi amfani da jigilar ruwa, kuma wasu 'yan Afirka suna samun kuɗin rayuwarsu suna hayar kwale-kwalen su da kuma aiki a gare su. &lt;ref name=&quot;NRJ&quot;&gt;[http://NRJ/V2N5/V2N5.htm (On www.nrzam.org.uk website accessed 24 February 2007)]{{Dead link|date=August 2025|fix-attempted=yes}}
[[Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2025]]
[[Category:Articles with permanently dead external links]]
&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[Wikipedia:Link rot|&lt;span title=&quot; Dead link tagged August 2025&quot;&gt;permanent dead link&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; H. C. N. Ridley: “Early History of Road Transport in Northern Rhodesia”, The Northern Rhodesia Journal, Vol 2 No 5 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sufurin tafki ===

# [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] : tashar jiragen ruwa ta Mpulungu tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin shiga arewacin yankin har zuwa [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], kuma har ma bayan haka ta kasance babbar hanya tare da ayyukan [[MV Liemba]] da ke haɗawa da layin dogo na Kigoma - [[Dar es Salaam]] .
# [[Tafkin Bangweulu|Tafkin Bangweulu da Bangweulu swamps]] : daga Samfya da [[Nsombo]] zuwa dukkan sassan tsarin.
# [[Tafkin Mweru|Lake Mweru]] : Nchelenge - Kashikishi zuwa tsibirin Kilwa, Chiengi da Pweto .

=== Sufurin tashar kogi da fadama ===

# [[Kogin Zambezi]] : Katombora Rapids zuwa Sesheke da Katima Mulilo, a sama akwai jerin raƙuman ruwa a nisan kilomita 20&amp;nbsp;km, sannan kuma magudanar ruwa ta Ngonye 75&amp;nbsp;kilomita a ci gaba da tafiya a Sioma. Dangane da matakin ruwa, ana iya yin kwale-kwale ko ja su ta cikin ruwa ko kuma a kai su a kusa da ruwan, kuma a Sioma, Cif Yeta yana da tawagar shanu 40 da za su iya ja dawaki.&amp;nbsp;kilomita a kan ƙasa da ke kewaye da maɓuɓɓugar ruwan Ngonye. 
# [[Upper Zambezi|Babban Zambezi]] tsakanin [[Faɗuwar ruwan Ngonye|Ngonye Falls]] da Nyamboma Rapids, musamman Mongu zuwa Kalabo .
# Kasenga (a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] ) da Kashiba, a gefen juna a Kogin Luapula, zuwa Tafkin Mweru. Daga shekarun 1930 zuwa 1950, yawancin kamun kifi na kasuwanci a tafkin masunta ne 'yan Girka da ke aiki daga Kasenga. Gwamnatin [[Belgian Congo|Belgium Congo]] ta kuma yi amfani da jirgin ruwa mai tuka keke mai suna ''Charles Lemaire'', a kan Luapula da Tafkin Mweru. 
# Fadamar Bangweulu : Sau da yawa ana takaita daruruwan hanyoyin ruwa ta hanyar canza ciyayi kuma ba su dace da jiragen ruwa masu motsi ba sai waɗanda ke da injinan waje. An yi ƙoƙari tsawon shekaru don yanke hanyoyin ruwa amma daga ƙarshe sun zama ƙasa ko kuma sun sake girma da papyrus. Manyan hanyoyin:

=== Sauran hanyoyin ruwa, amfanin gida ===

* Kogin Kafue, duk da cewa yana da sauƙin tafiya tsakanin garin Kafue da Copperbelt, ba a yi amfani da shi don wannan hanyar ba saboda hanyar da ke tafiya a hankali wadda ke kai ta zuwa yamma ta sa hanyar ta fi nisan layin madaidaiciya sau uku, kuma ba ta wucewa kusa da kowace yanki mai yawan jama'a.
* Hakazalika Kogin Luangwa ba ya zama babban hanyar ruwa domin ba ya ratsawa ta kowace unguwa mai yawan jama'a, kuma yana zama ƙasa sosai a lokacin rani.
* [[Dongwe River|Kogin Dongwe]] da [[Kabompo (kogi)|Kogin Kabompo]] a yamma
* [[Kogin Lungwebungu]] a yamma
* Luena- [[Luongo River|Luongo]] a arewa
* Kogin Upper Kalungwishi a arewa
* [[Tafkin Mweru Wantipa]] a arewa
* Fadamar Lukanga a tsakiya

== Ayyukan kwale-kwale a zamanin yanzu ==

Akwai buƙatar haɓaka hanyoyin ruwa na cikin ƙasa a ƙasar Zambia amma rashin ƙwarewar gudanarwa a fannin da kuma rashin ababen more rayuwa na tashoshin jiragen ruwa suna kawo cikas ga hakan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ecfa.or.jp/japanese/act-pf/H17/renkei/zambia/Zambia-Chapter%204-A.pdf Engineering and Consulting Firms Association of Japan website]: “Report on Zambia: Sectorial Development Strategies”, p 4-A-8 (2003). Accessed 24 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Haɓaka hanyoyin mota ya rage buƙatar ayyukan kwale-kwale na kasuwanci a wuraren da ayyukan hanyoyin mota ke yin gogayya da su. Babu wasu manyan birane da suka haɓaka a kusa da kowace hanyar ruwa, saboda haka ba a amfani da jigilar kwale-kwale don kowane balaguro na cikin birni ko tsakanin birane. Guraren da kawai za a iya ɗauka suna da ayyukan kwale-kwale na kasuwanci sune, kamar yadda girmansu yake:

=== Masu gudanarwa na kasuwanci ===

* Mpulungu, Tafkin Tanganyika, yana amfani da gaɓar tekun Zambia da tsibiran da ke har zuwa Nsumbu da Ndole Bay, tare da ayyukan ƙasa da ƙasa zuwa ƙasashen Tanzania, DR Congo da kuma Burundi.
* Samfya, Tafkin Bangweulu
* Nchelenge-Kashikishi, Tafkin Mweru (tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa zuwa DR Congo a Kilwa da Kasenga).
* Mongu, Kogin Zambezi, musamman zuwa Kalabo.

=== Masu gudanarwa na yawon buɗe ido ===

Ana samun masu gudanar da kwale-kwale da ke hidima ga kasuwancin yawon buɗe ido a:&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.zambiatourism.com Zambia National tourist Board website] accessed 24 February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

* Mpulungu a Tafkin Tanganyika
* Gidan shakatawa na Nsumbu National Park a Kasaba Bay a Tafkin Tanganyika
* Gidan shakatawa na South Luangwa National Park a Kogin Luangwa
* Gidan shakatawa na Kafue National Park a Kogin Kafue da kuma tafkin da madatsar ruwa ta Itezhi-Tezhi Dam ta samar
* Mongu a Kogin Zambezi
* Livingstone a Kogin Zambezi
* Siavonga da Sinazongwe a Tafkin Kariba
* Gidan shakatawa na Lower Zambezi National Park a Kogin Zambezi

Baya ga waɗannan, akwai kamfanonin yawon buɗe ido da sansanonin da aka kafa domin kama kifi da balaguron ban mamaki, musamman a saman kogin Zambezi, waɗanda galibi ke hidima ga masu yawon buɗe ido na ƙasa da ƙasa akan farashi mai tsada.

=== Amfani da kwale-kwale don abubuwan da ba na kasuwanci ba da na dogaro da kai ===

Amfani da kwalƙwalen da aka ƙirƙira daga jikin icce (dugout canoes) ya ɗan ragu sai dai a wurare mafi nisa, saboda ƙarancin bishiyoyin African Teak masu kyau, da kuma gogayya daga kwale-kwalen katako, na aluminium da na glass-fibre. Amfani da injinan waje na kwale-kwale (outboard motors) ya kasance ƙanƙani saboda tsadar mai da kuma rashin ayyukan gyare-gyare.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Kwalejin Ibrananci don Yara na Musamman</title>
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{{Databox}}

Hebrew Academy For Special Children ('''HASC''') wata hukuma ce ta [[Yahudawa]] mai zaman kanta a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], tana ba da sabis na tallafi ga yara masu Bukatu na musamman. An fi saninta da sansanonin bazara da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na shekara-shekara na A Time for Music.

== Tarihi ==
Shirin HASC (Hebrew Academy For Special Children) an kafa shi ne a 1963 ta Rabbi Max da Blanche Kahn &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HASC - The Hebrew Academy For Special Children |url=http://www.hasc.net/ |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=Hasc.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; don samar da sabis na ilimi da asibiti ga mutane daga jariri har zuwa manya waɗanda ke nuna jinkirin ci gaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gold |first=Doris |date=25 March 1973 |title=Hebrew School Gives Hope to Disabled |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/03/25/archives/hebrew-school-gives-hope-to-disabled.html |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samuel Kahn ne ke jagorantar HASC a halin yanzu.

== Ayyuka ==
Ayyukan HASC an tsara su ne ga jarirai, yara, da manya tare da magana, ilmantarwa, ko iyakancewar motsi da kuma yara waɗanda ke da matsalolin halayyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Sharon |date=16 November 1983 |title=Opportunities Expanding for the Retarded |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/16/garden/opportunities-expanding-for-the-retarded.html |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A halin yanzu akwai wurare 6 a yankin New York da ke ba da sabis ga yara sama da 1,000. Bugu da kari, HASC tana ba da shirye-shirye da wuraren zama kamar Camp HASC da kuma taimakawa gidajen zama a duk yankin Birnin New York.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Programs at HASC |url=http://www.hasc.net/programs.php |access-date=2009-10-26 |website=Hasc.net |archive-date=2010-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106154241/http://www.hasc.net/programs.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai makaranta a Woodmere, New York tare da ɗaliban ɗalibai kusan 890 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Private School Review - HASC |url=http://www.privateschoolreview.com/school_ov/school_id/34868 |access-date=2009-10-26 |website=Privateschoolreview.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana rarraba shirye-shiryen ta hanyar kimanin shekaru:

* Farko na Farko (0-3) 
* Makarantar sakandare (3-5) 
* Shekarar makaranta (5-21) 
* Gidan bazara (duk shekaru) 

== Lokaci don Kiɗa ==
HASC is well known for its annual ''A Time for Music'' benefit concert.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 January 1996 |title=Benefits |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/28/style/benefits-003271.html |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; These concerts have been annually since 1988 in venues such as Lincoln Center, Carnegie Hall, Madison Square Garden and New Jersey Performing Arts Center.  The concert is viewed as a major event within the New York Jewish community, and has been described by Benny Friedman as &quot;the Jewish Music Super Bowl&quot;. In the past it has attracted contemporary Jewish stars like Mordechai Ben David, Avraham Fried, Yaakov Shwekey and Matisyahu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nachum Segal |title=HASC, A Time For Music At Carnegie Hall Dec 29, 2005 |url=http://www.nachumsegal.com/readBlog.cfm?blog=36964 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718080446/http://www.nachumsegal.com/readBlog.cfm?blog=36964 |archive-date=2007-07-18 |access-date=2008-11-23 |website=Nachumsegal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The concert has been produced by Shloime Steinmetz since 2023, and is hosted by Nachum Segal.

== sansanin HASC ==
Camp HASC na ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi da yawa da Max da Blanche Kahn suka kafa, a cikin shekara ta 1970. Camp HASC mai karɓar bakuncin yara sama da 300 da ke buƙatar buƙata ta musamman a kowane bazara. Ana ba wa waɗannan yara masu ba da shawara don yin aiki, wasa, da kula da su a duk lokacin rani. HASC kuma tana ba da gogewa ga sababbin ma'aikatan jinya kawai daga makarantar jinya. Makonni 7 a lokacin rani, sabbin ma'aikatan jinya masu cancanta suna aiki tare da masu ba da shawara. Cibiyar ta ba da taimako ga waɗanda ke cikin bukata, masu sansani da masu ba da shawara iri ɗaya.[1][2]

== A cikin labarai ==
Makarantar ta sami kanta a cikin labarai a cikin 1998 lokacin da ta ba da sunan gini bayan Sanata Alfonse D'Amato kuma sanata sun yi amfani da kalmomi masu banƙyama game da wasu daga cikin abokan hamayyarsa na siyasa a cikin jawabinsa na karɓa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Halbfinger |first=David M. |date=23 October 1998 |title=THE 1998 CAMPAIGN -- THE SENATE; D'Amato Says He's Sorry, but Not to Schumer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/23/nyregion/the-1998-campaign-the-senate-d-amato-says-he-s-sorry-but-not-to-schumer.html |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hukumar ta sami tallafin tarayya na $ 430,000 a shekara ta 2001 don kafa cibiyar sabis na ƙasa ga nakasassu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Newsday, January 7, 2001 |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/66241405.html?dids=66241405:66241405&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Jan+07%2C+2001&amp;author=Ellen+Yan.+WASHINGTON+BUREAU&amp;pub=Newsday+(Combined+editions)&amp;desc=WASHINGTON+BRIEFING+%2F+Federal+Budget+Lists+Local+Goodies+%2F+Spending+initiatives+highlight+variety%2C+offer+something+for+everyone&amp;pqatl=google |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103085348/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/66241405.html?dids=66241405:66241405&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Jan+07,+2001&amp;author=Ellen+Yan.+WASHINGTON+BUREAU&amp;pub=Newsday+(Combined+editions)&amp;desc=WASHINGTON+BRIEFING+%2F+Federal+Budget+Lists+Local+Goodies+%2F+Spending+initiatives+highlight+variety,+offer+something+for+everyone&amp;pqatl=google |archive-date=November 3, 2012 |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=Pqasb.pqarchiver.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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    <title>MANUFOFIN KULA DA MAGUNGUNA</title>
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      <text bytes="10174" sha1="aex0ct8c8l5x4xuco9cdf184rpjrns8" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}Manufofin Kula da magunguna reshe ne na Manufofin kiwon lafiya wanda ke hulɗa da ci gaba, samarwa da amfani da magunguna a cikin Tsarin kiwon lafiya. Ya ƙunshi magunguna (sunan alama da na gama gari), ilmin halitta (kayayyakin da aka samo daga tushen rayuwa, sabanin sinadarai), allurar rigakafi da kayayyakin kiwon lafiya na halitta.

==Tallafin bincike a cikin kimiyyar rayuwa==
A kasashe da yawa, wata hukuma ta gwamnatin kasa (a Amurka NIH, a Burtaniya MRC, kuma a Indiya DST) tana tallafawa masu binciken jami'a don nazarin abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtuka, wanda a wasu lokuta ke haifar da ci gaban abubuwan da aka gano wanda za'a iya canja shi zuwa kamfanonin magunguna da kamfanonin biotechnology a matsayin tushen ci gaban magunguna. Ta hanyar saita kasafin kudin ta, abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci a binciken ta da kuma yanke shawara game da wane masu bincike za su tallafawa, za a iya samun tasiri sosai a kan yawan ci gaban sabbin magunguna da kuma wuraren cututtukan da ake bunkasa sabbin magungunan. Misali, babban saka hannun jari da NIH ta yi a cikin bincike kan cutar kanjamau a cikin shekarun 1980 tabbas za a iya kallon shi a matsayin muhimmin tushe ga magungunan rigakafi da yawa da aka haɓaka daga baya.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_policy#cite_note-1:~:text=Aggarwal%2C%20Rashmi%2C%20Kaur%2C%20Rajinder%2C%20Patent%20Law%20and%20Intellectual%20Property%20in%20the%20Medical%20Field.%20IGI%20Global%2C%20Jun%2030%2C%202017%20p67%2D73&lt;/ref&gt;

==Dokar Haƙƙin Mallaka==
Duk da yake an rubuta dokokin patent don amfani da duk abubuwan kirkirar, ko na inji, na magunguna, ko na lantarki, fassarorin dokar patent da hukumomin bayar da patent na gwamnati suka yi (Ofishin Patent da Trademark na Amurka, alal misali) da kotuna, na iya zama takamaiman batun da ke da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan abubuwan da ke motsawa don ci gaban magunguna da kuma wadatar magungunan magunguna masu ƙarancin farashi. Misali, wani yanke shawara na baya-bayan nan da Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka ta yanke a cikin Tarayyar Tarayya a cikin Pfizer v. Apotex, 480 F.3d 1348 (Fed.Cir.2007), ya riƙe takardar shaidar a kan tsarin &quot;gishiri na magani&quot; na sinadarin da aka ba da izini a baya. Idan Kotun Koli ta Amurka ba ta soke wannan shawarar ba, nau'ikan magungunan da ke cikin rikici, Norvasc (amlodipine besylate) za su kasance a baya. Idan an yi amfani da hujja na Tarayyar Tarayya a cikin shari'ar gabaɗaya ga wasu takardun shaida a kan tsarin magunguna, zai sami babban tasiri wajen saurin samun magunguna (kuma, akasin haka, wasu mummunan tasiri a kan abubuwan da ke motsawa da kudade don bincike da ci gaban sabbin&lt;ref&gt;Janice M. Mueller. Mueller on Patent Law: Patentability and Validity. Wolters Kluwer Law &amp; Business, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; magunguna).

==Lasisi==
Wannan ya haɗa da amincewa da samfurin don sayarwa a cikin iko. Yawanci wata hukuma ta kasa kamar Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (musamman, Cibiyar Bincike da Bincike na Magunguna, ko CDER), Hukumar Kula da Magunguna da Kayayyakin Kiwon Lafiya ta Burtaniya ko Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Kanada ko Hukumar Rijistar Magunguna ta Ukraine&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.drugmed.gov.ua/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-05 |archive-date=2003-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031220125726/http://www.drugmed.gov.ua/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; tana da alhakin sake duba samfurin da amincewa da shi don siyarwa. Tsarin tsari yawanci yana mai da hankali kan inganci, aminci da inganci. Don a amince da shi don sayarwa samfurin dole ne ya nuna cewa yana da aminci gabaɗaya (ko yana da ƙwarewar haɗari / fa'ida mai kyau dangane da yanayin da aka nufa ya bi da shi), cewa yana yin abin da mai ƙera ya ce kuma an samar da shi zuwa ƙa'idodi masu girma. Ma'aikatan ciki da kwamitocin ba da shawara na ƙwararru suna nazarin samfuran. Da zarar an amince da shi, ana ba da samfurin wasika ta amincewa ko kuma an bayar da shi tare da sanarwa na bin doka, yana nuna cewa yanzu ana iya sayar da shi a cikin iko. A wasu lokuta, irin wannan amincewa na iya samun yanayin da aka haɗe, yana buƙatar, alal misali ƙarin 'bayan tallace-tallace' gwaje-gwaje don bayyana batun (kamar inganci a wasu masu haƙuri ko hulɗa tare da wasu samfuran) ko ka'idojin da ke iyakance samfurin ga wasu amfani.

==Farashi==
A yankuna da yawa ana tsara farashin miyagun ƙwayoyi. Misali, a cikin Burtaniya an yi amfani da Shirin Gudanar da Farashin Magunguna don tabbatar da cewa Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa tana iya siyan magunguna a &quot;farashi mai kyau&quot;. A Kanada, Hukumar Binciken Farashin Magunguna ta Patented ta bincika farashin magani, ta kwatanta farashin Kanada da aka gabatar da shi da na wasu kasashe bakwai kuma ta tantance ko farashin ya kasance &quot;ya wuce gona da iri&quot; ko a'a. A cikin waɗannan yanayi, masu ƙera magunguna dole ne su gabatar da farashin da aka tsara ga hukumar da ta dace
==Biyan Kudi==
Da zarar wata hukumar da ke kula da ita ta tantance fa'idar asibiti da amincin samfurin da farashi an tabbatar da shi (idan ya cancanta), mai samar da magunguna zai gabatar da shi don kimantawa ta wani mai biyan kuɗi na wani nau'i. Masu biyan kuɗi na iya zama tsare-tsaren inshora masu zaman kansu, gwamnatoci (ta hanyar samar da shirye-shiryen fa'idodi ga jama'a masu inshora ko ƙungiyoyi na musamman kamar Ciwon daji Ontario, wanda ke ba da kuɗin magungunan cutar kanjamau a asibiti) ko kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya kamar asibitoci. A wannan lokacin babban batun shine ingancin farashi. Wannan shi ne inda ake amfani da horo na tattalin arziki da magunguna. Wannan wani yanki ne na musamman na tattalin arzikin kiwon lafiya wanda ke kallon farashi / fa'idar samfurin dangane da ingancin rayuwa, madadin jiyya (magunguna da wadanda ba miyagun ƙwayoyi ba) da rage farashi ko gujewa a wasu sassan tsarin kiwon lafiya (alal misali, magani na iya rage buƙatar shiga tsakani na tiyata, don haka adana kuɗi). Tsarin kamar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya da Kwarewar Asibiti ta Burtaniya da Kwarewa ta Kanada suna kimanta samfuran ta wannan hanyar. Wasu hukunce-hukunce, duk da haka, ba sa kimanta kayayyaki don ingancin farashi. A wasu lokuta, shirye-shiryen amfanin miyagun ƙwayoyi (ko masu gudanar da su) na iya kimanta kayayyaki. Bugu da ƙari, asibitoci na iya samun kwamitocin bita na kansu (wanda ake kira kwamitin Pharmacy da Therapeutics (P &amp; T) don yanke shawara game da waɗanne magunguna ne za su tallafawa daga kasafin kuɗin asibiti.

Masu gudanar da shirin miyagun ƙwayoyi na iya amfani da nasu ka'idojin farashi a waje da abin da hukumomin farashi na ƙasa suka saita. Misali, British Columbia tana amfani da samfurin farashi da ake kira farashi na asali don saita farashin kwayoyi a wasu azuzuwan. Yawancin manajojin amfanin kantin magani na Amurka (PBMs) suna amfani da dabaru kamar tsari mai mahimmanci da jerin sunayen da aka fi so don ƙarfafa gasa da matsin farashi mai saukowa, wanda ke haifar da ƙananan farashi don shirye-shiryen fa'idodi. Kasuwanci na gasa na wannan nau'in ya zama ruwan dare tsakanin manyan masu siye kamar Hukumar Lafiya ta Tsohon Amurka.

==Gudanar Da Tsari==
A cikin mafi yawan tsarin biyan kuɗi shine jerin magunguna, ko tsari. Gudanar da wannan jerin na iya haɗawa da hanyoyi daban-daban. Jerin da ba su dace ba - kayayyakin da ba a biya su ba a kowane yanayi ana amfani da su a wasu yankuna (cf. Jamus). Ƙarin tsari mai ƙarfi na iya samun jerin sunayen digiri kamar tsarin lissafin yanayi na Ontario na baya-bayan nan. Kamar yadda aka ambata, ana iya amfani da tsari don fitar da zabi don rage farashin magunguna ta hanyar tsara sikelin biyan kuɗi wanda ke son samfuran da ba su da rahusa ko waɗanda ke da yarjejeniya mai mahimmanci tare da masana'anta. Wannan shine ka'idar da ke tattare da jerin magungunan da aka fi so da aka yi amfani da su a yawancin shirye-shiryen Medicaid na Amurka. Wasu hukunce-hukunce da tsare-tsare (kamar Italiya) na iya rarraba kwayoyi bisa ga 'muhimmancin su' kuma su ƙayyade matakin biyan kuɗin da shirin zai samar da kuma ɓangaren da ake sa ran mai haƙuri zai biya.

Formularies na iya raba magunguna a cikin rukunoni waɗanda ake buƙatar izini na gaba. Ana yin wannan ne don iyakance amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi masu tsada ko wanda ke da damar yin amfani da shi ba daidai ba (wani lokacin ana kiransa 'off-label' saboda ya haɗa da amfani da samfurin don magance wasu yanayi ba tare da waɗanda aka ba da lasisi ba). A wannan yanayin mai ba da kiwon lafiya dole ne ya nemi izini don rubuta samfurin ko kuma likitan magani zai sami izini kafin ya rarraba shi.

==Samun Cancanta==
Formularies na iya raba magunguna a cikin rukunoni waɗanda ake buƙatar izini na gaba. Ana yin wannan ne don iyakance amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi masu tsada ko wanda ke da damar yin amfani da shi ba daidai ba (wani lokacin ana kiransa 'off-label' saboda ya haɗa da amfani da samfurin don magance wasu yanayi ba tare da waɗanda aka ba da lasisi ba). A wannan yanayin mai ba da kiwon lafiya dole ne ya nemi izini don rubuta samfurin ko kuma likitan magani zai sami izini kafin ya rarraba shi.
==Bayyanawa==
Manufofin magunguna na iya ƙoƙarin tsarawa da sanar da ba da magani. Ana iya iyakance umarni ga likitoci ko kuma ya haɗa da wasu nau'o'in masu ba da kiwon lafiya kamar likitocin jinya da likitocin magunguna. Akwai iyakokin da aka sanya a kowane aji na mai ba da sabis. Wannan na iya ɗaukar nau'in tsara ka'idoji don magani, iyakance tsara shi ga wani nau'in likitan ƙwararru misali (kamar kwayoyin HIV / AIDS ga likitocin da ke da horo mai zurfi a wannan yanki), ko kuma yana iya haɗawa da jerin magunguna na musamman waɗanda takamaiman mai ba da kulawa da lafiya (kamar likitan likita) zai iya tsarawa daga.

Shirye-shiryen na iya neman tasiri ga ba da umarni ta hanyar samar da bayanai ga masu ba da umarnin. Wannan aikin ana kiransa 'ƙididdigar ilimi' don rarrabe shi daga cikakkun bayanai (bayar da bayanan magani) da kamfanonin magunguna suka yi. Kungiyoyi irin su Hukumar Kula da Magunguna ta Kasa ta Ostiraliya suna nuna wannan dabarar, suna ba da bayanai masu zaman kansu, gami da kwatancen kai da kai da kuma bayanin tasirin farashi ga masu ba da magunguna don rinjayar zaɓin su

==Manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mai haƙuri da kuma sa hannu na jama'a</title>
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[[Fayil:NIHR_public_involvement_infographic.png|thumb|325x325px|Haɗakar da marasa lafiya a cikin bincike yana ba da gudummawa ga sabon ilmi.]]{{Databox}}
Haɗin jama'a (ko shigar jama'a da masu haƙuri, '''PPI''') a cikin Binciken kiwon lafiya yana nufin aikin inda mutane da ke da yanayin kiwon lafiya (marasa lafiya), masu kulawa da membobin jama'a ke aiki tare da masu bincike kuma suna rinjayar abin da aka bincika da kuma yadda. Haɗin kai ba daidai ba ne da shiga wanda ke nufin shiga cikin bincike, alal misali shan magani a gwajin asibiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Public Information Pack (PIP): How to get involved in NHS, public health and social care research |url=https://www.nihr.ac.uk/documents/public-information-pack-pip-how-to-get-involved-in-nhs-public-health-and-social-care-research/27388 |access-date=January 3, 2024 |website=National Institute for Health and Care Research |language=EN |archive-date=September 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916224518/https://www.nihr.ac.uk/documents/public-information-pack-pip-how-to-get-involved-in-nhs-public-health-and-social-care-research/27388 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma'anar ==
Za'a iya bayyana shigar jama'a a cikin binciken likita a matsayin binciken da ake gudanarwa &quot;tare da&quot; ko &quot;ta&quot; membobin jama'a maimakon &quot;zuwa&quot;, &quot;game da&quot; ko kuma &quot;don&quot; su. ta hanyar marasa lafiya na PPI, masu kulawa da mutanen da ke da ƙwarewar rayuwa suna aiki tare da masu bincike don tasiri da ba da gudummawa ga yadda aka tsara da gudanar da bincike. Ana kiran membobin jama'a da ke cikin bincike akai-akai a matsayin membobin jamaʼa ko masu ba da gudummawa ga jama'a. [1] [2][3]

=== Kalmomin ===
Masu bincike da sauransu suna amfani da kalmomi daban-daban don bayyana yadda suke hulɗa da jama'a, kuma wannan na iya bambanta a tsakanin kungiyoyi da ƙasashe. Ana amfani da kalmomin shiga, shiga da shiga a wasu lokuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Public Involvement |url=https://www.peopleinresearch.org/public-involvement/ |access-date=January 3, 2024 |website=People in Research |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gallivan |first=Jennifer |last2=Kovacs Burns |first2=Katharina |last3=Bellows |first3=Mandy |last4=Eigenseher |first4=Carol |date=26 December 2012 |title=The Many Faces of Patient Engagement |url=https://participatorymedicine.org/journal/evidence/research/2012/12/26/the-many-faces-of-patient-engagement/ |journal=Journal for Participatory Medicine |volume=4 |issue=32}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya da Kulawa ta Kasa (NIHR) tana amfani da kalmar haɗin gwiwar jama'a don ƙunshe da abubuwan da ke tattare da shiga, shiga da shiga. Ana iya taƙaita shi a matsayin &quot;kalma don bayyana hanyoyin da marasa lafiya, masu amfani da sabis, masu kulawa da membobin aikin jama'a tare da masu bincike, da masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya da kulawa, a cikin ƙirƙirar da amfani da binciken kiwon lafiya. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Public Partnerships |url=https://phirst.nihr.ac.uk/public-partnerships/ |access-date=January 3, 2024 |website=NIHR Public Health Interventions Research Studies Teams (PHIRST) |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kalmomin NIHR sun bambanta shiga daga shiga inda mutane ke shiga cikin binciken bincike da shiga wanda ke raba bayanai da ilimi game da bincike tare da jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt;

== Fa'idodi da tasiri ==
Akwai dalilai da fa'idodi daban-daban da ya sa masu bincike suka shafi jama'a a cikin bincike.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Briefing notes for researchers - public involvement in NHS, health and social care research |url=https://www.nihr.ac.uk/documents/briefing-notes-for-researchers-public-involvement-in-nhs-health-and-social-care-research/27371 |access-date=January 3, 2024 |website=National Institute for Health and Care Research |language=EN |archive-date=August 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804171410/https://www.nihr.ac.uk/documents/briefing-notes-for-researchers-public-involvement-in-nhs-health-and-social-care-research/27371 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Baya ga ƙarin darajar kuma sau da yawa abin da ake buƙata ne don karɓar kuɗi don bincike.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

Haɗakar da membobin jama'a na iya inganta ingancin bincike kuma ya sa ya fi dacewa da sauƙi. Mutanen da ke da kwarewar rashin lafiya na yanzu ko na baya na iya samar da hangen nesa daban-daban fiye da masu sana'a kuma suna yaba da iliminsu. Ta hanyar ilimin kansu za su iya gano batutuwan bincike da suka dace kuma suna da mahimmanci ga waɗanda ke zaune tare da rashin lafiya ko amfani da sabis. Hakanan zasu iya taimakawa wajen yin bincike ya fi dacewa da bukatun takamaiman al'ummomin da suke ciki. Masu ba da gudummawa ga jama'a na iya tabbatar da cewa an gabatar da binciken a cikin harshe mai sauƙi wanda ya bayyana ga al'umma da kuma takamaiman kungiyoyin da ya fi dacewa da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;/&gt;

Haɗakar da jama'a cikin bincike ana ɗaukarsa hanya ce ta yin hidima ga ƙa'idodin dimokuradiyya masu zurfi saboda mutanen da bincike ya shafa suna da 'yancin yin magana a ciki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Modigh |first=Anton |last2=Sampaio |first2=Filipa |last3=Moberg |first3=Linda |last4=Fredriksson |first4=Mio |date=September 3, 2021 |title=The impact of patient and public involvement in health research versus healthcare: A scoping review of reviews |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168851021001949 |journal=Health Policy |language=en |volume=125 |issue=9 |pages=1208–1221 |doi=10.1016/j.healthpol.2021.07.008 |pmid=34376328 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan kuma ya sa bincike ya fi bayyane kuma ya zama mai lissafi ga al'umma. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McCoy |first=Matthew S. |last2=Warsh |first2=Jonathan |last3=Rand |first3=Leah |last4=Parker |first4=Michael |last5=Sheehan |first5=Mark |date=April 8, 2019 |title=Patient and public involvement: Two sides of the same coin or different coins altogether? |journal=Bioethics |language=en |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=708–715 |doi=10.1111/bioe.12584 |issn=0269-9702 |pmc=7116097 |pmid=30957902}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, shiga cikin jama'a na iya sa bincike ya fi dacewa. Misali membobin jama'a na iya taimaka wa mahalarta gwajin asibiti su fahimci ɗabi'a da binciken yake game da shi don su iya samun yardar da aka sani suna da ƙwarewa mafi kyau.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Impact of public involvement on the ethical aspects of research |url=https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/www.hra.nhs.uk/media/documents/impact-public-involvement-ethical-aspects-research-updated-2016.pdf |access-date=January 3, 2024 |publisher=HRA / INVOLVE |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mambobin jama'a da marasa lafiya suna da dalilai da yawa da suka sa suka yanke shawarar shiga cikin bincike.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;/&gt; Wadannan na iya haɗawa da motsa jiki na rashin son kai, kamar son yin canji ta hanyar ba da gudummawa ga ingantaccen kiwon lafiya ko taimakawa wasu da ke da yanayin da aka raba su sami kulawa da magani mafi kyau.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; Dalilan shiga na iya fitowa daga sha'awar batun kiwon lafiya ko bincike gabaɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hakanan yana iya zama nau'in aikin sa kai, yana aiki don tabbatar da wakilcin al'umma ko hanyar samun sabbin ƙwarewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

Duk da cewa PPI ya zama wani ɓangare na tsarin bincike, ana ganin kalmar PPI a wasu lokuta ba ta da ma'ana a matsayin ra'ayi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Madden |first=Mary |last2=Speed |first2=Ewen |date=June 2, 2017 |title=Beware Zombies and Unicorns: Toward Critical Patient and Public Involvement in Health Research in a Neoliberal Context |journal=Frontiers in Sociology |volume=2 |doi=10.3389/fsoc.2017.00007 |issn=2297-7775 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma akwai tambayoyi game da abin da ke ƙidaya a matsayin kyakkyawar shigar jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Crowe |first=Sally |last2=Adebajo |first2=Ade |last3=Esmael |first3=Hothan |last4=Denegri |first4=Simon |last5=Martin |first5=Angela |last6=McAlister |first6=Bob |last7=Moore |first7=Barbara |last8=Quinn |first8=Martin |last9=Rennard |first9=Una |last10=Simpson |first10=Julie |last11=Wray |first11=Paula |last12=Yeeles |first12=Philippa |date=September 16, 2020 |title='All hands-on deck', working together to develop UK standards for public involvement in research |journal=Research Involvement and Engagement |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=53 |doi=10.1186/s40900-020-00229-y |issn=2056-7529 |pmc=7493420 |pmid=32974049 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Move beyond tokenism to embed patient insights in medical curricula |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/campus/move-beyond-tokenism-embed-patient-insights-medical-curricula |access-date=25 March 2026 |website=Times Higher Education |publisher=Times Higher Education}} &lt;/ref&gt; Ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen da ke da niyyar inganta inganci da daidaito na sa hannun jama'a a cikin bincike shine Ka'idodin Burtaniya don Sa hannu a Jama'a. Wadannan an haɓaka su ne ta hanyar hadin gwiwar kungiyoyi, masu bincike da masu aiki, masu ba da kuɗi ga bincike da abokan hulɗa na jama'a a duk faɗin Ingila. Ka'idodin suna ba da bayanin abin da kyakkyawar shigar jama'a yake kuma ana iya amfani da shi azaman kayan aiki don taimakawa mutane da kungiyoyi inganta PPI.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; An taƙaita ka'idojin Burtaniya guda shida don shigar jama'a kamar haka:

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>hksqyozu6ju1noffe7erqfprnx0s0kl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Balarabe Abbas Lawal</title>
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    <id>155257</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861453</id>
      <parentid>848327</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:07:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357705866|Balarabe Abbas Lawal]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Balarabe Abbas Lawal''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1958) ma'aikacin gwamnati ne kuma ɗan siyasa wanda shine Ministan Muhalli na yanzu na [[Najeriya]].

== Ilimi ==
Lawal ya halarci [[Kwalejin Barewa]] don karatun sakandare. Daga baya ya sami digiri na farko da digiri na biyu a kimiyyar siyasa daga [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]], Zaria . 

== Ayyuka ==
Lawal yayi aiki a matsayin Secretaryna Kaduna State Government karkashin Gwamna Uba Sani daga ranar 30 ga watan Mayun 2023 har zuwa lokacin da ya zamo Minista na Environment a watan October 2023. a baya ya rike irin wannan  matsayi karkashin[[:en:Nasir_El-Rufai|Gwamna Nasir El-Rufai]] daga watan May 2015 zuwa watan Mayun 2023

Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata ga El-Rufai a lokacin da yake [[Hukumar Gudanarwar Babban Birnin Tarayya|Ministan Babban Birnin Tarayya]] daga Yuli 2003 zuwa Yuli 2007.23...............Daga Satumba 1999 zuwa Fabrairu 2001, Lawal ya kasance Mataimakin Musamman ga Ministan Ilimi na Jiha.45...............Tsakanin Fabrairu 2001 da Mayu 2003, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Musamman ga Ministan Tsaro na [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Sojojin Najeriya]].6...................

Tun da farko a cikin aikinsa, Lawal ya kasance malami a Kwalejin Nazarin Ci gaba, Zaria, daga 1982 zuwa 1989.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]]</text>
      <sha1>lvp5mhqwpdm351zy5sdoo0bnbi86nob</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861454</id>
      <parentid>861453</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:08:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>861454</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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'''Balarabe Abbas Lawal''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1958) ma'aikacin gwamnati ne kuma ɗan siyasa wanda shine Ministan Muhalli na yanzu na [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/10/what-to-know-about-abbas-lawal-balarabe-65-yr-old-ministerial-nominee-who-slumped/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Lawal ya halarci [[Kwalejin Barewa]] don karatun sakandare. Daga baya ya sami digiri na farko da digiri na biyu a kimiyyar siyasa daga [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]], Zaria . 

== Ayyuka ==
Lawal yayi aiki a matsayin Secretaryna Kaduna State Government karkashin Gwamna Uba Sani daga ranar 30 ga watan Mayun 2023 har zuwa lokacin da ya zamo Minista na Environment a watan October 2023. a baya ya rike irin wannan  matsayi karkashin[[:en:Nasir_El-Rufai|Gwamna Nasir El-Rufai]] daga watan May 2015 zuwa watan Mayun 2023

Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata ga El-Rufai a lokacin da yake [[Hukumar Gudanarwar Babban Birnin Tarayya|Ministan Babban Birnin Tarayya]] daga Yuli 2003 zuwa Yuli 2007.23...............Daga Satumba 1999 zuwa Fabrairu 2001, Lawal ya kasance Mataimakin Musamman ga Ministan Ilimi na Jiha.45...............Tsakanin Fabrairu 2001 da Mayu 2003, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Musamman ga Ministan Tsaro na [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Sojojin Najeriya]].6...................

Tun da farko a cikin aikinsa, Lawal ya kasance malami a Kwalejin Nazarin Ci gaba, Zaria, daga 1982 zuwa 1989.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]]</text>
      <sha1>sbs1b0qhyblgsplleqy9t8y5ohsowit</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861455</id>
      <parentid>861454</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:09:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>861455</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1609" sha1="hkv0f1d1hffhggy8ityjvq0w5q3pyv1" xml:space="preserve">
 

'''Balarabe Abbas Lawal''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1958) ma'aikacin gwamnati ne kuma ɗan siyasa wanda shine Ministan Muhalli na yanzu na [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/10/what-to-know-about-abbas-lawal-balarabe-65-yr-old-ministerial-nominee-who-slumped/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Lawal ya halarci [[Kwalejin Barewa]] don karatun sakandare. Daga baya ya sami digiri na farko da digiri na biyu a kimiyyar siyasa daga [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]], Zaria . 

== Ayyuka ==
Lawal yayi aiki a matsayin Secretaryna Kaduna State Government karkashin Gwamna Uba Sani daga ranar 30 ga watan Mayun 2023 har zuwa lokacin da ya zamo Minista na Environment a watan October 2023. a baya ya rike irin wannan  matsayi karkashin[[:en:Nasir_El-Rufai|Gwamna Nasir El-Rufai]] daga watan May 2015 zuwa watan Mayun 2023&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/seven-things-to-know-about-new-ministerial-nominee-abass-balarabe/&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata ga El-Rufai a lokacin da yake [[Hukumar Gudanarwar Babban Birnin Tarayya|Ministan Babban Birnin Tarayya]] daga Yuli 2003 zuwa Yuli 2007.23...............Daga Satumba 1999 zuwa Fabrairu 2001, Lawal ya kasance Mataimakin Musamman ga Ministan Ilimi na Jiha.45...............Tsakanin Fabrairu 2001 da Mayu 2003, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Musamman ga Ministan Tsaro na [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Sojojin Najeriya]].6...................

Tun da farko a cikin aikinsa, Lawal ya kasance malami a Kwalejin Nazarin Ci gaba, Zaria, daga 1982 zuwa 1989.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]]</text>
      <sha1>hkv0f1d1hffhggy8ityjvq0w5q3pyv1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861456</id>
      <parentid>861455</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:10:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>861456</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1619" sha1="53kq7qdogw1nr3hp6xotikf8m7moy2y" xml:space="preserve">
 

'''Balarabe Abbas Lawal''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1958) ma'aikacin gwamnati ne kuma ɗan siyasa wanda shine Ministan Muhalli na yanzu na [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/10/what-to-know-about-abbas-lawal-balarabe-65-yr-old-ministerial-nominee-who-slumped/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Lawal ya halarci [[Kwalejin Barewa]] don karatun sakandare. Daga baya ya sami digiri na farko da digiri na biyu a kimiyyar siyasa daga [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]], Zaria . 

== Ayyuka ==
Lawal yayi aiki a matsayin Secretaryna Kaduna State Government karkashin Gwamna Uba Sani daga ranar 30 ga watan Mayun 2023 har zuwa lokacin da ya zamo Minista na Environment a watan October 2023. a baya ya rike irin wannan  matsayi karkashin[[:en:Nasir_El-Rufai|Gwamna Nasir El-Rufai]] daga watan May 2015 zuwa watan Mayun 2023&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://punchng.com/seven-things-to-know-about-new-ministerial-nominee-abass-balarabe/&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata ga El-Rufai a lokacin da yake [[Hukumar Gudanarwar Babban Birnin Tarayya|Ministan Babban Birnin Tarayya]] daga Yuli 2003 zuwa Yuli 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Daga Satumba 1999 zuwa Fabrairu 2001, Lawal ya kasance Mataimakin Musamman ga Ministan Ilimi na Jiha.45...............Tsakanin Fabrairu 2001 da Mayu 2003, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Musamman ga Ministan Tsaro na [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Sojojin Najeriya]].6...................

Tun da farko a cikin aikinsa, Lawal ya kasance malami a Kwalejin Nazarin Ci gaba, Zaria, daga 1982 zuwa 1989.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]]</text>
      <sha1>53kq7qdogw1nr3hp6xotikf8m7moy2y</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861457</id>
      <parentid>861456</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:11:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>861457</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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'''Balarabe Abbas Lawal''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1958) ma'aikacin gwamnati ne kuma ɗan siyasa wanda shine Ministan Muhalli na yanzu na [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/10/what-to-know-about-abbas-lawal-balarabe-65-yr-old-ministerial-nominee-who-slumped/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Lawal ya halarci [[Kwalejin Barewa]] don karatun sakandare. Daga baya ya sami digiri na farko da digiri na biyu a kimiyyar siyasa daga [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]], Zaria . 

== Ayyuka ==
Lawal yayi aiki a matsayin Secretaryna Kaduna State Government karkashin Gwamna Uba Sani daga ranar 30 ga watan Mayun 2023 har zuwa lokacin da ya zamo Minista na Environment a watan October 2023. a baya ya rike irin wannan  matsayi karkashin[[:en:Nasir_El-Rufai|Gwamna Nasir El-Rufai]] daga watan May 2015 zuwa watan Mayun 2023&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://punchng.com/seven-things-to-know-about-new-ministerial-nominee-abass-balarabe/&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata ga El-Rufai a lokacin da yake [[Hukumar Gudanarwar Babban Birnin Tarayya|Ministan Babban Birnin Tarayya]] daga Yuli 2003 zuwa Yuli 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://newswirengr.com/2023/10/04/balarabe-abbas-lawal-biography-age-career-wife-children-achievements-net-worth-and-controversy/&lt;/ref&gt;Daga Satumba 1999 zuwa Fabrairu 2001, Lawal ya kasance Mataimakin Musamman ga Ministan Ilimi na Jiha.45...............Tsakanin Fabrairu 2001 da Mayu 2003, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Musamman ga Ministan Tsaro na [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Sojojin Najeriya]].6...................

Tun da farko a cikin aikinsa, Lawal ya kasance malami a Kwalejin Nazarin Ci gaba, Zaria, daga 1982 zuwa 1989.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]]</text>
      <sha1>qdcbfisr2dhk9uo19a0pgngqi6yg1y6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861459</id>
      <parentid>861457</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:11:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>861459</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1803" sha1="tl36fccvx65j77lqhbb3nvn3j4debz1" xml:space="preserve">
 

'''Balarabe Abbas Lawal''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1958) ma'aikacin gwamnati ne kuma ɗan siyasa wanda shine Ministan Muhalli na yanzu na [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/10/what-to-know-about-abbas-lawal-balarabe-65-yr-old-ministerial-nominee-who-slumped/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Lawal ya halarci [[Kwalejin Barewa]] don karatun sakandare. Daga baya ya sami digiri na farko da digiri na biyu a kimiyyar siyasa daga [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]], Zaria . 

== Ayyuka ==
Lawal yayi aiki a matsayin Secretaryna Kaduna State Government karkashin Gwamna Uba Sani daga ranar 30 ga watan Mayun 2023 har zuwa lokacin da ya zamo Minista na Environment a watan October 2023. a baya ya rike irin wannan  matsayi karkashin[[:en:Nasir_El-Rufai|Gwamna Nasir El-Rufai]] daga watan May 2015 zuwa watan Mayun 2023&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://punchng.com/seven-things-to-know-about-new-ministerial-nominee-abass-balarabe/&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata ga El-Rufai a lokacin da yake [[Hukumar Gudanarwar Babban Birnin Tarayya|Ministan Babban Birnin Tarayya]] daga Yuli 2003 zuwa Yuli 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://newswirengr.com/2023/10/04/balarabe-abbas-lawal-biography-age-career-wife-children-achievements-net-worth-and-controversy/&lt;/ref&gt; Daga Satumba 1999 zuwa Fabrairu 2001, Lawal ya kasance Mataimakin Musamman ga Ministan Ilimi na Jiha.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c518x2kzq0go&lt;/ref&gt;Tsakanin Fabrairu 2001 da Mayu 2003, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Musamman ga Ministan Tsaro na [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Sojojin Najeriya]].6...................

Tun da farko a cikin aikinsa, Lawal ya kasance malami a Kwalejin Nazarin Ci gaba, Zaria, daga 1982 zuwa 1989.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]]</text>
      <sha1>tl36fccvx65j77lqhbb3nvn3j4debz1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861460</id>
      <parentid>861459</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:12:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>861460</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1888" sha1="tsxgz76pj5m9v8nwxhyj19jgnduhjpg" xml:space="preserve">
 

'''Balarabe Abbas Lawal''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1958) ma'aikacin gwamnati ne kuma ɗan siyasa wanda shine Ministan Muhalli na yanzu na [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/10/what-to-know-about-abbas-lawal-balarabe-65-yr-old-ministerial-nominee-who-slumped/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Lawal ya halarci [[Kwalejin Barewa]] don karatun sakandare. Daga baya ya sami digiri na farko da digiri na biyu a kimiyyar siyasa daga [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]], Zaria . 

== Ayyuka ==
Lawal yayi aiki a matsayin Secretaryna Kaduna State Government karkashin Gwamna Uba Sani daga ranar 30 ga watan Mayun 2023 har zuwa lokacin da ya zamo Minista na Environment a watan October 2023. a baya ya rike irin wannan  matsayi karkashin[[:en:Nasir_El-Rufai|Gwamna Nasir El-Rufai]] daga watan May 2015 zuwa watan Mayun 2023&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://punchng.com/seven-things-to-know-about-new-ministerial-nominee-abass-balarabe/&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata ga El-Rufai a lokacin da yake [[Hukumar Gudanarwar Babban Birnin Tarayya|Ministan Babban Birnin Tarayya]] daga Yuli 2003 zuwa Yuli 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://newswirengr.com/2023/10/04/balarabe-abbas-lawal-biography-age-career-wife-children-achievements-net-worth-and-controversy/&lt;/ref&gt; Daga Satumba 1999 zuwa Fabrairu 2001, Lawal ya kasance Mataimakin Musamman ga Ministan Ilimi na Jiha.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c518x2kzq0go&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://leadership.ng/balarabe-halt-inauguration-group-tasks-federal-gov/&lt;/ref&gt; Tsakanin Fabrairu 2001 da Mayu 2003, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Musamman ga Ministan Tsaro na [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Sojojin Najeriya]].6...................

Tun da farko a cikin aikinsa, Lawal ya kasance malami a Kwalejin Nazarin Ci gaba, Zaria, daga 1982 zuwa 1989.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]]</text>
      <sha1>tsxgz76pj5m9v8nwxhyj19jgnduhjpg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861462</id>
      <parentid>861460</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:13:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>861462</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1976" sha1="q60il4gdacuqr2gy354ps4zi497vyev" xml:space="preserve">
 

'''Balarabe Abbas Lawal''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1958) ma'aikacin gwamnati ne kuma ɗan siyasa wanda shine Ministan Muhalli na yanzu na [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/10/what-to-know-about-abbas-lawal-balarabe-65-yr-old-ministerial-nominee-who-slumped/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Lawal ya halarci [[Kwalejin Barewa]] don karatun sakandare. Daga baya ya sami digiri na farko da digiri na biyu a kimiyyar siyasa daga [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]], Zaria . 

== Ayyuka ==
Lawal yayi aiki a matsayin Secretaryna Kaduna State Government karkashin Gwamna Uba Sani daga ranar 30 ga watan Mayun 2023 har zuwa lokacin da ya zamo Minista na Environment a watan October 2023. a baya ya rike irin wannan  matsayi karkashin[[:en:Nasir_El-Rufai|Gwamna Nasir El-Rufai]] daga watan May 2015 zuwa watan Mayun 2023&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://punchng.com/seven-things-to-know-about-new-ministerial-nominee-abass-balarabe/&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata ga El-Rufai a lokacin da yake [[Hukumar Gudanarwar Babban Birnin Tarayya|Ministan Babban Birnin Tarayya]] daga Yuli 2003 zuwa Yuli 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://newswirengr.com/2023/10/04/balarabe-abbas-lawal-biography-age-career-wife-children-achievements-net-worth-and-controversy/&lt;/ref&gt; Daga Satumba 1999 zuwa Fabrairu 2001, Lawal ya kasance Mataimakin Musamman ga Ministan Ilimi na Jiha.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c518x2kzq0go&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://leadership.ng/balarabe-halt-inauguration-group-tasks-federal-gov/&lt;/ref&gt; Tsakanin Fabrairu 2001 da Mayu 2003, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Musamman ga Ministan Tsaro na [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Sojojin Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2023/10/03/meet-balarabe-abbas-lawal-who-replaces-el-rufai-as-minister/&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun da farko a cikin aikinsa, Lawal ya kasance malami a Kwalejin Nazarin Ci gaba, Zaria, daga 1982 zuwa 1989.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]]</text>
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'''Balarabe Abbas Lawal''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1958) ma'aikacin gwamnati ne kuma ɗan siyasa wanda shine Ministan Muhalli na yanzu na [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/10/what-to-know-about-abbas-lawal-balarabe-65-yr-old-ministerial-nominee-who-slumped/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Lawal ya halarci [[Kwalejin Barewa]] don karatun sakandare. Daga baya ya sami digiri na farko da digiri na biyu a kimiyyar siyasa daga [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]], Zaria . 

== Ayyuka ==
Lawal yayi aiki a matsayin Secretaryna Kaduna State Government karkashin Gwamna Uba Sani daga ranar 30 ga watan Mayun 2023 har zuwa lokacin da ya zamo Minista na Environment a watan October 2023. a baya ya rike irin wannan  matsayi karkashin[[:en:Nasir_El-Rufai|Gwamna Nasir El-Rufai]] daga watan May 2015 zuwa watan Mayun 2023&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://punchng.com/seven-things-to-know-about-new-ministerial-nominee-abass-balarabe/&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata ga El-Rufai a lokacin da yake [[Hukumar Gudanarwar Babban Birnin Tarayya|Ministan Babban Birnin Tarayya]] daga Yuli 2003 zuwa Yuli 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://newswirengr.com/2023/10/04/balarabe-abbas-lawal-biography-age-career-wife-children-achievements-net-worth-and-controversy/&lt;/ref&gt; Daga Satumba 1999 zuwa Fabrairu 2001, Lawal ya kasance Mataimakin Musamman ga Ministan Ilimi na Jiha.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c518x2kzq0go&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://leadership.ng/balarabe-halt-inauguration-group-tasks-federal-gov/&lt;/ref&gt; Tsakanin Fabrairu 2001 da Mayu 2003, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Musamman ga Ministan Tsaro na [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Sojojin Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2023/10/03/meet-balarabe-abbas-lawal-who-replaces-el-rufai-as-minister/&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun da farko a cikin aikinsa, Lawal ya kasance malami a Kwalejin Nazarin Ci gaba, Zaria, daga 1982 zuwa 1989.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]]</text>
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    <title>Machar Marshes</title>
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'''Mashar Marshes''' babban yanki ne na dausayi a jihar [[Upper Nile (jiha)|Upper Nile]], [[Sudan ta Kudu]] . Kiyasin girmansu ya bambanta. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 1950 ya nuna cewa yankin dausayi ya kai 6,500.&amp;nbsp;km &lt;sup&gt;2.&lt;/sup&gt;  Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 1980 ya nuna cewa yankin dausayin dindindin ya kai 8,700&amp;nbsp;km &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, kashi 60% na ciyawa ne da daji. 

Rashin ruwa ne ke ciyar da tafkin daga Khor Machar (mai rarraba [[Kogin Baro]]), [[Yabus River|Kogin Yabus]] da [[Daga River (South Sudan)|Kogin Daga]]. A lokutan ruwa mai yawa ana ciyar da su ta hanyar zubar da ruwa daga [[Kogin Pibor]]. [[Kogin Adar]], wanda ke da alaƙa da [[White Nile]], ya zubar da ruwa a cikin marshes.

== Manazarta ==

* {{Cite web |last=P.P. Howell and Mahmoud Eff. Abu Sineina |year=c. 1951 |title=Game in the Machar Marshes |url=http://www.sudanarchive.net/cgi-bin/pagessoa?a=pdf&amp;d=Dunepd77&amp;dl=1 |access-date=2011-07-22 |archive-date=2019-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215030713/https://www.sudanarchive.net/cgi-bin/pagessoa?a=pdf&amp;d=Dunepd77&amp;dl=1 |url-status=dead }}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lisa Bari</title>
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{{Databox}}

'''Lisa Bari''' ƴar Amirka ce mai ba da shawara game da manufofin kiwon lafiya. A wani lokaci, ta yi aiki a matsayin jagora na fasahar bayanai ta kiwon lafiya da haɗin kai a Cibiyoyin Tarayya don Medicare da Cibiyar Innovation Services Medicaid (CMS

== Ilimi ==
Bari ta sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha (B.A) a fannin kimiyyar fahimta daga UC Berkeley, sannan daga baya ta sami digiri a matsayin Master of Business Administration (MBA) daga Jami'ar Purdue . Ta sami Jagora na Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a (MPH) daga Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Harvard T.H. Chan . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lisa Bari |url=https://www.pcpcc.org/profile/lisa-bari |access-date=2020-06-25 |website=Primary Care Collaborative |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bari ta fara aikinta a cikin tallan dijital da fasaha tare da kamfanoni kamar Art.com da Practice Fusion, inda ta sami kwarewarta ta farko tana aiki a kiwon lafiya.

Ta hanyar rawar da ta taka a CMS, hukumar kiwon lafiya ta tarayya, Bari ta jagoranci sabbin manufofin fasahar kiwon lafiya don Cikakken Kula da Firamare Plus Model . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Farr |first=Christina |date=2020-03-18 |title=Telemedicine has a big role in the coronavirus fight, but doctors say the laws remain murky |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/18/telemedicine-has-role-to-play-in-covid-19-fight-but-laws-are-murky.html |access-date=2020-06-25 |website=CNBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Ta kuma taimaka wajen rubuta Dokar Hadin Gizo ta CMS da Dokar Samun Mai haƙuri. Ta aiwatar da ƙalubalen ƙalubalen cututtukan lafiya na CMS Artificial Intelligence, gasa tare da lada na $ 1.65M, wanda ya motsa ci gaban kayan aiki tare da bayanan CMS waɗanda suka fi hango hasashen sakamakon lafiyar mai haƙuri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brady |first=Michael |date=2019-09-04 |title=Interoperability leader leaves CMS Innovation Center |url=https://www.modernhealthcare.com/information-technology/interoperability-leader-leaves-cms-innovation-center |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2020-06-25 |website=Modern Healthcare |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bari ya bar CMS a cikin 2019 don neman shawarwari masu zaman kansu, ƙwararre a cikin fasahar bayanan kiwon lafiya da inganta tsarin biyan kuɗi ga masu ba da kiwon lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tahir |first=Darius |date=2019-09-04 |title=Interopability projects maturing |url=https://politi.co/2ZHeLyy |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2020-06-25 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Rubutu mai gwaɓi'''
'''Ilimin halin dan Adam na juyin halitta''', wanda aka fi sani da '''ilimin halin dan Adam na Darwin''', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pearlson GD, Folley BS |date=July 2008 |title=Schizophrenia, psychiatric genetics, and Darwinian psychiatry: an evolutionary framework |journal=Schizophrenia Bulletin |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=722–33 |doi=10.1093/schbul/sbm130 |pmc=2632450 |pmid=18033774}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |author-link=Jaak Panksepp |vauthors=Panksepp J |date=July 2006 |title=Emotional endophenotypes in evolutionary psychiatry |journal=Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology &amp; Biological Psychiatry |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=774–84 |doi=10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.01.004 |pmid=16554114 |s2cid=2763876}}&lt;/ref&gt; wata hanya ce ta nazari kan ilimin halin dan Adam da ke da nufin bayyana cututtukan tabin hankali ta hanyar juyin halitta . &lt;ref name=&quot;dubrovsky&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dubrovsky B |date=January 2002 |title=Evolutionary psychiatry. Adaptationist and nonadaptationist conceptualizations |journal=Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology &amp; Biological Psychiatry |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1016/S0278-5846(01)00243-3 |pmid=11853097 |s2cid=23854829}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A matsayin wani reshe na fannin ilimin halin dan Adam, ya bambanta da ilimin likitanci na ilimin halin dan Adam, ta hanyar mai da hankali kan samar da bayanai na kimiyya maimakon magunguna ga matsalolin kwakwalwa.

Wannan sau da yawa yana da alaƙa da tambayoyi game da babban dalili . Misali, ilimin halittar kwakwalwa na iya gano kwayoyin halitta da ke da alaƙa da matsalolin kwakwalwa, amma ilimin halayyar juyin halitta yana tambaya dalilin da yasa waɗannan kwayoyin halitta ke ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin jama'a. Sauran muhimman tambayoyi a cikin ilimin halayyar juyin halitta sune dalilin da yasa cututtukan kwakwalwa da aka gada suka zama ruwan dare, &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Keller MC, Miller G |date=August 2006 |title=Resolving the paradox of common, harmful, heritable mental disorders: which evolutionary genetic models work best? |journal=The Behavioral and Brain Sciences |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=385–404; discussion 405–52 |doi=10.1017/S0140525X06009095 |pmid=17094843}}&lt;/ref&gt; yadda ake bambance aikin kwakwalwa da rashin aiki, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wakefield JC |date=April 1992 |title=Disorder as harmful dysfunction: a conceptual critique of DSM-III-R's definition of mental disorder |journal=Psychological Review |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=232–47 |doi=10.1037/0033-295X.99.2.232 |pmid=1594724}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma ko wasu nau'ikan wahala sun ba da fa'ida ta daidaitawa. 

Matsalolin da aka fi la'akari da su sune baƙin ciki, [[Matsalar damuwa|damuwa]], [[Hauka|schizophrenia]], autism, matsalolin cin abinci, da sauransu. Manyan ra'ayoyi na bayani sune rashin daidaiton juyin halitta (lokacin da yanayin zamani ke haifar da yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa) da kuma gaskiyar cewa juyin halitta yana jagorantar nasarar haihuwa maimakon [[lafiya]] ko walwala . Maimakon samar da wani madadin bayani game da dalilin matsalar kwakwalwa, ilimin halayyar juyin halitta yana neman haɗa abubuwan da aka gano daga makarantun ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na gargajiya kamar ilimin halayyar zamantakewa, halayyar ɗabi'a, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da nazarin halayyar ɗan adam cikin wani labarin gabaɗaya da ya shafi ilimin halittar juyin halitta. A wannan ma'anar, yana da nufin cika sharuɗɗan canjin yanayin Kuhnian .

Duk da cewa ilimin halayyar juyin halitta ya yi tasiri sosai, &lt;ref name=&quot;dubrovsky&quot; /&gt; kamar yadda Abed da St John-Smith suka lura a cikin 2016, &quot;Ba kamar ilimin halayyar juyin halitta ba, wanda wani fanni ne mai ban sha'awa da bunƙasa na ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na ilimi tare da shirin bincike mai ƙarfi da kuma kuɗi mai kyau, ilimin halayyar juyin halitta ya kasance abin sha'awa ga ƙaramin adadin masu ilimin halayyar ɗan adam waɗanda suka bazu a faɗin duniya.&quot; Ya sami karɓuwa a cikin cibiyoyi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, gami da ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar masu sha'awar ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na juyin halitta a cikin Kwalejin Royal of Psychiatrists da Sashe kan Ilimin Halin Halittar Halitta a cikin Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya, &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Abed R, St John-Smith P |date=October 2016 |title=Evolutionary psychiatry: a new College special interest group |journal=BJPsych Bulletin |volume=40 |issue=5 |pages=233–236 |doi=10.1192/pb.bp.115.052407 |pmc=5046779 |pmid=27752339}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya sami karɓuwa ta hanyar buga rubuce-rubuce da aka yi niyya ga masu sauraro kamar ''Good Reasons for Bad Feeling: Insight from the Frontier of Evolutionary Psychiatry''  ta Randolph Nesse.

== Tarihi ==
Neman ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a cikin yanayinsa na zamani za a iya gano shi tun ƙarshen ƙarni na 20. Wani muhimmin rubutu shine littafin George Williams da Randolph Nesse mai suna ''Why We Get Sick: The New Science of Darwinian Medicine''  (wanda kuma za a iya ɗauka a matsayin alamar farkon maganin juyin halitta), littafin ''Evolutionary Psychiatry: A New Beginning'' wanda John Price da Anthony Stevens da sauransu suka buga. Duk da haka, tambayoyin da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ya shafi kansa suna da dogon tarihi, misali Julian Huxley da Ernst Mayr sun amince da su a cikin wani takarda ta farko &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Huxley J, Mayr E, Osmond H, Hoffer A |date=October 1964 |title=Schizophrenia as a Genetic Morphism |journal=Nature |volume=204 |issue=4955 |pages=220–1 |bibcode=1964Natur.204..220H |doi=10.1038/204220a0 |pmid=14212411 |s2cid=39056966}}&lt;/ref&gt; suna la'akari da yiwuwar bayanin juyin halitta ga abin da aka sani da 'schizophrenia paradox'.

Ra'ayoyin da ilimin halin ɗan adam na zamani ke amfani da su don bayyana matsalar kwakwalwa suma sun fi na yanzu tsufa, a lokuta da yawa. An daɗe ana fahimtar wahalar tunani a matsayin wani ɓangare na rayuwar ɗan adam wanda ba makawa, kuma wani lokacin yana da amfani, kuma ra'ayin hauka na allahntaka ya mamaye tsoffin al'ummomi da addinai. Cesare Lombroso, ƙwararren masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, ya fara amfani da ka'idar juyin halitta don bayyana matsalar kwakwalwa tun daga 1864, yana mai ba da shawarar cewa hauka shine farashin baiwa, saboda kwakwalwar ɗan adam ba ta ci gaba da samun ƙarfin yin hankali da ƙirƙira ba amma ta kasance mai hankali. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mazzarello |first=Paolo |date=2011-07-03 |title=Cesare Lombroso: an anthropologist between evolution and degeneration |journal=Functional Neurology |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=97–101 |issn=0393-5264 |pmc=3814446 |pmid=21729591}}&lt;/ref&gt; Darwin ya yi amfani da ka'idar juyin halitta don bayyana halaye da motsin zuciyar mutum, kuma ya fahimci amfanin nazarin matsalolin tunani don neman fahimtar aikin tunani na halitta. Freud ya sami rinjaye sosai daga ka'idar Darwin, kuma zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa, masu nazarin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam sun ba da shawarar su yi nazarin ka'idar juyin halitta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Marcaggi G, Guénolé F |date=2018-06-19 |title=Freudarwin: Evolutionary Thinking as a Root of Psychoanalysis |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=9 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00892 |pmc=6018481 |pmid=29971023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An haɓaka ka'idar haɗin kai ta Bowlby a bayyane don nuni ga ka'idar juyin halitta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 April 2021 |title=Bowlby, Darwin and group selection — a free energy neuroscience perspective |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YDawEdTSdv0 |access-date=2021-06-04 |website=[[YouTube]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ƙungiyar Musamman ta Hankali ta Juyin Halitta (EPSIG) ===
A shekarar 2016, an kafa Ƙungiyar Ra'ayin Musamman ta Halayyar Juyin Halitta (EPSIG) a Kwalejin Royal of Psychiatrists, Birtaniya ta hannun Riadh Abed da Paul St-John Smith. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Yanzu ita ce babbar cibiya ta duniya don haɗa likitocin tabin hankali da masu bincike da ke sha'awar ilimin tabin hankali na juyin halitta &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evolutionary Psychiatry Special Interest Group |title=Newsletter No.Covid 19 edition 2020 |url=https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/docs/default-source/members/sigs/evolutionary-psychiatry-epsig/covid-19-epsig-newsletter-final_.pdf?sfvrsn=136b5f99_2 |website=Royal College of Psychiatrists}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da membobi sama da 1700. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evolutionary Psychiatry Special Interest Group, RCPsych |date=June 2021 |title=Minutes for EPSIG AGM June 2021 |url=https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/docs/default-source/epsig/minutes-for-epsig-agm-11-june-2021.pdf?sfvrsn=70dd3e03_2 |access-date=2021-06-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta gudanar da tarurruka da tarurruka da dama da aka keɓe ga ilimin tabin hankali na juyin halitta, tana ɗaukar laccoci daga manyan masana ilimi kamar Simon Baron-Cohen da Robin Dunbar . Duk tarurrukan suna samuwa a tashar YouTube ta EPSIGUK. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EPSIGUK YouTube channel |url=https://www.youtube.com/epsiguk |website=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; EPSIG kuma tana buga wasiƙun labarai na yau da kullun, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Newsletters |url=https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/members/special-interest-groups/evolutionary-psychiatry/newsletters |website=Royal College of Psychiatrists}}&lt;/ref&gt; tana shirya tarurruka, gudanar da tambayoyi da kuma ɗaukar kasidu na musamman da suka shafi ilimin tabin hankali na juyin halitta (wanda har yanzu babu wani mujalla ta ilimi da aka keɓe). Kamar yadda Riadh Abed, (shugaban da ya gabata) ya bayyana a cikin wata wasiƙa &quot;Manufofinmu duka manya ne kuma masu tsattsauran ra'ayi: su ne don a karɓi juyin halitta a matsayin babban tsarin ilimin tabin hankali da kuma don juyin halitta ya ɗauki matsayi a cikin fahimtarmu game da lafiyar kwakwalwa da rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

Abed da St-John Smith sun gyara wani littafi na 2022 mai suna ''Evolutionary Psychiatry: Current Perspectives on Evolution and Mental Health'',  wanda Kwalejin Royal of Psychiatrists da Cambridge University Press suka buga tare, wanda hakan ya zama babban littafi a fagen har zuwa yau, kuma shine tushen shirin farko da aka sadaukar domin ilimin tabin hankali na juyin halitta, wato shirin podcast [https://anchor.fm/evolvingpsychiatry na 'Evolutioning Psychiatry'] .

== Aikin tunani da rashin aiki ==
Sau da yawa ana bayyana matsalolin kwakwalwa ta hanyar 'rashin aiki' a cikin littattafan ilimin tabin hankali kamar DSM, ba tare da takamaiman ma'anar abin da ke haifar da rashin aiki ba, wanda ke ba da damar a ɗauki duk wani yanayin tunanin da ake ɗauka a matsayin wanda ba a yarda da shi ba a cikin al'umma (kamar [[Jima'in jinsi|luwaɗi]] ) a matsayin rashin aiki, don haka matsalar tabin hankali.

Ka'idar juyin halitta an sanya ta musamman don ta iya bambance aikin halittu daga rashin aiki ta hanyar hanyoyin juyin halitta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hunt |first=Adam |date=2020 |title=The evolution of psychiatry |url=https://worksinprogress.co/issue/the-evolution-of-psychiatry/ |access-date=2021-06-22 |website=Works in Progress |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba kamar abubuwan da hanyoyin kimiyyar lissafi da [[Kimiyya|sinadarai]] ba, waɗanda ba za a iya cewa suna aiki ko rashin aiki ba,  tsarin halittu samfuran juyin halitta ne ta hanyar zaɓin yanayi, don haka 'aikinsu' da 'rashin aiki' na iya dangantawa da wannan tsarin juyin halitta. Manufar aikin juyin halitta tana da alaƙa da nasarar haihuwa da aka samu ta hanyar abubuwan da suka haifar da yaɗuwar kwayoyin halitta. Idanu sun samo asali don gani - aikin idanu shine gani - don haka idanu marasa aiki sune waɗanda ba za su iya gani ba. Wannan jin daɗin aiki an bayyana shi ta hanyar tarihin juyin halitta na gani wanda ke samar da nasarar haihuwa, ba ra'ayoyin al'adu na yanzu na daidaito da rashin aiki ba waɗanda ra'ayoyin gama gari na lafiya da rashin lafiya suka dogara akai-akai.  Ma'anar 'Rashin Aiki Mai Haɗari' ta Jerome Wakefield mai tasiri ta cuta tana amfani da tasirin da aka zaɓa ta hanyar juyin halitta don kafa manufar 'rashin aiki' a cikin tsarin juyin halitta na haƙiƙa. Wakefield ya ba da shawarar cewa rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa dole ne ya zama mai cutarwa, a cikin ma'anar da aka ayyana ta ƙimar, kuma mara aiki, a cikin ma'anar juyin halitta.

Wannan tushen rashin aiki a cikin tsarin tarihi na zahiri yana da mahimmanci a cikin mahallin tarihin tabin hankali na sanya yanayin tunani da halaye marasa kyau a cikin zamantakewa a matsayin 'cututtuka', kamar al'aurar mata da luwaɗi. Littattafan bincike na yanzu ana yanke hukunci ne bisa ga yarjejeniya. Misali, a cikin 1973 APA ta kira kuri'a don sake duba matsayin luwaɗi a matsayin matsalar kwakwalwa. Da rinjaye 58%, an soke shi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Drescher J |date=December 2015 |title=Out of DSM: Depathologizing Homosexuality |journal=Behavioral Sciences |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=565–75 |doi=10.3390/bs5040565 |pmc=4695779 |pmid=26690228 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ƙirƙiri nau'in rashin aikin hali na kan iyaka bisa ga takarda ɗaya da yarjejeniya tsakanin likitocin tabin hankali kusan goma sha biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Davies J |date=April 2017 |title=How Voting and Consensus Created the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) |journal=Anthropology &amp; Medicine |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=32–46 |doi=10.1080/13648470.2016.1226684 |pmid=27650639 |s2cid=33057318 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2014 likitocin tabin hankali sun kaɗa ƙuri'a kan fasalulluka na sabon cuta, matsalar caca ta intanet . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Petry NM, Rehbein F, Gentile DA, Lemmens JS, Rumpf HJ, Mößle T, Bischof G, Tao R, Fung DS, Borges G, Auriacombe M, González Ibáñez A, Tam P, O'Brien CP |date=September 2014 |title=An international consensus for assessing internet gaming disorder using the new DSM-5 approach |journal=Addiction |volume=109 |issue=9 |pages=1399–406 |doi=10.1111/add.12457 |pmid=24456155}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dogaro da ƙuri'u da yarjejeniya ta ƙwararru maimakon shaida ta gaskiya ko alamun halitta zargi ne na daɗe da ake yi wa ilimin tabin hankali wanda ilimin tabin hankali na juyin halitta zai iya gujewa ta hanyar ɗaukar ma'anar juyin halitta na rashin aiki.

== Dalilin juyin halitta da tambayoyin Tinbergen guda huɗu ==
Tambayoyin bincike da damuwar da ke tattare da maganin juyin halitta da ilimin halin dan Adam za a iya bambanta su daga binciken likitancin halittu na yau da kullun da na ilimin halayyar dan Adam a matsayin tambayar tambayoyi na ƙarshe maimakon tambayoyi na kusanci. Ernst Mayr ya gabatar da wannan bambancin na ƙarshe &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mayr E |date=November 1961 |title=Cause and effect in biology |journal=Science |volume=134 |issue=3489 |pages=1501–6 |bibcode=1961Sci...134.1501M |doi=10.1126/science.134.3489.1501 |pmid=14471768}}&lt;/ref&gt; don gano matakai daban-daban na bayanin dalili: bayanai na kusanci suna nufin hanyoyin ilmin halitta na injiniya (misali kwayoyin halitta, ci gaban kwayoyin halitta, hormones, tsarin jijiyoyi da aiki) yayin da bayanai na ƙarshe suna tambaya game da tsarin juyin halitta na zaɓin halitta wanda ya haifar da waɗannan tsarin halittu da hanyoyin aiki kamar yadda aka lura. Ana iya ɗaukar wannan a matsayin bayanin kusanci tambayoyi ne na 'yaya' yayin da bayanai na ƙarshe tambayoyi ne na 'dalilai'.

Niko Tinbergen ya ƙara gyara wannan bambancin da ke kusa zuwa cikin 'tambayoyinsa guda huɗu'. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bateson P, Laland KN |date=December 2013 |title=Tinbergen's four questions: an appreciation and an update |journal=Trends in Ecology &amp; Evolution |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=712–8 |bibcode=2013TEcoE..28..712B |doi=10.1016/j.tree.2013.09.013 |pmid=24144467}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya yin waɗannan tambayoyin na '''tsari, ontogeny, aiki da phylogeny''' game da kowace irin siffa ko cuta (sau da yawa hali, kodayake ba lallai ba ne) don gano tambayoyi daban-daban na dalili waɗanda suka dace a lokaci guda.

Za a iya raba tambayoyi masu kusanci zuwa tambayoyi na '''tsari''', waɗanda suka shafi yadda sifar take aiki, tsari da tsarin tsarin halittarta, da kuma tambayoyin '''ontogeny''' ko ci gaban mutum wanda ya shafi yadda sifar take girma a cikin mutum.

Tambayoyi na ƙarshe na iya zama ko dai na '''aikin''' juyin halitta ko ƙimar daidaitawa, wanda ya shafi yadda halin ya rinjayi dacewa a duk tarihin juyin halitta; da kuma tambayoyin '''phylogeny''' ko juyin halitta, waɗanda suka shafi tarihin wani siffa a ƙarƙashin bishiyar phylogenetic.

Domin ɗaukar misalin baƙin ciki, za mu iya tambaya game da hanyoyin da ke kusa (misali halayen neurotransmitter), ci gaban ontgenetic (misali ci gaban jijiyoyi a tsawon rayuwar mutum), aikin daidaitawa (misali tsarin yanayi mai ƙarancin yanayi) da kuma phylogeny (misali ƙarancin yanayi a bayyane a martanin shan kashi na zamantakewa a cikin birai).

== Mahimman ra'ayoyi masu bayani a cikin ilimin halayyar juyin halitta ==
Matsalar tabin hankali tana faruwa ne sakamakon dalilai daban-daban na muhalli da kwayoyin halitta, tare da bambance-bambancen jijiyoyi daban-daban masu rikitarwa - amma maganin juyin halitta ya fahimci ƙa'idodi da dama na gabaɗaya waɗanda ke ba da damar kamuwa da cuta. An daidaita shi daga Nesse (2019),  Stearns (2016)  da Gluckman (2016). 

=== Nasarar haihuwa akan lafiya ===
Zabin yanayi yana aiki ne akan lafiyar haihuwa, ba yanayin halitta ba wanda za a iya ɗauka a matsayin lafiya; ana zaɓar yanayi masu lafiya ne kawai idan suna da tasiri mai kyau akan nasarar haihuwa. Ana amfani da wannan a cikin maganin juyin halitta don bayyana tsufa da cututtukan tsufa: cututtukan da suka bayyana bayan shekarun haihuwa ba su da tasiri sosai akan haihuwa. Wahalar tunani da yanayi daban-daban na fahimta waɗanda zasu iya zama marasa lafiya ko rashin tsari na iya zama sakamakon hanyoyin juyin halitta idan sun ƙara nasarar haihuwa. Ana iya ganin shaidar wannan a cikin cututtuka da ke da alaƙa da rashin aiki mai yawa, amma matsakaicin matakan haihuwa.

=== Rashin Daidaito ===
Rashin daidaiton juyin halitta yana faruwa ne lokacin da halayen da suka samo asali suka zama marasa daidaituwa saboda canje-canje a muhalli. Wannan abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari da ke haifar da canjin juyin halitta (misali a cikin ƙwaro mai barkono) kuma yana da alaƙa da magani lokacin da halayen da ba su dace ba suka haifar da matsalolin da ke shafar lafiya. Yanayin tabin hankali na iya zama yanayi da suka samo asali wanda muke fassara shi a matsayin rikice-rikice saboda ba su dace da tsammaninmu na zamantakewa ba; ko kuma suna iya zama yanayi ko halaye na tunani waɗanda za su bayyana lafiya a cikin muhallin kakanni, amma su zama cututtuka saboda wasu siffofi na muhallin zamani. Shaidar rashin daidaito ta fi bayyana lokacin da ake kwatanta mutanen gargajiya da mutanen zamani ko kuma lokacin da sabbin abubuwan muhalli suka taso waɗanda ke haifar da cututtuka a bayyane (misali samuwar abinci mai araha, mai yawan kalori wanda ke haifar da kiba).

=== Tsaro ===
Amsoshin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam kamar tsoro da firgici suna da sauƙin daidaitawa a yanayi da yawa,  musamman ma na haɗari da ke gabatowa, kuma ana ganin su a cikin nau'ikan halittu daban-daban. Wasu matsalolin kwakwalwa na iya faruwa ne sakamakon irin waɗannan martanin, ko dai a matsayin rashin iya daidaita martanin da kyau, ko kuma a matsayin tsari mai daidaitawa wanda aka tsara musamman don yin aiki fiye da kima saboda farashin lafiyar amsawa ya fi ƙarfin fa'idar lafiyar jiki - wanda ake kira ƙa'idar gano hayaki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nesse |first=R. M. |date=2001 |title=The smoke detector principle. Natural selection and the regulation of defensive responses |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=935 |pages=75–85 |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03472.x |issn=0077-8923 |pmid=11411177 |s2cid=20128143 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gaskiyar cewa irin waɗannan abubuwan suna da matuƙar damuwa, suna raunana jiki kuma ba su dace ba yana haifar da ganewar su a matsayin cututtukan kwakwalwa.

=== Daidaiton zaɓin sauye-sauye ===
Zabin yanayi yana aiki ne akan maye gurbi na kwayoyin halitta, wanda ke cikin kowace tsara, yana kawar da waɗanda ke rage ƙarfin jiki da kuma ƙara yawan waɗanda ke inganta ƙarfin jiki. Sauye-sauye kuma suna iya rage ƙarfin jiki fiye da inganta shi. Sifofin halittu masu girman maye gurbi mai girma, kamar kwakwalwa, inda sama da kashi 80% na kwayar halittar ke bayyana, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Negi SK, Guda C |date=April 2017 |title=Global gene expression profiling of healthy human brain and its application in studying neurological disorders |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=7 |issue=1 |bibcode=2017NatSR...7..897N |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-00952-9 |pmc=5429860 |pmid=28420888}}&lt;/ref&gt; suna da yuwuwar a yi zargin maye gurbi mai cutarwa wanda ke shafar aikin fahimta, wanda daga nan ake cire shi ta hanyar zaɓin yanayi. Irin waɗannan maye gurbi galibi suna da alaƙa da nakasa ta hankali, wasu lokuta na autism, [[Hauka|schizophrenia]], da sauran cututtuka da yawa. Gaskiyar cewa maye gurbi na de-novo yana haifar da irin waɗannan rikice-rikice a wasu lokuta an yi amfani da shi don jayayya cewa sauran shari'o'in suna faruwa ne ta hanyar hanyoyin cututtuka da ba a gano ba tukuna, kodayake kasancewar [[Bambancin muhalli|bambancin ra'ayi]] a cikin rukunan cuta da rashin gano ilimin halittar da aka gano duk da aiki mai mahimmanci a cikin ilimin halittar kwakwalwa da [[Genetics|kwayoyin halitta]] shaida ce akan wannan ra'ayi.

== Bayanin juyin halitta game da takamaiman cututtuka ==

=== Ciwon Schizophrenia ===
[[Hauka|Ciwon Schizophrenia]] galibi yana da alaƙa da tabin hankali ( [[Hallucination|mafarki]] da ruɗi ) da kuma alamun raunin fahimta kamar magana mara kyau, rashin sha'awar ayyukan yau da kullun da kuma rashin tunani mai kyau. Wannan shine mafi munin yanayi na schizophrenia ko psychosis spectrum, wanda ya haɗa da schizotypy da sauran cututtukan psychotic, wanda ake iya cewa ya kai ga abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba kamar fahimtar fatalwowi ko kuma yarda da sihiri waɗanda suka zama ruwan dare a cikin jama'a.

Schizophrenia cuta ce ta gado, wadda ta fi yawa a cikin ƙasa da kashi 1% na yawan jama'a, tare da mummunan tasirin haihuwa, musamman a cikin maza. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Haukka J, Suvisaari J, Lönnqvist J |date=March 2003 |title=Fertility of patients with schizophrenia, their siblings, and the general population: a cohort study from 1950 to 1959 in Finland |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=160 |issue=3 |pages=460–3 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.160.3.460 |pmid=12611825}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda haka, wataƙila ita ce yanayin tabin hankali na farko da aka bayyana a fili a matsayin wanda ke buƙatar bayani game da juyin halitta, &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;/&gt; a cikin abin da ake kira 'ƙalubalantar schizophrenia' (wanda yanzu aka fi sani da ƙalubalantar cututtukan kwakwalwa na yau da kullun, masu cutarwa, da na gado &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; ). Don bayyana juriyar schizophrenia, an yi hasashe daban-daban na juyin halitta.

Hasashe na schizophrenia a matsayin rashin aiki na gaske yana da yawa. An yi hasashen cewa schizophrenia wani abu ne da ba ya aiki daga juyin halittar ɗan adam don harshe da kwakwalwa a gefe, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crow TJ |date=January 1996 |title=Language and psychosis: common evolutionary origins |journal=Endeavour |language=en |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=105–109 |doi=10.1016/0160-9327(96)10023-5 |issn=0160-9327}}&lt;/ref&gt; ko kuma rashin aikin kwakwalwar zamantakewa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crespi B, Badcock C |date=June 2008 |title=Psychosis and autism as diametrical disorders of the social brain |url=https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/21571/ |journal=The Behavioral and Brain Sciences |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=241–61; discussion 261–320 |doi=10.1017/S0140525X08004214 |pmid=18578904}}&lt;/ref&gt; ko kuma yana da alaƙa da ka'idar tunani . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brüne M |date=January 2005 |title=&quot;Theory of mind&quot; in schizophrenia: a review of the literature |journal=Schizophrenia Bulletin |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=21–42 |doi=10.1093/schbul/sbi002 |pmid=15888423 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu ka'idoji sun yi nuni da yuwuwar cewa yana faruwa ne sakamakon daidaiton zaɓin maye gurbi . &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; Duk da haka, an gano maye gurbi da ake tsammani da ba a saba gani ba da kuma ''de novo'' ne kawai a cikin ƙaramin adadin lokuta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Keller MC |date=May 2018 |title=Evolutionary Perspectives on Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors for Psychiatric Disorders |journal=Annual Review of Clinical Psychology |volume=14 |pages=471–493 |doi=10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050817-084854 |pmid=29401047}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta da ke haifar da schizophrenia sun zama ruwan dare a cikin jama'a, suna sa hasashen daidaitawa ya zama mai yiwuwa, kamar yadda aka lura tun tsakiyar ƙarni na 20. &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;/&gt;

Hasashe da ke bayyana schizophrenia a matsayin sakamakon daidaitawa ya bambanta sosai. Masana ka'idoji na farko sun ba da shawarar cewa yana isar da ci gaba ga tsarin garkuwar jiki ko murmurewa daga rashin lafiya &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;/&gt; ko kuma yana sauƙaƙa raba ƙungiyoyi.  An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga dogon ra'ayoyin al'adu na hauka dangane da baiwa, Nettle ya ba da shawarar cewa schizotypy na iya alaƙa da nasarar ƙirƙira, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nettle D, Clegg H |date=March 2006 |title=Schizotypy, creativity and mating success in humans |journal=Proceedings. Biological Sciences |volume=273 |issue=1586 |pages=611–5 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2005.3349 |pmc=1560060 |pmid=16537133}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya ƙara wa nasarar haɗuwa, kuma cewa tasirin kyawawan halayen schizotypal na iya zama dalilin da yasa waɗannan halaye suka ci gaba. Duk da haka, an gano cewa fa'idar haihuwa da aka auna ta irin waɗannan halaye ba ta fi ƙarfin farashin schizophrenia ta hanyar dacewa da juna ba (kodayake wannan na iya kasancewa saboda son zuciya ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Del Giudice M |date=December 2010 |title=Reduced fertility in patients' families is consistent with the sexual selection model of schizophrenia and schizotypy |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=5 |issue=12 |bibcode=2010PLoSO...516040D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0016040 |pmc=3012205 |pmid=21253008 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka'idar shamanism ta schizophrenia ta bayyana cewa a cikin al'ummomin gargajiya, ƙwarewar tabin hankali ta taimaka wa masu sihiri ( masu sihiri da masu addini kamar masu magani, masu duba, masu sihiri, masu fitar da mutane da masu duba). Shamanism wani abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin al'ummomin ɗan adam, inda wasu mutane ake ganin suna da alaƙa ta musamman da duniyar allahntaka wanda ke ba su ikon yin sihiri, musamman warkarwa. Wannan musamman ana amfani da shi don bayyana abubuwan da suka shafi addini da girma na abubuwan da suka shafi tabin hankali da kuma imani da ikon allahntaka, waɗanda ƙila an yi imani da su maimakon a kafirta su a cikin al'ummomin gargajiya. Farkon schizophrenia kuma yana kama da farkon shaman, wanda galibi yana nuna mafarki, ruɗi da maganganu marasa ma'ana. Masana ilimin ɗan adam sun san alaƙar da ke tsakanin shamanism da hauka tsawon shekaru da yawa (misali &quot;...mutane masu fama da tabin hankali galibi ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin masu tsarki a cikin al'ummomin farko&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ränk G |date=August 1967 |title=Shamanism as a research subject: some methodological viewpoints |journal=Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis |volume=1 |pages=15–22 |doi=10.30674/scripta.67020 |issn=2343-4937 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma &quot;Ana wulaƙanta hankali a Niue a yau, amma hauka har yanzu yana buƙatar girmamawa&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Loeb EM |date=1924-07-09 |title=The Shaman of Niue |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=393–402 |doi=10.1525/aa.1924.26.3.02a00090 |issn=0002-7294 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt; ) amma sabon sake fasalin ka'idar shine ta Joseph Polimeni,  wanda ya yi jayayya cewa shamans suna sauƙaƙa aikin rukuni, don haka tabin hankali ya samo asali ne sakamakon zaɓin rukuni. Masu suka sun yi jayayya cewa yanayin trance da kamun kai da shamans ke nunawa ba su da alaƙa da halayen schizophrenia.

=== Ciwon Hawan Hankali da Rashin Hankali (ADHD) ===
Ciwon Hana Hankali/Rashin Hankali/Rashin Hankali yana bincika asalin cututtukan kwakwalwa ta hanyar la'akari da yadda wasu halaye suka kasance masu amfani a cikin muhallin kakanninmu. Ana bincika Ciwon Hana Hankali/Rashin Hankali ( [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|ADHD]] ) a cikin tsarin ilimin halin dan Adam na juyin halitta wanda ya fahimci dalilin da yasa halayen da ke da alaƙa da wannan cuta suka ci gaba da wanzuwa a cikin mutane.

Wani hasashe ya nuna cewa halaye kamar yawan aiki, rashin himma, da neman sabon abu sun kasance masu amfani ga al'ummomin mafarauta da masu tara kaya. Waɗannan halaye na iya haɓaka rayuwa ta hanyar haɓaka bincike, yanke shawara cikin sauri, da daidaitawa a cikin yanayin da ke canzawa. Ka'idar &quot;mafarauta da manoma&quot; ta nuna cewa yayin da irin waɗannan halaye suka kasance masu amfani ga mafarauta makiyaya, sun zama marasa dacewa da zuwan al'ummomin noma marasa zama, wanda ke haifar da rikice-rikice da tsarin zamantakewa na zamani da tsammanin. &lt;ref&gt; {{Cite web |date=2023-10-17 |title=ADHD |url=https://www.columbiapsychiatry.org/research/research-areas/child-and-adolescent-psychiatry/sultan-lab-mental-health-informatics/research-areas/adhd |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=Columbia University Department of Psychiatry |language=en}} &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; {{Cite web |date=2024-03-04 |title=Evolution and ADHD |url=https://www.columbiapsychiatry.org/research/research-areas/child-and-adolescent-psychiatry/sultan-lab-mental-health-informatics/research-areas/evolutionary-psychiatry/evolution-and-adhd |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=Columbia University Department of Psychiatry |language=en}} &lt;/ref&gt;

Masu goyon bayan wannan ra'ayi suna jayayya cewa halayen ADHD ba su da alaƙa da cututtuka amma rashin daidaito ne tsakanin halayen daidaitawa na da da kuma yanayin zamani. Wannan hujja ta dace da babban ra'ayi na bambancin jijiyoyi kuma tana ƙarfafa sake kimanta ADHD, tana haɓaka fahimta da daidaitawa maimakon mayar da hankali kawai kan kula da alamun cutar. Wasu likitocin tabin hankali sun fara kula da tsarin juyin halitta na ADHD. &lt;ref&gt; {{Cite web |title=Integrative Psych: Best ADHD Therapists Psychiatrists Treatment Experts NYC |url=https://www.integrative-psych.org/adhd-testing-specialist-doctors-near-me |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=integrative-psych.org}} &lt;/ref&gt;

Masu suka sun yi gargaɗin cewa bayanin juyin halitta na iya sauƙaƙa haɗakar abubuwan da suka shafi kwayoyin halitta, muhalli, da ci gaban jijiyoyi waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ADHD. Sun jaddada mahimmancin hanyoyin da suka dogara da shaida wajen gano cututtuka da magani, suna lura cewa yayin da ka'idodin juyin halitta ke ba da fahimta mai ban sha'awa, bai kamata su maye gurbin hanyoyin kimiyya da aka kafa ba. Kodayake ra'ayin mai jan hankali cewa ADHD a da yana da fa'ida yana kamawa a kafofin watsa labarai.

=== Ciwon Autism (ASD) ===
Cutar Autism tana da alaƙa da matsaloli wajen mu'amala da zamantakewa da sadarwa, da kuma halaye masu tauri da maimaitawa. A ƙasashe masu ci gaba, kusan kashi 2.8% na yara (1 cikin 36) an gano suna da ASD {{As of|2023}} , daga kashi 0.7% a shekarar 2000 a Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Maenner |first=Matthew J. |date=2023 |title=Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2020 |journal=MMWR Surveillance Summaries |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.ss7202a1 |pmc=10026785 |pmid=36921310}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2017}} , &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Lyall K, Croen L, Daniels J, Fallin MD, Ladd-Acosta C, Lee BK, Park BY, Snyder NW, Schendel D, Volk H, Windham GC, Newschaffer C |date=March 2017 |title=The Changing Epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders |journal=Annual Review of Public Health |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=81–102 |bibcode=2017ARPH...38...81L |doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044318 |pmc=6566093 |pmid=28068486}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya tashi daga kashi 0.7% a shekarar 2000 a Amurka. Ana gano cutar sau huɗu zuwa biyar fiye da mata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ASD data and statistics |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418153648/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html |archive-date=18 April 2014 |access-date=11 July 2016 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Autism ya bambanta sosai tsakanin mutane (yana da [[Bambancin muhalli|bambancin ra'ayi]] sosai) tare da dalilai daban-daban ga mutane daban-daban. Wasu lokuta ana haifar da su ne ta hanyar maye gurbi masu illa &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=de la Torre-Ubieta L, Won H, Stein JL, Geschwind DH |date=April 2016 |title=Advancing the understanding of autism disease mechanisms through genetics |journal=Nature Medicine |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=345–61 |doi=10.1038/nm.4071 |pmc=5072455 |pmid=27050589}}&lt;/ref&gt; ko raunin da ya faru a lokacin haihuwa da kuma na jarirai, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mandy W, Lai MC |date=March 2016 |title=Annual Research Review: The role of the environment in the developmental psychopathology of autism spectrum condition |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=271–92 |doi=10.1111/jcpp.12501 |pmid=26782158 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ba a buƙatar bayani mai daidaitawa. Waɗannan shari'o'in galibi suna da alaƙa da nakasa ta hankali . Kiyasi ya nuna cewa tsakanin 5-20% na bakan autism za a iya bayyana su ta hanyar waɗannan hanyoyin rashin aiki, musamman na kwayoyin halitta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bourgeron T |date=September 2015 |title=From the genetic architecture to synaptic plasticity in autism spectrum disorder |journal=Nature Reviews. Neuroscience |volume=16 |issue=9 |pages=551–63 |doi=10.1038/nrn3992 |pmid=26289574 |s2cid=12742356}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Duk da haka, wasu shari'o'in autism sun cancanci bayani mai daidaitawa. Gaskiyar cewa akwai bayanai da yawa game da autism yana haifar da rikici a cikin al'ummar autism, musamman tsakanin masu goyon bayan hangen nesa na bambancin jijiyoyi da membobin iyali da ke kula da mutanen da ke da ASD waɗanda ke da nakasa mai tsanani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Concept of Neurodiversity Is Dividing the Autism Community |url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/the-concept-of-neurodiversity-is-dividing-the-autism-community/ |access-date=2021-06-04 |website=Scientific American Blog Network |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun bayan fim ɗin Rain Man da kuma ci gaban ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na neuro-diversity da autism, ra'ayin autism a matsayin wani abu da ke isar da ƙarfin fahimta ya ƙara shahara, duk da cewa an sami fahimtar ƙwarewar autism ta musamman a rubuce-rubucen farko na Hans Asperger wanda ya kira marasa lafiyarsa 'ƙananan farfesoshi'.  Masana autism kamar Temple Grandin sun ba da shawara cewa kakannin masu farauta da tattara autism sun kasance muhimman mutane a cikin al'umma, musamman saboda ƙwarewarsu ta ƙirƙira:
{{Blockquote|'Who do you think made the first stone spear? (...) That wasn't the yakkity yaks sitting around the campfire. It was some Asperger sitting in the back of a cave figuring out how to chip rocks into spearheads. Without some autistic traits you wouldn't even have a recording device to record this conversation on.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| vauthors = Weiss B | date=2010-02-23|title=Life Among the 'Yakkity Yaks'|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703525704575061123564007514|access-date=2021-06-03|issn=0099-9660}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
Babban mai bincike kan cutar Autism, Simon Baron-Cohen, ya gabatar da cewa Autism wani nau'in fahimta ne mai matuƙar tsari, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Baron-Cohen S |date=June 2002 |title=The extreme male brain theory of autism |journal=Trends in Cognitive Sciences |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=248–254 |doi=10.1016/s1364-6613(02)01904-6 |pmid=12039606 |s2cid=8098723}}&lt;/ref&gt; akan tsarin fahimtar juna wanda dukkan mutane ke faɗawa ciki, wanda ke da alaƙa da yanayin abubuwan da mutane ke sha'awa. Ya fahimci baiwar da mutane da yawa ke da ita ta Autism a wani fanni na ilimi ko fasaha da ba na ɗan adam ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Baron-Cohen S, Ashwin E, Ashwin C, Tavassoli T, Chakrabarti B |date=May 2009 |title=Talent in autism: hyper-systemizing, hyper-attention to detail and sensory hypersensitivity |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences |volume=364 |issue=1522 |pages=1377–83 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0337 |pmc=2677592 |pmid=19528020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin littafinsa, ''&quot;The Pattern Seekers: how autism drives human kiredit&quot;'',  ya gabatar da ka'idar ƙirƙira ta ɗan adam wadda ta sanya mutanen Autism a matsayin waɗanda ke da nau'ikan waɗannan halaye na ƙirƙira (ko tsara).

Bernard Crespi ya ba da shawarar cewa autism cuta ce ta babban hankali, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crespi BJ |date=2016-06-30 |title=Autism As a Disorder of High Intelligence |journal=Frontiers in Neuroscience |volume=10 |page=300 |doi=10.3389/fnins.2016.00300 |pmc=4927579 |pmid=27445671 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; yana lura da cewa autism yawanci yana ƙunshe da ingantattun sassan hankali amma marasa daidaito. Wannan hasashen yana da goyon bayan shaidu da ke nuna cewa autism da babban IQ suna da alaƙa daban-daban, ciki har da girman kwakwalwa mai girma, saurin girma a kwakwalwa, ƙaruwar ƙarfin ji da gani, haɓaka ayyukan synaptic, ƙaruwar mai da hankali, matsayi mai girma a fannin zamantakewa, yanke shawara mai zurfi, sana'a da sha'awar aiki a fannin injiniyanci da kimiyyar jiki, da kuma manyan matakan haɗuwa masu kyau. Saboda haka, matsin lamba na zaɓin juyin halitta na baya-bayan nan don babban hankali a cikin mutane ya haifar da haɗarin autism.

=== Matsalar Halayyar Dan Adam da Ba ta Da Alaƙa da Zamantakewa ===
Rashin lafiyar halayyar ɗan adam (wani lokacin ana kiransa da sociopathy ko psychopathy ), yana da alaƙa da yaudara, rashin tausayi da laifi, rashin gaggawa, da kuma rashin zamantakewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Glenn AL, Kurzban R, Raine A |date=September 2011 |title=Evolutionary theory and psychopathy |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |language=en |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1016/j.avb.2011.03.009 |issn=1359-1789}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kiyasta cewa yawan masu tabin hankali a cikin jama'a ya kai kusan kashi 1%, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Neumann CS, Hare RD |date=October 2008 |title=Psychopathic traits in a large community sample: links to violence, alcohol use, and intelligence |journal=Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology |volume=76 |issue=5 |pages=893–9 |doi=10.1037/0022-006X.76.5.893 |pmid=18837606}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Coid J, Yang M, Ullrich S, Roberts A, Hare RD |date=March 2009 |title=Prevalence and correlates of psychopathic traits in the household population of Great Britain |url=http://roar.uel.ac.uk/660/1/Coid%2C%20JW%20%282009%29%20IJLP%2032%20%282%29%2065-73.pdf |journal=International Journal of Law and Psychiatry |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=65–73 |doi=10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.01.002 |pmid=19243821 |access-date=2026-06-07 |archive-date=2020-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123041506/https://repository.uel.ac.uk/download/205a1ede0ed89beb564f218560216129c94d4320f39a5edac15b7be5bdcf1242/186297/Coid%2C%20JW%20%282009%29%20IJLP%2032%20%282%29%2065-73.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; da kashi 20% a cikin fursunoni &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wormith S |year=2000 |title=Review of Without conscience: The disturbing world of the psychopaths among us. |journal=Canadian Psychology |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=134–136 |doi=10.1037/h0088168}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da yawan masu tabin hankali a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] fiye da [[Turai]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Coid J, Yang M, Ullrich S, Roberts A, Moran P, Bebbington P, Brugha T, Jenkins R, Farrell M, Lewis G, Singleton N, Hare R |date=May 2009 |title=Psychopathy among prisoners in England and Wales |url=http://roar.uel.ac.uk/661/1/Coid%2C%20J%20%282009%29%20IJLP%2032%20%283%29%20134_141.pdf |journal=International Journal of Law and Psychiatry |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=134–41 |doi=10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.02.008 |pmid=19345418}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ɗaukar cutar tabin hankali, narcissism da Machiavellianism a matsayin wani ɓangare na Dark Triad, halaye waɗanda galibi ana siffanta su da son kai da ƙarancin gamsuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jonason PK, Li NP, Webster GD, Schmitt DP |date=February 2009 |title=The dark triad: Facilitating a short-term mating strategy in men |url=https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soss_research/960 |journal=European Journal of Personality |language=en |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=5–18 |doi=10.1002/per.698 |issn=0890-2070 |s2cid=12854051}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An gabatar da ra'ayoyi daban-daban na juyin halitta don bayyana tabin hankali da kuma Triad mai duhu. A cikin mahallin kakanninmu, babban sha'awar kai da ƙarancin tausayi na iya aiki a matsayin dabarun haɗuwa na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Akwai shaida cewa halayen Triad mai duhu suna da alaƙa mai kyau da adadin abokan hulɗa na jima'i, [[Jima'i na zamantakewa|zamantakewa]] mai rikitarwa da fifiko ga abokan hulɗa na ɗan gajeren lokaci. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt;

Glenn da abokan aikinsa &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; sun bayyana ka'idoji guda biyu kan yadda zaɓi zai iya ba da damar halayen tabin hankali. Na farko shine dabarar rayuwa mai sauri, wacce ke da alaƙa da ƙarancin mai da hankali kan makomar, ɗaukar haɗari mai yawa da kuma haɗuwa ta ɗan gajeren lokaci. Na biyu shine daidaiton zaɓin maye gurbi, tare da ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa waɗanda ba su da tasiri da aka zaɓa a kansu, waɗanda, idan aka tara su, na iya haifar da halayyar tabin hankali, ba tare da wani babban cikas ga lafiyar haihuwa ba.

Labarin Mealey mai tasiri &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mealey L |date=September 1995 |title=The sociobiology of sociopathy: An integrated evolutionary model |url=http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0140525X00039595 |journal=Behavioral and Brain Sciences |language=en |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=523–541 |doi=10.1017/S0140525X00039595 |issn=0140-525X |s2cid=53956461 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119082544/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/behavioral-and-brain-sciences/article/abs/sociobiology-of-sociopathy-an-integrated-evolutionary-model/A5F1DDC8F0D32E036B725FE7BFA761AF |archive-date=2023-11-19 |access-date=2021-06-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya bayyana cewa an tsara masu tabin hankali don yaudarar zamantakewa kuma an haɓaka su don bin dabarun rayuwa na yaudara ko dabarun yaudara, (wanda aka nuna a cikin samfuran haɗin gwiwa na masu yaudara na ka'idar wasa ). Dabaru na yaudara suna da ƙarfi a ƙananan mitoci a cikin jama'a, amma za a gano su kuma a hukunta su a mafi yawan mitoci. Wannan dabarar da ta dogara da mita za ta bayyana yawan halayen tabin hankali a cikin jama'a.

Mealey &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;/&gt; ta yi kalamai huɗu game da tabin hankali:

# Akwai yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar tabin hankali (psychopathy), wadda galibi take yaduwa a cikin dukkan al'ummomi.
# Za a ɗauki wasu mutane kaɗan a matsayin &quot;mahaukata a ɗabi'a &quot; a kowace [[al'ada]], saboda cike wannan ƙaramin yanki da ya dogara da mita.
# Dangane da yanayin muhalli, mutanen da ba su da tsauri a kan ci gaba za su bi irin wannan dabarar yaudara.
# Akwai wani ci gaba na kwayoyin halitta na tabin hankali a cikinmu duka, yana bayyana ne lokacin da dabarun hana zamantakewa suka fi riba a wasu yanayi.

Mealey &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;/&gt; ta kuma bayyana yawan maza da ke kamuwa da cutar da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli (ƙananan kyawun jiki, shekaru, lafiya, kyawun jiki, hankali, yanayin tattalin arziki, da ƙwarewar zamantakewa) a matsayin alamun cewa dabarun yaudara sun fi dacewa, shi ya sa waɗannan abubuwan ke da alaƙa da halayen tabin hankali.

=== Damuwa ===
[[Babban rashin damuwa|Babban rashin jin daɗi]] (MDD) yana da alaƙa da aƙalla makonni biyu na rashin jin daɗi mai ɗorewa. Yana tare da nau'ikan jin daɗi iri-iri kamar ƙarancin girman kai, rashin sha'awar ayyukan da ake jin daɗi da ƙarancin kuzari. Akwai dalilai da yawa da za a iya bayyana su game da faruwar baƙin ciki da ƙarancin yanayi a cikin mutane. Hasashe daban-daban da yawa ba su da bambanci . An ba da shawarar cewa abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa daban-daban da sauran hanyoyin cututtuka suna da alhakin nau'ikan baƙin ciki daban-daban &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rantala MJ, Luoto S, Krams I, Karlsson H |date=March 2018 |title=Depression subtyping based on evolutionary psychiatry: Proximate mechanisms and ultimate functions |journal=Brain, Behavior, and Immunity |volume=69 |pages=603–617 |doi=10.1016/j.bbi.2017.10.012 |pmid=29051086 |s2cid=3975281}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da ƙananan nau'ikan da suka shafi kamuwa da cuta, damuwa na dogon lokaci, kaɗaici, ƙwarewar rauni, rikicin matsayi, baƙin ciki, ƙin soyayya, abubuwan da suka faru bayan haihuwa, yanayi, sinadarai, cututtukan somatic da yunwa. Ana ba da shawarar yin magani na musamman bisa ga ƙananan nau'ikan da ke haifar da matsala a matsayin jagora a cikin jiyya. Sauran hasashe sun haɗa da:

==== Hasashe masu da'awar zamantakewa ====
Hasashe na gasar zamantakewa (kamar ka'idar matsayi na zamantakewa ) ya fassara baƙin ciki a matsayin motsin rai na biyayya, dabarar da ba ta da son rai don ƙirƙirar jin rashin ƙarfi na mutum. Jin rashin ƙarfi ko rashin taimako yana haifar da wannan rashin ƙarfi, yana hana tashin hankali ga mutanen da ke da matsayi mafi girma da kuma nuna biyayya. Ƙananan yanayi yana ƙarfafa yarda da rashin matsayi kuma yana haɓaka sassauci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Price JS, Gardner Jr R, Wilson DR, Sloman L, Rohde P, Erickson M |date=July 2007 |title=Territory, Rank and Mental Health: The History of an Idea |journal=Evolutionary Psychology |language=en |volume=5 |issue=3 |doi=10.1177/147470490700500305 |issn=1474-7049 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; John Price ya amince da wannan ka'idar, yana lura da cewa kaji waɗanda suka sha kashi a faɗa suna janyewa daga hulɗar zamantakewa kuma suna yin biyayya, suna rage ƙarin hare-haren da kaji ke kaiwa a cikin matsayi kuma suna guje wa rauni ko ma kashe su. 

Kamar yadda aka yi hasashe game da gasar zamantakewa, 'hasashe game da haɗarin zamantakewa' ya bayyana cewa baƙin ciki yana hana mutane shiga cikin hulɗar zamantakewa wanda zai iya haifar da wariya ga su. Wannan hasashe ya samo asali ne daga neman abinci mai saurin kamuwa da haɗari . Yana nuna cewa mutanen da ke cikin kyakkyawar alaƙar zamantakewa za su iya jure manyan matakan ɗaukar haɗarin zamantakewa, yayin da a gefe guda kuma, mutanen da ke da ƙarancin matsayi a zamantakewa ba za su iya ba. Ka'idar ta nuna cewa ƙarancin yanayi da ke tare da MDD yana wanzuwa don rage haɗarin da ake iya ɗauka da kuma ƙarfafa ware kansu a cikin waɗannan mutane. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Allen NB, Badcock PB |date=2003 |title=The Social Risk Hypothesis of Depressed Mood: Evolutionary, Psychosocial, and Neurobiological Perspectives. |journal=Psychological Bulletin |language=en |volume=129 |issue=6 |pages=887–913 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.129.6.887 |issn=1939-1455 |pmid=14599287}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baya ga damuwa ta yau da kullun, akwai nau'ikan cututtukan damuwa da yawa waɗanda duk suna da alaƙa da tsoro da damuwa mai yawa.  Waɗannan cututtukan sun haɗa da: takamaiman tsoro (misali, agoraphobia ), matsalar damuwa ta gabaɗaya, matsalar damuwa ta zamantakewa, matsalar damuwa ta rabuwa, matsalar tsoro, da kuma rashin jituwa ta zaɓi . &lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;

== Magani ==
Ilimin halayyar juyin halitta ya zuwa yanzu ya fi mayar da hankali kan bayanin kimiyya game da cututtukan kwakwalwa maimakon ƙirƙirar sabbin hanyoyin magani.  Duk da haka, akwai sakamako daban-daban na ɗaukar ra'ayin juyin halitta game da cututtukan kwakwalwa don yanke shawara game da magani, a matakin mutum ɗaya da na jama'a, wanda ya sa ilimin halayyar juyin halitta ya zama muhimmin fanni na bincike da aikace-aikace na gaba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt;

Ana iya ɗaukar bayanin juyin halitta game da cututtuka waɗanda suka sake tsara su a matsayin waɗanda ba su dace ba ko kuma waɗanda ke da tsada don nuna cewa magani ba shi da mahimmanci - amma wannan ba ra'ayin likitocin tabin hankali na juyin halitta ba ne - kuma kuskure ne iri ɗaya da waɗanda suka yi imani da cewa ilimin halittar juyin halitta yana nufin amincewa da [[eugenics]], wani nau'in ƙarya na halitta - cewa abin da ke na halitta (a wannan yanayin, ya samo asali) yana da kyau. Yawancin hanyoyin magani ba su da kyau a wannan ma'anar (misali [[Kulawar haihuwa|hana haihuwa]] da maganin sa barci ). Bayanin ilimin halayyar juyin halitta ba shi da wani amfani a cikin jagorantar magani. Randolph Nesse ya rubuta:
{{Blockquote|&quot;On learning that low mood can be useful, some people conclude that it therefore should not be treated. This mistake is like the one that arose when anethesia was first invented: some doctors refused to use it, even during surgery, because, they said, pain is normal. We must not let new understanding of the utility of low mood interfere with our efforts to relieve mental pain.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|111}}}}
Duk da cewa bayanin juyin halitta ba zai iya shafar buƙatar magani ba, suna iya zama jagora ko tallafawa magani, ko kuma su sa dabarun magani na yanzu su fi tasiri. Fa'idodin da aka gabatar na ɗaukar ra'ayin juyin halitta kan matsalolin kwakwalwa galibi sun fito ne daga haɗa bayanan juyin halitta cikin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam.    Bailey da Gilbert sun rubuta:
{{Blockquote|&quot;The evolutionary approach helps to answer three fundamental questions about humanity that go to the heart of professional helping and clinical practice: First, what and who are we as human beings – that is, what is human nature or species 'normality'?; second, how and why do humans develop and/or behave in less than optimal ways – that is, what can evolution tell us about the causes of suffering and psychopathology?; and, third, what can professional helpers and psychotherapists do to ameliorate or even 'cure' the suffering of heart and mind?&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;{{rp|333}}}}
An ba da shawarar cewa ana ƙarfafa marasa lafiya su kuma su yi watsi da su ta hanyar jin bayanin juyin halitta game da yanayinsu,  tare da sakamako mai kyau yayin maganin halayyar fahimta - haɗa ilimin halittar ɗabi'a, ilimin jijiyoyi da ilimin halayyar juyin halitta cikin ilimin halayyar kwakwalwa an kira shi 'Informed Cognitive Therapy' &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; ta Mike Abrams . Abrams kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa gane yanayin gado da ɗan canzawa na wasu halaye (kamar psychopathy da autism ) yana nufin cewa masu ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali bai kamata su yi ƙoƙarin canza halayen halayen ba, amma a maimakon haka suna ba da shawara kan yadda za a yi amfani da waɗannan nau'ikan fahimta a cikin mahallin al'umma ta zamani. Wannan ya yi daidai da manufofi da iƙirarin ƙungiyar bambancin jijiyoyi .

== Manazarta ==

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    <title>Lawrence Ytzhak Braithwaite</title>
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'''Lawrence Christopher Patrick (wanda aka fi sani da Ytzhak) Braithwaite''' (Maris 17, 1963 - Yuli 14, 2008 ) marubuci ne na Kanada,  mai zane-zane, mawaki, marubuci, mai bugawa na dijital kuma  marubucin ɗan gajeren [[Fiction (Almara)|fiction]].

An haife shi a [[Montréal|Montreal]], [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]], an kira shi &quot;ɗaya daga cikin fitattun  marubutan labaran Kanada da ke raye&quot; (Gail Scott) kuma yana da alaƙa da motsi na &quot;Sabon Labari&quot;,  kalmar da Steve Abbott ya kirkira.  Shi ne  marubucin almara mai suna ''Wigger'' . 

Braithwaite's work has been praised by Dodie Bellamy for its &quot;sublime impenetrability&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Dodie Bellamy, &quot;Body Language&quot;, ''Academonia'' (San Francisco: Krupskaya, 2006): p. 82; available online in ''Fascicle'' 2 (Winter 2005–2006) {{Cite web |title=Dodie Bellamy |url=http://www.fascicle.com/issue02/essays/bellamy1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060910005402/http://fascicle.com/issue02/essays/bellamy1.htm |archive-date=2006-09-10 |access-date=2007-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is  fueled by a [[Zamanance|modernist]] and [[Fredric Jameson]]-influenced late modernist approach to writing and recording. His work is gwagwainfluenced by the musical and social realism of punk rock, [[opera]], musique concrète, noise, hip hop, rap, industrial, black metal, country music and dub.

Braithwaite ya yi amfani da tsananin  yanayin New York City No Wave da [[Los Angeles]] da Montreal hardcore punk music  subcultures don tsara Labari. Iyalinsa sun kwantar da shi a Kabari na Notre-Dames-des-Neiges, Montreal,  Quebec.

Braithwaite ya kasance ɗan luwaɗi a  bayyane. Ya kasance mai sukar murya game da rashin isasshen  martani ga batutuwan [[wariyar launin fata]].&lt;ref name=&quot;wigger&quot; /&gt;

== Bayanan littattafai ==

* ''Wigger'' (1995)  {{ISBN|1-55152-020-6}}
* ''Ratz suna da kyau: PSP'' (2000)  {{ISBN|1-55583-554-6}}
* Saurin, thrash, mutuwa: Alamo, BC (tare da zane-zane na Krista E. McLean &amp; Max) 
* ''Ƙarin a 7:30 (Lura daga Sabon Falasdinu) ''

=== Tarihin Tarihi ===

* Queeries: Anthology of Gay Male Prose (ed. Dennis Denisoff, 1994): &quot;Spunk&quot;
* ''Kira na Matsayi: Tarihin Ƙasa na Jama'a da Siyasa Black Literature &amp; Art''
* Dodie Bellamy da Kevin Killian's Mirage # 4 / Lokaci (ical) ''Mirage #4/Lokaci (ical) ''
* ''Bluesprints: Anthology of Black British Columbian Literature and Orature'' *Redzone zine,
* ''Daga Naman: Labari mai haɗari''
* &quot;Vanilla Primitive&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D'Souza |first=Ajay |title=Simon Sellars: Writer/Editor  » Vanilla Primitive |url=http://www.simonsellars.com/sleepybrain/vanilla-primitive |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827171028/http://www.simonsellars.com/sleepybrain/vanilla-primitive |archive-date=2008-08-27 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=www.simonsellars.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin jaridar e-joji Sleepy Brain''Zuciya Mai Barci''
* Nocturnes 3 Binciken Ayyukan Littattafai 2005
* ''Kashe Kuskuren: Marubutan Bincika Labari''
* Sidebrow e-joji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=:: Sidebrow {{!}} Lawrence Ytzhak Braithwaite {{!}} Pull Your Ears Back :: |url=http://www.sidebrow.net/2006/a047braithwaite.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823120214/http://www.sidebrow.net/2006/a047braithwaite.php |archive-date=2007-08-23 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=www.sidebrow.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=:: Sidebrow {{!}} Lawrence Ytzhak Braithwaite {{!}} Turntable Interrogation Techniques :: |url=http://www.sidebrow.net/2006/a006braithwaite.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006212625/http://www.sidebrow.net/2006/a006braithwaite.php |archive-date=2008-10-06 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=www.sidebrow.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Sabbin Ka'idoji: Shekaru goma na farko na Fiction a Fourteen Hills .''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NewPages Book Review - New Standards: The First Decade of Fiction at  Fourteen Hills |url=http://www.newpages.com/bookreviews/archive/reviews/newstandards.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114073058/http://www.newpages.com/bookreviews/archive/reviews/newstandards.htm |archive-date=2006-11-14 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=www.newpages.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gidan yanar gizon Crisis na Duniya (ed. Danny Dayus) Juyin Juya Halin jini ne &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Revolution is Bloody - Oppression at Home on the World Crisis Web |url=http://www.world-crisis.com/analysis_comments/697_0_15_0_C/ |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=www.world-crisis.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Black Ice'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Black Ice Online |url=http://www.altx.com/profiles/archives/instantfix/goodvi.html |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=www.altx.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Binciken Ruwan Sama na Littattafai''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Braithwaite |first=Lawrence Ytzhak |title=The Black Gangster as Urban Resistance: A Review of Sam Greenlee, The Spook Who Sat By the Door (Bensenville, IL: Lushena Books, 2002) |url=http://www.rainreview.net/rain-040205.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006085854/http://www.rainreview.net/rain-040205.html |archive-date=2007-10-06 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=www.rainreview.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rubuce-rubuce ==

* [http://melbourne.indymedia.org/uploads/01_logopolis__redux_.mp3 Logopolis tare da Kisan Gilla]{{Dead link|date=December 2017|fix-attempted=yes}}
* Kyakkyawan tashin hankali. D.U.N.
* [http://melbourne.indymedia.org/uploads/how_fast_does_light_travel___for_george_scott_3rd_b2.mp3 Yaya sauri yake tafiya da haske (don George Scott 3rd, James Chance da Lil G)]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [mafi kyawun hanyar haɗi] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How fast does light travel? (for george scott 3rd, james chance and lil g) : Indymedia Radio |url=http://radio.indymedia.org/news/2005/10/7255.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008204250/http://radio.indymedia.org/news/2005/10/7255.php |archive-date=2006-10-08 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=radio.indymedia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Dead link|date=December 2017|fix-attempted=yes}}
* [http://melbourne.indymedia.org/uploads/olivet___h.a.t.s_in_the_square___loud_ruffa1b____.mp3 Olivet (H.A.T.s a cikin Square) (tare da Intifada Al Ard)]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [maɓallin mutu na dindindin].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Olivet  (H.A.T.s in the Square) : Indymedia Radio |url=http://radio.indymedia.org/news/2006/07/10440.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008205136/http://radio.indymedia.org/news/2006/07/10440.php |archive-date=2006-10-08 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=radio.indymedia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Dead link|date=December 2017|fix-attempted=yes}}
* Unnerstated (Downpressin) daga Guguwar Angel &quot;Luckily Na kasance Half Cat&quot;
* A Fins (Clichy Sous Bois) tare da Tolan McNeil (AKA The Giver). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Links |url=http://www.upstartradio.com/Links.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629020602/http://www.upstartradio.com/Links.html |archive-date=2007-06-29 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=www.upstartradio.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Binciken bam na London (hoffman sub dub the samo samo) lord patch vs david patrick &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=http://www.indymedia.be/files/London%20bomb%20sensation%20(hoffman%20sub%20dub%20the%20samo%20samo).mp3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927185801/http://www.indymedia.be/files/London%20bomb%20sensation%20(hoffman%20sub%20dub%20the%20samo%20samo).mp3 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=www.indymedia.be}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Unnerstated (a cappella) a cikin Sean Lennon's Upstart Radio a Mindwalk 31: tuki zuwa Baghdad &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mindwalk 31: Driving to Baghdad - UK Indymedia |url=https://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2006/02/334197.html |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=www.indymedia.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A cikin Fins (Clichy Sous Bois) a cikin Mindwalk 42: Henry, Ann Coulter &amp; FCC . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=http://www.radio4all.net/pub/archive2/07.01.07/lennonvideo@sbcglobal.net/1249-1-20060618-mindwalk_20060617.mp3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221091734/http://www.radio4all.net/pub/archive2/07.01.07/lennonvideo@sbcglobal.net/1249-1-20060618-mindwalk_20060617.mp3 |archive-date=2015-12-21 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=www.radio4all.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kungiya ce kawai ga Whiteboys A Afrika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=http://nyc.indymedia.org/media/2006/09//76166.mp3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927103652/http://nyc.indymedia.org/media/2006/09//76166.mp3 |archive-date=2011-09-27 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=nyc.indymedia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin baƙar fata na Kanada
* Jerin littattafan skinhead

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rashin barci</title>
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        <username>Rahama Buhari Sani</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358272859|Insomnia]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Rashin barci''', wanda aka fi sani da '''rashin barci''', [[Rashin bacci|cuta ce ta barci]] wadda ke haifar da wahalar yin barci ko kuma yin barci na tsawon lokacin da ake so. &lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Ov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 March 2022 |title=What Is Insomnia? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/insomnia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728012148/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso |archive-date=28 July 2016 |access-date=26 November 2023 |website=Health Topics |publisher=[[NHLBI]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Th2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Roth T |date=August 2007 |title=Insomnia: definition, prevalence, etiology, and consequences |journal=[[Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine]] |type=Supplement |volume=3 |issue=5 Suppl |pages=S7–10 |doi=10.5664/jcsm.26929 |pmc=1978319 |pmid=17824495 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Pun2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Punnoose AR, Golub RM, Burke AE |date=June 2012 |title=Insomnia |journal=[[JAMA]] |type=JAMA patient page |volume=307 |issue=24 |page=2653 |doi=10.1001/jama.2012.6219 |pmid=22735439 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin barci yawanci yana biyo bayan rashin barci da rana, ƙarancin kuzari, rashin jin daɗi, da kuma yanayi mai baƙin ciki . &lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Ov&quot; /&gt; Yana iya haifar da ƙaruwar haɗarin haɗurra da kuma matsalolin mai da hankali da koyo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Th2007&quot; /&gt; Rashin barci na iya zama na ɗan gajeren lokaci, yana ɗaukar kwanaki ko makonni, ko na dogon lokaci, yana ɗaukar fiye da wata ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Ov&quot; /&gt; Manufar kalmar ''rashin barci'' tana da hanyoyi guda biyu daban-daban: rashin barci ko alamun rashin barci. &lt;ref name=&quot;Banno2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Banno M, Tsujimoto Y, Kohmura K, Dohi E, Taito S, Someko H, Kataoka Y |date=September 2022 |title=Unclear Insomnia Concept in Randomized Controlled Trials and Systematic Reviews: A Meta-Epidemiological Study |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=19 |issue=19 |doi=10.3390/ijerph191912261 |pmc=9566752 |pmid=36231555 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rashin barci na iya faruwa daban-daban ko kuma sakamakon wata matsala. &lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Ca&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 December 2011 |title=What Causes Insomnia? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/insomnia/causes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728012201/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso/causes |archive-date=28 July 2016 |access-date=9 August 2016 |website=NHLBI}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yanayi da ka iya haifar da rashin barci sun haɗa da [[Matsalar tunani|damuwa ta tunani]], ciwon da ke daɗaɗewa, [[gazawar zuciya]], hyperthyroidism, ƙwannafi, [[Cutar kafafu marasa kwanciyar hankali|ciwon ƙafa mara hutawa]], daina haila, wasu [[Magani|magunguna]], da kuma amfani da magunguna kamar [[caffeine]], nicotine, da barasa . &lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Ca&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dyssomnias |url=https://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/17/application/Section24_GAD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318104517/http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/17/application/Section24_GAD.pdf |archive-date=18 March 2009 |access-date=25 January 2009 |publisher=WHO |pages=7–11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari sun haɗa da yin aiki da dare da kuma [[Bugawar bacci|rashin barci]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Th2007&quot; /&gt; Ganewar cutar ta dogara ne akan halaye na barci da kuma bincike don gano dalilan da ke haifar da hakan. &lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Diag&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 December 2011 |title=How Is Insomnia Diagnosed? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/insomnia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811091424/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso/diagnosis |archive-date=11 August 2016 |access-date=9 August 2016 |website=NHLBI}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya yin nazarin barci don neman matsalolin barci. &lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Diag&quot; /&gt; Ana iya yin gwajin ta hanyar tambayoyi kamar &quot;Shin kana fuskantar wahalar barci?&quot; ko &quot;Shin kana da wahalar faɗuwa ko yin barci?&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Th2007&quot; /&gt;

Ana ɗaukar maganin fahimta a matsayin magani na farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;AC2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Qaseem A, Kansagara D, Forciea MA, Cooke M, Denberg TD |date=July 2016 |title=Management of Chronic Insomnia Disorder in Adults: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=165 |issue=2 |pages=125–133 |doi=10.7326/M15-2175 |pmid=27136449 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Tra2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Trauer JM, Qian MY, Doyle JS, Rajaratnam SM, Cunnington D |date=August 2015 |title=Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Insomnia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=163 |issue=3 |pages=191–204 |doi=10.7326/M14-2841 |pmid=26054060 |s2cid=21617330}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Behavioral and psychological treatm&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Edinger JD, Arnedt JT, Bertisch SM, Carney CE, Harrington JJ, Lichstein KL, Sateia MJ, Troxel WM, Zhou ES, Kazmi U, Heald JL, Martin JL |date=February 2021 |title=Behavioral and psychological treatments for chronic insomnia disorder in adults: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment |journal=Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=263–298 |doi=10.5664/jcsm.8988 |pmc=7853211 |pmid=33164741}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan ana ba da shawarar tsabtace barci da canje-canjen salon rayuwa don rashin barci, kodayake ba a tabbatar da ingancinsu ba tukuna. &lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 December 2011 |title=How Is Insomnia Treated? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso/treatment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728012302/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso/treatment |archive-date=28 July 2016 |access-date=9 August 2016 |website=NHLBI}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Wil2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wilson JF |date=January 2008 |title=In the clinic. Insomnia |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=148 |issue=1 |pages=ITC13–1–ITC13–16 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-148-1-200801010-01001 |pmid=18166757 |s2cid=42686046}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Behavioral and psychological treatm&quot; /&gt; Tsaftar barci ya haɗa da lokacin kwanciya a kai a kai, ɗaki mai natsuwa da duhu, fallasa hasken rana a lokacin rana da [[motsa jiki]] akai-akai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Wil2008&quot; /&gt; Magungunan barci na iya inganta barci, kodayake wasu suna da alaƙa da faɗuwa, raunin fahimta, da dogaro . &lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Tx&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;AC2016&quot; /&gt; Ba a ba da shawarar waɗannan magunguna na tsawon makonni huɗu ko biyar ba amma ana iya amfani da su na tsawon lokaci a wasu lokuta. &lt;ref name=&quot;AC2016&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;riemann-23&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Riemann |first=Dieter |last2=Espie |first2=Colin A. |last3=Altena |first3=Ellemarije |last4=Arnardottir |first4=Erna Sif |last5=Baglioni |first5=Chiara |last6=Bassetti |first6=Claudio L. A. |last7=Bastien |first7=Celyne |last8=Berzina |first8=Natalija |last9=Bjorvatn |first9=Bjørn |last10=Dikeos |first10=Dimitris |last11=Dolenc Groselj |first11=Leja |last12=Ellis |first12=Jason G. |last13=Garcia-Borreguero |first13=Diego |last14=Geoffroy |first14=Pierre A |last15=Gjerstad |first15=Michaela |date=2023 |title=The European Insomnia Guideline: An update on the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia 2023 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jsr.14035 |journal=Journal of Sleep Research |language=en |volume=32 |issue=6 |doi=10.1111/jsr.14035 |issn=1365-2869 |pmid=38016484}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin waɗannan, lemborexant da eszopiclone suna da mafi kyawun inganci da bayanan aminci. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid35843245&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=De Crescenzo F, D'Alò GL, Ostinelli EG, Ciabattini M, Di Franco V, Watanabe N, Kurtulmus A, Tomlinson A, Mitrova Z, Foti F, Del Giovane C, Quested DJ, Cowen PJ, Barbui C, Amato L, Efthimiou O, Cipriani A |date=July 2022 |title=Comparative effects of pharmacological interventions for the acute and long-term management of insomnia disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis |url= |journal=Lancet |volume=400 |issue=10347 |pages=170–184 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00878-9 |pmid=35843245 |s2cid=250536370 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inganci da amincin magungunan madadin ba a san su ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;AC2016&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;riemann-23&quot; /&gt;

Tsakanin kashi 10% zuwa 30% na manya suna da rashin barci a kowane lokaci, kuma har zuwa rabin mutane suna da rashin barci a cikin shekara guda. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dyssomnias |url=https://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/17/application/Section24_GAD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318104517/http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/17/application/Section24_GAD.pdf |archive-date=18 March 2009 |access-date=25 January 2009 |publisher=WHO |pages=7–11}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090318104517/http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/17/application/Section24_GAD.pdf &quot;Dyssomnias&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. WHO. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7–&lt;/span&gt;11. Archived from [https://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/17/application/Section24_GAD.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 18 March 2009&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 January&lt;/span&gt; 2009&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Th2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Roth T |date=August 2007 |title=Insomnia: definition, prevalence, etiology, and consequences |journal=[[Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine]] |type=Supplement |volume=3 |issue=5 Suppl |pages=S7–10 |doi=10.5664/jcsm.26929 |pmc=1978319 |pmid=17824495 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRoth2007&quot;&gt;Roth T (August 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1978319 &quot;Insomnia: definition, prevalence, etiology, and consequences&quot;]. ''[[Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine]]'' (Supplement). '''3''' (5 Suppl): S7–10. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.5664/jcsm.26929|10.5664/jcsm.26929]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1978319 1978319]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17824495 17824495].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  Kimanin kashi 6% na mutane suna da rashin barci wanda ba wata matsala ba ce kuma yana ɗaukar fiye da wata ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Th2007&quot; /&gt; Mutanen da suka wuce shekaru 65 suna fama da shi sau da yawa fiye da matasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Wil2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wilson JF |date=January 2008 |title=In the clinic. Insomnia |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=148 |issue=1 |pages=ITC13–1–ITC13–16 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-148-1-200801010-01001 |pmid=18166757 |s2cid=42686046}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWilson2008&quot;&gt;Wilson JF (January 2008). &quot;In the clinic. Insomnia&quot;. ''Annals of Internal Medicine''. '''148''' (1): ITC13–1–ITC13–16. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.7326/0003-4819-148-1-200801010-01001|10.7326/0003-4819-148-1-200801010-01001]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18166757 18166757]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42686046 42686046].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Mata sun fi kamuwa da shi fiye da maza. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2009&quot; /&gt; Bayanin rashin barci yana faruwa aƙalla tun zamanin Girka ta dā . 

== Alamomi da Alamomi ==
[[Fayil:Complications_of_insomnia.svg|thumb|Matsalolin rashin barci da ka iya tasowa &lt;ref name=&quot;mayo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 January 2024 |title=Insomnia |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355167 |access-date=25 April 2026 |publisher=Mayo Clinic}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Alamomin rashin barci: &lt;ref name=&quot;mayo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 January 2024 |title=Insomnia |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355167 |access-date=25 April 2026 |publisher=Mayo Clinic}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355167 &quot;Insomnia&quot;]. Mayo Clinic. 16 January 2024&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 April&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

* Wahalar yin barci, gami da wahalar samun kwanciyar hankali
* Farkawa da daddare, rashin iya komawa barci, da kuma farkawa da wuri &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chaudhary |first=Ninad S. |last2=Grandner |first2=Michael A. |last3=Jackson |first3=Nicholas J. |last4=Chakravorty |first4=Subhajit |date=October 9, 2016 |title=Caffeine consumption, insomnia, and sleep duration: Results from a nationally representative sample |journal=Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) |volume=32 |issue=11–12 |pages=1193–1199 |doi=10.1016/j.nut.2016.04.005 |pmc=6230475 |pmid=27377580}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Rashin iya mai da hankali kan ayyukan yau da kullun, wahalar tunawa
* Barci da rana, rashin jin daɗi, baƙin ciki ko [[Anxiety|damuwa]]
* Jin gajiya ko ƙarancin kuzari a rana 
* Matsalar mai da hankali
* Yin fushi, yin zalunci, ko kuma yin gaggawa
* Rashin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya yana ɗaya daga cikin alamun da aka fi sani &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What Can Fix Insomnia? |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12119-insomnia |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260421084048/https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12119-insomnia |archive-date=2026-04-21 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Cleveland Clinic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rashin barci yana da wahala a yi barci a farkon dare, sau da yawa alama ce ta [[Matsalar damuwa|matsalolin damuwa]] . Ana iya gane jinkirin rashin barci a matsayin rashin barci, domin fara barci yana jinkiri da wuri fiye da yadda aka saba, yayin da farkawa ke ƙaruwa zuwa awannin hasken rana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kertesz RS, Cote KA |year=2011 |title=Event-related potentials during the transition to sleep for individuals with sleep-onset insomnia |journal=Behavioral Sleep Medicine |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=68–85 |doi=10.1080/15402002.2011.557989 |pmid=21491230 |s2cid=30439961}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yana da sauƙi ga mutanen da ke da wahalar yin barci su ma su farka da daddare da wahalar komawa barci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=W. Dallas}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kashi biyu bisa uku na waɗannan mutanen suna farkawa da tsakar dare, yayin da fiye da rabi ke fuskantar matsala wajen komawa barci bayan farkawa da tsakar dare . 

Farkawar safiya tana faruwa da wuri (fiye da mintuna 30) fiye da yadda ake so, tare da rashin iya komawa barci da kuma kafin cikakken lokacin barci ya kai awanni 6.5. Farkawar safiya sau da yawa halayyar [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki]] ce.  Alamomin damuwa na iya haifar da rashin barci. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan alamomin sun haɗa da [[Matsalar tunani|damuwa ta tunani]], damuwa ta dole game da makomar, jin motsin rai fiye da kima, da kuma yin nazari sosai kan abubuwan da suka faru a baya. 

Rashin barci na yau da kullun na iya shafar kwakwalwa, yana shafar hulɗar zamantakewa, aiki, da salon rayuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Behavioral and psychological treatm&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Edinger JD, Arnedt JT, Bertisch SM, Carney CE, Harrington JJ, Lichstein KL, Sateia MJ, Troxel WM, Zhou ES, Kazmi U, Heald JL, Martin JL |date=February 2021 |title=Behavioral and psychological treatments for chronic insomnia disorder in adults: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment |journal=Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=263–298 |doi=10.5664/jcsm.8988 |pmc=7853211 |pmid=33164741}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEdingerArnedtBertischCarney2021&quot;&gt;Edinger JD, Arnedt JT, Bertisch SM, et&amp;nbsp;al. (February 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7853211 &quot;Behavioral and psychological treatments for chronic insomnia disorder in adults: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment&quot;]. ''Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine''. '''17''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;263–&lt;/span&gt;298. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.5664/jcsm.8988|10.5664/jcsm.8988]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7853211 7853211]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33164741 33164741].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rashin ingancin barci ===
Rashin ingancin barci na iya faruwa sakamakon, misali, [[Cutar kafafu marasa kwanciyar hankali|ƙafafu marasa hutawa]], [[Bugawar bacci|rashin numfashi a lokacin barci]], ko kuma [[Babban rashin damuwa|babban baƙin ciki]] . Rashin ingancin barci ana bayyana shi a matsayin wanda bai kai mataki na 3 ba ko kuma wanda ke da abubuwan gyara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 December 2009 |title=What Happens When You Sleep? |url=https://sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/what-happens-when-you-sleep |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305005723/https://sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/what-happens-when-you-sleep |archive-date=5 March 2017 |access-date=24 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban baƙin ciki yana haifar da canje-canje a cikin aikin [[hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis]], wanda ke haifar da sakin [[cortisol]] da yawa, wanda zai iya haifar da rashin ingancin barci.

[[Polyuria|Yawan fitsari]] da dare, yawan yin fitsari da daddare, na iya haifar da rashin ingancin barci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Adler CH, Thorpy MJ |date=June 2005 |title=Sleep issues in Parkinson's disease |journal=Neurology |volume=64 |issue=12 Suppl 3 |pages=S12–20 |doi=10.1212/WNL.64.12_suppl_3.S12 |pmid=15994219 |s2cid=24024570}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ma'anar kai ===
Rashin fahimtar yanayin barci yanayi ne da mutane ke ganin cewa sun farka duk dare duk da cewa gwaje-gwajen barci sun tabbatar da cewa sun yi barci na tsawon sa'o'i. Wanda kuma ake kira da rashin barci mai ban tsoro ko rashin barci mai ban tsoro, rashin barci mai ban tsoro na iya shafar kusan kashi 5% ne kawai na mutanen da ke fama da rashin barci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What Is Sleep State Misperception? |url=https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/sleep-state-misperception |access-date=2026-02-02 |website=WebMD |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da barci na tsawon sa'o'i da yawa a kowace dare kuma yawanci ba sa fuskantar yawan barcin rana ko wasu alamun rashin barci, marasa lafiya suna jin kamar ba su yi barci sosai ba, ko da kuwa. Sun yi kuskuren yarda cewa yana ɗaukar su lokaci mai tsawo kafin su yi barci, kuma suna raina tsawon lokacin da suke barci. &lt;ref name=&quot;Harvey_2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Harvey AG, Tang NK |date=January 2012 |title=(Mis)perception of sleep in insomnia: a puzzle and a resolution |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=138 |issue=1 |pages=77–101 |doi=10.1037/a0025730 |pmc=3277880 |pmid=21967449}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Excerpt|Digital media use and mental health|Sleep}}

== Dalilai ==
Duk da cewa rashin barci yana iya faruwa ne saboda yanayi da yawa, amma kuma yana iya faruwa ba tare da wani dalili da za a iya gane shi ba. Wannan ana kiransa da rashin barci na farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Primary insomnia: A lifelong problem |url=https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/primary-insomnia-lifelong-problem |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229175034/https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/primary-insomnia-lifelong-problem |archive-date=29 December 2022 |access-date=29 December 2022 |website=Psychiatric Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin barci na farko yana iya samun dalili na farko amma yana ci gaba bayan babu dalilin. Misali, wani lamari na aiki ko abin da ya faru a rayuwa na iya haifar da rashin barci. Duk da haka, yanayin na iya ci gaba bayan an warware abin da ya faru na damuwa. A irin waɗannan yanayi, yawanci rashin barcin yana ci gaba ne ta hanyar damuwa ko tsoro da rashin barcin da kansa ke haifarwa, maimakon duk wani abu na waje. 

Alamomin rashin barci na iya faruwa ne ta hanyar ko kuma alaƙa da:

* Sleep breathing disorders, such as [[Bugawar bacci|sleep apnea]] or upper airway resistance syndrome
* Use of psychoactive drugs (such as stimulants), including certain [[Magani|medications]], herbs, [[caffeine]], nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, methylphenidate, aripiprazole, MDMA, modafinil, or excessive alcohol intake&lt;ref name=&quot;umm_causes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Insomnia |url=http://umm.edu/health/medical/reports/articles/insomnia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703135611/http://umm.edu/health/medical/reports/articles/insomnia |archive-date=3 July 2013 |access-date=11 July 2013 |publisher=University of Maryland Medical Center}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Use of or withdrawal from alcohol and other sedatives, such as anti-anxiety and sleep drugs like benzodiazepines&lt;ref name=&quot;umm_causes&quot; /&gt;
* Use of or withdrawal from pain-relievers such as opioids&lt;ref name=&quot;umm_causes&quot; /&gt;
* [[Cutar zuciya|Heart disease]]&lt;ref name=&quot;comorbidity&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Taylor DJ, Mallory LJ, Lichstein KL, Durrence HH, Riedel BW, Bush AJ |date=February 2007 |title=Comorbidity of chronic insomnia with medical problems |journal=Sleep |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=213–18 |doi=10.1093/sleep/30.2.213 |pmid=17326547 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Cutar kafafu marasa kwanciyar hankali|Restless legs syndrome]], which can cause sleep onset insomnia due to the discomforting sensations felt and the need to move the legs or other body parts to relieve these sensations&lt;ref name=&quot;mayo_insomnia_causes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Insomnia Causes |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/insomnia/DS00187/DSECTION=causes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021183326/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/insomnia/DS00187/DSECTION%3Dcauses |archive-date=21 October 2013 |access-date=11 July 2013 |publisher=Mayo Clinic}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD), which occurs during sleep and can cause arousals of which the sleeper is unaware&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Restless Legs Syndrome/Periodic Limb Movement Disorder |url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/sleep/res_plan/section5/section5d.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803020537/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/sleep/res_plan/section5/section5d.html |archive-date=3 August 2013 |access-date=11 July 2013 |publisher=National Heart Lung and Blood Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Pain:&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramakrishnan-2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC |date=August 2007 |title=Treatment options for insomnia |journal=American Family Physician |volume=76 |issue=4 |pages=517–26 |pmid=17853625}}&lt;/ref&gt; an injury or condition that causes pain can preclude an individual from finding a comfortable position in which to fall asleep, and can also cause awakening.
* Hormone shifts such as those that precede [[Jinin Haida|menstruation]] and those during menopause&lt;ref name=&quot;Santoro2015rev&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Santoro N, Epperson CN, Mathews SB |date=September 2015 |title=Menopausal Symptoms and Their Management |journal=Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=497–515 |doi=10.1016/j.ecl.2015.05.001 |pmc=4890704 |pmid=26316239}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Life events such as [[Tsoro|fear]], [[Matsalar tunani|stress]], [[anxiety]], emotional or mental tension, work problems, financial stress, birth of a child, and bereavement&lt;ref name=&quot;mayo_insomnia_causes&quot; /&gt;
* Gastrointestinal issues such as heartburn or constipation&lt;ref name=&quot;nhlbi_causes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=What causes insomnia? |url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso/causes.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703143347/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso/causes.html |archive-date=3 July 2013 |access-date=11 July 2013 |publisher=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mental, neurobehavioral, or [[Rashin ci gaban jijiyoyi|neurodevelopmental]] disorders such as [[Cutar bipolar|bipolar disorder]], [[Babban rashin damuwa|clinical depression]], [[Matsalan damuwa na gaba ɗaya|generalized anxiety disorder]], [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|post traumatic stress disorder]], [[Hauka|schizophrenia]], obsessive compulsive disorder, autism, [[dementia]],{{Rp|326}} [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|ADHD]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bendz LM, Scates AC |date=January 2010 |title=Melatonin treatment for insomnia in pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |journal=The Annals of Pharmacotherapy |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=185–91 |doi=10.1345/aph.1M365 |pmid=20028959 |s2cid=207263711}}&lt;/ref&gt; and FASD
* Disturbances of the circadian rhythm, such as shift work and jet lag, can cause an inability to sleep at some times of the day and excessive sleepiness at other times of the day. Chronic circadian rhythm disorders are characterized by similar symptoms.&lt;ref name=&quot;umm_causes&quot; /&gt;
* Certain neurological disorders such as brain lesions, or a [[Tarihin kiwon lafiya|history]] of traumatic brain injury&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ouellet MC, Beaulieu-Bonneau S, Morin CM |year=2006 |title=Insomnia in patients with traumatic brain injury: frequency, characteristics, and risk factors |journal=The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=199–212 |doi=10.1097/00001199-200605000-00001 |pmid=16717498 |s2cid=28255648}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Cuta|Medical conditions]] such as hyperthyroidism&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Ca&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 December 2011 |title=What Causes Insomnia? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/insomnia/causes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728012201/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso/causes |archive-date=28 July 2016 |access-date=9 August 2016 |website=NHLBI}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/insomnia/causes &quot;What Causes Insomnia?&quot;]. ''NHLBI''. 13 December 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160728012201/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso/causes Archived] from the original on 28 July 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9 August&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Abuse of over-the-counter or prescription sleep aids (sedative or depressant drugs) can produce [[Yanayi mai dawowa|rebound insomnia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;umm_causes&quot; /&gt;
* Poor sleep hygiene, e.g., [[Tasirin kiwon lafiya daga hayaniya|noise]] or over-consumption of caffeine&lt;ref name=&quot;umm_causes&quot; /&gt;
* A rare genetic condition can cause a prion-based, permanent, and eventually fatal form of insomnia called fatal familial insomnia&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17406188&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schenkein J, Montagna P |date=September 2006 |title=Self management of fatal familial insomnia. Part 1: what is FFI? |journal=MedGenMed |volume=8 |issue=3 |page=65 |pmc=1781306 |pmid=17406188}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Motsa jiki|Physical exercise]]: exercise-induced insomnia is common in athletes in the form of prolonged sleep onset latency&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2004 |title=The epidemiological survey of exercise-induced insomnia in Chinese athletes |url=http://cev.org.br/biblioteca/the-epidemiological-survey-of-exercise-induced-insomnia-in-chinese-athletes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090909095412/http://cev.org.br/biblioteca/the-epidemiological-survey-of-exercise-induced-insomnia-in-chinese-athletes |archive-date=9 September 2009 |website=Pre-Olympic Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Increased exposure to the blue light from artificial sources, such as phones or computers
* Chronic pain&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Roth T |date=August 2007 |title=Insomnia: definition, prevalence, etiology, and consequences |journal=Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine |volume=3 |issue=5 Suppl |pages=S7-10 |doi=10.5664/jcsm.26929 |pmc=1978319 |pmid=17824495}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nsf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=What Causes Insomnia? |url=https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/what-causes-insomnia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415173039/https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/what-causes-insomnia |archive-date=15 April 2019 |access-date=26 February 2021 |website=Sleep Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ƙananan ciwon baya|Lower back pain]]&lt;ref name=&quot;nsf&quot; /&gt;
* [[Cutar Asthma|Asthma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;nsf&quot; /&gt;

Nazarin barci ta amfani da polysomnography ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke da matsalar barci suna da matakan [[cortisol]] da ke yawo a cikin dare da kuma adrenocorticotropic hormones . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hirotsu C, Tufik S, Andersen ML |date=November 2015 |title=Interactions between sleep, stress, and metabolism: From physiological to pathological conditions |journal=Sleep Science |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=143–152 |doi=10.1016/j.slsci.2015.09.002 |pmc=4688585 |pmid=26779321}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna kuma da karuwar yawan metabolism, wanda ba ya faruwa a cikin mutanen da ba su da rashin barci amma waɗanda aka katse barcinsu da gangan yayin nazarin barci. Nazarin metabolism na kwakwalwa ta amfani da na'urar daukar hoton positron emission tomography (PET) ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke da rashin barci suna da karuwar yawan metabolism da dare da rana. Tambayar ta kasance ko waɗannan canje-canjen su ne musabbabi ko sakamakon rashin barci na dogon lokaci. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mendelson&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mendelson WB |year=2008 |title=New Research on Insomnia: Sleep Disorders May Precede or Exacerbate Psychiatric Conditions |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/insomnia/article/10168/1163082 |url-status=live |journal=Psychiatric Times |volume=25 |issue=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019054800/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/insomnia/article/10168/1163082 |archive-date=19 October 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Halittar Halitta ===
Kiyasin gado na rashin barci ya bambanta tsakanin kashi 38% a cikin maza zuwa kashi 59% a cikin mata. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lind&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lind MJ, Aggen SH, Kirkpatrick RM, Kendler KS, Amstadter AB |date=September 2015 |title=A Longitudinal Twin Study of Insomnia Symptoms in Adults |journal=Sleep |volume=38 |issue=9 |pages=1423–30 |doi=10.5665/sleep.4982 |pmc=4531410 |pmid=26132482}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike na haɗin gwiwar kwayoyin halitta (GWAS) ya gano genomic loci 3 da kwayoyin halitta 7 waɗanda ke tasiri ga haɗarin rashin barci kuma ya nuna cewa rashin barci yana da yawan polygenic. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammerschlag&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hammerschlag AR, Stringer S, de Leeuw CA, Sniekers S, Taskesen E, Watanabe K, Blanken TF, Dekker K, Te Lindert BH, Wassing R, Jonsdottir I, Thorleifsson G, Stefansson H, Gislason T, Berger K, Schormair B, Wellmann J, Winkelmann J, Stefansson K, Oexle K, Van Someren EJ, Posthuma D |date=November 2017 |title=Genome-wide association analysis of insomnia complaints identifies risk genes and genetic overlap with psychiatric and metabolic traits |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=49 |issue=11 |pages=1584–92 |doi=10.1038/ng.3888 |pmc=5600256 |pmid=28604731}}&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman, an lura da kyakkyawar alaƙa mai kyau ga kwayar halittar MEIS1 a cikin maza da mata. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa tsarin kwayoyin halitta na rashin barci ya yi karo da matsalolin tabin hankali da halayen rayuwa.

An yi hasashen cewa epigenetics na iya yin tasiri ga rashin barci ta hanyar tsarin sarrafa tsarin daidaita barci da kuma martanin damuwa ga kwakwalwa, wanda hakan ke da tasiri ga ƙarfin kwakwalwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;palagini&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Palagini L, Biber K, Riemann D |date=June 2014 |title=The genetics of insomnia – evidence for epigenetic mechanisms? |journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=225–35 |doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2013.05.002 |pmid=23932332}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nau'o'i ===
Ana iya rarraba rashin barci a matsayin na ɗan lokaci, na gaggawa, ko na yau da kullun.

* ''Rashin barci na ɗan lokaci'' yana ɗaukar ƙasa da mako guda. Ana iya haifar da shi ta hanyar wata matsala, ko canje-canje a yanayin barci, ko lokacin barci, ko kuma tsananin [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki]], ko kuma ta hanyar [[Damuwa (biology)|damuwa]] . Sakamakonsa.&amp;nbsp;- rashin barci da kuma rashin aikin psychomotor&amp;nbsp;- suna kama da na [[rashin barci]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Roth&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Roth T, Roehrs T |year=2003 |title=Insomnia: epidemiology, characteristics, and consequences |journal=Clinical Cornerstone |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=5–15 |doi=10.1016/S1098-3597(03)90031-7 |pmid=14626537}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Rashin bacci [[Mai tsanani (magunguna)|mai tsanani]]'' shine rashin iya yin barci mai kyau na tsawon ƙasa da wata ɗaya. Rashin bacci yana faruwa ne lokacin da akwai matsala wajen fara barci ko kiyaye shi ko kuma lokacin da barcin da aka samu bai wartsake ba ko kuma mara inganci. Waɗannan matsalolin suna faruwa duk da isasshen dama da yanayi na barci, kuma dole ne su haifar da matsaloli tare da aikin rana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Insomnia&amp;nbsp;– sleeplessness, chronic insomnia, acute insomnia, mental ... |url=http://articles.directorym.com/Insomnia-a352.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329155902/http://articles.directorym.com/Insomnia-a352.html |archive-date=29 March 2008 |access-date=29 April 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin bacci mai yawa yana iya alaƙa da rashin barci mai tsanani saboda yana kunna amsawar yaƙi ko guduwa ta jiki. Idan muka fuskanci damuwa ko haɗari, jikinmu yana ƙara zama a faɗake, wanda zai iya tsoma baki ga iyawarmu ta yin barci da kuma ci gaba da barci. Wannan yanayin tashin hankali mai ƙarfi na iya zama da amfani a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci a lokacin yanayi mai barazana, amma idan ya ci gaba na tsawon lokaci, yana iya haifar da rashin barci mai tsanani. &lt;ref name=&quot;Acute and Chronic Insomnia: What Ha&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vargas I, Nguyen AM, Muench A, Bastien CH, Ellis JG, Perlis ML |date=January 2020 |title=Acute and Chronic Insomnia: What Has Time and/or Hyperarousal Got to Do with It? |journal=Brain Sciences |volume=10 |issue=2 |page=71 |doi=10.3390/brainsci10020071 |pmc=7071368 |pmid=32013124 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin bacci mai tsanani kuma ana kiransa ''rashin barci na ɗan gajeren lokaci'' ko ''rashin barci mai alaƙa da damuwa'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;r1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Acute Insomnia – What is Acute Insomnia |url=http://sleepdisorders.about.com/od/commonsleepdisorders/a/Acute_Insomnia.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329185735/http://sleepdisorders.about.com/od/commonsleepdisorders/a/Acute_Insomnia.htm |archive-date=29 March 2013 |access-date=10 March 2013 |website=About.com Health |publisher=Sleepdisorders.about.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Rashin barci [[Yanayin da ba shi da kyau|mai tsanani]]'' yana ɗaukar fiye da wata ɗaya. Wani matsala na iya haifar da shi, ko kuma yana iya zama babban matsala. Abubuwan da suka fi haifar da rashin barci mai tsanani sun haɗa da damuwa mai ɗorewa, rauni, jadawalin aiki, rashin kyawun halaye na barci, magunguna, da sauran matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-08-31 |title=Types of Insomnia |url=https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/types-of-insomnia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714180512/https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/types-of-insomnia |archive-date=2022-07-14 |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=Sleep Foundation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan mutum ya ci gaba da yin halaye waɗanda ke kawo cikas ga barcinsa, kamar jadawalin barci mara tsari, ɓatar da lokaci mai yawa a barci a kan gado, ko kuma yin ayyukan ƙarfafa gwiwa kusa da lokacin kwanciya barci, yana iya haifar da rashin barci mai ɗorewa wanda ke haifar da rashin barci mai ɗorewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Acute and Chronic Insomnia: What Ha&quot; /&gt; Mutanen da ke da yawan hormones na damuwa ko canje-canje a matakan cytokines sun fi yiwuwa su sami rashin barci mai ɗorewa fiye da wasu.  Illolinsa na iya bambanta dangane da abubuwan da ke haifar da su. Suna iya haɗawa da gajiyar tsoka, [[Hallucination|mafarki]], da/ko [[Rashin karfi|gajiyar hankali]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Roth&quot; /&gt;

== Rigakafi ==
Rigakafi da maganin rashin barci na iya buƙatar haɗakar maganin halayyar fahimta, magunguna &lt;ref name=&quot;Tra2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Trauer JM, Qian MY, Doyle JS, Rajaratnam SM, Cunnington D |date=August 2015 |title=Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Insomnia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=163 |issue=3 |pages=191–204 |doi=10.7326/M14-2841 |pmid=26054060 |s2cid=21617330}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTrauerQianDoyleRajaratnam2015&quot;&gt;Trauer JM, Qian MY, Doyle JS, et&amp;nbsp;al. (August 2015). &quot;Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Insomnia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis&quot;. ''Annals of Internal Medicine''. '''163''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;191–&lt;/span&gt;204. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.7326/M14-2841|10.7326/M14-2841]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26054060 26054060]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21617330 21617330].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;, &lt;ref name=&quot;abad&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Abad VC, Guilleminault C |date=September 2018 |title=Insomnia in Elderly Patients: Recommendations for Pharmacological Management |journal=Drugs &amp; Aging |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=791–817 |doi=10.1007/s40266-018-0569-8 |pmid=30058034 |s2cid=51866276}}&lt;/ref&gt; da canje-canjen salon rayuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 October 2016 |title=Insomnia: Diagnosis and treatment |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355173 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004131534/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355173 |archive-date=4 October 2017 |access-date=11 October 2018 |publisher=Mayo Clinic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga cikin hanyoyin rayuwa, zuwa barci da farkawa a lokaci guda kowace rana na iya haifar da tsari mai kyau wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen hana rashin barci. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pun2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Punnoose AR, Golub RM, Burke AE |date=June 2012 |title=Insomnia |journal=[[JAMA]] |type=JAMA patient page |volume=307 |issue=24 |page=2653 |doi=10.1001/jama.2012.6219 |pmid=22735439 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPunnooseGolubBurke2012&quot;&gt;Punnoose AR, Golub RM, Burke AE (June 2012). [[doi:10.1001/jama.2012.6219|&quot;Insomnia&quot;]]. ''[[JAMA]]'' (JAMA patient page). '''307''' (24): 2653. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1001/jama.2012.6219|10.1001/jama.2012.6219]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22735439 22735439].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A guji [[motsa jiki]] mai ƙarfi da [[Caffeine|abin sha mai maganin kafeyin ']] yan awanni kafin a yi barci, yayin da motsa jiki da wuri a rana na iya zama da amfani. &lt;ref name=&quot;mayo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 January 2024 |title=Insomnia |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355167 |access-date=25 April 2026 |publisher=Mayo Clinic}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355167 &quot;Insomnia&quot;]. Mayo Clinic. 16 January 2024&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 April&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu hanyoyin inganta tsaftar barci na iya haɗawa da: &lt;ref name=&quot;mayo&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 January 2017 |title=Insomnia (Acute &amp; Chronic): Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment |url=https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/guide/insomnia-symptoms-and-causes#2-8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011022132/https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/guide/insomnia-symptoms-and-causes#2-8 |archive-date=11 October 2018 |access-date=11 October 2018 |website=WebMD}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Gujewa ko iyakance barci
* Maganin ciwo a lokacin kwanciya barci
* Guje wa manyan abinci, abubuwan sha, barasa, da nicotine kafin kwanciya barci
* Nemo hanyoyin kwantar da hankali don shakatawa cikin barci, gami da amfani da farin hayaniya
* Sanya ɗakin kwana ya dace da barci ta hanyar sanya shi duhu, sanyi, kuma babu na'urori, kamar agogo, wayoyin hannu, ko talabijin.
* A ci gaba da motsa jiki akai-akai
* Gwada ayyukan shakatawa kafin barci
* Ya kamata a yi karatu kafin a yi barci a kan kujera ko wani ɗaki &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 September 2024 |title=Insomnia |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/insomnia-a-to-z |access-date=25 April 2026 |publisher=Harvard Health Publishing, Harvard University}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudanarwa ==
Ana ba da shawarar a yi watsi da dalilan lafiya da na tunani kafin a yanke shawara kan maganin rashin barci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wortelboer U, Cohrs S, Rodenbeck A, Rüther E |year=2002 |title=Tolerability of hypnosedatives in older patients |journal=Drugs &amp; Aging |volume=19 |issue=7 |pages=529–39 |doi=10.2165/00002512-200219070-00006 |pmid=12182689 |s2cid=38910586}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maganin halayyar fahimta magani ne mai inganci na farko don rashin barci mai ɗorewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=van Straten A, van der Zweerde T, Kleiboer A, Cuijpers P, Morin CM, Lancee J |date=April 2018 |title=Cognitive and behavioral therapies in the treatment of insomnia: A meta-analysis |url=https://research.vu.nl/ws/files/104498588/Cognitive_and_behavioral_therapies_in_the_treatment_of_insomnia.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews |volume=38 |pages=3–16 |doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2017.02.001 |pmid=28392168 |s2cid=3359815 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105000321/https://research.vu.nl/ws/files/104498588/Cognitive_and_behavioral_therapies_in_the_treatment_of_insomnia.pdf |archive-date=2020-11-05 |access-date=2020-09-18 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Tra2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Trauer JM, Qian MY, Doyle JS, Rajaratnam SM, Cunnington D |date=August 2015 |title=Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Insomnia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=163 |issue=3 |pages=191–204 |doi=10.7326/M14-2841 |pmid=26054060 |s2cid=21617330}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTrauerQianDoyleRajaratnam2015&quot;&gt;Trauer JM, Qian MY, Doyle JS, et&amp;nbsp;al. (August 2015). &quot;Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Insomnia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis&quot;. ''Annals of Internal Medicine''. '''163''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;191–&lt;/span&gt;204. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.7326/M14-2841|10.7326/M14-2841]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26054060 26054060]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21617330 21617330].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tasirin amfani, sabanin waɗanda magunguna ke samarwa, na iya ɗaukar lokaci bayan dakatar da magani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |year=2005 |title=NIH State-of-the-Science Conference Statement on manifestations and management of chronic insomnia in adults |journal=NIH Consensus and State-Of-The-Science Statements |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=1–30 |pmid=17308547}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi amfani da magunguna musamman don rage alamun rashin barci na ɗan gajeren lokaci; rawar da suke takawa wajen magance rashin barci na dogon lokaci har yanzu ba a fayyace ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dyssomnias |url=https://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/17/application/Section24_GAD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318104517/http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/17/application/Section24_GAD.pdf |archive-date=18 March 2009 |access-date=25 January 2009 |publisher=WHO |pages=7–11}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090318104517/http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/17/application/Section24_GAD.pdf &quot;Dyssomnias&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. WHO. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7–&lt;/span&gt;11. Archived from [https://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/17/application/Section24_GAD.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 18 March 2009&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 January&lt;/span&gt; 2009&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya amfani da nau'ikan magunguna daban-daban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sateia MJ, Buysse DJ, Krystal AD, Neubauer DN, Heald JL |date=February 2017 |title=Clinical Practice Guideline for the Pharmacologic Treatment of Chronic Insomnia in Adults: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline |journal=Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=307–349 |doi=10.5664/jcsm.6470 |pmc=5263087 |pmid=27998379}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Riemann D, Perlis ML |date=June 2009 |title=The treatments of chronic insomnia: a review of benzodiazepine receptor agonists and psychological and behavioral therapies |journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=205–14 |doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2008.06.001 |pmid=19201632}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;abad&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Abad VC, Guilleminault C |date=September 2018 |title=Insomnia in Elderly Patients: Recommendations for Pharmacological Management |journal=Drugs &amp; Aging |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=791–817 |doi=10.1007/s40266-018-0569-8 |pmid=30058034 |s2cid=51866276}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbadGuilleminault2018&quot;&gt;Abad VC, Guilleminault C (September 2018). &quot;Insomnia in Elderly Patients: Recommendations for Pharmacological Management&quot;. ''Drugs &amp; Aging''. '''35''' (9): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;791–&lt;/span&gt;817. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s40266-018-0569-8|10.1007/s40266-018-0569-8]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30058034 30058034]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51866276 51866276].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Likitoci da yawa ba sa ba da shawarar dogara da magungunan barci da aka rubuta don amfani na dogon lokaci. &lt;ref name=&quot;mayo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 January 2024 |title=Insomnia |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355167 |access-date=25 April 2026 |publisher=Mayo Clinic}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355167 &quot;Insomnia&quot;]. Mayo Clinic. 16 January 2024&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 April&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ba a ba da shawarar waɗannan magunguna fiye da makonni huɗu ko biyar ba, kodayake ana iya amfani da su na tsawon lokaci a wasu lokuta. &lt;ref name=&quot;AC2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Qaseem A, Kansagara D, Forciea MA, Cooke M, Denberg TD |date=July 2016 |title=Management of Chronic Insomnia Disorder in Adults: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=165 |issue=2 |pages=125–133 |doi=10.7326/M15-2175 |pmid=27136449 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFQaseemKansagaraForcieaCooke2016&quot;&gt;Qaseem A, Kansagara D, Forciea MA, et&amp;nbsp;al. (July 2016). [[doi:10.7326/M15-2175|&quot;Management of Chronic Insomnia Disorder in Adults: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians&quot;]]. ''Annals of Internal Medicine''. '''165''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;125–&lt;/span&gt;133. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.7326/M15-2175|10.7326/M15-2175]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27136449 27136449].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;riemann-23&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Riemann |first=Dieter |last2=Espie |first2=Colin A. |last3=Altena |first3=Ellemarije |last4=Arnardottir |first4=Erna Sif |last5=Baglioni |first5=Chiara |last6=Bassetti |first6=Claudio L. A. |last7=Bastien |first7=Celyne |last8=Berzina |first8=Natalija |last9=Bjorvatn |first9=Bjørn |last10=Dikeos |first10=Dimitris |last11=Dolenc Groselj |first11=Leja |last12=Ellis |first12=Jason G. |last13=Garcia-Borreguero |first13=Diego |last14=Geoffroy |first14=Pierre A |last15=Gjerstad |first15=Michaela |date=2023 |title=The European Insomnia Guideline: An update on the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia 2023 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jsr.14035 |journal=Journal of Sleep Research |language=en |volume=32 |issue=6 |doi=10.1111/jsr.14035 |issn=1365-2869 |pmid=38016484}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRiemannEspieAltenaArnardottir2023&quot;&gt;Riemann D, Espie CA, Altena E, et&amp;nbsp;al. (2023). [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jsr.14035 &quot;The European Insomnia Guideline: An update on the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia 2023&quot;]. ''Journal of Sleep Research''. '''32''' (6) e14035. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/jsr.14035|10.1111/jsr.14035]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-2869 1365-2869]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38016484 38016484].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan yana da mahimmanci a gano da kuma magance wasu cututtukan lafiya waɗanda ka iya haifar da rashin barci, kamar baƙin ciki, matsalolin numfashi, da ciwo na dogon lokaci. &lt;ref name=&quot;mayo&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;insomnia JAMA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Merrigan JM, Buysse DJ, Bird JC, Livingston EH |date=February 2013 |title=JAMA patient page. Insomnia |journal=JAMA |volume=309 |issue=7 |page=733 |doi=10.1001/jama.2013.524 |pmid=23423421 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekarar 2022, an ruwaito mutane da yawa da ke fama da rashin barci ba sa samun isasshen barci ko magani ga rashin barci gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-10-25 |title=Sleep Statistics - Facts and Data About Sleep 2022 |url=https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/sleep-facts-statistics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715223335/https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/sleep-facts-statistics |archive-date=2022-07-15 |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=Sleep Foundation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Drake CL, Roehrs T, Roth T |date=December 2003 |title=Insomnia causes, consequences, and therapeutics: an overview |journal=Depression and Anxiety |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=163–76 |doi=10.1002/da.10151 |pmid=14661186 |s2cid=19203612 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ba bisa ga magani ba ===
Dabaru marasa amfani da magani suna da tasiri iri ɗaya da magungunan hypnotic don rashin barci, kuma suna iya samun sakamako mai ɗorewa. Ana ba da shawarar maganin hypnotic kawai don amfani na ɗan gajeren lokaci saboda dogaro da [[Yanayi mai dawowa|tasirin janyewa]] bayan dainawa ko haƙuri na iya tasowa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=National Prescribing Service |date=1 February 2010 |title=Addressing hypnotic medicines use in primary care |url=http://www.nps.org.au/publications/health-professional/nps-news/2010/nps-news-67 |journal=NPS News |volume=67 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101224851/http://www.nps.org.au/publications/health-professional/nps-news/2010/nps-news-67 |archive-date=1 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dabaru marasa magani suna ba da ci gaba mai ɗorewa ga rashin barci kuma ana ba da shawarar su a matsayin dabarun gudanarwa na farko da na dogon lokaci. Maganin barcin ɗabi'a yana ba da dabarun rashin magani don magance rashin barci na yau da kullun ciki har da tsabtace barci, sarrafa motsa jiki, hanyoyin magance ɗabi'a, maganin hana barci, niyya mai rikitarwa, ilimin marasa lafiya, da [[Rashin kwanciyar hankali na fasaha|maganin shakatawa]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kirkwood CK |year=1999 |title=Management of insomnia |journal=Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=688–96; quiz 713–14 |doi=10.1016/s1086-5802(15)30354-5 |pmid=10533351}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu misalai sune rubutaccen rubutu, taƙaita lokacin da ake yi a farke a kan gado, yin amfani da [[Rashin kwanciyar hankali na fasaha|dabarun shakatawa]], da kuma kiyaye jadawalin barci na yau da kullun da lokacin farkawa. Maganin ɗabi'a na iya taimaka wa majiyyaci wajen haɓaka sabbin halayen barci don inganta ingancin barci da haɗin kai. Maganin ɗabi'a na iya haɗawa da koyon halayen barci masu kyau don haɓaka shakatawar barci, yin maganin haske don daidaita yanayin circadian, da kuma daidaita agogon circadian. &lt;ref name=&quot;insomnia JAMA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Merrigan JM, Buysse DJ, Bird JC, Livingston EH |date=February 2013 |title=JAMA patient page. Insomnia |journal=JAMA |volume=309 |issue=7 |page=733 |doi=10.1001/jama.2013.524 |pmid=23423421 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMerriganBuysseBirdLivingston2013&quot;&gt;Merrigan JM, Buysse DJ, Bird JC, et&amp;nbsp;al. (February 2013). [[doi:10.1001/jama.2013.524|&quot;JAMA patient page. Insomnia&quot;]]. ''JAMA''. '''309''' (7): 733. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1001/jama.2013.524|10.1001/jama.2013.524]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23423421 23423421].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Kiɗa na iya inganta rashin barci ga manya (duba kiɗa da barci ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jespersen KV, Pando-Naude V, Koenig J, Jennum P, Vuust P |date=August 2022 |title=Listening to music for insomnia in adults |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2022 |issue=8 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010459.pub3 |pmc=9400393 |pmid=36000763}}&lt;/ref&gt; EEG biofeedback ya nuna tasiri wajen magance rashin barci tare da inganta tsawon lokaci da kuma ingancin barci.  Maganin taimakon kai (wanda aka ayyana a matsayin maganin tunani wanda za a iya magance shi da kansa) na iya inganta ingancin barci ga manya masu rashin barci zuwa ƙaramin mataki ko matsakaici. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=van Straten A, Cuijpers P |date=February 2009 |title=Self-help therapy for insomnia: a meta-analysis |journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=61–71 |doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2008.04.006 |pmid=18952469}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maganin rage radadi magani ne ga marasa lafiya waɗanda suka shagaltu da haɗa gado ko barci gabaɗaya da mummunan martani. Ganin cewa maganin rage radadi ya ƙunshi ɗaukar matakai don sarrafa yanayin barci, wani lokacin ana kiransa da ma'anar tsaftar barci . Misalan irin waɗannan gyare-gyaren muhalli sun haɗa da amfani da gado don barci da jima'i kawai, ba don ayyuka kamar karatu ko kallon talabijin ba; farkawa a lokaci guda kowace safiya, har ma da ƙarshen mako; zuwa gado kawai lokacin da ake barci da kuma lokacin da akwai yuwuwar barci zai faru; barin gado da fara aiki a wani wuri idan barci bai faru ba cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci bayan kwanciya (yawanci ~ minti 20); rage ƙoƙarin mutum da kuzarin da ake kashewa wajen ƙoƙarin yin barci; guje wa fallasa ga haske mai haske a lokutan dare, da kuma kawar da barcin rana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lande RG, Gragnani C |date=December 2010 |title=Nonpharmacologic approaches to the management of insomnia |journal=The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association |volume=110 |issue=12 |pages=695–701 |pmid=21178150}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani ɓangare na maganin rage radadi shine hana barci, wata dabara da ke da nufin daidaita lokacin da ake yi a gado da ainihin lokacin da ake yi barci. Wannan dabarar ta ƙunshi kiyaye jadawalin barci mai tsauri, yin barci kawai a wasu lokutan yini da kuma takamaiman lokaci don haifar da ƙarancin barci. Cikakken magani yawanci yana ɗaukar har zuwa makonni 3 kuma ya ƙunshi yin barci na ɗan lokaci kaɗan da za su iya yi a matsakaici, sannan, idan zai iya (misali lokacin da ingancin barci ya inganta), a hankali ƙara wannan adadin (~ minti 15) ta hanyar zuwa barci da wuri yayin da jiki ke ƙoƙarin sake saita agogon barcinsa na ciki. Maganin haske mai haske na iya zama mai tasiri ga rashin barci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=van Maanen A, Meijer AM, van der Heijden KB, Oort FJ |date=October 2016 |title=The effects of light therapy on sleep problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://dare.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/the-effects-of-light-therapy-on-sleep-problems(723b9aaa-7eed-4f5c-a69e-39056a2c95c4).html |url-status=live |journal=[[Sleep Medicine Reviews|Sleep Med Rev]] |volume=29 |pages=52–62 |doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2015.08.009 |pmid=26606319 |s2cid=3410636 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828125128/https://dare.uva.nl/search?identifier=723b9aaa-7eed-4f5c-a69e-39056a2c95c4 |archive-date=2021-08-28 |access-date=2020-06-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manufar da ba ta dace ba wata dabara ce ta sake fasalin fahimta inda mai rashin barci, maimakon ƙoƙarin yin barci da daddare, yake yin duk mai yiwuwa don ya kasance a farke (watau, a zahiri yana daina ƙoƙarin yin barci). Wata ka'ida da za ta iya bayyana ingancin wannan hanyar ita ce ta hanyar rashin tilasta wa kansa yin barci da son rai, yana rage damuwar aiki da ke tasowa daga buƙata ko buƙatar yin barci, wanda aka yi niyya don zama aiki mai wahala. An nuna cewa wannan dabarar tana rage ƙoƙarin barci da damuwa na aiki da kuma rage kimantawa ta zahiri game da jinkirin bacci da kuma ƙima fiye da kima na ƙarancin barci (wani inganci da ake samu a cikin mutane da yawa da ba sa barci). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kierlin L |date=November 2008 |title=Sleeping without a pill: nonpharmacologic treatments for insomnia |journal=Journal of Psychiatric Practice |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=403–07 |doi=10.1097/01.pra.0000341896.73926.6c |pmid=19057243 |s2cid=22141056}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin Cututtuka ==
Tsakanin kashi 10% zuwa 30% na manya suna da rashin barci a kowane lokaci, kuma har zuwa rabin mutane suna da rashin barci a cikin shekara guda, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama matsalar barci mafi yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Th2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Roth T |date=August 2007 |title=Insomnia: definition, prevalence, etiology, and consequences |journal=[[Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine]] |type=Supplement |volume=3 |issue=5 Suppl |pages=S7–10 |doi=10.5664/jcsm.26929 |pmc=1978319 |pmid=17824495 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRoth2007&quot;&gt;Roth T (August 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1978319 &quot;Insomnia: definition, prevalence, etiology, and consequences&quot;]. ''[[Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine]]'' (Supplement). '''3''' (5 Suppl): S7–10. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.5664/jcsm.26929|10.5664/jcsm.26929]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1978319 1978319]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17824495 17824495].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dyssomnias |url=https://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/17/application/Section24_GAD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318104517/http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/17/application/Section24_GAD.pdf |archive-date=18 March 2009 |access-date=25 January 2009 |publisher=WHO |pages=7–11}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090318104517/http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/17/application/Section24_GAD.pdf &quot;Dyssomnias&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. WHO. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7–&lt;/span&gt;11. Archived from [https://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/17/application/Section24_GAD.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 18 March 2009&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 January&lt;/span&gt; 2009&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What are Sleep Disorders? |url=https://psychiatry.org/patients-families/sleep-disorders/what-are-sleep-disorders |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027112656/https://psychiatry.org/patients-families/sleep-disorders/what-are-sleep-disorders |archive-date=2022-10-27 |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=Psychiatry.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kimanin kashi 6% na mutane suna da rashin barci wanda ba wata matsala ba ce kuma yana ɗaukar fiye da wata guda. &lt;ref name=&quot;Th2007&quot; /&gt; Mutanen da suka wuce shekaru 65 suna fama da shi sau da yawa fiye da matasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Wil2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wilson JF |date=January 2008 |title=In the clinic. Insomnia |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=148 |issue=1 |pages=ITC13–1–ITC13–16 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-148-1-200801010-01001 |pmid=18166757 |s2cid=42686046}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWilson2008&quot;&gt;Wilson JF (January 2008). &quot;In the clinic. Insomnia&quot;. ''Annals of Internal Medicine''. '''148''' (1): ITC13–1–ITC13–16. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.7326/0003-4819-148-1-200801010-01001|10.7326/0003-4819-148-1-200801010-01001]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18166757 18166757]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42686046 42686046].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Mata sun fi kamuwa da shi fiye da maza. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2009&quot; /&gt; Rashin barci ya fi yawa a mata fiye da maza da kashi 40%. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lamberg L |year=2007 |title=Several Sleep Disorders Reflect Gender Differences |journal=Psychiatric News |volume=42 |issue=8 |page=40 |doi=10.1176/pn.42.10.0040}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai karuwar yawan rashin barci [[Rashin barci a cikin ilimi mafi girma|a tsakanin ɗaliban jami'a]] idan aka kwatanta da yawan jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jiang XL, Zheng XY, Yang J, Ye CP, Chen YY, Zhang ZG, Xiao ZJ |date=December 2015 |title=A systematic review of studies on the prevalence of insomnia in university students |journal=Public Health |volume=129 |issue=12 |pages=1579–84 |doi=10.1016/j.puhe.2015.07.030 |pmid=26298588}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Rashin barci''', wanda aka fi sani da '''rashin barci''', [[Rashin bacci|cuta ce ta barci]] wadda ke haifar da wahalar yin barci ko kuma yin barci na tsawon lokacin da ake so. &lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Ov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 March 2022 |title=What Is Insomnia? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/insomnia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728012148/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso |archive-date=28 July 2016 |access-date=26 November 2023 |website=Health Topics |publisher=[[NHLBI]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Th2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Roth T |date=August 2007 |title=Insomnia: definition, prevalence, etiology, and consequences |journal=[[Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine]] |type=Supplement |volume=3 |issue=5 Suppl |pages=S7–10 |doi=10.5664/jcsm.26929 |pmc=1978319 |pmid=17824495 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Pun2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Punnoose AR, Golub RM, Burke AE |date=June 2012 |title=Insomnia |journal=[[JAMA]] |type=JAMA patient page |volume=307 |issue=24 |page=2653 |doi=10.1001/jama.2012.6219 |pmid=22735439 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin barci yawanci yana biyo bayan rashin barci da rana, ƙarancin kuzari, rashin jin daɗi, da kuma yanayi mai baƙin ciki . &lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Ov&quot; /&gt; Yana iya haifar da ƙaruwar haɗarin haɗurra da kuma matsalolin mai da hankali da koyo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Th2007&quot; /&gt; Rashin barci na iya zama na ɗan gajeren lokaci, yana ɗaukar kwanaki ko makonni, ko na dogon lokaci, yana ɗaukar fiye da wata ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Ov&quot; /&gt; Manufar kalmar ''rashin barci'' tana da hanyoyi guda biyu daban-daban: rashin barci ko alamun rashin barci. &lt;ref name=&quot;Banno2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Banno M, Tsujimoto Y, Kohmura K, Dohi E, Taito S, Someko H, Kataoka Y |date=September 2022 |title=Unclear Insomnia Concept in Randomized Controlled Trials and Systematic Reviews: A Meta-Epidemiological Study |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=19 |issue=19 |doi=10.3390/ijerph191912261 |pmc=9566752 |pmid=36231555 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rashin barci na iya faruwa daban-daban ko kuma sakamakon wata matsala. &lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Ca&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 December 2011 |title=What Causes Insomnia? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/insomnia/causes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728012201/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso/causes |archive-date=28 July 2016 |access-date=9 August 2016 |website=NHLBI}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yanayi da ka iya haifar da rashin barci sun haɗa da [[Matsalar tunani|damuwa ta tunani]], ciwon da ke daɗaɗewa, [[gazawar zuciya]], hyperthyroidism, ƙwannafi, [[Cutar kafafu marasa kwanciyar hankali|ciwon ƙafa mara hutawa]], daina haila, wasu [[Magani|magunguna]], da kuma amfani da magunguna kamar [[caffeine]], nicotine, da barasa . &lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Ca&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dyssomnias |url=https://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/17/application/Section24_GAD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318104517/http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/17/application/Section24_GAD.pdf |archive-date=18 March 2009 |access-date=25 January 2009 |publisher=WHO |pages=7–11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari sun haɗa da yin aiki da dare da kuma [[Bugawar bacci|rashin barci]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Th2007&quot; /&gt; Ganewar cutar ta dogara ne akan halaye na barci da kuma bincike don gano dalilan da ke haifar da hakan. &lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Diag&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 December 2011 |title=How Is Insomnia Diagnosed? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/insomnia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811091424/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso/diagnosis |archive-date=11 August 2016 |access-date=9 August 2016 |website=NHLBI}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya yin nazarin barci don neman matsalolin barci. &lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Diag&quot; /&gt; Ana iya yin gwajin ta hanyar tambayoyi kamar &quot;Shin kana fuskantar wahalar barci?&quot; ko &quot;Shin kana da wahalar faɗuwa ko yin barci?&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Th2007&quot; /&gt;

Ana ɗaukar maganin fahimta a matsayin magani na farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;AC2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Qaseem A, Kansagara D, Forciea MA, Cooke M, Denberg TD |date=July 2016 |title=Management of Chronic Insomnia Disorder in Adults: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=165 |issue=2 |pages=125–133 |doi=10.7326/M15-2175 |pmid=27136449 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Tra2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Trauer JM, Qian MY, Doyle JS, Rajaratnam SM, Cunnington D |date=August 2015 |title=Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Insomnia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=163 |issue=3 |pages=191–204 |doi=10.7326/M14-2841 |pmid=26054060 |s2cid=21617330}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Behavioral and psychological treatm&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Edinger JD, Arnedt JT, Bertisch SM, Carney CE, Harrington JJ, Lichstein KL, Sateia MJ, Troxel WM, Zhou ES, Kazmi U, Heald JL, Martin JL |date=February 2021 |title=Behavioral and psychological treatments for chronic insomnia disorder in adults: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment |journal=Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=263–298 |doi=10.5664/jcsm.8988 |pmc=7853211 |pmid=33164741}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan ana ba da shawarar tsabtace barci da canje-canjen salon rayuwa don rashin barci, kodayake ba a tabbatar da ingancinsu ba tukuna. &lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 December 2011 |title=How Is Insomnia Treated? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso/treatment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728012302/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso/treatment |archive-date=28 July 2016 |access-date=9 August 2016 |website=NHLBI}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Wil2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wilson JF |date=January 2008 |title=In the clinic. Insomnia |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=148 |issue=1 |pages=ITC13–1–ITC13–16 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-148-1-200801010-01001 |pmid=18166757 |s2cid=42686046}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Behavioral and psychological treatm&quot; /&gt; Tsaftar barci ya haɗa da lokacin kwanciya a kai a kai, ɗaki mai natsuwa da duhu, fallasa hasken rana a lokacin rana da [[motsa jiki]] akai-akai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Wil2008&quot; /&gt; Magungunan barci na iya inganta barci, kodayake wasu suna da alaƙa da faɗuwa, raunin fahimta, da dogaro . &lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Tx&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;AC2016&quot; /&gt; Ba a ba da shawarar waɗannan magunguna na tsawon makonni huɗu ko biyar ba amma ana iya amfani da su na tsawon lokaci a wasu lokuta. &lt;ref name=&quot;AC2016&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;riemann-23&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Riemann |first=Dieter |last2=Espie |first2=Colin A. |last3=Altena |first3=Ellemarije |last4=Arnardottir |first4=Erna Sif |last5=Baglioni |first5=Chiara |last6=Bassetti |first6=Claudio L. A. |last7=Bastien |first7=Celyne |last8=Berzina |first8=Natalija |last9=Bjorvatn |first9=Bjørn |last10=Dikeos |first10=Dimitris |last11=Dolenc Groselj |first11=Leja |last12=Ellis |first12=Jason G. |last13=Garcia-Borreguero |first13=Diego |last14=Geoffroy |first14=Pierre A |last15=Gjerstad |first15=Michaela |date=2023 |title=The European Insomnia Guideline: An update on the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia 2023 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jsr.14035 |journal=Journal of Sleep Research |language=en |volume=32 |issue=6 |doi=10.1111/jsr.14035 |issn=1365-2869 |pmid=38016484}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin waɗannan, lemborexant da eszopiclone suna da mafi kyawun inganci da bayanan aminci. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid35843245&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=De Crescenzo F, D'Alò GL, Ostinelli EG, Ciabattini M, Di Franco V, Watanabe N, Kurtulmus A, Tomlinson A, Mitrova Z, Foti F, Del Giovane C, Quested DJ, Cowen PJ, Barbui C, Amato L, Efthimiou O, Cipriani A |date=July 2022 |title=Comparative effects of pharmacological interventions for the acute and long-term management of insomnia disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis |url= |journal=Lancet |volume=400 |issue=10347 |pages=170–184 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00878-9 |pmid=35843245 |s2cid=250536370 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inganci da amincin magungunan madadin ba a san su ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;AC2016&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;riemann-23&quot; /&gt;

Tsakanin kashi 10% zuwa 30% na manya suna da rashin barci a kowane lokaci, kuma har zuwa rabin mutane suna da rashin barci a cikin shekara guda. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dyssomnias |url=https://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/17/application/Section24_GAD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318104517/http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/17/application/Section24_GAD.pdf |archive-date=18 March 2009 |access-date=25 January 2009 |publisher=WHO |pages=7–11}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090318104517/http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/17/application/Section24_GAD.pdf &quot;Dyssomnias&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. WHO. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7–&lt;/span&gt;11. Archived from [https://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/17/application/Section24_GAD.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 18 March 2009&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 January&lt;/span&gt; 2009&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Th2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Roth T |date=August 2007 |title=Insomnia: definition, prevalence, etiology, and consequences |journal=[[Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine]] |type=Supplement |volume=3 |issue=5 Suppl |pages=S7–10 |doi=10.5664/jcsm.26929 |pmc=1978319 |pmid=17824495 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRoth2007&quot;&gt;Roth T (August 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1978319 &quot;Insomnia: definition, prevalence, etiology, and consequences&quot;]. ''[[Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine]]'' (Supplement). '''3''' (5 Suppl): S7–10. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.5664/jcsm.26929|10.5664/jcsm.26929]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1978319 1978319]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17824495 17824495].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  Kimanin kashi 6% na mutane suna da rashin barci wanda ba wata matsala ba ce kuma yana ɗaukar fiye da wata ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Th2007&quot; /&gt; Mutanen da suka wuce shekaru 65 suna fama da shi sau da yawa fiye da matasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Wil2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wilson JF |date=January 2008 |title=In the clinic. Insomnia |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=148 |issue=1 |pages=ITC13–1–ITC13–16 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-148-1-200801010-01001 |pmid=18166757 |s2cid=42686046}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWilson2008&quot;&gt;Wilson JF (January 2008). &quot;In the clinic. Insomnia&quot;. ''Annals of Internal Medicine''. '''148''' (1): ITC13–1–ITC13–16. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.7326/0003-4819-148-1-200801010-01001|10.7326/0003-4819-148-1-200801010-01001]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18166757 18166757]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42686046 42686046].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Mata sun fi kamuwa da shi fiye da maza. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2009&quot; /&gt; Bayanin rashin barci yana faruwa aƙalla tun zamanin Girka ta dā . 

== Alamomi da Alamomi ==
[[Fayil:Complications_of_insomnia.svg|thumb|Matsalolin rashin barci da ka iya tasowa &lt;ref name=&quot;mayo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 January 2024 |title=Insomnia |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355167 |access-date=25 April 2026 |publisher=Mayo Clinic}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Alamomin rashin barci: &lt;ref name=&quot;mayo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 January 2024 |title=Insomnia |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355167 |access-date=25 April 2026 |publisher=Mayo Clinic}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355167 &quot;Insomnia&quot;]. Mayo Clinic. 16 January 2024&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 April&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

* Wahalar yin barci, gami da wahalar samun kwanciyar hankali
* Farkawa da daddare, rashin iya komawa barci, da kuma farkawa da wuri &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chaudhary |first=Ninad S. |last2=Grandner |first2=Michael A. |last3=Jackson |first3=Nicholas J. |last4=Chakravorty |first4=Subhajit |date=October 9, 2016 |title=Caffeine consumption, insomnia, and sleep duration: Results from a nationally representative sample |journal=Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) |volume=32 |issue=11–12 |pages=1193–1199 |doi=10.1016/j.nut.2016.04.005 |pmc=6230475 |pmid=27377580}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Rashin iya mai da hankali kan ayyukan yau da kullun, wahalar tunawa
* Barci da rana, rashin jin daɗi, baƙin ciki ko [[Anxiety|damuwa]]
* Jin gajiya ko ƙarancin kuzari a rana 
* Matsalar mai da hankali
* Yin fushi, yin zalunci, ko kuma yin gaggawa
* Rashin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya yana ɗaya daga cikin alamun da aka fi sani &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What Can Fix Insomnia? |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12119-insomnia |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260421084048/https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12119-insomnia |archive-date=2026-04-21 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Cleveland Clinic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rashin barci yana da wahala a yi barci a farkon dare, sau da yawa alama ce ta [[Matsalar damuwa|matsalolin damuwa]] . Ana iya gane jinkirin rashin barci a matsayin rashin barci, domin fara barci yana jinkiri da wuri fiye da yadda aka saba, yayin da farkawa ke ƙaruwa zuwa awannin hasken rana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kertesz RS, Cote KA |year=2011 |title=Event-related potentials during the transition to sleep for individuals with sleep-onset insomnia |journal=Behavioral Sleep Medicine |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=68–85 |doi=10.1080/15402002.2011.557989 |pmid=21491230 |s2cid=30439961}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yana da sauƙi ga mutanen da ke da wahalar yin barci su ma su farka da daddare da wahalar komawa barci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=W. Dallas}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kashi biyu bisa uku na waɗannan mutanen suna farkawa da tsakar dare, yayin da fiye da rabi ke fuskantar matsala wajen komawa barci bayan farkawa da tsakar dare . 

Farkawar safiya tana faruwa da wuri (fiye da mintuna 30) fiye da yadda ake so, tare da rashin iya komawa barci da kuma kafin cikakken lokacin barci ya kai awanni 6.5. Farkawar safiya sau da yawa halayyar [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki]] ce.  Alamomin damuwa na iya haifar da rashin barci. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan alamomin sun haɗa da [[Matsalar tunani|damuwa ta tunani]], damuwa ta dole game da makomar, jin motsin rai fiye da kima, da kuma yin nazari sosai kan abubuwan da suka faru a baya. 

Rashin barci na yau da kullun na iya shafar kwakwalwa, yana shafar hulɗar zamantakewa, aiki, da salon rayuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Behavioral and psychological treatm&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Edinger JD, Arnedt JT, Bertisch SM, Carney CE, Harrington JJ, Lichstein KL, Sateia MJ, Troxel WM, Zhou ES, Kazmi U, Heald JL, Martin JL |date=February 2021 |title=Behavioral and psychological treatments for chronic insomnia disorder in adults: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment |journal=Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=263–298 |doi=10.5664/jcsm.8988 |pmc=7853211 |pmid=33164741}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEdingerArnedtBertischCarney2021&quot;&gt;Edinger JD, Arnedt JT, Bertisch SM, et&amp;nbsp;al. (February 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7853211 &quot;Behavioral and psychological treatments for chronic insomnia disorder in adults: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment&quot;]. ''Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine''. '''17''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;263–&lt;/span&gt;298. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.5664/jcsm.8988|10.5664/jcsm.8988]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7853211 7853211]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33164741 33164741].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rashin ingancin barci ===
Rashin ingancin barci na iya faruwa sakamakon, misali, [[Cutar kafafu marasa kwanciyar hankali|ƙafafu marasa hutawa]], [[Bugawar bacci|rashin numfashi a lokacin barci]], ko kuma [[Babban rashin damuwa|babban baƙin ciki]] . Rashin ingancin barci ana bayyana shi a matsayin wanda bai kai mataki na 3 ba ko kuma wanda ke da abubuwan gyara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 December 2009 |title=What Happens When You Sleep? |url=https://sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/what-happens-when-you-sleep |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305005723/https://sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/what-happens-when-you-sleep |archive-date=5 March 2017 |access-date=24 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban baƙin ciki yana haifar da canje-canje a cikin aikin [[hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis]], wanda ke haifar da sakin [[cortisol]] da yawa, wanda zai iya haifar da rashin ingancin barci.

[[Polyuria|Yawan fitsari]] da dare, yawan yin fitsari da daddare, na iya haifar da rashin ingancin barci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Adler CH, Thorpy MJ |date=June 2005 |title=Sleep issues in Parkinson's disease |journal=Neurology |volume=64 |issue=12 Suppl 3 |pages=S12–20 |doi=10.1212/WNL.64.12_suppl_3.S12 |pmid=15994219 |s2cid=24024570}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ma'anar kai ===
Rashin fahimtar yanayin barci yanayi ne da mutane ke ganin cewa sun farka duk dare duk da cewa gwaje-gwajen barci sun tabbatar da cewa sun yi barci na tsawon sa'o'i. Wanda kuma ake kira da rashin barci mai ban tsoro ko rashin barci mai ban tsoro, rashin barci mai ban tsoro na iya shafar kusan kashi 5% ne kawai na mutanen da ke fama da rashin barci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What Is Sleep State Misperception? |url=https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/sleep-state-misperception |access-date=2026-02-02 |website=WebMD |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da barci na tsawon sa'o'i da yawa a kowace dare kuma yawanci ba sa fuskantar yawan barcin rana ko wasu alamun rashin barci, marasa lafiya suna jin kamar ba su yi barci sosai ba, ko da kuwa. Sun yi kuskuren yarda cewa yana ɗaukar su lokaci mai tsawo kafin su yi barci, kuma suna raina tsawon lokacin da suke barci. &lt;ref name=&quot;Harvey_2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Harvey AG, Tang NK |date=January 2012 |title=(Mis)perception of sleep in insomnia: a puzzle and a resolution |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=138 |issue=1 |pages=77–101 |doi=10.1037/a0025730 |pmc=3277880 |pmid=21967449}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Excerpt|Digital media use and mental health|Sleep}}

== Dalilai ==
Duk da cewa rashin barci yana iya faruwa ne saboda yanayi da yawa, amma kuma yana iya faruwa ba tare da wani dalili da za a iya gane shi ba. Wannan ana kiransa da rashin barci na farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Primary insomnia: A lifelong problem |url=https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/primary-insomnia-lifelong-problem |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229175034/https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/primary-insomnia-lifelong-problem |archive-date=29 December 2022 |access-date=29 December 2022 |website=Psychiatric Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin barci na farko yana iya samun dalili na farko amma yana ci gaba bayan babu dalilin. Misali, wani lamari na aiki ko abin da ya faru a rayuwa na iya haifar da rashin barci. Duk da haka, yanayin na iya ci gaba bayan an warware abin da ya faru na damuwa. A irin waɗannan yanayi, yawanci rashin barcin yana ci gaba ne ta hanyar damuwa ko tsoro da rashin barcin da kansa ke haifarwa, maimakon duk wani abu na waje. 

Alamomin rashin barci na iya faruwa ne ta hanyar ko kuma alaƙa da:

* Sleep breathing disorders, such as [[Bugawar bacci|sleep apnea]] or upper airway resistance syndrome
* Use of psychoactive drugs (such as stimulants), including certain [[Magani|medications]], herbs, [[caffeine]], nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, methylphenidate, aripiprazole, MDMA, modafinil, or excessive alcohol intake&lt;ref name=&quot;umm_causes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Insomnia |url=http://umm.edu/health/medical/reports/articles/insomnia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703135611/http://umm.edu/health/medical/reports/articles/insomnia |archive-date=3 July 2013 |access-date=11 July 2013 |publisher=University of Maryland Medical Center}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Use of or withdrawal from alcohol and other sedatives, such as anti-anxiety and sleep drugs like benzodiazepines&lt;ref name=&quot;umm_causes&quot; /&gt;
* Use of or withdrawal from pain-relievers such as opioids&lt;ref name=&quot;umm_causes&quot; /&gt;
* [[Cutar zuciya|Heart disease]]&lt;ref name=&quot;comorbidity&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Taylor DJ, Mallory LJ, Lichstein KL, Durrence HH, Riedel BW, Bush AJ |date=February 2007 |title=Comorbidity of chronic insomnia with medical problems |journal=Sleep |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=213–18 |doi=10.1093/sleep/30.2.213 |pmid=17326547 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Cutar kafafu marasa kwanciyar hankali|Restless legs syndrome]], which can cause sleep onset insomnia due to the discomforting sensations felt and the need to move the legs or other body parts to relieve these sensations&lt;ref name=&quot;mayo_insomnia_causes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Insomnia Causes |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/insomnia/DS00187/DSECTION=causes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021183326/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/insomnia/DS00187/DSECTION%3Dcauses |archive-date=21 October 2013 |access-date=11 July 2013 |publisher=Mayo Clinic}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD), which occurs during sleep and can cause arousals of which the sleeper is unaware&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Restless Legs Syndrome/Periodic Limb Movement Disorder |url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/sleep/res_plan/section5/section5d.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803020537/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/sleep/res_plan/section5/section5d.html |archive-date=3 August 2013 |access-date=11 July 2013 |publisher=National Heart Lung and Blood Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Pain:&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramakrishnan-2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC |date=August 2007 |title=Treatment options for insomnia |journal=American Family Physician |volume=76 |issue=4 |pages=517–26 |pmid=17853625}}&lt;/ref&gt; an injury or condition that causes pain can preclude an individual from finding a comfortable position in which to fall asleep, and can also cause awakening.
* Hormone shifts such as those that precede [[Jinin Haida|menstruation]] and those during menopause&lt;ref name=&quot;Santoro2015rev&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Santoro N, Epperson CN, Mathews SB |date=September 2015 |title=Menopausal Symptoms and Their Management |journal=Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=497–515 |doi=10.1016/j.ecl.2015.05.001 |pmc=4890704 |pmid=26316239}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Life events such as [[Tsoro|fear]], [[Matsalar tunani|stress]], [[anxiety]], emotional or mental tension, work problems, financial stress, birth of a child, and bereavement&lt;ref name=&quot;mayo_insomnia_causes&quot; /&gt;
* Gastrointestinal issues such as heartburn or constipation&lt;ref name=&quot;nhlbi_causes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=What causes insomnia? |url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso/causes.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703143347/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso/causes.html |archive-date=3 July 2013 |access-date=11 July 2013 |publisher=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mental, neurobehavioral, or [[Rashin ci gaban jijiyoyi|neurodevelopmental]] disorders such as [[Cutar bipolar|bipolar disorder]], [[Babban rashin damuwa|clinical depression]], [[Matsalan damuwa na gaba ɗaya|generalized anxiety disorder]], [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|post traumatic stress disorder]], [[Hauka|schizophrenia]], obsessive compulsive disorder, autism, [[dementia]],{{Rp|326}} [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|ADHD]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bendz LM, Scates AC |date=January 2010 |title=Melatonin treatment for insomnia in pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |journal=The Annals of Pharmacotherapy |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=185–91 |doi=10.1345/aph.1M365 |pmid=20028959 |s2cid=207263711}}&lt;/ref&gt; and FASD
* Disturbances of the circadian rhythm, such as shift work and jet lag, can cause an inability to sleep at some times of the day and excessive sleepiness at other times of the day. Chronic circadian rhythm disorders are characterized by similar symptoms.&lt;ref name=&quot;umm_causes&quot; /&gt;
* Certain neurological disorders such as brain lesions, or a [[Tarihin kiwon lafiya|history]] of traumatic brain injury&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ouellet MC, Beaulieu-Bonneau S, Morin CM |year=2006 |title=Insomnia in patients with traumatic brain injury: frequency, characteristics, and risk factors |journal=The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=199–212 |doi=10.1097/00001199-200605000-00001 |pmid=16717498 |s2cid=28255648}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Cuta|Medical conditions]] such as hyperthyroidism&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2011Ca&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 December 2011 |title=What Causes Insomnia? |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/insomnia/causes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728012201/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso/causes |archive-date=28 July 2016 |access-date=9 August 2016 |website=NHLBI}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/insomnia/causes &quot;What Causes Insomnia?&quot;]. ''NHLBI''. 13 December 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160728012201/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/inso/causes Archived] from the original on 28 July 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9 August&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Abuse of over-the-counter or prescription sleep aids (sedative or depressant drugs) can produce [[Yanayi mai dawowa|rebound insomnia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;umm_causes&quot; /&gt;
* Poor sleep hygiene, e.g., [[Tasirin kiwon lafiya daga hayaniya|noise]] or over-consumption of caffeine&lt;ref name=&quot;umm_causes&quot; /&gt;
* A rare genetic condition can cause a prion-based, permanent, and eventually fatal form of insomnia called fatal familial insomnia&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17406188&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schenkein J, Montagna P |date=September 2006 |title=Self management of fatal familial insomnia. Part 1: what is FFI? |journal=MedGenMed |volume=8 |issue=3 |page=65 |pmc=1781306 |pmid=17406188}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Motsa jiki|Physical exercise]]: exercise-induced insomnia is common in athletes in the form of prolonged sleep onset latency&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2004 |title=The epidemiological survey of exercise-induced insomnia in Chinese athletes |url=http://cev.org.br/biblioteca/the-epidemiological-survey-of-exercise-induced-insomnia-in-chinese-athletes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090909095412/http://cev.org.br/biblioteca/the-epidemiological-survey-of-exercise-induced-insomnia-in-chinese-athletes |archive-date=9 September 2009 |website=Pre-Olympic Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Increased exposure to the blue light from artificial sources, such as phones or computers
* Chronic pain&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Roth T |date=August 2007 |title=Insomnia: definition, prevalence, etiology, and consequences |journal=Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine |volume=3 |issue=5 Suppl |pages=S7-10 |doi=10.5664/jcsm.26929 |pmc=1978319 |pmid=17824495}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nsf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=What Causes Insomnia? |url=https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/what-causes-insomnia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415173039/https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/what-causes-insomnia |archive-date=15 April 2019 |access-date=26 February 2021 |website=Sleep Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ƙananan ciwon baya|Lower back pain]]&lt;ref name=&quot;nsf&quot; /&gt;
* [[Cutar Asthma|Asthma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;nsf&quot; /&gt;

Nazarin barci ta amfani da polysomnography ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke da matsalar barci suna da matakan [[cortisol]] da ke yawo a cikin dare da kuma adrenocorticotropic hormones . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hirotsu C, Tufik S, Andersen ML |date=November 2015 |title=Interactions between sleep, stress, and metabolism: From physiological to pathological conditions |journal=Sleep Science |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=143–152 |doi=10.1016/j.slsci.2015.09.002 |pmc=4688585 |pmid=26779321}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna kuma da karuwar yawan metabolism, wanda ba ya faruwa a cikin mutanen da ba su da rashin barci amma waɗanda aka katse barcinsu da gangan yayin nazarin barci. Nazarin metabolism na kwakwalwa ta amfani da na'urar daukar hoton positron emission tomography (PET) ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke da rashin barci suna da karuwar yawan metabolism da dare da rana. Tambayar ta kasance ko waɗannan canje-canjen su ne musabbabi ko sakamakon rashin barci na dogon lokaci. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mendelson&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mendelson WB |year=2008 |title=New Research on Insomnia: Sleep Disorders May Precede or Exacerbate Psychiatric Conditions |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/insomnia/article/10168/1163082 |url-status=live |journal=Psychiatric Times |volume=25 |issue=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019054800/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/insomnia/article/10168/1163082 |archive-date=19 October 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Halittar Halitta ===
Kiyasin gado na rashin barci ya bambanta tsakanin kashi 38% a cikin maza zuwa kashi 59% a cikin mata. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lind&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lind MJ, Aggen SH, Kirkpatrick RM, Kendler KS, Amstadter AB |date=September 2015 |title=A Longitudinal Twin Study of Insomnia Symptoms in Adults |journal=Sleep |volume=38 |issue=9 |pages=1423–30 |doi=10.5665/sleep.4982 |pmc=4531410 |pmid=26132482}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike na haɗin gwiwar kwayoyin halitta (GWAS) ya gano genomic loci 3 da kwayoyin halitta 7 waɗanda ke tasiri ga haɗarin rashin barci kuma ya nuna cewa rashin barci yana da yawan polygenic. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammerschlag&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hammerschlag AR, Stringer S, de Leeuw CA, Sniekers S, Taskesen E, Watanabe K, Blanken TF, Dekker K, Te Lindert BH, Wassing R, Jonsdottir I, Thorleifsson G, Stefansson H, Gislason T, Berger K, Schormair B, Wellmann J, Winkelmann J, Stefansson K, Oexle K, Van Someren EJ, Posthuma D |date=November 2017 |title=Genome-wide association analysis of insomnia complaints identifies risk genes and genetic overlap with psychiatric and metabolic traits |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=49 |issue=11 |pages=1584–92 |doi=10.1038/ng.3888 |pmc=5600256 |pmid=28604731}}&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman, an lura da kyakkyawar alaƙa mai kyau ga kwayar halittar MEIS1 a cikin maza da mata. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa tsarin kwayoyin halitta na rashin barci ya yi karo da matsalolin tabin hankali da halayen rayuwa.

An yi hasashen cewa epigenetics na iya yin tasiri ga rashin barci ta hanyar tsarin sarrafa tsarin daidaita barci da kuma martanin damuwa ga kwakwalwa, wanda hakan ke da tasiri ga ƙarfin kwakwalwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;palagini&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Palagini L, Biber K, Riemann D |date=June 2014 |title=The genetics of insomnia – evidence for epigenetic mechanisms? |journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=225–35 |doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2013.05.002 |pmid=23932332}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nau'o'i ===
Ana iya rarraba rashin barci a matsayin na ɗan lokaci, na gaggawa, ko na yau da kullun.

* ''Rashin barci na ɗan lokaci'' yana ɗaukar ƙasa da mako guda. Ana iya haifar da shi ta hanyar wata matsala, ko canje-canje a yanayin barci, ko lokacin barci, ko kuma tsananin [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki]], ko kuma ta hanyar [[Damuwa (biology)|damuwa]] . Sakamakonsa.&amp;nbsp;- rashin barci da kuma rashin aikin psychomotor&amp;nbsp;- suna kama da na [[rashin barci]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Roth&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Roth T, Roehrs T |year=2003 |title=Insomnia: epidemiology, characteristics, and consequences |journal=Clinical Cornerstone |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=5–15 |doi=10.1016/S1098-3597(03)90031-7 |pmid=14626537}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Rashin bacci [[Mai tsanani (magunguna)|mai tsanani]]'' shine rashin iya yin barci mai kyau na tsawon ƙasa da wata ɗaya. Rashin bacci yana faruwa ne lokacin da akwai matsala wajen fara barci ko kiyaye shi ko kuma lokacin da barcin da aka samu bai wartsake ba ko kuma mara inganci. Waɗannan matsalolin suna faruwa duk da isasshen dama da yanayi na barci, kuma dole ne su haifar da matsaloli tare da aikin rana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Insomnia&amp;nbsp;– sleeplessness, chronic insomnia, acute insomnia, mental ... |url=http://articles.directorym.com/Insomnia-a352.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329155902/http://articles.directorym.com/Insomnia-a352.html |archive-date=29 March 2008 |access-date=29 April 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin bacci mai yawa yana iya alaƙa da rashin barci mai tsanani saboda yana kunna amsawar yaƙi ko guduwa ta jiki. Idan muka fuskanci damuwa ko haɗari, jikinmu yana ƙara zama a faɗake, wanda zai iya tsoma baki ga iyawarmu ta yin barci da kuma ci gaba da barci. Wannan yanayin tashin hankali mai ƙarfi na iya zama da amfani a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci a lokacin yanayi mai barazana, amma idan ya ci gaba na tsawon lokaci, yana iya haifar da rashin barci mai tsanani. &lt;ref name=&quot;Acute and Chronic Insomnia: What Ha&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vargas I, Nguyen AM, Muench A, Bastien CH, Ellis JG, Perlis ML |date=January 2020 |title=Acute and Chronic Insomnia: What Has Time and/or Hyperarousal Got to Do with It? |journal=Brain Sciences |volume=10 |issue=2 |page=71 |doi=10.3390/brainsci10020071 |pmc=7071368 |pmid=32013124 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin bacci mai tsanani kuma ana kiransa ''rashin barci na ɗan gajeren lokaci'' ko ''rashin barci mai alaƙa da damuwa'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;r1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Acute Insomnia – What is Acute Insomnia |url=http://sleepdisorders.about.com/od/commonsleepdisorders/a/Acute_Insomnia.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329185735/http://sleepdisorders.about.com/od/commonsleepdisorders/a/Acute_Insomnia.htm |archive-date=29 March 2013 |access-date=10 March 2013 |website=About.com Health |publisher=Sleepdisorders.about.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Rashin barci [[Yanayin da ba shi da kyau|mai tsanani]]'' yana ɗaukar fiye da wata ɗaya. Wani matsala na iya haifar da shi, ko kuma yana iya zama babban matsala. Abubuwan da suka fi haifar da rashin barci mai tsanani sun haɗa da damuwa mai ɗorewa, rauni, jadawalin aiki, rashin kyawun halaye na barci, magunguna, da sauran matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-08-31 |title=Types of Insomnia |url=https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/types-of-insomnia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714180512/https://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/types-of-insomnia |archive-date=2022-07-14 |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=Sleep Foundation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan mutum ya ci gaba da yin halaye waɗanda ke kawo cikas ga barcinsa, kamar jadawalin barci mara tsari, ɓatar da lokaci mai yawa a barci a kan gado, ko kuma yin ayyukan ƙarfafa gwiwa kusa da lokacin kwanciya barci, yana iya haifar da rashin barci mai ɗorewa wanda ke haifar da rashin barci mai ɗorewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Acute and Chronic Insomnia: What Ha&quot; /&gt; Mutanen da ke da yawan hormones na damuwa ko canje-canje a matakan cytokines sun fi yiwuwa su sami rashin barci mai ɗorewa fiye da wasu.  Illolinsa na iya bambanta dangane da abubuwan da ke haifar da su. Suna iya haɗawa da gajiyar tsoka, [[Hallucination|mafarki]], da/ko [[Rashin karfi|gajiyar hankali]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Roth&quot; /&gt;

== Rigakafi ==
Rigakafi da maganin rashin barci na iya buƙatar haɗakar maganin halayyar fahimta, magunguna &lt;ref name=&quot;Tra2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Trauer JM, Qian MY, Doyle JS, Rajaratnam SM, Cunnington D |date=August 2015 |title=Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Insomnia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=163 |issue=3 |pages=191–204 |doi=10.7326/M14-2841 |pmid=26054060 |s2cid=21617330}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTrauerQianDoyleRajaratnam2015&quot;&gt;Trauer JM, Qian MY, Doyle JS, et&amp;nbsp;al. (August 2015). &quot;Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Insomnia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis&quot;. ''Annals of Internal Medicine''. '''163''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;191–&lt;/span&gt;204. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.7326/M14-2841|10.7326/M14-2841]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26054060 26054060]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21617330 21617330].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;, &lt;ref name=&quot;abad&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Abad VC, Guilleminault C |date=September 2018 |title=Insomnia in Elderly Patients: Recommendations for Pharmacological Management |journal=Drugs &amp; Aging |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=791–817 |doi=10.1007/s40266-018-0569-8 |pmid=30058034 |s2cid=51866276}}&lt;/ref&gt; da canje-canjen salon rayuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 October 2016 |title=Insomnia: Diagnosis and treatment |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355173 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004131534/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355173 |archive-date=4 October 2017 |access-date=11 October 2018 |publisher=Mayo Clinic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga cikin hanyoyin rayuwa, zuwa barci da farkawa a lokaci guda kowace rana na iya haifar da tsari mai kyau wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen hana rashin barci. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pun2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Punnoose AR, Golub RM, Burke AE |date=June 2012 |title=Insomnia |journal=[[JAMA]] |type=JAMA patient page |volume=307 |issue=24 |page=2653 |doi=10.1001/jama.2012.6219 |pmid=22735439 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPunnooseGolubBurke2012&quot;&gt;Punnoose AR, Golub RM, Burke AE (June 2012). [[doi:10.1001/jama.2012.6219|&quot;Insomnia&quot;]]. ''[[JAMA]]'' (JAMA patient page). '''307''' (24): 2653. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1001/jama.2012.6219|10.1001/jama.2012.6219]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22735439 22735439].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A guji [[motsa jiki]] mai ƙarfi da [[Caffeine|abin sha mai maganin kafeyin ']] yan awanni kafin a yi barci, yayin da motsa jiki da wuri a rana na iya zama da amfani. &lt;ref name=&quot;mayo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 January 2024 |title=Insomnia |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355167 |access-date=25 April 2026 |publisher=Mayo Clinic}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355167 &quot;Insomnia&quot;]. Mayo Clinic. 16 January 2024&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 April&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu hanyoyin inganta tsaftar barci na iya haɗawa da: &lt;ref name=&quot;mayo&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 January 2017 |title=Insomnia (Acute &amp; Chronic): Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment |url=https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/guide/insomnia-symptoms-and-causes#2-8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011022132/https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/guide/insomnia-symptoms-and-causes#2-8 |archive-date=11 October 2018 |access-date=11 October 2018 |website=WebMD}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Gujewa ko iyakance barci
* Maganin ciwo a lokacin kwanciya barci
* Guje wa manyan abinci, abubuwan sha, barasa, da nicotine kafin kwanciya barci
* Nemo hanyoyin kwantar da hankali don shakatawa cikin barci, gami da amfani da farin hayaniya
* Sanya ɗakin kwana ya dace da barci ta hanyar sanya shi duhu, sanyi, kuma babu na'urori, kamar agogo, wayoyin hannu, ko talabijin.
* A ci gaba da motsa jiki akai-akai
* Gwada ayyukan shakatawa kafin barci
* Ya kamata a yi karatu kafin a yi barci a kan kujera ko wani ɗaki &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 September 2024 |title=Insomnia |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/insomnia-a-to-z |access-date=25 April 2026 |publisher=Harvard Health Publishing, Harvard University}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudanarwa ==
Ana ba da shawarar a yi watsi da dalilan lafiya da na tunani kafin a yanke shawara kan maganin rashin barci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wortelboer U, Cohrs S, Rodenbeck A, Rüther E |year=2002 |title=Tolerability of hypnosedatives in older patients |journal=Drugs &amp; Aging |volume=19 |issue=7 |pages=529–39 |doi=10.2165/00002512-200219070-00006 |pmid=12182689 |s2cid=38910586}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maganin halayyar fahimta magani ne mai inganci na farko don rashin barci mai ɗorewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=van Straten A, van der Zweerde T, Kleiboer A, Cuijpers P, Morin CM, Lancee J |date=April 2018 |title=Cognitive and behavioral therapies in the treatment of insomnia: A meta-analysis |url=https://research.vu.nl/ws/files/104498588/Cognitive_and_behavioral_therapies_in_the_treatment_of_insomnia.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews |volume=38 |pages=3–16 |doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2017.02.001 |pmid=28392168 |s2cid=3359815 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105000321/https://research.vu.nl/ws/files/104498588/Cognitive_and_behavioral_therapies_in_the_treatment_of_insomnia.pdf |archive-date=2020-11-05 |access-date=2020-09-18 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Tra2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Trauer JM, Qian MY, Doyle JS, Rajaratnam SM, Cunnington D |date=August 2015 |title=Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Insomnia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=163 |issue=3 |pages=191–204 |doi=10.7326/M14-2841 |pmid=26054060 |s2cid=21617330}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTrauerQianDoyleRajaratnam2015&quot;&gt;Trauer JM, Qian MY, Doyle JS, et&amp;nbsp;al. (August 2015). &quot;Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Insomnia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis&quot;. ''Annals of Internal Medicine''. '''163''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;191–&lt;/span&gt;204. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.7326/M14-2841|10.7326/M14-2841]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26054060 26054060]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21617330 21617330].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tasirin amfani, sabanin waɗanda magunguna ke samarwa, na iya ɗaukar lokaci bayan dakatar da magani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |year=2005 |title=NIH State-of-the-Science Conference Statement on manifestations and management of chronic insomnia in adults |journal=NIH Consensus and State-Of-The-Science Statements |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=1–30 |pmid=17308547}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi amfani da magunguna musamman don rage alamun rashin barci na ɗan gajeren lokaci; rawar da suke takawa wajen magance rashin barci na dogon lokaci har yanzu ba a fayyace ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dyssomnias |url=https://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/17/application/Section24_GAD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318104517/http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/17/application/Section24_GAD.pdf |archive-date=18 March 2009 |access-date=25 January 2009 |publisher=WHO |pages=7–11}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090318104517/http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/17/application/Section24_GAD.pdf &quot;Dyssomnias&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. WHO. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7–&lt;/span&gt;11. Archived from [https://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/17/application/Section24_GAD.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 18 March 2009&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 January&lt;/span&gt; 2009&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya amfani da nau'ikan magunguna daban-daban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sateia MJ, Buysse DJ, Krystal AD, Neubauer DN, Heald JL |date=February 2017 |title=Clinical Practice Guideline for the Pharmacologic Treatment of Chronic Insomnia in Adults: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline |journal=Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=307–349 |doi=10.5664/jcsm.6470 |pmc=5263087 |pmid=27998379}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Riemann D, Perlis ML |date=June 2009 |title=The treatments of chronic insomnia: a review of benzodiazepine receptor agonists and psychological and behavioral therapies |journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=205–14 |doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2008.06.001 |pmid=19201632}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;abad&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Abad VC, Guilleminault C |date=September 2018 |title=Insomnia in Elderly Patients: Recommendations for Pharmacological Management |journal=Drugs &amp; Aging |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=791–817 |doi=10.1007/s40266-018-0569-8 |pmid=30058034 |s2cid=51866276}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbadGuilleminault2018&quot;&gt;Abad VC, Guilleminault C (September 2018). &quot;Insomnia in Elderly Patients: Recommendations for Pharmacological Management&quot;. ''Drugs &amp; Aging''. '''35''' (9): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;791–&lt;/span&gt;817. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s40266-018-0569-8|10.1007/s40266-018-0569-8]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30058034 30058034]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51866276 51866276].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Likitoci da yawa ba sa ba da shawarar dogara da magungunan barci da aka rubuta don amfani na dogon lokaci. &lt;ref name=&quot;mayo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 January 2024 |title=Insomnia |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355167 |access-date=25 April 2026 |publisher=Mayo Clinic}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355167 &quot;Insomnia&quot;]. Mayo Clinic. 16 January 2024&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 April&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ba a ba da shawarar waɗannan magunguna fiye da makonni huɗu ko biyar ba, kodayake ana iya amfani da su na tsawon lokaci a wasu lokuta. &lt;ref name=&quot;AC2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Qaseem A, Kansagara D, Forciea MA, Cooke M, Denberg TD |date=July 2016 |title=Management of Chronic Insomnia Disorder in Adults: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=165 |issue=2 |pages=125–133 |doi=10.7326/M15-2175 |pmid=27136449 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFQaseemKansagaraForcieaCooke2016&quot;&gt;Qaseem A, Kansagara D, Forciea MA, et&amp;nbsp;al. (July 2016). [[doi:10.7326/M15-2175|&quot;Management of Chronic Insomnia Disorder in Adults: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians&quot;]]. ''Annals of Internal Medicine''. '''165''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;125–&lt;/span&gt;133. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.7326/M15-2175|10.7326/M15-2175]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27136449 27136449].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;riemann-23&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Riemann |first=Dieter |last2=Espie |first2=Colin A. |last3=Altena |first3=Ellemarije |last4=Arnardottir |first4=Erna Sif |last5=Baglioni |first5=Chiara |last6=Bassetti |first6=Claudio L. A. |last7=Bastien |first7=Celyne |last8=Berzina |first8=Natalija |last9=Bjorvatn |first9=Bjørn |last10=Dikeos |first10=Dimitris |last11=Dolenc Groselj |first11=Leja |last12=Ellis |first12=Jason G. |last13=Garcia-Borreguero |first13=Diego |last14=Geoffroy |first14=Pierre A |last15=Gjerstad |first15=Michaela |date=2023 |title=The European Insomnia Guideline: An update on the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia 2023 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jsr.14035 |journal=Journal of Sleep Research |language=en |volume=32 |issue=6 |doi=10.1111/jsr.14035 |issn=1365-2869 |pmid=38016484}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRiemannEspieAltenaArnardottir2023&quot;&gt;Riemann D, Espie CA, Altena E, et&amp;nbsp;al. (2023). [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jsr.14035 &quot;The European Insomnia Guideline: An update on the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia 2023&quot;]. ''Journal of Sleep Research''. '''32''' (6) e14035. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/jsr.14035|10.1111/jsr.14035]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-2869 1365-2869]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38016484 38016484].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan yana da mahimmanci a gano da kuma magance wasu cututtukan lafiya waɗanda ka iya haifar da rashin barci, kamar baƙin ciki, matsalolin numfashi, da ciwo na dogon lokaci. &lt;ref name=&quot;mayo&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;insomnia JAMA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Merrigan JM, Buysse DJ, Bird JC, Livingston EH |date=February 2013 |title=JAMA patient page. Insomnia |journal=JAMA |volume=309 |issue=7 |page=733 |doi=10.1001/jama.2013.524 |pmid=23423421 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekarar 2022, an ruwaito mutane da yawa da ke fama da rashin barci ba sa samun isasshen barci ko magani ga rashin barci gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-10-25 |title=Sleep Statistics - Facts and Data About Sleep 2022 |url=https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/sleep-facts-statistics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715223335/https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/sleep-facts-statistics |archive-date=2022-07-15 |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=Sleep Foundation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Drake CL, Roehrs T, Roth T |date=December 2003 |title=Insomnia causes, consequences, and therapeutics: an overview |journal=Depression and Anxiety |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=163–76 |doi=10.1002/da.10151 |pmid=14661186 |s2cid=19203612 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ba bisa ga magani ba ===
Dabaru marasa amfani da magani suna da tasiri iri ɗaya da magungunan hypnotic don rashin barci, kuma suna iya samun sakamako mai ɗorewa. Ana ba da shawarar maganin hypnotic kawai don amfani na ɗan gajeren lokaci saboda dogaro da [[Yanayi mai dawowa|tasirin janyewa]] bayan dainawa ko haƙuri na iya tasowa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=National Prescribing Service |date=1 February 2010 |title=Addressing hypnotic medicines use in primary care |url=http://www.nps.org.au/publications/health-professional/nps-news/2010/nps-news-67 |journal=NPS News |volume=67 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101224851/http://www.nps.org.au/publications/health-professional/nps-news/2010/nps-news-67 |archive-date=1 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dabaru marasa magani suna ba da ci gaba mai ɗorewa ga rashin barci kuma ana ba da shawarar su a matsayin dabarun gudanarwa na farko da na dogon lokaci. Maganin barcin ɗabi'a yana ba da dabarun rashin magani don magance rashin barci na yau da kullun ciki har da tsabtace barci, sarrafa motsa jiki, hanyoyin magance ɗabi'a, maganin hana barci, niyya mai rikitarwa, ilimin marasa lafiya, da [[Rashin kwanciyar hankali na fasaha|maganin shakatawa]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kirkwood CK |year=1999 |title=Management of insomnia |journal=Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=688–96; quiz 713–14 |doi=10.1016/s1086-5802(15)30354-5 |pmid=10533351}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu misalai sune rubutaccen rubutu, taƙaita lokacin da ake yi a farke a kan gado, yin amfani da [[Rashin kwanciyar hankali na fasaha|dabarun shakatawa]], da kuma kiyaye jadawalin barci na yau da kullun da lokacin farkawa. Maganin ɗabi'a na iya taimaka wa majiyyaci wajen haɓaka sabbin halayen barci don inganta ingancin barci da haɗin kai. Maganin ɗabi'a na iya haɗawa da koyon halayen barci masu kyau don haɓaka shakatawar barci, yin maganin haske don daidaita yanayin circadian, da kuma daidaita agogon circadian. &lt;ref name=&quot;insomnia JAMA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Merrigan JM, Buysse DJ, Bird JC, Livingston EH |date=February 2013 |title=JAMA patient page. Insomnia |journal=JAMA |volume=309 |issue=7 |page=733 |doi=10.1001/jama.2013.524 |pmid=23423421 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMerriganBuysseBirdLivingston2013&quot;&gt;Merrigan JM, Buysse DJ, Bird JC, et&amp;nbsp;al. (February 2013). [[doi:10.1001/jama.2013.524|&quot;JAMA patient page. Insomnia&quot;]]. ''JAMA''. '''309''' (7): 733. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1001/jama.2013.524|10.1001/jama.2013.524]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23423421 23423421].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Kiɗa na iya inganta rashin barci ga manya (duba kiɗa da barci ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jespersen KV, Pando-Naude V, Koenig J, Jennum P, Vuust P |date=August 2022 |title=Listening to music for insomnia in adults |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2022 |issue=8 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010459.pub3 |pmc=9400393 |pmid=36000763}}&lt;/ref&gt; EEG biofeedback ya nuna tasiri wajen magance rashin barci tare da inganta tsawon lokaci da kuma ingancin barci.  Maganin taimakon kai (wanda aka ayyana a matsayin maganin tunani wanda za a iya magance shi da kansa) na iya inganta ingancin barci ga manya masu rashin barci zuwa ƙaramin mataki ko matsakaici. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=van Straten A, Cuijpers P |date=February 2009 |title=Self-help therapy for insomnia: a meta-analysis |journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=61–71 |doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2008.04.006 |pmid=18952469}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maganin rage radadi magani ne ga marasa lafiya waɗanda suka shagaltu da haɗa gado ko barci gabaɗaya da mummunan martani. Ganin cewa maganin rage radadi ya ƙunshi ɗaukar matakai don sarrafa yanayin barci, wani lokacin ana kiransa da ma'anar tsaftar barci . Misalan irin waɗannan gyare-gyaren muhalli sun haɗa da amfani da gado don barci da jima'i kawai, ba don ayyuka kamar karatu ko kallon talabijin ba; farkawa a lokaci guda kowace safiya, har ma da ƙarshen mako; zuwa gado kawai lokacin da ake barci da kuma lokacin da akwai yuwuwar barci zai faru; barin gado da fara aiki a wani wuri idan barci bai faru ba cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci bayan kwanciya (yawanci ~ minti 20); rage ƙoƙarin mutum da kuzarin da ake kashewa wajen ƙoƙarin yin barci; guje wa fallasa ga haske mai haske a lokutan dare, da kuma kawar da barcin rana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lande RG, Gragnani C |date=December 2010 |title=Nonpharmacologic approaches to the management of insomnia |journal=The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association |volume=110 |issue=12 |pages=695–701 |pmid=21178150}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani ɓangare na maganin rage radadi shine hana barci, wata dabara da ke da nufin daidaita lokacin da ake yi a gado da ainihin lokacin da ake yi barci. Wannan dabarar ta ƙunshi kiyaye jadawalin barci mai tsauri, yin barci kawai a wasu lokutan yini da kuma takamaiman lokaci don haifar da ƙarancin barci. Cikakken magani yawanci yana ɗaukar har zuwa makonni 3 kuma ya ƙunshi yin barci na ɗan lokaci kaɗan da za su iya yi a matsakaici, sannan, idan zai iya (misali lokacin da ingancin barci ya inganta), a hankali ƙara wannan adadin (~ minti 15) ta hanyar zuwa barci da wuri yayin da jiki ke ƙoƙarin sake saita agogon barcinsa na ciki. Maganin haske mai haske na iya zama mai tasiri ga rashin barci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=van Maanen A, Meijer AM, van der Heijden KB, Oort FJ |date=October 2016 |title=The effects of light therapy on sleep problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://dare.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/the-effects-of-light-therapy-on-sleep-problems(723b9aaa-7eed-4f5c-a69e-39056a2c95c4).html |url-status=live |journal=[[Sleep Medicine Reviews|Sleep Med Rev]] |volume=29 |pages=52–62 |doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2015.08.009 |pmid=26606319 |s2cid=3410636 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828125128/https://dare.uva.nl/search?identifier=723b9aaa-7eed-4f5c-a69e-39056a2c95c4 |archive-date=2021-08-28 |access-date=2020-06-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manufar da ba ta dace ba wata dabara ce ta sake fasalin fahimta inda mai rashin barci, maimakon ƙoƙarin yin barci da daddare, yake yin duk mai yiwuwa don ya kasance a farke (watau, a zahiri yana daina ƙoƙarin yin barci). Wata ka'ida da za ta iya bayyana ingancin wannan hanyar ita ce ta hanyar rashin tilasta wa kansa yin barci da son rai, yana rage damuwar aiki da ke tasowa daga buƙata ko buƙatar yin barci, wanda aka yi niyya don zama aiki mai wahala. An nuna cewa wannan dabarar tana rage ƙoƙarin barci da damuwa na aiki da kuma rage kimantawa ta zahiri game da jinkirin bacci da kuma ƙima fiye da kima na ƙarancin barci (wani inganci da ake samu a cikin mutane da yawa da ba sa barci). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kierlin L |date=November 2008 |title=Sleeping without a pill: nonpharmacologic treatments for insomnia |journal=Journal of Psychiatric Practice |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=403–07 |doi=10.1097/01.pra.0000341896.73926.6c |pmid=19057243 |s2cid=22141056}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin Cututtuka ==
Tsakanin kashi 10% zuwa 30% na manya suna da rashin barci a kowane lokaci, kuma har zuwa rabin mutane suna da rashin barci a cikin shekara guda, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama matsalar barci mafi yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Th2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Roth T |date=August 2007 |title=Insomnia: definition, prevalence, etiology, and consequences |journal=[[Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine]] |type=Supplement |volume=3 |issue=5 Suppl |pages=S7–10 |doi=10.5664/jcsm.26929 |pmc=1978319 |pmid=17824495 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRoth2007&quot;&gt;Roth T (August 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1978319 &quot;Insomnia: definition, prevalence, etiology, and consequences&quot;]. ''[[Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine]]'' (Supplement). '''3''' (5 Suppl): S7–10. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.5664/jcsm.26929|10.5664/jcsm.26929]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1978319 1978319]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17824495 17824495].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dyssomnias |url=https://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/17/application/Section24_GAD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318104517/http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/17/application/Section24_GAD.pdf |archive-date=18 March 2009 |access-date=25 January 2009 |publisher=WHO |pages=7–11}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090318104517/http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/17/application/Section24_GAD.pdf &quot;Dyssomnias&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. WHO. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7–&lt;/span&gt;11. Archived from [https://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/17/application/Section24_GAD.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 18 March 2009&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 January&lt;/span&gt; 2009&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What are Sleep Disorders? |url=https://psychiatry.org/patients-families/sleep-disorders/what-are-sleep-disorders |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027112656/https://psychiatry.org/patients-families/sleep-disorders/what-are-sleep-disorders |archive-date=2022-10-27 |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=Psychiatry.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kimanin kashi 6% na mutane suna da rashin barci wanda ba wata matsala ba ce kuma yana ɗaukar fiye da wata guda. &lt;ref name=&quot;Th2007&quot; /&gt; Mutanen da suka wuce shekaru 65 suna fama da shi sau da yawa fiye da matasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Wil2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wilson JF |date=January 2008 |title=In the clinic. Insomnia |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=148 |issue=1 |pages=ITC13–1–ITC13–16 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-148-1-200801010-01001 |pmid=18166757 |s2cid=42686046}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWilson2008&quot;&gt;Wilson JF (January 2008). &quot;In the clinic. Insomnia&quot;. ''Annals of Internal Medicine''. '''148''' (1): ITC13–1–ITC13–16. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.7326/0003-4819-148-1-200801010-01001|10.7326/0003-4819-148-1-200801010-01001]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18166757 18166757]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42686046 42686046].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Mata sun fi kamuwa da shi fiye da maza. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2009&quot; /&gt; Rashin barci ya fi yawa a mata fiye da maza da kashi 40%. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lamberg L |year=2007 |title=Several Sleep Disorders Reflect Gender Differences |journal=Psychiatric News |volume=42 |issue=8 |page=40 |doi=10.1176/pn.42.10.0040}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai karuwar yawan rashin barci [[Rashin barci a cikin ilimi mafi girma|a tsakanin ɗaliban jami'a]] idan aka kwatanta da yawan jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jiang XL, Zheng XY, Yang J, Ye CP, Chen YY, Zhang ZG, Xiao ZJ |date=December 2015 |title=A systematic review of studies on the prevalence of insomnia in university students |journal=Public Health |volume=129 |issue=12 |pages=1579–84 |doi=10.1016/j.puhe.2015.07.030 |pmid=26298588}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Lafiyar karkara</title>
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[[Fayil:Elders_at_health_worker_training_(5762508115).jpg|thumb|Dattawan ƙauyuka suna shiga cikin horo ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na ƙauyuka a [[Itofiya|Habasha]].]]{{Databox}}
A cikin magani, kiwon [[lafiya]] na [[Countryside|karkara]] ko kiwon lafiya ya zama binciken da aka yi na kiwon lafiya da kiwon lafiya a yankunan karkara. Ma'anar kiwon lafiya na karkara ta ƙunshi fannoni da yawa, gami da maganin hamada, [[Labarin kasa|Yanayin ƙasa]], haihuwa, [[Ungozoma|jinya]], [[Kimiyar al'umma|ilimin zamantakewa]], tattalin arziki, da Telehealth ko telemedicine

Mutanen karkara galibi suna fuskantar [[Daidaitaccen lafiya|bambancin kiwon lafiya]] da manyan shingen samun kiwon lafiya idan aka kwatanta da mutanen birane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-11-28 |title=About Rural Health {{!}} CSELS {{!}} Rural Health {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ruralhealth/about.html |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rural Health Disparities Overview - Rural Health Information Hub |url=https://www.ruralhealthinfo.org/topics/rural-health-disparities#program-models |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=www.ruralhealthinfo.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A duniya, mutanen karkara suna fuskantar karuwar nauyin cututtukan da ba za a iya yaduwa ba kamar cututtukataren zuciya, ciwon daji, ciwon sukari, da cututtukayyar huhu mai tsanani, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga mummunar sakamako na kiwon lafiya da yawan mace-mace.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tackling inequalities in public service coverage to &quot;build forward better&quot; for the rural poor |url=https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/tackling-inequalities-in-public-service-coverage-to-build-forward-better-for-the-rural-poor |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga waɗannan bambance-bambance na kiwon lafiya sun haɗa da [[Labarin kasa|Yanayin ƙasa]] mai nisa, ƙaruwar halayen haɗarin kiwon lafiya, ƙarancin yawan jama'a, raguwar inshorar kiwon lafiya tsakanin jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; Mutanen da ke zaune a yankunan karkara suma suna da karancin ilimi, ƙananan Matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, da kuma yawan barasa da shan sigari idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsu na birane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rural Health Disparities Overview - Rural Health Information Hub |url=https://www.ruralhealthinfo.org/topics/rural-health-disparities |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=www.ruralhealthinfo.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, yawan talauci ya fi girma a cikin yankunan karkara a duniya, yana ba da gudummawa ga bambancin kiwon lafiya saboda rashin iya samun abinci mai kyau, kiwon lafiya, da gidaje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Addressing health inequities among people living in rural and remote areas |url=https://www.who.int/activities/addressing-health-inequities-among-people-living-in-rural-and-remote-areas |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Economic Stability - Healthy People 2030 {{!}} health.gov |url=https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/economic-stability |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=health.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kasashe da yawa sun sanya shi fifiko don kara kudade don bincike kan lafiyar karkara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2002 |title=Rural Health in Rural Hands: Strategic Directions for Rural, Remote, Northern and Aboriginal Communities |url=http://www.srpc.ca/PDF/rural_hands.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309025506/http://www.srpc.ca/PDF/rural_hands.pdf |archive-date=2014-03-09 |website=Society of Rural Physicians Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan kokarin bincike an tsara su ne don taimakawa wajen gano bukatun kiwon lafiya na al'ummomin karkara da samar da mafita ga manufofi don tabbatar da cewa an cika waɗannan bukatun.

== Ma'anar ==
Babu ma'auni na kasa da kasa don bayyana yankunan karkara, kuma ma'aunin na iya bambanta har ma a cikin wata ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Population density and urbanization |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sconcerns/densurb/densurbmethods.htm#B |access-date=8 March 2014 |website=United Nations Statistics Division}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pong, R. W. |last2=Pitbaldo, R. J. |year=2001 |title=Don't take 'geography' for granted! Some methodological issues in measuring geographic distribution of physicians |journal=Canadian Journal of Rural Medicine |volume=6 |page=105}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hanyoyin da aka fi amfani da su sun fada cikin manyan sansanoni guda biyu: abubuwan da suka shafi yawan jama'a da abubuwan da suka danganci yanayin ƙasa. Hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su don gano yankunan karkara sun haɗa da yawan jama'a, yawan jama'ar, nesa daga cibiyar birni, alamu na sulhu, tasirin Kasuwar aiki, da lambobin gidan waya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pitblado_2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pitblado |first=JR |date=March 2005 |title=So, what do we mean by &quot;rural,&quot; &quot;remote&quot; and &quot;northern&quot;? |journal=The Canadian Journal of Nursing Research |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=163–8 |pmid=15887771}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Adadin mutanen da aka ruwaito da ke zaune a yankunan karkara na iya bambanta sosai dangane da wane ka'idoji ake amfani da su. Za'a iya gano yawan mutanen karkara na Kanada a ko'ina daga 22% zuwa 38% &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=du Plessis, V. |last2=Beshiri, R. |last3=Bollman, R. |last4=Clemenson, H. |year=2001 |title=Definitions of Rural |url=http://www.communityaccounts.ca/communityaccounts/ca_google_maps/PDF_Links/Stats_Canada_Definition_of_Rural_2006.pdf |journal=Rural and Small Town Canada Analysis Bulletin |volume=3 |access-date=2026-06-08 |archive-date=2015-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205708/http://www.communityaccounts.ca/communityaccounts/ca_google_maps/PDF_Links/Stats_Canada_Definition_of_Rural_2006.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; na yawan jama'a. A cikin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] bambancin ya fi girma; tsakanin 17% da 63% na yawan jama'a ana iya gano su suna zaune a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Rural Definitions: Data Documentation and Methods |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/Ruraldefinitions/documentation.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316125236/http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/RuralDefinitions/documentation.htm |archive-date=March 16, 2008 |access-date=January 31, 2008 |publisher=United-States Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin yarjejeniya ya sa ya zama da wahala a gano yawan mutanen da ke buƙatar sabis na kiwon lafiya na ƙauyuka.

== Rayuwa da mutuwa ==
An gano yankunan karkara a cikin Amurka suna da ƙarancin tsammanin rayuwa fiye da yankunan birane da kusan shekaru 2.4. &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; Mutanen karkara na Amurka suna cikin haɗarin mutuwa saboda cututtukan da ba sa yaduwa kamar cututtukani na zuciya, ciwon daji, cututtukatattun cututtukayyar numfashi, da bugun jini, da raunin da ba a yi niyya ba kamar haɗarin mota da wuce gona da iri idan aka kwatanta da yawan mutanen birane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;/&gt; A cikin 1999, yawan mutuwar da aka daidaita da shekaru ya kasance 7% mafi girma a yankunan karkara idan aka kwatanta da yankunan birane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; Koyaya, a shekara ta 2019 wannan bambancin ya faɗaɗa, tare da yankunan karkara da ke fuskantar kashi 20% mafi girma na mutuwa idan aka kwatanta da na birane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Akwai wasu shaidu da za su ba da shawarar cewa rata na iya fadada yayin da ake tura karin albarkatun kiwon lafiya na jama'a daga yankunan karkara zuwa yankunan birane masu yawan jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Gopal K. |last2=Siahpush |first2=Mohammad |date=February 2014 |title=Widening Rural–Urban Disparities in Life Expectancy, U.S., 1969–2009 |journal=American Journal of Preventive Medicine |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=e19–e29 |doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2013.10.017 |pmid=24439358}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana kuma lura da waɗannan abubuwan a kan sikelin duniya, kamar yadda al'ummomin karkara zasu iya samun ƙananan tsammanin rayuwa fiye da takwarorinsu na birane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bain |first=Luchuo Engelbert |last2=Adeagbo |first2=Oluwafemi Atanda |date=2022 |title=There is an urgent need for a global rural health research agenda |journal=Pan African Medical Journal |volume=43 |page=147 |doi=10.11604/pamj.2022.43.147.38189 |pmc=9922072 |pmid=36785680}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayanan da aka tattara daga kasashe 174 sun gano yawan mace-mace ya ninka sau 2.5 a yankunan karkara idan aka kwatanta da yankunan birane. Bugu da ƙari, yiwuwar cewa yaro da aka haifa a cikin ƙauyuka zai mutu kafin ya kai shekara 5 ya ninka sau 1.7 fiye da yaro da aka Haifa a cikin birni. Abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga karuwar haɗarin mutuwar uwaye da yara sun haɗa da karancin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, da kuma rashin wuraren kiwon lafiya da albarkatu a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Kwayar cutar jemagu ta Yammacin Caucasus</title>
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Kwayar cutar jemagu ta Yammacin Caucasian ('''WCBV''') memba ne na jinsin Lyssavirus, dangin ''Rhabdoviridae'' da kuma tsari Mononegavirales . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=West Caucasian bat lyssavirus |url=https://www.genome.jp/virushostdb/249584 |access-date=2019-03-09 |website=www.genome.jp}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ware wannan kwayar cutar daga ''''Miniopterus'' schreibersii,'' a yammacin tsaunukan Caucasus na kudu maso gabashin Turai a shekara ta 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kuzmin |first=Ivan V. |last2=Niezgoda |first2=Michael |last3=Franka |first3=Richard |last4=Agwanda |first4=Bernard |last5=Markotter |first5=Wanda |last6=Beagley |first6=Janet C. |last7=Urazova |first7=Olga Yu |last8=Breiman |first8=Robert F. |last9=Rupprecht |first9=Charles E. |date=December 2008 |title=Possible Emergence of West Caucasian Bat Virus in Africa |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=1887–1889 |doi=10.3201/eid1412.080750 |issn=1080-6040 |pmc=2634633 |pmid=19046512}}&lt;/ref&gt; WCBV shine mafi yawan nau'ikan Lyssavirus, kuma ana samunsa a cikin jemagu na Miniopterus (mai cin kwari), ''Rousettus aegyptiacus'', da ''Eidolon helvum''. Biyu na ƙarshe duka jemagu ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Kwayar cutar tana da rauni saboda za a iya kashe ta da hasken UV da sunadarai, kamar su ether, chloroform, da bleach.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rupprecht |first=Charles |last2=Kuzmin |first2=Ivan |last3=Meslin |first3=Francois |date=2017-02-23 |title=Lyssaviruses and rabies: current conundrums, concerns, contradictions and controversies |journal=F1000Research |volume=6 |pages=184 |doi=10.12688/f1000research.10416.1 |issn=2046-1402 |pmc=5325067 |pmid=28299201 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba a san WCBV da kamuwa da mutane ba har zuwa yanzu.

== Rarraba ==
Ana iya raba jinsin lyssavirus zuwa ƙungiyoyi huɗu bisa ga tsarin DNA. Phylogroup I ya haɗa da ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar kwayar cutar Rabies, Kwayar cutar Duvenhage, kwayar cuta ta Turai ta 1 da 2, Kwayar cutar Lyssavirus ta Australiya, kwayar halitta ta Khujand, kwayar halittar Bokeloh, kwayar jikin Irkut, da kwayar cutar Aravan. Phylogroup II ya ƙunshi kwayar cutar jemagu ta Legas, kwayar cutar Mokola, da kwayar cutar Shimoni. Yammacin Caucasian bat lyssavirus shine kawai kwayar cutar da ke cikin ɓangaren phylogroup III. Ikoma lyssavirus da Lleida bat lyssavirus misalai ne a cikin phylogroup IV. An rarraba kwayar cutar jemagu ta Yammacin Caucasian a cikin ƙungiyarsa saboda ita ce mafi yawan kwayar cutar lyssa da aka gano.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gould |first=Allan R. |last2=Kattenbelt |first2=Jacqueline A. |last3=Gumley |first3=Sarah G. |last4=Lunt |first4=Ross A. |date=October 2002 |title=Characterisation of an Australian bat lyssavirus variant isolated from an insectivorous bat |journal=Virus Research |volume=89 |issue=1 |pages=1–28 |doi=10.1016/S0168-1702(02)00056-4 |pmid=12367747}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
[[Fayil:178-EbolaVirusProteins_EbolaProteins.png|thumb|202x202px|Wannan hoton yana nuna misali na tsarin mummunan ma'anar kwayar cutar RNA guda ɗaya tare da glycoprotein.]]
An samo ƙwayoyin cuta na rabies a cikin jemagu tun 1954 a Jamus. Koyaya, har sai wani ma'aikacin jemagu a Finland ya mutu sakamakon cutar rabies a 1985, an lura da ƙananan lokuta. Ƙarin sa ido da takardu a cikin 1986 da 1987 sun bayyana ƙarin shari'o'i da yawa. Wadannan nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta galibi sun kunshi kwayar cutar Lyssavirus ta Turai nau'in 1 (EBLV-1) da kwayar cutar lyssavirus ta Yuropa nau'in 2 (EBLV-2). Daga 1977 zuwa 2011, an bayar da rahoton kamuwa da cutar rabies 961 a Turai. Kashi 91% sun kasance EBLV-1. Sauran wadanda suka kamu da cutar an yi zargin EBLV-2 kuma an tabbatar da su duka sai 3 . Wadannan shari'o'in 3 da ba a tabbatar da su ba sun haifar da gano kwayar cutar jemagu ta Yammacin Caucasian a kudu maso yammacin Rasha a 2002 da kuma kwayar cutar Bokeloh a Jamus a 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=ProMED-mail post |url=http://www.promedmail.org/direct.php?id=20151014.3716306 |access-date=2019-03-09 |website=www.promedmail.org }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin kwayar cuta ==
Kwayar cutar jemagu ta Yammacin Caucasian Kwayar cutar RNA ce mai kama da harsashi. WCBL ya ƙunshi nucleocapsid na ciki da kuma ambulaf mai laushi wanda aka samo daga tantanin halitta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; Kwayar cutar ta ƙunshi ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa waɗanda ke fitowa daga membrane don taimakawa a cikin haɗin membrane. Bugu da kari, WCBL, tare da sauran lyssaviruses, suna da Glycoprotein wanda ke da mahimmanci wajen shiga cikin kwayar cuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Kwayar cutar ==
[[Fayil:West_Caucasian_Bat_Lyssavirus_Genome.png|thumb|365x365px|Wannan hoto ne na kwayar cutar jemagu ta Yammacin Caucasian, wanda ya ƙunshi manyan kwayoyin halitta guda biyar: N, P, M, G, da L.]]
WCBL ya ƙunshi kwayar halitta mai layin layi wanda ke da nau'i-nau'i 12,278 a tsawon kuma ya ƙunshi manyan kwayoyin halitta guda biyar, waɗanda aka nuna N, P, G, da L. Gene N yana ƙayyade don nucleoprotein, P yana ƙayyaden don phosphoprotein, M yana ƙayyades don sunadarai na matrix, G yana ƙayyaye don glycoprotein, kuma L yana ƙayyukan don polymerase.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR) - Rhabdoviridae - Lyssavirus West Caucasian bat lyssavirus Strain UNKNOWN-NC_025377 |url=https://www.viprbrc.org/brc/viprStrainDetails.spg?ncbiAccession=NC_025377&amp;decorator=rhabdo |access-date=2019-03-09 |website=www.viprbrc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; WCBV dole ne ya tsara don RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) a cikin kwayar halitta don kwayar cutar ta sakewa da kira ya faru saboda kwayar cutar RNA ce mara kyau. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran lyssaviruses, WCBV yana da gajeren yankin trailer na 57 nucleotides (kamar yadda ya saba da 69-70), amma yankin da ba shi da lambar musamman a cikin kwayar halitta ta glycoprotein a 697 nucleotides.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kuzmin |first=Ivan V. |last2=Wu |first2=Xianfu |last3=Tordo |first3=Noel |last4=Rupprecht |first4=Charles E. |date=September 2008 |title=Complete genomes of Aravan, Khujand, Irkut and West Caucasian bat viruses, with special attention to the polymerase gene and non-coding regions |journal=Virus Research |volume=136 |issue=1–2 |pages=81–90 |doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2008.04.021 |issn=0168-1702 |pmid=18514350}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan bambance-bambance sun haifar da rarraba shi cikin ƙungiyarsa. Kwayar cutar jemagu ta Yammacin Caucasian kuma tana dauke da tsarin karatu a cikin kwayar halitta ta G wanda ya haifar da masu bincike suyi imani da cewa an rubuta wasu sassan glycoprotein da kansu. Koyaya, rashin siginar farawa ta fassarar kusa da tsarin karatu na ciki tun lokacin da aka tabbatar da cewa ba a rubuta glycoprotein a sassa daban-daban ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== Tsarin sakewa da hulɗa tare da mai masaukin ==
Ba a yi nazarin sake zagayowar WCBV ba; duk da haka, an ce yana da kama da na lyssavirus gaba ɗaya, don haka bayanin da aka jera a ƙasa game da jinsin gaba ɗaya.

=== Shigarwa cikin tantanin halitta ===
Don lyssaviruses su shiga cikin tantanin halitta, kwayar cutar dole ne ta haɗe da mai karɓar tantanin halitta. Wannan tsari yana sauƙaƙe ta hanyar glycoprotein na kwayar cuta. Masu bincike har yanzu ba su san takamaiman mai karɓar WCBV da ake amfani da shi don samun shiga cikin tantanin halitta ba. Bayan kunnawa mai karɓa, ana haifar da endocytosis mai tsaka-tsaki na clathrin wanda tantanin halitta ke shan abubuwan da ke cikin kwayar cutar, gami da sunadarai. Bayan haka, kwayar cutar ta haɗu da membrane na vesicle, tana ba da damar kwayar cutar nucleocapsid ta shiga cikin cytoplasm na tantanin halitta.[1] Phosphoprotein na WCBV na iya haɗewa da cytoplasmic dynein LC8 don sufuri zuwa tsakiya don kwayar cuta.[2]

=== Replication da transcription ===
Na gaba, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) yana ɗaure zuwa ga kwayar halittar RNA kuma yana fassara kwayoyin halitta guda biyar. A wasu kalmomi, ana kwafin DNA a cikin sabon sashi na mRNA wanda zai sace kayan aikin fassarar tantanin halitta don hada sunadarai. An rufe mRNA na kwayar cuta kuma polyadenylated, wanda shine haɗewar igiya na adenine nucleotides zuwa ƙarshen 3&quot; na furotin. Adenylation yana ƙara rabin rayuwar furotin don daidaita aikin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Institute for International Cooperation in Animal Biologics |last2=The Center for Food Security &amp; Public Health |date=2004–2012 |title=Rabies and Rabies-Related Lyssaviruses |url=http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/rabies.pdf |access-date=2019-03-12 |website=CSFPH}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lafiyar LGBTQ</title>
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A fannin kiwon lafiya, mutanen [[Maɗigo|'yan madigo]], 'yan luwadi, masu bisexual, masu transgender, da kuma 'yan queer ( [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBQ]] ) suna fuskantar ƙalubale da wahalhalu na musamman waɗanda ke sa samun damar kiwon lafiya ya zama ƙasa da adalci. A cewar Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta 'Yan Luwadi da 'Yan Madigo [[Tarayyar Amurka|ta Amurka]] (GLMA), wasu daga cikin batutuwan da suka fi shafar '''lafiyar LGBTQ''' sune HIV / [[Kanjamau|AIDS]], ciwon daji [[Sankaran Nono|na nono]] da [[Ciwon daji na mahaifa|mahaifa]], [[Ciwon Hanta|ciwon hanta]], lafiyar kwakwalwa, matsalolin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, shan barasa, shan taba, [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki]], samun kulawar mutanen da suka canza jinsi, batutuwan da suka shafi [[Aure na jinsi ɗaya|aure]] da gane iyali, [[Magani na juyawa|maganin juyowa]], dokokin ƙin yarda, da kuma dokokin da aka yi niyya don &quot;yi wa ƙwararrun kula da lafiya rigakafi daga ɗaukar alhakin nuna wariya ga mutanen da ba su amince da su ba.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;About GLMA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About GLMA |url=http://www.glma.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=Page.viewPage&amp;pageId=532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119215650/http://www.glma.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=Page.ViewPage |archive-date=2020-11-19 |access-date=2008-12-28 |publisher=Gay and Lesbian Medical Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan munanan ra'ayoyin zamantakewa da matsin lamba da kafofin watsa labarai ke gabatarwa suna da alaƙa da ƙaruwar mummunan hoton jiki da raguwar darajar kai, wanda zai iya haɗuwa da haɓakar matsalolin cin abinci da kuma tasirin kiba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Body Image |url=https://login.lmunet.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=OVIC&amp;u=tel_a_lmu&amp;id=GALE%7CPC3010999221&amp;v=2.1&amp;it=r&amp;sid=bookmark-OVIC&amp;asid=cd0964ec |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=login.lmunet.idm.oclc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mutanen LGBTQ na iya fuskantar cikas ga samun kulawar lafiya bisa ga yanayin jima'i da/ko [[asalin jinsi]] ko bayyanarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Elk 2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 2021 |editor-last=Ramalingam |editor-first=Suresh S. |title=The intersection of racism, discrimination, bias, and homophobia toward African American sexual minority patients with cancer within the health care system |journal=[[Cancer (journal)|Cancer]] |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] on behalf of the [[American Cancer Society]] |volume=127 |issue=19 |pages=3500–3504 |doi=10.1002/cncr.33627 |lccn=50001289 |oclc=01553275 |pmid=34287834 |s2cid=236158145 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutane da yawa suna gujewa ko samun kulawa mara kyau saboda ƙin jinin 'yan luwaɗi, ƙin jinin transsexual, ko wariya daga masu samar da kiwon lafiya da cibiyoyi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Elk 2021&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Guidelines&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Guidelines for care of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender patients |url=http://ce54.citysoft.com/_data/n_0001/resources/live/GLMA%20guidelines%202006%20FINAL.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060826192204/http://ce54.citysoft.com/_data/n_0001/resources/live/GLMA%20guidelines%202006%20FINAL.pdf |archive-date=August 26, 2006 |access-date=2008-12-28 |publisher=Gay and Lesbian Medical Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wata ma'anar, abubuwan da suka faru na rashin kyau na mutum, ko tsoron fuskantar wariya na iya hana waɗannan mutane samun kulawa. 

== Matsalolin lafiya na gabaɗaya da ke shafar mutanen LGBTQ ==
A cewar Kwamitin Kula da Matsalolin Lafiya na 'Yan Madigo, 'Yan Luwadi, Masu Juna Biyu da Masu Canza Sheka da Damar Bincike, akwai matsaloli da dama wajen gudanar da binciken lafiya kan al'ummar LGBTQ. Waɗannan ƙalubalen sun haɗa da sarkakiyar bayyana yanayin jima'i da rashin bin ƙa'ida ga jinsi, da kuma jinkirin amsa tambayoyi game da waɗannan batutuwa. Sauran ƙalubalen da aka fuskanta sun haɗa da ƙalubalen dabaru da na kuɗi na ɗaukar isassun samfura don yin nazari mai ma'ana, idan aka yi la'akari da wahalar ƙaramin adadin mutanen LGBTQ a tsakanin al'umma gabaɗaya. 

Sau da yawa ana haɗa 'yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, masu bisexual, da kuma masu canza jinsi a cikin bincike da tattaunawa. Wannan na iya zama matsala saboda kowannensu ƙungiyoyi ne daban-daban waɗanda ba su haɗa dukkan waɗanda ba 'yan madigo ba ko kuma waɗanda ba su dace da jinsi ba.  A wasu nazarin, an haɗa mutanen 'yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, masu bisexual, da masu biquer a ƙarƙashin lakabin &quot;ba 'yan madigo ba&quot;, yayin da a cikin binciken HIV, mahalarta za a iya haɗa su wuri ɗaya a cikin rukunoni waɗanda suka haɗa da asali daban-daban. &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Yawancin bincike sun fi mai da hankali kan mata 'yan madigo da maza 'yan madigo, tare da ƙarancin kulawa ga mutanen bisexual, masu transgender, masu intersex, masu asexual, da sauran mutanen queer, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin matakan wariya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Waɗannan bambance-bambancen a cikin bincike da ra'ayoyin LGBTQ a matsayin monolith yana share keɓancewar kowane asali.

Wani bita da aka yi a Arewacin Amurka ya gano cewa mutanen LGBTQ galibi suna ba da rahoton rashin lafiyar da suka fi dacewa da kansu, ƙarin alamun lafiyar jiki, da kuma ƙaruwar wasu yanayi na lafiya, ciki har da ciwon suga, asma da hawan jini, idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da maza da mata. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bränström |first=Richard |last2=Hatzenbuehler |first2=Mark L. |last3=Pachankis |first3=John E. |date=February 2016 |title=Sexual orientation disparities in physical health: age and gender effects in a population-based study |journal=Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology |language=en |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=289–301 |doi=10.1007/s00127-015-1116-0 |issn=0933-7954 |pmc=4747986 |pmid=26298574}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan bambance-bambancen sun fi bayyana a tsakanin matasa da matasa, tare da ƙananan bambance-bambance tsakanin tsofaffin ƙungiyoyi. An gano cewa abubuwan da suka shafi lafiyar jiki da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi wariya, cin zarafi, da tashin hankali tsakanin tsirarun jinsi suna taimakawa wajen haifar da waɗannan bambance-bambancen a lafiyar jiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Lafiyar kwakwalwa ta fi muni a tsakanin mutanen LGBTQ fiye da na sauran jama'a, inda baƙin ciki, damuwa, cutar da kai, da kuma tunanin kashe kai suka fi yawa fiye da na sauran jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=A. Jess |last2=Jones |first2=Christopher |last3=Arcelus |first3=Jon |last4=Townsend |first4=Ellen |last5=Lazaridou |first5=Aikaterini |last6=Michail |first6=Maria |date=2021 |title=A systematic review and meta-analysis of victimisation and mental health prevalence among LGBTQ+ young people with experiences of self-harm and suicide |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1645268W |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0245268 |pmc=7822285 |pmid=33481862 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya samo asali ne daga wariya ta zamantakewa, son zuciya, da kuma wariya da suke fuskanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shaikh |first=Aman |last2=Kamble |first2=Prafull |last3=Daulatabad |first3=Vandana |last4=Singhal |first4=Anish |last5=Madhusudhan |first5=U. |last6=John |first6=Nitin Ashok |date=September 2024 |title=Mental health challenges within the LGBTQ community: A societal imperative |journal=Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care |language=en-US |volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=3529–3535 |doi=10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_321_24 |issn=2249-4863 |pmc=11504819 |pmid=39464965 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kimanin kashi 30 cikin 100 na dukkan kashe kai da aka kammala an danganta su da rikicin asalin jima'i. Daliban da suka faɗa cikin ƙungiyoyin asali na 'yan luwaɗi, masu bisexual, 'yan madigo ko masu jinsi daban-daban sun ba da rahoton cewa sun fi fuskantar yiwuwar rashin zuwa makaranta sau biyar saboda suna jin rashin tsaro bayan an zalunce su saboda yanayin jima'insu.  Waɗannan bambance-bambancen lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma suna bayyana a cikin matasan LGBTQ+, inda kashi 65% na matasan LGBQ da kashi 46% na matasan [https://www.abct.org/fact-sheets/transgender-and-gender-nonconforming-youth/ TGNC] suka ruwaito suna cutar da kansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Bincike ya nuna cewa akwai wasu shinge da ke raba marasa lafiya da ƙwararrun LGBTQ da kwararrun likitoci, wanda wataƙila ya faru ne saboda ƙiyayya ga 'yan luwaɗi, zato game da rashin jituwa tsakanin maza da mata, da kuma rashin ilimi game da mutanen LGBTQ da buƙatunsu. An kuma gano cewa akwai shinge a cikin cibiyoyi a matsayin illa ga kiwon lafiya na LGBTQ, gami da batutuwa kamar isar da sako mara dacewa, rashin sirrin marasa lafiya, dakatar da kulawa, rashin takamaiman kiwon lafiya na LGBTQ, da kuma rashin horon ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da ya dace da jima'i.  &lt;ref name=&quot;UCL&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=King |first=Michael B |last2=Semlyen |first2=Joanna |last3=See Tai |first3=Sharon |last4=Killaspy |first4=Helen |last5=Osborn |first5=David |last6=Popelyuk |first6=Dmitri |last7=Nazareth |first7=Irwin |date=September 2008 |title=Mental disorders, suicide, and deliberate self harm in lesbian, gay and bisexual people: a systematic review of the literature |journal=BMC Psychiatry |publisher=Department of Mental Health Sciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=70 |doi=10.1186/1471-244X-8-70 |pmc=2533652 |pmid=18706118 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bincike ya nuna matsalolin da aka fuskanta tun suna ƙanana, kamar 'yan tsiraru masu jinsi da jinsi da ake kai wa hari, cin zarafi, da [[wariya]], a matsayin abubuwan da ke taimakawa sosai ga baƙin ciki, [[Kisan kai|kashe kai]] da sauran matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa a lokacin balaga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Warner |first=James |last2=Mckeown |first2=Éamonn |last3=Griffin |first3=Mark |last4=Johnson |first4=Katherine |last5=Ramsay |first5=Angus |last6=Cort |first6=Clive |last7=King |first7=Michael |date=December 2004 |title=Rates and predictors of mental illness in gay men, lesbians and bisexual men and women: Results from a survey based in England and Wales |journal=British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=185 |issue=6 |pages=479–485 |doi=10.1192/bjp.185.6.479 |pmid=15572738 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;RIVERS1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rivers |first=I |year=2001 |title=The bullying of sexual minorities at school: Its nature and long-term correlates. |journal=Educational and Child Psychology |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=32–46 |doi=10.53841/bpsecp.2001.18.1.32 |s2cid=164869191}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;RIVERS2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rivers |first=I |year=2004 |title=Recollections of Bullying at School and Their Long-Term Implications for Lesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals |journal=Crisis |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=169–175 |doi=10.1027/0227-5910.25.4.169 |pmid=15580852 |s2cid=32996444}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken zamantakewa ya nuna cewa mutanen LGBTQ suna fuskantar ayyukan wariya wajen samun kulawar lafiya.  &lt;ref name=&quot;WILT2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wilton |first=Tamsin |year=1999 |title=Towards an understanding of the cultural roots of homophobia in order to provide a better midwifery service for lesbian clients |journal=Midwifery |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=154–164 |doi=10.1016/s0266-6138(99)90060-8 |pmid=10776240}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;WILT3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wilton |first=T. |last2=Kaufmann |first2=T. |year=2001 |title=Lesbian mothers' experiences of maternity care in the UK |journal=Midwifery |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=203–211 |doi=10.1054/midw.2001.0261 |pmid=11502140}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hanya ɗaya da mutanen LGBTQ suka yi ƙoƙarin magance matsalolin kiwon lafiya masu wariya ita ce ta hanyar neman masu ba da kiwon lafiya masu &quot;sauƙi&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hudak |first=Nicole |last2=Bates |first2=Benjamin R. |date=3 July 2019 |title=In Pursuit of 'queer-friendly' Healthcare: An Interview Study of How Queer Individuals Select Care Providers |journal=Health Communication |volume=34 |issue=8 |pages=818–824 |doi=10.1080/10410236.2018.1437525 |pmid=29482359 |s2cid=3584158}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dalilan da ke haifar da rashin daidaiton lafiya tsakanin LGBTQ ===
Bincike ya bayyana cewa bambancin kiwon lafiya a tsakanin mutanen LGBTQ yana iya faruwa ne saboda damuwa ta tsiraru . &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Akanksha |last2=Dandona |first2=Anu |last3=Sharma |first3=Vibha |last4=Zaidi |first4=S. Z. H. |date=January 2023 |title=Minority Stress in Emotion Suppression and Mental Distress Among Sexual and Gender Minorities: A Systematic Review |journal=Annals of Neurosciences |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=54–69 |doi=10.1177/09727531221120356 |issn=0972-7531 |pmc=10259152 |pmid=37313338}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hughes |first=Tonda L. |last2=Bochicchio |first2=Lauren |last3=Drabble |first3=Laurie |last4=Muntinga |first4=Maaike |last5=Jukema |first5=Jan S. |last6=Veldhuis |first6=Cindy B. |last7=Bruck |first7=Sunčica |last8=Bos |first8=Henny |date=2023-12-18 |title=Health disparities in one of the world's most progressive countries: a scoping review of mental health and substance use among sexual and gender minority people in the Netherlands |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=23 |issue=1 |page=2533 |doi=10.1186/s12889-023-17466-x |issn=1471-2458 |pmc=10729573 |pmid=38110908 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Layland |first=Eric K |last2=Carter |first2=Joseph A |last3=Perry |first3=Nicholas S |last4=Cienfuegos-Szalay |first4=Jorge |last5=Nelson |first5=Kimberly M |last6=Bonner |first6=Courtney Peasant |last7=Rendina |first7=H Jonathon |date=2020-10-12 |title=A systematic review of stigma in sexual and gender minority health interventions |journal=Translational Behavioral Medicine |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=1200–1210 |doi=10.1093/tbm/ibz200 |issn=1869-6716 |pmc=7549413 |pmid=33044540}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'Yan tsiraru suna nufin nauyin fuskantar munanan halaye na al'umma da martanin da suka shafi jinsi da asalin mutum. Ya haɗa da damuwa da ke tattare da wariya ta zamantakewa da kyama, wanda ke haifar da mummunan tasirin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Ka'idar damuwa ta tsiraru ta bayyana yadda abubuwan da suka faru na cin zarafi da suka shafi jinsi da rashin bin ka'ida ta jima'i ke taimakawa ga matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da ta kwakwalwa tsakanin mutanen LGBT. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt; Wannan damuwa ta samo asali ne daga mu'amalar zamantakewa mara kyau kuma, idan ta daɗe, tana iya yin tasiri sosai ga lafiyar kwakwalwa, wanda ke haifar da halaye kamar shan muggan kwayoyi, tunanin kashe kai, rashin sadarwa mai kyau, da ayyukan da ba a yi niyya ba. Bincike ya nuna sakamako mara kyau daban-daban na lafiyar kwakwalwa da ke da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka faru na damuwa ta tsiraru. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; 'Abin da Muka Sani' ya yi bitar dubban nazarin da aka yi wa takwarorinsa kuma ya gano alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin wariya da cutarwa ga lafiyar mutanen LGBT. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What does the scholarly research say about the effects of discrimination on the health of LGBT people? |url=https://whatweknow.inequality.cornell.edu/topics/lgbt-equality/what-does-scholarly-research-say-about-the-effects-of-discrimination-on-the-health-of-lgbt-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604154442/https://whatweknow.inequality.cornell.edu/topics/lgbt-equality/what-does-scholarly-research-say-about-the-effects-of-discrimination-on-the-health-of-lgbt-people/ |archive-date=2021-06-04 |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=What We Know |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken ya nuna cewa kasancewar wariya, kyama, da kuma nuna wariya yana haifar da yanayi na zamantakewa mai cike da ƙiyayya wanda ke ƙara haɗarin rashin lafiyar hankali da ta jiki, har ma ga waɗanda ba a fallasa su kai tsaye ga wariyar ba.

Wani bincike mai zurfi kan hanyoyin samun damar kula da lafiya ga mutanen LGBTQ ya gano cewa sau da yawa suna fama da rashin sadarwa da masu samar da kiwon lafiya saboda tsoron zato da kuma kunya game da yanayin jima'i. Wannan, tare da ƙin jinin 'yan luwaɗi a fannin kiwon lafiya, yana haifar da wariya da wariya, yana rage halartarsu da shiga cikin kula da jiki da shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya na rigakafi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;/&gt;

A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, ƙungiyar LGBTQ a Amurka da ma duniya baki ɗaya ta ba da gudummawa ga ƙaruwar fahimtar jama'a da karɓuwa ga al'umma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-25 |title=Views of Homosexuality Around the World |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105248/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |archive-date=2022-07-01 |access-date=2020-11-13 |website=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Public Attitudes toward Homosexuality and Gay Rights across Time and Countries |url=https://www.norc.org/PDFs/PubAttExecSumm.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rahotanni daga Cibiyar Magunguna, Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Ƙasa ta Amurka da sauran ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun yi kira da a magance gibin da ke cikin horo da ilimi ga ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na LGBT.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health {{!}} Healthy People 2020 |url=https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender-health?topicid=25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114003737/https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender-health?topicid=25 |archive-date=2020-11-14 |access-date=2020-11-13 |website=www.healthypeople.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken da ake yi a yanzu ya nuna cewa mutanen LGBT suna fuskantar rashin daidaito idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsu na maza da mata da kuma na mata dangane da samun damar zuwa wuraren kiwon lafiya, halaye, da sakamakon magani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hswen |first=Yulin |last2=Sewalk |first2=Kara C. |last3=Alsentzer |first3=Emily |last4=Tuli |first4=Gaurav |last5=Brownstein |first5=John S. |last6=Hawkins |first6=Jared B. |date=October 2018 |title=Investigating inequities in hospital care among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals using social media |journal=Social Science &amp; Medicine |volume=215 |pages=92–97 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.08.031 |pmid=30219749 |s2cid=52308985}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bonvicini |first=Kathleen A. |date=December 2017 |title=LGBT healthcare disparities: What progress have we made? |journal=Patient Education and Counseling |volume=100 |issue=12 |pages=2357–2361 |doi=10.1016/j.pec.2017.06.003 |pmid=28623053}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aleshire |first=Mollie E. |last2=Ashford |first2=Kristin |last3=Fallin-Bennett |first3=Amanda |last4=Hatcher |first4=Jennifer |date=March 2019 |title=Primary Care Providers' Attitudes Related to LGBTQ People: A Narrative Literature Review |journal=Health Promotion Practice |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=173–187 |doi=10.1177/1524839918778835 |pmid=29947564 |s2cid=206741186}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sau da yawa ana nuna cewa dalilin hakan shine rashin jituwa tsakanin jinsi daban-daban a fannin kula da lafiya da bincike.  
{{Blockquote|&quot;Heterosexism can be purposeful (decreased funding or support of research projects that focus on sexual orientation) or unconscious (demographic questions on intake forms that ask the respondent to rate herself or himself as married, divorced, or single). These forms of discrimination limit medical research and negatively impact the health care of LGB individuals. This disparity is particularly extreme for lesbians (compared to homosexual men) because they have a double minority status, and experience oppression for being both female and homosexual.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Lesbian perinatal depression and the heterosexism that affects knowledge about this minority population |author=S. Trettin |author2=E. L. Moses-Kolko |author3=K. L. Wisner |url=https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/lesbian-perinatal-depression-and-the-heterosexism-that-affects-kn |journal=Archives of Women's Mental Health |date=March 2006 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=67–73 |doi=10.1007/s00737-005-0106-8 |pmid=16172835 |s2cid=9552331 |access-date=April 26, 2021 |archive-date=April 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426235133/https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/lesbian-perinatal-depression-and-the-heterosexism-that-affects-kn |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

=== Cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da tallafin zamantakewa na LGBTQ ===
Sakamakon lafiyar LGBTQ+ yana da tasiri sosai ta hanyar hanyoyin tallafawa zamantakewa, takwarorinsu, da iyali. Misali ɗaya na hanyar sadarwa ta tallafi da ake da ita yanzu ga wasu matasan LGBTQ+ sun haɗa da Gay-Straight Alliances (GSAs), waɗanda ƙungiyoyi ne da ke aiki don inganta yanayin matasa LGBTQ+ a makarantu da kuma ilmantar da ɗalibai da ma'aikata game da matsalolin da al'ummar LGBTQ+ ke fuskanta. Bincike ya nuna cewa ɗaliban da ke zuwa makarantu tare da GSAs suna da sakamako mafi kyau ga lafiyar gaba ɗaya, musamman lafiyar kwakwalwa, ga matasan LGBTQ+. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Heck |first=Nicholas C. |last2=Flentje |first2=Annesa |last3=Cochran |first3=Bryan N. |date=August 2013 |title=Offsetting risks: High school gay-straight alliances and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth. |journal=Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity |volume=1 |issue=S |pages=81–90 |doi=10.1037/2329-0382.1.s.81}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken ya kuma nuna cewa ɗaliban LGBTQ+ waɗanda ke da damar shiga GSA suna jin daɗin kasancewa tare da su. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Heck |first=Nicholas C. |last2=Flentje |first2=Annesa |last3=Cochran |first3=Bryan N. |date=August 2013 |title=Offsetting risks: High school gay-straight alliances and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth. |url=https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/2329-0382.1.S.81 |journal=Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity |language=en |volume=1 |issue=S |pages=81–90 |doi=10.1037/2329-0382.1.S.81 |issn=2329-0390 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hanyoyin lafiyar kwakwalwa na matasan LGBTQ+ suna da alaƙa sosai da hanyoyin sadarwar iyali da zamantakewa da suke da su. Kin amincewa da iyali sakamakon wani matashin LGBTQ+ da ya fito yana da yuwuwar haifar da mummunan sakamako ga lafiya. A gaskiya ma, matasan LGBTQ+ da suka fuskanci kin amincewa da iyali sun fi saurin yunƙurin kashe kansu, sau 5.9 sun fi fuskantar ƙarin damuwa, kuma sau 3.4 sun fi fuskantar haɗarin shan miyagun ƙwayoyi fiye da matasan LGBTQ+ waɗanda 'yan uwa suka karɓe su. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ryan |first=Caitlin |last2=Huebner |first2=David |last3=Diaz |first3=Rafael M. |last4=Sanchez |first4=Jorge |date=1 January 2009 |title=Family Rejection as a Predictor of Negative Health Outcomes in White and Latino Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Young Adults |journal=Pediatrics |volume=123 |issue=1 |pages=346–352 |doi=10.1542/peds.2007-3524 |pmid=19117902 |s2cid=33361972}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kin amincewa da iyali wani lokacin yana sa matasa su gudu daga gida ko kuma a kore su daga gidajensu, wanda ke da alaƙa da yawan rashin matsuguni da matasan LGBTQ+ ke fuskanta. A gefe guda kuma, rashin matsuguni yana da alaƙa da wasu sakamako marasa kyau na lafiya waɗanda wani lokacin ke faruwa ne sakamakon ƙaruwar shigar matasan LGBTQ+ marasa matsuguni cikin [[karuwanci]] da [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7334079/#:~:text=Survival%20sex%20trading%20(SST)%20has,1999%3B%20Whyte%2C%202006). jima'i] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Saewyc |first=Elizabeth M. |date=March 2011 |title=Research on Adolescent Sexual Orientation: Development, Health Disparities, Stigma, and Resilience |journal=Journal of Research on Adolescence |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=256–272 |doi=10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00727.x |pmc=4835230 |pmid=27099454}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bincike na tsawon lokaci da aka yi kan matasa 248 a cikin shekaru 5.5 ya gano cewa matasan LGBTQ+ waɗanda ke da ƙarfin goyon bayan iyali da takwarorinsu suna fuskantar ƙarancin damuwa a kowane lokaci idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ke da ƙarancin goyon bayan iyali da takwarorinsu. A tsawon lokaci, damuwar tunanin da matasan LGBTQ+ ke fuskanta ta ragu, ba tare da la'akari da adadin goyon bayan iyali da takwarorinsu da suka samu a lokacin samartaka ba. Duk da haka, raguwar damuwa ta fi girma ga matasa waɗanda ke da ƙarancin goyon bayan takwarorinsu da iyalansu fiye da waɗanda ke da babban tallafi. A shekaru 17, waɗanda ba su da tallafin iyali amma suna da babban goyon bayan takwarorinsu sun nuna mafi girman matakan damuwa, amma wannan matakin damuwa ya ragu zuwa kusan matakin da waɗanda ke ba da rahoton babban tallafi a cikin 'yan shekaru. Waɗannan matasan LGBTQ+ waɗanda ba su da tallafin iyali amma tare da babban goyon baya daga takwarorinsu sun ba da rahoton ƙaruwar tallafin iyali tsawon shekaru duk da cewa sun ba da rahoton mafi ƙarancin tallafin iyali a lokacin da suka kai shekaru 17. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McConnell |first=Elizabeth A. |last2=Birkett |first2=Michelle |last3=Mustanski |first3=Brian |date=December 2016 |title=Families Matter: Social Support and Mental Health Trajectories Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth |journal=Journal of Adolescent Health |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=674–680 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.07.026 |pmc=5217458 |pmid=27707515}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hakazalika, wani bincike da aka yi kan matasa 232 'yan LGBTQ+ tsakanin shekaru 16-20 ya gano cewa waɗanda ke da ƙarancin goyon bayan iyali da zamantakewa sun ba da rahoton yawan rashin bege, kaɗaici, baƙin ciki, damuwa, son zuciya, [[Kisan kai|kashe kai]], tsananin duniya, da alamun [[Babban rashin damuwa|babban rashin jin daɗi]] (MDD) fiye da waɗanda suka sami tallafi mai ƙarfi na iyali da wanda ba na iyali ba. Akasin haka, waɗanda suka sami tallafin da ba na iyali ba kawai sun ba da rahoton mummunan sakamako ga duk sakamakon lafiya da aka auna sai dai damuwa da rashin bege, wanda babu wani bambanci a cikinsu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McConnell |first=Elizabeth A. |last2=Birkett |first2=Michelle A. |last3=Mustanski |first3=Brian |date=March 2015 |title=Typologies of Social Support and Associations with Mental Health Outcomes Among LGBT Youth |journal=LGBT Health |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=55–61 |doi=10.1089/lgbt.2014.0051 |pmc=4855776 |pmid=26790019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu bincike sun gano cewa rashin sakamako mafi muni ga lafiyar kwakwalwa ga mutanen da ke da luwaɗi da 'yan madigo, wanda a wani mataki za a iya danganta shi da rashin karɓuwa da kuma tabbatar da wannan al'umma a ciki da wajen al'ummar LGBTQ. Waɗanda suka gane kansu a matsayin masu luwaɗi galibi suna ba da rahoton jin kamar matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwansu za a iya gano su ne ta hanyar wariya da ƙin yarda da juna da ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da asalinsu na masu luwaɗi. &lt;ref name=&quot;ler&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ross |first=Lori E. |last2=Dobinson |first2=Cheryl |last3=Eady |first3=Allison |date=March 2010 |title=Perceived Determinants of Mental Health for Bisexual People: A Qualitative Examination |journal=American Journal of Public Health |language=en |volume=100 |issue=3 |pages=496–502 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2008.156307 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=2820049 |pmid=20075326}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutane da yawa suna ba da rahoton jin kamar don a gan su a matsayin masu inganci a cikin al'ummomin LGBTQ ko kuma a gane asalinsu ta hanyar masu luwaɗi, dole ne su yi aiki da son rai ɗaya kawai, ko kuma sha'awar jinsi ɗaya kawai. &lt;ref name=&quot;ler&quot; /&gt; Wannan ra'ayi za a iya danganta shi da gogewar maza da mata, ko kuma sanya wa mutanen da ke da luwaɗi lakabi da waɗanda ke da abubuwan da ba su dace ba na LGBT, wanda hakan ke sa su ji kamar ba a gani. &lt;ref name=&quot;hs&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stewart |first=Heather |date=December 2021 |title=We're Here, We're ... Queer? On the Enduring Harms of Bisexual Erasure |journal=Dialogue |language=en |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=423–433 |doi=10.1017/S0012217321000287 |issn=0012-2173 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan gogewar na iya bayyana a cikin nau'in ƙananan zalunci, ko maganganu ko maganganu marasa ma'ana waɗanda a zahiri ke haifar da mummunar illa ga al'umma ko ƙungiyar da aka ware da ake niyya. &lt;ref name=&quot;hs&quot; /&gt; Waɗannan ra'ayoyin al'umma na iya zama abubuwan da suka faru akai-akai ko ra'ayoyi waɗanda daga ƙarshe ke bayyana a ciki, suna yin mummunan tasiri ga amincewar mutum da girman kansa na masu luwaɗi. &lt;ref name=&quot;hs&quot; /&gt; Domin magance matsalolin karɓuwa da kai, mahalarta sun ba da shawarar rungumar ruhaniya, motsa jiki, fasaha, da sauran ayyukan da ke haɓaka lafiyar motsin rai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ross |first=Lori E. |last2=Dobinson |first2=Cheryl |last3=Eady |first3=Allison |date=March 2010 |title=Perceived Determinants of Mental Health for Bisexual People: A Qualitative Examination |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=100 |issue=3 |pages=496–502 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2008.156307 |pmc=2820049 |pmid=20075326}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fasahar haihuwa da aka taimaka ===
Mutane LGBTQ+ suna fuskantar matsaloli na musamman wajen samun 'ya'yan halitta waɗanda maza da mata masu jinsi ɗaya ba su fuskanta ba. A al'ada, sau da yawa ana ganin iyaye a matsayin abin da ba zai yiwu ba ga ma'aurata masu jinsi ɗaya kuma ana ƙarfafa ɗaukar LGBT a matsayin mai yiwuwa, amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, masana ilimin halittu na ci gaba suna bincike da haɓaka dabarun da za su sauƙaƙa haihuwar jinsi ɗaya, wanda zai iya ba da damar ma'aurata masu jinsi ɗaya su zama iyaye na halitta tare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 December 2010 |title=Breakthrough raises possibility of genetic children for same-sex couples |url=http://www.gizmag.com/possibility-of-genetic-children-from-same-sex-couples/17228/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409194948/http://www.gizmag.com/possibility-of-genetic-children-from-same-sex-couples/17228/ |archive-date=9 April 2016 |access-date=26 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Timeline of same-sex procreation scientific developments |url=http://www.samesexprocreation.com/timeline.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208053033/http://samesexprocreation.com/timeline.htm |archive-date=2011-02-08 |access-date=2021-10-20 |publisher=samesexprocreation.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsalolin da ke shafar mata 'yan madigo ==

=== Lafiyar haihuwa da jima'i ===
Mata 'yan madigo, masu bisexual, da kuma masu biquar suna da buƙatu iri ɗaya na lafiyar haihuwa da ta jima'i kamar mata masu maza da mata. Duk da haka, mata masu biquar suna fuskantar rashin daidaito idan ana maganar lafiyar haihuwa da ta jima'i. Wannan na iya kasancewa saboda ƙarancin matsayin tattalin arziki da ƙarancin inshora, musamman ga mutanen da ke bisexual. Bugu da ƙari, ilimin jima'i (a Amurka) galibi yana da alaƙa da juna kuma yana iya ba da bayanai masu dacewa ga mutanen LGBTQ (duba ilimin jima'i na LGBTQ ). Masu ba da kiwon lafiya na iya ba su da isasshen ilimi game da yanayin jima'i, don haka ƙila ba sa ba wa marasa lafiyarsu ayyukan da suka dace da kuma waɗanda ake buƙata. A cikin wani bincike da aka yi wa mazauna Ob/Gyn, kashi 50% sun ba da rahoton jin rashin shiri don kula da marasa lafiya 'yan madigo ko masu bisexual kuma kashi 92% sun ba da rahoton sha'awar ƙarin ilimi kan yadda za a samar da kiwon lafiya ga marasa lafiya na LGBTQ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Guerrero-Hall Muscanell Garg et al 2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Guerrero-Hall |first=Karla Daniela |last2=Muscanell |first2=Rebecca |last3=Garg |first3=Namrata |last4=Romero |first4=Iris L. |last5=Chor |first5=Julie |date=April 2021 |title=Obstetrics and Gynecology Resident Physician Experiences with Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer Healthcare Training |journal=Medical Science Educator |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=599–606 |doi=10.1007/s40670-021-01227-9 |pmc=8368479 |pmid=34457914}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ciwon daji na mahaifa ====
Rashin gwajin cutar kansar mahaifa yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi bayyana kuma mafi haɗari ga mata 'yan madigo, masu bisexual, da kuma masu biquer wajen haifar da cutar kansar mahaifa a ƙarshen mataki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-05-21 |title=LGBT health care discrimination (&amp; other rainbow health concerns) |url=https://www.urevolution.com/blogs/magazine/lgbt-health-care-discrimination |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001182657/https://www.urevolution.com/blogs/magazine/lgbt-health-care-discrimination |archive-date=2023-10-01 |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=Uncomfortable Revolution |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mata 'yan madigo, masu bisexual, da masu biquer ba su da damar samun gwajin da ya dace don cutar kansar mahaifa fiye da mata masu maza da mata, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Waterman |first=Lindsay |last2=Voss |first2=Joachim |date=16 January 2015 |title=HPV, cervical cancer risks, and barriers to care for lesbian women |journal=The Nurse Practitioner |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=46–53 |doi=10.1097/01.NPR.0000457431.20036.5c |pmid=25437384 |s2cid=205414490}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ke haifar da gano cutar kansar mahaifa daga baya.

==== Maganin hana haihuwa ====
Mata 'yan madigo, masu bisexual, da kuma masu biquer suna buƙatar samun damar yin amfani da hanyoyin hana daukar ciki, duka don hana daukar ciki da kuma don fa'idodi daban-daban waɗanda ba sa ɗauke da maganin hana daukar ciki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Noncontraceptive Benefits of Birth Control Pills |url=https://www.reproductivefacts.org/news-and-publications/patient-fact-sheets-and-booklets/documents/fact-sheets-and-info-booklets/noncontraceptive-benefits-of-birth-control-pills/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913013344/https://www.reproductivefacts.org/news-and-publications/patient-fact-sheets-and-booklets/documents/fact-sheets-and-info-booklets/noncontraceptive-benefits-of-birth-control-pills/ |archive-date=2022-09-13 |access-date=2020-07-28 |website=www.reproductivefacts.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kiyasi ya nuna cewa mata miliyan 3.8 'yan madigo, masu bisexual da kuma masu biquer na iya amfani da hanyoyin hana daukar ciki a Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reproductive Health Care and LBT Adults |url=https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/lbt-reproductive-health/ |access-date=2020-07-28 |website=Williams Institute |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, mata 'yan madigo, masu bisexual, da masu biquer ba sa amfani da hanyoyin hana daukar ciki, koda kuwa suna yin jima'i wanda zai iya haifar da ciki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Charlton |first=Brittany M. |last2=Corliss |first2=Heather L. |last3=Missmer |first3=Stacey A. |last4=Rosario |first4=Margaret |last5=Spiegelman |first5=Donna |last6=Austin |first6=S. Bryn |date=2013 |title=Sexual orientation differences in teen pregnancy and hormonal contraceptive use: an examination across 2 generations |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |language=en |volume=209 |issue=3 |pages=204.e1–204.e8 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2013.06.036 |pmc=3758403 |pmid=23796650}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Everett |first=Bethany G. |last2=Higgins |first2=Jenny A. |last3=Haider |first3=Sadia |last4=Carpenter |first4=Emma |date=January 2019 |title=Do Sexual Minorities Receive Appropriate Sexual and Reproductive Health Care and Counseling? |journal=Journal of Women's Health |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=53–62 |doi=10.1089/jwh.2017.6866 |pmc=6343198 |pmid=30372369}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Zubar da ciki ====
Mata 'yan madigo, masu bin maza biyu, masu luwaɗi, da kuma waɗanda suka yi kama da 'yan tsiraru suna neman kulawar zubar da ciki. Cibiyar Guttmacher ta kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 5% na marasa lafiya da ke zubar da ciki a Amurka suna bayyana kansu a matsayin 'yan madigo, masu bin maza biyu, ko kuma masu luwaɗi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Rachel K. |last2=Jerman |first2=Jenna |last3=Charlton |first3=Brittany M. |date=September 2018 |title=Sexual Orientation and Exposure to Violence Among U.S. Patients Undergoing Abortion |journal=Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology |volume=132 |issue=3 |pages=605–611 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000002732 |pmc=10552916 |pmid=30095763 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nazarin da aka yi kan matakan zubar da ciki da kansu ya nuna cewa zubar da ciki ya zama ruwan dare a rayuwar mata 'yan luwaɗi. Matasa masu luwaɗi biyu sun fi iya dakatar da ciki fiye da takwarorinsu na maza biyu, wani bambanci da ke ci gaba har zuwa girma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tornello |first=Samantha L. |last2=Riskind |first2=Rachel G. |last3=Patterson |first3=Charlotte J. |date=2014 |title=Sexual Orientation and Sexual and Reproductive Health Among Adolescent Young Women in the United States |journal=Journal of Adolescent Health |language=en |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=160–168 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.08.018 |pmid=24157195}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Everett |first=Bethany G. |last2=McCabe |first2=Katharine F. |last3=Hughes |first3=Tonda L. |date=2017 |title=Sexual Orientation Disparities in Mistimed and Unwanted Pregnancy Among Adult Women: Sexual Orientation and Unintended Pregnancy |journal=Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health |language=en |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=157–165 |doi=10.1363/psrh.12032 |pmc=5819992 |pmid=28598550}}&lt;/ref&gt; A tsawon rayuwarsu, matan da ke nuna kansu a matsayin 'yan tsiraru sun fi fuskantar ciki da ba a so ko kuma sun daina daukar ciki fiye da mata masu jinsi ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Charlton |first=Brittany M. |last2=Everett |first2=Bethany G. |last3=Light |first3=Alexis |last4=Jones |first4=Rachel K. |last5=Janiak |first5=Elizabeth |last6=Gaskins |first6=Audrey J. |last7=Chavarro |first7=Jorge E. |last8=Moseson |first8=Heidi |last9=Sarda |first9=Vishnudas |last10=Austin |first10=S. Bryn |date=March 2020 |title=Sexual Orientation Differences in Pregnancy and Abortion Across the Lifecourse |journal=Women's Health Issues |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=65–72 |doi=10.1016/j.whi.2019.10.007 |pmc=7071993 |pmid=31810786}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kula da lafiyar mata masu juna biyu ga 'yan madigo ===
Kula da mata masu juna biyu 'yan madigo wani batu ne da ake yawan mantawa da shi a fannin kiwon lafiya. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ana samun karuwar bincike da bincike da aka gudanar domin masu kula da lafiya su sami kayan aiki mafi kyau don kula da wadannan marasa lafiya.

An gudanar da wani bincike game da abubuwan da suka faru na kula da lafiyar mata masu juna biyu 'yan madigo a shekarar 2009 a Sweden. Mahalarta binciken sun so masu kula da lafiyarsu su tabbatar kuma su gane iyayen biyu, ba kawai uwa ba. Sun kuma so masu kula da lafiyarsu su yi tambayoyi game da &quot;salon rayuwarsu&quot; don nuna bayyanannen ra'ayinsu game da jima'i. Yawancin matan da ke cikin binciken sun yi tsokaci cewa suna da kyawawan gogewa game da kiwon lafiya. Duk da haka, ilimin haihuwa ya fi mayar da hankali kan yanayin uwa da uba. Siffofin da aka yi amfani da su kuma sun fi mayar da hankali kan bambancin jinsi (duba Heterosexism ), suna ba da damar gane uwa da uba kawai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Larsson |first=Anna-Karin |last2=Dykes |first2=Anna-Karin |date=December 2009 |title=Care during pregnancy and childbirth in Sweden: Perspectives of lesbian women |journal=Midwifery |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=682–690 |doi=10.1016/j.midw.2007.10.004 |pmid=18222576}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don yin la'akari da waɗannan bambance-bambancen, mai binciken, Singer, ta ƙirƙiri takarda game da yadda za a inganta kula da mata 'yan madigo a lokacin daukar ciki a Amurka. Ta gano cewa sha'awar jima'i ga majiyyaci na iya ɗaukar alƙawari, wani lokacin yana sanya majiyyaci cikin yanayin da za su iya ilmantar da mai ba da sabis. Don zama mai haɗaka, Singer ta ba da shawarar cewa masu kula da lafiya su ƙara haɗaka a cikin tattaunawarsu ta farko ta hanyar tambayar matar yadda ta yi ciki. Masu kula da lafiya, a cewar Singer, ya kamata, a cewar Singer, su yi amfani da harshe mai haɗaka wanda za a iya amfani da shi ga kowane nau'in marasa lafiya. Masu kula da lafiya ba su san nawa ne kudin kula da lafiyar haihuwa ga ma'aurata 'yan madigo ba, kuma ya kamata su fahimci wannan matsalar a fili ga marasa lafiyar 'yan madigo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Singer |first=Randi Beth |date=October 2012 |title=Improving Prenatal Care for Pregnant Lesbians |journal=International Journal of Childbirth Education |location=Minneapolis |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=37–40 |id={{ProQuest|1095482667}}}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Masu bincike Pharris, Bucchio, Dotson, da Davidson sun kuma bayar da shawarwari kan yadda za a tallafa wa ma'aurata 'yan madigo a lokacin daukar ciki. Ya kamata masu koyar da haihuwa su guji ɗauka cewa iyaye maza da mata ne ko kuma ma'aurata marasa aure. Sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da harshe mai tsaka-tsaki lokacin da ake tattaunawa kan abubuwan da iyaye ke so. Fom, aikace-aikace, da sauran bayanai da aka rarraba ya kamata su haɗa da iyayen 'yan madigo. Sun ba da shawarar amfani da kalmomi kamar &quot;uwa mara haihuwa, uwa ɗaya, uwa ɗaya, uwa ɗaya da uwa ta biyu&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pharris |first=Angela |last2=Bucchio |first2=Justin |last3=Dotson |first3=Carmelita |last4=Davidson |first4=Wanda |date=July 2016 |title=Supporting Lesbian Couples During Pregnancy |journal=International Journal of Childbirth Education |location=Minneapolis |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=23–24 |id={{ProQuest|1819099907}}}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Baya ga ƙaruwar bincike ga mata masu juna biyu 'yan madigo, ungozoma da Doulas sun yi tasiri a tsakanin mata a cikin al'ummar 'yan luwaɗi don ƙoƙarinsu na inganta kula da ma'aurata masu juna biyu 'yan madigo, suna ilmantar da kansu ta hanyar horo musamman ga waɗannan mutane.  An ɗauki ungozoma a matsayin masu ba da shawara masu taimako tare da sauran masu samar da kiwon lafiya da suka haɗu da su. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ross |first=Lori E. |last2=Steele |first2=Leah S. |last3=Epstein |first3=Rachel |date=June 2006 |title=Service Use and Gaps in Services for Lesbian and Bisexual Women During Donor Insemination, Pregnancy, and the Postpartum Period |journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=505–511 |doi=10.1016/S1701-2163(16)32181-8 |pmid=16857118}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ungozoma kuma sun tattauna ra'ayoyinsu. Röndahl, Bruhner, da Lindhe sun gudanar da wani bincike a shekarar 2009 game da abubuwan da suka faru a cikin mata masu juna biyu a Norway. Sun gano cewa ungozoma su ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar sarari don tattauna jima'i. Duk da haka, ungozoma a cikin binciken sun ji cewa ba su da isasshen kayan aikin sadarwa don ƙirƙirar wannan sararin. Bugu da ƙari, masu binciken sun gano cewa ana ganin ma'aurata 'yan madigo daban-daban idan aka kwatanta da ma'aurata madaidaiciya. Abokan hulɗa suna da jin daɗin ƙauna da abota. An kuma ga bambance-bambancen su lokacin da ake ƙoƙarin nemo matsayin uwayen 'yan madigo (uwaye marasa ilimin halitta), saboda harshe da tambayoyin da aka yi ba su dace da matsayinsu ba. A ƙarshe, masu binciken sun gano cewa akwai buƙatar a sami daidaito na yin tambayoyi da kuma yin tsayin daka. Ungozoma za su iya yin tambayoyi game da jima'i na marasa lafiya, amma yin tambayoyi da yawa yana haifar da rashin jin daɗi ga marasa lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Röndahl |first=Gerd |last2=Bruhner |first2=Elisabeth |last3=Lindhe |first3=Jenny |date=November 2009 |title=Heteronormative communication with lesbian families in antenatal care, childbirth and postnatal care |url=https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-20809 |journal=Journal of Advanced Nursing |volume=65 |issue=11 |pages=2337–2344 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05092.x |pmid=19737324}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ciwon nono ===
A wani bita na tsari da aka gudanar a shekarar 2013 a Burtaniya da Amurka, wanda ya duba bincike tara, ya gano cewa gaba daya babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a yawan kamuwa da cutar kansar mama a tsakanin mata 'yan madigo da maza masu bibiyar mata idan aka kwatanta da mata masu jinsi daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Meads |first=Catherine |last2=Moore |first2=David |date=December 2013 |title=Breast cancer in lesbians and bisexual women: systematic review of incidence, prevalence and risk studies |journal=BMC Public Health |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=1127 |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-13-1127 |issn=1471-2458 |pmc=3890640 |pmid=24313963 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da haka, akwai kuma takardun manufofi daga Birtaniya da Gwamnatin Amurka waɗanda suka bayyana cewa akwai yiwuwar samun ƙaruwar cutar kansar mama a tsakanin mata 'yan madigo da masu luwaɗi duk da rashin isassun shaidu. A cikin wani rahoto na 2009 da ƙungiyar 'yan majalisa ta Burtaniya All Party Group on Cancer's Inquiry in Inequalities in Cancer, an bayyana cewa &quot;Masu luwaɗi na iya samun ƙarin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar mama&quot;. 

=== Damuwa da damuwa ===
Ana tsammanin damuwa da damuwa suna shafar 'yan madigo a mafi girma fiye da na sauran jama'a. Wani lokaci ana tattauna waɗannan batutuwan lafiyar kwakwalwa kamar suna da kamanceceniya a tsakanin mata daban-daban a cikin al'umma, kodayake matan 'yan madigo suna fuskantar wani nau'in baƙin ciki da damuwa na musamman saboda abubuwan da suka fuskanta a matsayin mata 'yan luwaɗi.  Abubuwan da suka fuskanta na musamman ne saboda ba wai kawai suna fuskantar wahalhalun da ke tattare da gane mace a cikin al'umma ba, har ma suna jure wahalhalun da ke tattare da gane mace a matsayin 'yar madigo. Wannan na iya ƙara tsananta waɗannan damuwar lafiyar kwakwalwa tsakanin mata 'yan madigo, ganin cewa suna da shingaye da yawa da ake tilasta musu su shawo kansu idan aka ware su a cikin al'umma. &lt;ref name=&quot;Routledge&quot; /&gt;

=== Matsalar amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ===
'Yan madigo galibi suna da yawan shan ƙwayoyi, ciki har da magungunan nishaɗi, barasa da taba. Bincike ya nuna cewa mata 'yan madigo da masu luwaɗi suna da yuwuwar shan taba kashi 200% fiye da sauran mata. &lt;ref name=&quot;Guidelines&quot;/&gt; Waɗannan yawan shan ƙwayoyi na iya zama hanyar magance matsalolin da ke tattare da su a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun da kuma a fannin kiwon lafiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;/&gt;

== Matsalolin da suka shafi jinsin maza ==

=== Damuwa, damuwa, da kashe kai ===
Maza 'yan luwaɗi sun fi fuskantar matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa fiye da sauran a cikin al'ummar LGBT. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Slimowicz |first=Joseph |last2=Siev |first2=Jedidiah |last3=Brochu |first3=Paula M. |date=28 February 2020 |title=Impact of Status-Based Rejection Sensitivity on Depression and Anxiety Symptoms in Gay Men |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=17 |issue=5 |page=1546 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17051546 |pmc=7084542 |pmid=32121193 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bincike ya nuna cewa baƙin ciki da damuwa suna shafar maza 'yan luwaɗi fiye da sauran jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;10 men&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=TEN THINGS GAY MEN SHOULD DISCUSS WITH THEIR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS |url=http://www.glma.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=Page.viewPage&amp;pageID=690 |access-date=2008-12-28 |publisher=Gay and Lesbian Medical Association}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.glma.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=Page.viewPage&amp;pageID=690 &quot;TEN THINGS GAY MEN SHOULD DISCUSS WITH THEIR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS&quot;]. Gay and Lesbian Medical Association&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2008-12-28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Depression&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Depression in the Gay Community |url=http://www.gay.com/news/roundups/package.html?sernum=1355&amp;navpath=/channels/health/special/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907050524/http://www.gay.com/news/roundups/package.html?sernum=1355&amp;navpath=%2Fchannels%2Fhealth%2Fspecial%2F |archive-date=2008-09-07 |access-date=2008-12-28 |publisher=Gay.com News |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;. Gay.com News. Archived from [http://www.gay.com/news/roundups/package.html?sernum=1355&amp;navpath=/channels/health/special/ the original] on 2008-09-07&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2008-12-28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa na iya zama mafi bayyana a cikin mazan 'yan luwaɗi waɗanda ba su da isasshen tsarin tallafawa zamantakewa ko waɗanda ba su bayyana jima'i ga abokai ko dangi ba. [[Samartaka|Matasa]] da matasa na iya kasancewa cikin haɗarin [[Kisan kai|kashe kansu]] musamman saboda waɗannan damuwar. Ayyukan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa masu la'akari da al'ada waɗanda aka keɓe musamman ga mazan 'yan luwaɗi na iya zama mafi tasiri wajen rigakafi, gano da wuri, da kuma magance waɗannan yanayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;10 men&quot;/&gt; Masu bincike a Jami'ar California da ke San Francisco sun gano cewa manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da baƙin ciki a cikin mazan 'yan luwaɗi da masu luwaɗi sun haɗa da gogewar da aka samu kwanan nan na [[Rikicin da aka yi wa mutanen LGBTQ|tashin hankali ko barazanar hana 'yan luwaɗi]], rashin bayyana kansu a matsayin 'yan luwaɗi, ko jin bare daga al'ummar 'yan luwaɗi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Depression&quot;/&gt;

Sakamakon wani bincike da Stonewall Scotland ta gudanar a farkon shekarar 2012 ya nuna cewa kashi 3% na maza 'yan luwadi sun yi yunkurin kashe kansu a cikin shekarar da ta gabata. &lt;ref name=&quot;news.stv.tv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 25, 2012 |title=Suicide rates among gay men eight times higher |url=http://news.stv.tv/scotland/304764-suicide-rates-among-gay-men-eight-times-higher/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615022546/http://news.stv.tv/scotland/304764-suicide-rates-among-gay-men-eight-times-higher/ |archive-date=June 15, 2013 |website=STV}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da ci gaba a fannin kare hakkin LGBT a duniya, maza 'yan luwadi suna ci gaba da fuskantar yawan kadaici da damuwa bayan sun fito fili. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hobbes2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hobbes |first=Michael |date=2017-03-01 |title=Together Alone: the Epidemic of Gay Loneliness |url=https://highline.huffingtonpost.com/articles/en/gay-loneliness/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617191417/https://highline.huffingtonpost.com/articles/en/gay-loneliness/ |archive-date=2020-06-17 |access-date=2019-12-03 |website=The Huffington Post Highline}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawan kashe kai tsakanin maza a cikin dangantakar jinsi daya ya ragu sosai a Sweden da Denmark bayan halatta [[Aure na jinsi ɗaya|auren jinsi daya]] . Mai bincike Annette Erlangsen ta ba da shawarar cewa tare da sauran dokokin kare hakkin 'yan luwadi, auren jinsi daya na iya rage jin kyamar da ake nunawa a tsakanin wasu 'yan luwadi kuma damar yin aure na iya inganta yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin wannan al'umma. 

=== HIV/AIDS ===
Maza da ke yin jima'i da maza sun fi saurin kamuwa da kwayar cutar HIV sau sittin a Yammacin Duniya ta zamani, Japan, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Statistics from the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare |url=http://www.japanetwork.org/aidsnews/stats/06jul-sep.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081213003434/http://www.japanetwork.org/aidsnews/stats/06jul-sep.html |archive-date=2008-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indiya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Go |first=Vivian F. |last2=Srikrishnan |first2=Aylur K. |last3=Sivaram |first3=Sudha |last4=Murugavel |first4=G. Kailapuri |last5=Galai |first5=Noya |last6=Johnson |first6=Sethulakshmi C. |last7=Sripaipan |first7=Teerada |last8=Solomon |first8=Suniti |last9=Celentano |first9=David D. |date=1 March 2004 |title=High HIV Prevalence and Risk Behaviors in Men Who Have Sex With Men in Chennai, India |journal=Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=314–319 |doi=10.1097/00126334-200403010-00014 |pmid=15076248 |s2cid=26020807 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Taiwan, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Hsin-Chun |last2=Ko |first2=Nai-Ying |last3=Lee |first3=Nan-Yao |last4=Chang |first4=Chia-Ming |last5=Ko |first5=Wen-Chien |date=1 May 2008 |title=Seroprevalence of Viral Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Disease Among Adults with Recently Diagnosed HIV Infection in Southern Taiwan, 2000–2005: Upsurge in Hepatitis C Virus Infections Among Injection Drug Users |journal=Journal of the Formosan Medical Association |volume=107 |issue=5 |pages=404–411 |doi=10.1016/S0929-6646(08)60106-0 |pmid=18492625 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hung |first=C. C. |last2=Ji |first2=D. D. |last3=Sun |first3=H. Y. |last4=Lee |first4=Y. T. |last5=Hsu |first5=S. Y. |last6=Chang |first6=S. Y. |last7=Wu |first7=C. H. |last8=Chan |first8=Y. H. |last9=Hsiao |first9=C. F. |last10=Liu |first10=W. C. |last11=Colebunders |first11=R. |date=February 27, 2008 |title=Increased Risk for Entamoeba histolytica Infection and Invasive Amebiasis in HIV Seropositive Men Who Have Sex with Men in Taiwan |journal=PLOS Negl. Trop. Dis. |volume=27 |issue=2 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0000175 |pmc=2254204 |pmid=18301730 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; da sauran ƙasashe masu ci gaba fiye da na sauran jama'a  a Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;FDA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Research |first=Center for Biologics Evaluation and |date=2019-04-11 |title=Questions about Blood - Revised Recommendations for Reducing the Risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission by Blood and Blood Products - Questions and Answers |url=https://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/BloodBloodProducts/QuestionsaboutBlood/ucm108186.htm |journal=FDA |access-date=2026-06-09 |archive-date=2016-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330080857/https://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/BloodBloodProducts/QuestionsaboutBlood/ucm108186.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; An kiyasta cewa kashi 62% na maza 'yan Amurka manya da matasa da ke zaune tare da HIV/AIDS sun kamu da cutar ta hanyar saduwa da wasu maza. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2008 |title=Estimated numbers of persons living with HIV/AIDS at the end of 2006, by race/ethnicity, sex, and transmission category—33 states with confidential name-based HIV infection reporting |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/reports/2006report/table9.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504153154/https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/reports/2006report/table9.htm |archive-date=May 4, 2008 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙazanta da ke da alaƙa da HIV tana da alaƙa da rashin lafiyar jiki da ta hankali a cikin PLHIV (mutanen da ke zaune tare da HIV).  Sunan farko da aka gabatar don abin da yanzu aka sani da &quot;AIDS&quot; shine ''ƙarancin garkuwar jiki da ke da alaƙa da 'yan luwaɗi'', ko ''GRID'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The History of AIDS and ARC |url=http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/Books/lbb/x590.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709142045/http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/Books/lbb/x590.htm |archive-date=July 9, 2011 |access-date=May 6, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gabatar da wannan sunan a cikin 1982, bayan da masana kimiyyar lafiyar jama'a suka lura da tarin Kaposi's sarcoma da &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAgw&quot;&gt;Pneumocystis&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; pneumonia tsakanin maza 'yan luwaɗi a [[California]] da [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;CDC1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Centers for Disease Control (CDC) |date=18 June 1982 |title=A cluster of Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among homosexual male residents of Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California. |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001114.htm |url-status=live |journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=31 |issue=23 |pages=305–307 |pmid=6811844 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224023702/http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001114.htm |archive-date=24 February 2008 |access-date=9 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu maza 'yan luwadi ba za a yi musu gwajin cutar HIV/AIDS ba saboda tsoron kin amincewa da jima'i, rashin sanin inda ko yadda za a yi musu gwajin, da kuma tsoron abokai/iyali su nisanta kansu bayan an gano cutar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Iott |first=Bradley E. |last2=Loveluck |first2=Jimena |last3=Benton |first3=Akilah |last4=Golson |first4=Leon |last5=Kahle |first5=Erin |last6=Lam |first6=Jason |last7=Bauermeister |first7=José A. |last8=Veinot |first8=Tiffany C. |date=9 March 2022 |title=The impact of stigma on HIV testing decisions for gay, bisexual, queer and other men who have sex with men: a qualitative study |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=471 |doi=10.1186/s12889-022-12761-5 |pmc=8908600 |pmid=35264132 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa adadin maza 'yan luwadi da ke kamuwa da cutar HIV ya fi na sauran al'ummomi yawa, yawancin bincike da bincike kan cutar HIV sun dogara ne kawai akan yawan 'yan luwadi maimakon manyan ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Murchu |first=Eamon O. |last2=Marshall |first2=Liam |last3=Teljeur |first3=Conor |last4=Harrington |first4=Patricia |last5=Hayes |first5=Catherine |last6=Moran |first6=Patrick |last7=Ryan |first7=Mairin |date=2022-05-01 |title=Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to prevent HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical effectiveness, safety, adherence and risk compensation in all populations |url=https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/5/e048478 |journal=BMJ Open |language=en |volume=12 |issue=5 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048478 |issn=2044-6055 |pmc=9096492 |pmid=35545381 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rigakafin kamuwa da cutar HIV, ko &quot;PrEP&quot;, magunguna ne da ake amfani da su wajen hana kamuwa da cutar HIV a cikin mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar, kamar manya masu yin jima'i ko mutanen da ke yin allurar magunguna. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach |url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240031593 |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sau da yawa, ana shan waɗannan magungunan ta baki a matsayin haɗin tenofovir da emtricitabine. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; An nuna cewa PrEP yana da tasiri sosai, yana rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar HIV ta hanyar jima'i har zuwa kashi 99% da kuma ta hanyar amfani da allurar magani da kashi 74% idan aka yi amfani da shi kamar yadda aka umarta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-08 |title=Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) {{!}} HIV Risk and Prevention {{!}} HIV/AIDS |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/prep/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113224839/https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/prep/index.html |archive-date=2019-11-13 |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da tasiri musamman ga maza suna yin jima'i da maza. Duk da haka, wannan tasiri ya dogara ne akan bin ƙa'ida. A cewar wasu bincike, raguwar kashi 10% a bin ƙa'ida ya rage ingancin PrEP da kashi 13% &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Waɗannan matsalolin bin ƙa'ida sun haifar da rashin bayanai kan ingancin PrEP ga mutanen da ke da jinsi ɗaya. Duk da cewa MSM tana cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar HIV, tallan irin waɗannan magungunan yana iyakance ilimin kan albarkatun lafiyar jima'i kuma yana ci gaba da nuna wariya ga gwajin HIV da rigakafinsa ga maza masu luwaɗi. Akwai kuma rashin bayanai kan sauran mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kamar masu aikin jima'i, mata masu canza jinsi (kashi 1% na mahalarta a wani bincike da aka gano a matsayin mata masu canza jinsi &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; ), da kuma ma'aurata masu bambancin jinsi (a cikin binciken da aka yi, akwai rashin bin ƙa'ida sosai &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; )

=== Sauran cututtukan da ake dauka ta hanyar jima'i (STIs) ===
Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Amurka ta ba da shawarar a yi gwajin cutar [[Tunjere|syphilis]], [[Ciwon sanyi|gonorrhea]], HIV da chlamydia a kowace shekara ga mazan da ke yin jima'i da maza. &lt;ref name=&quot;Guidelines&quot;/&gt;

Maza baƙaƙe 'yan luwaɗi suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar HIV da sauran cututtukan da suka shafi jima'i fiye da maza fararen 'yan luwaɗi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wolitski |first=Richard J. |last2=Fenton |first2=Kevin A. |date=April 2011 |title=Sexual Health, HIV, and Sexually Transmitted Infections among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men in the United States |journal=AIDS and Behavior |volume=15 |issue=S1 |pages=9–17 |doi=10.1007/s10461-011-9901-6 |pmid=21331797 |s2cid=31770928}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, adadin da aka ruwaito na yin jima'i ta dubura ba tare da kariya ba ya yi kama da na mazan da ke yin jima'i da maza (MSM) na wasu ƙabilu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fields |first=Errol L. |last2=Bogart |first2=Laura M. |last3=Smith |first3=Katherine C. |last4=Malebranche |first4=David J. |last5=Ellen |first5=Jonathan |last6=Schuster |first6=Mark A. |date=March 2012 |title=HIV Risk and Perceptions of Masculinity Among Young Black Men Who Have Sex With Men |journal=Journal of Adolescent Health |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=296–303 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.07.007 |pmc=3281559 |pmid=22325136}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maza da ke yin jima'i da maza suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar hepatitis, kuma ana ba da shawarar yin allurar rigakafin [[Cutar hanta A|hepatitis A]] da [[hepatitis B]] ga duk mazan da ke yin jima'i da maza. Jima'i mai aminci a halin yanzu shine kawai hanyar rigakafi ga [[Hepatitis C|hepatitis C.]] &lt;ref name=&quot;10 men&quot;/&gt;

[[Human papillomavirus infection|Kwayar cutar papilloma ta ɗan adam]], wadda ke haifar da kurajen dubura da al'aura, tana taka rawa wajen ƙaruwar yawan kamuwa da cutar kansar dubura a cikin maza masu luwaɗi, kuma wasu ƙwararrun masana kiwon lafiya yanzu suna ba da shawarar a yi gwajin dubura akai-akai don gano cutar kansar da wuri. &lt;ref name=&quot;10 men&quot;/&gt; Maza suna da yawan kamuwa da cutar HPV ta baki fiye da mata. Cutar HPV ta baki tana da alaƙa da cutar kansar oropharyngeal mai kama da HPV . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Matsalolin cin abinci da kuma yanayin jiki ===
Kalmar &quot;siffar jiki&quot; tana nufin yadda mutum yake fahimtar kamanninsa na zahiri, wanda a ƙarshe zai iya shafar yadda yake ji. &lt;ref name=&quot;Body Image&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Body Image |url=https://login.lmunet.idm.oclc.org/login?qurl=https://go.gale.com%2fps%2fi.do%3fp%3dOVIC%26u%3dtel_a_lmu%26id%3dGALE%257CPC3010999221%26v%3d2.1%26it%3dr%26sid%3dbookmark-OVIC%26asid%3dcd0964ec |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=login.lmunet.idm.oclc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matsalolin siffar jiki galibi suna tasowa a cikin shekarun ƙuruciyar mutum, lokacin da sanin kansa ya shiga cikin jiki kuma sanin kansa yana ƙaruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Body Image&quot; /&gt; Iyaye ne ke koyar da waɗannan ra'ayoyin, kuma ana iya rinjayar su da kyau ko mara kyau bisa ga hulɗar iyaye da salo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Body Image&quot; /&gt; Bincike ya gano cewa mata galibi suna fuskantar mummunan tunanin siffar jiki, amma duka jinsi suna da tasiri sosai a lokacin balaga tare da mummunan tunani game da nauyi da kwatanta kansu da takwarorinsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Body Image&quot; /&gt; Nau'in jinsi na maza da mata na gargajiya suna ci gaba da tantance ma'aunin mace da namiji a cikin al'ummar yau. 

Mummunan hoton jiki na iya haifar da ci gaban matsalolin cin abinci, gami da ƙuntatawa ko kuma waɗanda suka dogara da yawan cin abinci. Ciwon cin abinci mai yawa shine matsalar cin abinci da aka fi samu a Amurka kuma ya haifar da hauhawar yawan [[kiba]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Brownley 409–420&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brownley |first=Kimberly A. |last2=Berkman |first2=Nancy D. |last3=Peat |first3=Christine M. |last4=Lohr |first4=Kathleen N. |last5=Cullen |first5=Katherine E. |last6=Bann |first6=Carla M. |last7=Bulik |first7=Cynthia M. |date=2016-09-20 |title=Binge-Eating Disorder in Adults |url=https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M15-2455 |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=165 |issue=6 |pages=409–420 |doi=10.7326/M15-2455 |issn=0003-4819}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciwon cin abinci mai yawa ana samunsa a cikin mata idan aka kwatanta da maza, musamman waɗanda ke da kiba, waɗanda aka ayyana a matsayin ma'aunin nauyin jiki (BMI) wanda aka rubuta sama da 30. &lt;ref name=&quot;Brownley 409–420&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Obesity&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Obesity |url=https://login.lmunet.idm.oclc.org/login?qurl=https://go.gale.com%2fps%2fi.do%3fp%3dOVIC%26u%3dtel_a_lmu%26id%3dGALE%257CPC3010999129%26v%3d2.1%26it%3dr%26sid%3dbookmark-OVIC%26asid%3d41c690fa |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=login.lmunet.idm.oclc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana auna BMI ta hanyar yin rikodin tsayi da nauyin mutum, da kuma kwatanta su da lafiyar jama'a gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Obesity&quot; /&gt; Mutanen da ke canza jinsi suna yawan yin rikodin matakan kiba mafi girma da kuma yin kiba fiye da mutanen da ke da jinsi saboda amfani da maye gurbin hormone da dakatar da hanyoyin magance kiba wanda zai iya shafar ƙaruwar nauyi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Obesity&quot; /&gt; Ciwon ya ƙunshi nau'ikan sharuɗɗa da dama da dole ne mutum ya faɗi ƙarƙashinsu don a gano shi da wannan yanayin, kamar: cin abinci fiye da yadda wasu ke ci a cikin yanayi ɗaya, cin abinci a takamaiman lokaci, jin ƙyamar kai bayan cin abinci, cin abinci mai yawa lokacin da ba ya jin yunwa, ko jin rashin iko game da abinci ko yanayi da abinci ya samo asali. &lt;ref name=&quot;Brownley 409–420&quot; /&gt; Mutanen da aka gano kuma aka yi musu lakabi da masu kiba galibi suna fuskantar cin zarafi a wuraren kiwon lafiya kuma suna da yawan damuwa da damuwa, kuma idan suna da yanayin jima'i daban, hakan na iya ƙara ta'azzara lamarin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Obesity&quot; /&gt;

An yi rikodin cewa yanayin jima'i yana da hannu wajen tantance kiba a fannin likitanci da kuma yiwuwar a gano ta a matsayin kiba. Matan da ke bayyana kansu a matsayin 'yan madigo ko masu bisexual suna da matsayi mafi girma da kuma haɗarin zama masu kiba/kiba fiye da mata madaidaiciya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Semlyen |first=J |last2=Curtis |first2=T J |last3=Varney |first3=J |date=2019-02-21 |title=Sexual orientation identity in relation to unhealthy body mass index: individual participant data meta-analysis of 93 429 individuals from 12 UK health surveys |url=https://academic.oup.com/jpubhealth/article/42/1/98/5346731 |journal=Journal of Public Health |language=en |volume=42 |issue=1 |doi=10.1093/pubmed/fdy224 |issn=1741-3842 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416222535/https://academic.oup.com/jpubhealth/article/42/1/98/5346731 |archive-date=2021-04-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kabila da ƙabila suma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance kiba bisa ga BMI, inda mata masu launin fata da waɗanda ba su da jinsi mai yawa, waɗanda suka bambanta da maza masu bisexual, suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da kiba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Newlin Lew |first=Kelley |last2=Dorsen |first2=Caroline |last3=Melkus |first3=Gail D. |last4=Maclean |first4=Monika |date=August 2018 |title=Prevalence of Obesity, Prediabetes, and Diabetes in Sexual Minority Women of Diverse Races/Ethnicities: Findings From the 2014-2015 BRFSS Surveys |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29808733 |journal=The Diabetes Educator |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=348–360 |doi=10.1177/0145721718776599 |issn=1554-6063 |pmid=29808733}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maza masu luwaɗi sun fi maza madaidaiciya yuwuwar kamuwa da matsalolin cin abinci kamar bulimia ko anorexia nervosa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Feldman MB, Meyer IH |year=2007 |title=Eating disorders in diverse lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations |journal=Int J Eat Disord |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=218–26 |doi=10.1002/eat.20360 |pmc=2080655 |pmid=17262818}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har yanzu ba a fahimci dalilin wannan alaƙar ba, amma ana hasashen cewa tana da alaƙa da manufofin siffar jiki da ke yaɗuwa a cikin al'ummar LGBT. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Smith AR, Hawkeswood SE, Bodell LP, Joiner TE |year=2011 |title=Muscularity versus leanness: an examination of body ideals and predictors of disordered eating in heterosexual and gay college students |journal=Body Image |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=232–6 |doi=10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.03.005 |pmc=3124584 |pmid=21561818}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kiba]], a gefe guda, tana shafar maza 'yan luwaɗi da masu bisexual kaɗan fiye da maza madaidaiciya. 

=== Amfani da abu ===
David McDowell na Jami'ar Columbia, wanda ya yi nazarin shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ga maza 'yan luwaɗi, ya rubuta cewa shan ƙwayoyi a kulob yana da matuƙar shahara a mashaya da wuraren shaƙatawa na 'yan luwaɗi.  Bincike ya gano sakamako daban-daban kan yawan shan taba a tsakanin maza 'yan luwaɗi da maza masu luwaɗi idan aka kwatanta da maza masu luwaɗi, inda wani bincike ya gano cewa kashi 50% na maza marasa rinjaye masu jima'i sun fi yawa, &lt;ref name=&quot;Guidelines&quot;/&gt; wani kuma bai gamu da wani bambanci ba a tsakanin yanayin jima'i. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Susan D. Cochran |last2=Frank C. Bandiera |last3=Vickie M. Mays |year=2013 |title=Sexual Orientation–Related Differences in Tobacco Use and Secondhand Smoke Exposure Among US Adults Aged 20 to 59 Years: 2003–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=103 |issue=10 |pages=1837–1844 |doi=10.2105/ajph.2013.301423 |pmc=3780743 |pmid=23948019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsalolin da ke shafar mutane masu bisexual ==
Yawanci, ba a yin nazarin mutanen da ke da alaƙa da maza da mata da kuma lafiyarsu ba tare da la'akari da 'yan madigo da 'yan luwaɗi ba. Don haka, akwai ƙarancin bincike kan batutuwan lafiya da ke shafar mutanen da ke da alaƙa da maza da mata. Yana da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da cewa yawancin mutanen da ke da alaƙa da maza da mata suna da daidaito da lafiya, duk da cewa suna da mafi yawan matsalolin lafiya fiye da mutanen da ke da alaƙa da maza da mata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Russell S. T. |last2=Joyner K. |year=2001 |title=Adolescent sexual orientation and suicide risk: Evidence from a national study |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=91 |issue=8 |pages=1276–1281 |doi=10.2105/ajph.91.8.1276 |pmc=1446760 |pmid=11499118}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Siffar jiki da matsalolin cin abinci ===
Mutane masu zaman kansu gabaɗaya suna da yuwuwar kamuwa da matsalar cin abinci ko kuma nuna halaye masu alaƙa da matsalar cin abinci. &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cao |first=Zhangqi |last2=Cini |first2=Erica |last3=Pellegrini |first3=Dario |last4=Fragkos |first4=Kostantinos C. |date=2023 |title=The association between sexual orientation and eating disorders-related eating behaviours in adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=European Eating Disorders Review |language=en |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=46–64 |doi=10.1002/erv.2952 |issn=1099-0968 |pmc=10100331 |pmid=36367345}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai yawan kamuwa da cututtukan da ke shafar jinsi tsakanin mutane masu zaman kansu idan aka kwatanta da mutanen da ke da alaƙa da jinsi ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Ga maza masu zaman kansu, kwatanta zamantakewa, sha'awar tsoka, da shiga cikin al'umma tsakanin maza masu zaman kansu duk suna haifar da ƙarin alamun a tsakanin wannan rukunin. Mata masu zaman kansu sun nuna irin wannan abin ƙarfafawa, ban da sha'awar tsoka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Mata masu zaman kansu sun ninka yiwuwar kamuwa da matsalar cin abinci sau biyu fiye da 'yan madigo, kuma, idan sun kasance masu zaman kansu a fili, za su ninka yiwuwar kamuwa da matsalar cin abinci sau biyu fiye da mata masu zaman kansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Koh, A. S. 2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Koh A. S. |last2=Ross L. K. |year=2006 |title=Mental health issues: A comparison of lesbian, bisexual and heterosexual women |journal=Journal of Homosexuality |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=33–57 |doi=10.1300/j082v51n01_03 |pmid=16893825 |s2cid=30991404}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lafiyar kwakwalwa da kashe kansa ===
Mata masu jinsi biyu sun fi son kashe kansu, matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da kuma magance matsalar lafiyar kwakwalwa fiye da maza masu jinsi biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mathy R. |last2=Lehmann B. |last3=Kerr D. |year=2003 |title=Bisexual and Transgender Identities in a Nonclinical Sample of North americans: Suicidal Intent, Behavioral Difficulties, and Mental Health Treatment |journal=Journal of Bisexuality |volume=3 |issue=3–4 |pages=93–110 |doi=10.1300/j159v03n03_07 |s2cid=142011889}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wani bincike da Stonewall Scotland ta gudanar, kashi 7% na maza masu jinsi biyu sun yi yunkurin kashe kansu a shekarar da ta gabata. &lt;ref name=&quot;news.stv.tv&quot;/&gt; Mata masu jinsi biyu sun fi mata masu jinsi biyu saurin kai rahoton tunanin kashe kansu idan sun bayyana sha'awarsu ta jima'i ga yawancin mutane a rayuwarsu; waɗanda ba a bayyana su ba sun fi sau uku saurin kai harin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Koh, A. S. 2006&quot;/&gt; Mutane masu jinsi biyu suna da yawan tunanin kashe kansu da yunƙurinsu fiye da maza masu jinsi biyu, kuma sun fi halayen cutar da kansu fiye da maza masu jinsi biyu da 'yan madigo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Balsam K. F. |last2=Beauchaine T. P. |last3=Mickey R. M. |author-link3=Ruth Mickey |last4=Rothblum E. D. |year=2005 |title=Mental health of lesbian, gay, bisexual and heterosexual siblings: Effects of gender, sexual orientation, and family |journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology |volume=114 |issue=3 |pages=471–476 |citeseerx=10.1.1.530.9976 |doi=10.1037/0021-843x.114.3.471 |pmid=16117584}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2011 ya gano cewa kashi 44% na ɗaliban makarantar sakandare da sakandare masu jinsi biyu sun yi tunanin kashe kansu a cikin watan da ya gabata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Forrest |first=Sharita |title=News Bureau - ILLINOIS |url=http://news.illinois.edu/news/11/1013teens_DorothyEspelage_JosephRobinson.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230185629/https://news.illinois.edu/news/11/1013teens_dorothyespelage_josephrobinson.html |archive-date=2019-12-30 |access-date=2013-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Amfani da abu ===
Matasa mata da ke bayar da rahoton alaƙa da abokan zama na jinsi ɗaya da na wasu jinsi suna da yawan shan barasa mai haɗari da kuma matsalolin shan ƙwayoyi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Udry J. R. |last2=Chantala K. |year=2002 |title=Risk assessment of adolescents with same-sex relationships |journal=Journal of Adolescent Health |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=84–92 |doi=10.1016/s1054-139x(02)00374-9 |pmid=12090969}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haɗa da yawan shan wiwi da sauran shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eisenberg M. E. |last2=Wechsler H. |year=2003 |title=Substance use behaviors among college students with same-sex and opposite-sex experience: Results from a national study |journal=Addictive Behaviors |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=1913–1923 |doi=10.1016/s0306-4603(01)00286-6 |pmid=12788264}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ford J. A. |last2=Jasinski J. L. |year=2006 |title=Sexual orientation and substance use among college students |journal=Addictive Behaviors |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=404–413 |doi=10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.05.019 |pmid=15970397}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Russell S. T. |last2=Driscoll A. K. |last3=Truong N. |year=2002 |title=Adolescent same-sex romantic attractions and relationships: Implications for substance use and abuse |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=92 |issue=2 |pages=198–202 |doi=10.2105/ajph.92.2.198 |pmc=1447042 |pmid=11818291}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mata masu ɗabi'a da kuma waɗanda suka san kansu suna da yuwuwar shan sigari kuma sun kasance masu shan ƙwayoyi tun suna ƙanana fiye da mata masu ɗabi'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McCabe S. E. |last2=Hughes T. L. |last3=Bostwick W. |last4=Boyd C.J. |year=2005 |title=Assessment of difference in dimensions of sexual orientation: Implications for substance use research in a college-age population |journal=Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs |volume=66 |issue=5 |pages=620–629 |doi=10.15288/jsa.2005.66.620 |pmc=3156552 |pmid=16331847}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ciwon daji ===
Mata masu jinsi biyu sun fi fuskantar barazanar kamuwa da cutar nono, kiba da kiba, suna da yawan shan taba da shan barasa fiye da mata masu jinsi biyu, duk waɗannan abubuwan haɗari ne ga ciwon nono. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Case |first=Patricia |last2=Austin |first2=S. Bryn |last3=Hunter |first3=David J. |last4=Manson |first4=Joann E. |last5=Malspeis |first5=Susan |last6=Willett |first6=Walter C. |last7=Spiegelman |first7=Donna |date=December 2004 |title=Sexual orientation, health risk factors, and physical functioning in the nurses' health study II |journal=[[Journal of Women's Health]] |volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=1033–1047 |doi=10.1089/jwh.2004.13.1033 |pmid=15665660}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maza masu jinsi biyu da ke yin jima'i ta dubura suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar dubura da cutar papillomavirus ta ɗan adam (HPV) ke haifarwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Daling J. R. |last2=Madeleine M. M. |last3=Johnson L. G. |last4=Schwartz S. M. |last5=Shera K. A. |last6=Wurscher M. A. |last7=Carter J. J. |last8=McDougall J. K. |year=2004 |title=Human papillomavirus, smoking, and sexual practices in the etiology of anal cancer |journal=Cancer |volume=101 |issue=2 |pages=270–80 |doi=10.1002/cncr.20365 |pmid=15241823 |s2cid=1841043 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== HIV/AIDS da lafiyar jima'i ===
Yawancin bincike kan cutar HIV/AIDS sun fi mayar da hankali kan maza masu luwaɗi da maza masu luwaɗi fiye da mata masu luwaɗi da mata masu luwaɗi. Shaidar da ke nuna halayen jima'i masu haɗari a cikin maza masu luwaɗi sun kasance masu karo da juna. Maza masu luwaɗi da maza masu luwaɗi galibi suna amfani da kwaroron roba a daidai gwargwado kamar maza masu luwaɗi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jeffries |first=William L. |last2=Dodge |first2=Brian |date=July 2007 |title=Male bisexuality and condom use at last sexual encounter: Results from a national Survey |journal=[[Journal of Sex Research]] |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=278–289 |doi=10.1080/00224490701443973 |pmid=17879171 |s2cid=44962530}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maza masu luwaɗi da maza da mata ba su da yuwuwar kamuwa da cutar HIV ko yin jima'i ta dubura ba tare da kariya ba, amma sun fi yiwuwa maza masu luwaɗi su kamu da cutar HIV fiye da maza masu luwaɗi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Zule W. A. |last2=Bobashev G. V. |last3=Wechsberg W. M. |last4=Costenbader E. C. |last5=Coomes C. M. |year=2009 |title=Behaviorally bisexual men and their risk behaviors with men and women |journal=[[Journal of Urban Health]] |volume=86 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=48–62 |doi=10.1007/s11524-009-9366-3 |pmc=2705485 |pmid=19513854}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa babu tabbacin kamuwa da cutar HIV da aka yada daga mace zuwa mace, matan da suka yi jima'i da maza da mata suna da yawan kamuwa da cutar HIV fiye da mata masu luwaɗi ko mata masu luwaɗi. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lukas Sandell</title>
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'''Lukas Sandell''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 1997) ɗan wasan ƙwallon hannu ne na ƙasar Sweden ga Rhein-Neckar Löwen da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Sweden . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Selby |first=Ola |date=16 January 2021 |title=Sandell: &quot;Här för att göra det jag är bra på&quot; |trans-title=Sandell: &quot;I'm here to do, what I do best |url=https://handbollskanalen.se/landslag-herrar/sandell-har-for-att-gora-det-jag-ar-bra-pa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209074748/https://handbollskanalen.se/landslag-herrar/sandell-har-for-att-gora-det-jag-ar-bra-pa/ |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=30 January 2021 |language=SV |agency=handbollskanalen.se}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Sandell ya fara buga ƙwallon hannu a Eslövs HF. A shekarar 2013 ya koma Ystads IF HF . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=33 Lukas Sandell |url=https://www.handbollslandslaget.se/spelare/lukassandell/ |access-date=20 June 2021 |website=handbollslandslaget.se |publisher=[[Sweden national handball team]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga wa babbar ƙungiyar wasa a shekarar 2015, inda ya yi wasa da Kim Andersson a matsayin ɗan wasan baya na dama. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Statistik 2014/15 |url=https://handballstats.se/stat_sve/statistics/statistics.aspx?y=2014 |access-date=20 June 2021 |publisher=handballstats.se |language=sv |archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705125201/https://handballstats.se/stat_sve/statistics/statistics.aspx?y=2014 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2018 he transferred to Norwegian team Elverum Håndball.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Uppgifter: Lukas Sandell flyttar till Elverum |trans-title=Lukas Sandell moves to Elverum |url=https://handbollskanalen.se/norge/uppgifter-lukas-sandell-har-skrivit-pa-elverum/ |access-date=20 June 2021 |publisher=handbollskanalen.se |language=sv}}&lt;/ref&gt; Here he won the Norwegian championship in 2019 and 2020 and the Norwegian cup in 2019 and 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elverum zum zweiten Mal norwegischer Pokalsieger |trans-title=Elverum are Norwegian champions for the second time |url=https://www.handball-world.news/o.red.r/news-1-1-3-110898.html |access-date=20 June 2021 |publisher=handball-world.news |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elverum und Kristiansand gewinnen Pokalfinals in Norwegen |trans-title=Elverum and Kristiansand wins the cup finals in Norway |url=https://www.handball-world.news/o.red.r/news-1-1-3-121149.html |access-date=20 June 2021 |publisher=handball-world.news |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elverum gelingt erfolgreiche Titelverteidigung |url=https://www.handball-world.news/o.red.r/news-1-1-3-115248.html |access-date=20 June 2021 |publisher=handball-world.news |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elverum seriemester to runder før slutt |trans-title=Elverum are league champions with two rounds to go |url=https://www.handball.no/nyheter/2020/03/elverum-seriemester-to-runder-for-slutt/ |access-date=20 June 2021 |publisher=handball.no |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2020 ya shiga ƙungiyar Denmark ta Aalborg Håndbold . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vier Abgänge in die HBL: Der Kader von Aalborg Haandbold für die Saison 2020/21 |url=https://www.handball-world.news/o.red.r/news-1-1-3-125653.html |access-date=20 June 2021 |publisher=handball-world.news |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kakarsa ta farko a ƙungiyar, ya kai wasan ƙarshe na gasar zakarun Turai, inda Aalborg ta sha kashi a hannun FC Barcelona da ci 23-36. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;Wundervoll&quot;: FC Barcelona zum zehnten Mal die Besten in Europa |url=https://www.handball-world.news/o.red.r/news-1-1-3-132596.html |access-date=19 June 2021 |publisher=handball-world.news |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwanaki kaɗan bayan haka ya lashe wasan ƙarshe na gasar zakarun Denmark. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aalborg er dansk mester |trans-title=Aalborg are Danish Champions |url=https://sport.tv2.dk/haandbold/2021-06-16-aalborg-er-dansk-mester |access-date=19 June 2021 |website=sport.tv2.dk |publisher=[[TV2 Danmark]] |language=da}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2023 ya shiga ONE Veszprém . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zwei Olympiasieger, Europameister, EM-Zweiter: Telekom Veszprem präsentiert vier Neuzugänge für 2023 |url=https://www.handball-world.news/o.red.r/news-1-1-3-143237.html |access-date=2022-06-23 |publisher=www.handball-world.news |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; A nan ya lashe Kofin Hungary da kuma Super Globe na Maza na IHF a shekarar 2024.

=== Tawagar ƙasa ===
Sandell ya fara buga wa tawagar ƙasar Sweden wasa a gasar cin kofin ƙwallon hannu ta maza ta duniya ta 2021 a wasan da suka yi da Macedonia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Matchguide: Sverige–Nordmakedonien |trans-title=Match Guide Sweden North Macedonia |url=https://www.handbollslandslaget.se/herr/matchguide-sverige-nordmakedonien-2/ |access-date=20 June 2021 |publisher=handbollskanalen.se |language=sv}}&lt;/ref&gt; A nan ya lashe lambar azurfa tare da ƙungiyar Sweden. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Palicka och Solberg inför finalen |url=https://www.handbollslandslaget.se/herr/palicka-och-solberg-infor-finalen/ |access-date=19 June 2021 |publisher=handbollskanalen.se |language=sv}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta 2022, ya lashe lambobin zinare tare da Sweden. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sweden 2022 |url=https://ehfeuro.eurohandball.com/men/2022/teams/details/u2UA_11fSK5vcURmh111Fw/sweden/ |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=eurohandball.com |publisher=[[European Handball Federation]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nasarorin ==

* '''Gasar Zakarun Turai ta EHF'''
** ''Na biyu: 2021''
* &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;mwaA&quot;&gt;IHF Super Globe&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
** ''Wanda ya yi nasara: 2024''
** ''Lambobin yabo na tagulla: 2021''
* '''Gasar ƙwallon hannu ta Denmark'''
** ''Wanda ya yi nasara:'' 2021
** ''Na biyu:'' 2022, 2023
* '''Kofin Kwallon Hannu na Denmark :'''
** ''Wanda ya yi nasara:'' 2021
** ''Na biyu:'' 2020
* '''Kofin Super na Denmark'''
** ''Wanda ya yi nasara:'' 2020, 2021, 2022
* '''Gasar Norway'''
** ''Wanda ya yi nasara:'' 2019, 2020
* '''Kofin Norway'''
** ''Wanda ya yi nasara:'' 2018, 2019
* '''Kofin Hungary'''
** ''Wanda ya yi nasara:'' 2024

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Magudanar ruwan sama da ambaliya ta Soweto</title>
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'''Matafiyar Ruwan Sama ta Soweto''' (Soweto Stormwater Channel) wani tsarin magudanar ruwan sama da kula da ambaliyar ruwa ne da ke a Soweto, Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu. Yana daga cikin kayan aikin magudanar ruwa na gari na Hukumar Birnin Johannesburg kuma Hukumar Kula da Hanyoyi ta Johannesburg (JRA) ce ke tafiyar da shi. An tsara tsarin ne don rage ambaliyar ruwa, sarrafa ruwan da ke gudu a sarari lokacin da aka yi ruwa mai ƙarfi, da kuma kare hanyoyi, gidaje, da sauran kayan aikin gwamnati a Soweto.

== Bayanin Baya ==
Soweto ya daɗe yana fuskantar matsalar ambaliyar ruwa saboda saurin haɓakar birane, yawan jama'a, da kuma rashi ko gazawar tsofaffin kayan aikin magudanar ruwan sama. Ruwa mai ƙarfi da ake yi a Gauteng na yawan matsa lamba ga tsarin magudanar ruwa, wanda ke haifar da ambaliya a wasu yankuna, lalacewar hanyoyi, da cikas ga ayyukan yau da kullum. Hukumar Birnin Johannesburg ta ayyana kula da ruwan sama a matsayin babban fifiko na kayan aiki a Soweto, musamman don mayar da martani ga aukuwar ambaliyar ruwa akai-akai lokacin damina.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=JRA undertakes major stormwater upgrades in Soweto |url=https://joburg.org.za/media_/Newsroom/Pages/2024%20News%20Article/April/JRA-undertakes-major-stormwater-upgrades-in-Soweto.aspx |publisher=City of Johannesburg}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsari da Aiki ==
Matafiyar Ruwan Sama ta Soweto ta ƙunshi injiniyoyin kayan aikin magudanar ruwa da suka haɗa da madatsun ruwa (canals), magudanun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (culverts), bututun ruwan sama, da ingantattun hanyoyin magudanar ruwa na halitta. Babban manufarta ita ce karkatar da ruwan sama nesa da mazaunin mutane da kuma jigilar shi lafiya zuwa manyan tsarin magudanar ruwa. Kamar yadda toshewar magudanun ruwa ke ƙara haɗarin ambaliya lokacin ruwa mai ƙarfi, JRA tana jaddada mahimmancin tsaftace tsarin ruwan sama daga shara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=JRA warning: Heavy floods advisory |url=https://jra.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/JRA_WARNING_HEAVY_FLOODS_1-1.pdf |publisher=Johannesburg Roads Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=JRA advises against throwing rubbish in stormwater drains |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/soweto-urban/news-headlines/local-news/2021/02/07/jra-advises-against-throwing-rubbish-in-stormwater-drains/ |publisher=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ambaliya da Kalubalen Aiki ==
Ambaliyar ruwa ta kasance ƙalubale mai dorewa a sassan Soweto, musamman a lokutan da aka yi ruwan sama mai tsananin gaske. Tsarin magudanar ruwan sama na yawan cika ya ambaliya, wanda ke haifar da rufe hanyoyi, lalacewar kaddarori, da kuma sa baki na gaggawa. Ma'aikatar Agajin Gidaje ta Gauteng (GHSD) tana fitar da gargaɗi game da ambaliyar ruwa ta lokaci-lokaci akai-akai saboda ƙaruwar haɗarin ruwan sama lokacin damina.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gauteng Human Settlements Department issues flood warning as rainy season begins |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/soweto-urban/news-headlines/local-news/2025/10/14/gauteng-human-settlements-department-issues-flood-warning-as-rainy-season-begins/ |publisher=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wasu lokuta, lalacewar kayan aiki ya bukaci rufe hanyoyi na ɗan lokaci don yin gyare-gyare, gami da manyan hanyoyin da zaizayar ƙasa da ambaliyar ruwa suka shafa.

A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2009, 'yan mata biyu sun rasa rayukansu sannan gidaje da dama sun ambaliya, sannan a watan Fabrairun 2012, an lalata gidajen kwanoli (shacks) a Soweto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Adegun |first=Olumuyiwa Bayode |date=11 June 2026 |title=State-led versus community-initiated: stormwater drainage and informal settlement intervention in Johannesburg, South Africa |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0956247815569700 |journal=Environment and Urbanization |language=en |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=407–420 |doi=10.1177/0956247815569700 |issn=0956-2478 |via=Sage Journals}}&lt;/ref&gt; A farkon watan Disamba na shekarar 2022, yanayi mai tsanani da ruwa mai ƙarfi sun haifar da gagarumar ambaliyar ruwa a fadin Soweto da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi, wanda ya yi sanadin raba mutane da yawa da gidajensu da kuma lalata kayan aiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mthethwa |first=Mbalenhle |date=12 December 2022 |title=Several people displaced in Soweto, surrounding areas due to heavy flooding |url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/several-people-displaced-in-soweto-surrounding-areas-due-to-heavy-flooding/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623102847/https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/several-people-displaced-in-soweto-surrounding-areas-due-to-heavy-flooding/ |archive-date=23 June 2024 |access-date=11 June 2026 |work=SABC News |language=en-US }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inganta Kayan Aiki ==
Hukumar Birnin Johannesburg, ta hanyar JRA, ta aiwatar da ayyukan inganta magudanar ruwan sama da dama a Soweto da nufin ƙara ƙarfin magudanar ruwa da rage haɗarin ambaliya. An gudanar da ingantawa a yankuna kamar su Diepkloof da Orlando East, inda aka canza ko gyara tsofaffin kayan aiki don inganta kwararar ruwan sama.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=JRA undertakes major stormwater upgrades in Diepkloof and Orlando East, Soweto |url=https://jraweb.azurewebsites.net/jra-undertakes-major-stormwater-upgrades-in-diepkloof-and-orlando-east-soweto/ |publisher=Johannesburg Roads Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma gudanar da ƙarin ayyuka a Senoane biyo bayan faruwar ruwan sama mai ƙarfi, gami da inganta magudanar ruwa da gyaran kayan aiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=JRA jerks up service delivery in Senoane following torrential rains |url=https://joburg.org.za/media_/Newsroom/Pages/2022%20News%20Articles/March/JRA-jerks-up-service-delivery-in-Senoane-following-torrential-rains.aspx |publisher=City of Johannesburg}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma sanar da manyan ayyukan saka hannun jari na ruwan sama a yankunan da ke kewaye kamar Braamfisherville, da nufin rage ambaliya da sauya tsarin kayan aiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=CoJ prioritises public safety with R23m major stormwater conversion in Braamfisherville |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/soweto-urban/news-headlines/local-news/2025/06/10/coj-prioritises-public-safety-with-r23m-major-stormwater-conversion-in-braamfisherville-2/ |publisher=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt; An rufe hanyar Klipspruit Valley ta Soweto na tsawon watanni 3 don sake gina matafiyar ruwan saman.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Soweto's Klipspruit Valley Road will be closed for 3 months for repairs |url=https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/sowetos-klipspruit-valley-road-will-be-closed-for-3-months-for-repairs-20220816 |publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasiri ga Muhalli da Al'umma ==
Tasiri ko ingancin Matafiyar Ruwan Sama ta Soweto ya dogara ne da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli da halayyar ɗan adam, gami da al'adun zubar da shara. Toshewar magudanun ruwa da ke faruwa saboda jifa da shara da kuma zubar da datti ba bisa ƙa'ida ba yana rage ingancin tsarin kuma yana ƙara haɗarin ambaliya. Hukumomin birni suna ci gaba da gudanar da kamfen na wayar da kan jama'a don ƙarfafa mazauna yankin su guji zubar da shara a cikin tsarin magudanar ruwan sama.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=JRA warning: Heavy floods advisory |url=https://jra.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/JRA_WARNING_HEAVY_FLOODS_1-1.pdf |publisher=Johannesburg Roads Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Nassoshi (References) ==
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    <title>Kwararre a fannin lafiya</title>
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Kwararren '''likita''', '''ƙwararren ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya''' ( '''HCP''' ), ko '''ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya''' (wani lokacin ana kiransa '''HCW''' ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--not stated--&gt; |date=29 November 2021 |title=HCWs With Long COVID Report Doubt, Disbelief From Colleagues |url=https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/963766 |website=Medscape}}&lt;/ref&gt; mai ba da [[Kula da lafiya|magani]] da shawarwari ne bisa ga horo da gogewa. Wannan fanni ya haɗa da waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin [[Ungozoma|ma'aikacin jinya]], likita (kamar likitan iyali, likitan ciki, likitan haihuwa, likitan tabin hankali, likitan rediyo, likitan tiyata da sauransu), likitan perfusion, mataimakin likita, likitan abinci mai rijista, ƙwararrun likitoci na gaggawa da ma'aikatan jinya, likitan dabbobi, ƙwararren likitan dabbobi, likitan ido, likitan magunguna, ƙwararren ma'aikacin kantin magani, mataimakin likita, mai ilimin motsa jiki, mai ilimin motsa jiki, [[Gyaran jiki|likitan haƙori]] [[Mai warkarwa na sana'a|,]] ungozoma, masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, likitan ji, ko masanin kimiyyar kiwon lafiya, ko kuma waɗanda ke yin ayyuka a cikin ayyukan kiwon lafiya masu alaƙa . Ƙwararru a [[Lafiyar jama'a|fannin lafiyar jama'a]] da lafiyar al'umma suma ƙwararrun lafiya ne.

== Filaye ==
[[Fayil:NY_College_of_Health_Professions_Massage_Therapy_Class.jpg|thumb|Ajin tausa na Kwalejin Lafiya ta NY]]
[[Fayil:US_Navy_doctors_deliver_a_healthy_baby.jpg|thumb|Likitocin sojojin ruwan Amurka sun haifi jariri mai lafiya]]
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
[[Fayil:Global_health_and_social_care_workers_70%25_women,_leaders_in_the_global_health_sector_30%25_women.png|thumb|330x330px|Kashi 70% na ma'aikatan lafiya da kula da jin dadin jama'a na duniya mata ne, kashi 30% na shugabannin a fannin lafiya na duniya mata ne.]]
[[Kayan kiwon lafiya na mutane|Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya]] sun ƙunshi nau'ikan sana'o'i da ayyuka daban-daban waɗanda ke ba da wani nau'in sabis na kiwon lafiya, gami da masu kula da kai tsaye kamar likitoci, masu aikin jinya, mataimakan likitoci [[Ungozoma|,]] ma'aikatan jinya, masu ilimin numfashi, likitocin haƙori, masu harhada magunguna, likitan harshe, [[Gyaran jiki|masu ilimin motsa jiki]], [[Mai warkarwa na sana'a|masu ilimin motsa jiki]], masu ilimin [[Gyaran jiki|motsa jiki]] da ɗabi'a, da kuma ƙwararrun lafiya kamar su phlebotomists, [[Masanin kimiyya na dakin gwaje-gwaje|masana kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje na likitanci]], masu abinci mai gina jiki, da ma'aikatan zamantakewa . Sau da yawa suna aiki a [[Asibiti|asibitoci]], cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da sauran wuraren isar da sabis, amma kuma a horon ilimi, bincike, da gudanarwa. Wasu suna ba da sabis na kulawa da magani ga marasa lafiya a gidaje masu zaman kansu. Ƙasashe da yawa suna da adadi mai yawa na ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na al'umma waɗanda ke aiki a wajen cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na yau da kullun. [[Gudanar da kiwon lafiya|Manajan ayyukan kiwon lafiya]], masu fasaha kan bayanai na kiwon lafiya, da sauran ma'aikatan taimako da ma'aikatan tallafi suma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na ƙungiyoyin kula da lafiya. 

Ana rarraba masu aikin kiwon lafiya zuwa sana'o'in kiwon lafiya . A cikin kowane fanni na ƙwarewa, galibi ana rarraba masu aikin bisa ga matakin ƙwarewa da ƙwarewar ƙwarewa. &quot;Ƙwararrun likitoci&quot; ƙwararru ne masu ƙwarewa, a cikin sana'o'in da galibi ke buƙatar ilimi mai zurfi, gami da karatun jami'a wanda ke haifar da samun digiri na farko ko mafi girma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=Classifying health workers |url=https://www.who.int/hrh/statistics/Health_workers_classification.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816123657/http://www.who.int/hrh/statistics/Health_workers_classification.pdf |archive-date=2015-08-16 |access-date=2016-02-13 |website=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan rukuni ya haɗa da likitoci, mataimakan likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya masu rijista, likitocin dabbobi, masu fasaha na dabbobi, mataimakan likitocin dabbobi, likitocin hakora, ungozoma, masu daukar hoton rediyo, masu harhada magunguna, masu ilimin motsa jiki, likitocin ido, masu aikin sashen aiki da sauransu. Ƙwararrun likitoci masu alaƙa, waɗanda kuma ake kira &quot;ƙwararrun ma'aikatan lafiya&quot; a cikin Rarraba Ayyuka na Ƙasa da Ƙasa, suna tallafawa aiwatar da tsare-tsaren kula da lafiya, magani da kuma tura waɗanda likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya, kula da numfashi, da sauran ƙwararrun lafiya suka kafa, kuma yawanci suna buƙatar cancantar aiki don yin aikinsu. Bugu da ƙari, ma'aikatan taimako marasa lasisi suna taimakawa wajen samar da ayyukan kula da lafiya kamar yadda aka ba da izini. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Wata hanyar da za a rarraba masu aikin kiwon lafiya ita ce bisa ga ɓangaren da suke aiki a ciki, kamar kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa, kula da juna biyu da haihuwa, kula da tiyata, kula da gyaran hali, ko lafiyar jama'a. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Lafiyar kwakwalwa ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
Ma'aikacin lafiyar kwakwalwa ma'aikacin lafiya ne wanda ke ba da ayyuka don inganta lafiyar kwakwalwa na mutane ko magance cututtukan kwakwalwa . Waɗannan sun haɗa da likitocin tabin hankali, mataimakan likitocin tabin hankali, likitoci, masu ba da shawara, da masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na makaranta, [[Mai warkarwa na sana'a|masu ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali na aiki]], ma'aikatan zamantakewa na asibiti, ma'aikatan jinya na tabin hankali- masu aikin jinya, masu ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali na aure da iyali, masu ba da shawara kan lafiyar kwakwalwa, da sauran ƙwararrun lafiya da ƙwararrun ma'aikatan lafiya. Waɗannan masu ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya galibi suna magance cututtuka iri ɗaya, cututtuka, yanayi, da matsaloli; duk da haka, iyakokin aikinsu sau da yawa sun bambanta. Babban bambanci a cikin nau'ikan masu aikin lafiyar kwakwalwa shine ilimi da horo. &lt;ref name=&quot;AboutPsychs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Difference Between Psychologists and Psychiatrists |url=http://psychology.about.com/od/psychotherapy/f/psychvspsych.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403173150/http://psychology.about.com/od/psychotherapy/f/psychvspsych.htm |archive-date=April 3, 2007 |access-date=March 4, 2007 |publisher=Psychology.about.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai illoli da yawa masu illa ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Da yawa sun sami alamun rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa daban-daban, tun daga raunin motsin rai zuwa tsananin damuwa. Ba a yi wa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya magani yadda ya kamata ba kuma saboda haka lafiyar kwakwalwa, ta jiki, da ta motsin rai ta shafi hakan. Marubutan SAGE sun ce kashi 94% na ma'aikatan jinya sun fuskanci aƙalla alamar PTSD guda ɗaya bayan abin da ya faru. Wasu sun fuskanci mafarkai marasa daɗi, tunawa, da kuma martanin motsin rai na ɗan gajeren lokaci da na dogon lokaci. &lt;ref name=&quot;Goldblatt 1908–1933&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Goldblatt |first=Hadass |last2=Freund |first2=Anat |last3=Drach-Zahavy |first3=Anat |last4=Enosh |first4=Guy |last5=Peterfreund |first5=Ilana |last6=Edlis |first6=Neomi |date=2020-05-01 |title=Providing Health Care in the Shadow of Violence: Does Emotion Regulation Vary Among Hospital Workers From Different Professions? |journal=Journal of Interpersonal Violence |language=en |volume=35 |issue=9–10 |pages=1908–1933 |doi=10.1177/0886260517700620 |issn=0886-2605 |pmid=29294693 |s2cid=19304885}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cin zarafin yana haifar da mummunan tasiri ga waɗannan ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Tashin hankali yana sa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya su kasance marasa kyau game da ayyukan aiki da marasa lafiya, kuma saboda haka suna &quot;jin matsin lamba don karɓar odar, bayar da wani samfuri, ko ba da magani&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Cheryl L. |last2=DeMass Martin |first2=Suzanne L. |last3=Markle-Elder |first3=Sara |date=April 2007 |title=Stopping Verbal Abuse in the Workplace |journal=American Journal of Nursing |volume=107 |issue=4 |pages=32–34 |doi=10.1097/01.naj.0000271177.59574.c5 |issn=0002-936X |pmid=17413727}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani lokaci yana iya kamawa daga magana zuwa jima'i zuwa cin zarafi ta jiki, ko mai cin zarafin majiyyaci ne, iyalan majiyyaci, likita, masu kula da lafiya, ko ma'aikatan jinya. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Kula da mata masu juna biyu ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Ma'aikacin lafiya na uwa da jarirai ƙwararre ne a fannin kula da lafiya wanda ke kula da kula da mata da 'ya'yansu kafin, lokacin da kuma bayan juna biyu da haihuwa. Irin waɗannan ma'aikatan lafiya sun haɗa da masu kula da mata masu juna biyu, mataimakan likitoci, ungozoma, ma'aikatan jinya na haihuwa da sauransu da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin waɗannan sana'o'in shine a cikin horo da ikon samar da ayyukan tiyata da sauran ayyukan ceton rai.  A wasu ƙasashe masu tasowa, masu kula da haihuwa na gargajiya, ko ungozoma na gargajiya, su ne tushen farko na kula da ciki da haihuwa ga mata da iyalai da yawa, kodayake ba su da takardar sheda ko lasisi. A cewar bincike, ƙimar rashin jin daɗi tsakanin likitocin mata masu juna biyu (Ob-Gyns) ya kai tsakanin kashi 40 zuwa 75 cikin ɗari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ob-Gyn Burnout: Why So Many Doctors Are Questioning Their Calling |url=https://www.healthecareers.com/career-resources/on-the-job/ob-gyn-burnout |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=healthecareers.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsofaffi ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Mai kula da tsofaffi yana tsarawa da kuma daidaita kulawar tsofaffi da/ko nakasassu don inganta lafiyarsu, inganta rayuwarsu, da kuma kiyaye 'yancin kansu na tsawon lokaci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Araujo de Carvalho |first=Islene |last2=Epping-Jordan |first2=JoAnne |last3=Pot |first3=Anne Margriet |last4=Kelley |first4=Edward |last5=Toro |first5=Nuria |last6=Thiyagarajan |first6=Jotheeswaran A |last7=Beard |first7=John R |date=2017-11-01 |title=Organizing integrated health-care services to meet older people's needs |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=95 |issue=11 |pages=756–763 |doi=10.2471/BLT.16.187617 |issn=0042-9686 |pmc=5677611 |pmid=29147056}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun haɗa da [[Magungunan tsofaffi|likitocin tsofaffi]], [[Mai warkarwa na sana'a|masu ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da]] hankali na sana'a, mataimakan likitoci, masu aikin jinya na manya-masu ilimin gerontology, ƙwararrun ma'aikatan jinya na asibiti, masu harhada magunguna na tsofaffi, ma'aikatan jinya na tsofaffi, manajojin kula da tsofaffi, mataimakan tsofaffi, mataimakan tsofaffi, mataimakan jinya, [[Mai kula da shi|masu kula da tsofaffi]] da sauransu waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan buƙatun kula da lafiya da tunani na tsofaffi. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Tiyata ===
Likitan tiyata ƙwararre ne a fannin kiwon lafiya kuma ƙwararre ne a fannin tsarawa da kuma isar da kulawar majiyyaci a lokacin tiyata, har ma a lokacin da ake yin tiyata, tiyata da kuma lokacin murmurewa. Suna iya haɗawa da likitocin tiyata na gabaɗaya da ƙwararru, mataimakan likitoci, mataimakan likitocin tiyata, mataimakan likitocin tiyata, likitocin tiyata na dabbobi, masu fasaha a fannin dabbobi . likitocin maganin sa barci, mataimakan likitocin maganin sa barci, masu ba da maganin sa barci na ma'aikatan jinya, ma'aikatan jinya na tiyata, jami'an asibiti, masu aikin sashen tiyata , masu fasaha a fannin maganin sa barci, ma'aikatan jinya na lokacin tiyata, masu fasaha a fannin tiyata, da sauransu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Gyaran jiki ===
Ma'aikacin kula da gyaran jiki ma'aikacin lafiya ne wanda ke ba da kulawa da magani wanda ke da nufin ingantawa da dawo da ƙwarewar aiki da ingancin rayuwa ga waɗanda ke da nakasa ta jiki ko [[Rashin lafiya na jiki|ta nakasa]] . Waɗannan sun haɗa da likitocin motsa jiki, mataimakan likitoci , ma'aikatan jinya na gyaran jiki, ƙwararrun ma'aikatan jinya na asibiti, masu aikin jinya, masu ilimin motsa jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki , masu gyaran jiki, masu [[Mai warkarwa na sana'a|gyaran]] [[Gyaran jiki|fata]] , masu gyaran fata , masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki , masu [[Gyaran jiki|gyaran]] jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, da sauransu. 

=== Optometry ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Optometry wani fanni ne da aka saba da shi wanda ke da alaƙa da gyaran kurakuran refractive ta amfani da tabarau ko ruwan tabarau na ido, da kuma magance cututtukan ido. Likitocin ido kuma suna ba da kulawar ido gabaɗaya, gami da gwaje-gwajen tantancewa don glaucoma da retinopathy na masu ciwon suga da kuma kula da yanayin ido na yau da kullun ko na ido. Likitocin ido kuma suna iya yin ƙarin horo don ƙwarewa a fannoni daban-daban, gami da [[glaucoma]], retina na likita, [[Makanta|ƙarancin gani]], ko likitan yara . A wasu ƙasashe, kamar Burtaniya, Amurka, da Kanada, likitocin ido na iya yin ƙarin horo don samun damar yin wasu ayyukan tiyata.

=== Ganewar cututtuka ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Masu ba da ganewar asali na likita ma'aikatan lafiya ne da ke da alhakin tantance wace cuta ko yanayi ce ke bayyana alamun mutum da alamominsa. Sau da yawa ana kiranta da ganewar asali idan yanayin lafiyar ya kasance a ɓoye. Wannan yawanci ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar masu ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya a sassa daban-daban na ganewar asali. Waɗannan sun haɗa da masu ba da aikin rediyo, masu ba da aikin rediyo, masu ba da aikin hoto, [[Masanin kimiyya na dakin gwaje-gwaje|masana kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje na likitanci]], masu ilimin cututtuka, da ƙwararru masu alaƙa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Likitan Hakori ===
[[Fayil:US_Navy_030620-N-8937A-002_Lt._William_Peterson_(left)_of_Branch_Dental_Clinic_Sasebo,_Japan_drills_a_cavity_while_his_dental_assistant,_Miho_Otubo,_ensures_the_area_remains_clean.jpg|thumb|Mataimakin likitan hakori a dama yana tallafawa likitan hakori a hagu, yayin aikin tiyata.]]
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Likitan kula da hakori ma'aikacin lafiya ne kuma ƙwararre wanda ke ba da kulawa da magani don haɓaka da dawo da lafiyar baki. Waɗannan sun haɗa da likitocin hakora da likitocin hakora, mataimakan hakora, masu taimakon hakori, masu tsabtace hakori, ma'aikatan jinya na hakori, masu fasaha na hakori, masu ilimin hakora ko masu ilimin lafiyar baki, da ƙwararru masu alaƙa.

=== Kula da ƙafafu ===
Likitocin ƙafa, likitocin ƙafa, likitocin ƙafa, likitocin ƙafa, likitocin ƙafa, masu taimaka wa ƙafa, masu jinya na ƙafa da sauransu za su iya ba da kulawa da magani ga ƙafa, idon sawu, da ƙafar ƙasa.

=== Lafiyar jama'a ===
[[Lafiyar jama'a|Ma'aikacin lafiyar jama'a]] yana mai da hankali kan inganta lafiya tsakanin mutane, iyalai da al'ummomi ta hanyar rigakafi da maganin cututtuka da raunuka, sa ido kan shari'o'i, da kuma haɓaka halaye masu kyau. Wannan rukuni ya haɗa da ƙwararrun likitocin al'umma da na rigakafi, mataimakan likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya na lafiyar jama'a, masu harhada magunguna, ƙwararrun ma'aikatan jinya na asibiti, masu abinci mai gina jiki, [[Ma'akacin Kiwon Lafiya da Muhalli|jami'an lafiyar muhalli]] ( [[Ma'akacin Kiwon Lafiya da Muhalli|masu duba lafiyar jama'a]] ), ma'aikatan jinya, masu cutar annoba, likitocin haƙoran lafiya, da sauransu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Madadin magani ===
A cikin al'ummomi da yawa, masu aikin madadin magani suna da alaƙa da adadi mai yawa na mutane, ko dai a cikin tsarin kula da lafiya na yau da kullun ko kuma a waje da tsarin kiwon lafiya na yau da kullun. Waɗannan sun haɗa da masu aikin acupuncture, Ayurveda, maganin herbalism, homeopathy, naturopathy, Reiki, [http://metagifted.org/topics/meta/shamballa/ Shamballa Reiki energy healing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125143415/http://www.metagifted.org/topics/meta/shamballa/ |date=2021-01-25 }} Archived  , Magungunan Siddha, Magungunan gargajiya na kasar Sin, Magungunan gargajiya na Koriya, Unani, da [https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/yoga-effectiveness-and-safety Yoga] . A wasu ƙasashe kamar Kanada, ana ɗaukar likitocin chiropractor da masu ilimin cututtukan ƙashi (ba tare da la'akari da likitocin maganin ƙashi a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka ba]] ) a matsayin masu aikin magani na madadin.

== Haɗarin Aiki ==
[[Fayil:NIOSH_Aerosol_Sampler_(8743397933).jpg|thumb|222x222px|Wani ƙwararren ma'aikacin lafiya yana sanya na'urar ɗaukar samfurin iska don bincika kamuwa da mura ta iska]]
[[Fayil:Big_or_Small_-_OHSN_Uses_Standardized_Language_for_All.webm|thumb|Bidiyon da ke bayanin Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya da Tsaro ta Ma'aikata, kayan aiki don sa ido kan haɗarin aiki ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya]]
Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suna fuskantar ƙalubale na musamman na lafiya da aminci kuma Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya da Tsaron Ayyuka ta Ƙasa (NIOSH) ta amince da ita a matsayin ɓangaren masana'antu mai mahimmanci a cikin Ajandar Binciken Aiki ta Ƙasa (NORA) don gano da kuma samar da dabarun shiga tsakani game da batutuwan lafiya da aminci na aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;cdc.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-15 |title=National Occupational Research Agenda for Healthcare and Social Assistance {{!}} NIOSH {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nora/councils/hcsa/agenda.html |access-date=2019-03-14 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗarin Halittu ===
Ana iya rage kamuwa da cututtukan numfashi kamar [[tarin fuka]] (wanda ''cutar tarin fuka ta Mycobacterium'' ke haifarwa) da [[Influenza|mura]] ta hanyar amfani da na'urorin numfashi ; wannan kamuwa da cutar babban haɗari ne ga ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bergman |first=Michael |last2=Zhuang |first2=Ziqing |last3=Shaffer |first3=Ronald E. |date=25 July 2013 |title=Advanced Headforms for Evaluating Respirator Fit |url=http://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2013/07/25/headforms/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116154510/http://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2013/07/25/headforms/ |archive-date=16 January 2015 |access-date=18 January 2015 |publisher=National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suma suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da ake kamuwa da su ta hanyar mu'amala mai tsawo da majiyyaci, gami da [[Ƙanzuwa|scabies]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=FitzGerald |first=Deirdre |last2=Grainger |first2=Rachel J. |last3=Reid |first3=Alex |date=2014 |title=Interventions for preventing the spread of infestation in close contacts of people with scabies |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2014 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009943.pub2 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=10819104 |pmid=24566946}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suma suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da ke ɗauke da jini kamar [[hepatitis B]], [[hepatitis C]], da [[Kanjamau|HIV/AIDS]] ta hanyar raunukan da aka yi da allura ko kuma haɗuwa da ruwan jiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cunningham |first=Thomas |last2=Burnett |first2=Garrett |date=17 May 2013 |title=Does your workplace culture help protect you from hepatitis? |url=http://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2013/05/17/hepatitis-safety-culture/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118200537/http://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2013/05/17/hepatitis-safety-culture/ |archive-date=18 January 2015 |access-date=18 January 2015 |publisher=National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;needlestick&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Reddy |first=Viraj K |last2=Lavoie |first2=Marie-Claude |last3=Verbeek |first3=Jos H |last4=Pahwa |first4=Manisha |date=14 November 2017 |title=Devices for preventing percutaneous exposure injuries caused by needles in healthcare personnel |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2017 |issue=11 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009740.pub3 |pmc=6491125 |pmid=29190036}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya rage wannan haɗarin ta hanyar allurar rigakafi lokacin da akwai allurar rigakafi, kamar tare da hepatitis B. &lt;ref name=&quot;needlestick&quot; /&gt; A cikin yanayi na annoba, kamar annobar cutar Ebola ta Yammacin Afirka ta 2014-2016 ko barkewar SARS ta 2003, ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suna cikin haɗarin mafi girma, kuma sun kamu da cutar ba daidai ba a cikin barkewar cutar Ebola da SARS. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Verbeek |first=Jos H. |last2=Rajamaki |first2=Blair |last3=Ijaz |first3=Sharea |last4=Sauni |first4=Riitta |last5=Toomey |first5=Elaine |last6=Blackwood |first6=Bronagh |last7=Tikka |first7=Christina |last8=Ruotsalainen |first8=Jani H. |last9=Kilinc Balci |first9=F. Selcen |date=May 15, 2020 |title=Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body fluids in healthcare staff |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2020 |issue=5 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011621.pub5 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=8785899 |pmid=32412096 |s2cid=218649177 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gabaɗaya, kayan kariya na sirri masu dacewa (PPE) shine hanya ta farko ta kariya ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya daga cututtuka masu yaɗuwa. Domin ya yi tasiri ga cututtuka masu yaɗuwa, kayan kariya na sirri dole ne su kasance masu hana ruwa shiga fata da mucous membranes daga taɓa kayan da ke yaɗuwa. Ana amfani da matakai daban-daban na kayan kariya na sirri da aka ƙera bisa ƙa'idodi na musamman a yanayi inda haɗarin kamuwa da cuta ya bambanta. Ayyuka kamar su safar hannu sau uku da na'urorin numfashi da yawa ba sa samar da kariya mafi girma kuma suna kawo nauyi ga ma'aikacin, wanda kuma yana cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cuta lokacin cire PPE. Bin ƙa'idodin kayan kariya na sirri masu dacewa na iya zama da wahala a wasu yanayi, kamar yanayin wurare masu zafi ko saitunan albarkatun ƙasa marasa ƙarfi. Wani bita na tsarin Cochrane na 2020 ya gano ƙarancin inganci shaida cewa amfani da masana'anta mai numfashi a cikin PPE, safar hannu sau biyu, da horo mai aiki yana rage haɗarin gurɓatawa amma ana buƙatar ƙarin gwaje-gwaje masu sarrafawa don yadda ya fi kyau a horar da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a cikin amfani da PPE da ya dace. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;

==== Gwaji, gwaji, da kuma ilimi kan tarin fuka ====
Bisa ga shawarwarin da Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafi ta Amurka (CDC) ta bayar game da gwajin tarin fuka da kuma gwajin cutar, ya kamata a bi waɗannan hanyoyin mafi kyau yayin ɗaukar ma'aikatan Lafiya da kuma ɗaukar su aiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sosa |first=Lynn E. |date=April 2, 2019 |title=Tuberculosis Screening, Testing, and Treatment of U.S. Health Care Personnel: Recommendations from the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association and CDC, 2019 |journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=68 |issue=19 |pages=439–443 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6819a3 |pmc=6522077 |pmid=31099768 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lokacin da ake ɗaukar Ma'aikatan Kula da Lafiya, mai nema ya kamata ya kammala waɗannan abubuwa: &lt;ref name=&quot;healthcareworkers&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 8, 2021 |title=Testing Health Care Workers &amp;#124; Testing &amp; Diagnosis &amp;#124; TB &amp;#124; CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/testing/healthcareworkers.htm |website=www.cdc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; kimanta haɗarin tarin fuka, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Health Care Personnel (HCP) Baseline Individual TB Risk Assessment |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/infectioncontrol/pdf/healthCareSettings-assessment.pdf |access-date=18 September 2022 |publisher=cdc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; kimanta alamun tarin fuka ga aƙalla waɗanda aka lissafa a shafin Alamomi da Alamomi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 4, 2021 |title=Signs &amp; Symptoms &amp;#124; Basic TB Facts &amp;#124; TB &amp;#124; CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/signsandsymptoms.htm |website=www.cdc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; gwajin tarin fuka bisa ga jagororin Gwaji don Kamuwa da Tarinfuka, &lt;ref name=&quot;tbtesttypes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 8, 2021 |title=Testing for TB Infection &amp;#124; Testing &amp; Diagnosis &amp;#124; TB &amp;#124; CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/testing/tbtesttypes.htm |website=www.cdc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ƙarin kimantawa don cutar tarin fuka kamar yadda ake buƙata (misali x-ray na ƙirji don HCP tare da gwajin tarin fuka mai kyau) &lt;ref name=&quot;healthcareworkers&quot; /&gt; CDC ta ba da shawarar ko dai gwajin jini, wanda aka sani da gwajin sakin interferon-gamma (IGRA), ko gwajin fata, wanda kuma aka sani da gwajin fata na Mantoux tuberculin (TST). &lt;ref name=&quot;tbtesttypes&quot; /&gt; Gwajin jinin tarin fuka don gwajin farko ba ya buƙatar gwajin matakai biyu. Idan ana amfani da hanyar gwajin fata don gwada HCP lokacin da aka ɗauki hayar, to ya kamata a yi amfani da gwajin matakai biyu. Ba a ba da shawarar gwajin mataki ɗaya ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;healthcareworkers&quot; /&gt;

CDC ta bayyana ƙarin bayani game da gwajin da aka ba da shawarar ga yanayi daban-daban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Guidelines for Preventing the Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Health-Care Settings, 2005 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5417a1.htm?s_cid=rr5417a1_e#box1 |website=www.cdc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; A taƙaice:

# Ba a ba da shawarar gwajin fata mai inganci da aka riga aka yi (TST) sannan a sake yin ƙarin gwajin TST ba
# An riga an rubuta TST mara kyau a cikin watanni 12 kafin a fara aiki KO kuma aƙalla TST guda biyu da aka rubuta mara kyau a baya, to ana ba da shawarar TST guda ɗaya
# Duk sauran yanayi, ban da shirye-shiryen da ke amfani da gwaje-gwajen jini, gwajin da aka ba da shawarar shine gwajin matakai biyu na TST

Bisa ga waɗannan jagororin gwaji da aka ba da shawarar, duk wani sakamakon TST mara kyau guda biyu cikin watanni 12 da juna ya ƙunshi TST mai matakai biyu.

Don tantancewa ta shekara-shekara, gwaji, da ilimi, abin da kawai ake buƙata a duk HCP shine a sami ilimin tarin fuka kowace shekara. &lt;ref name=&quot;healthcareworkers&quot;/&gt; Duk da cewa CDC tana ba da kayan ilimi, babu wata ƙa'ida da aka ƙayyade game da abin da ke ƙunshe da ingantaccen ilimi na shekara-shekara. Ba a ba da shawarar gwajin tarin fuka na shekara-shekara ba sai dai idan akwai wani sananne da ya kamu da cutar ko kuma yana ci gaba da yaɗuwa a cibiyar kiwon lafiya. Idan an yi la'akari da HCP a cikin haɗarin aiki na gwajin tarin fuka na shekara-shekara, ana iya la'akari da shi. Ga HCP mai tarihin da aka rubuta na sakamakon gwajin tarin fuka mai kyau, ba sai an sake gwada shi ba, amma ya kamata ya kammala kimanta alamun cutar tarin fuka. Ana ɗauka cewa duk wani HCP wanda aka yi gwajin x-ray na ƙirji ya sami sakamakon gwajin da ya gabata mai kyau. Lokacin da ake la'akari da lafiyar kwakwalwa, za ku iya ganin likitan ku don a tantance shi bisa ga shawararku. Ana ba da shawarar ganin wani aƙalla sau ɗaya a shekara don tabbatar da cewa babu wani canji kwatsam. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Spoorthy |first=Mamidipalli Sai |last2=Pratapa |first2=Sree Karthik |last3=Mahant |first3=Supriya |date=June 2020 |title=Mental health problems faced by healthcare workers due to the COVID-19 pandemic–A review |journal=Asian Journal of Psychiatry |language=en |volume=51 |doi=10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102119 |pmc=7175897 |pmid=32339895}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗarin zamantakewa ===
Damuwa a wurin aiki da gajiyar aiki sun fi yawa a tsakanin kwararrun likitoci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ruotsalainen |first=Jani H. |last2=Verbeek |first2=Jos H. |last3=Mariné |first3=Albert |last4=Serra |first4=Consol |date=2015-04-07 |title=Preventing occupational stress in healthcare workers |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2015 |issue=4 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002892.pub5 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=6718215 |pmid=25847433}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa damuwar wurin aiki ta yaɗu a masana'antar kiwon lafiya saboda [[Kayan kiwon lafiya na mutane|rashin isasshen matakin ma'aikata]], tsawon lokacin aiki, kamuwa da cututtuka masu yaɗuwa da [[abubuwa masu haɗari]] da ke haifar da rashin lafiya ko mutuwa, da kuma barazanar shari'ar rashin bin ƙa'ida . Sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa sun haɗa da wahalar da ake sha wajen kula da marasa lafiya da yawan marasa lafiya. Sakamakon wannan damuwa na iya haɗawa da shan muggan kwayoyi, [[Kisan kai|kashe kai]], [[Babban rashin damuwa|babban rashin kwanciyar hankali]], da [[Anxiety|damuwa]], duk waɗannan suna faruwa ne a mafi yawan lokuta a cikin ƙwararrun likitoci fiye da na ma'aikata gabaɗaya. Haɓaka matakan damuwa kuma suna da alaƙa da yawan gajiya, rashin zuwa aiki da kurakuran bincike, da raguwar gamsuwar marasa lafiya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2 December 2008 |title=Exposure to Stress: Occupational Hazards in Hospitals |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2008-136/default.html |url-status=live |journal=NIOSH Publication No. 2008–136 |issue=July 2008 |doi=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2008136 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212130033/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2008-136/default.html |archive-date=12 December 2008 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Kanada, wani rahoto na ƙasa ( ''Masu Ba da Kula da Lafiya na Kanada'' ) ya kuma nuna ƙaruwar rashin zuwa aiki saboda rashin lafiya ko nakasa a tsakanin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya idan aka kwatanta da sauran ma'aikata, kodayake waɗanda ke aiki a fannin kiwon lafiya sun ba da rahoton irin wannan matakin lafiya mai kyau da ƙarancin rahotannin rauni a wurin aiki. 

Akwai wasu shaidu da ke nuna cewa maganin fahimta da ɗabi'a, horon shakatawa da kuma tausa (gami da tunani da tausa ), da kuma gyara jadawalin aiki na iya rage damuwa da gajiya tsakanin sassa daban-daban na masu samar da kiwon lafiya. Ana ci gaba da bincike a wannan fanni, musamman game da likitoci, waɗanda ba a yi bincike sosai kan damuwar aiki da gajiyar da suke fuskanta ba idan aka kwatanta da sauran sana'o'in kiwon lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ruotsalainen |first=JH |last2=Verbeek |first2=JH |last3=Mariné |first3=A |last4=Serra |first4=C |date=7 April 2015 |title=Preventing occupational stress in healthcare workers. |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2015 |issue=4 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002892.pub5 |pmc=6718215 |pmid=25847433}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da rauni a wurin aiki saboda tashin hankali. Marasa lafiya da masu ziyara da suka bugu, suka rikice, kuma suka zama masu adawa barazana ce ga masu ba da sabis waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin kula da marasa lafiya. Sau da yawa, ba a ba da rahoton kai hari da tashin hankali a wurin kiwon lafiya kuma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hartley&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hartley |first=Dan |last2=Ridenour |first2=Marilyn |date=12 August 2013 |title=Free On-line Violence Prevention Training for Nurses |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/blogs/2013/violence-prevention-training.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116120810/http://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2013/08/12/hcwviolence-prevention/ |archive-date=16 January 2015 |access-date=15 January 2015 |publisher=National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abubuwan da suka faru na tashin hankali galibi suna faruwa ne a lokacin kulawa ta mutum ɗaya; kasancewa kaɗai tare da marasa lafiya yana ƙara haɗarin kai hari ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hartley |first=Dan |last2=Ridenour |first2=Marilyn |date=September 13, 2011 |title=Workplace Violence in the Healthcare Setting |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/749441 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208224755/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/749441 |archive-date=February 8, 2014 |website=NIOSH: Workplace Safety and Health |publisher=Medscape and NIOSH}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Amurka, ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suna fuskantar  hankali a wurin aiki ba tare da mutuwa ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hartley&quot; /&gt; Sashen masu tabin hankali suna wakiltar mafi girman adadin abubuwan tashin hankali, a kashi 40%; sai kuma sashen tsofaffi (20%) da sashen gaggawa (10%). Tashin hankalin wurin aiki kuma yana iya haifar da rauni a hankali. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suma suna iya fuskantar [[rashin barci]] saboda ayyukansu. Yawancin ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya suna kan jadawalin aikinsu na aiki, saboda haka suna fuskantar rashin daidaito a jadawalin aikinsu da kuma yanayin circadian ɗinsu. A shekara ta 2007, an gano cewa kashi 32% na ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suna samun ƙasa da sa'o'i 6 na barci a dare. Rashin barci kuma yana sa ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya su yi kurakurai waɗanda ka iya jefa majiyyaci cikin haɗari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Caruso |first=Claire C. |date=August 2, 2012 |title=Running on Empty: Fatigue and Healthcare Professionals |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/768414 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511070909/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/768414 |archive-date=May 11, 2013 |website=NIOSH: Workplace Safety and Health |publisher=Medscape and NIOSH}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Annobar cutar covid ====
Musamman a lokuta kamar na yanzu (2020), haɗarin da ke tattare da ƙwararrun likitoci yana haifar da lafiyar kwakwalwa. Bincike daga 'yan watannin da suka gabata ya nuna cewa COVID-19 ya ba da gudummawa sosai&amp;nbsp;ga tabarbarewar lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin masu samar da kiwon lafiya. Wannan ya haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance ga ba, damuwa, baƙin ciki/ƙonewa, da rashin barci. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Wani bincike da Di Mattei et al. (2020) suka gudanar ya nuna cewa kashi 12.63% na ma'aikatan jinya na COVID da kashi 16.28% na sauran ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na COVID sun ba da rahoton alamun damuwa mai tsanani a lokacin da annobar ta fara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Di Mattei |first=Valentina |last2=Perego |first2=Gaia |last3=Milano |first3=Francesca |last4=Mazzetti |first4=Martina |last5=Taranto |first5=Paola |last6=Di Pierro |first6=Rossella |last7=De Panfilis |first7=Chiara |last8=Madeddu |first8=Fabio |last9=Preti |first9=Emanuele |date=2021-05-15 |title=The &quot;Healthcare Workers' Wellbeing (Benessere Operatori)&quot; Project: A Picture of the Mental Health Conditions of Italian Healthcare Workers during the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=18 |issue=10 |page=5267 |doi=10.3390/ijerph18105267 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=8156728 |pmid=34063421 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, an gudanar da wani bincike kan ma'aikata na cikakken lokaci 1,448 a Japan. An yi wa mahalarta binciken a farkon Maris 2020 sannan kuma a watan Mayu 2020. Sakamakon binciken ya nuna cewa damuwa da damuwa sun ƙaru a tsakanin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a lokacin barkewar COVID-19. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sasaki |first=Natsu |last2=Kuroda |first2=Reiko |last3=Tsuno |first3=Kanami |last4=Kawakami |first4=Norito |date=2020-11-01 |title=The deterioration of mental health among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 outbreak: A population-based cohort study of workers in Japan |url=http://www.sjweh.fi/show_abstract.php?abstract_id=3922 |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment &amp; Health |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=639–644 |doi=10.5271/sjweh.3922 |issn=0355-3140 |pmc=7737801 |pmid=32905601}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hakazalika, bincike ya kuma nuna cewa bayan annobar, akalla ɗaya cikin biyar daga cikin ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya sun ba da rahoton alamun damuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pappa |first=Sofia |last2=Ntella |first2=Vasiliki |last3=Giannakas |first3=Timoleon |last4=Giannakoulis |first4=Vassilis G. |last5=Papoutsi |first5=Eleni |last6=Katsaounou |first6=Paraskevi |date=August 2020 |title=Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Brain, Behavior, and Immunity |volume=88 |pages=901–907 |doi=10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.026 |pmc=7206431 |pmid=32437915}}&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman ma, an tantance ɓangaren &quot;damuwa a cikin bincike 12, tare da yawan masu kamuwa da cutar da ya kai kashi 23.2%&quot; bayan COVID. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Idan aka yi la'akari da dukkan mahalarta 1,448, wannan kaso ya kai kimanin mutane 335.

==== Cin zarafin marasa lafiya ====

* Marasa lafiya suna zaɓar waɗanda suka fi rauni. Misali, Cho ya ce waɗannan za su kasance ma'aikatan jinya waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewa ko kuma suna ƙoƙarin saba da sabbin ayyukansu a wurin aiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cho |first=Hyeonmi |last2=Pavek |first2=Katie |last3=Steege |first3=Linsey |date=2020-07-22 |title=Workplace verbal abuse, nurse-reported quality of care and patient safety outcomes among early-career hospital nurses |journal=Journal of Nursing Management |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=1250–1258 |doi=10.1111/jonm.13071 |issn=0966-0429 |pmid=32564407 |s2cid=219972442 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sauran marubutan da suka yarda da wannan su ne Vento, Cainelli, &amp; Vallone kuma sun ce dalilin da ya sa marasa lafiya ke haifar da haɗari ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya shine saboda rashin isasshen sadarwa a tsakaninsu, dogayen layukan jira, da cunkoso a wuraren jira. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vento |first=Sandro |last2=Cainelli |first2=Francesca |last3=Vallone |first3=Alfredo |date=2020-09-18 |title=Violence Against Healthcare Workers: A Worldwide Phenomenon With Serious Consequences |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=8 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2020.570459 |issn=2296-2565 |pmc=7531183 |pmid=33072706 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan marasa lafiya suka yi kutse da/ko suka yi wa malaman makaranta rashin adalci, wannan yana sa ma'aikatan su yi tambayar abin da ya kamata su yi game da kula da majiyyaci.
* Akwai abubuwa da yawa da suka faru daga marasa lafiya waɗanda suka sa wasu ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suka shiga cikin damuwa kuma suna da shakku sosai. Goldblatt da sauran marubuta&amp;nbsp;ta ce akwai wata mata da ke haihuwa; mijinta ya ce, &quot;Wa ke da iko a nan?&quot; &quot;Su wanene waɗannan karuwai da kuke ɗauka aiki a nan&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Goldblatt 1908–1933&quot;/&gt;&amp;nbsp;Wannan abu ne mai matuƙar wahala a iya kauce masa domin an faɗa wa mutanen da ke kula da matarka da ɗanka.

=== Haɗarin jiki da sinadarai ===
[[Raunin aiki|Zamewa, tafiye-tafiye, da faɗuwa]] su ne na biyu mafi yawan sanadin da'awar diyya ga ma'aikata a Amurka kuma suna haifar da kashi 21% na rashin zuwa aiki saboda rauni. Waɗannan raunin galibi suna haifar da rauni da katsewar jiki ; mata, waɗanda suka haura shekaru 45, da waɗanda suka yi aiki ƙasa da shekara guda a fannin kiwon lafiya suna cikin haɗarin mafi girma. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=James W. |last2=Bell |first2=Jennifer L. |date=June 11, 2012 |title=Slipping, Tripping, and Falling at Work |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/765348 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203232137/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/765348 |archive-date=December 3, 2012 |website=NIOSH: Workplace Safety and Health |publisher=Medscape and NIOSH}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bincike da aka buga a shekarar 2018 ya binciki yanayin ji na ma'aikatan kula da lafiya da taimakon zamantakewa (HSA) da ke fuskantar hayaniya don kimantawa da kwatanta yawan [[Rashin ji|asarar ji]] ta hanyar ƙananan sassa a cikin ɓangaren. Yawancin kiyasin yawan masu fama da cutar HSA ya kama daga 14% zuwa 18%, amma sashin dakunan gwaje-gwaje na lafiya da ganewar asali yana da kashi 31% na yawan masu fama da cutar kuma ofisoshin duk sauran masu aikin lafiya daban-daban suna da kashi 24%. Sashen Kula da Lafiya na Yara shi ma yana da haɗarin da ya fi na masana'antar tunani da kashi 52%. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Masterson |first=Elizabeth A. |last2=Themann |first2=Christa L. |last3=Calvert |first3=Geoffrey M. |date=2018-04-15 |title=Prevalence of Hearing Loss Among Noise-Exposed Workers Within the Health Care and Social Assistance Sector, 2003 to 2012 |journal=Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine |language=en |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=350–356 |doi=10.1097/JOM.0000000000001214 |issn=1076-2752 |pmid=29111986 |s2cid=4637417}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fuskantar magungunan masu haɗari, gami da waɗanda ake amfani da su don [[Chemotherapy|maganin chemotherapy]], wani haɗari ne da ke iya faruwa a wurin aiki. Waɗannan magungunan na iya haifar da ciwon daji da sauran matsalolin lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Connor |first=Thomas H. |date=March 7, 2011 |title=Hazardous Drugs in Healthcare |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/738076 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307030022/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/738076 |archive-date=March 7, 2012 |website=NIOSH: Workplace Safety and Health |publisher=Medscape and NIOSH}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Abubuwan da ke haifar da jinsi ===
Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya mata na iya fuskantar wasu nau'ikan yanayi na musamman na rashin lafiya da damuwa da suka shafi wurin aiki. A cewar [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]], mata sun fi yawa a cikin ma'aikatan lafiya a ƙasashe da yawa kuma suna iya fuskantar raunin tsoka (saboda ayyukan aiki masu wahala kamar ɗagawa da motsa marasa lafiya) da gajiya. Ma'aikatan lafiya mata suna fuskantar magunguna masu haɗari da sinadarai a wurin aiki waɗanda ka iya haifar da mummunan sakamako na haihuwa kamar [[Barin ciki|zubar da ciki kwatsam]] da nakasar haihuwa . A wasu yanayi, ma'aikatan lafiya mata kuma suna fuskantar cin zarafin jinsi daga abokan aiki da marasa lafiya.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Swanson |first=Naomi |last2=Tisdale-Pardi |first2=Julie |last3=MacDonald |first3=Leslie |last4=Tiesman |first4=Hope M. |date=13 May 2013 |title=Women's Health at Work |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/blogs/2013/womens-health-at-work.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118223513/http://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2013/05/13/womens-health-at-work/ |archive-date=18 January 2015 |access-date=21 January 2015 |publisher=National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karancin ma'aikata ==
Hukumomi da yawa sun ba da rahoton ƙarancin adadin [[Kayan kiwon lafiya na mutane|albarkatun kiwon lafiya]] da aka horar don biyan buƙatun lafiyar jama'a da/ko manufofin isar da sabis, musamman a yankunan da ba su da isasshen kulawa a fannin lafiya. Misali, a Amurka, kasafin kuɗin tarayya na 2010 ya zuba dala miliyan 330 don ƙara yawan likitoci, mataimakan likitoci, masu aikin jinya, ma'aikatan jinya, da likitocin haƙori da ke aiki a yankunan ƙasar da ke fuskantar ƙarancin ƙwararrun likitoci. Kasafin Kuɗin yana faɗaɗa shirye-shiryen biyan rance ga likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya, da likitocin haƙori waɗanda suka yarda su yi aiki a yankunan da ba su da isasshen kulawa a fannin lafiya. Wannan kuɗaɗen zai haɓaka ƙarfin makarantun jinya don ƙara yawan ma'aikatan jinya. Hakanan zai ba jihohi damar ƙara samun damar kula da lafiyar baki ta hanyar tallafin haɓaka ma'aikatan haƙori. Sabbin albarkatun Kasafin Kuɗin za su ci gaba da faɗaɗa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da aka ba da kuɗi a cikin Dokar Farfaɗowa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/omb/assets/fy2010_new_era/A_New_Era_of_Responsibility2.pdf |access-date=2009-03-06 |website=[[Office of Management and Budget]] |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai ƙwararrun kula da lafiya miliyan 15.7 a Amurka kamar na 2011. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

A Kanada, kasafin kuɗin tarayya na 2011 ya sanar da wani shirin yafewa ɗaliban Kanada Lamunin ɗalibai don ƙarfafawa da tallafawa sabbin likitocin iyali, mataimakan likitoci, masu aikin jinya da ma'aikatan jinya don yin aiki a cikin yankunan karkara ko na nesa na ƙasar da ba a ba su kulawa sosai, gami da al'ummomin da ke ba da ayyukan kiwon lafiya ga al'ummomin First Nations da Inuit . 

A ƙasar Uganda, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ba da rahoton cewa kusan kashi 50% na ma'aikatan lafiya a yankunan karkara da waɗanda ba su da isasshen kulawa har yanzu babu kowa a cikinsu. Tun daga farkon shekarar 2011, Ma'aikatar tana gudanar da bincike da nazarin kuɗaɗen da za a kashe domin tantance mafi kyawun fakitin jan hankali da riƙewa ga jami'an lafiya, jami'an jinya, masu harhada magunguna, da kuma masu fasaha a dakunan gwaje-gwaje a yankunan karkara na ƙasar. 

A matakin ƙasa da ƙasa, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta kiyasta ƙarancin likitoci, ungozoma, ma'aikatan jinya, da ma'aikatan tallafi kusan miliyan 4.3 a duk duniya don cimma matakan da aka tsara na ɗaukar nauyin kula da lafiya na farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2006 |title=The World Health Report 2006 - Working together for health |url=https://www.who.int/whr/2006/en/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228033008/http://www.who.int/whr/2006/en/index.html |archive-date=2011-02-28 |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ruwaito ƙarancin ya fi tsanani a cikin ƙasashe 57 mafi talauci, musamman a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na Afirka.

Ma'aikatan jinya su ne nau'in ma'aikatan jinya da suka fi fuskantar ƙarancin aiki a faɗin duniya. Akwai dalilai da yawa da ke sa ƙarancin aikin jinya ya zama ruwan dare a duniya. Wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da: rashin isasshen albashi, kaso mai yawa na ma'aikatan jinya da ke aiki sun haura shekaru 45 kuma suna gab da tsufan yin ritaya, gajiya, da rashin amincewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mefoh |first=Philip Chukwuemeka |last2=Ude |first2=Eze Nsi |last3=Chukwuorji |first3=JohBosco Chika |date=2019-01-02 |title=Age and burnout syndrome in nursing professionals: moderating role of emotion-focused coping |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13548506.2018.1502457 |journal=Psychology, Health &amp; Medicine |language=en |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=101–107 |doi=10.1080/13548506.2018.1502457 |issn=1354-8506 |pmid=30095287 |s2cid=51954488 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An tsara shirye-shiryen ƙarfafa gwiwa don taimakawa wajen rage gibin masu harhada magunguna da ɗaliban harhada magunguna. Ba a san dalilin ƙarancin ɗaliban harhada magunguna ba amma ana iya ɗauka cewa ya faru ne saboda matsalar da shirin ke fuskanta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Traynor |first=Kate |date=2003-09-15 |title=Staffing shortages plague nation's pharmacy schools |url=https://academic.oup.com/ajhp/article/60/18/1822/5143042 |journal=American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy |language=en |volume=60 |issue=18 |pages=1822–1824 |doi=10.1093/ajhp/60.18.1822 |issn=1079-2082 |pmid=14521029 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sakamakon ƙarancin ma'aikatan jinya na iya haifar da rashin tsaro ga ma'aikata wanda ke haifar da rashin kyawun kulawar marasa lafiya. Abubuwa biyar ko fiye da haka da ke faruwa a kowace rana a asibiti sakamakon ma'aikatan jinya waɗanda ba sa samun isasshen hutu ko hutun abinci matsala ce da ta zama ruwan dare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Leslie |first=G. D. |date=October 2008 |title=Critical Staffing shortage |journal=Australian Nursing Journal |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=16–17 |doi=10.1016/s1036-7314(05)80033-5 |issn=1036-7314 |pmid=14692155}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dokoki da rajista ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Yin aiki ba tare da lasisin da ke aiki ba kuma na yanzu yawanci haramun ne. A mafi yawan yankuna, gwamnati ce ke tsara samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Mutanen da aka samu suna ba da ayyukan likitanci, nas ko wasu ayyukan ƙwararru ba tare da takardar shaida ko lasisin da ya dace ba na iya fuskantar takunkumi da tuhume-tuhume na laifuka wanda zai kai ga ɗaurin kurkuku. Adadin sana'o'in da ke ƙarƙashin ƙa'ida, buƙatun mutane don samun lasisin sana'a, da kuma yanayin takunkumin da za a iya sanyawa saboda rashin bin ƙa'ida ya bambanta a faɗin yankuna.

A Amurka, a ƙarƙashin dokokin jihar [[Michigan]], mutum yana da laifin aikata babban laifi idan aka gano shi a matsayin mai aikin likitanci ba tare da lasisin kansa ko rajista ba. Haka kuma ana iya daure ƙwararrun likitoci idan aka same su da laifin yin aiki fiye da iyakokin da lasisin su da rajistar su suka ba su. Dokokin jihar sun bayyana iyakokin aikin likitanci, aikin jinya, da kuma wasu ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya da suka yi tarayya da su.  &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (November 2014)&quot;&gt;tushen da ba shi da tabbas?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; A Florida, yin aikin likitanci ba tare da lasisin da ya dace ba laifi ne da aka ayyana a matsayin babban laifi na mataki na uku,  wanda zai iya yanke hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru biyar. Yin aikin kiwon lafiya ba tare da lasisin da ke haifar da mummunan rauni a jiki ba an rarraba shi a matsayin babban laifi na mataki na biyu, &lt;ref name=&quot;flrules&quot; /&gt; yana haifar da ɗaurin shekaru 15 a gidan yari.

A Burtaniya, gwamnati ce ke kula da kwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya; [[Kwamitin Kula da Lafiya da Kulawa|Majalisar Kula da Lafiya da Kula da Lafiya]] ta Burtaniya (HCPC) tana kare 'lakabin' kowace sana'a da take kula da ita. Misali, haramun ne wani ya kira kansa Mai Ilimin Jiki ko Mai daukar hoton rediyo idan ba sa cikin rajistar da HCPC ke da ita.

== Duba kuma ==
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== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.who.int/hrh/en/ Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya: Ma'aikatan Lafiya]
{{Health care}}{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Madeline Argy</title>
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      <id>861865</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-20T09:45:02Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
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      <text bytes="11423" sha1="3wz4f9x2uxbfq8rgu4ekzls111xs5sj" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Madeline Felicity Argy''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga Yuli 2000) ƙwararriyar mai tasiri ce a Ingila. Ta ƙirƙiri asusunta na TikTok a shekarar 2021 kuma ta shahara a yanar gizo saboda lokutan labarai masu gaskiya. Bidiyon da take magana game da tsutsa a cikin ƙafar 'yar uwarta ya yaɗu a shekarar 2022; ba da daɗewa ba aka sanya mata hannu a United Talent Agency . A shekarar 2023, ta fara ɗaukar nauyin shirin ''Pretty Lonesome tare da Madeline Argy'' ta hanyar Alex Cooper 's Unwell Network. Alaƙarta da mawakiyar rap [[Central Cee]], wacce ta fara a shekarar 2022, ta kuma sami karbuwa daga kafofin watsa labarai.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Madeline Felicity Argy &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Loneragan |first=Ella |date=31 December 2023 |title=Central Cee buys his 'ex' the most INSANE Xmas gifts |url=https://www.perthnow.com.au/entertainment/celebrity/central-cees-so-called-ex-influencer-madeline-argy-gets-most-insane-christmas-gift-c-13065435 |access-date=29 July 2024 |website=[[The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|PerthNow]] |quote=The intimate Christmas card{{nbsp}}... read: 'Merry Christmas Madeline Felicity Argy.'}}&lt;/ref&gt; a ranar 7 ga Yuli, 2000 &lt;ref name=&quot;CutIce&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Craighead |first=Olivia |date=16 July 2024 |title=What's Going On With Madeline Argy and Central Cee? |url=https://www.thecut.com/article/madeline-argy-central-cee-ice-spice-drama-explained.html |access-date=28 July 2024 |website=[[The Cut (New York)|The Cut]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Glamour&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=Charley |date=17 July 2024 |title=Ice Spice Shares a Video of Herself Doing Push-ups Amid Central Cee and Madeline Argy Drama |url=https://www.glamour.com/story/the-madeline-argy-central-cee-and-ice-spice-cheating-push-up-videos |access-date=28 July 2024 |website=[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]] |quote=To add insult to injury, this all occurred in the lead-up to her birthday. 'I thought [my] rapper boyfriend was at least considerate enough to let me have my birthday week, and then I see them at the club on the 6th of July. My birthday is on the 7th.'}}&lt;/ref&gt; a Yammacin Sussex, inda ta girma tare da mahaifiyarta da kuma 'yar uwarta, Jessica. An haifi mahaifiyarta, Michaelina &quot;Mkey&quot; Argy, da gajerun hannaye saboda nakasar haihuwa daga thalidomide, wani maganin barci da aka samar a Jamus. An ba Michaelina lambar yabo ta [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] saboda kokarinta na dora wa gwamnatin Jamus alhakin rawar da ta taka a cikin illolin miyagun kwayoyi. Iyayen Madeline sun rabu tun tana ƙarama. &lt;ref name=&quot;TheFace&quot; /&gt; An koyar da ita a gida tsawon shekaru biyu na karatunta na firamare da sakandare saboda damuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dazed&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cafolla |first=Anna |date=28 September 2023 |title=Madeline Argy is 'young, hot and free' |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/life-culture/article/60879/1/madeline-argy-tiktok-interview-2023 |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=[[Dazed (magazine)|Dazed]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2018, ta fara zuwa Jami'ar Kent don digiri a fannin ilimin harsuna na shari'a, wanda wani shiri na shirin talabijin ''na Criminal Minds'' ya zaburar da ita ta yi karatu. Ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 2022. &lt;ref name=&quot;TheFace&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wickes |first=Jade |date=7 September 2023 |title=Madeline Argy doesn't get why she's famous |url=https://theface.com/culture/madeline-argy-interview-tik-tok-central-cee-new-podcast |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=[[The Face (magazine)|The Face]] |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001180603/https://theface.com/culture/madeline-argy-interview-tik-tok-central-cee-new-podcast |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Argy Bayahudiya ce ta bangaren mahaifiyarta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Argy. An Interview. |url=https://iiif.wellcomecollection.org/file/b22488790_0001.pdf |journal=Argy}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Argy ta fara asusunta [[TikTok|na TikTok]] a lokacin [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|annobar COVID-19]] da kuma a shekararta ta ƙarshe a jami'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ezaydi |first=Shahed |date=15 May 2024 |title='I don't think anyone prepares you for how lonely your 20s can be': Madeline Argy on loneliness |url=https://www.stylist.co.uk/health/mental-health/madeline-argy-entertainment-foster-connections/887558 |access-date=28 July 2024 |website=[[Stylist (magazine)|Stylist]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta saka bidiyonta na farko, &quot; tarkon ƙishirwa &quot; inda ta girgiza hancinta ta ɗaga girarta, a watan Maris na 2021. &lt;ref name=&quot;NylonFriend&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Lauren |date=22 September 2023 |title=Madeline Argy Just Wants To Be Your Friend |url=https://www.nylon.com/entertainment/madeline-argy-it-girl-pretty-lonesome-alex-cooper |access-date=28 July 2024 |website=[[Nylon (magazine)|Nylon]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bidiyonta na farko da ta yi kyau a dandalin shine sake ba da labarin yadda ta girma gashinta na gaba don saduwa da [[Elizabeth II|Sarauniya Elizabeth II]] a lokacin ƙuruciya tare da mahaifiyarta, kuma ta sami ƙarin nasara tare da bidiyon game da tsutsa a ƙafar 'yar uwarta, wanda ta saka a watan Yulin 2022, wanda ya yaɗu sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;BVo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mukhtar |first=Amel |date=31 January 2024 |title=Madeline Argy Talks Thirst Traps, Public Relationships And Nepo Babies |url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/madeline-argy-interview |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=[[British Vogue]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zuwa shekarar 2024, ta sami masu kallo sama da miliyan 28. Bayan kammala karatunta daga jami'a, ta sanya hannu a United Talent Agency . &lt;ref name=&quot;CosmoUK&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Venn |first=Lydia |date=6 March 2024 |title=Madeline Argy on the complicated art of oversharing |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/entertainment/a60044590/madeline-argy-interview/ |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan UK]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kafa tashar YouTube a shekarar 2022, inda ta fara saka bidiyoyi masu tsayi waɗanda ta yi magana daga cikin Vauxhall Astra ta 1996 game da taimakon kai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=8 August 2023 |title='Call Her Daddy's Alex Cooper Launches The Unwell Network, Signs Up Alix Earle &amp; Madeline Argy |url=https://deadline.com/2023/08/call-her-daddys-alex-cooper-unwell-network-alix-earle-madeline-argy-1235456998/ |access-date=28 July 2024 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;TheFace&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Peep&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kershaw |first=Emma |date=25 October 2023 |title=Who Is Madeline Argy? All About the Influencer and TikTok Star |url=https://people.com/all-about-madeline-argy-influencer-tiktok-star-8361906 |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mai masaukin baki ''na Call Her Daddy,'' Alex Cooper, ya sanya hannu kan Argy zuwa ga hanyar sadarwarta ta podcast Unwell Network, wani reshe na kamfanin watsa labarai na Trending da aka yi niyya don biyan bukatun masu sauraron Gen Z, lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da shi a watan Agusta 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Spangler |first=Todd |date=8 August 2023 |title='Call Her Daddy' Host Alex Cooper Launches The Unwell Network, Inks Development Deals With Influencers Alix Earle and Madeline Argy |url=https://variety.com/2023/digital/news/alex-cooper-unwell-network-alix-earle-madeline-argy-1235689592/ |access-date=28 July 2024 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zuwa Satumba 2023, tana da mabiya sama da miliyan 4.7 a TikTok. &lt;ref name=&quot;TheFace&quot; /&gt; Argy ta fara wani shirin podcast mai salon tattaunawa, ''Pretty Lonesome tare da Madeline Argy'', tare da Unwell. &lt;ref name=&quot;VFfashion&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cai |first=Delia |date=28 September 2023 |title=Internet Confessional Queen Madeline Argy Embraced the Sheer for Saint Laurent at Paris Fashion Week |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2023/09/madeline-argy-saint-laurent-paris-fashion-week |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kashi na farko ya fara a Spotify da kuma tashar YouTube ta Argy a watan Oktoba 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Giandurco |first=Jillian |date=4 October 2023 |title=The Funniest Person On Your #FYP Has Her Own Podcast Now |url=https://www.bustle.com/life/who-is-madeline-argy-pretty-lonesome-podcast |access-date=28 July 2024 |website=[[Bustle (website)|Bustle]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zuwa Yuli 2024, tana da mabiya sama da miliyan shida a TikTok. &lt;ref name=&quot;CutIce&quot;/&gt;

A watan Yulin 2025, an sanya Argy a cikin jerin sunayen &quot; [[Time 100|TIME100]] Creators&quot; na mujallar ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' - wanda mujallar ta sanya wa suna a matsayin muryoyi 100 mafi tasiri a duniya - waɗanda suka fito a cikin rukunin &quot;Entertainers&quot; saboda labarin TikTok mai gaskiya da kuma shirinta na podcast ''mai suna Pretty Lonesome tare da Madeline Argy'' . 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Argy ta kasance mai son 'yan madigo, bayan da ta bayyana kanta a matsayin ' [[Maɗigo|yar madigo]] a baya. Ta bayyana wa iyalinta a shekarar 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dazed&quot; /&gt; Ta bayyana cewa ta sha fama da baƙin ciki a lokacin jami'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;TheFace&quot; /&gt; ''Forbes'' ta kiyasta cewa ta sami sama da dala miliyan 1 daga yarjejeniyoyi na alama, ciki har da [[Netflix]], Spotify, da Coach, a cikin shekarar 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 April 2024 |title=How The 'Pretty Lonesome' Podcast Host Earned 7-Figures And Inked A Deal With Alex Cooper |url=https://www.forbes.com/video/57cd5878-41ec-4619-b703-5627f2405682/how-the-pretty-lonesome-podcast-host-earned-7figures-and-inked-a-deal-with-alex-cooper/ |access-date=28 July 2024 |website=[[Forbes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Argy ta tabbatar da cewa tana soyayya da mawakin rap [[Central Cee]], wanda ya rubuta wakarsa ta &quot; Doja &quot; ta watan Yulin 2022 game da Argy, a wani bidiyo da aka saka a TikTok tare da shi a watan Satumbar 2022. &lt;ref name=&quot;CutIce&quot;/&gt; Ta bayyana a wani shiri na ''Call Her Daddy'' na watan Satumbar 2023 cewa su biyun sun rabu watanni biyu da suka gabata. &lt;ref name=&quot;Peep&quot;/&gt; ''The Independent'' da ''The Cut'' sun bayyana dangantakarsu a matsayin mai sake-sake, mai sake-sake . &lt;ref name=&quot;Indy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Meredith |date=23 July 2024 |title=The Madeline Argy, Central Cee, and Ice Spice infidelity allegations explained |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/dating/central-cee-ice-spice-dating-madeline-argy-b2584670.html |access-date=28 July 2024 |website=[[The Independent]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya Argy ta yi zargin a cikin wani shirin bidiyo mai sassa biyar a TikTok da aka buga a watan Yulin 2024 cewa su biyun sun sake haduwa na ɗan lokaci kafin Central Cee ta yaudari ta da abokin aikinta mawakin [[Ice Spice]] . Ta kuma yi zargin cewa wakar hadin gwiwa ta ma'auratan, &quot; Did It First &quot;, wacce aka fitar a watan Yulin 2024 kuma ta bayyana cewa mawakan rap biyu suna yaudarar abokan aikinsu, amincewa ne da rashin da'ar Central Cee. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=Trent |date=13 July 2024 |title=Ice Spice and Central Cee Spark Dating Rumors and Cee's Ex-Girlfriend Alleges Cheating |url=https://www.xxlmag.com/ice-spice-and-central-cee-dating-rumors-ex-girlfriend-alleges-cheating/ |access-date=28 July 2024 |website=[[XXL (magazine)|XXL]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thatcher |first=Kirsty |date=25 July 2024 |title=Ice Spice Just Shaded Madeline Argy Amidst Central Cee Cheating Rumours |url=https://www.elle.com.au/culture/celebrity/madeline-argy-central-cee-ice-spice-drama-explained/ |access-date=28 July 2024 |website=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta maza ta Kanada</title>
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      <text bytes="9667" sha1="li359ytcr4b78ed6hlan1ir9ot5w0mc" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Tawagar ƙwallon ƙafa ta maza ta Kanada''' ( French   ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wiebe |first=Andrew |date=June 28, 2019 |title=(bleep)-show circus for USWNT, Pulisic's place &amp; CanMNT dreams |url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2019/06/28/extratime-bleep-show-circus-uswnt-pulisics-place-canmnt-dreams |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717095129/https://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2019/06/28/extratime-bleep-show-circus-uswnt-pulisics-place-canmnt-dreams |archive-date=July 17, 2019 |access-date=August 30, 2019 |website=MLS Soccer}}&lt;/ref&gt;   tana wakiltar [[Kanada]] a [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta maza, wadda [[ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kanada]] ke jagoranta ( French   ), hukumar da ke kula da ƙwallon ƙafa a Kanada an kafa ta a shekarar 1912. Ta kasance memba mai haɗin gwiwa a [[FIFA]] tun daga 1912 kuma memba mai haɗin gwiwa a CONCACAF tun daga 1961. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.canadasoccer.com/about-s14644 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204174844/http://www.canadasoccer.com/about-s14644 |archive-date=February 4, 2017 |access-date=February 12, 2017 |website=Canada Soccer}}&lt;/ref&gt; A yankin, memba ne mai haɗin gwiwa a NAFU a yankin Arewacin Amurka.

Kanada ta cancanci shiga [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA]] sau uku ( 1986, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Canada Soccer from 1983 to 1986 |url=http://www.canadasoccer.com/canadian-soccer-timeline-from-1983-to-1986-p150670 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126202022/http://www.canadasoccer.com/canadian-soccer-timeline-from-1983-to-1986-p150670 |archive-date=January 26, 2017 |access-date=February 12, 2017 |website=Canada Soccer}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kofin Duniya na FIFA 2022|2022]] da [[2026 FIFA World Cup|2026]] ). A shekarar 2026, Kanada za ta karbi bakuncin gasar cin kofin duniya a karon farko. Ta cancanci shiga gasar cin kofin FIFA Confederation sau daya ( 2001 ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Canada Soccer from 1999 to 2002 |url=http://www.canadasoccer.com/canadian-soccer-timeline-from-1999-to-2002-p150674 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820162302/http://www.canadasoccer.com/canadian-soccer-timeline-from-1999-to-2002-p150674 |archive-date=August 20, 2016 |access-date=February 12, 2017 |website=Canada Soccer}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Kasar Kanada ta shiga gasar CONCACAF sau ashirin a babban gasar nahiyar, inda ta lashe gasar CONCACAF a shekarar 1985 da kuma gasar CONCACAF Gold Cup a shekarar 2000. Ta kuma kare a matsayin ta biyu a gasar CONCACAF Nations League a wasan karshe na 2023. Ta halarci gasar Copa America sau daya, inda ta kare a matsayi na hudu a shekarar 2024 .

== Tarihi ==
Ana buga ƙwallon ƙafa a Kanada tare da Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Dominion (1877) da Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Yamma (1880) waɗanda suka zama ginshiƙai ga Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kanada ta zamani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1876–1912 |url=http://www.canadasoccer.com/canadian-soccer-timeline-from-1876-to-1912-p150609 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820162217/http://www.canadasoccer.com/canadian-soccer-timeline-from-1876-to-1912-p150609 |archive-date=August 20, 2016 |access-date=February 12, 2017 |website=Canada Soccer}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1885, WFA ta aika da wata ƙungiya zuwa [[New Jersey]] don ɗaukar nauyin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka, wato hukumar da ba ta da hukuma a lokacin, a lokacin, a wasan sada zumunci, Kanada ta doke Amurka da ci 1-0 a filin Clark da ke unguwar East Newark da ke Kearny, New Jersey .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Allaway |first=Roger |date=March 26, 2001 |title=West Hudson: A Cradle of American Soccer |url=https://ussoccerhistory.org/ASHA/ASHA/hudson.html |access-date=July 29, 2024 |website=ussoccerhistory.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 25, 2021 |title=The hidden treasures of the U.S. Soccer Hall of Fame archives |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/2476591/2021/03/25/us-soccer-hall-of-fame-treasures/ |access-date=July 29, 2024 |website=nytimes.com/athletic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙungiyar Amurka ta yi nasara da ci 3-2 a wasan dawowa shekara guda bayan haka.  A shekarar 1888, wata ƙungiya ta wakilci WFA a rangadin British Isles, inda ta sami nasarar cin nasara tara, canjaras biyar, da kuma rashin nasara tara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Canadian Soccer History-Canada in Gt Britain 1888 |url=http://www.canadiansoccerhistory.com/Canadiantoursabroad/Gt%20Britain%201888.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324000600/http://www.canadiansoccerhistory.com/Canadiantoursabroad/Gt%20Britain%201888.html |archive-date=March 24, 2017 |access-date=February 12, 2017 |website=Canadiansoccerhistory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tawagar ta ƙunshi 'yan wasa 16 'yan asalin ƙasar Kanada, banda wanda ya shirya yawon buɗe ido David Forsyth, wanda ya yi ƙaura zuwa Kanada shekara ɗaya bayan haihuwarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=CanadaSoccer.com - Official Site of the Canadian Soccer Association |url=http://www.canadasoccer.com/eng/history/index.asp?sub2=14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121094332/http://www.canadasoccer.com/eng/history/index.asp?sub2=14 |archive-date=November 21, 2007 |website=archive.org |access-date=June 14, 2026 |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Stack/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 

A shekarar 1904, Galt FC ta wakilci WFA a Gasar Olympics da aka yi a [[St. Louis]], [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Crawford |first=Colin |title=Galt Football Club - 1904 |url=http://www.thesoccerhalloffame.ca/virtual-hall-of-fame/teams-of-distinction/galt-football-club-1904 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106212809/http://www.thesoccerhalloffame.ca/virtual-hall-of-fame/teams-of-distinction/galt-football-club-1904 |archive-date=January 6, 2017 |access-date=February 12, 2017 |website=Thesoccerhalloffame.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinta na ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi uku da ke fafatawa, Galt ta doke ƙungiyoyi biyu na Amurka, Kwalejin 'Yan'uwa ta Christian (7-0) da St. Rose (4-0) don lashe gasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Canadian Soccer History-Great Teams Galt FC 1904 |url=http://www.canadiansoccerhistory.com/Great%20Teams/Galt%20FC.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327191820/http://www.canadiansoccerhistory.com/Great%20Teams/Galt%20FC.html |archive-date=March 27, 2017 |access-date=February 12, 2017 |website=Canadiansoccerhistory.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jaridar ''Toronto Mail da Empire'' ta ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 1904, ta ba da rahoton cewa &quot;Bayan wasan, ƙungiyar Galt, wacce ta kai kimanin mutane 50, ta yi ritaya zuwa ofishin James W. Sullivan, shugaban Sashen Al'adun Jiki, inda suka sami kyautarsu. Bayan ɗan gajeren jawabi da Mr. James E. Conlon na Sashen Al'adun Jiki ya yi, Magajin Gari Mundy, na Birnin Galt, ya bai wa kowane ɗan wasa a cikin ƙungiyar da ta yi nasara kyautar zinare mai kyau.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An rubuta lambobin yabo a sarari da sunan kamfanin da ke St. Louis wanda ya yi su.

A shekarar 1905, wata ƙungiyar 'yan wasan Burtaniya masu yawon buɗe ido da aka yi wa laƙabi da &quot;Pilgrims&quot; ta yi rangadin Kanada, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pilgrims Tour 1905 |url=http://www.canadiansoccerhistory.com/British_Tours_to%20Canada/Pilgrims1905.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018102533/http://canadiansoccerhistory.com/British_Tours_to%20Canada/Pilgrims1905.html |archive-date=October 18, 2016 |access-date=February 12, 2017 |website=Canadian Soccer History}}&lt;/ref&gt; inda aka yi wasansu da Galt a matsayin &quot;zakarar duniya&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Galt wins Olympic Gold! |url=http://cambridgecitizen.ca/galt-wins-olympic-gold/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213100454/http://cambridgecitizen.ca/galt-wins-olympic-gold/ |archive-date=February 13, 2017 |access-date=February 12, 2017 |website=The Cambridge Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt; An buga wasan a gaban magoya baya 3500 a Galt, wanda yanzu wani ɓangare ne na Cambridge, Ontario, kuma ya ƙare da kunnen doki 3-3. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Tun da farko, an doke Pilgrims da ci 2-1 a hannun Berlin Rangers, a birnin da yanzu ake kira Kitchener . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Canada_soccer_1924.jpg|left|thumb|Tawagar da ta zagaya Ostiraliya a shekarar 1924]]
Tawagar ƙasar Kanada ta yi rangadin Australia a shekarar 1924, inda ta buga wasannin sada zumunci na &quot;gwaji&quot; a kan masu masaukin baki, ciki har da wasanta na farko na hukuma, rashin nasara a hannun ƙungiyar ƙasar Australiya da ci 3-2 a [[Brisbane]], Queensland a ranar 7 ga Yuni, 1924. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1924-06-07 - Canada vs Australia |url=http://canadasoccer.com/?gid=21&amp;t=match |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214022021/http://canadasoccer.com/?gid=21&amp;t=match |archive-date=February 14, 2017 |access-date=February 12, 2017 |website=Canada Soccer}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kanada ta kuma buga wasa da Australiya a Jubilee Oval, Adelaide a ranar Asabar 12 ga Yuli, 1924, kuma ta doke ta da ci 4 da 1.  A shekarar 1925, Kanada ta buga wasa da tsoffin abokan hamayyarta, Amurka, a [[Montréal|Montreal]], inda ta ci 1-0 a kan kwallon da Ed McLaine ya zura.  A wasan dawowa a watan Nuwamba 1925 a Brooklyn, [[New York (jiha)|New York]], Kanada ta sha kashi 1-6.  Shekara guda bayan haka, Kanada ta sha kashi a hannun Amurkawa da ci 2-6 a wannan birni  kafin ta buga wasanni huɗu na ƙasa da ƙasa a rangadin New Zealand a shekarar 1927. &lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
{{CONCACAF teams}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lafiyar al'umma</title>
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'''Lafiyar al'umma''' tana nufin [[Kula da lafiya|ayyukan kiwon lafiya]] marasa magani waɗanda ake bayarwa a wajen [[Asibiti|asibitoci]] da asibitoci . Lafiyar al'umma wani ɓangare ne na [[lafiyar jama'a]] wanda likitoci ke koyarwa kuma suke aiwatarwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na ayyukansu na yau da kullun. Masu sa kai na lafiyar al'umma da ma'aikatan lafiyar al'umma suna aiki tare da [[Kulawa na farko|masu ba da kulawa ta farko]] don sauƙaƙe shiga, fita daga da amfani da tsarin kiwon lafiya na yau da kullun ta hanyar membobin al'umma da kuma samar da ƙarin ayyuka kamar ƙungiyoyin tallafi ko abubuwan jin daɗi waɗanda cibiyoyin lafiya ba sa bayarwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schaaf |first=Marta |last2=Warthin |first2=Caitlin |last3=Freedman |first3=Lynn |last4=Topp |first4=Stephanie M |date=June 2020 |title=The community health worker as service extender, cultural broker and social change agent: a critical interpretive synthesis of roles, intent and accountability |journal=BMJ Global Health |language=en |volume=5 |issue=6 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002296 |issn=2059-7908 |pmc=7299037 |pmid=32546585}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lafiyar al'umma babban fanni ne na nazari a cikin kimiyyar likitanci da ta asibiti wanda ke mai da hankali kan kiyayewa, kariya, da inganta yanayin lafiyar ƙungiyoyin jama'a da al'ummomi, musamman waɗanda ke cikin al'ummomin da ba su da galihu. Wani fanni ne na musamman na karatu wanda za a iya koyarwa a cikin wata makaranta daban ta kiwon lafiyar jama'a ko [[Kula da lafiya na rigakafi|kiwon lafiya na rigakafi]] . [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta bayyana lafiyar al'umma a matsayin:&lt;blockquote&gt;Albarkatun muhalli, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki don ci gaba da jin daɗin motsin rai da na jiki tsakanin mutane ta hanyoyin da za su ciyar da burinsu gaba da kuma biyan buƙatunsu a cikin muhallinsu na musamman. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lasker |first=Roz D. |last2=Weiss |first2=Elisa S. |date=2003-03-01 |title=Broadening participation in community problem solving: A multidisciplinary model to support collaborative practice and research |journal=Journal of Urban Health |language=en |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=14–47 |doi=10.1093/jurban/jtg014 |issn=1468-2869 |pmc=3456118 |pmid=12612096}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2024)&quot;&gt;tabbacin da ya gaza&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Ana iya rarraba hanyoyin magance matsalolin lafiya da ke faruwa a cikin al'ummomi zuwa rukuni uku: Kulawa ta farko, Kulawa ta biyu, da Kulawa ta gaba.  Kowane rukuni yana mai da hankali kan wani mataki daban da kuma hanyar da za a bi wajen magance al'umma ko ƙungiyar jama'a. A Amurka, lafiyar al'umma ta samo asali ne daga nasarorin da aka samu a fannin kiwon lafiya na farko. Shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya na farko suna da nufin rage abubuwan haɗari da kuma ƙara haɓaka kiwon lafiya da rigakafi. Kulawa ta biyu tana da alaƙa da &quot;kula da asibiti&quot; inda ake kula da marasa lafiya a wani sashe na asibiti. Kulawa ta gaba tana nufin kulawa ta musamman wacce galibi ta shafi kula da cututtuka ko nakasa.

An rarraba ayyukan kiwon lafiya na al'umma zuwa rukuni-rukuni, ciki har da:

# Ayyukan kiwon lafiya na rigakafi kamar su chemoprophylaxis don tarin fuka, [[Binciken Ciwon Daji|gwajin cutar kansa]] da kuma maganin [[ciwon suga]] da [[hawan jini]] .
# Tallafawa ayyukan kiwon lafiya kamar ilimin lafiya, tsarin iyali, allurar rigakafi da kuma ƙarin abinci mai gina jiki.
# Ayyukan kiwon lafiya na warkarwa kamar maganin ƙwari, kamuwa da ƙwari, zazzabin [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|cizon sauro]] da [[ciwon huhu]] .
# Ayyukan kiwon lafiya na gyara jiki kamar samar da kayan gyaran fata, ayyukan zamantakewa, ayyukan sana'a, [[Gyaran jiki|ayyukan motsa jiki]], ba da shawara da sauran ayyukan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa.

== Ma'aikatan lafiya da masu sa kai na al'umma ==
'''Ma'aikatan lafiyar al'umma''' (wanda aka fi sani da mataimakan lafiyar al'umma da jami'an lafiyar al'umma) ma'aikatan lafiyar jama'a ne na gida waɗanda suka fahimci buƙatun lafiyar al'ummarsu da ƙalubalensu. Suna aiki a matsayin gada tsakanin al'ummarsu da tsarin kiwon lafiya na gida don tabbatar da ingantaccen sabis da ƙwarewa a al'ada. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-01 |title=Community Health Worker Resources {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/center/community-health-worker-resources.html |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=www.cdc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna da cancantar sana'a, ƙwarewa ko ilimi wanda ke ba su damar samar da ayyuka na horo, kulawa, gudanarwa, koyarwa da bincike a sassan kiwon lafiya na al'umma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rosenthal |first=E. Lee |last2=Brownstein |first2=J. Nell |last3=Rush |first3=Carl H. |last4=Hirsch |first4=Gail R. |last5=Willaert |first5=Anne M. |last6=Scott |first6=Jacqueline R. |last7=Holderby |first7=Lisa R. |last8=Fox |first8=Durrell J. |date=July 2010 |title=Community Health Workers: Part Of The Solution |url=http://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0081 |journal=Health Affairs |volume=29 |issue=7 |pages=1338–1342 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0081 |issn=0278-2715 |pmid=20606185 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Masu aikin sa kai na kiwon lafiya na al'umma''' membobin al'umma ne waɗanda ke da gogewa da horo kan matsalolin lafiya da ke addabar al'ummarsu da kuma ayyukan kulawa da ake da su, domin gano da kuma haɗa waɗanda ke cikin buƙata da masu samar da sabis na gida. Ana iya kiran masu aikin sa kai na lafiyar al'umma da lakabi daban-daban dangane da tsarin lafiyar yankinsu; waɗannan lakabin na iya haɗawa da ma'aikatan lafiya na yau da kullun, masu aikin sa kai na kiwon lafiya, wakilan kiwon lafiya na ƙauye, masu samar da kiwon lafiya marasa ƙwarewa, da kuma wakilan kiwon lafiya na ƙauye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Woldie |first=Mirkuzie |last2=Feyissa |first2=Garumma Tolu |last3=Admasu |first3=Bitiya |last4=Hassen |first4=Kalkidan |last5=Mitchell |first5=Kirstin |last6=Mayhew |first6=Susannah |last7=McKee |first7=Martin |last8=Balabanova |first8=Dina |date=2018-12-01 |title=Community health volunteers could help improve access to and use of essential health services by communities in LMICs: an umbrella review |url=https://academic.oup.com/heapol/article/33/10/1128/5259361 |journal=Health Policy and Planning |volume=33 |issue=10 |pages=1128–1143 |doi=10.1093/heapol/czy094 |issn=0268-1080 |pmc=6415721 |pmid=30590543}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masu aikin sa kai na kiwon lafiya na al'umma suna ba da ayyuka na asali kamar rarraba ƙwayoyin chlorine na ruwa, gidajen sauro da kayan [[Ilimi na kiwon lafiya|koyar da lafiya]] . Za su shiga ko yin aiki tare da likitocin da suka yi rijista idan suka haɗu da marasa lafiya ko marasa lafiya da ke murmurewa ko waɗanda ke da buƙatu masu rikitarwa ko na ci gaba. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

'''Kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na al'umma''' ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta kuma mai zaman kanta wadda ke gudanarwa da kuma daidaita isar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya ga mutanen da ke zaune a cikin wani yanki ko unguwa da aka keɓe. Yana taimaka wa mutane su fahimci matsayinsu na lafiya ko yanayin zamantakewa. Samar da shawarwari ga waɗanda ke buƙatar hakan da kuma gudanar da ƙungiyoyi da tarurruka daban-daban da mutanen da ke cikin al'umma. Muhimmin aikin shine kare haƙƙoƙi da muradun membobin al'ummarsu. Suna wayar da kan jama'a game da batutuwan da suka shafi al'ummarsu ta hanyar bincike, tattaunawa da kuma yin amfani da manufofi da shirye-shiryen da ke magance waɗannan matsalolin.

== Auna Lafiyar Al'umma ==
Gabaɗaya ana auna lafiyar al'umma ta hanyar tsarin bayanai na ƙasa (GIS) da bayanan alƙaluma . Ana iya amfani da Tsarin Bayanai na Ƙasa don bayyana ƙananan al'ummomi lokacin da bayanan wurin unguwa bai isa ba.  A al'ada, ana auna lafiyar al'umma ta amfani da bayanan samfuri wanda aka kwatanta shi da sanannun bayanan bayanai, kamar Binciken Hira da Lafiya na Ƙasa ko Binciken Gwajin Lafiya da Abinci Mai Gina Jiki na Ƙasa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chapter 36. Introduction to Evaluation {{!}} Community Tool Box |url=https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/evaluate/evaluation |access-date=2018-03-05 |website=ctb.ku.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tare da ci gaban fasaha, tsarin bayanai na iya adana ƙarin bayanai ga ƙananan al'ummomi, birane, da garuruwa; sabanin bayanan ƙidayar jama'a waɗanda ke tattara bayanai game da ƙananan al'ummomi kawai bisa ga yawan jama'a. GIS na iya bayar da ƙarin bayani game da albarkatun al'umma, har ma a matakan unguwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pearce J, Witten K, Bartie P |date=May 2006 |title=Neighbourhoods and health: a GIS approach to measuring community resource accessibility |journal=Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health |volume=60 |issue=5 |pages=389–95 |doi=10.1136/jech.2005.043281 |pmc=2563982 |pmid=16614327}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauƙin amfani da GIS, ci gaba a cikin ƙididdiga masu matakai da yawa, da hanyoyin nazarin sarari suna sauƙaƙa wa masu bincike su samo da samar da bayanai da suka shafi [[Yanayin da aka gina|muhallin da aka gina]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Thornton LE, Pearce JR, Kavanagh AM |date=July 2011 |title=Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to assess the role of the built environment in influencing obesity: a glossary |journal=The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity |volume=8 |page=71 |doi=10.1186/1479-5868-8-71 |pmc=3141619 |pmid=21722367 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|Kafofin sada zumunta]] na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a nazarin bayanai kan lafiya . &lt;ref name=&quot;Korda-2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Korda H, Itani Z |date=January 2013 |title=Harnessing social media for health promotion and behavior change |journal=Health Promotion Practice |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=15–23 |doi=10.1177/1524839911405850 |pmid=21558472 |s2cid=510123}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bincike ya gano cewa kafofin sada zumunta na iya rinjayar mutane su canza halayensu marasa kyau da kuma ƙarfafa hanyoyin da za su iya inganta yanayin lafiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Korda-2013&quot; /&gt; Ƙididdigar kafofin sada zumunta tare da GIS na iya samar wa masu bincike cikakken hoto na ƙa'idodin al'umma game da lafiya da walwala. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stefanidis |first=Anthony |last2=Crooks |first2=Andrew |last3=Radzikowski |first3=Jacek |name-list-style=vanc |date=2013-04-01 |title=Harvesting ambient geospatial information from social media feeds |journal=GeoJournal |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=319–338 |bibcode=2013GeoJo..78..319S |citeseerx=10.1.1.452.3726 |doi=10.1007/s10708-011-9438-2 |issn=0343-2521 |s2cid=154991480}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ghosh DD, Guha R |date=2013 |title=What are we 'tweeting' about obesity? Mapping tweets with Topic Modeling and Geographic Information System |journal=Cartography and Geographic Information Science |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=90–102 |bibcode=2013CGISc..40...90G |doi=10.1080/15230406.2013.776210 |pmc=4128420 |pmid=25126022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nau'o'in Lafiyar Al'umma ==

=== Kula da Lafiya ta Farko da Rigakafin Farko ===
[[Fayil:Mothers_registering_their_children_during_immunization_at_primary_health_center_in_Masaka.jpg|alt=An image of mothers registering their children during immunization at primary health center in Masaka|thumb|233x233px|'''Iyaye mata suna yi wa 'ya'yansu rijista yayin allurar rigakafi a cibiyar lafiya ta farko da ke Masaka, Uganda''']]
Inganta lafiyar al'umma yana mai da hankali kan [[Kula da lafiya na rigakafi|Rigakafin Farko]] da kuma hangen nesa na yawan jama'a (rigakafin gargajiya). &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid12660197&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Merzel C, D'Afflitti J |date=April 2003 |title=Reconsidering community-based health promotion: promise, performance, and potential |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=93 |issue=4 |pages=557–74 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.93.4.557 |pmc=1447790 |pmid=12660197}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manufar Lafiyar Al'umma ita ce mutane a cikin wata al'umma su inganta salon rayuwarsu ko kuma su nemi kulawar likita. [[Kula da lafiya na farko|Kula da Lafiyar Farko]] [[Kwararre a fannin lafiya|kwararru]] ne ke samar da shi, musamman waɗanda majiyyaci ya fara gani waɗanda za su iya tura su zuwa kula da sakandare ko sakandare. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Rigakafin farko yana nufin gujewa da gano abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari da wuri waɗanda ka iya haifar da wasu cututtuka da nakasa. Ƙoƙarin da al'umma ke yi, ciki har da [[Yin allurar rigakafi|rigakafi]], koyar da aji, da kamfen na wayar da kan jama'a, duk misalai ne masu kyau na yadda al'ummomi ke amfani da dabarun rigakafi na farko don canza wasu halayen lafiya. Shirye-shiryen rigakafi, idan aka tsara su da kyau kuma aka tsara su, za su iya hana matsalolin da yara da matasa ke fuskanta yayin da suke girma. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nation_2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nation M, Crusto C, Wandersman A, Kumpfer KL, Seybolt D, Morrissey-Kane E, Davino K |date=2003 |title=What works in prevention. Principles of effective prevention programs |journal=The American Psychologist |volume=58 |issue=6–7 |pages=449–56 |citeseerx=10.1.1.468.7226 |doi=10.1037/0003-066x.58.6-7.449 |pmid=12971191}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan binciken ya kuma shafi dukkan ƙungiyoyi da azuzuwan mutane. Shirye-shiryen rigakafi suna ɗaya daga cikin kayan aikin da ƙwararrun lafiya za su iya amfani da su don yin tasiri sosai ga lafiyar mutum ɗaya, al'umma, da al'umma. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nation_2003&quot; /&gt;

=== Kula da Lafiya na Sakandare da Rigakafi na Sakandare ===
Haka kuma ana iya inganta lafiyar al'umma ta hanyar inganta muhallin mutane. Ana tantance yanayin lafiyar al'umma ta hanyar halayen muhalli, halayen halayya, da haɗin kai a cikin muhallin wannan al'umma. &lt;ref name=&quot;Barbara.-1998&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}&lt;/ref&gt; Canje-canje masu dacewa a cikin muhalli na iya taimakawa wajen hana halaye marasa kyau da kuma mummunan sakamako na lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gan |first=Daniel R. Y. |last2=Cheng |first2=Grand H.-L. |last3=Ng |first3=Tze Pin |last4=Gwee |first4=Xinyi |last5=Soh |first5=Chang Yuan |last6=Fung |first6=John Chye |last7=Cho |first7=Im Sik |date=2022-03-20 |title=Neighborhood Makes or Breaks Active Ageing? Findings from Cross-Sectional Path Analysis |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |language=en |volume=19 |issue=6 |page=3695 |doi=10.3390/ijerph19063695 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=8951008 |pmid=35329380 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Kula da lafiya na rigakafi|Rigakafin na biyu]] yana nufin ingantawa da aka yi a salon rayuwa ko muhallin majiyyaci bayan kamuwa da cuta ko nakasa. Wannan nau'in rigakafin yana aiki don sauƙaƙa wa majiyyaci rayuwa tunda lokaci ya yi da za a hana shi kamuwa da cutar ko nakasa da yake fama da ita a yanzu. Misalin rigakafin na biyu shine lokacin da aka ba wa waɗanda ke fama da ciwon baya na aiki dabarun dakatar da yanayin lafiyarsu daga tabarbarewa; yuwuwar rigakafin na biyu na iya zama da alƙawari fiye da rigakafin farko a wannan yanayin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Frank JW, Brooker AS, DeMaio SE, Kerr MS, Maetzel A, Shannon HS, Sullivan TJ, Norman RW, Wells RP |date=December 1996 |title=Disability resulting from occupational low back pain. Part II: What do we know about secondary prevention? A review of the scientific evidence on prevention after disability begins |journal=Spine |volume=21 |issue=24 |pages=2918–29 |doi=10.1097/00007632-199612150-00025 |pmid=9112717}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kula da Lafiya na Manyan Makarantu ===
A [[Kula da lafiya|fannin kula da lafiya na manyan makarantu]], lafiyar al'umma za ta iya shafar ta ne kawai idan aka yi la'akari da kulawar kwararru da ta shafi dukkan al'umma. Ya kamata a tura marasa lafiya zuwa ga kwararru kuma a yi musu magani mai zurfi. A wasu ƙasashe, akwai ƙananan fannoni na sana'o'in likitanci fiye da ƙwararrun kula da lafiya na farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;Barbara.-1998&quot;/&gt; [[Daidaitaccen lafiya|Rashin daidaito a fannin lafiya]] yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da fa'idar zamantakewa da albarkatun zamantakewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Barbara.-1998&quot; /&gt;

== Kalubale da matsaloli a fannin lafiyar al'umma ==
Rikicewar lafiyar al'umma da matsalolinta daban-daban na iya sa masu bincike su yi wa kansu wahala wajen tantancewa da gano mafita. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hohmann |first=Ann A. |last2=Shear |first2=M. Katherine |date=2002-02-01 |title=Community-Based Intervention Research: Coping With the &quot;Noise&quot; of Real Life in Study Design |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=159 |issue=2 |pages=201–207 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.159.2.201 |issn=0002-953X |pmid=11823259}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken Shiga Tsakanin Al'umma (CBPR) wani zaɓi ne na musamman wanda ya haɗa da shiga tsakanin al'umma, bincike, da aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Minkler-2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Minkler M |date=June 2005 |title=Community-based research partnerships: challenges and opportunities |journal=Journal of Urban Health |volume=82 |issue=2 Suppl 2 |pages=ii3-12 |doi=10.1093/jurban/jti034 |pmc=3456439 |pmid=15888635}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken Shiga Tsakanin Al'umma (CBPR) yana taimaka wa masu bincike wajen magance matsalolin al'umma da ido mai faɗi kuma yana aiki tare da mutanen al'umma don nemo hanyoyin da suka dace da al'adu, inganci, da kuma inganci. &lt;ref name=&quot;Minkler-2005&quot; /&gt;

Lafiyar al'umma kuma tana buƙatar sadarwa mai haske don magance matsalolin lafiya, rashin daidaito, da rikitarwa yadda ya kamata. Sadarwar lafiya ita ce manufar da ke amfani da shaidar sadarwa, dabaru, ka'ida, da kerawa don haɓaka halaye, manufofi, da ayyukan da ke haɓaka lafiya da walwalar mutane da al'ummomi. Sadarwar kula da lafiya za a iya iyakance ta da wasu abubuwa kaɗan, waɗanda suke da mahimmanci a gane don amfani da ayyukan kiwon lafiyar al'umma mafi kyau. Don fahimtar da samar da lafiyar al'umma daga hangen nesa na mai bayarwa da mabukaci, iyakoki a cikin ra'ayoyi kamar rikitarwar kimiyya ko rashin tabbas. Lokacin amfani da misali kamar lafiyar muhalli, rikitarwar kimiyya za a iya taƙaita ta da haɗarin lafiyar muhalli wanda galibi ya ƙunshi ra'ayoyin kimiyya masu rikitarwa waɗanda za su iya zama da wahalar fahimta ga wani ba tare da ilimin fasaha da aka samu daga horo na musamman ko ilimi ba. Amfani da harshe mai sauƙi da kayan aikin gani yana taimakawa wajen sauƙaƙe bayanai masu rikitarwa da haɓaka isa ga jama'a. Rashin tabbas a cikin lafiyar al'umma yana wanzu lokacin da fahimtar kimiyya game da [[Lafiyar muhalli|haɗarin lafiyar muhalli]] na iya zama ba cikakke ko rashin tabbas. Sanin cikakkun bayanai game da yadda al'ummomi ke aiki, musamman ga mutum ɗaya, kuma yana iya taka rawa wajen fahimtar mafi kyau da kuma bayar da cikakken bayyananne game da iyakokin ilimi da ƙoƙarin bincike mai gudana. Dole ne a ɗauki matakan rigakafi don hana bayanai marasa tushe a lokacin rashin tabbas domin yana iya haifar da mummunan yanayi kamar yadda aka gani a lokacin annobar COVID-19. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cuan-Baltazar |first=Jose Yunam |last2=Muñoz-Perez |first2=Maria José |last3=Robledo-Vega |first3=Carolina |last4=Pérez-Zepeda |first4=Maria Fernanda |last5=Soto-Vega |first5=Elena |date=2020-04-09 |title=Misinformation of COVID-19 on the Internet: Infodemiology Study |url=https://publichealth.jmir.org/2020/2/e18444 |journal=JMIR Public Health and Surveillance |language=EN |volume=6 |issue=2 |doi=10.2196/18444 |pmc=7147328 |pmid=32250960 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rudani da rashin tabbas na kimiyya ra'ayoyi ne da za su iya sa ya yi wuya a fahimci muhalli kuma su takaita sadarwa mai ma'ana game da lafiyar jama'a. Misalan nasarorin shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya na al'umma na iya haɗawa da ayyukan magance matsalolin da ke rikitar da batun. Misali, haɓakawa don fahimta, da kuma shirye-shiryen da ke aiki don magance matsalolin lafiya da aka riga aka amince da su a kowace al'umma.

Marasa lafiya waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewar Turanci musamman suna fama da rashin samun lafiya da kuma komawa zuwa cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na al'umma. Lafiyar al'umma tana ɗauke da nauyin yi wa irin waɗannan marasa lafiya hidima. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Goodman |first=Richard A. |last2=Bunnell |first2=Rebecca |last3=Posner |first3=Samuel F. |date=October 2014 |title=What is &quot;community health&quot;? Examining the meaning of an evolving field in public health |journal=Preventive Medicine |language=en |volume=67 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S58–S61 |doi=10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.07.028 |pmc=5771402 |pmid=25069043}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai buƙatar saka hannun jari sosai a cikin ma'aikatan fassara (a adadi da inganci), barin waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewar Turanci sosai su san ƙarin game da haƙƙinsu da ake da su a yanzu, hanyoyin shari'a da za su iya bi idan ba a samar da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ba, da kuma ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da sadarwa ba tare da magana ba. Dokar Zartarwa ta 13166 (2000), mai taken Inganta Samun Ayyuka ga Mutanen da Ba su da Ƙwarewar Turanci Mai Iyaka, ta ba da ci gaba da ilimi ga ƙwararrun likitoci, ba da takardar shaidar masu fassara na kiwon lafiya, da kuma biyan kuɗin ayyukan harshe ga waɗanda suka yi rajista a Shirin Inshorar Lafiya na Yara na Medicaid/State (SCHIP) don magance matsalolin cibiyoyi game da shingayen harshe a cikin tsarin kiwon lafiyarmu na yanzu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chieh Li |first=EdD |last2=Noora Son |first2=BA Abdulkerim |last3=Cara A. Jordan |first3=B. S. |last4=Christine Ga Eun Son |first4=B. A. |date=2017-07-31 |title=Overcoming Communication Barriers to Healthcare for Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Patients |url=https://najms.com/index.php/najms/article/view/357 |journal=North American Journal of Medicine and Science |language=en |volume=10 |issue=3 |issn=2156-2342}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wata hanyar da aka bi ita ce gwamnatocin ƙananan hukumomi suna haɗin gwiwa da ƙungiyoyin al'umma, kamar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Gundumar Alameda da Cibiyar Al'umma ta Koriya ta Gabas (KCCEB) don ƙirƙirar RICE, Haɗin gwiwar 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Baƙi don Ƙarfafawa, haɗin gwiwa da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na kabilu da harsuna da yawa suka tattara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kurlander |first=Dana |last2=Lam |first2=Amy G. |last3=Dawson-Hahn |first3=Elizabeth |last4=de Acosta |first4=Diego |date=2023-10-17 |title=Advocating for language equity: a community-public health partnership |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=11 |bibcode=2023FrPH...1145849K |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2023.1245849 |issn=2296-2565 |pmc=10616868 |pmid=37915815 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun haɗu a shekarar 2020 a lokacin da annobar ta yi tsanani domin tallafawa gwajin COVID-19 da kuma ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da allurar riga-kafi da kuma samun damar shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin harsuna 16.

Sauran batutuwan sun haɗa da samun damar kula da lafiya da kuma kuɗin kula da lafiya. Mafi yawan ƙasashen duniya ba su da isasshen inshorar lafiya.  A ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi, ƙasa da kashi 40% na jimillar kuɗaɗen kiwon lafiya gwamnatoci ne ke biyan su. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO-2016&quot; /&gt;

A [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi (ACA) ta canza yadda cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na al'umma ke aiki da manufofin da aka tsara, wanda hakan ya yi tasiri sosai ga lafiyar al'umma. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rosenbaum-2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rosenbaum SJ, Shin P, Jones E, Tolbert J |date=2010 |title=Community Health Centers: Opportunities and Challenges of Health Reform |url=https://hsrc.himmelfarb.gwu.edu/sphhs_policy_facpubs/199/ |journal=Health Sciences Research Commons}}&lt;/ref&gt; ACA ta shafi cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na al'umma kai tsaye ta hanyar ƙara kuɗaɗen shiga, faɗaɗa inshorar Medicaid, gyara tsarin biyan Medicaid, ware dala biliyan 1.5 don ƙara yawan ma'aikata da haɓaka horo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rosenbaum-2010&quot; /&gt; Har yanzu ana nazarin tasirin, mahimmanci, da nasarar Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi kuma za ta yi babban tasiri kan yadda tabbatar da lafiya zai iya shafar ƙa'idodin al'umma kan lafiya da lafiyar mutum ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Role of Community Health Workers, NHLBI, NIH |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/education/heart-truth/CHW}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bambancin kabilanci a yanayin lafiya tsakanin al'ummomi daban-daban shi ma abin damuwa ne. Shigowar haɗin gwiwar al'umma na iya kawo fa'idodi ga wannan ɓangaren na al'umma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Anderson LM, Adeney KL, Shinn C, Safranek S, Buckner-Brown J, Krause LK |date=15 June 2015 |title=Community coalition-driven interventions to reduce health disparities among racial and ethnic minority populations |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2015 |issue=6 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009905.pub2 |pmc=10656573 |pmid=26075988}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan kuma ya shafi amfani da harshe, inda sakamakon wani bita na tsari na 2019 ya gano cewa marasa lafiya da ke da ƙarancin ƙwarewar Turanci waɗanda suka sami kulawa daga likitoci waɗanda ke magana da yaren da majiyyaci ya fi so gabaɗaya sun sami ingantattun sakamako na lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Diamond |first=Lisa |last2=Izquierdo |first2=Karen |last3=Canfield |first3=Dana |last4=Matsoukas |first4=Konstantina |last5=Gany |first5=Francesca |date=2019 |title=A Systematic Review of the Impact of Patient–Physician Non-English Language Concordance on Quality of Care and Outcomes |journal=Journal of General Internal Medicine |volume=34 |issue=8 |pages=1591–1606 |doi=10.1007/s11606-019-04847-5 |issn=0884-8734 |pmc=6667611 |pmid=31147980}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kudurin kiwon lafiya na al'umma ==
Kowace al'umma ta bambanta kuma ya kamata ta ƙirƙiri nata Tsarin Inganta Lafiyar Al'umma (CHIP).  CHIP ya ƙunshi gano matsaloli da kuma zagayawan fifiko tare da zagayawan nazari da aiwatarwa. Dabaru guda biyar da ke taimakawa tsarin CHIP sune inganta lafiyar al'umma da walwala; shigar al'umma, jajircewar siyasa; manufofin jama'a masu lafiya; haɗin gwiwa tsakanin sassa daban-daban; da kuma ci gaban al'umma bisa kadara. Hanyar da ta dogara da kadara ta ƙunshi ƙarfafa mutane da al'ummomi ta hanyar mai da hankali kan ƙarfin al'umma tare da ƙwarewar mutane. &lt;ref name=&quot;Health 1997&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How to build healthy communities? {{!}} PlanH |url=https://planh.ca/big-picture/how-build-healthy-communities#:~:text=How%20to%20build%20healthy%20communities?%201%20Community%20Involvement.,Public%20Policy.%20...%205%20Asset-Based%20Community%20Development. |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=planh.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

CDC ta bayyana cewa &quot;Mutanen da ke cikin koshin lafiya, suna da allurar riga-kafi mai kyau, suna da damar samun ayyukan asibiti da magunguna, kuma sun san inda za su sami bayanai game da lafiyarsu da gaggawa game da gaggawa suna ƙirƙirar al'umma mafi kyau fiye da waɗanda ke da rashin lafiya kuma ba su fahimci inda za su sami magani da magani mai kyau ba.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 September 2015 |title=A Healthy Community is a Prepared Community {{!}} Blogs {{!}} CDC |url=https://blogs.cdc.gov/publichealthmatters/2015/09/a-healthy-community-is-a-prepared-community/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |archive-date=2022-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306144434/https://blogs.cdc.gov/publichealthmatters/2015/09/a-healthy-community-is-a-prepared-community/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin Matsala, Ganowa, da Fifiko yana da matakai uku da ke taimakawa al'umma, wacce ke kafa kawancen lafiya, tattarawa da nazarin bayanai don bayanin lafiya, da kuma gano matsalolin lafiya masu mahimmanci. Ana kuma rarraba bayanan da aka tattara ga al'umma don taimakawa wajen yanke shawara mai mahimmanci. 

Tsarin Bincike da Aiwatarwa wanda ke taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin lafiyar al'umma ta hanyar nazarin matsalar lafiya, kafa albarkatu, ƙirƙirar dabarun inganta lafiya tare da albarkatun, da kuma rarraba nauyi a cikin al'umma.  Ana nazarin batutuwa da yawa tare don tantance wanne ne mafi mahimmanci. A ƙarshe, an aiwatar da ikon yin aiki, an ware isassun kuɗi kuma an fitar da damar samun bayanai domin membobin al'umma su sake dubawa da kuma motsa yadda ya kamata. &lt;ref name=&quot;Health 1997&quot; /&gt;

== Lafiyar al'umma a Kudancin Duniya ==
Samun damar samun lafiyar al'umma a Kudancin Duniya yana tasiri ne ta hanyar isa ga yanayin ƙasa (nisa daga wurin isar da sabis zuwa ga mai amfani), samuwa (nau'in kulawa mai kyau, mai ba da sabis, da kayan aiki), samun kuɗi (sha'awar da ikon masu amfani don siyan ayyuka), da kuma karɓuwa (amsawar masu samar da sabis ga ƙa'idodin zamantakewa da al'adu na masu amfani da al'ummominsu). '''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Peters DH, Garg A, Bloom G, Walker DG, Brieger WR, Rahman MH |date=2008-07-25 |title=Poverty and access to health care in developing countries |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1136 |issue=1 |pages=161–71 |bibcode=2008NYASA1136..161P |doi=10.1196/annals.1425.011 |pmid=17954679 |s2cid=24649523 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;''' Yayin da sauyin cututtuka ke canza nauyin cutar daga kamuwa zuwa yanayin da ba ya yaɗuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa, wannan sauyi har yanzu yana cikin matakin farko a sassan Kudancin Duniya kamar Kudancin Asiya, Gabas ta Tsakiya, da Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Orach |first=Christopher |date=October 2009 |title=Health equity: challenges in low income countries |journal=African Health Sciences |volume=9 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=549–551 |pmc=2877288 |pmid=20589106}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abubuwa biyu a ƙasashe masu tasowa sun haifar da &quot; tarkon talauci na likita&quot; ga al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen kulawa a Kudancin Duniya - gabatar da kuɗin masu amfani don ayyukan kiwon lafiya na jama'a da haɓaka kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa don ayyukan masu zaman kansu. '''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Whitehead M, Dahlgren G, Evans T |date=September 2001 |title=Equity and health sector reforms: can low-income countries escape the medical poverty trap? |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(01)05975-X/abstract |journal=Lancet |volume=358 |issue=9284 |pages=833–6 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05975-X |pmid=11564510 |s2cid=263382 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;''' Al'ummomin masu ƙarancin kuɗi da matsakaitan masu kuɗi a Kudancin Duniya suna ƙara amfani da ɓangaren kiwon lafiya mai zaman kansa don yanayi kamar zazzabin cizon sauro, tarin fuka, da cututtukan da ake yaɗawa ta hanyar jima'i. &lt;ref name=&quot;Zwi-2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zwi AB, Brugha R, Smith E |date=September 2001 |title=Private health care in developing countries |journal=BMJ |volume=323 |issue=7311 |pages=463–4 |doi=10.1136/bmj.323.7311.463 |pmc=1121065 |pmid=11532823}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kula da masu zaman kansu yana da alaƙa da sauƙin shiga, gajerun lokutan jira, da zaɓi mafi girma. Masu samar da ayyuka masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke yi wa al'ummomin da ke da ƙarancin kuɗi hidima galibi ba su da ƙwarewa kuma ba su da horo. Wasu masu tsara manufofi suna ba da shawarar gwamnatoci a ƙasashe masu tasowa su yi amfani da masu samar da ayyuka masu zaman kansu don cire alhakin gwamnati daga samar da ayyuka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Zwi-2001&quot; /&gt;

Sau da yawa ana amfani da ci gaban al'umma a matsayin wani shiri na kula da lafiyar jama'a don ƙarfafa al'ummomi su sami dogaro da kansu da kuma iko kan abubuwan da ke shafar lafiyarsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hossain-2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hossain SM, Bhuiya A, Khan AR, Uhaa I |date=April 2004 |title=Community development and its impact on health: South Asian experience |journal=BMJ |volume=328 |issue=7443 |pages=830–3 |doi=10.1136/bmj.328.7443.830 |pmc=383386 |pmid=15070644}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aikatan lafiyar al'umma suna iya amfani da gogewarsu ta kai tsaye, ko ilimin gida, don ƙara wa bayanan da masana kimiyya da masu tsara manufofi ke amfani da su yayin tsara hanyoyin magance matsalolin lafiya.  An nuna cewa shiga tsakani da ma'aikatan lafiyar al'umma yana inganta samun damar kula da lafiya ta farko da ingancin kulawa a ƙasashe masu tasowa ta hanyar rage yawan rashin abinci mai gina jiki, inganta lafiyar uwa da yara da rigakafi da kuma kula da HIV/AIDS. &lt;ref name=&quot;Javanparast-2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Javanparast S, Windle A, Freeman T, Baum F |date=July 2018 |title=Community Health Worker Programs to Improve Healthcare Access and Equity: Are They Only Relevant to Low- and Middle-Income Countries? |journal=International Journal of Health Policy and Management |volume=7 |issue=10 |pages=943–954 |doi=10.15171/ijhpm.2018.53 |pmc=6186464 |pmid=30316247}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma nuna cewa ma'aikatan lafiyar al'umma suna haɓaka kula da cututtuka na yau da kullun ta hanyar inganta sakamakon asibiti na marasa lafiya da ke fama da ciwon suga, hawan jini, da cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. &lt;ref name=&quot;Javanparast-2018&quot; /&gt;

Mazauna yankunan karkara a Kudancin Duniya suna fuskantar barazanar cututtuka masu yaduwa, yanayin da ba ya yaɗuwa, da raunuka sakamakon tashin hankali da haɗuran ababen hawa a kan tituna. &lt;ref name=&quot;Corburn-2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Corburn J, Sverdlik A |date=March 2017 |title=Slum Upgrading and Health Equity |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=14 |issue=4 |page=342 |doi=10.3390/ijerph14040342 |pmc=5409543 |pmid=28338613 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haɓaka yankunan karkara masu manufofi da yawa a cikin birane yana inganta abubuwan da ke haifar da zamantakewa waɗanda ke tsara sakamakon lafiya kamar gidaje masu aminci, samun abinci, haƙƙin siyasa da jinsi, ilimi, da matsayin aiki. An yi ƙoƙari don shigar da talakawan birni cikin tsara ayyuka da aiwatar da manufofi. Ta hanyar haɓaka yankunan karkara, jihohi sun fahimci kuma sun amince da haƙƙin talakawan birane da buƙatar samar da ayyuka na asali. Haɓakawa na iya bambanta daga ƙananan ayyuka na musamman ga sassa (misali famfo na ruwa, hanyoyin da aka shimfida) zuwa ayyukan gidaje da kayayyakin more rayuwa (misali ruwan bututu, magudanar ruwa). Sauran ayyukan sun haɗa hulɗar muhalli da shirye-shiryen zamantakewa da ƙarfafa siyasa. Kwanan nan, ayyukan haɓaka yankunan karkara sun kasance masu ƙaranci don hana ƙaura daga mazauna yayin gyare-gyare da kuma kula da damuwar da ke tasowa game da daidaita sauyin yanayi. Ta hanyar halatta mazauna unguwannin talakawa da kuma 'yancinsu na zama, haɓaka unguwannin talakawa madadin cire unguwannin talakawa ne kuma tsari ne wanda a cikinsa zai iya magance matsalolin tsarin lafiyar jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;Corburn-2017&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mafi Girma a Duniya</title>
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&quot;The Biggest Douche in the Universe&quot; shi ne karo na goma sha biyar na kakar wasa ta shida ta jerin shirye-shiryen Amurka na South Park, kuma karo na 94 na jerin gaba ɗaya. An fara watsa shi ne a Comedy Central a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 2002, kuma shine na karshe a cikin ƙaramin arc wanda ke nuna Cartman yana da Kenny a wasu lokuta. Fim din ya ta'allaka ne akan Liane Cartman da Chef da ke ƙoƙarin fitar da ran Kenny yayin da Stan ke ƙoƙarin fallasa mai ba da kansa John Edward, wanda duk ma'aikatan Kudancin Park Studios suka amince da zama &quot;mafi girman douche a sararin samaniya&quot;.

== Makirci ==
An kai Cartman asibiti bayan Kenny ya sake mallake shi, abin da ya faru na farko ya kasance a cikin shirin &quot;A Ladder to Heaven&quot; lokacin da ya yi kuskuren toka na Kenny don cakuda madara. Likitan ya gaya wa mahaifiyarsa Liane cewa Cartman 'yana gudu daga lokaci', yana nuna cewa Kenny yana ƙoƙarin tabbatar da cikakken iko akan jikin Cartman. Bayan ya ji duk wannan, Chef ya yanke shawarar kai kowa zuwa shirin Crossing Over TV a New York kuma ya sa John Edward yayi magana da Kenny daga bayan kabari. A cikin wasan kwaikwayon, Edward kawai ya yi maganganu marasa amfani game da Kenny, kuma ya shawarci Kyle cewa kakarsa tana son ya &quot;neman fararen kurciya huɗu&quot;.

Da yake ba shi da kunya ga Edward, Chef ya ɗauki Cartman zuwa ga Iyayensa a [[Scotland]] kuma ya sa su yi fitar da aljanu. Game da tashi zuwa [[Colorado]], Kyle ya ga wanka hoton da ke tallata makaranta da ake kira Jewleeard, tare da fararen tsuntsaye huɗu a matsayin tambarin sa. Da tabbacin, sai ya gaggauta zuwa yin rajista. Stan ya tafi gidan Edward, kuma ya ɓata masa rai ta hanyar ƙoƙarin sa ya yarda da cewa abin da yake yi ba gaskiya ba ne, kuma ya kira shi &quot;douche&quot; da &quot;mafi girman douche a sararin samaniya&quot;. Kafin Stan ya tafi, ya sace wasu littattafan Edward, don ƙarin koyo game da Karatun sanyi. A cikin ƙoƙari na shawo kan Kyle cewa Edward karya ne, Stan ya nuna karatun sanyi a kan wasu masu wucewa yayin da suke tsaye a kan titi amma shirin ya ɓace lokacin da taron suka yi imanin cewa Stan a zahiri yana da ikon sihiri, kuma nan da nan aka ba shi nasa wasan kwaikwayo. Wannan ya sa Edward ya kalubalanci Stan zuwa rikici.

A halin yanzu, iyayen Chef sun sami nasarar fitar da ruhun Kenny daga Cartman, amma tunda Chef bai kawo &quot;yaro wanda aka azabtar&quot; ba wanda zai iya canja wurin ruhun, yana tashi a kusa da gidansu kafin ya zauna a cikin tukunya. Cartman ya koma ga kansa na yau da kullun kuma iyayen Chef sun ba shi gasa don ya dawo da shi zuwa Kudancin Park. Koyaya, Chef, Cartman, da Liane sun ƙare sun manta da da yin ikirarin tukunya a cikin kayan aiki a filin jirgin sama.

A wasan kwaikwayo na tunani, Stan a ƙarshe ya shawo kan Kyle da yawancin masu sauraro cewa, kodayake wanka iya zama mai ta'aziyya a yi tunanin danginsu da suka mutu suna magana da su, irin wannan ƙaddara ba abin sha'awa ba ce, musamman idan yana nufin cewa dole ne su yi magana da Edward. Wani babban jirgin sararin samaniya ba zato ba tsammani ya fadi a cikin rufin ɗakin studio. Kwamitin Intergalactic BDIU, wanda ya kunshi baƙi daban-daban, ya zo ya kai Edward zuwa bikin bayar da kyautar saboda sun yarda da zaben Stan da ya yi ba da gangan ba a baya. Da zarar an kai shi can, Edward ya lashe lambar yabo ta shekara-shekara ta 478 &quot;Babban Douche a cikin Sararin samaniya&quot;, duk da cewa a duk lokacin da ya yi ihu &quot;Ni ba douche bane!&quot;, yana doke baƙi iri-iri ciki har da wanda a zahiri babban douche ne.

A cikin wannan labarin, motocin da ba a sani ba suna wasa don sabbin motocin wasan kwaikwayo na Rob Schneider. Kusan ƙarshen labarin an nuna tirela inda Schneider ya sami tukunya da aka watsar kuma ya ci shi, don haka ya ba da damar ruhun Kenny ya mallake shi. Fim din da ya biyo baya ya nuna shi yana rayuwa daga rayuwar Kenny ta baya har sai an harbe shi kuma an rataye shi a kan sanda.

== Fitarwa ==
At the time of this episode's original broadcast, Rob Schneider was about to star in ''The Hot Chick'', and had already starred in ''The Animal''. Commercials for ''The Hot Chick'' showed while the episode originally aired, and the ''South Park'' creators parodied the format of the commercial. The running gag is that all of the fictional trailers follow the same basic plot: a man is somehow transformed, whether it be into an animal, a woman, a stapler, or a carrot. This point is furthered in the episode with a trailer clearly showing a plot exactly the same as these, but with almost every word spoken in gibberish. The term ''derp'' that is used in one of the Rob Schneider trailers (and would later become a popular term on the Internet) was coined when ''South Park'' creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone were shooting the movie ''BASEketball''; a derp is &quot;a stupid joke that you could see a mile away,&quot; commenting on their criticism of Schneider's movies. Mr. Derp, for example, was the name of Chef's replacement in &quot;The Succubus&quot;. Asked about being parodied on ''South Park'', Schneider responded in an About.com interview: &quot;I loved it. That was genius. I thought the only thing, they were too nice to me ... When you're spoofed by the best people in the business, that's an honor.&quot;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2022}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Taken labarin, &quot;The Biggest Douche in the Universe,&quot; yana nufin mai ikirarin kansa John Edward, kuma Penn Jillette ya kira shi a cikin shirinsa da Teller, ''Penn &amp;amp;amp; Teller: Bullshit!''.  Penn da Teller abokai ne na Trey Parker da Matt Stone kuma sun bayyana cewa wannan shine abin da suka fi so. A cewar sharhin wannan labarin, Trey Parker ya bayyana kirkirar lamarin kamar yadda ya shafi John Edward, wanda dukkan ma'aikatan South Park Studios suka amince da shi ne &quot;mafi girman douche a sararin samaniya. &quot; Wannan ya kasance har sai Matt Stone ya tambayi tambayar &quot;To, menene game da Rob Schneider?&quot;, wanda ya haifar da trailers na almara. Parker da Stone sun yaba wa James Randi tare da bayanin Stan game da Karatun sanyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2013 |title=Trey Parker &amp; Matt Stone - TAM 5 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xQ2pP4Bue00 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424154243/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xQ2pP4Bue00 |archive-date=April 24, 2014 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |publisher=[[James Randi Educational Foundation]]/[[YouTube]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manzarta ==</text>
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    <title>Kungiyar tsari ta ruwa</title>
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Kungiyar Shirye-shiryen Ruwa kungiya ce mai cin gashin kanta da ke da alhakin aiwatar da shirin albarkatun ruwa a [[Bangladesh]] kuma tana cikin [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh . &lt;ref name=&quot;weir&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=WARPO |url=http://warpo.gov.bd/index.php/home/background |access-date=21 November 2016 |website=warpo.gov.bd |archive-date=22 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122071612/http://warpo.gov.bd/index.php/home/background |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An kafa kungiyar ne a shekarar 1992. Ya samo asali ne daga Babban Shirin Shirin.&lt;ref name=&quot;weir&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Livingstone, Zambia</title>
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'''Livingstone''' is a city in Southern Province, [[Zambiya|Zambia]]. Lying 10&amp;nbsp;km (6&amp;nbsp;mi) to the north of the [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi River]], it is a [[Yawon bude ido|tourist attraction]] due to its proximity to the [[Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria|Victoria Falls]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Livingstone |url=https://www.zambia.travel/explore/towns-and-cities/livingstone/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524140150/https://www.zambia.travel/explore/towns-and-cities/livingstone/ |archive-date=2021-05-24 |access-date=2021-05-24 |website=Zambia Let's Explore |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Information |url=https://www.livingstone-info.org/town/info |access-date=2020-06-05 |website=www.livingstone-info.org |archive-date=2020-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605175043/https://www.livingstone-info.org/town/info |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Victoria Falls |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/victoria-falls/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=Zambia Tourism |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; and its road and rail connections to [[Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe|Victoria Falls]], [[Zimbabwe]], the resort town on the opposite side of the falls. A historic [[Daular Biritaniya|British colonial]] city, its present population was enumerated at 177,393 inhabitants at the 2022 census.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Central Statistical Office Zambia and City Population |date=3 January 2023 |title=Population of Zambian Cities and Urban Centres: Livingstone |url=https://citypopulation.de/en/zambia/admin/southern/0906__livingstone/ |access-date=5 September 2023 |publisher=Citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is named after David Livingstone, the [[Scotland|Scottish]] explorer and missionary who was the first European to explore the area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=David Livingstone - Biography, Expeditions, &amp; Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Livingstone |access-date=2021-05-24 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; From 1911 until 1935, it served as the first capital of Northern Rhodesia. From 1907 to 2011, when replaced by Choma, Livingstone was the capital of Zambia's Southern Province.

== Tarihi ==

=== Tarihin kafin mulkin mallaka ===
Mukuni, {{Convert|9.6|km|mi}} a kudu maso gabashin Livingstone na yanzu, shine mafi girman ƙauye a yankin kafin a kafa Livingstone. Mazauna [[Harshen Tonga (Zambia da Zimbabwe)|Baleya]], waɗanda suka fito daga al'adun Rozwi a [[Zimbabwe]], Chief Mukuni wanda ya fito daga [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Kongo]] ya mamaye su a ƙarni na 16. Wani rukuni na Baleya a ƙarƙashin Chief Sekute ya zauna kusa da kogin yammacin garin. Duk da haka, mafi yawan mutanen yankin sune Batoka a ƙarƙashin Chief Musokotwane wanda ke zaune a Senkobo, {{Convert|30|km|mi}} arewa. Waɗannan mutanen kudancin Tonga ne amma suna kama da Baleya a al'ada da harshe. 
[[Fayil:Livingstone1.jpg|left|thumb|Abin tunawa ga David Livingstone]]
Subiya ta yi wa Lozi na Barotseland girmamawa amma a shekarar 1838, Kololo, wata ƙabilar [[Lesotho|Sotho]] daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da yaƙe-yaƙen Zulu suka kora, ta yi ƙaura zuwa arewa ta mamaye Lozi . Kololo ta sanya sarakunan mutanen Sesheke da ke ƙarƙashinsu a kan Tokaleya. A shekarar 1855, wani matafiyi ɗan ƙasar Scotland mai wa'azi David Livingstone ya zama Ba’amurke na farko da aka nuna wa [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi]] a kusa da Livingstone, kuma ya ga [[Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria|Victoria Falls]] ta hannun Babban Sekeletu na Subiya-Kololo. 

=== Tarihin mulkin mallaka ===
A shekarun 1890, Kamfanin Birtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu na [[Cecil Rhodes]] ya kafa mulkin [[Daular Biritaniya|Birtaniya]] a arewacin Zambezi kuma ya ƙaddamar da ayyukan haƙo ma'adinai da bincike, baya ga haka ya shiga wasu albarkatun ƙasa kamar katako, hauren giwa da fatun dabbobi a wani yanki da ake kira [[Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia|Arewa maso Yammacin Rhodesia]] . Babban wurin haƙo Zambezi yana saman magudanar ruwa a Old Drift, da farko ta hanyar kwale-kwale, daga baya kuma ta hanyar jirgin ruwa na ƙarfe da masu aikin kwale-kwale na Lozi guda takwas ke tuƙawa, ko kuma jirgin ruwa da aka ja da kebul na ƙarfe. Kwarin Batoka da zurfin kwarin da kwaruruka na tsakiyar Zambezi (wanda yanzu [[Ruwan ruwa na Kariba|madatsar ruwa ta Kariba]] ta mamaye) yana nufin babu wani wuri mafi kyau na haƙowa tsakanin magudanar ruwa da [[Kariba Gorge]], {{Cvt|483|km}} arewa maso gabas. Yayin da aka fi amfani da hanyar ketare tsohon Drift, wurin zama na Turawan mulkin mallaka ya samo asali a can kuma a kusa da 1897 ya zama ƙaramar hukuma ta farko a ƙasar; wani lokacin ana kiranta da 'Old Livingstone'. Kusantarsa da wuraren kiwon [[sauro]] ya haifar da mace-mace sakamakon [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]], wanda hakan ya sa Turawan suka ƙaura zuwa tudun da aka sani da Constitution Hill ko Sandbelt Post Office bayan 1900. Yayin da wannan yanki ya girma ya zama gari, an sanya masa suna ''Livingstone'' don girmama mai binciken. &lt;ref name=&quot;NRJ&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Untitled Document |url=http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V4N1/V4N1.html |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=www.nrzam.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A tsakiyar shekarun 1890, layin dogo na Rhodesia ya isa [[Bulawayo]] a Kudancin Rhodesia, inda ya haɓaka ci gaban masana'antu a can, wanda ma'adinan kwal a Hwange (wanda a lokacin ake kira ''Wankie'' ) suka ƙarfafa shi, kuma ma'adinan kwal {{Convert|110|km|mi}} ne kawai suka yi aiki. kudu maso gabashin Mosi-oa-Tunya. An faɗaɗa layin dogo zuwa Hwange don samun kwal, amma hangen Rhodes shine ya ci gaba da matsawa arewa don faɗaɗa [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]], kuma da ya [[Jirgin ƙasa na Cape zuwa Alkahira|gina shi zuwa Alkahira]] idan zai iya. A shekara ta 1904 layin dogo ya isa magudanar ruwa a gefen kudu kuma an fara gina [[Victoria Falls Bridge|Gadar Victoria Falls]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=VFHQadmin |title=Victoria Falls Bridge Activities and History - Victoria Falls HQ |url=https://victoriafallshq.com/victoria-falls-bridge-activities/ |access-date=2022-09-11 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda rashin haƙuri da ya jira kammala shi, Rhodes ya gina layin daga Livingstone zuwa Kalomo kuma an fara aiki watanni kafin gadar ta amfani da jirgin ƙasa guda ɗaya wanda aka jigilar shi gunduwa-gunduwa ta hanyar kebul na wucin gadi a kan kwarin da ke kusa da wurin ginin gadar. 
[[Fayil:Zambèze-Chapelle_commémorative_Coillard_à_Livingstone_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Livingstone a farkon karni na 20]]
An kafa birnin a shekarar 1905.  Kamfanin Birtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu ya ƙaura da babban birnin yankin a shekarar 1907. &lt;ref name=&quot;NRJ&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1911, kamfanin ya haɗa yankin da [[Arewa maso gabashin Rhodesia|Arewa maso Gabashin Rhodesia]] a matsayin Arewacin Rhodesia . Livingstone ta bunƙasa daga matsayinta na ƙofar kasuwanci tsakanin gefen arewa da kudu na Zambezi, da kuma noma a Lardin Kudu da kuma samar da katako na kasuwanci daga dazuzzuka zuwa arewa maso yamma. An gina wasu gine-ginen mulkin mallaka waɗanda har yanzu suke nan.  Duk da cewa an ƙaura da babban birnin zuwa [[Lusaka]] a shekarar 1935 don ya kasance kusa da cibiyar tattalin arziki ta Copperbelt, masana'antu da suka dogara da katako, fatu, [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco taba], auduga (gami da yadi) da sauran kayayyakin noma sun bunƙasa. An gina masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa tana ɗaukar ruwa daga Gabashin Cataract na Falls. Garin [[Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe|Victoria Falls]] a Kudancin Rhodesia yana da kasuwancin yawon buɗe ido, amma an sayi kayayyaki da yawa daga Livingstone.
[[Fayil:Victoria_Falls_(49653894783),_Livingstone,_crop2.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton tauraron dan adam na shekarar 2019 na Livingstone, wanda ke nuna unguwannin birnin da filin jirgin sama]]
Daga cikin dukkan garuruwan da ke Arewacin Rhodesia, Livingstone na mulkin mallaka ya ɗauki mafi yawan halayen Birtaniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Town: Livingstone, Zambia |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/livingstone-town/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=www.livingstonetourism.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Birnin da ke kewaye da matsugunan Afirka da yawa, an [[Rarraba launin fata|raba shi da juna]] . Yankunan arewa da yamma na garin da tsakiyar garin an keɓe su ne ga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka da kasuwancin fararen fata da yankunan zama da ke da alaƙa, yayin da garuruwan Afirka kamar Maramba (wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan ƙaramin Kogin Maramba da ke gudana a kusa) suna gabas da kudu kuma ma'aikata, bayi, [[Mai sana'a|masu sana'a]], [[Mai ciniki|'yan kasuwa]], da kuma adadi mai yawa na iyalai baƙar fata marasa aiki waɗanda ke zaune a cikin jin daɗin jama'a. 'Yan Asiya da mutanen da ke da nau'ikan kabilu daban-daban suna da kasuwanci a tsakiya, a gefen gabas na tsakiyar birnin. 

A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], an shigar da 'yan gudun hijira 'yan Poland 170 da suka tsere daga Poland da Jamus da Soviet suka mamaye, zuwa Livingstone a shekarar 1941, kuma an kafa ofishin jakadancin Poland. 

Yayin da gwamnatin Birtaniya ta fara tattaunawa a bainar jama'a kan 'yancin kai, kuma labarin kisan gillar da aka yi wa fararen fata 'yan mulkin mallaka a [[Belgian Congo|Congo ta Beljium]] ya bayyana, mazauna fararen fata da yawa, suna tsoron watsi da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Birtaniya, suka fara ƙaura zuwa kudu zuwa Kudancin Rhodesia ko Afirka ta Kudu. Lokacin da Arewacin Rhodesia ta sami 'yancin kai a matsayin Zambia a 1964, fararen fata da yawa sun tafi.  Lokacin da Zambia ta sami 'yancin kai, akwai baƙar fata 100 kacal da suka kammala karatun kwaleji a ƙasar, kusan duk a fannin kimiyyar zamantakewa daga [[Jami'ar Fort Hare]] da ke Afirka ta Kudu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=the struggle movie zambia |url=https://paraluxe.com/aa2uaca/the-struggle-movie-zambia |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=paraluxe.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=the struggle movie zambia |url=https://paraluxe.com/aa2uaca/the-struggle-movie-zambia |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=paraluxe.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1968, an kafa wata ƙasa mai jam'iyya ɗaya wadda ta kwace mafi yawan kadarorin da ba baƙar fata ba suka rage, musamman na fararen fata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bayart |first=J. F. |date=1973 |title=One-Party Government and Political Development in Cameroun |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/719939 |journal=African Affairs |volume=72 |issue=287 |pages=125–144 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096356 |issn=0001-9909 |jstor=719939 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Constitutional Rights Foundation |url=https://www.crf-usa.org/brown-v-board-50th-anniversary/southern-black-codes.html |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=www.crf-usa.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda haka, yawancin sauran 'yan Arewacin Rhodesia sun tafi bayan an sanar da wata manufa ta ƙasa a Zambia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Libby |first=Ronald T. |last2=Woakes |first2=Michael E. |date=1980 |title=Nationalization and the Displacement of Development Policy in Zambia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/523462 |journal=African Studies Review |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=33–50 |doi=10.2307/523462 |issn=0002-0206 |jstor=523462 |s2cid=143579889 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burdette |first=Marcia M. |date=1977 |title=Nationalization in Zambia: A Critique of Bargaining Theory |journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=471–496 |doi=10.2307/483722 |issn=0008-3968 |jstor=483722 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bayan samun 'yancin kai ===
[[Fayil:Livingstone_Water_Tank_3_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|259x259px|Tankin Ruwa na Livingstone]]
An lalata wasu gine-ginen farar hula na mulkin mallaka kuma an maye gurbinsu da gine-ginen [[Al'adun Afirka|Afirka]], kodayake an yi amfani da Livingstone a matsayin wurin da aka gina wani gari na Rhodesian na shekarun 1950 a cikin fim ɗin 1981 mai suna ''The Grass Is Singing'' (wanda ya dogara da littafin [[Doris Lessing]] na wannan sunan).  A lokaci guda, an yi amfani da babban adadin kuɗi daga gwamnatin Burtaniya zuwa Zambia a lokacin 'yancin kai a Livingstone. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zambia - Colonial rule {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/Colonial-rule |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zambia Independence Bill |url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=1964-07-07a.229.0 |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=TheyWorkForYou |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Livingstone ta fuskanci koma bayan tattalin arziki a shekarun 1970 saboda wani ɓangare na sake fasalin masana'antu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Whitworth |first=Alan |date=October 2015 |title=Explaining Zambian Poverty: A History of (Nonagriculture) Economic Policy Since Independence: History of Zambian Economic Policy |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jid.3049 |journal=Journal of International Development |language=en |volume=27 |issue=7 |pages=953–986 |doi=10.1002/jid.3049 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;  kuma wani ɓangare na rufe kan iyaka da Rhodesia, da farko gwamnatin Zambia sannan daga baya hukumomin Rhodesian suka yi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=amp}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga farkon karni na 21, Livingstone ta fuskanci sake farfadowa a fannin yawon bude ido kuma ta zama wurin da ake so a ziyarta lokacin da take ziyartar Victoria Falls. Livingstone ta sami ɗan kwararar jari a masana'antar daga gidajen otal na zamani kamar Sun International, zuwa wasu cibiyoyin siyar da titin zamani da gidajen cin abinci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=เว็บ สล็อต ที่ ใหญ่ ที่สุด ใน โลก – Official Website |url=https://livingstonestourism.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924000803/https://livingstonestourism.com/ |archive-date=24 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baya ga yawon bude ido, wani bege da ke kan gaba a Livingstone shine ci gaba da aka samu daga [https://saiia.org.za/saiia-toolkit/walvis-bay-corridor-group/ Walvis Bay Corridor] tare da bude [[Katima Mulilo Bridge|gadar Katima Mulilo]] da kuma kammala babbar hanyar Trans-Caprivi {{Convert|200|km|mi}} yamma, wanda ke ƙara yawan ciniki ta cikin garin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-01-24 |title=A Lesson in Zambian History: Livingstone |url=https://www.globalblackhistory.com/lesson-in-zambian-history-livingstone/ |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=Global Black History |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425000830/https://www.globalblackhistory.com/lesson-in-zambian-history-livingstone/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Esser |first=Leonore |title=The bridge over the Zambezi at Katima Mulilo is a symbol of freedom and cornerstone of economic development |url=https://www.kfw.de/stories/kfw/stories/economy/infrastructure/sambesi-bruecke/ |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=KfW Stories |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Yanayi ==
Livingstone tana da yanayi mai zafi da ɗan bushewa ( [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Köppen]] : ''BSh'' ) tare da yanayi mai zafi da ruwan sama da kuma yanayi mai zafi kafin damina da kuma yanayi mai zafi da kuma yanayi mai zafi na bushewa tare da babban bambancin zafin rana da dare.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Kurumali River</title>
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[[Fayil:Dawn_at_River_Kurumaly.JPG|thumb|Dawn a kogin Kurumaly]]
[[Fayil:Kurumali_river.JPG|thumb|200x200px|Kogin Kurumali. Ra'ayi daga gadar jirgin kasa kusa da Pudukkad]]
'''Kogin Kurumali''' babban yanki ne na Kogin Karuvannur a cikin Gundumar Thrissur ta Kerala . Ya samo asali ne a Yammacin Ghats a cikin Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary na Gundumar Thrissur .

== Hanyar da ake ciki ==
Kogin Kurumali yana samo asali ne daga gangaren tsaunin Western Ghats a cikin Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary na gundumar Thrissur. An gina madatsar ruwa ta Chimmony (Chimmony Dam) a kan kogin Kurumali. Kogin Muply yana haɗuwa da Kogin Kurumali a Karikulam. Daga nan kogin yana wuce garuruwan Palappally, Vettingapadam, Varantharapally, Vellarampadam, Mupliyam, Panthallur, Nellayi, Nandikkara, Puthukad da Cheruvaal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Power|first=India Central Board of Irrigation and|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sjEsFRFKn-sC&amp;q=Kurumali+river|title=Publication|date=1972|publisher=The Board|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙasa kaɗan daga kwaransa, Kogin Kurumali yana haɗuwa da Kogin Manali a Arattupuzha, inda suke haɗuwa su samar da Kogin Karuvannur. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About the Rivers of Kerala |url=http://puzhakal0.tripod.com/river.html |access-date=2012-07-31 |publisher=Tripod.com |archive-date=2012-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716182531/http://puzhakal0.tripod.com/river.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Cheruval - ƙauye a bakin kogin
* Chimmony Dam - daya daga cikin manyan madatsun ruwa a Kerala yana sama da wannan kogi.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Lafiyar 'yan gudun hijira a Amurka</title>
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Ana buƙatar la'akari na musamman don samar da ingantaccen magani ga 'yan gudun hijirar da suka yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka, waɗanda galibi ke fuskantar mawuyacin hali, abubuwan da suka faru na tashin hankali da/ko na rauni, da kuma tafiya ta cikin yankuna masu haɗari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=A |first=Bigot |last2=L |first2=Blok |last3=M |first3=Boelaert |last4=Y |first4=Chartier |last5=P |first5=Corijn |last6=A |first6=Davis |last7=M |first7=Deguerry |last8=T |first8=Dusauchoit |last9=F |first9=Fermon |date=January 1986 |title=Refugee health: an approach to emergency situations. |url=https://www.popline.org/node/272816 |journal=Voprosy Virusologii |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=262–274}}&lt;/ref&gt; Irin waɗannan la'akari sun haɗa da tantance cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa, allurar rigakafi, [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|matsalar damuwa bayan rauni]], da [[Bincike daban-daban na baƙin ciki|baƙin ciki]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Porter |first=Matt |last2=Haslam |first2=Nick |date=2001-10-01 |title=Forced displacement in Yugoslavia: A meta-analysis of psychological consequences and their moderators |journal=Journal of Traumatic Stress |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=817–834 |doi=10.1023/A:1013054524810 |issn=1573-6598 |pmid=11776427 |s2cid=41804120}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] tana da ƙa'idodi masu tsauri na tantance lafiya ga 'yan gudun hijira da baƙi da ke shigowa ƙasar. Dokar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Tarayya ta 1980 ta ba Hukumar Lafiyar Jama'a ta Amurka damar sauƙaƙe gwajin lafiya ga duk baƙi da 'yan gudun hijira kafin su bar ƙasarsu ta asali.  Ofishin Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira (ORR) ne ke kula da wannan aikin tantancewa, wanda Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Amurka (HHS) ke kula da shi kuma ke ba da kuɗaɗen sa.

A ƙasashen da suka fito da kuma bayan sun isa Amurka, 'yan gudun hijira kan fuskanci cikas wajen samun kulawar lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=WHO {{!}} Overcoming migrants' barriers to health |url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/8/08-020808/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204114233/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/8/08-020808/en/ |archive-date=February 4, 2015 |access-date=2017-03-24 |website=www.who.int}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙasashen da suka fito, rashin ingantattun kayayyakin kiwon lafiya da ƙarancin albarkatun kiwon lafiya na iya hana su samun kulawar da ake buƙata kafin su tafi. Sau da yawa, rashin isasshen kiwon lafiya yana haifar da ƙaruwar yiwuwar kamuwa da manyan cututtuka idan aka kwatanta da sauran baƙi. &lt;ref name=&quot;coo&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kotovicz |first=Fabiana |last2=Getzin |first2=Anne |last3=Vo |first3=Thy |date=2018 |title=Challenges of Refugee Health Care: Perspectives of Medical Interpreters, Case Managers, and Pharmacists |url=https://digitalrepository.aurorahealthcare.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1577&amp;context=jpcrr |journal=Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=28–35 |doi=10.17294/2330-0698.1577 |pmc=6664339 |pmid=31413994}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da isowar Amurka, shingayen kiwon lafiya, gami da shingayen fahimta, tsari, da na kuɗi na iya iyakance samun kulawar da ta dace, dacewa, da kuma ta al'ada. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Morris |first=Meghan D. |last2=Popper |first2=Steve T. |last3=Rodwell |first3=Timothy C. |last4=Brodine |first4=Stephanie K. |last5=Brouwer |first5=Kimberly C. |date=2017-04-08 |title=Healthcare Barriers of Refugees Post-resettlement |journal=Journal of Community Health |volume=34 |issue=6 |pages=529–538 |doi=10.1007/s10900-009-9175-3 |issn=0094-5145 |pmc=2778771 |pmid=19705264}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba da shawarar shirye-shirye kamar ayyukan fassarar bidiyo, kulawar rigakafi, da azuzuwan harshen Ingilishi don yaƙar waɗannan shingayen. &lt;ref name=&quot;eoo&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Morris |first=Meghan D. |last2=Popper |first2=Steve T. |last3=Rodwell |first3=Timothy C. |last4=Brodine |first4=Stephanie K. |last5=Brouwer |first5=Kimberly C. |date=December 2009 |title=Healthcare Barriers of Refugees Post-resettlement |journal=Journal of Community Health |volume=34 |issue=6 |pages=529–538 |doi=10.1007/s10900-009-9175-3 |issn=0094-5145 |pmc=2778771 |pmid=19705264}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;moo&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ineza |first=Darlene |last2=Fairfield |first2=Kathleen |title=Barriers to Healthcare Access for New Mainers |url=https://community.bowdoin.edu/news/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Major-Barriers-to-Healthcare-Access-for-New-Mainers-2-1.pdf |pages=1–35}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwan da suka shafi lafiya na musamman ga 'yan gudun hijira ==
Saboda yanayi na gaggawa na tafiyarsu daga ƙasashen da suka fito, 'yan gudun hijira galibi suna rasa damar samun bayanan lafiyarsu, kuma ci gaba da kulawa yana da wuya a tabbatar da ci gaba da kulawa da zarar sun shiga Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Feldman |first=R. |date=September 2006 |title=Primary health care for refugees and asylum seekers: A review of the literature and a framework for services |journal=Public Health |volume=120 |issue=9 |pages=809–816 |doi=10.1016/j.puhe.2006.05.014 |pmid=16876836}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, yanayin rayuwa na sake tsugunar da 'yan gudun hijira ko rashin tsaro a gidaje lokacin da suka zo Amurka yana ƙara shafar lafiyar 'yan gudun hijira ta hanyar saka su cikin al'ummomi ko yanayi inda samun damar kulawa ke da iyaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gilhooly |first=Daniel |last2=Lee |first2=Eunbae |date=2017-05-12 |title=Rethinking Urban Refugee Resettlement: A Case Study of One Karen Community in Rural Georgia, USA. |journal=International Migration |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=37–55 |doi=10.1111/imig.12341 |issn=0020-7985}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan babbar matsala ce, musamman ga 'yan gudun hijira masu fama da matsalolin lafiya na yau da kullun da na kwakwalwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ba kamar yawancin 'yan gudun hijira ba, lafiyar 'yan gudun hijira tana da matukar damuwa saboda yanayin shige da ficensu ya haɗa da abubuwan da ka iya yin mummunan tasiri ga lafiyarsu ta jiki ko ta kwakwalwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:45&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mirza |first=Mansha |last2=Luna |first2=Rene |last3=Mathews |first3=Bhuttu |last4=Hasnain |first4=Rooshey |last5=Hebert |first5=Elizabeth |last6=Niebauer |first6=Allison |last7=Mishra |first7=Uma Devi |date=August 2014 |title=Barriers to Healthcare Access Among Refugees with Disabilities and Chronic Health Conditions Resettled in the US Midwest |journal=Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=733–742 |doi=10.1007/s10903-013-9906-5 |issn=1557-1912 |pmid=24052476 |s2cid=5642334}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, bayan isowa Amurka, 'yan gudun hijira na iya fuskantar cikas ga samun kulawa saboda ƙarancin ƙwarewar Turanci da rashin tabbas game da yadda za su bi tsarin kiwon lafiyar Amurka. Da zarar sun sami kulawa, tabbatar da cewa maganin da 'yan gudun hijira ke samu ya dace da al'ada na iya zama wani cikas ga kiyaye rayuwa mai kyau bayan sake tsugunar da su. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Philbrick |first=Ann M. |last2=Wicks |first2=Cherilyn M. |last3=Harris |first3=Ila M. |last4=Shaft |first4=Grant M. |last5=Van Vooren |first5=James S. |date=May 2017 |title=Make Refugee Health Care Great [Again] |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=107 |issue=5 |pages=656–658 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2017.303740 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=5388985 |pmid=28398805}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai matsaloli daban-daban da ke hana samun kulawar lafiya da kuma cimma magani ko ayyukan da 'yan gudun hijira da yawa ke fuskanta lokacin shiga ƙasar. A ƙoƙarin samun kulawa, samun takaddun da suka dace na iya sa ya yi wuya a cancanci samun kulawa tun farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Joseph |first=Tiffany D. |date=2017-10-01 |title=Falling through the Coverage Cracks: How Documentation Status Minimizes Immigrants' Access to Health Care |journal=Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=961–984 |doi=10.1215/03616878-3940495 |issn=0361-6878 |pmid=28663178 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tare da takardu, bincika tsarin kiwon lafiya da manufofin inshorar lafiyarsu na iya sa samun magani ya zama mai rikitarwa da wahala. Tsarin inshorar lafiya na Amurka yana da rikitarwa - musamman ga 'yan gudun hijira - domin suna samun kulawa ta gabaɗaya na watanni 8 kawai bayan sake tsugunar da su kuma akwai ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na tarayya, masu zaman kansu, da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke da hannu a cikin wannan tsari. &lt;ref name=&quot;:45&quot;/&gt; Idan mutane suna buƙatar kowane nau'i na kulawa ta musamman, yana da wuya a samu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:45&quot; /&gt;

Da zarar an sami inshora, amfani da kulawar da ake da ita yana haifar da wasu cikas. Harshe na iya zama wani ƙalubale, domin idan mutum bai iya yin magana da mai ba shi magani ba, samun magani mai dacewa yana da wahala. Samun damar yin magana da mai fassara da wanda ke jin yaren da ya dace gabaɗaya abu ne da ba a saba gani ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:45&quot;/&gt; Mutane da yawa suna ganin yana da wahala su sami kuɗi da hanyoyin sufuri don samun inshora da magani. &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Navuluri |first=Neelima |date=Summer 2014 |title=Assessing Barriers to Healthcare Access Among Refugees Living in San Antonio, Texas. |url=http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=2&amp;sid=36f7c528-5371-45c9-ae3a-98d310550128%40sessionmgr4009 |journal=Texas Public Health Journal |volume=66 |pages=5–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; A yanayin magani, musamman tsakanin mutanen da ke da cututtukan lafiya na yau da kullun ko na kwakwalwa, samun kulawa da ta dace da al'ada na iya shafar ƙwarewar 'yan gudun hijira tare da kiwon lafiya. Bambanci a cikin asalin al'adu da gogewa na iya nufin cewa 'yan gudun hijira na iya samun ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da lokacin da za su nemi kulawa, tantance damuwar lafiya da magani da ke da alaƙa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Worabo |first=Heidi |date=July–August 2016 |title=Understanding Refugees' Perceptions of Health Care in the United States |journal=The Journal for Nurse Practitioners |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=487–494 |doi=10.1016/j.nurpra.2016.04.014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sakamakon haka, 'yan gudun hijira da yawa ba su da sha'awar samun kulawa saboda tsarin kiwon lafiyar Amurka ba zai iya daidaitawa da imaninsu ko dabi'u na al'ada ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:45&quot; /&gt; A cikin wani bincike na 2017, gwagwarmayar wata mace 'yar Somaliya don samun magungunan da suka dace da al'ada don girmama imaninta na addini misali ne na yadda kulawa da magani da suka dace da al'ada ke hana 'yan gudun hijira samun kulawar da ta dace ta hanyar tsarin kiwon lafiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Phillbrick |first=Anne |date=May 2017 |title=Make Refugee Health Care Great [Again] |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=107 |issue=5 |pages=656–658 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2017.303740 |pmc=5388985 |pmid=28398805}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Da yake ana tunin waɗannan shingayen, akwai matakai da ake ɗauka don inganta tsarin neman kulawa da kuma haɓaka kyakkyawar ƙwarewar kiwon lafiya. Misali, akwai mutane waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin &quot;dillalan al'adu&quot; don taimaka wa 'yan gudun hijira su sami damar yin ayyukan likita, nemo shagunan magani, koyo game da magungunansu, da kuma tsara lokacin da za a bi su. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McNeely |first=Clea A. |last2=Morland |first2=Lyn |date=2017-04-09 |title=The Health of the Newest Americans: How US Public Health Systems Can Support Syrian Refugees |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=13–15 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2015.302975 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=4695930 |pmid=26696285}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samar da sadarwa tsakanin masu tsara manufofi, masu samar da kulawar lafiya ga 'yan gudun hijira, da kuma 'yan gudun hijira na iya ba da damar inganta sakamakon manufofin lafiyar 'yan gudun hijira. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Haka kuma, tabbatar da cewa 'yan gudun hijira sun sami ci gaba da cikakken kimanta lafiyarsu ta hankali da ta jiki, kayan haɓaka lafiya a cikin harshensu, da kuma samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ƙwararru (musamman a lokutan azabtarwa ko tashin hankali) na iya inganta matsayin lafiya tsakanin 'yan gudun hijira. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Babban abin da 'yan gudun hijira ke samu a fannin kiwon lafiya shine inshorar jama'a maimakon na sirri, kuma yawancin wannan kiwon lafiya yana samuwa nan da nan bayan isowa da sake tsugunar da su, amma yana da wahala a samu daga baya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yun |first=Katherine |last2=Fuentes-Afflick |first2=Elena |author-link2=Elena Fuentes-Afflick |last3=Desai |first3=Mayur M. |date=2012-04-22 |title=Prevalence of Chronic Disease and Insurance Coverage among Refugees in the United States |journal=Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=933–940 |doi=10.1007/s10903-012-9618-2 |issn=1557-1912 |pmid=22527741 |s2cid=12628549}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lafiyar kwakwalwa ===
Tun daga shekarar 1997, ana buƙatar jihohi su samar da cikakken gwajin lafiya ga duk sabbin 'yan gudun hijira da suka shigo Amurka, wanda ya haɗa da kimantawar kwakwalwa, da kuma gwajin jiki. Wannan hanyar ta haifar da adadi mai yawa na tura marasa lafiya da magunguna, wanda ke nuna buƙatar ƙarin tallafin tunani ga sabbin 'yan gudun hijira. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Savin |first=Daniel |last2=Seymour |first2=Deborah J. |last3=Littleford |first3=Linh Nguyen |last4=Bettridge |first4=Juli |last5=Giese |first5=Alexis |year=2005 |title=Findings from Mental Health Screening of Newly Arrived Refugees in Colorado |journal=Public Health Reports |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=224–229 |doi=10.1177/003335490512000303 |jstor=20056782 |pmc=1497730 |pmid=16134561}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yanayin kwakwalwa da aka fi ganowa a cikin 'yan gudun hijira shine [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|matsalar damuwa bayan tashin hankali (PTSD)]], wanda yawanci sakamakon tashin hankali ne. Masana sun gano cewa maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi, ta hanyar amfani da magungunan hana ɗaukar serotonin, da kuma maganin fahimta, magunguna ne masu tasiri yayin sake tsugunar da jama'a. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai rashin kulawar tabin hankali da ta dace da al'ada wanda ke hana isasshen magani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Adams |first=Kristina M. |last2=Gardiner |first2=Lorin D. |last3=Assefi |first3=Nassim |year=2004 |title=Healthcare challenges from the developing world: Post-immigration refugee medicine |journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal |volume=328 |issue=7455 |pages=1548–1552 |doi=10.1136/bmj.328.7455.1548 |jstor=41708113 |pmc=437153 |pmid=15217874}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lafiyar kwakwalwar 'yan gudun hijira ta kasance matsala tun bayan sake tsugunar da su a Amurka. '''Abokan ciniki da aka sake tsugunar da su galibi suna fuskantar damuwa waɗanda aka raba su zuwa manyan rukuni biyu a cikin 'yan gudun hijira: masu damuwa kafin ƙaura da masu damuwa bayan ƙaura. Masu damuwa kafin ƙaura galibi suna da abubuwan da za su iya haifar da rauni a ƙasar da mutum ya fito, galibi sun haɗa da dalilai masu ƙarfi na neman mafaka. A gefe guda kuma, masu damuwa bayan ƙaura sun ƙunshi abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa da damuwa a cikin ƙasar da suka fito.''' 'Yan gudun hijira galibi suna fuskantar ƙarin rauni na hankali bayan ƙaura saboda ƙiyayya daga 'yan asalin ƙasar, ko ma hukumomi a cibiyoyin tsare mutane da tashoshin shiga, wanda ke ƙara ta'azzara ta hanyar dogon lokacin jira don yanke shawara kan neman mafaka. Wannan tsari gabaɗaya yana ɗaukar daga watanni 18 zuwa sama da shekaru biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Karmi |first=Ghada |year=1992 |title=Refugee Health: Requires a Comprehensive Strategy |journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal |volume=305 |issue=6847 |pages=205–206 |doi=10.1136/bmj.305.6847.205 |jstor=29716400 |pmc=1882660 |pmid=1392817}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wani bincike da aka yi kan 'yan gudun hijirar Cambodia (ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin 'yan gudun hijira a Amurka), an gano cewa, duk da wucewar sama da shekaru ashirin tun ƙarshen yakin basasar Cambodia da sake tsugunar da 'yan gudun hijira a Amurka, membobin ƙungiyar suna ci gaba da samun yawan cututtukan tabin hankali da ke da alaƙa da rauni. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Marshall |first=Grant N. |date=2005-08-03 |title=Mental Health of Cambodian Refugees 2 Decades After Resettlement in the United States |journal=JAMA |volume=294 |issue=5 |pages=571–9 |doi=10.1001/jama.294.5.571 |issn=0098-7484 |pmid=16077051 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin ƙungiyar 'yan gudun hijira ta Cambodia, yawan masu fama da cutar PTSD da kuma babban baƙin ciki yana da alaƙa da abubuwa kamar tsufa, rashin iya magana da Turanci, rashin aikin yi, yin ritaya ko nakasa, da kuma rayuwa cikin talauci. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Masu bincike sun gano wasu abubuwa da ke haifar da rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin 'yan gudun hijira, ciki har da shingayen harshe, rabuwar iyali, ƙiyayya, ware kai, da rauni kafin ƙaura. Duk da haka, likitoci kaɗan ne a Amurka ke da kayan aiki don magance waɗannan batutuwa, don haka, an yi kira ga dabarun kula da lafiya na musamman ga 'yan gudun hijira wanda ke tabbatar da daidaiton damar yin ayyuka ga 'yan gudun hijira, da kuma horo na duniya ga likitoci don magance yanayi da yanayi na musamman ga 'yan gudun hijira. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Shingaye da dama suna hana ka'idojin lafiyar kwakwalwa ta Yamma da rarrabuwa yadda ya kamata su kimantawa da kuma kula da 'yan gudun hijira. Misali, baƙin ciki da rashin kwanciyar hankali galibi ana kiransu da baƙin ciki a cikin lafiyar kwakwalwa ta Yamma. Bugu da ƙari, samun damar samun albarkatun lafiyar kwakwalwa sau da yawa yana iyakance lokaci ga sabbin 'yan gudun hijira, wanda ke haifar da wani ƙalubale ga ƙwararrun lafiya da ke ƙoƙarin bayar da kulawa mai inganci da ta dace da al'ada, wanda ke la'akari da tarihi da bambancin al'adu na 'yan gudun hijira. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=Kate E. |last2=Davidson |first2=Graham R. |last3=Schweitzer |first3=Robert D. |year=2010 |title=Review of refugee mental health interventions following resettlement: Best practices and recommendations |journal=American Journal of Orthopsychiatry |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=576–585 |doi=10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01062.x |pmc=3727171 |pmid=20950298}}&lt;/ref&gt; '''Hanyoyin magance takamaiman buƙatun lafiyar kwakwalwa tsakanin 'yan gudun hijirar da aka sake tsugunar da su sun mayar da hankali kan tsare-tsare masu ba da shawara kan raunin da ya faru tare da jigogi masu mahimmanci a cikin &quot;ba da damar aminci, aminci, zaɓi, ƙarfafawa, da haɗin gwiwa.&quot; Duk da cewa da gangan tsarin cikakke ne, an yi suka kan kulawar da ta ba da shawara kan raunin da ya faru saboda ƙuntatawa na neoliberal wanda galibi yana rage ƙwarewar 'yan gudun hijira zuwa buƙatun likita na mutum ɗaya.''' &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ross |first=Nancy |date=January 9, 2023 |title=Beyond medicalized approaches to violence and trauma: Empowering social work practice |journal=Journal of Social Work |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=567–585 |doi=10.1177/14680173221144557 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; '''Wannan ya fi yawa dangane da matsalolin bayan ƙaura, inda yawancin masu mayar da hankali kan raunin da ya faru sun mayar da hankali kan fallasa yaƙi kan lafiyar kwakwalwa.''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Byron |first=Yulisha |date=2022 |title=Profiles of post-migration stressors and mental health in refugees: A latent class analysis |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165178122001081 |journal=Psychiatry Research |volume=311 |doi=10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114494 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; '''Masana sun kuma haɗa alaƙa tsakanin masu damuwa bayan ƙaura ko &quot;masu damuwa na yau da kullun&quot; da ƙalubalen lafiyar kwakwalwa da suka ƙara ta'azzara tsakanin 'yan gudun hijira. Waɗannan sukar sun haifar da haɓaka haɗa hanyoyin &quot;masu ba da shawara kan tashin hankali da tashin hankali&quot; ga ayyukan lafiyar kwakwalwa na 'yan gudun hijira waɗanda ke da nufin amincewa da tushen masu damuwa kan tunani a cikin rashin daidaito na tsari, al'adu, da tsarin. Wannan ya haɗa da amincewa da gogewar wariyar launin fata, mulkin mallaka, da sauran rashin adalci na tsarin.''' &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

A cewar wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2013, mata 'yan Latino (Mexico, Cuba, Puerto Rico, ko wasu) sun fuskanci matsaloli sosai sakamakon matakan da aka dauka kafin su yi hijira (ƙaura da kuma ƙaura ba tare da shiri ba) wanda ya haifar da ƙarin matsalolin tunani, amma ba mazan Latino ba. Binciken ya kuma gano cewa maza da mata sun fi samun rahoton rashin lafiyar jiki ko ta jiki idan suka yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Torres |first=Jacqueline M. |last2=Wallace |first2=Steven P. |year=2013 |title=Migration Circumstances, Psychological Distress, and Self-Rated Physical Health for Latino Immigrants in the United States |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=103 |issue=9 |pages=1619–1627 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2012.301195 |pmc=3966681 |pmid=23865667}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lafiyar hakori ===
Rashin lafiyar baki shine matsalar da ta fi shafar lafiyar yara 'yan gudun hijira kuma ita ce matsalar lafiya ta biyu da ta fi kamari a tsakanin manya 'yan gudun hijira. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cote |first=S. |last2=Geltman |first2=P. |last3=Nunn |first3=M. |last4=Lituri |first4=K. |last5=Henshaw |first5=M. |last6=Garcia |first6=R.I. |date=2004 |title=Dental caries of refugee children compared with US children |journal=Pediatrics |volume=114 |issue=6 |pages=733–740 |doi=10.1542/peds.2004-0496 |pmid=15574605 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin lafiyar baki yana da mummunan tasiri ga ingancin rayuwa kuma yana iya ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka na yau da kullun ta hanyar hanyoyin da ke haifar da haɗari &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Linden |first=Gerard J. |last2=Lyons |first2=Amy |last3=Scannapieco |first3=Frank A. |date=April 2013 |title=Periodontal systemic associations: review of the evidence |journal=Journal of Clinical Periodontology |volume=40 |pages=S8–S19 |doi=10.1111/jcpe.12064 |issn=0303-6979 |pmid=23627336 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Rushewar hakori|Ciwon hakori]], ko lalacewar hakora yana sanya yaran 'yan gudun hijira cikin haɗarin fuskantar ciwon baki, rashin cin abinci mai kyau, ƙaruwar nauyi a hankali, matsalolin magana, da wahalhalun koyo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Marinho |first=Valeria CC |last2=Chong |first2=Lee Yee |last3=Worthington |first3=Helen V |last4=Walsh |first4=Tanya |date=2016-07-29 |title=Fluoride mouthrinses for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=7 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/14651858.cd002284.pub2 |issn=1465-1858 |pmc=6457869 |pmid=27472005}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'Yan gudun hijira daga asalin Hispanic da Asiya suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon hakori, sai kuma waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashen Afirka, Gabashin Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Crespo |first=Eileen |date=2019-09-09 |title=The Importance of Oral Health in Immigrant and Refugee Children |journal=Children |volume=6 |issue=9 |page=102 |doi=10.3390/children6090102 |issn=2227-9067 |pmc=6770947 |pmid=31505903 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An nuna cewa yaran 'yan gudun hijira a Amurka suna da ƙarancin lafiyar baki a matsakaici, saboda dalilai da yawa ciki har da ƙasar da suka fito, ilimin iyaye, canjin abinci mai mahimmanci, samun kayan aikin kiwon lafiya na baki na gargajiya daga ƙasarsu, lokacin da aka ɓata a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira, ƙwarewar harshen Ingilishi, da samun damar kula da hakori sau ɗaya a Amurka &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Riggs |first=E |last2=Rajan |first2=S |last3=Casey |first3=S |last4=Kilpatrick |first4=N |date=2016-08-01 |title=Refugee child oral health |journal=Oral Diseases |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=292–299 |doi=10.1111/odi.12530 |issn=1354-523X |pmid=27385659 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Reza |first=Mona |last2=Amin |first2=Maryam S. |last3=Sgro |first3=Adam |last4=Abdelaziz |first4=Angham |last5=Ito |first5=Dick |last6=Main |first6=Patricia |last7=Azarpazhooh |first7=Amir |date=2016-02-01 |title=Oral Health Status of Immigrant and Refugee Children in North America: A Scoping Review |journal=Journal of the Canadian Dental Association |volume=82 |pages=g3 |issn=1488-2159 |pmid=27548669}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin yawan jama'ar Amurka, samun damar yin ayyukan rigakafi da na gyara hakori yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a yanayin lafiyar baki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Garcia |first=Raul I. |last2=Cadoret |first2=Cynthia A. |last3=Henshaw |first3=Michelle |date=April 2008 |title=Multicultural Issues in Oral Health |journal=Dental Clinics of North America |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=319–332 |doi=10.1016/j.cden.2007.12.006 |issn=0011-8532 |pmc=2365923 |pmid=18329446}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda sarkakiyar waɗannan shingen, galibi ana gano matsalolin lafiyar baki a makare kuma yara ba sa samun kulawa sosai bayan sun kammala karatunsu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Connor |first=Ann |last2=Page Layne |first2=Laura |last3=Ellis Hilb |first3=Laura |date=2014-03-12 |title=A narrative literature review on the health of migrant farm worker children in the USA |journal=International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.1108/IJMHSC-07-2013-0019 |issn=1747-9894}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samun damar lafiya yana da tasiri ta hanyar abubuwa kamar ƙarancin karatu, yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da inshora. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=National Institute Of Dental Craniofacial Research |first=National Institute of Health |date=September 2005 |title=The Invisible Barrier: Literacy and Its Relationship with Oral Health. |journal=Journal of Public Health Dentistry |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=174–182 |doi=10.1111/j.1752-7325.2005.tb02808.x |issn=0022-4006 |pmid=16171263}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Telford |first=Claire |last2=Coulter |first2=Ian |last3=Murray |first3=Liam |date=January 2011 |title=Exploring Socioeconomic Disparities in Self-Reported Oral Health Among Adolescents in California |url=https://pure.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/789449/Exploring%20socioeconomic%20disparities%20in%20self-reported%20oral%20health%20among%20adolescents%20in%20California%20-%20JADA%202011%20-%20Murray%20LJ..pdf |journal=The Journal of the American Dental Association |volume=142 |issue=1 |pages=70–78 |doi=10.14219/jada.archive.2011.0031 |issn=0002-8177 |pmid=21193770 |s2cid=31477615 |access-date=2026-06-16 |archive-date=2018-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719192758/https://pure.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/789449/Exploring%20socioeconomic%20disparities%20in%20self-reported%20oral%20health%20among%20adolescents%20in%20California%20-%20JADA%202011%20-%20Murray%20LJ..pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai ƙalilan shaidu da ke goyon bayan hanyoyin kula da lafiyar baki na yanzu ga yaran 'yan gudun hijira a Amurka, tare da rashin shiga cikin lamarin babban cikas ne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Riggs |first=E. |last2=Rajan |first2=S. |last3=Casey |first3=S. |last4=Kilpatrick |first4=N. |date=2017 |title=Refugee child oral health |journal=Oral Diseases |language=en |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=292–299 |doi=10.1111/odi.12530 |issn=1601-0825 |pmid=27385659 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gubar gubar ===
[[Guba na gubar|Gubar gubar gubar]] wata muhimmiyar matsala ce ta lafiya ga yara a duk faɗin duniya. Yawan karuwar sinadarin gubar a jini (watau BLLs ≥ 10)&amp;nbsp;μg/dL) tsakanin yaran 'yan gudun hijira da aka sake tsugunar da su ya fi yawa fiye da kashi 2.2% na yaran Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=CDC Recommendations for Lead Poisoning Prevention in Newly Arrived Refugee Children |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/refugee%20recommendations.pdf |access-date=April 10, 2017 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike da aka yi a Massachusetts a shekarar 2001 ya gano cewa har zuwa kashi 27% na yaran 'yan gudun hijira da suka shigo da cutar BLL mai yawa, wanda hakan ya sanya 'yan gudun hijirar zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka fi fuskantar haɗari.  'Yan gudun hijira na iya fuskantar gubar daga wasu tushe da dama waɗanda za su iya haɗawa da: man fetur mai guba, magungunan ganye, [[Kwalliya|kayan kwalliya]], kayan ƙanshi waɗanda ke ɗauke da gubar, masana'antun gida waɗanda ke amfani da gubar ba tare da haɗari ba, da kuma ƙayyadadden ƙa'idojin hayaki daga manyan masana'antu.  Mummunan tasirin gubar ga yara na iya faruwa ba tare da wata alama ba kuma gwajin gubar jini shine kawai hanyar da za a iya tantance fallasa ko guba. Ana magance gubar gubar ta hanyar gano tushen gubar, kawar da wannan tushen, da kuma karɓar gwaji akai-akai don tabbatar da cewa matakan gubar jini suna raguwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Health |first=National Center for Environmental |title=CDC - Lead - Lead Poisoning Prevention in Newly Arrived Refugee Children: Tool Kit |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/publications/refugeetoolkit/refugee_tool_kit.htm |access-date=2017-04-10 |website=www.cdc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ga matakan gubar jini masu yawa (watau, BLLs ≥ 45&amp;nbsp;μg/dL), ana iya ba da shawarar yin amfani da maganin chelation ga yaran 'yan gudun hijira. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oral Chelation Therapy for Patients with Lead Poisoning |url=https://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/18/applications/4_2_LeadOralChelators.pdf |access-date=April 10, 2017 |website=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; CDC ta ba da shawarar yin gwajin gubar ga sabbin yaran 'yan gudun hijira da suka isa ƙasa da shekara 16. &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Jagororin gwaji sun bambanta a tsakanin jihohi, tun daga gwajin yara 'yan ƙasa da shekara shida zuwa iyakokin shekarun CDC na gwajin waɗanda ba su kai shekara 16 ba.

=== Mace-macen jarirai ===
Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2007 ya gano cewa jariran da mata 'yan ci-rani 'yan Mexico suka haifa a Amurka sun sami ƙarancin mace-mace da kashi 10% idan aka kwatanta da jarirai da aka haifa wa matan da ba 'yan Hispanic ba a Amurka. Wannan binciken ya ƙara goyon bayan wannan [[Rashin jituwa na Hispanic|rashin jituwa tsakanin 'yan Hispanic]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hummer |first=Robert A. |last2=Powers |first2=Daniel A. |last3=Pullum |first3=Starling G. |last4=Gossman |first4=Ginger L. |last5=Frisbie |first5=W. Parker |date=1 August 2007 |title=Paradox found (again): Infant mortality among the Mexican-origin population in the united states |journal=Demography |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=441–457 |doi=10.1353/dem.2007.0028 |pmc=2031221 |pmid=17913005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa al'ummomin 'yan gudun hijira na Falasdinu suna fuskantar wahalhalun tattalin arziki da kuma yawan haihuwa, yawan mace-macen jarirai da yaransu yana cikin mafi ƙasƙanci a ƙasashen Larabawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Madi |first=Haifa H |date=July 2000 |title=Infant and child mortality rates among Palestinian refugee populations |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=356 |issue=9226 |page=312 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02511-3 |pmid=11071191 |s2cid=34446828}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abubuwan da ke haifar da mace-macen jarirai a tsakanin 'yan gudun hijirar Falasdinu sun yi kama da waɗanda ake samu a yankunan da suka fi ci gaba a duniya.  Cututtukan da ba sa yaɗuwa su ne manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwar jarirai, musamman jarirai, a tsakanin 'yan gudun hijirar Falasdinu, domin suna cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba a masana'antu a Turai da Arewacin Amurka. 

Rashin lafiyar baki yana da mummunan tasiri ga ingancin rayuwa kuma yana iya ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka na yau da kullun ta hanyar hanyoyin da suka shafi haɗari. &lt;ref name=&quot;The oral health of refugees and asy&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Keboa |first=Mark Tambe |last2=Hiles |first2=Natalie |last3=Macdonald |first3=Mary Ellen |date=7 October 2016 |title=The oral health of refugees and asylum seekers: a scoping review |journal=Globalization and Health |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=59 |doi=10.1186/s12992-016-0200-x |pmc=5055656 |pmid=27717391 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin lafiyar baki yana da mummunan tasiri ga ingancin rayuwa kuma yana iya ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka na yau da kullun ta hanyar hanyoyin da suka shafi haɗari. &lt;ref name=&quot;The oral health of refugees and asy&quot; /&gt;

=== Abinci mai gina jiki ===
'Yan gudun hijirar Amurka suna da karuwar cututtukan da suka shafi cututtuka na yau da kullun, ciki har da kiba, ciwon suga, hawan jini, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma rashin jini, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bhatta |first=Madhav |last2=Assad |first2=Lori |last3=Shakya |first3=Sunita |date=2014-06-25 |title=Socio-Demographic and Dietary Factors Associated with Excess Body Weight and Abdominal Obesity among Resettled Bhutanese Refugee Women in Northeast Ohio, United States |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=11 |issue=7 |pages=6639–6652 |doi=10.3390/ijerph110706639 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=4113834 |pmid=24968209 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gordon-Larsen |first=Penny |author-link=Penny Gordon-Larsen |last2=Harris |first2=Kathleen Mullan |last3=Ward |first3=Dianne S |last4=Popkin |first4=Barry M |date=December 2003 |title=Acculturation and overweight-related behaviors among Hispanic immigrants to the US: the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health |url=https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/record/uuid:c7a357f6-3b20-4124-9609-4f2579c6ff79 |journal=Social Science &amp; Medicine |volume=57 |issue=11 |pages=2023–2034 |doi=10.1016/s0277-9536(03)00072-8 |issn=0277-9536 |pmid=14512234}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Berman |first=Rachel Stein |last2=Smock |first2=Laura |last3=Bair-Merritt |first3=Megan H. |last4=Cochran |first4=Jennifer |last5=Geltman |first5=Paul L. |date=2017-06-22 |title=Giving It Our Best Shot? Human Papillomavirus and Hepatitis B Virus Immunization Among Refugees, Massachusetts, 2011–2013 |journal=Preventing Chronic Disease |volume=14 |pages=E50 |doi=10.5888/pcd14.160442 |issn=1545-1151 |pmc=5484014 |pmid=28641071}}&lt;/ref&gt; idan aka kwatanta da mazauna Amurka ko kuma baƙi na ƙarni na farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yun |first=Katherine |last2=Hebrank |first2=Kelly |last3=Graber |first3=Lauren K. |last4=Sullivan |first4=Mary-Christine |last5=Chen |first5=Isabel |last6=Gupta |first6=Jhumka |date=2012-03-02 |title=High Prevalence of Chronic Non-Communicable Conditions Among Adult Refugees: Implications for Practice and Policy |journal=Journal of Community Health |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=1110–1118 |doi=10.1007/s10900-012-9552-1 |issn=0094-5145 |pmc=3857959 |pmid=22382428}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na farko, 'yan gudun hijira suna fuskantar matsalolin harshe: suna buƙatar lokaci don su saba da harshe da yanayin abinci da ba a sani ba a Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tropp |first=Linda R. |last2=Erkut |first2=Sumru |last3=Coll |first3=Cynthia García |last4=Alarcón |first4=Odette |last5=García |first5=Heidie A. Vázquez |date=April 1999 |title=Psychological Acculturation: Development of A New Measure for Puerto Ricans on the U.S. Mainland |journal=Educational and Psychological Measurement |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=351–367 |doi=10.1177/00131649921969794 |issn=0013-1644 |pmc=3057082 |pmid=21415932}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na biyu, imani da 'yan gudun hijira da al'adun ƙasarsu, tare da yanayin tattalin arziki bayan sake zama a Amurka (SES; wanda galibi yana ƙasa), suna shafar irin nau'in abinci da za a iya saya da cinyewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hadley |first=Craig |last2=Zodhiates |first2=Ariel |last3=Sellen |first3=Daniel W |date=April 2007 |title=Acculturation, economics and food insecurity among refugees resettled in the USA: a case study of West African refugees |journal=Public Health Nutrition |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=405–412 |doi=10.1017/s1368980007222943 |issn=1368-9800 |pmid=17362537 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na uku, ƙarancin bayanai game da abinci, siyayya, da girke-girke a Amurka yana haifar da wani shinge ga siyan abinci mai lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jetter |first=Karen M. |last2=Cassady |first2=Diana L. |date=January 2006 |title=The Availability and Cost of Healthier Food Alternatives |journal=American Journal of Preventive Medicine |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=38–44 |doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2005.08.039 |issn=0749-3797 |pmid=16414422 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na huɗu, yawan cin abinci mai sarrafawa da mai cike da kuzari a Amurka yana taimakawa wajen haɗarin cututtuka na yau da kullun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dharod |first=Jigna M. |last2=Croom |first2=Jamar |last3=Sady |first3=Christine G. |last4=Morrell |first4=Dale |date=2011-02-18 |title=Dietary Intake, Food Security, and Acculturation Among Somali Refugees in the United States: Results of a Pilot Study |url=https://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/J_Dharod_Dietary_2011.pdf |journal=Journal of Immigrant &amp; Refugee Studies |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=82–97 |doi=10.1080/15562948.2011.547827 |issn=1556-2948 |s2cid=22817540}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike da ya dogara da bincikensa kan Sabon Binciken Baƙi (NIS) ya gano cewa baƙi 'yan Hispanic waɗanda suka fi daɗewa a Amurka sun fuskanci manyan canje-canje a cikin abincinsu. Daga cikin waɗannan 'yan Hispanik da suka fi samun canjin abinci tun bayan ƙaura zuwa Amurka, waɗanda suka ba da rahoton rashin lafiya mafi muni su ne waɗanda suka shafe lokaci mai tsawo a Amurka. Haka kuma, baƙi 'yan Hispanik waɗanda suka fi zama a Amurka kuma suka ba da rahoton rashin lafiya mafi muni suma sun fi bayar da rahoton amfani da harshen Turanci a wurin aikinsu. Waɗannan binciken sun nuna alaƙa tsakanin lafiyar 'yan Hispanik da baƙi da kuma yadda suka saba da halayen Amurka a Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Akresh |first=Ilana Redstone |date=December 2007 |title=Dietary Assimilation and Health among Hispanic Immigrants to the United States |journal=Journal of Health and Social Behavior |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=404–417 |doi=10.1177/002214650704800405 |pmid=18198687 |s2cid=6496931}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike ya ba da rahoton cewa kashi 13% ne kawai na 'yan gudun hijira da aka yi nazari a kansu sun ji cewa suna cin abinci mai kyau gabaɗaya a Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Barnes |first=Donelle M. |last2=Almasy |first2=Nina |date=July 2005 |title=Refugees' Perceptions of Healthy Behaviors |journal=Journal of Immigrant Health |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=185–193 |doi=10.1007/s10903-005-3675-8 |issn=1096-4045 |pmid=15900419 |s2cid=24937284}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun kuma ba da rahoton matsaloli wajen gano abincin da suka fi so. &lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rondinelli |first=Amanda J. |last2=Morris |first2=Meghan D. |last3=Rodwell |first3=Timothy C. |last4=Moser |first4=Kathleen S. |last5=Paida |first5=Paulino |last6=Popper |first6=Steve T. |last7=Brouwer |first7=Kimberly C. |date=2010-05-27 |title=Under- and Over-Nutrition Among Refugees in San Diego County, California |journal=Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=161–168 |doi=10.1007/s10903-010-9353-5 |issn=1557-1912 |pmc=3021711 |pmid=20505992}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Patil |first=Crystal L. |last2=Hadley |first2=Craig |last3=Nahayo |first3=Perpetue Djona |date=2008-02-06 |title=Unpacking Dietary Acculturation Among New Americans: Results from Formative Research with African Refugees |journal=Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=342–358 |doi=10.1007/s10903-008-9120-z |issn=1557-1912 |pmid=18253832 |s2cid=19672161}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hadley |first=Craig |last2=Sellen |first2=Daniel |date=2006-08-19 |title=Food Security and Child Hunger among Recently Resettled Liberian Refugees and Asylum Seekers: A Pilot Study |journal=Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=369–375 |doi=10.1007/s10903-006-9007-9 |issn=1557-1912 |pmid=16924410 |s2cid=28306165}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin zaɓuɓɓukan abinci mai kyau a baya ya haifar da rashin kyawun halaye na abinci da zaɓin abinci bayan sake tsugunar da su. &lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; Misali, kashi 32% na 'yan gudun hijirar Bhutanese suna da ƙarancin bitamin B-12, wataƙila saboda ƙarancin nama, ƙwai, da kiwo a cikin abincin Nepal. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2018-08-24 |title=QuickStats: Infant Mortality Rate,* by State — United States, 2016 |journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=67 |issue=33 |page=942 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6733a7 |issn=0149-2195 |pmc=6107322 |pmid=30138302}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Kungiyoyin agajin cutar kanjamau''' ƙungiyoyi ne da ke da tushe a cikin al'umma waɗanda ke ba da tallafi ga mutanen da [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]] ta shafa. Wannan labarin ya mayar da hankali ne kan ƙungiyoyin agajin cutar kanjamau a Amurka kawai. Duk da haka, ƙungiyoyi makamantan haka a wasu ƙasashe, kamar Kanada, suma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin rikicin cutar kanjamau kuma suna raba abubuwan da suka faru da ƙalubale da yawa.

Akwai nau'ikan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi iri-iri domin samar da nau'ikan buƙatu iri-iri na marasa lafiya da ke ɗauke da cutar HIV/AIDS da iyalansu. Yawancin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin suna da alaƙa da kiwon lafiya, suna ba da taimako wajen gwaji, magani, magungunan rigakafi kamar rigakafin kamuwa da cutar (PrEP), musayar allura da sirinji &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-07-20 |title=Needle and syringe programmes (NSPs) for HIV prevention |url=https://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-programming/prevention/needle-syringe-programmes}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ƙari. Wani sanannen nau'in ƙungiyar agajin cutar AIDS shine wanda ya dogara da ilimi, yana aiki don wayar da kan jama'a da fahimtar batutuwa kamar [[Kanjamau|yaɗuwar cutar HIV]], [[jima'i mai aminci]], albarkatun magani, da kuma kawar da rashin fahimta game da cutar HIV/AIDS . Sauran ƙungiyoyi suna ba da ayyuka kamar shawarwari na shari'a da/ko fafutuka, ayyukan kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa da ba da shawara, da kuma tara kuɗi da kuma wayar da kan al'umma.

Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen biyan buƙatun marasa lafiya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Dawn K. |last2=Maier |first2=Emily |last3=Betts |first3=Joshua |last4=Gray |first4=Simone |last5=Kolodziejski |first5=Brian |last6=Hoover |first6=Karen W. |year=2016 |title=What Community-Based HIV Prevention Organizations Say About Their Role in Biomedical HIV Prevention |journal=AIDS Education and Prevention |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=426–439 |doi=10.1521/aeap.2016.28.5.426 |pmid=27710082}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma rage tasirin tattalin arziki na HIV/AIDS, &lt;ref name=&quot;aj&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Arno |first=P. S. |year=1986 |title=The nonprofit sector's response to the AIDS epidemic: Community-based services in San Francisco |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=76 |issue=11 |pages=1325–1330 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.76.11.1325 |pmc=1646723 |pmid=3766829}}&lt;/ref&gt; ƙarfafa lafiyar duniya, da kuma magance rashin daidaiton zamantakewa da siyasa wanda ke shafar marasa lafiya da cutar HIV/AIDS.

== Ci gaba ==
Gano masu cutar kanjamau a Amurka a shekarun 1980 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-07-20 |title=History of HIV and AIDS overview |url=https://www.avert.org/professionals/history-hiv-aids/overview}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya haifar da buƙatar samar da albarkatu ga marasa lafiya da sauran waɗanda cutar ta shafa. Wannan ba wai kawai game da cutar kanjamau/AIDS ba ne, akwai ƙungiyoyi da ke ba da irin wannan sabis ga wasu cututtuka kamar ƙungiyoyin ciwon daji da ƙungiyoyin ciwon suga .

Yawancin ƙungiyoyin HIV/AIDS faɗaɗa ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na LGBTQ da suka riga suka wanzu, waɗanda ke cikin jihohi 32 &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 2014 |title=2014 LGBT Community Center Survey Report |url=https://www.lgbtmap.org/file/2014-lgbt-community-center-survey-report.pdf |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=lgbtmap.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma sun ci gaba da bunƙasa a kan lokaci don biyan buƙatun al'ummar LGBTQ masu canzawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Martos |first=Alexander J. |last2=Wilson |first2=Patrick A. |last3=Meyer |first3=Ilan H. |year=2017 |title=Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) health services in the United States: Origins, evolution, and contemporary landscape |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=7 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1280544M |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0180544 |pmc=5503273 |pmid=28692659 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ƙirƙiri waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ne don biyan buƙatun kula da lafiyar mutanen LGBTQ na musamman &lt;ref name=&quot;nc&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mayer KH, Bradford JB, Makadon HJ, Stall R, Goldhammer H, Landers S |year=2008 |title=Sexual and gender minority health: what we know and what needs to be done |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=989–95 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2007.127811 |pmc=2377288 |pmid=18445789}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma magance [[Lafiyar LGBTQ|tasirin]] abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin jin daɗi, ƙyama, da son zuciya. Sun daidaita cikin sauƙi don magance annobar HIV/AIDS. Misali ɗaya shine Cibiyar LGBT ta Los Angeles, babbar ƙungiyar sabis ta LGBT a duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home - Los Angeles LGBT Center |url=https://lalgbtcenter.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amma ba duk ƙungiyoyin sabis na AIDS ba ne cibiyoyin LGBT na farko. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin farko da suka fi shahara a kan AIDS shine/ita ce Rikicin Lafiyar Maza Masu Jinya a New York.

Kungiyoyin AIDS masu tushen al'umma sun kuma yi aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a don neman goyon bayan gwamnatin tarayya da na zamantakewa, amincewa, da daidaito. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why We Fight: Remembering AIDS Activism |url=https://www.nypl.org/events/exhibitions/why-we-fight/more |website=nypl.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna ba da ayyuka iri-iri don dacewa da buƙatu iri-iri, wanda ya danganta da haɗin kan kiwon lafiya da [[talauci]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Key Facts Poverty and Poor Health |url=https://www.healthpovertyaction.org/info-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/key-facts/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=WHO &amp;#124; Poverty and health |url=https://www.who.int/hdp/poverty/en/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mercado S, Havemann K, Sami M, Ueda H |year=2007 |title=Urban poverty: an urgent public health issue |journal=J Urban Health |volume=84 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=i7–15 |doi=10.1007/s11524-007-9191-5 |pmc=1891652 |pmid=17464567}}&lt;/ref&gt; da matsalolin zamantakewa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chapter 17. Analyzing Community Problems and Solutions &amp;#124; Section 5. Addressing Social Determinants of Health and Development &amp;#124; Main Section &amp;#124; Community Tool Box |url=https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/analyze/analyze-community-problems-and-solutions/social-determinants-of-health/main}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayyukan likita su ne fifikon yawancin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi, saboda abubuwan da ke hana yawancin marasa lafiya da ke ɗauke da cutar HIV/AIDS samun isasshen kulawa daga manyan masu samar da kiwon lafiya. Waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da wariya ta gaske ko ta hanyar da ake gani a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=When Health Care Isn't Caring |url=https://www.lambdalegal.org/publications/when-health-care-isnt-caring}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kamfanonin inshora, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-05-02 |title=Widespread Discrimination Continues to Shape LGBT People's Lives in Both Subtle and Significant Ways |url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbt/news/2017/05/02/429529/widespread-discrimination-continues-shape-lgbt-peoples-lives-subtle-significant-ways/}}&lt;/ref&gt; rashin ƙwarewar al'adu tsakanin masu samar da kiwon lafiya game da batutuwan LGBT, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Video Emphasizes Need for LGBT Cultural Competency Trainings for Healthcare Providers |url=https://www.hrc.org/blog/new-video-emphasizes-need-for-lgbt-cultural-competency-trainings-for-health |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612211839/http://www.hrc.org/blog/new-video-emphasizes-need-for-lgbt-cultural-competency-trainings-for-health |archive-date=2016-06-12 |access-date=2017-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; da marasa lafiya da ba sa son a danganta su da AIDS, da/ko, a wasu lokuta, al'ummar LBGT. Wannan har yanzu yana faruwa a yau amma ya fi yawa a lokacin rikicin HIV/AIDS. &quot;Ingantaccen samar da ayyukan kula da lafiya da rigakafi ga tsirarun jinsi da mata yana buƙatar masu samar da ayyuka su kasance masu la'akari da wariya ta tarihi, a sanar da su game da ci gaba da shinge ga kulawa da bambancin yawan takamaiman abubuwan haɗari da yanayin lafiya a cikin waɗannan al'ummomi, da kuma sanin al'adun hulɗarsu da marasa lafiya na LGBT.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;nc&quot;/&gt; Musamman a lokacin rikicin AIDS, wannan ba gaskiya ba ne kuma an tilasta wa ƙungiyoyin kula da cutar AIDS su cike gibin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How to Close the LGBT Health Disparities Gap |url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbt/reports/2009/12/21/7048/how-to-close-the-lgbt-health-disparities-gap/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙungiyoyin AIDS suna ba da gwaji, magani, kula da alamun cutar, ayyukan lafiyar kwakwalwa, da ƙari.

Bugu da ƙari, ƙungiyoyin agajin AIDS suna ba da albarkatu fiye da ayyukan likita. Rashin ilimi game da cutar AIDS da firgici da bayanai marasa tushe da suka haifar su ne suka sa ƙungiyoyin agajin al'umma da yawa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History - AIDS Services of Austin |url=http://www.asaustin.org/about-us/history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215110703/http://www.asaustin.org/about-us/history/ |archive-date=2017-12-15 |access-date=2017-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; suka yi aiki don samar da ilimi da kuma kawar da tatsuniyoyi game da cutar. Wannan ya ci gaba da zama babban batu a yau &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 2014 |title=U.S. Teen Survey Headline Highlights |url=https://cdn2.vox-cdn.com/assets/4856758/MAC_AIDS_Fund_US_Teen_Survey_-_Headline_Highlights.pdf |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=Kelton}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman ayyuka da ƙungiyoyin AIDS ke bayarwa. Hakanan suna iya ba da ilimin [[Lafiyar al'umma|lafiya da walwala na al'umma]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Guidelines for Health Education and Risk Reduction Activities |url=https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/p0000389/p0000389.asp |access-date=2026-06-17 |archive-date=2022-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222220607/https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/p0000389/p0000389.asp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; shawarwari na kai da na iyali, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HIV/AIDS and Mental Health |url=https://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/psychotherapy-for-hiv-infection}}&lt;/ref&gt; wayar da kan jama'a game da lafiyar jima'i da rigakafin [[Cutar da ake kamuwa ta jima'i|kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar jima'i]], [[Jima'i mai aminci|kayan jima'i masu aminci]], da shawarwari da ayyuka na shari'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lambda Legal |url=https://www.lambdalegal.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsaloli ==
Kungiyoyin agajin AIDS suna fuskantar irin waɗannan matsaloli da duk ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya da na zamantakewa ke fuskanta: gwagwarmayar neman kuɗi, aiki, da albarkatu, da kuma yaƙin da ake yi da wata mummunar cuta. Amma akwai abubuwa da yawa da ke kawo cikas ga ƙoƙarin ƙungiyoyin AIDS musamman. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chillag |first=Kata |last2=Bartholow |first2=Kelly |last3=Cordeiro |first3=Janna |last4=Swanson |first4=Sue |last5=Patterson |first5=Jocelyn |last6=Stebbins |first6=Selby |last7=Woodside |first7=Carol |last8=Sy |first8=Francisco |year=2002 |title=Factors Affecting the Delivery of HIV/AIDS Prevention Programs by Community-Based Organizations |journal=AIDS Education and Prevention |volume=14 |issue=3_supplement |pages=27–37 |doi=10.1521/aeap.14.4.27.23886 |pmid=12092934}}&lt;/ref&gt; HIV/AIDS &quot;yana addabar mutanen da suka fi rauni a duniya&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Forstein Marshall |year=2013 |title=AIDS: A History |journal=Journal of Gay &amp; Lesbian Mental Health |volume=17 |pages=40–63 |doi=10.1080/19359705.2013.740212 |s2cid=70364983}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma suna dogara sosai ga ƙungiyoyin hidima saboda wariya, ƙyama, da tsoron ɗaukar fansa a zamantakewa da shari'a, duka a halin yanzu amma musamman a lokacin da rikicin AIDS ya yi tsanani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 2016 |title=Challenges in HIV Prevention |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/docs/factsheets/challenges-508.pdf |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=cdc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Bambance-bambancen lafiya a bayyane yake&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Holtgrave |first=David R. |year=2014 |title=Achieving and Advancing the Goals of the National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United States |journal=AIDS and Behavior |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=211–213 |doi=10.1007/s10461-014-0903-z |pmid=25239154 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; kamar yadda marasa lafiya da ke ɗauke da cutar HIV/AIDS MSM ne, mata masu canza jinsi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-05-10 |title=Transgender People &amp;#124; Gender &amp;#124; HIV by Group &amp;#124; HIV/AIDS &amp;#124; CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/gender/transgender/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Talauci|masu ƙarancin kuɗi]], da/ko mutanen da ba su da launin fata . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who is at Risk for HIV Infection and Which Populations Are Most Affected? |url=https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/hivaids/who-risk-hiv-infection-which-populations-are-most-affected |access-date=2026-06-17 |archive-date=2021-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028175720/https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/hivaids/who-risk-hiv-infection-which-populations-are-most-affected |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; HIV/AIDS kuma yana shafar mutanen da ke fama da jarabar miyagun ƙwayoyi ta IV &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How Does Drug Abuse Affect the HIV Epidemic? |url=https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/hivaids/how-does-drug-abuse-affect-hiv-epidemic |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215053925/https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/hivaids/how-does-drug-abuse-affect-hiv-epidemic |archive-date=2017-12-15 |access-date=2017-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; da/ko rashin matsuguni . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Coalition for the Homeless |url=http://www.nationalhomeless.org/factsheets/hiv.html |access-date=2026-06-17 |archive-date=2023-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423145940/http://www.nationalhomeless.org/factsheets/hiv.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan su ne mutanen da suka dogara da cibiyoyin al'umma da ƙungiyoyin hidima. &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbt&quot;/&gt;

Rikicin AIDS ya shagaltu da siyasa akai-akai wanda ya ƙara faɗaɗa gwagwarmayar marasa lafiya da ke ɗauke da cutar HIV/AIDS, da kuma cikas ga bincike da neman [[Kanjamau|magani]] da/ko magani. Ba a gano cewa ƙwayar cutar HIV ita ce sanadin cutar AIDS ba sai a shekarar 1984, &lt;ref name=&quot;aids&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=HIV History Part 1: Spread Knowledge, Not Panic &amp;#124; Lowcountry AIDS Services |url=http://www.aids-services.com/news/hiv-history-part-1-spread-knowledge-not-panic/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215053732/http://www.aids-services.com/news/hiv-history-part-1-spread-knowledge-not-panic/ |archive-date=2017-12-15 |access-date=2017-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ba a amince da maganin farko ba, AZT, sai a shekarar 1987. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 March 2017 |title=The Story Behind the First AIDS Drug, Approved 30 Years Ago |url=https://time.com/4705809/first-aids-drug-azt/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don haka akwai tsawon lokaci bayan bullar cutar HIV/AIDS wanda babu magani, kuma ƙungiyoyin al'umma za su iya mai da hankali ne kawai kan kula da alamun cutar da kuma fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a don neman magani. Da zarar an gano maganin kuma aka amince da shi, an sayar da shi kan farashi mai ban mamaki. A shekarar 1989, AZT ita ce maganin da ya fi tsada a tarihi.  Marasa lafiya kaɗan ne za su iya biyan kuɗin magani ko su ci gaba da shan magani don shirin dogon lokaci wanda ya zama dole don rage yawan ƙwayoyin cutar ga marasa lafiya .

Kungiyoyin AIDS da dama sun fuskanci turjiya daga al'ummomin yankin saboda tsoron GRID ko cutar kansar 'yan luwadi ya yi yawa, tare da nuna wariya ta siyasa, shari'a, da zamantakewa da kuma kyamar 'yan luwadi . &lt;ref name=&quot;aids&quot;/&gt; Shari'ar Ryan White ta sami karbuwa sosai daga kafofin watsa labarai saboda gogewarsa da keta al'umma.

Akwai babban bambanci tsakanin albarkatu dangane da yanayin ƙasa a cikin Amurka. Ƙungiyoyin da suka samo asali daga cibiyoyin LGBT da suka riga suka wanzu an keɓe su ga wuraren bakin teku na birane. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;

Kungiyoyin lafiya na al'umma, musamman kungiyoyin HIV/AIDS, sun dogara sosai kan ayyukan sa-kai. &lt;ref name=&quot;aj&quot;/&gt; Kashi 21% na kungiyoyin al'umma na LGBT sun dogara gaba ɗaya kan ayyukan sa-kai, kuma kashi 57% suna da ƙasa da ma'aikata biyar da ake biyan albashi. &lt;ref name=&quot;lgbt&quot;/&gt;

Wani cikas kuma shine gaggawar buƙatar magani. HIV / [[Kanjamau|AIDS]] cuta ce mai yaɗuwa, don haka magani ya zama dole ga lafiyar marasa lafiya da kuma walwalarsu, har ma da hana yaɗuwar cutar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The importance of HIV care and support services |url=https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2016/december/20161202_HIV-care}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dirofilariasis</title>
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        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1294392254|Dirofilariasis]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = Dirofilariasis
| synonym       = 
| image         = Parasite140076-fig1 Dirofilaria repens removed from a subcutaneous nodule - Photos.png
| caption       = Comparison of probable ''[[Dirofilaria repens]]'' &lt;small&gt;(left)&lt;/small&gt; and ''[[Dirofilaria immitis]]'' &lt;small&gt;(right)&lt;/small&gt;
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = 
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = 
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
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{| class=&quot;infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc; color:inherit;&quot; |Dirofilariasis
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |[[File:Parasite140076-fig1_Dirofilaria_repens_removed_from_a_subcutaneous_nodule_-_Photos.png|frameless]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |Kwatanta yiwuwar ''[[Dirofilaria repens]]'' &lt;small&gt; (hagu) &lt;/small&gt; da ''[[Dirofilaria immitis]]'' &lt;small&gt; (dama) &lt;/small&gt; 
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Cututtukan cututtuka]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;penicon autoconfirmed-show&quot;&gt;[[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q443929?uselang=en#P1995|text-top|frameless|10x10px|Edit this on Wikidata]]&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;'''''Dirofilaria''''' kamuwa ne da kwayar cuta ta jinsin Dirofilaria . &lt;ref name=&quot;j115&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Klochko |first=Alena |date=2023-11-07 |title=Dirofilariasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/236698-overview |access-date=2024-08-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana watsa shi ta hanyar sauro; manyan rundunoninsa sun hada da karnuka da karnuka na daji. Wadannan na iya haifar da granulomas a cikin jijiyoyin huhu. Wasu alamun da aka saba da su sun hada da tari, zazzabi da zubar da jini. Hakanan yana iya bayyana a kan X-rays na kirji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 8, 2012 |title=Dirofilariasis FAQs |url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/dirofilariasis/faqs.html |access-date=May 16, 2019 |website=Center for disease control and prevention}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilan da suka haifar ==
Dirofilariasis yana haifar da cin [[sauro]]. Tsuntsaye masu girma suna samar da microfilariae a cikin zagayawa, waɗanda sauro ke cinyewa lokacin da suka ci dabba mai kamuwa da cuta. A cikin sauro, microfilariae suna tasowa cikin tsutsotsi masu kamuwa da cuta. Lokacin da sauro ya ciji wani dabba, waɗannan tsutsotsi suna ƙaura zuwa wurin cinyewa kuma suna haɓaka cikin tsutsa mai girma a cikin zuciya da jijiyoyin huhu.

== Binciken ganewa ==
Dirofilariasis sau da yawa ana gano shi ta hanyar nazarin nama da aka samu a matsayin wani ɓangare na binciken bincike na cututtukan tsabar kudi. Gwaje-gwaje na jini ba su da taimako a cikin ganewar asali na dirofilariasis a cikin mutane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Prevention |first=CDC - Centers for Disease Control and |title=CDC - Dirofliariasis - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/dirofilariasis/faqs.html |access-date=2017-10-08 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Magani ==
An bayar da rahoton magani tare da maganin rigakafi na tetracycline don lalata ''Dirofilaria immitis'', sau da yawa yana haifar da mutuwar tsutsotsi masu girma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kramer |first=L. |last2=Grandi |first2=G. |last3=Leoni |first3=M. |last4=Passeri |first4=B. |last5=McCall |first5=J. |last6=Genchi |first6=C. |last7=Mortarino |first7=M. |last8=Bazzocchi |first8=C. |date=2008-12-10 |title=Wolbachia and its influence on the pathology and immunology of Dirofilaria immitis infection |journal=Veterinary Parasitology |volume=158 |issue=3 |pages=191–195 |doi=10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.09.014 |issn=0304-4017 |pmid=18947926}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Medical resources|DiseasesDB=31226|ICD10={{ICD10|B|74|8|b|65}}|ICD9={{ICD9|125.6}}|ICDO=|OMIM=|MedlinePlus=|eMedicineSubj=article|eMedicineTopic=236698|MeshID=D004184|Orphanet=166291}}

== Haɗin waje ==
{{Helminthiases}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <id>14817</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1294392254|Dirofilariasis]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = Dirofilariasis
| synonym       = 
| image         = Parasite140076-fig1 Dirofilaria repens removed from a subcutaneous nodule - Photos.png
| caption       = Comparison of probable ''[[Dirofilaria repens]]'' &lt;small&gt;(left)&lt;/small&gt; and ''[[Dirofilaria immitis]]'' &lt;small&gt;(right)&lt;/small&gt;
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = 
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = 
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 
| deaths        = 
}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc; color:inherit;&quot; |Dirofilariasis
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |[[File:Parasite140076-fig1_Dirofilaria_repens_removed_from_a_subcutaneous_nodule_-_Photos.png|frameless]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |Kwatanta yiwuwar ''[[Dirofilaria repens]]'' &lt;small&gt; (hagu) &lt;/small&gt; da ''[[Dirofilaria immitis]]'' &lt;small&gt; (dama) &lt;/small&gt; 
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Cututtukan cututtuka]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;penicon autoconfirmed-show&quot;&gt;[[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q443929?uselang=en#P1995|text-top|frameless|10x10px|Edit this on Wikidata]]&lt;/span&gt;
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Infobox/styles-images.css&quot; /&gt;'''''Dirofilaria''''' kamuwa ne da kwayar cuta ta jinsin Dirofilaria . &lt;ref name=&quot;j115&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Klochko |first=Alena |date=2023-11-07 |title=Dirofilariasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/236698-overview |access-date=2024-08-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana watsa shi ta hanyar sauro; manyan rundunoninsa sun hada da karnuka da karnuka na daji. Wadannan na iya haifar da granulomas a cikin jijiyoyin huhu. Wasu alamun da aka saba da su sun hada da tari, zazzabi da zubar da jini. Hakanan yana iya bayyana a kan X-rays na kirji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 8, 2012 |title=Dirofilariasis FAQs |url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/dirofilariasis/faqs.html |access-date=May 16, 2019 |website=Center for disease control and prevention}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilan da suka haifar ==
Dirofilariasis yana haifar da cin [[sauro]]. Tsuntsaye masu girma suna samar da microfilariae a cikin zagayawa, waɗanda sauro ke cinyewa lokacin da suka ci dabba mai kamuwa da cuta. A cikin sauro, microfilariae suna tasowa cikin tsutsotsi masu kamuwa da cuta. Lokacin da sauro ya ciji wani dabba, waɗannan tsutsotsi suna ƙaura zuwa wurin cinyewa kuma suna haɓaka cikin tsutsa mai girma a cikin zuciya da jijiyoyin huhu.

== Binciken ganewa ==
Dirofilariasis sau da yawa ana gano shi ta hanyar nazarin nama da aka samu a matsayin wani ɓangare na binciken bincike na cututtukan tsabar kudi. Gwaje-gwaje na jini ba su da taimako a cikin ganewar asali na dirofilariasis a cikin mutane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Prevention |first=CDC - Centers for Disease Control and |title=CDC - Dirofliariasis - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/dirofilariasis/faqs.html |access-date=2017-10-08 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Magani ==
An bayar da rahoton magani tare da maganin rigakafi na tetracycline don lalata ''Dirofilaria immitis'', sau da yawa yana haifar da mutuwar tsutsotsi masu girma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kramer |first=L. |last2=Grandi |first2=G. |last3=Leoni |first3=M. |last4=Passeri |first4=B. |last5=McCall |first5=J. |last6=Genchi |first6=C. |last7=Mortarino |first7=M. |last8=Bazzocchi |first8=C. |date=2008-12-10 |title=Wolbachia and its influence on the pathology and immunology of Dirofilaria immitis infection |journal=Veterinary Parasitology |volume=158 |issue=3 |pages=191–195 |doi=10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.09.014 |issn=0304-4017 |pmid=18947926}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==
{{Medical resources|DiseasesDB=31226|ICD10={{ICD10|B|74|8|b|65}}|ICD9={{ICD9|125.6}}|ICDO=|OMIM=|MedlinePlus=|eMedicineSubj=article|eMedicineTopic=236698|MeshID=D004184|Orphanet=166291}}{{Helminthiases}}
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  <page>
    <title>Dutsen Lardin Gabas</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336239133|Eastern Province rocky]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Dutsen Lardin Gabas''' ( '''''Sandelia bainsii''''' ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''dutsen kurper''', nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Anabantidae . Yana da yawa a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . 

Ana kyautata zaton sunan wannan nau'in yana girmama masanin ilimin ƙasa na Scotland, mai bincike kuma soja Andrew Geddes Bain (1797-1864) wanda shi ma ya tattara samfuran dabbobi . Bain ya yi aiki a matsayin kyaftin a [[Yaƙe-yaƙe na Xhosa|Yaƙin Cape Frontier]] kuma wataƙila ya yi yaƙi da shugaban ƙabilar Sandile, wanda Castelnau ya sanya wa wannan nau'in suna. &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |date=21 October 2019 |title=Order ANABANTIFORMES: Families ANABANTIDAE, HELOSTOMATIDAE, OSPHRONEMIDAE, CHANNIDAE, NANDIDAE, BADIDAE, and PRISTOLEPIDIDAE |url=http://www.etyfish.org/anabantiformes/ |access-date=13 December 2019 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rarrabawa ==
Ana samunsa a ƙananan al'ummomi da suka bazu a ƙananan yankuna a faɗin Gabashin Cape, kamar a [[Gulu River|Kogin Gulu]], [[Igoda River|Kogin Igoda]], [[Yellowwoods River|Kogin Yellowwoods]] ( [[Kogin Buffalo (Eastern Cape)|Buffalo]] ), [[Kogin Nahon|Kogin Nahoon]], [[Kogin Kowie]], [[Koonap River|Kogin Koonap]], [[Kogin Kat]] ( [[Babban Kogin Kifi|Babban Kifi]] ) da [[Kogin Tyhume]] ( [[Kogin Keiskamma|Keiskamma]] ). Akwai shakku ko waɗannan al'ummomin da suka rarrabu za su rayu a nan gaba saboda suna samun kansu a ƙarƙashin barazana da dama daga ayyukan noma, gurɓatawa da nau'ikan halittu masu mamayewa .  Ana samunsa a [[Kogin Bloukrans (Grahamstown)|Kogin Bloukrans]] a cikin Wurin Ajiye Nau'in Blaauwkrantz . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Blaauwkrantz Nature Reserve, Eastern Cape |url=https://www.sa-venues.com/game-reserves/blaauwkrantz.php |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=www.sa-venues.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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        <username>Engineer014</username>
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'''Dutsen Lardin Gabas''' ( '''''Sandelia bainsii''''' ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''dutsen kurper''', nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Anabantidae . Yana da yawa a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . 

Ana kyautata zaton sunan wannan nau'in yana girmama masanin ilimin ƙasa na Scotland, mai bincike kuma soja Andrew Geddes Bain (1797-1864) wanda shi ma ya tattara samfuran dabbobi . Bain ya yi aiki a matsayin kyaftin a [[Yaƙe-yaƙe na Xhosa|Yaƙin Cape Frontier]] kuma wataƙila ya yi yaƙi da shugaban ƙabilar Sandile, wanda Castelnau ya sanya wa wannan nau'in suna. &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |date=21 October 2019 |title=Order ANABANTIFORMES: Families ANABANTIDAE, HELOSTOMATIDAE, OSPHRONEMIDAE, CHANNIDAE, NANDIDAE, BADIDAE, and PRISTOLEPIDIDAE |url=http://www.etyfish.org/anabantiformes/ |access-date=13 December 2019 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rarrabawa ==
Ana samunsa a ƙananan al'ummomi da suka bazu a ƙananan yankuna a faɗin Gabashin Cape, kamar a [[Gulu River|Kogin Gulu]], [[Igoda River|Kogin Igoda]], [[Yellowwoods River|Kogin Yellowwoods]] ( [[Kogin Buffalo (Eastern Cape)|Buffalo]] ), [[Kogin Nahon|Kogin Nahoon]], [[Kogin Kowie]], [[Koonap River|Kogin Koonap]], [[Kogin Kat]] ( [[Babban Kogin Kifi|Babban Kifi]] ) da [[Kogin Tyhume]] ( [[Kogin Keiskamma|Keiskamma]] ). Akwai shakku ko waɗannan al'ummomin da suka rarrabu za su rayu a nan gaba saboda suna samun kansu a ƙarƙashin barazana da dama daga ayyukan noma, gurɓatawa da nau'ikan halittu masu mamayewa .  Ana samunsa a [[Kogin Bloukrans (Grahamstown)|Kogin Bloukrans]] a cikin Wurin Ajiye Nau'in Blaauwkrantz . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Blaauwkrantz Nature Reserve, Eastern Cape |url=https://www.sa-venues.com/game-reserves/blaauwkrantz.php |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=www.sa-venues.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Besnoitiosis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>861527</id>
      <parentid>860814</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:54:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328312373|Besnoitiosis]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Besnoitiosis''' cuta ce ta protozoan na fata, subcutis, jijiyoyin jini, membranes, da sauran ƙwayoyin&quot; na dabbobi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Merck&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Besnoitiosis: Introduction |url=http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/50500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050401/http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/50500.htm |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2010-07-05 |website=Merck Veterinary Manual}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Yana da yawa a yankuna masu zafi da sub-tropical tare da yawan kamuwa da cuta amma ƙananan mutuwa&quot;; duk da haka, yana da wuya a wasu yankuna. &lt;ref name=&quot;Free&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Besnoitiosis |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/besnoitiosis |website=The Free Dictionary}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwayoyin da ke haifar da cutar fata, da dabbobi da abin ya shafa sun hada da: &lt;ref name=&quot;Merck&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Besnoitiosis: Introduction |url=http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/50500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050401/http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/50500.htm |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2010-07-05 |website=Merck Veterinary Manual}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Free&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Besnoitiosis |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/besnoitiosis |website=The Free Dictionary}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''Besnoitia besnoiti'' a cikin [[Saniya|shanu]] (rashin jini na lymph nodes, kumburi na subcutaneous, zawo, zubar da ciki da rashin haihuwa) 
* ''Besnoitia bennetti'' a cikin dawakai da [[jaki]] (wanda aka kwatanta da yaduwar cututtukan fata) 
* ''[[Besnoitia jellisoni]]'' da ''[[Besnoitia wallacei|B. wallacei&amp;nbsp;]]'' a cikin dabbobiDabbobin da ke cikin gida
* ''Besnoitia tarandi'' a cikin reindeer da Caribou &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Besnoitiosis in Alaska's Species, Alaska Department of Fish and Game |url=https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=disease.general7 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Alaska Department of Fish and Game |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Besnoitia darlingi]]'' a cikin [[Kadangare|lizards]], opossums, da [[Maciji|macizai]]
* ''[[Besnoitia sauriana]]'' a cikin lizards
* Kwayoyin Viscerotropic na ''B. besnoiti&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mwPg&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' a cikin antelope na Afirka
* Wani nau'in ''Besnoitia'' da ba a san shi ba a cikin [[Akwiya|awaki]] a [[Iran]], [[New Zealand]], da [[Kenya]]

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}


[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Luphephe</title>
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      <id>861452</id>
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        <username>Nnamadee</username>
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'''Kogin Luphephe''' yana gudana daga yankin Guyuni, arewacin Thohoyandou, don haɗuwa da kogin Nwanedi a cikin wurin ajiyar yanayi da wurin shakatawa na Nwanedi, ya samar da madatsun ruwa na Nwanedi – Luphephe. Nan da nan kogin Nwanedi ya ci gaba da kwararowa sama da iyakar ajiyar yanayi biyo bayan wata hanya mai kakkausar murya a kan filin Limpopo inda a karshe ya hadu ya malala cikin kogin Limpopo. Kogin Luphehe da magudanan ruwa suna ba da ruwa ga noma, namun daji, da kuma mutanen da ke zaune a cikin Kogin Limpopo. An sami wasu ƴan sauye-sauye a wuraren ajiyar yanayi da wuraren shakatawa na Nwanedi a hanyoyin gudanar da ayyukansu tare da sauye-sauye marasa ganuwa, kuma yawon buɗe ido yana amfanar al'ummomin da ke kewaye. Saboda haka, yankunan karkara sun zama mafi kyawun zaɓi don wuraren yawon buɗe ido, kama daga kasada, al'adu, kabilanci da yawon shakatawa, ga kaɗan kaɗan. An gano manyan magudanan ruwa na kogin Luphephe da na Nwanedi suna da mahimmancin yanayin muhalli da hankali. Don haka ya zama mahimmanci don kare manyan magudanar ruwa zuwa yanayi na halitta ko mai kyau.

== Fage ==

=== Farkon ɓangaren kogin ===
Kogin Luphephe babban kogin Nwanedi ne na kowace shekara a cikin karamar hukumar Musina, gundumar Vhembe a lardin Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu. Asalinsa yana cikin yankin Guyuni/Dzumbama/Tshitandani/Tshamulungwi kimanin kilomita 10 kafin ya shiga kogin Nwanedi a yankinsa na sama. Za a iya raba yankin babban magudanar ruwan kogin Luphephe zuwa yankin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da Ruwan Ruwa zuwa ƙoramar tsaunuka waɗanda ke cikin ko'ina cikin wannan kogin.

Yankin tushen ya fara ne a tsayin mita 976 kuma tsayinsa kusan kilomita daya ne. Yankin Ruwan Ruwa zuwa Dutsen torrent yana gudana tsakanin mita 915 zuwa 610 sama da matakin teku akan jerin ƙananan faɗuwa da sauri. Ƙarƙashin kogin gabaɗaya yana da yanayin dutse da ya ƙunshi duwatsu, duwatsu da manyan duwatsu. Ana samun facin yashi lokaci-lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;Mokgalong 1981:10&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin ya shiga Nwanedi Nature Reserve, kuma ya haɗu da kogin Savhani. Kogin Savhani yana farawa a Gwangwatini, ya wuce Ngalavhani, Tshitanzhe, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, da Tshikotoni (wanda aka sani da Manzhenge). A gefen kogin Luphephe ana noma filaye har zuwa bakin ruwa &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Angliss 2007:13&lt;/ref&gt; ta al'ummomin da ke kewaye. Kogin Luphephe ya haɗu da kogin Nwanedi a cikin wurin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi, da wurin shakatawa, yana samar da madatsun ruwa na Nwanedi – Luphephe.

Kafin ya shiga Nwanedi Nature Reserve, kuma ya haɗu da kogin Savhani. Kogin Savhani yana farawa a Gwangwatini, ya wuce Ngalavhani, Tshitanzhe, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, da Tshikotoni (wanda aka sani da Manzhenge). A gefen kogin Luphephe ana noma filaye har zuwa bakin ruwa&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ta al'ummomin da ke kewaye. Kogin Luphephe ya haɗu da kogin Nwanedi a cikin wurin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi, da wurin shakatawa, yana samar da madatsun ruwa na Nwanedi – Luphephe.

=== Tsakiyar ɓangaren kogin ===
A cikin 1964, bisa buƙatar hukumar ban ruwa ta Nwanedi, Ma'aikatar Ruwa ta gina dam na Luphephe da Nwanedi, ɗaya akan kowane kogin Luphephe da Nwanedi,&lt;ref&gt;Mokgalong 1981:3&lt;/ref&gt; don manufar ban ruwa. Katangar madatsar Luphephe tana da tsayin mita 39 tare da karfin mita 14 800 000. Katangar madatsar ruwa ta Nwanedi tana da tsayin mita 36 tare da karfin mita 5 310 000. An yi shelar tagwayen madatsun ruwa da yankinsu na hekta 9000 a matsayin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi a cikin 1979.&lt;ref&gt;Madanire-Moyo, GN. et.al. 2010. Ecology of metazoan parasites of Clarias gariepinus (Osteichthyes: Clariidae) from the Nwanedi-Luphephe Dams of the Limpopo River System, South Africa. ''African Zoology'', 45(2): 849 – 862. P. 234. Available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232084925_Ecology_of_Metazoan_Parasites_of_Clarias_gariepinus_Osteichthyes_Clariidae_from_the_Nwanedi-Luphephe_Dams_of_the_Limpopo_River_System_South_Africa&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Asali dai ruwan rafin Luphephe ya hade da Nwanedi a gindin bangon dam din na yanzu amma tare da gina madatsun ruwa a kogunan biyu, matsayin ya canza kadan domin a yanzu akwai magudanar ruwa mai zurfin mita 2.5 da ke hade da ruwa biyu kimanin mita 100 daga bangon su.&lt;ref&gt;Mokgalong, NM. 1981. Aspects of the invertebrate ecology of the Nwanedi tributary of the Limpopo river: Submitted in fulfilment of part of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in the Department of Zoology in the faculty of mathematics and natural sciences at the University of the North, Pietersburg. Available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;http://ulspace.ul.ac.za/handle/10386/211&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ana amfani da ƙofofin ƙofofi a tsaye a cikin madatsun ruwa biyu don kula da matakan ruwa, da sarrafa kwararar ruwa zuwa magudanar ruwa iri ɗaya. Kimanin mita 500 daga ƙarƙashin mashigar madatsar ruwan Nwanedi/Luphephe akwai wata ƙaramar gadar siminti a kwance wadda ta haye kogin,&lt;ref&gt;Mashilwane 2024:17&lt;/ref&gt; daga kuma zuwa Ƙofar Shiga Gumela. Wani lokaci yakan yi ambaliya da yashi a saman gada.&lt;ref&gt;Angliss 2007:14&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bangare na karshe na kogin ===
Kogin yana ci gaba zuwa wata hanya ta arewa a fadin Filin Limpopo. Filin Limpopo shi ne inda basin ya buɗe a wajen wurin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi kuma kusa da magudanar kunkuntar kwari ta ƙarshe tsakanin tsaunuka, yawanci tare da ganuwar dutse mai tsayi da rafi da ke ratsa cikinsa.&lt;ref&gt;Angliss 2007: 14&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin yana tafiya zuwa Cross Dam (Al'ummar Muswodi Tshisimani tana kiran Cross-dam a matsayin Gondoza) wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙananan wurare. An gina dam din Cross ne domin samar da ruwan sha na noman noma da kiwo da kiwo da kiwo da kuma yankunan karkara makwabta[10]. Nan da nan a cikin kwarin Cross Dam inda magudanar ruwa ke da fadin fadin mita 3 zuwa 6, akwai wata gada da hanyar Tshipise/Pafuri tar ta ratsa kogin Nwanedi.[11]

Kogin yana tafiya har sai ya shiga kogin Limpopo a wani wuri mai nisan kilomita goma arewa da Malaladrift,[12] a kan iyakar Zimbabwe a tsayin mita 340. Kogin ya ta'allaka ne gaba ɗaya a cikin Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Limpopo kuma ya ta'allaka ne a cikin magudanan ruwa na kwata tare da babban yanki na 1136 km2 da Babban Ma'anar Gudun Gudun Hijira na shekara-shekara na 24.5 10 (6)M3. Madatsun ruwan Nwanedi – Luphephe su ne kawai manyan madatsun ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu da ke cikin ruwa.[13]

== Muhimmancin tattalin arziki/muhalli ==

=== Noma da sana’o’in hannu ===
Noma ya ƙunshi noman amfanin gona da kiwo, kiwo, da gandun daji don abinci da kayayyakin abinci. Al'ummomin da ke zaune kusa da kogin suna amfani da kogin Luphephe don wanke tufafi, ban ruwa da kuma kula da dabbobi,[14] da sauransu. A kan babban ɓangaren kogin Luphephe an yanke tasho mai gangarewa a cikin ƙasan ƙasa inda aka ba da koramamar ruwa don tsoma dabbobi. An ƙera tsoma a matsayin wata ƴar ƴar ƙaramar hanya wadda dabbobin ke tafiya ta cikinta, suna nutsar da su cikin ruwa mai zurfi har sai dabbar ta nutse gaba ɗaya. An gina tashar a cikin 1927 akan ƙasar Tshikotoni. Al'ummomin Tshitanzhe, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, Tshikotoni da Tshitandani sun kasance suna tsoma dabbobinsu a wurin kowane mako biyu tun daga karfe bakwai har zuwa 'yan shekaru bayan fara mulkin dimokradiyya a 1994.

An kuma yi amfani da tashar furrow don ban ruwa daga manoman amfanin gona a bankunanta a cikin ƙasar Tshikotoni. Manyan manoman su ne dangin Mukwevho, dangin Dzuguda, dangin Phupheli, dangin Nekhumbe, dangin Chauke, dangin Nethononda, dangin Mufamadi, dangin Ndou dza Manenzhe, dangin Luranga da dangin Langanda (an san filinsu da Galauvhe). Bugu da kari, kogin Luphephe ya samar da ruwa ga manoman amfanin gona a gabar tekun Helula 2. An yi noman amfanin gona irin su sugar, masara, dankalin turawa, wake, mangwaro da ayaba a can shekaru masu yawa. Kabilar Mathukha/Marubini, dangin Phupheli (ana kiran filinsu Makhothoni), dangin Madumi, dangin Kwinda la ha Tshirundu, dangin Netshishangane, dangin Manenzhe da dangin Mukwevho sun kasance manyan manoma a ƙasar Helula 2. Kabilar Mukwevho da dangin Manenzhe su ma suna fitar da wake zuwa kasuwannin ƙasa da ƙasa idan sun tattara girbi mai kyau a cikin 1980s.

Rayuwa ta ƙunshi iyawa don samun abubuwan buƙatu don biyan bukatun kansu da na gidansu. Mata da 'yan mata a Tshikotoni, Helula 2 da Gumela sun yi amfani da kogin Luphephe wajen diban ruwan da ake amfani da su a cikin gida. Sun kuma wanke barguna da tufafinsu a kogin Luphephe tsawon shekaru. Maza da yara maza sun yi amfani da kogin don kama kifi don rayuwa da kuma yin iyo.

=== Shirin Noman Ruwa na Nwanedi ===
Lokacin da basin ya buɗe a wajen ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi kuma kusa da gangaren ƴan ƴan kwari na ƙarshe tsakanin tsaunuka, kogin yana samar da ruwan sha don noman amfanin gona da wuraren gandun daji a ƙauyen Folovhodwe. An kafa gidan gandun daji na Folovhodwe a shekara ta 1986 don yin kiwo samfurin mangwaro da citrus don bunkasa Venda na lokacin, arewacin Soutpansberg, da fitar da tsire-tsire marasa cututtuka zuwa kasashe makwabta.[15]. Ruwan ruwan ya kuma samar da ruwan noman hannun jari da noman noma a kungiyar Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyaki ta Nwanedi (An kafa kungiyar Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyaki ta Nwanedi bayan neman filaye na sake rarrabawa da mayarwa). Al'ummomin sun hada da Folovhodwe, Tshikhudini, Tanda, da Tshiphale. Yankin ya kasance wani ɓangare na Tsarin Noman Ruwa na Nwanedi wanda ke arewacin tsaunin Soutpansberg, kimanin kilomita 40 arewa-gabas da Tshipise a gundumar Vhembe na lardin Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu.

Shirin noman noman na Nwanedi ya kunshi kananan manoma kusan 300 wadanda suke noman kayan lambu masu ban ruwa galibi tumatir. Manoma kai tsaye suna ɗibar ruwan ban ruwa daga kogin ta hanyar amfani da tsarin ban ruwa [16]. Ruwan ban ruwa yana haɗuwa da tanadin ruwa da yawan amfanin ƙasa yawanci yana ƙaruwa aƙalla da kashi 50 cikin 100 na yadda ruwa ke amfani da shi, yawan amfanin ruwa a kowace raka'a, kuma ya sa ya zama jagorar fasaha a cikin ƙalubalen da ake fuskanta a duniya na inganta noman amfanin gona ta fuskar ƙarancin ruwa.[17] Yawancin membobin wannan shirin suna samar da kusan tan 100 na tumatir a kowace hector ko murabba'in 1000 (m21000). Yawancin manoma suna da hactor tsakanin 10 zuwa 100 kuma suna samar da galibi don siyarwa.[18]

Akwai kalubalen karancin ruwa kamar sharar ruwa ta hanyar ban ruwa da zubewar bututu; yanayin zafi mai yawa wanda ke haifar da ƙawancen ruwa daga kogin da ƙanƙara daga amfanin gona; gasar ruwa tsakanin manoma da masu amfani da gida da ke haifar da rikice-rikice da rashin rarraba ruwa kamar yadda manoman da ke kasan jelar kogin suke samun ruwa kadan ko kuma ba sa samun ruwa a lokacin da kogin ya ragu.[19] Matsakaicin jimlar shekara [[evapotranspiration]] shine mm 1400. Yanayin zafi ya bambanta daga matsakaicin matsakaicin kowane wata kuma mafi ƙarancin digiri na 33.52 da 21.30 Celsius na Fabrairu zuwa 25.6 da 8.6 digiri Celsius na Yuli bi da bi.[20] Koyaya, Tsarin ban ruwa na Nwanedi ya nuna hanyoyin jurewa matakin noma ciki har da ƙara ruwan kogi tare da rijiyoyin burtsatse kasancewar salin ƙasa ba matsala bane; ban ruwa da dare lokacin da evaporation da evapotranspiration ya ragu; rage yankin noma don saduwa da karfin samar da ruwan kogi; noman amfanin gona masu jure fari don rage yawan amfani da ruwa a lokacin zafi[21].

=== Muhimmancin Muhalli ===
Sakamakon binciken na 2007 ya nuna, manyan magudanan ruwa na kogin Luphephe da kogin Nwanedi ana ɗaukar su suna da Mahimman Muhimmancin Muhalli da Hankali (EIS), yayin da ƙasa da Dam ɗin Nwanedzi Dam/Luphephe EIS yana da matsakaici. Mafi yawa saboda gaskiyar cewa babban yanki na babban magudanar ruwa yana faɗowa a cikin wuraren ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi, yayin da yake cikin Filin Limpopo, yana wucewa ta wuraren ajiyar yanayi mai zaman kansa ko gonakin wasa.[22] Idan aka yi la’akari da tasirin da direbobin da ke cikin wannan magudanar ruwa sun tsaya tsayin daka tsawon shekaru da yawa, ana tunanin da wuya matsayin magudanar ruwan zai canja sosai nan gaba.[23]

EIS alama ce ta matakin kariya da ya kamata kogin ya samu. Babban ma'ana ya kamata a kiyaye shi zuwa yanayi mai kyau ko kuma maras kyau, ma'ana yana da ƙarancin kiyayewa ko kuma an riga an yi tasiri kuma ana iya ƙara amfani da albarkatun[24].

=== Yawon shakatawa ===
Ecotourism wani yanki ne na balaguron mai da hankali kan yanayi wanda ke ƙarfafa jin daɗin waje tare da tallafawa kare muhalli da kiyayewa.[25] Agritourism wani nau'i ne na kasuwancin kasuwanci wanda ke haɗa aikin noma da / ko sarrafawa tare da yawon shakatawa don jawo hankalin baƙi zuwa gona, ranch, ko wasu kasuwancin noma don dalilai na nishadi ko ilmantar da baƙi yayin samar da kudin shiga ga gona, ranch, ko mai kasuwanci. Shirye-shiryen yawon buɗe ido-noma na al'ummar Nwanedi da sauran filayen noma na ruwan sama, kasuwanci ne na ƙauye.[26] Binciken ya nuna cewa karamar hukumar ta Musina tana amfana da samun tarin wuraren yawon bude ido. Sun hada da wuraren ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi da wurin shakatawa, Sagole Big Tree Nature Reserve da Big Tree Accommodation Lodge.[27] Wuraren da aka zaɓa (Folovhodwe, Gumela, Tshipise da Zwigodini) suma suna kusa da wuraren da aka karewa, kamar Luphephe/Nwanedi Dams[28]

Wurin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi, da wuraren shakatawa an sami ƴan canje-canje a hanyoyin gudanar da ayyukansu tare da sauye-sauye marasa ganuwa, kuma yawon buɗe ido yana amfanar al'ummomin yankin.[29] Dangane da haka, yankunan karkara sun fi dacewa da wuraren yawon bude ido, tun daga kasada, al'adu, kabilanci da yawon shakatawa da sauransu. Koyaya, hanyoyin da ke kusa da kauyukan Folovhodwe da Gumela suna buƙatar kulawa akai-akai don haɓaka wadatar yawon buɗe ido a cikin masana'antar gida da wurin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi da wurin shakatawa.[30] Lokacin da 'yan yawon bude ido suka zo daga ko'ina cikin duniya a cikin Disamba 2002 don ganin abubuwan da suka faru na kusufin rana a Afirka ta Kudu, [31] wuraren ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi, kuma wurin shakatawa yana daya daga cikin ra'ayoyin hasken rana a gundumar Musina a gundumar Vhembe, Lardin Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu.

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'''Kogin Luphephe''' yana gudana daga yankin Guyuni, arewacin Thohoyandou, don haɗuwa da kogin Nwanedi a cikin wurin ajiyar yanayi da wurin shakatawa na Nwanedi, ya samar da madatsun ruwa na Nwanedi – Luphephe. Nan da nan kogin Nwanedi ya ci gaba da kwararowa sama da iyakar ajiyar yanayi biyo bayan wata hanya mai kakkausar murya a kan filin Limpopo inda a karshe ya hadu ya malala cikin kogin Limpopo. Kogin Luphehe da magudanan ruwa suna ba da ruwa ga noma, namun daji, da kuma mutanen da ke zaune a cikin Kogin Limpopo. An sami wasu ƴan sauye-sauye a wuraren ajiyar yanayi da wuraren shakatawa na Nwanedi a hanyoyin gudanar da ayyukansu tare da sauye-sauye marasa ganuwa, kuma yawon buɗe ido yana amfanar al'ummomin da ke kewaye. Saboda haka, yankunan karkara sun zama mafi kyawun zaɓi don wuraren yawon buɗe ido, kama daga kasada, al'adu, kabilanci da yawon shakatawa, ga kaɗan kaɗan. An gano manyan magudanan ruwa na kogin Luphephe da na Nwanedi suna da mahimmancin yanayin muhalli da hankali. Don haka ya zama mahimmanci don kare manyan magudanar ruwa zuwa yanayi na halitta ko mai kyau.

== Fage ==

=== Farkon ɓangaren kogin ===
Kogin Luphephe babban kogin Nwanedi ne na kowace shekara a cikin karamar hukumar Musina, gundumar Vhembe a lardin Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu. Asalinsa yana cikin yankin Guyuni/Dzumbama/Tshitandani/Tshamulungwi kimanin kilomita 10 kafin ya shiga kogin Nwanedi a yankinsa na sama. Za a iya raba yankin babban magudanar ruwan kogin Luphephe zuwa yankin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da Ruwan Ruwa zuwa ƙoramar tsaunuka waɗanda ke cikin ko'ina cikin wannan kogin.

Yankin tushen ya fara ne a tsayin mita 976 kuma tsayinsa kusan kilomita daya ne. Yankin Ruwan Ruwa zuwa Dutsen torrent yana gudana tsakanin mita 915 zuwa 610 sama da matakin teku akan jerin ƙananan faɗuwa da sauri. Ƙarƙashin kogin gabaɗaya yana da yanayin dutse da ya ƙunshi duwatsu, duwatsu da manyan duwatsu. Ana samun facin yashi lokaci-lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;Mokgalong 1981:10&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin ya shiga Nwanedi Nature Reserve, kuma ya haɗu da kogin Savhani. Kogin Savhani yana farawa a Gwangwatini, ya wuce Ngalavhani, Tshitanzhe, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, da Tshikotoni (wanda aka sani da Manzhenge). A gefen kogin Luphephe ana noma filaye har zuwa bakin ruwa &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Angliss 2007:13&lt;/ref&gt; ta al'ummomin da ke kewaye. Kogin Luphephe ya haɗu da kogin Nwanedi a cikin wurin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi, da wurin shakatawa, yana samar da madatsun ruwa na Nwanedi – Luphephe.

Kafin ya shiga Nwanedi Nature Reserve, kuma ya haɗu da kogin Savhani. Kogin Savhani yana farawa a Gwangwatini, ya wuce Ngalavhani, Tshitanzhe, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, da Tshikotoni (wanda aka sani da Manzhenge). A gefen kogin Luphephe ana noma filaye har zuwa bakin ruwa&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ta al'ummomin da ke kewaye. Kogin Luphephe ya haɗu da kogin Nwanedi a cikin wurin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi, da wurin shakatawa, yana samar da madatsun ruwa na Nwanedi – Luphephe.

=== Tsakiyar ɓangaren kogin ===
A cikin 1964, bisa buƙatar hukumar ban ruwa ta Nwanedi, Ma'aikatar Ruwa ta gina dam na Luphephe da Nwanedi, ɗaya akan kowane kogin Luphephe da Nwanedi,&lt;ref&gt;Mokgalong 1981:3&lt;/ref&gt; don manufar ban ruwa. Katangar madatsar Luphephe tana da tsayin mita 39 tare da karfin mita 14 800 000. Katangar madatsar ruwa ta Nwanedi tana da tsayin mita 36 tare da karfin mita 5 310 000. An yi shelar tagwayen madatsun ruwa da yankinsu na hekta 9000 a matsayin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi a cikin 1979.&lt;ref&gt;Madanire-Moyo, GN. et.al. 2010. Ecology of metazoan parasites of Clarias gariepinus (Osteichthyes: Clariidae) from the Nwanedi-Luphephe Dams of the Limpopo River System, South Africa. ''African Zoology'', 45(2): 849 – 862. P. 234. Available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232084925_Ecology_of_Metazoan_Parasites_of_Clarias_gariepinus_Osteichthyes_Clariidae_from_the_Nwanedi-Luphephe_Dams_of_the_Limpopo_River_System_South_Africa&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Asali dai ruwan rafin Luphephe ya hade da Nwanedi a gindin bangon dam din na yanzu amma tare da gina madatsun ruwa a kogunan biyu, matsayin ya canza kadan domin a yanzu akwai magudanar ruwa mai zurfin mita 2.5 da ke hade da ruwa biyu kimanin mita 100 daga bangon su.&lt;ref&gt;Mokgalong, NM. 1981. Aspects of the invertebrate ecology of the Nwanedi tributary of the Limpopo river: Submitted in fulfilment of part of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in the Department of Zoology in the faculty of mathematics and natural sciences at the University of the North, Pietersburg. Available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;http://ulspace.ul.ac.za/handle/10386/211&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ana amfani da ƙofofin ƙofofi a tsaye a cikin madatsun ruwa biyu don kula da matakan ruwa, da sarrafa kwararar ruwa zuwa magudanar ruwa iri ɗaya. Kimanin mita 500 daga ƙarƙashin mashigar madatsar ruwan Nwanedi/Luphephe akwai wata ƙaramar gadar siminti a kwance wadda ta haye kogin,&lt;ref&gt;Mashilwane 2024:17&lt;/ref&gt; daga kuma zuwa Ƙofar Shiga Gumela. Wani lokaci yakan yi ambaliya da yashi a saman gada.&lt;ref&gt;Angliss 2007:14&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bangare na karshe na kogin ===
Kogin yana ci gaba zuwa wata hanya ta arewa a fadin Filin Limpopo. Filin Limpopo shi ne inda basin ya buɗe a wajen wurin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi kuma kusa da magudanar kunkuntar kwari ta ƙarshe tsakanin tsaunuka, yawanci tare da ganuwar dutse mai tsayi da rafi da ke ratsa cikinsa.&lt;ref&gt;Angliss 2007: 14&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin yana tafiya zuwa Cross Dam (Al'ummar Muswodi Tshisimani tana kiran Cross-dam a matsayin Gondoza)&lt;ref&gt;Mashilwane 2024:12&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙananan wurare. An gina dam din Cross ne domin samar da ruwan sha na noman noma da kiwo da kiwo da kiwo da kuma yankunan karkara makwabta[10]. Nan da nan a cikin kwarin Cross Dam inda magudanar ruwa ke da fadin fadin mita 3 zuwa 6, akwai wata gada da hanyar Tshipise/Pafuri tar ta ratsa kogin Nwanedi.[11]

Kogin yana tafiya har sai ya shiga kogin Limpopo a wani wuri mai nisan kilomita goma arewa da Malaladrift,[12] a kan iyakar Zimbabwe a tsayin mita 340. Kogin ya ta'allaka ne gaba ɗaya a cikin Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Limpopo kuma ya ta'allaka ne a cikin magudanan ruwa na kwata tare da babban yanki na 1136 km2 da Babban Ma'anar Gudun Gudun Hijira na shekara-shekara na 24.5 10 (6)M3. Madatsun ruwan Nwanedi – Luphephe su ne kawai manyan madatsun ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu da ke cikin ruwa.[13]

== Muhimmancin tattalin arziki/muhalli ==

=== Noma da sana’o’in hannu ===
Noma ya ƙunshi noman amfanin gona da kiwo, kiwo, da gandun daji don abinci da kayayyakin abinci. Al'ummomin da ke zaune kusa da kogin suna amfani da kogin Luphephe don wanke tufafi, ban ruwa da kuma kula da dabbobi,[14] da sauransu. A kan babban ɓangaren kogin Luphephe an yanke tasho mai gangarewa a cikin ƙasan ƙasa inda aka ba da koramamar ruwa don tsoma dabbobi. An ƙera tsoma a matsayin wata ƴar ƴar ƙaramar hanya wadda dabbobin ke tafiya ta cikinta, suna nutsar da su cikin ruwa mai zurfi har sai dabbar ta nutse gaba ɗaya. An gina tashar a cikin 1927 akan ƙasar Tshikotoni. Al'ummomin Tshitanzhe, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, Tshikotoni da Tshitandani sun kasance suna tsoma dabbobinsu a wurin kowane mako biyu tun daga karfe bakwai har zuwa 'yan shekaru bayan fara mulkin dimokradiyya a 1994.

An kuma yi amfani da tashar furrow don ban ruwa daga manoman amfanin gona a bankunanta a cikin ƙasar Tshikotoni. Manyan manoman su ne dangin Mukwevho, dangin Dzuguda, dangin Phupheli, dangin Nekhumbe, dangin Chauke, dangin Nethononda, dangin Mufamadi, dangin Ndou dza Manenzhe, dangin Luranga da dangin Langanda (an san filinsu da Galauvhe). Bugu da kari, kogin Luphephe ya samar da ruwa ga manoman amfanin gona a gabar tekun Helula 2. An yi noman amfanin gona irin su sugar, masara, dankalin turawa, wake, mangwaro da ayaba a can shekaru masu yawa. Kabilar Mathukha/Marubini, dangin Phupheli (ana kiran filinsu Makhothoni), dangin Madumi, dangin Kwinda la ha Tshirundu, dangin Netshishangane, dangin Manenzhe da dangin Mukwevho sun kasance manyan manoma a ƙasar Helula 2. Kabilar Mukwevho da dangin Manenzhe su ma suna fitar da wake zuwa kasuwannin ƙasa da ƙasa idan sun tattara girbi mai kyau a cikin 1980s.

Rayuwa ta ƙunshi iyawa don samun abubuwan buƙatu don biyan bukatun kansu da na gidansu. Mata da 'yan mata a Tshikotoni, Helula 2 da Gumela sun yi amfani da kogin Luphephe wajen diban ruwan da ake amfani da su a cikin gida. Sun kuma wanke barguna da tufafinsu a kogin Luphephe tsawon shekaru. Maza da yara maza sun yi amfani da kogin don kama kifi don rayuwa da kuma yin iyo.

=== Shirin Noman Ruwa na Nwanedi ===
Lokacin da basin ya buɗe a wajen ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi kuma kusa da gangaren ƴan ƴan kwari na ƙarshe tsakanin tsaunuka, kogin yana samar da ruwan sha don noman amfanin gona da wuraren gandun daji a ƙauyen Folovhodwe. An kafa gidan gandun daji na Folovhodwe a shekara ta 1986 don yin kiwo samfurin mangwaro da citrus don bunkasa Venda na lokacin, arewacin Soutpansberg, da fitar da tsire-tsire marasa cututtuka zuwa kasashe makwabta.[15]. Ruwan ruwan ya kuma samar da ruwan noman hannun jari da noman noma a kungiyar Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyaki ta Nwanedi (An kafa kungiyar Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyaki ta Nwanedi bayan neman filaye na sake rarrabawa da mayarwa). Al'ummomin sun hada da Folovhodwe, Tshikhudini, Tanda, da Tshiphale. Yankin ya kasance wani ɓangare na Tsarin Noman Ruwa na Nwanedi wanda ke arewacin tsaunin Soutpansberg, kimanin kilomita 40 arewa-gabas da Tshipise a gundumar Vhembe na lardin Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu.

Shirin noman noman na Nwanedi ya kunshi kananan manoma kusan 300 wadanda suke noman kayan lambu masu ban ruwa galibi tumatir. Manoma kai tsaye suna ɗibar ruwan ban ruwa daga kogin ta hanyar amfani da tsarin ban ruwa [16]. Ruwan ban ruwa yana haɗuwa da tanadin ruwa da yawan amfanin ƙasa yawanci yana ƙaruwa aƙalla da kashi 50 cikin 100 na yadda ruwa ke amfani da shi, yawan amfanin ruwa a kowace raka'a, kuma ya sa ya zama jagorar fasaha a cikin ƙalubalen da ake fuskanta a duniya na inganta noman amfanin gona ta fuskar ƙarancin ruwa.[17] Yawancin membobin wannan shirin suna samar da kusan tan 100 na tumatir a kowace hector ko murabba'in 1000 (m21000). Yawancin manoma suna da hactor tsakanin 10 zuwa 100 kuma suna samar da galibi don siyarwa.[18]

Akwai kalubalen karancin ruwa kamar sharar ruwa ta hanyar ban ruwa da zubewar bututu; yanayin zafi mai yawa wanda ke haifar da ƙawancen ruwa daga kogin da ƙanƙara daga amfanin gona; gasar ruwa tsakanin manoma da masu amfani da gida da ke haifar da rikice-rikice da rashin rarraba ruwa kamar yadda manoman da ke kasan jelar kogin suke samun ruwa kadan ko kuma ba sa samun ruwa a lokacin da kogin ya ragu.[19] Matsakaicin jimlar shekara [[evapotranspiration]] shine mm 1400. Yanayin zafi ya bambanta daga matsakaicin matsakaicin kowane wata kuma mafi ƙarancin digiri na 33.52 da 21.30 Celsius na Fabrairu zuwa 25.6 da 8.6 digiri Celsius na Yuli bi da bi.[20] Koyaya, Tsarin ban ruwa na Nwanedi ya nuna hanyoyin jurewa matakin noma ciki har da ƙara ruwan kogi tare da rijiyoyin burtsatse kasancewar salin ƙasa ba matsala bane; ban ruwa da dare lokacin da evaporation da evapotranspiration ya ragu; rage yankin noma don saduwa da karfin samar da ruwan kogi; noman amfanin gona masu jure fari don rage yawan amfani da ruwa a lokacin zafi[21].

=== Muhimmancin Muhalli ===
Sakamakon binciken na 2007 ya nuna, manyan magudanan ruwa na kogin Luphephe da kogin Nwanedi ana ɗaukar su suna da Mahimman Muhimmancin Muhalli da Hankali (EIS), yayin da ƙasa da Dam ɗin Nwanedzi Dam/Luphephe EIS yana da matsakaici. Mafi yawa saboda gaskiyar cewa babban yanki na babban magudanar ruwa yana faɗowa a cikin wuraren ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi, yayin da yake cikin Filin Limpopo, yana wucewa ta wuraren ajiyar yanayi mai zaman kansa ko gonakin wasa.[22] Idan aka yi la’akari da tasirin da direbobin da ke cikin wannan magudanar ruwa sun tsaya tsayin daka tsawon shekaru da yawa, ana tunanin da wuya matsayin magudanar ruwan zai canja sosai nan gaba.[23]

EIS alama ce ta matakin kariya da ya kamata kogin ya samu. Babban ma'ana ya kamata a kiyaye shi zuwa yanayi mai kyau ko kuma maras kyau, ma'ana yana da ƙarancin kiyayewa ko kuma an riga an yi tasiri kuma ana iya ƙara amfani da albarkatun[24].

=== Yawon shakatawa ===
Ecotourism wani yanki ne na balaguron mai da hankali kan yanayi wanda ke ƙarfafa jin daɗin waje tare da tallafawa kare muhalli da kiyayewa.[25] Agritourism wani nau'i ne na kasuwancin kasuwanci wanda ke haɗa aikin noma da / ko sarrafawa tare da yawon shakatawa don jawo hankalin baƙi zuwa gona, ranch, ko wasu kasuwancin noma don dalilai na nishadi ko ilmantar da baƙi yayin samar da kudin shiga ga gona, ranch, ko mai kasuwanci. Shirye-shiryen yawon buɗe ido-noma na al'ummar Nwanedi da sauran filayen noma na ruwan sama, kasuwanci ne na ƙauye.[26] Binciken ya nuna cewa karamar hukumar ta Musina tana amfana da samun tarin wuraren yawon bude ido. Sun hada da wuraren ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi da wurin shakatawa, Sagole Big Tree Nature Reserve da Big Tree Accommodation Lodge.[27] Wuraren da aka zaɓa (Folovhodwe, Gumela, Tshipise da Zwigodini) suma suna kusa da wuraren da aka karewa, kamar Luphephe/Nwanedi Dams[28]

Wurin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi, da wuraren shakatawa an sami ƴan canje-canje a hanyoyin gudanar da ayyukansu tare da sauye-sauye marasa ganuwa, kuma yawon buɗe ido yana amfanar al'ummomin yankin.[29] Dangane da haka, yankunan karkara sun fi dacewa da wuraren yawon bude ido, tun daga kasada, al'adu, kabilanci da yawon shakatawa da sauransu. Koyaya, hanyoyin da ke kusa da kauyukan Folovhodwe da Gumela suna buƙatar kulawa akai-akai don haɓaka wadatar yawon buɗe ido a cikin masana'antar gida da wurin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi da wurin shakatawa.[30] Lokacin da 'yan yawon bude ido suka zo daga ko'ina cikin duniya a cikin Disamba 2002 don ganin abubuwan da suka faru na kusufin rana a Afirka ta Kudu, [31] wuraren ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi, kuma wurin shakatawa yana daya daga cikin ra'ayoyin hasken rana a gundumar Musina a gundumar Vhembe, Lardin Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu.

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'''Kogin Luphephe''' yana gudana daga yankin Guyuni, arewacin Thohoyandou, don haɗuwa da kogin Nwanedi a cikin wurin ajiyar yanayi da wurin shakatawa na Nwanedi, ya samar da madatsun ruwa na Nwanedi – Luphephe. Nan da nan kogin Nwanedi ya ci gaba da kwararowa sama da iyakar ajiyar yanayi biyo bayan wata hanya mai kakkausar murya a kan filin Limpopo inda a karshe ya hadu ya malala cikin kogin Limpopo. Kogin Luphehe da magudanan ruwa suna ba da ruwa ga noma, namun daji, da kuma mutanen da ke zaune a cikin Kogin Limpopo. An sami wasu ƴan sauye-sauye a wuraren ajiyar yanayi da wuraren shakatawa na Nwanedi a hanyoyin gudanar da ayyukansu tare da sauye-sauye marasa ganuwa, kuma yawon buɗe ido yana amfanar al'ummomin da ke kewaye. Saboda haka, yankunan karkara sun zama mafi kyawun zaɓi don wuraren yawon buɗe ido, kama daga kasada, al'adu, kabilanci da yawon shakatawa, ga kaɗan kaɗan. An gano manyan magudanan ruwa na kogin Luphephe da na Nwanedi suna da mahimmancin yanayin muhalli da hankali. Don haka ya zama mahimmanci don kare manyan magudanar ruwa zuwa yanayi na halitta ko mai kyau.

== Fage ==

=== Farkon ɓangaren kogin ===
Kogin Luphephe babban kogin Nwanedi ne na kowace shekara a cikin karamar hukumar Musina, gundumar Vhembe a lardin Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu. Asalinsa yana cikin yankin Guyuni/Dzumbama/Tshitandani/Tshamulungwi kimanin kilomita 10 kafin ya shiga kogin Nwanedi a yankinsa na sama. Za a iya raba yankin babban magudanar ruwan kogin Luphephe zuwa yankin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da Ruwan Ruwa zuwa ƙoramar tsaunuka waɗanda ke cikin ko'ina cikin wannan kogin.

Yankin tushen ya fara ne a tsayin mita 976 kuma tsayinsa kusan kilomita daya ne. Yankin Ruwan Ruwa zuwa Dutsen torrent yana gudana tsakanin mita 915 zuwa 610 sama da matakin teku akan jerin ƙananan faɗuwa da sauri. Ƙarƙashin kogin gabaɗaya yana da yanayin dutse da ya ƙunshi duwatsu, duwatsu da manyan duwatsu. Ana samun facin yashi lokaci-lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;Mokgalong 1981:10&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin ya shiga Nwanedi Nature Reserve, kuma ya haɗu da kogin Savhani. Kogin Savhani yana farawa a Gwangwatini, ya wuce Ngalavhani, Tshitanzhe, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, da Tshikotoni (wanda aka sani da Manzhenge). A gefen kogin Luphephe ana noma filaye har zuwa bakin ruwa &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Angliss 2007:13&lt;/ref&gt; ta al'ummomin da ke kewaye. Kogin Luphephe ya haɗu da kogin Nwanedi a cikin wurin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi, da wurin shakatawa, yana samar da madatsun ruwa na Nwanedi – Luphephe.

Kafin ya shiga Nwanedi Nature Reserve, kuma ya haɗu da kogin Savhani. Kogin Savhani yana farawa a Gwangwatini, ya wuce Ngalavhani, Tshitanzhe, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, da Tshikotoni (wanda aka sani da Manzhenge). A gefen kogin Luphephe ana noma filaye har zuwa bakin ruwa&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ta al'ummomin da ke kewaye. Kogin Luphephe ya haɗu da kogin Nwanedi a cikin wurin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi, da wurin shakatawa, yana samar da madatsun ruwa na Nwanedi – Luphephe.

=== Tsakiyar ɓangaren kogin ===
A cikin 1964, bisa buƙatar hukumar ban ruwa ta Nwanedi, Ma'aikatar Ruwa ta gina dam na Luphephe da Nwanedi, ɗaya akan kowane kogin Luphephe da Nwanedi,&lt;ref&gt;Mokgalong 1981:3&lt;/ref&gt; don manufar ban ruwa. Katangar madatsar Luphephe tana da tsayin mita 39 tare da karfin mita 14 800 000. Katangar madatsar ruwa ta Nwanedi tana da tsayin mita 36 tare da karfin mita 5 310 000. An yi shelar tagwayen madatsun ruwa da yankinsu na hekta 9000 a matsayin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi a cikin 1979.&lt;ref&gt;Madanire-Moyo, GN. et.al. 2010. Ecology of metazoan parasites of Clarias gariepinus (Osteichthyes: Clariidae) from the Nwanedi-Luphephe Dams of the Limpopo River System, South Africa. ''African Zoology'', 45(2): 849 – 862. P. 234. Available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232084925_Ecology_of_Metazoan_Parasites_of_Clarias_gariepinus_Osteichthyes_Clariidae_from_the_Nwanedi-Luphephe_Dams_of_the_Limpopo_River_System_South_Africa&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Asali dai ruwan rafin Luphephe ya hade da Nwanedi a gindin bangon dam din na yanzu amma tare da gina madatsun ruwa a kogunan biyu, matsayin ya canza kadan domin a yanzu akwai magudanar ruwa mai zurfin mita 2.5 da ke hade da ruwa biyu kimanin mita 100 daga bangon su.&lt;ref&gt;Mokgalong, NM. 1981. Aspects of the invertebrate ecology of the Nwanedi tributary of the Limpopo river: Submitted in fulfilment of part of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in the Department of Zoology in the faculty of mathematics and natural sciences at the University of the North, Pietersburg. Available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;http://ulspace.ul.ac.za/handle/10386/211&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ana amfani da ƙofofin ƙofofi a tsaye a cikin madatsun ruwa biyu don kula da matakan ruwa, da sarrafa kwararar ruwa zuwa magudanar ruwa iri ɗaya. Kimanin mita 500 daga ƙarƙashin mashigar madatsar ruwan Nwanedi/Luphephe akwai wata ƙaramar gadar siminti a kwance wadda ta haye kogin,&lt;ref&gt;Mashilwane 2024:17&lt;/ref&gt; daga kuma zuwa Ƙofar Shiga Gumela. Wani lokaci yakan yi ambaliya da yashi a saman gada.&lt;ref&gt;Angliss 2007:14&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bangare na karshe na kogin ===
Kogin yana ci gaba zuwa wata hanya ta arewa a fadin Filin Limpopo. Filin Limpopo shi ne inda basin ya buɗe a wajen wurin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi kuma kusa da magudanar kunkuntar kwari ta ƙarshe tsakanin tsaunuka, yawanci tare da ganuwar dutse mai tsayi da rafi da ke ratsa cikinsa.&lt;ref&gt;Angliss 2007: 14&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin yana tafiya zuwa Cross Dam (Al'ummar Muswodi Tshisimani tana kiran Cross-dam a matsayin Gondoza)&lt;ref&gt;Mashilwane 2024:12&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙananan wurare. An gina dam din Cross ne domin samar da ruwan sha na noman noma da kiwo da kiwo da kiwo da kuma yankunan karkara makwabta.&lt;ref&gt;Mashilwane 2024:12&lt;/ref&gt; Nan da nan a cikin kwarin Cross Dam inda magudanar ruwa ke da fadin fadin mita 3 zuwa 6, akwai wata gada da hanyar Tshipise/Pafuri tar ta ratsa kogin Nwanedi.[11]

Kogin yana tafiya har sai ya shiga kogin Limpopo a wani wuri mai nisan kilomita goma arewa da Malaladrift,[12] a kan iyakar Zimbabwe a tsayin mita 340. Kogin ya ta'allaka ne gaba ɗaya a cikin Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Limpopo kuma ya ta'allaka ne a cikin magudanan ruwa na kwata tare da babban yanki na 1136 km2 da Babban Ma'anar Gudun Gudun Hijira na shekara-shekara na 24.5 10 (6)M3. Madatsun ruwan Nwanedi – Luphephe su ne kawai manyan madatsun ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu da ke cikin ruwa.[13]

== Muhimmancin tattalin arziki/muhalli ==

=== Noma da sana’o’in hannu ===
Noma ya ƙunshi noman amfanin gona da kiwo, kiwo, da gandun daji don abinci da kayayyakin abinci. Al'ummomin da ke zaune kusa da kogin suna amfani da kogin Luphephe don wanke tufafi, ban ruwa da kuma kula da dabbobi,[14] da sauransu. A kan babban ɓangaren kogin Luphephe an yanke tasho mai gangarewa a cikin ƙasan ƙasa inda aka ba da koramamar ruwa don tsoma dabbobi. An ƙera tsoma a matsayin wata ƴar ƴar ƙaramar hanya wadda dabbobin ke tafiya ta cikinta, suna nutsar da su cikin ruwa mai zurfi har sai dabbar ta nutse gaba ɗaya. An gina tashar a cikin 1927 akan ƙasar Tshikotoni. Al'ummomin Tshitanzhe, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, Tshikotoni da Tshitandani sun kasance suna tsoma dabbobinsu a wurin kowane mako biyu tun daga karfe bakwai har zuwa 'yan shekaru bayan fara mulkin dimokradiyya a 1994.

An kuma yi amfani da tashar furrow don ban ruwa daga manoman amfanin gona a bankunanta a cikin ƙasar Tshikotoni. Manyan manoman su ne dangin Mukwevho, dangin Dzuguda, dangin Phupheli, dangin Nekhumbe, dangin Chauke, dangin Nethononda, dangin Mufamadi, dangin Ndou dza Manenzhe, dangin Luranga da dangin Langanda (an san filinsu da Galauvhe). Bugu da kari, kogin Luphephe ya samar da ruwa ga manoman amfanin gona a gabar tekun Helula 2. An yi noman amfanin gona irin su sugar, masara, dankalin turawa, wake, mangwaro da ayaba a can shekaru masu yawa. Kabilar Mathukha/Marubini, dangin Phupheli (ana kiran filinsu Makhothoni), dangin Madumi, dangin Kwinda la ha Tshirundu, dangin Netshishangane, dangin Manenzhe da dangin Mukwevho sun kasance manyan manoma a ƙasar Helula 2. Kabilar Mukwevho da dangin Manenzhe su ma suna fitar da wake zuwa kasuwannin ƙasa da ƙasa idan sun tattara girbi mai kyau a cikin 1980s.

Rayuwa ta ƙunshi iyawa don samun abubuwan buƙatu don biyan bukatun kansu da na gidansu. Mata da 'yan mata a Tshikotoni, Helula 2 da Gumela sun yi amfani da kogin Luphephe wajen diban ruwan da ake amfani da su a cikin gida. Sun kuma wanke barguna da tufafinsu a kogin Luphephe tsawon shekaru. Maza da yara maza sun yi amfani da kogin don kama kifi don rayuwa da kuma yin iyo.

=== Shirin Noman Ruwa na Nwanedi ===
Lokacin da basin ya buɗe a wajen ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi kuma kusa da gangaren ƴan ƴan kwari na ƙarshe tsakanin tsaunuka, kogin yana samar da ruwan sha don noman amfanin gona da wuraren gandun daji a ƙauyen Folovhodwe. An kafa gidan gandun daji na Folovhodwe a shekara ta 1986 don yin kiwo samfurin mangwaro da citrus don bunkasa Venda na lokacin, arewacin Soutpansberg, da fitar da tsire-tsire marasa cututtuka zuwa kasashe makwabta.[15]. Ruwan ruwan ya kuma samar da ruwan noman hannun jari da noman noma a kungiyar Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyaki ta Nwanedi (An kafa kungiyar Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyaki ta Nwanedi bayan neman filaye na sake rarrabawa da mayarwa). Al'ummomin sun hada da Folovhodwe, Tshikhudini, Tanda, da Tshiphale. Yankin ya kasance wani ɓangare na Tsarin Noman Ruwa na Nwanedi wanda ke arewacin tsaunin Soutpansberg, kimanin kilomita 40 arewa-gabas da Tshipise a gundumar Vhembe na lardin Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu.

Shirin noman noman na Nwanedi ya kunshi kananan manoma kusan 300 wadanda suke noman kayan lambu masu ban ruwa galibi tumatir. Manoma kai tsaye suna ɗibar ruwan ban ruwa daga kogin ta hanyar amfani da tsarin ban ruwa [16]. Ruwan ban ruwa yana haɗuwa da tanadin ruwa da yawan amfanin ƙasa yawanci yana ƙaruwa aƙalla da kashi 50 cikin 100 na yadda ruwa ke amfani da shi, yawan amfanin ruwa a kowace raka'a, kuma ya sa ya zama jagorar fasaha a cikin ƙalubalen da ake fuskanta a duniya na inganta noman amfanin gona ta fuskar ƙarancin ruwa.[17] Yawancin membobin wannan shirin suna samar da kusan tan 100 na tumatir a kowace hector ko murabba'in 1000 (m21000). Yawancin manoma suna da hactor tsakanin 10 zuwa 100 kuma suna samar da galibi don siyarwa.[18]

Akwai kalubalen karancin ruwa kamar sharar ruwa ta hanyar ban ruwa da zubewar bututu; yanayin zafi mai yawa wanda ke haifar da ƙawancen ruwa daga kogin da ƙanƙara daga amfanin gona; gasar ruwa tsakanin manoma da masu amfani da gida da ke haifar da rikice-rikice da rashin rarraba ruwa kamar yadda manoman da ke kasan jelar kogin suke samun ruwa kadan ko kuma ba sa samun ruwa a lokacin da kogin ya ragu.[19] Matsakaicin jimlar shekara [[evapotranspiration]] shine mm 1400. Yanayin zafi ya bambanta daga matsakaicin matsakaicin kowane wata kuma mafi ƙarancin digiri na 33.52 da 21.30 Celsius na Fabrairu zuwa 25.6 da 8.6 digiri Celsius na Yuli bi da bi.[20] Koyaya, Tsarin ban ruwa na Nwanedi ya nuna hanyoyin jurewa matakin noma ciki har da ƙara ruwan kogi tare da rijiyoyin burtsatse kasancewar salin ƙasa ba matsala bane; ban ruwa da dare lokacin da evaporation da evapotranspiration ya ragu; rage yankin noma don saduwa da karfin samar da ruwan kogi; noman amfanin gona masu jure fari don rage yawan amfani da ruwa a lokacin zafi[21].

=== Muhimmancin Muhalli ===
Sakamakon binciken na 2007 ya nuna, manyan magudanan ruwa na kogin Luphephe da kogin Nwanedi ana ɗaukar su suna da Mahimman Muhimmancin Muhalli da Hankali (EIS), yayin da ƙasa da Dam ɗin Nwanedzi Dam/Luphephe EIS yana da matsakaici. Mafi yawa saboda gaskiyar cewa babban yanki na babban magudanar ruwa yana faɗowa a cikin wuraren ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi, yayin da yake cikin Filin Limpopo, yana wucewa ta wuraren ajiyar yanayi mai zaman kansa ko gonakin wasa.[22] Idan aka yi la’akari da tasirin da direbobin da ke cikin wannan magudanar ruwa sun tsaya tsayin daka tsawon shekaru da yawa, ana tunanin da wuya matsayin magudanar ruwan zai canja sosai nan gaba.[23]

EIS alama ce ta matakin kariya da ya kamata kogin ya samu. Babban ma'ana ya kamata a kiyaye shi zuwa yanayi mai kyau ko kuma maras kyau, ma'ana yana da ƙarancin kiyayewa ko kuma an riga an yi tasiri kuma ana iya ƙara amfani da albarkatun[24].

=== Yawon shakatawa ===
Ecotourism wani yanki ne na balaguron mai da hankali kan yanayi wanda ke ƙarfafa jin daɗin waje tare da tallafawa kare muhalli da kiyayewa.[25] Agritourism wani nau'i ne na kasuwancin kasuwanci wanda ke haɗa aikin noma da / ko sarrafawa tare da yawon shakatawa don jawo hankalin baƙi zuwa gona, ranch, ko wasu kasuwancin noma don dalilai na nishadi ko ilmantar da baƙi yayin samar da kudin shiga ga gona, ranch, ko mai kasuwanci. Shirye-shiryen yawon buɗe ido-noma na al'ummar Nwanedi da sauran filayen noma na ruwan sama, kasuwanci ne na ƙauye.[26] Binciken ya nuna cewa karamar hukumar ta Musina tana amfana da samun tarin wuraren yawon bude ido. Sun hada da wuraren ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi da wurin shakatawa, Sagole Big Tree Nature Reserve da Big Tree Accommodation Lodge.[27] Wuraren da aka zaɓa (Folovhodwe, Gumela, Tshipise da Zwigodini) suma suna kusa da wuraren da aka karewa, kamar Luphephe/Nwanedi Dams[28]

Wurin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi, da wuraren shakatawa an sami ƴan canje-canje a hanyoyin gudanar da ayyukansu tare da sauye-sauye marasa ganuwa, kuma yawon buɗe ido yana amfanar al'ummomin yankin.[29] Dangane da haka, yankunan karkara sun fi dacewa da wuraren yawon bude ido, tun daga kasada, al'adu, kabilanci da yawon shakatawa da sauransu. Koyaya, hanyoyin da ke kusa da kauyukan Folovhodwe da Gumela suna buƙatar kulawa akai-akai don haɓaka wadatar yawon buɗe ido a cikin masana'antar gida da wurin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi da wurin shakatawa.[30] Lokacin da 'yan yawon bude ido suka zo daga ko'ina cikin duniya a cikin Disamba 2002 don ganin abubuwan da suka faru na kusufin rana a Afirka ta Kudu, [31] wuraren ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi, kuma wurin shakatawa yana daya daga cikin ra'ayoyin hasken rana a gundumar Musina a gundumar Vhembe, Lardin Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu.

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'''Kogin Luphephe''' yana gudana daga yankin Guyuni, arewacin Thohoyandou, don haɗuwa da kogin Nwanedi a cikin wurin ajiyar yanayi da wurin shakatawa na Nwanedi, ya samar da madatsun ruwa na Nwanedi – Luphephe. Nan da nan kogin Nwanedi ya ci gaba da kwararowa sama da iyakar ajiyar yanayi biyo bayan wata hanya mai kakkausar murya a kan filin Limpopo inda a karshe ya hadu ya malala cikin kogin Limpopo. Kogin Luphehe da magudanan ruwa suna ba da ruwa ga noma, namun daji, da kuma mutanen da ke zaune a cikin Kogin Limpopo. An sami wasu ƴan sauye-sauye a wuraren ajiyar yanayi da wuraren shakatawa na Nwanedi a hanyoyin gudanar da ayyukansu tare da sauye-sauye marasa ganuwa, kuma yawon buɗe ido yana amfanar al'ummomin da ke kewaye. Saboda haka, yankunan karkara sun zama mafi kyawun zaɓi don wuraren yawon buɗe ido, kama daga kasada, al'adu, kabilanci da yawon shakatawa, ga kaɗan kaɗan. An gano manyan magudanan ruwa na kogin Luphephe da na Nwanedi suna da mahimmancin yanayin muhalli da hankali. Don haka ya zama mahimmanci don kare manyan magudanar ruwa zuwa yanayi na halitta ko mai kyau.

== Fage ==

=== Farkon ɓangaren kogin ===
Kogin Luphephe babban kogin Nwanedi ne na kowace shekara a cikin karamar hukumar Musina, gundumar Vhembe a lardin Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu. Asalinsa yana cikin yankin Guyuni/Dzumbama/Tshitandani/Tshamulungwi kimanin kilomita 10 kafin ya shiga kogin Nwanedi a yankinsa na sama. Za a iya raba yankin babban magudanar ruwan kogin Luphephe zuwa yankin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da Ruwan Ruwa zuwa ƙoramar tsaunuka waɗanda ke cikin ko'ina cikin wannan kogin.

Yankin tushen ya fara ne a tsayin mita 976 kuma tsayinsa kusan kilomita daya ne. Yankin Ruwan Ruwa zuwa Dutsen torrent yana gudana tsakanin mita 915 zuwa 610 sama da matakin teku akan jerin ƙananan faɗuwa da sauri. Ƙarƙashin kogin gabaɗaya yana da yanayin dutse da ya ƙunshi duwatsu, duwatsu da manyan duwatsu. Ana samun facin yashi lokaci-lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;Mokgalong 1981:10&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin ya shiga Nwanedi Nature Reserve, kuma ya haɗu da kogin Savhani. Kogin Savhani yana farawa a Gwangwatini, ya wuce Ngalavhani, Tshitanzhe, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, da Tshikotoni (wanda aka sani da Manzhenge). A gefen kogin Luphephe ana noma filaye har zuwa bakin ruwa &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Angliss 2007:13&lt;/ref&gt; ta al'ummomin da ke kewaye. Kogin Luphephe ya haɗu da kogin Nwanedi a cikin wurin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi, da wurin shakatawa, yana samar da madatsun ruwa na Nwanedi – Luphephe.

Kafin ya shiga Nwanedi Nature Reserve, kuma ya haɗu da kogin Savhani. Kogin Savhani yana farawa a Gwangwatini, ya wuce Ngalavhani, Tshitanzhe, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, da Tshikotoni (wanda aka sani da Manzhenge). A gefen kogin Luphephe ana noma filaye har zuwa bakin ruwa&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ta al'ummomin da ke kewaye. Kogin Luphephe ya haɗu da kogin Nwanedi a cikin wurin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi, da wurin shakatawa, yana samar da madatsun ruwa na Nwanedi – Luphephe.

=== Tsakiyar ɓangaren kogin ===
A cikin 1964, bisa buƙatar hukumar ban ruwa ta Nwanedi, Ma'aikatar Ruwa ta gina dam na Luphephe da Nwanedi, ɗaya akan kowane kogin Luphephe da Nwanedi,&lt;ref&gt;Mokgalong 1981:3&lt;/ref&gt; don manufar ban ruwa. Katangar madatsar Luphephe tana da tsayin mita 39 tare da karfin mita 14 800 000. Katangar madatsar ruwa ta Nwanedi tana da tsayin mita 36 tare da karfin mita 5 310 000. An yi shelar tagwayen madatsun ruwa da yankinsu na hekta 9000 a matsayin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi a cikin 1979.&lt;ref&gt;Madanire-Moyo, GN. et.al. 2010. Ecology of metazoan parasites of Clarias gariepinus (Osteichthyes: Clariidae) from the Nwanedi-Luphephe Dams of the Limpopo River System, South Africa. ''African Zoology'', 45(2): 849 – 862. P. 234. Available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232084925_Ecology_of_Metazoan_Parasites_of_Clarias_gariepinus_Osteichthyes_Clariidae_from_the_Nwanedi-Luphephe_Dams_of_the_Limpopo_River_System_South_Africa&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Asali dai ruwan rafin Luphephe ya hade da Nwanedi a gindin bangon dam din na yanzu amma tare da gina madatsun ruwa a kogunan biyu, matsayin ya canza kadan domin a yanzu akwai magudanar ruwa mai zurfin mita 2.5 da ke hade da ruwa biyu kimanin mita 100 daga bangon su.&lt;ref&gt;Mokgalong, NM. 1981. Aspects of the invertebrate ecology of the Nwanedi tributary of the Limpopo river: Submitted in fulfilment of part of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in the Department of Zoology in the faculty of mathematics and natural sciences at the University of the North, Pietersburg. Available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;http://ulspace.ul.ac.za/handle/10386/211&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ana amfani da ƙofofin ƙofofi a tsaye a cikin madatsun ruwa biyu don kula da matakan ruwa, da sarrafa kwararar ruwa zuwa magudanar ruwa iri ɗaya. Kimanin mita 500 daga ƙarƙashin mashigar madatsar ruwan Nwanedi/Luphephe akwai wata ƙaramar gadar siminti a kwance wadda ta haye kogin,&lt;ref&gt;Mashilwane 2024:17&lt;/ref&gt; daga kuma zuwa Ƙofar Shiga Gumela. Wani lokaci yakan yi ambaliya da yashi a saman gada.&lt;ref&gt;Angliss 2007:14&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bangare na karshe na kogin ===
Kogin yana ci gaba zuwa wata hanya ta arewa a fadin Filin Limpopo. Filin Limpopo shi ne inda basin ya buɗe a wajen wurin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi kuma kusa da magudanar kunkuntar kwari ta ƙarshe tsakanin tsaunuka, yawanci tare da ganuwar dutse mai tsayi da rafi da ke ratsa cikinsa.&lt;ref&gt;Angliss 2007: 14&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin yana tafiya zuwa Cross Dam (Al'ummar Muswodi Tshisimani tana kiran Cross-dam a matsayin Gondoza)&lt;ref&gt;Mashilwane 2024:12&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙananan wurare. An gina dam din Cross ne domin samar da ruwan sha na noman noma da kiwo da kiwo da kiwo da kuma yankunan karkara makwabta.&lt;ref&gt;Mashilwane 2024:12&lt;/ref&gt; Nan da nan a cikin kwarin Cross Dam inda magudanar ruwa ke da fadin fadin mita 3 zuwa 6, akwai wata gada da hanyar Tshipise/Pafuri tar ta ratsa kogin Nwanedi.&lt;ref&gt;Angliss, MK et.al. 2007. A biomonitoring survey of the Nwanedi River catchment, Limpopo Province. P.13- 14. Available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://freshwaterbiodiversity.org/uploaded/documents/Angliss_M.K._2007.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Kogin yana tafiya har sai ya shiga kogin Limpopo a wani wuri mai nisan kilomita goma arewa da Malaladrift,[12] a kan iyakar Zimbabwe a tsayin mita 340. Kogin ya ta'allaka ne gaba ɗaya a cikin Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Limpopo kuma ya ta'allaka ne a cikin magudanan ruwa na kwata tare da babban yanki na 1136 km2 da Babban Ma'anar Gudun Gudun Hijira na shekara-shekara na 24.5 10 (6)M3. Madatsun ruwan Nwanedi – Luphephe su ne kawai manyan madatsun ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu da ke cikin ruwa.[13]

== Muhimmancin tattalin arziki/muhalli ==

=== Noma da sana’o’in hannu ===
Noma ya ƙunshi noman amfanin gona da kiwo, kiwo, da gandun daji don abinci da kayayyakin abinci. Al'ummomin da ke zaune kusa da kogin suna amfani da kogin Luphephe don wanke tufafi, ban ruwa da kuma kula da dabbobi,[14] da sauransu. A kan babban ɓangaren kogin Luphephe an yanke tasho mai gangarewa a cikin ƙasan ƙasa inda aka ba da koramamar ruwa don tsoma dabbobi. An ƙera tsoma a matsayin wata ƴar ƴar ƙaramar hanya wadda dabbobin ke tafiya ta cikinta, suna nutsar da su cikin ruwa mai zurfi har sai dabbar ta nutse gaba ɗaya. An gina tashar a cikin 1927 akan ƙasar Tshikotoni. Al'ummomin Tshitanzhe, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, Tshikotoni da Tshitandani sun kasance suna tsoma dabbobinsu a wurin kowane mako biyu tun daga karfe bakwai har zuwa 'yan shekaru bayan fara mulkin dimokradiyya a 1994.

An kuma yi amfani da tashar furrow don ban ruwa daga manoman amfanin gona a bankunanta a cikin ƙasar Tshikotoni. Manyan manoman su ne dangin Mukwevho, dangin Dzuguda, dangin Phupheli, dangin Nekhumbe, dangin Chauke, dangin Nethononda, dangin Mufamadi, dangin Ndou dza Manenzhe, dangin Luranga da dangin Langanda (an san filinsu da Galauvhe). Bugu da kari, kogin Luphephe ya samar da ruwa ga manoman amfanin gona a gabar tekun Helula 2. An yi noman amfanin gona irin su sugar, masara, dankalin turawa, wake, mangwaro da ayaba a can shekaru masu yawa. Kabilar Mathukha/Marubini, dangin Phupheli (ana kiran filinsu Makhothoni), dangin Madumi, dangin Kwinda la ha Tshirundu, dangin Netshishangane, dangin Manenzhe da dangin Mukwevho sun kasance manyan manoma a ƙasar Helula 2. Kabilar Mukwevho da dangin Manenzhe su ma suna fitar da wake zuwa kasuwannin ƙasa da ƙasa idan sun tattara girbi mai kyau a cikin 1980s.

Rayuwa ta ƙunshi iyawa don samun abubuwan buƙatu don biyan bukatun kansu da na gidansu. Mata da 'yan mata a Tshikotoni, Helula 2 da Gumela sun yi amfani da kogin Luphephe wajen diban ruwan da ake amfani da su a cikin gida. Sun kuma wanke barguna da tufafinsu a kogin Luphephe tsawon shekaru. Maza da yara maza sun yi amfani da kogin don kama kifi don rayuwa da kuma yin iyo.

=== Shirin Noman Ruwa na Nwanedi ===
Lokacin da basin ya buɗe a wajen ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi kuma kusa da gangaren ƴan ƴan kwari na ƙarshe tsakanin tsaunuka, kogin yana samar da ruwan sha don noman amfanin gona da wuraren gandun daji a ƙauyen Folovhodwe. An kafa gidan gandun daji na Folovhodwe a shekara ta 1986 don yin kiwo samfurin mangwaro da citrus don bunkasa Venda na lokacin, arewacin Soutpansberg, da fitar da tsire-tsire marasa cututtuka zuwa kasashe makwabta.[15]. Ruwan ruwan ya kuma samar da ruwan noman hannun jari da noman noma a kungiyar Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyaki ta Nwanedi (An kafa kungiyar Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyaki ta Nwanedi bayan neman filaye na sake rarrabawa da mayarwa). Al'ummomin sun hada da Folovhodwe, Tshikhudini, Tanda, da Tshiphale. Yankin ya kasance wani ɓangare na Tsarin Noman Ruwa na Nwanedi wanda ke arewacin tsaunin Soutpansberg, kimanin kilomita 40 arewa-gabas da Tshipise a gundumar Vhembe na lardin Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu.

Shirin noman noman na Nwanedi ya kunshi kananan manoma kusan 300 wadanda suke noman kayan lambu masu ban ruwa galibi tumatir. Manoma kai tsaye suna ɗibar ruwan ban ruwa daga kogin ta hanyar amfani da tsarin ban ruwa [16]. Ruwan ban ruwa yana haɗuwa da tanadin ruwa da yawan amfanin ƙasa yawanci yana ƙaruwa aƙalla da kashi 50 cikin 100 na yadda ruwa ke amfani da shi, yawan amfanin ruwa a kowace raka'a, kuma ya sa ya zama jagorar fasaha a cikin ƙalubalen da ake fuskanta a duniya na inganta noman amfanin gona ta fuskar ƙarancin ruwa.[17] Yawancin membobin wannan shirin suna samar da kusan tan 100 na tumatir a kowace hector ko murabba'in 1000 (m21000). Yawancin manoma suna da hactor tsakanin 10 zuwa 100 kuma suna samar da galibi don siyarwa.[18]

Akwai kalubalen karancin ruwa kamar sharar ruwa ta hanyar ban ruwa da zubewar bututu; yanayin zafi mai yawa wanda ke haifar da ƙawancen ruwa daga kogin da ƙanƙara daga amfanin gona; gasar ruwa tsakanin manoma da masu amfani da gida da ke haifar da rikice-rikice da rashin rarraba ruwa kamar yadda manoman da ke kasan jelar kogin suke samun ruwa kadan ko kuma ba sa samun ruwa a lokacin da kogin ya ragu.[19] Matsakaicin jimlar shekara [[evapotranspiration]] shine mm 1400. Yanayin zafi ya bambanta daga matsakaicin matsakaicin kowane wata kuma mafi ƙarancin digiri na 33.52 da 21.30 Celsius na Fabrairu zuwa 25.6 da 8.6 digiri Celsius na Yuli bi da bi.[20] Koyaya, Tsarin ban ruwa na Nwanedi ya nuna hanyoyin jurewa matakin noma ciki har da ƙara ruwan kogi tare da rijiyoyin burtsatse kasancewar salin ƙasa ba matsala bane; ban ruwa da dare lokacin da evaporation da evapotranspiration ya ragu; rage yankin noma don saduwa da karfin samar da ruwan kogi; noman amfanin gona masu jure fari don rage yawan amfani da ruwa a lokacin zafi[21].

=== Muhimmancin Muhalli ===
Sakamakon binciken na 2007 ya nuna, manyan magudanan ruwa na kogin Luphephe da kogin Nwanedi ana ɗaukar su suna da Mahimman Muhimmancin Muhalli da Hankali (EIS), yayin da ƙasa da Dam ɗin Nwanedzi Dam/Luphephe EIS yana da matsakaici. Mafi yawa saboda gaskiyar cewa babban yanki na babban magudanar ruwa yana faɗowa a cikin wuraren ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi, yayin da yake cikin Filin Limpopo, yana wucewa ta wuraren ajiyar yanayi mai zaman kansa ko gonakin wasa.[22] Idan aka yi la’akari da tasirin da direbobin da ke cikin wannan magudanar ruwa sun tsaya tsayin daka tsawon shekaru da yawa, ana tunanin da wuya matsayin magudanar ruwan zai canja sosai nan gaba.[23]

EIS alama ce ta matakin kariya da ya kamata kogin ya samu. Babban ma'ana ya kamata a kiyaye shi zuwa yanayi mai kyau ko kuma maras kyau, ma'ana yana da ƙarancin kiyayewa ko kuma an riga an yi tasiri kuma ana iya ƙara amfani da albarkatun[24].

=== Yawon shakatawa ===
Ecotourism wani yanki ne na balaguron mai da hankali kan yanayi wanda ke ƙarfafa jin daɗin waje tare da tallafawa kare muhalli da kiyayewa.[25] Agritourism wani nau'i ne na kasuwancin kasuwanci wanda ke haɗa aikin noma da / ko sarrafawa tare da yawon shakatawa don jawo hankalin baƙi zuwa gona, ranch, ko wasu kasuwancin noma don dalilai na nishadi ko ilmantar da baƙi yayin samar da kudin shiga ga gona, ranch, ko mai kasuwanci. Shirye-shiryen yawon buɗe ido-noma na al'ummar Nwanedi da sauran filayen noma na ruwan sama, kasuwanci ne na ƙauye.[26] Binciken ya nuna cewa karamar hukumar ta Musina tana amfana da samun tarin wuraren yawon bude ido. Sun hada da wuraren ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi da wurin shakatawa, Sagole Big Tree Nature Reserve da Big Tree Accommodation Lodge.[27] Wuraren da aka zaɓa (Folovhodwe, Gumela, Tshipise da Zwigodini) suma suna kusa da wuraren da aka karewa, kamar Luphephe/Nwanedi Dams[28]

Wurin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi, da wuraren shakatawa an sami ƴan canje-canje a hanyoyin gudanar da ayyukansu tare da sauye-sauye marasa ganuwa, kuma yawon buɗe ido yana amfanar al'ummomin yankin.[29] Dangane da haka, yankunan karkara sun fi dacewa da wuraren yawon bude ido, tun daga kasada, al'adu, kabilanci da yawon shakatawa da sauransu. Koyaya, hanyoyin da ke kusa da kauyukan Folovhodwe da Gumela suna buƙatar kulawa akai-akai don haɓaka wadatar yawon buɗe ido a cikin masana'antar gida da wurin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi da wurin shakatawa.[30] Lokacin da 'yan yawon bude ido suka zo daga ko'ina cikin duniya a cikin Disamba 2002 don ganin abubuwan da suka faru na kusufin rana a Afirka ta Kudu, [31] wuraren ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi, kuma wurin shakatawa yana daya daga cikin ra'ayoyin hasken rana a gundumar Musina a gundumar Vhembe, Lardin Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu.

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'''Kogin Luphephe''' yana gudana daga yankin Guyuni, arewacin Thohoyandou, don haɗuwa da kogin Nwanedi a cikin wurin ajiyar yanayi da wurin shakatawa na Nwanedi, ya samar da madatsun ruwa na Nwanedi – Luphephe. Nan da nan kogin Nwanedi ya ci gaba da kwararowa sama da iyakar ajiyar yanayi biyo bayan wata hanya mai kakkausar murya a kan filin Limpopo inda a karshe ya hadu ya malala cikin kogin Limpopo. Kogin Luphehe da magudanan ruwa suna ba da ruwa ga noma, namun daji, da kuma mutanen da ke zaune a cikin Kogin Limpopo. An sami wasu ƴan sauye-sauye a wuraren ajiyar yanayi da wuraren shakatawa na Nwanedi a hanyoyin gudanar da ayyukansu tare da sauye-sauye marasa ganuwa, kuma yawon buɗe ido yana amfanar al'ummomin da ke kewaye. Saboda haka, yankunan karkara sun zama mafi kyawun zaɓi don wuraren yawon buɗe ido, kama daga kasada, al'adu, kabilanci da yawon shakatawa, ga kaɗan kaɗan. An gano manyan magudanan ruwa na kogin Luphephe da na Nwanedi suna da mahimmancin yanayin muhalli da hankali. Don haka ya zama mahimmanci don kare manyan magudanar ruwa zuwa yanayi na halitta ko mai kyau.

== Fage ==

=== Farkon ɓangaren kogin ===
Kogin Luphephe babban kogin Nwanedi ne na kowace shekara a cikin karamar hukumar Musina, gundumar Vhembe a lardin Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu. Asalinsa yana cikin yankin Guyuni/Dzumbama/Tshitandani/Tshamulungwi kimanin kilomita 10 kafin ya shiga kogin Nwanedi a yankinsa na sama. Za a iya raba yankin babban magudanar ruwan kogin Luphephe zuwa yankin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da Ruwan Ruwa zuwa ƙoramar tsaunuka waɗanda ke cikin ko'ina cikin wannan kogin.

Yankin tushen ya fara ne a tsayin mita 976 kuma tsayinsa kusan kilomita daya ne. Yankin Ruwan Ruwa zuwa Dutsen torrent yana gudana tsakanin mita 915 zuwa 610 sama da matakin teku akan jerin ƙananan faɗuwa da sauri. Ƙarƙashin kogin gabaɗaya yana da yanayin dutse da ya ƙunshi duwatsu, duwatsu da manyan duwatsu. Ana samun facin yashi lokaci-lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;Mokgalong 1981:10&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin ya shiga Nwanedi Nature Reserve, kuma ya haɗu da kogin Savhani. Kogin Savhani yana farawa a Gwangwatini, ya wuce Ngalavhani, Tshitanzhe, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, da Tshikotoni (wanda aka sani da Manzhenge). A gefen kogin Luphephe ana noma filaye har zuwa bakin ruwa &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Angliss 2007:13&lt;/ref&gt; ta al'ummomin da ke kewaye. Kogin Luphephe ya haɗu da kogin Nwanedi a cikin wurin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi, da wurin shakatawa, yana samar da madatsun ruwa na Nwanedi – Luphephe.

Kafin ya shiga Nwanedi Nature Reserve, kuma ya haɗu da kogin Savhani. Kogin Savhani yana farawa a Gwangwatini, ya wuce Ngalavhani, Tshitanzhe, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, da Tshikotoni (wanda aka sani da Manzhenge). A gefen kogin Luphephe ana noma filaye har zuwa bakin ruwa&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ta al'ummomin da ke kewaye. Kogin Luphephe ya haɗu da kogin Nwanedi a cikin wurin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi, da wurin shakatawa, yana samar da madatsun ruwa na Nwanedi – Luphephe.

=== Tsakiyar ɓangaren kogin ===
A cikin 1964, bisa buƙatar hukumar ban ruwa ta Nwanedi, Ma'aikatar Ruwa ta gina dam na Luphephe da Nwanedi, ɗaya akan kowane kogin Luphephe da Nwanedi,&lt;ref&gt;Mokgalong 1981:3&lt;/ref&gt; don manufar ban ruwa. Katangar madatsar Luphephe tana da tsayin mita 39 tare da karfin mita 14 800 000. Katangar madatsar ruwa ta Nwanedi tana da tsayin mita 36 tare da karfin mita 5 310 000. An yi shelar tagwayen madatsun ruwa da yankinsu na hekta 9000 a matsayin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi a cikin 1979.&lt;ref&gt;Madanire-Moyo, GN. et.al. 2010. Ecology of metazoan parasites of Clarias gariepinus (Osteichthyes: Clariidae) from the Nwanedi-Luphephe Dams of the Limpopo River System, South Africa. ''African Zoology'', 45(2): 849 – 862. P. 234. Available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232084925_Ecology_of_Metazoan_Parasites_of_Clarias_gariepinus_Osteichthyes_Clariidae_from_the_Nwanedi-Luphephe_Dams_of_the_Limpopo_River_System_South_Africa&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Asali dai ruwan rafin Luphephe ya hade da Nwanedi a gindin bangon dam din na yanzu amma tare da gina madatsun ruwa a kogunan biyu, matsayin ya canza kadan domin a yanzu akwai magudanar ruwa mai zurfin mita 2.5 da ke hade da ruwa biyu kimanin mita 100 daga bangon su.&lt;ref&gt;Mokgalong, NM. 1981. Aspects of the invertebrate ecology of the Nwanedi tributary of the Limpopo river: Submitted in fulfilment of part of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in the Department of Zoology in the faculty of mathematics and natural sciences at the University of the North, Pietersburg. Available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;http://ulspace.ul.ac.za/handle/10386/211&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ana amfani da ƙofofin ƙofofi a tsaye a cikin madatsun ruwa biyu don kula da matakan ruwa, da sarrafa kwararar ruwa zuwa magudanar ruwa iri ɗaya. Kimanin mita 500 daga ƙarƙashin mashigar madatsar ruwan Nwanedi/Luphephe akwai wata ƙaramar gadar siminti a kwance wadda ta haye kogin,&lt;ref&gt;Mashilwane 2024:17&lt;/ref&gt; daga kuma zuwa Ƙofar Shiga Gumela. Wani lokaci yakan yi ambaliya da yashi a saman gada.&lt;ref&gt;Angliss 2007:14&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bangare na karshe na kogin ===
Kogin yana ci gaba zuwa wata hanya ta arewa a fadin Filin Limpopo. Filin Limpopo shi ne inda basin ya buɗe a wajen wurin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi kuma kusa da magudanar kunkuntar kwari ta ƙarshe tsakanin tsaunuka, yawanci tare da ganuwar dutse mai tsayi da rafi da ke ratsa cikinsa.&lt;ref&gt;Angliss 2007: 14&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin yana tafiya zuwa Cross Dam (Al'ummar Muswodi Tshisimani tana kiran Cross-dam a matsayin Gondoza)&lt;ref&gt;Mashilwane 2024:12&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙananan wurare. An gina dam din Cross ne domin samar da ruwan sha na noman noma da kiwo da kiwo da kiwo da kuma yankunan karkara makwabta.&lt;ref&gt;Mashilwane 2024:12&lt;/ref&gt; Nan da nan a cikin kwarin Cross Dam inda magudanar ruwa ke da fadin fadin mita 3 zuwa 6, akwai wata gada da hanyar Tshipise/Pafuri tar ta ratsa kogin Nwanedi.&lt;ref&gt;Angliss, MK et.al. 2007. A biomonitoring survey of the Nwanedi River catchment, Limpopo Province. P.13- 14. Available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://freshwaterbiodiversity.org/uploaded/documents/Angliss_M.K._2007.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Kogin yana tafiya har sai ya shiga kogin Limpopo a wani wuri mai nisan kilomita goma arewa da Malaladrift,&lt;ref&gt;Mokgalong 1981:8&lt;/ref&gt; a kan iyakar Zimbabwe a tsayin mita 340. Kogin ya ta'allaka ne gaba ɗaya a cikin Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Limpopo kuma ya ta'allaka ne a cikin magudanan ruwa na kwata tare da babban yanki na 1136 km2 da Babban Ma'anar Gudun Gudun Hijira na shekara-shekara na 24.5 10 (6)M3. Madatsun ruwan Nwanedi – Luphephe su ne kawai manyan madatsun ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu da ke cikin ruwa.[13]

== Muhimmancin tattalin arziki/muhalli ==

=== Noma da sana’o’in hannu ===
Noma ya ƙunshi noman amfanin gona da kiwo, kiwo, da gandun daji don abinci da kayayyakin abinci. Al'ummomin da ke zaune kusa da kogin suna amfani da kogin Luphephe don wanke tufafi, ban ruwa da kuma kula da dabbobi,[14] da sauransu. A kan babban ɓangaren kogin Luphephe an yanke tasho mai gangarewa a cikin ƙasan ƙasa inda aka ba da koramamar ruwa don tsoma dabbobi. An ƙera tsoma a matsayin wata ƴar ƴar ƙaramar hanya wadda dabbobin ke tafiya ta cikinta, suna nutsar da su cikin ruwa mai zurfi har sai dabbar ta nutse gaba ɗaya. An gina tashar a cikin 1927 akan ƙasar Tshikotoni. Al'ummomin Tshitanzhe, Musunda, Gumela, Helula 2, Tshikotoni da Tshitandani sun kasance suna tsoma dabbobinsu a wurin kowane mako biyu tun daga karfe bakwai har zuwa 'yan shekaru bayan fara mulkin dimokradiyya a 1994.

An kuma yi amfani da tashar furrow don ban ruwa daga manoman amfanin gona a bankunanta a cikin ƙasar Tshikotoni. Manyan manoman su ne dangin Mukwevho, dangin Dzuguda, dangin Phupheli, dangin Nekhumbe, dangin Chauke, dangin Nethononda, dangin Mufamadi, dangin Ndou dza Manenzhe, dangin Luranga da dangin Langanda (an san filinsu da Galauvhe). Bugu da kari, kogin Luphephe ya samar da ruwa ga manoman amfanin gona a gabar tekun Helula 2. An yi noman amfanin gona irin su sugar, masara, dankalin turawa, wake, mangwaro da ayaba a can shekaru masu yawa. Kabilar Mathukha/Marubini, dangin Phupheli (ana kiran filinsu Makhothoni), dangin Madumi, dangin Kwinda la ha Tshirundu, dangin Netshishangane, dangin Manenzhe da dangin Mukwevho sun kasance manyan manoma a ƙasar Helula 2. Kabilar Mukwevho da dangin Manenzhe su ma suna fitar da wake zuwa kasuwannin ƙasa da ƙasa idan sun tattara girbi mai kyau a cikin 1980s.

Rayuwa ta ƙunshi iyawa don samun abubuwan buƙatu don biyan bukatun kansu da na gidansu. Mata da 'yan mata a Tshikotoni, Helula 2 da Gumela sun yi amfani da kogin Luphephe wajen diban ruwan da ake amfani da su a cikin gida. Sun kuma wanke barguna da tufafinsu a kogin Luphephe tsawon shekaru. Maza da yara maza sun yi amfani da kogin don kama kifi don rayuwa da kuma yin iyo.

=== Shirin Noman Ruwa na Nwanedi ===
Lokacin da basin ya buɗe a wajen ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi kuma kusa da gangaren ƴan ƴan kwari na ƙarshe tsakanin tsaunuka, kogin yana samar da ruwan sha don noman amfanin gona da wuraren gandun daji a ƙauyen Folovhodwe. An kafa gidan gandun daji na Folovhodwe a shekara ta 1986 don yin kiwo samfurin mangwaro da citrus don bunkasa Venda na lokacin, arewacin Soutpansberg, da fitar da tsire-tsire marasa cututtuka zuwa kasashe makwabta.[15]. Ruwan ruwan ya kuma samar da ruwan noman hannun jari da noman noma a kungiyar Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyaki ta Nwanedi (An kafa kungiyar Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyaki ta Nwanedi bayan neman filaye na sake rarrabawa da mayarwa). Al'ummomin sun hada da Folovhodwe, Tshikhudini, Tanda, da Tshiphale. Yankin ya kasance wani ɓangare na Tsarin Noman Ruwa na Nwanedi wanda ke arewacin tsaunin Soutpansberg, kimanin kilomita 40 arewa-gabas da Tshipise a gundumar Vhembe na lardin Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu.

Shirin noman noman na Nwanedi ya kunshi kananan manoma kusan 300 wadanda suke noman kayan lambu masu ban ruwa galibi tumatir. Manoma kai tsaye suna ɗibar ruwan ban ruwa daga kogin ta hanyar amfani da tsarin ban ruwa [16]. Ruwan ban ruwa yana haɗuwa da tanadin ruwa da yawan amfanin ƙasa yawanci yana ƙaruwa aƙalla da kashi 50 cikin 100 na yadda ruwa ke amfani da shi, yawan amfanin ruwa a kowace raka'a, kuma ya sa ya zama jagorar fasaha a cikin ƙalubalen da ake fuskanta a duniya na inganta noman amfanin gona ta fuskar ƙarancin ruwa.[17] Yawancin membobin wannan shirin suna samar da kusan tan 100 na tumatir a kowace hector ko murabba'in 1000 (m21000). Yawancin manoma suna da hactor tsakanin 10 zuwa 100 kuma suna samar da galibi don siyarwa.[18]

Akwai kalubalen karancin ruwa kamar sharar ruwa ta hanyar ban ruwa da zubewar bututu; yanayin zafi mai yawa wanda ke haifar da ƙawancen ruwa daga kogin da ƙanƙara daga amfanin gona; gasar ruwa tsakanin manoma da masu amfani da gida da ke haifar da rikice-rikice da rashin rarraba ruwa kamar yadda manoman da ke kasan jelar kogin suke samun ruwa kadan ko kuma ba sa samun ruwa a lokacin da kogin ya ragu.[19] Matsakaicin jimlar shekara [[evapotranspiration]] shine mm 1400. Yanayin zafi ya bambanta daga matsakaicin matsakaicin kowane wata kuma mafi ƙarancin digiri na 33.52 da 21.30 Celsius na Fabrairu zuwa 25.6 da 8.6 digiri Celsius na Yuli bi da bi.[20] Koyaya, Tsarin ban ruwa na Nwanedi ya nuna hanyoyin jurewa matakin noma ciki har da ƙara ruwan kogi tare da rijiyoyin burtsatse kasancewar salin ƙasa ba matsala bane; ban ruwa da dare lokacin da evaporation da evapotranspiration ya ragu; rage yankin noma don saduwa da karfin samar da ruwan kogi; noman amfanin gona masu jure fari don rage yawan amfani da ruwa a lokacin zafi[21].

=== Muhimmancin Muhalli ===
Sakamakon binciken na 2007 ya nuna, manyan magudanan ruwa na kogin Luphephe da kogin Nwanedi ana ɗaukar su suna da Mahimman Muhimmancin Muhalli da Hankali (EIS), yayin da ƙasa da Dam ɗin Nwanedzi Dam/Luphephe EIS yana da matsakaici. Mafi yawa saboda gaskiyar cewa babban yanki na babban magudanar ruwa yana faɗowa a cikin wuraren ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi, yayin da yake cikin Filin Limpopo, yana wucewa ta wuraren ajiyar yanayi mai zaman kansa ko gonakin wasa.[22] Idan aka yi la’akari da tasirin da direbobin da ke cikin wannan magudanar ruwa sun tsaya tsayin daka tsawon shekaru da yawa, ana tunanin da wuya matsayin magudanar ruwan zai canja sosai nan gaba.[23]

EIS alama ce ta matakin kariya da ya kamata kogin ya samu. Babban ma'ana ya kamata a kiyaye shi zuwa yanayi mai kyau ko kuma maras kyau, ma'ana yana da ƙarancin kiyayewa ko kuma an riga an yi tasiri kuma ana iya ƙara amfani da albarkatun[24].

=== Yawon shakatawa ===
Ecotourism wani yanki ne na balaguron mai da hankali kan yanayi wanda ke ƙarfafa jin daɗin waje tare da tallafawa kare muhalli da kiyayewa.[25] Agritourism wani nau'i ne na kasuwancin kasuwanci wanda ke haɗa aikin noma da / ko sarrafawa tare da yawon shakatawa don jawo hankalin baƙi zuwa gona, ranch, ko wasu kasuwancin noma don dalilai na nishadi ko ilmantar da baƙi yayin samar da kudin shiga ga gona, ranch, ko mai kasuwanci. Shirye-shiryen yawon buɗe ido-noma na al'ummar Nwanedi da sauran filayen noma na ruwan sama, kasuwanci ne na ƙauye.[26] Binciken ya nuna cewa karamar hukumar ta Musina tana amfana da samun tarin wuraren yawon bude ido. Sun hada da wuraren ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi da wurin shakatawa, Sagole Big Tree Nature Reserve da Big Tree Accommodation Lodge.[27] Wuraren da aka zaɓa (Folovhodwe, Gumela, Tshipise da Zwigodini) suma suna kusa da wuraren da aka karewa, kamar Luphephe/Nwanedi Dams[28]

Wurin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi, da wuraren shakatawa an sami ƴan canje-canje a hanyoyin gudanar da ayyukansu tare da sauye-sauye marasa ganuwa, kuma yawon buɗe ido yana amfanar al'ummomin yankin.[29] Dangane da haka, yankunan karkara sun fi dacewa da wuraren yawon bude ido, tun daga kasada, al'adu, kabilanci da yawon shakatawa da sauransu. Koyaya, hanyoyin da ke kusa da kauyukan Folovhodwe da Gumela suna buƙatar kulawa akai-akai don haɓaka wadatar yawon buɗe ido a cikin masana'antar gida da wurin ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi da wurin shakatawa.[30] Lokacin da 'yan yawon bude ido suka zo daga ko'ina cikin duniya a cikin Disamba 2002 don ganin abubuwan da suka faru na kusufin rana a Afirka ta Kudu, [31] wuraren ajiyar yanayi na Nwanedi, kuma wurin shakatawa yana daya daga cikin ra'ayoyin hasken rana a gundumar Musina a gundumar Vhembe, Lardin Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Gudanarwa da kula da zagayowar ruwa</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>861273</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T12:53:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirjat</username>
        <id>20447</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: [[Fayil:Diagram_of_the_water_cycle_including_some_human_activity.pdf|thumb|277x277px|Kewayon ruwa gami da ayyukan ɗan adam.]] Gudanar da kewayon ruwa wata hanya ce mai fuskoki daban-daban wadda ta shafi dukkan shiri, ci gaba, aiki, da shawarwarin dabaru don yin tasiri ga kewayon ruwa. Mafi mahimmanci, ana amfani da '''gudanar da kewayon ruwa''' don tabbatar da samun tsaftataccen ruwa don amfanin da aka ƙayyade, da kuma tabbatar da fitar da ruwan da aka tace cikin aminci komaw...</comment>
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      <text bytes="3895" sha1="h7jjs5n9krp1rkqvglster0jxjr7yda" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Diagram_of_the_water_cycle_including_some_human_activity.pdf|thumb|277x277px|Kewayon ruwa gami da ayyukan ɗan adam.]]
Gudanar da kewayon ruwa wata hanya ce mai fuskoki daban-daban wadda ta shafi dukkan shiri, ci gaba, aiki, da shawarwarin dabaru don yin tasiri ga kewayon ruwa. Mafi mahimmanci, ana amfani da '''gudanar da kewayon ruwa''' don tabbatar da samun tsaftataccen ruwa don amfanin da aka ƙayyade, da kuma tabbatar da fitar da ruwan da aka tace cikin aminci komawa ga dabi'a. A cikin muhallin da ba a taɓa shi ba, ruwa yana kasancewa ne a cikin kewayonsa na dabi'a kuma yawanci ana iya amfani da shi ga mafi yawan abubuwan dabi'a kamar yadda yake a kowane mataki na kewayon. Bayan shishigin ɗan adam, kewayon dabi'ar kan fuskanci tsaiko. Ruwan da ke gudu a wuraren noma na birane yana kwashe wasu abubuwa, barbashin datti, da sinadarai waɗanda ƙila ba za a iya tace su daga ruwa ta hanyar hanyoyin tsabtace ruwa na dabi'a ba. Bugu da ƙari, “ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi” daga gidaje da masana'antu na iya zama mai cutarwa sosai ga dabi'a, idan ba a kula da shi yadda ya kamata ba.

Ana amfani da gudanar da kewayon ruwa a rassa daban-daban na kimiyyar muhalli da aikin injiniya don gamsar da bukatun ɗan adam da na muhalli. Gabaɗaya, ana iya raba gudanar da kewayon ruwa zuwa gida shida waɗanda ke tunkarar batun ta fuskoki daban-daban: Kimiyyar yanayi (Meteorology), Kimiyyar ruwa (Hydrology), Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, Injiniyan ruwa, Kare ruwa da Kula da muhalli. Kwanan nan, ana kuma la'akari da siyasance da fuskokin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a cikin gudanar da kewayon ruwa saboda rashin daidaiton rarraba yawa da ingancin ruwan sha a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Huntington|first=Thomas G.|date=2006-03-15|title=Evidence for intensification of the global water cycle: Review and synthesis|journal=Journal of Hydrology|volume=319|issue=1|pages=83–95|doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.07.003|bibcode=2006JHyd..319...83H|issn=0022-1694}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Franco|first1=Jennifer|last2=Mehta|first2=Lyla|last3=Veldwisch|first3=Gert Jan|date=2013-10-01|title=The Global Politics of Water Grabbing|journal=Third World Quarterly|volume=34|issue=9|pages=1651–1675|doi=10.1080/01436597.2013.843852|s2cid=132004785|issn=0143-6597|url=http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/3274|archive-date=2020-03-01|access-date=2019-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301183530/http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/3274|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kimiyyar Yanayi da Kimiyyar Ruwa ==
Nazarin kimiyyar yanayi (meteorology) yana mayar da hankali ne ga hasashen yanayi, yayin da nazarin kimiyyar ruwa (hydrology) ke mayar da hankali kan motsi, rarraba, da gudanar da ruwa. Nazarin kimiyyar ruwa da na yanayi suna haɗuwa a wani reshe da ake kira hydrometeorology. Babban abincin hydrometeorology shi ne canja wurin ruwa da kuzari tsakanin saman ƙasa da ƙananan sararin samaniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Peck|first=Eugene L.|date=May 1978|title=Hydrometeorology|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume=59|issue=5|pages=609–612|doi=10.1175/1520-0477-59.5.609|bibcode=1978BAMS...59..609P|issn=0003-0007|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta hanyar amfani da ƙirar lissafi, hasashen ruwan sama da masanin kimiyyar yanayi ya yi zai iya taimaka wa masanin kimiyyar ruwa don lissafin takamaiman tasirin da ruwan saman zai iya yi a wani yanki. Sakamakon waɗannan ƙira ana amfani da su don magancewa da rage tasirin lamuran ruwan sama akan gudanar da kewayon ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Dale|first1=Murray|last2=Davies|first2=Paul|last3=Harrison|first3=Tim|date=February 2012|title=Review of recent advances in UK operational hydrometeorology|journal=Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water Management|volume=165|issue=2|pages=55–64|doi=10.1680/wama.2012.165.2.55|issn=1741-7589}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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        <username>Sirjat</username>
        <id>20447</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Kimiyyar Yanayi da Kimiyyar Ruwa */</comment>
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      <text bytes="9282" sha1="nbiuxn95q2nco2b610bonkdytj578d8" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Diagram_of_the_water_cycle_including_some_human_activity.pdf|thumb|277x277px|Kewayon ruwa gami da ayyukan ɗan adam.]]
Gudanar da kewayon ruwa wata hanya ce mai fuskoki daban-daban wadda ta shafi dukkan shiri, ci gaba, aiki, da shawarwarin dabaru don yin tasiri ga kewayon ruwa. Mafi mahimmanci, ana amfani da '''gudanar da kewayon ruwa''' don tabbatar da samun tsaftataccen ruwa don amfanin da aka ƙayyade, da kuma tabbatar da fitar da ruwan da aka tace cikin aminci komawa ga dabi'a. A cikin muhallin da ba a taɓa shi ba, ruwa yana kasancewa ne a cikin kewayonsa na dabi'a kuma yawanci ana iya amfani da shi ga mafi yawan abubuwan dabi'a kamar yadda yake a kowane mataki na kewayon. Bayan shishigin ɗan adam, kewayon dabi'ar kan fuskanci tsaiko. Ruwan da ke gudu a wuraren noma na birane yana kwashe wasu abubuwa, barbashin datti, da sinadarai waɗanda ƙila ba za a iya tace su daga ruwa ta hanyar hanyoyin tsabtace ruwa na dabi'a ba. Bugu da ƙari, “ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi” daga gidaje da masana'antu na iya zama mai cutarwa sosai ga dabi'a, idan ba a kula da shi yadda ya kamata ba.

Ana amfani da gudanar da kewayon ruwa a rassa daban-daban na kimiyyar muhalli da aikin injiniya don gamsar da bukatun ɗan adam da na muhalli. Gabaɗaya, ana iya raba gudanar da kewayon ruwa zuwa gida shida waɗanda ke tunkarar batun ta fuskoki daban-daban: Kimiyyar yanayi (Meteorology), Kimiyyar ruwa (Hydrology), Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, Injiniyan ruwa, Kare ruwa da Kula da muhalli. Kwanan nan, ana kuma la'akari da siyasance da fuskokin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a cikin gudanar da kewayon ruwa saboda rashin daidaiton rarraba yawa da ingancin ruwan sha a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Huntington|first=Thomas G.|date=2006-03-15|title=Evidence for intensification of the global water cycle: Review and synthesis|journal=Journal of Hydrology|volume=319|issue=1|pages=83–95|doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.07.003|bibcode=2006JHyd..319...83H|issn=0022-1694}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Franco|first1=Jennifer|last2=Mehta|first2=Lyla|last3=Veldwisch|first3=Gert Jan|date=2013-10-01|title=The Global Politics of Water Grabbing|journal=Third World Quarterly|volume=34|issue=9|pages=1651–1675|doi=10.1080/01436597.2013.843852|s2cid=132004785|issn=0143-6597|url=http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/3274|archive-date=2020-03-01|access-date=2019-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301183530/http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/3274|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kimiyyar Yanayi da Kimiyyar Ruwa ==
Nazarin kimiyyar yanayi (meteorology) yana mayar da hankali ne ga hasashen yanayi, yayin da nazarin kimiyyar ruwa (hydrology) ke mayar da hankali kan motsi, rarraba, da gudanar da ruwa. Nazarin kimiyyar ruwa da na yanayi suna haɗuwa a wani reshe da ake kira hydrometeorology. Babban abincin hydrometeorology shi ne canja wurin ruwa da kuzari tsakanin saman ƙasa da ƙananan sararin samaniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Peck|first=Eugene L.|date=May 1978|title=Hydrometeorology|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume=59|issue=5|pages=609–612|doi=10.1175/1520-0477-59.5.609|bibcode=1978BAMS...59..609P|issn=0003-0007|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta hanyar amfani da ƙirar lissafi, hasashen ruwan sama da masanin kimiyyar yanayi ya yi zai iya taimaka wa masanin kimiyyar ruwa don lissafin takamaiman tasirin da ruwan saman zai iya yi a wani yanki. Sakamakon waɗannan ƙira ana amfani da su don magancewa da rage tasirin lamuran ruwan sama akan gudanar da kewayon ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Dale|first1=Murray|last2=Davies|first2=Paul|last3=Harrison|first3=Tim|date=February 2012|title=Review of recent advances in UK operational hydrometeorology|journal=Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water Management|volume=165|issue=2|pages=55–64|doi=10.1680/wama.2012.165.2.55|issn=1741-7589}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa ==
Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa wani ɓangare ne na gudanar da kewayon ruwa wanda ke mayar da hankali kan amfani da albarkatun ruwan sha. Ruwan sha rashi ne mai iyaka kuma an rarraba shi ba daidai ba a duniya har ma da cikin gida, kuma mutane, masana'antu, aikin noma, da dabi'a baki ɗaya suna amfani da shi. Kyakkyawan gudanar da albarkatun ruwan sha yana buƙatar faffadan ilimi game da buƙatu, albarkatu da ƙarfi, fasahar da ake da ita, hydrometeorology da abubuwan siyasa. Kwanan nan, an yi amfani da Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa na Haɗin Gwiwa (IWRM) don haɗa dukkan waɗannan fannoni wuri guda tun da yake waɗannan matsalolin ba za su iya magance su ta hanyar kwararrun masana ruwa ko ma'aikatun ruwa kaɗai ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Biswas|first=Asit K.|date=June 2004|title=Integrated Water Resources Management: A Reassessment: A Water Forum Contribution|journal=Water International|volume=29|issue=2|pages=248–256|doi=10.1080/02508060408691775|s2cid=154963622|issn=0250-8060}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma, wasu manyan ƙalubale suna faruwa ne sakamakon ɗumamar yanayi. Yana haifar da ƙarin rashin tabbas ga rarraba, inganci, da yawan ruwan sha wanda hakan ka iya haifar da ƙarin lamuran zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Don shawo kan wannan, a nan gaba, ya kamata gudanar da albarkatun ruwa ya canza daga hanyoyin &quot;hasashe da iko&quot; na yanzu zuwa &quot;hanyar koyo&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Pahl-Wostl|first=Claudia|chapter=Transitions towards adaptive management of water facing climate and global change|date=2006|pages=49–62|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=9781402055904|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-5591-1_4|title=Integrated Assessment of Water Resources and Global Change}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Injiniyan ruwa ==
[[Fayil:Gordon_Dam.jpg|thumb|319x319px|Madatsar ruwan Gordon Dam, Tasmania, Australia. Madatsun ruwa suna cikin tsarin gine-gine na injiniyan ruwa static structural.]]
Injiniyan ruwa wani fanni ne mai mahimmanci wanda ke da nufin samar da tsaftataccen ruwa da amincin ruwa, kuma ana iya amfani da shi ga kowane mataki na kewayon ruwa. Ana iya raba injiniyan ruwa zuwa ƙananan rassa: injiniyan tsarin ruwa, tace ruwa, da tace ruwan kazanta (sewage treatment). Injiniyan tsarin ruwa ya ƙunshi ginin, gyara, da kuma kula da tsarin da ke sarrafa albarkatun ruwa. Dangane da gudanar da kewayon ruwa, mafi mahimmanci sune wuraren adana ruwa (reservoirs), madatsun ruwa (dams), tsarin magudanar ruwa (sewerage), da tashoshin famfo (pumping stations). Dukkan waɗannan fannoni ne masu mahimmanci na faruwar ruwa na dabi'a.

Dangane da gudanar da kewayon ruwa, hanyoyin sake amfani da ruwa sun fi mahimmanci fiye da tsayayyen gine-gine kamar madatsun ruwa. Tace ruwa kowace irin hanya ce da ake amfani da ita don cire datti daga ruwa da kuma inganta ingancinsa. Ruwan da aka tace za a iya rarraba shi azaman ruwan sha na gidaje, na masana'antu ko na aikin noma, kuma hanyar tace shi ta dogara ne da manufar amfanin ƙarshe. Haka kuma, ana amfani da tace ruwa don mayar da ruwa cikin muhalli lafiya dadi. Tace ruwan kazanta (sewage treatment) a fannin tunani ya yi kusa da gudanar da ruwa, amma yana kula da ruwan datti ne wanda amfanin ɗan adam ya gurbata: ruwan kazanta daga gidaje da ruwan datti na masana'antu. Makasudin tace ruwan kazanta shi ne share ruwan datti daga abubuwan guba da sanya ruwan ya kasance mai yuwuwar sake amfani da shi a cikin kewayon ruwa. Ana tace ruwan kazanta da hanyoyi da yawa da suka haɗa da sinadarai, amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria), hanyoyin halitta (biological processes), da hanyoyin kashe kwayoyin cuta na UV.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hsy.fi/en/experts/water-services/wastewater-treatment-plants/Pages/default.aspx|title=We clean wastewater efficiently|website=www.hsy.fi|access-date=2019-11-04|archive-date=2019-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104143053/https://www.hsy.fi/en/experts/water-services/wastewater-treatment-plants/Pages/default.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, bayan hanyoyin tace ruwa na tsawon lokaci, ana lura da gagarumin adadin abubuwa masu cutarwa, kamar magunguna, suna komawa ga muhalli da kewayon ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Vieno|first1=N.|last2=Tuhkanen|first2=T.|last3=Kronberg|first3=L.|date=2007-03-01|title=Elimination of pharmaceuticals in sewage treatment plants in Finland|journal=Water Research|volume=41|issue=5|pages=1001–1012|doi=10.1016/j.watres.2006.12.017|pmid=17261324|issn=0043-1354}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kare ruwa ==
Yawan jama'a da ke ƙaruwa yana buƙatar ingantaccen gudanarwa na hydrosphere (gabaɗayan ruwan duniya). Akwai buƙatar ruwan sha wanda ya kamata a biya, a halin yanzu da kuma nan gaba. Babban abu a cikin wannan haɓakar buƙatar shi ne canjin yanayi. Ta hanyar amfani da manufofin gudanar da kare ruwa, ƙasashe za su iya tabbatar da wadatar ruwa ga al'ummmai masu zuwa, rage amfani da makamashi, adana mazaunin ruwan sha ga namun daji na gida da tsuntsaye masu kaura, da tabbatar da ingancin ruwa ga mazaunanta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Hermoso|first1=Virgilio|last2=Abell|first2=Robin|last3=Linke|first3=Simon|last4=Boon|first4=Philip|date=June 2016|title=The role of protected areas for freshwater biodiversity conservation: challenges and opportunities in a rapidly changing world: Freshwater protected areas|journal=Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems|volume=26|pages=3–11|doi=10.1002/aqc.2681}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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        <username>Sirjat</username>
        <id>20447</id>
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      <comment>/* Kare ruwa */</comment>
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      <text bytes="11127" sha1="sfh4wbmx7ltl6eqzsu1fk644itmv9ov" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Diagram_of_the_water_cycle_including_some_human_activity.pdf|thumb|277x277px|Kewayon ruwa gami da ayyukan ɗan adam.]]
Gudanar da kewayon ruwa wata hanya ce mai fuskoki daban-daban wadda ta shafi dukkan shiri, ci gaba, aiki, da shawarwarin dabaru don yin tasiri ga kewayon ruwa. Mafi mahimmanci, ana amfani da '''gudanar da kewayon ruwa''' don tabbatar da samun tsaftataccen ruwa don amfanin da aka ƙayyade, da kuma tabbatar da fitar da ruwan da aka tace cikin aminci komawa ga dabi'a. A cikin muhallin da ba a taɓa shi ba, ruwa yana kasancewa ne a cikin kewayonsa na dabi'a kuma yawanci ana iya amfani da shi ga mafi yawan abubuwan dabi'a kamar yadda yake a kowane mataki na kewayon. Bayan shishigin ɗan adam, kewayon dabi'ar kan fuskanci tsaiko. Ruwan da ke gudu a wuraren noma na birane yana kwashe wasu abubuwa, barbashin datti, da sinadarai waɗanda ƙila ba za a iya tace su daga ruwa ta hanyar hanyoyin tsabtace ruwa na dabi'a ba. Bugu da ƙari, “ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi” daga gidaje da masana'antu na iya zama mai cutarwa sosai ga dabi'a, idan ba a kula da shi yadda ya kamata ba.

Ana amfani da gudanar da kewayon ruwa a rassa daban-daban na kimiyyar muhalli da aikin injiniya don gamsar da bukatun ɗan adam da na muhalli. Gabaɗaya, ana iya raba gudanar da kewayon ruwa zuwa gida shida waɗanda ke tunkarar batun ta fuskoki daban-daban: Kimiyyar yanayi (Meteorology), Kimiyyar ruwa (Hydrology), Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, Injiniyan ruwa, Kare ruwa da Kula da muhalli. Kwanan nan, ana kuma la'akari da siyasance da fuskokin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a cikin gudanar da kewayon ruwa saboda rashin daidaiton rarraba yawa da ingancin ruwan sha a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Huntington|first=Thomas G.|date=2006-03-15|title=Evidence for intensification of the global water cycle: Review and synthesis|journal=Journal of Hydrology|volume=319|issue=1|pages=83–95|doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.07.003|bibcode=2006JHyd..319...83H|issn=0022-1694}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Franco|first1=Jennifer|last2=Mehta|first2=Lyla|last3=Veldwisch|first3=Gert Jan|date=2013-10-01|title=The Global Politics of Water Grabbing|journal=Third World Quarterly|volume=34|issue=9|pages=1651–1675|doi=10.1080/01436597.2013.843852|s2cid=132004785|issn=0143-6597|url=http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/3274|archive-date=2020-03-01|access-date=2019-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301183530/http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/3274|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kimiyyar Yanayi da Kimiyyar Ruwa ==
Nazarin kimiyyar yanayi (meteorology) yana mayar da hankali ne ga hasashen yanayi, yayin da nazarin kimiyyar ruwa (hydrology) ke mayar da hankali kan motsi, rarraba, da gudanar da ruwa. Nazarin kimiyyar ruwa da na yanayi suna haɗuwa a wani reshe da ake kira hydrometeorology. Babban abincin hydrometeorology shi ne canja wurin ruwa da kuzari tsakanin saman ƙasa da ƙananan sararin samaniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Peck|first=Eugene L.|date=May 1978|title=Hydrometeorology|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume=59|issue=5|pages=609–612|doi=10.1175/1520-0477-59.5.609|bibcode=1978BAMS...59..609P|issn=0003-0007|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta hanyar amfani da ƙirar lissafi, hasashen ruwan sama da masanin kimiyyar yanayi ya yi zai iya taimaka wa masanin kimiyyar ruwa don lissafin takamaiman tasirin da ruwan saman zai iya yi a wani yanki. Sakamakon waɗannan ƙira ana amfani da su don magancewa da rage tasirin lamuran ruwan sama akan gudanar da kewayon ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Dale|first1=Murray|last2=Davies|first2=Paul|last3=Harrison|first3=Tim|date=February 2012|title=Review of recent advances in UK operational hydrometeorology|journal=Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water Management|volume=165|issue=2|pages=55–64|doi=10.1680/wama.2012.165.2.55|issn=1741-7589}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa ==
Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa wani ɓangare ne na gudanar da kewayon ruwa wanda ke mayar da hankali kan amfani da albarkatun ruwan sha. Ruwan sha rashi ne mai iyaka kuma an rarraba shi ba daidai ba a duniya har ma da cikin gida, kuma mutane, masana'antu, aikin noma, da dabi'a baki ɗaya suna amfani da shi. Kyakkyawan gudanar da albarkatun ruwan sha yana buƙatar faffadan ilimi game da buƙatu, albarkatu da ƙarfi, fasahar da ake da ita, hydrometeorology da abubuwan siyasa. Kwanan nan, an yi amfani da Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa na Haɗin Gwiwa (IWRM) don haɗa dukkan waɗannan fannoni wuri guda tun da yake waɗannan matsalolin ba za su iya magance su ta hanyar kwararrun masana ruwa ko ma'aikatun ruwa kaɗai ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Biswas|first=Asit K.|date=June 2004|title=Integrated Water Resources Management: A Reassessment: A Water Forum Contribution|journal=Water International|volume=29|issue=2|pages=248–256|doi=10.1080/02508060408691775|s2cid=154963622|issn=0250-8060}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma, wasu manyan ƙalubale suna faruwa ne sakamakon ɗumamar yanayi. Yana haifar da ƙarin rashin tabbas ga rarraba, inganci, da yawan ruwan sha wanda hakan ka iya haifar da ƙarin lamuran zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Don shawo kan wannan, a nan gaba, ya kamata gudanar da albarkatun ruwa ya canza daga hanyoyin &quot;hasashe da iko&quot; na yanzu zuwa &quot;hanyar koyo&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Pahl-Wostl|first=Claudia|chapter=Transitions towards adaptive management of water facing climate and global change|date=2006|pages=49–62|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=9781402055904|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-5591-1_4|title=Integrated Assessment of Water Resources and Global Change}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Injiniyan ruwa ==
[[Fayil:Gordon_Dam.jpg|thumb|319x319px|Madatsar ruwan Gordon Dam, Tasmania, Australia. Madatsun ruwa suna cikin tsarin gine-gine na injiniyan ruwa static structural.]]
Injiniyan ruwa wani fanni ne mai mahimmanci wanda ke da nufin samar da tsaftataccen ruwa da amincin ruwa, kuma ana iya amfani da shi ga kowane mataki na kewayon ruwa. Ana iya raba injiniyan ruwa zuwa ƙananan rassa: injiniyan tsarin ruwa, tace ruwa, da tace ruwan kazanta (sewage treatment). Injiniyan tsarin ruwa ya ƙunshi ginin, gyara, da kuma kula da tsarin da ke sarrafa albarkatun ruwa. Dangane da gudanar da kewayon ruwa, mafi mahimmanci sune wuraren adana ruwa (reservoirs), madatsun ruwa (dams), tsarin magudanar ruwa (sewerage), da tashoshin famfo (pumping stations). Dukkan waɗannan fannoni ne masu mahimmanci na faruwar ruwa na dabi'a.

Dangane da gudanar da kewayon ruwa, hanyoyin sake amfani da ruwa sun fi mahimmanci fiye da tsayayyen gine-gine kamar madatsun ruwa. Tace ruwa kowace irin hanya ce da ake amfani da ita don cire datti daga ruwa da kuma inganta ingancinsa. Ruwan da aka tace za a iya rarraba shi azaman ruwan sha na gidaje, na masana'antu ko na aikin noma, kuma hanyar tace shi ta dogara ne da manufar amfanin ƙarshe. Haka kuma, ana amfani da tace ruwa don mayar da ruwa cikin muhalli lafiya dadi. Tace ruwan kazanta (sewage treatment) a fannin tunani ya yi kusa da gudanar da ruwa, amma yana kula da ruwan datti ne wanda amfanin ɗan adam ya gurbata: ruwan kazanta daga gidaje da ruwan datti na masana'antu. Makasudin tace ruwan kazanta shi ne share ruwan datti daga abubuwan guba da sanya ruwan ya kasance mai yuwuwar sake amfani da shi a cikin kewayon ruwa. Ana tace ruwan kazanta da hanyoyi da yawa da suka haɗa da sinadarai, amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria), hanyoyin halitta (biological processes), da hanyoyin kashe kwayoyin cuta na UV.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hsy.fi/en/experts/water-services/wastewater-treatment-plants/Pages/default.aspx|title=We clean wastewater efficiently|website=www.hsy.fi|access-date=2019-11-04|archive-date=2019-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104143053/https://www.hsy.fi/en/experts/water-services/wastewater-treatment-plants/Pages/default.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, bayan hanyoyin tace ruwa na tsawon lokaci, ana lura da gagarumin adadin abubuwa masu cutarwa, kamar magunguna, suna komawa ga muhalli da kewayon ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Vieno|first1=N.|last2=Tuhkanen|first2=T.|last3=Kronberg|first3=L.|date=2007-03-01|title=Elimination of pharmaceuticals in sewage treatment plants in Finland|journal=Water Research|volume=41|issue=5|pages=1001–1012|doi=10.1016/j.watres.2006.12.017|pmid=17261324|issn=0043-1354}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kare ruwa ==
Yawan jama'a da ke ƙaruwa yana buƙatar ingantaccen gudanarwa na hydrosphere (gabaɗayan ruwan duniya). Akwai buƙatar ruwan sha wanda ya kamata a biya, a halin yanzu da kuma nan gaba. Babban abu a cikin wannan haɓakar buƙatar shi ne canjin yanayi. Ta hanyar amfani da manufofin gudanar da kare ruwa, ƙasashe za su iya tabbatar da wadatar ruwa ga al'ummmai masu zuwa, rage amfani da makamashi, adana mazaunin ruwan sha ga namun daji na gida da tsuntsaye masu kaura, da tabbatar da ingancin ruwa ga mazaunanta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Hermoso|first1=Virgilio|last2=Abell|first2=Robin|last3=Linke|first3=Simon|last4=Boon|first4=Philip|date=June 2016|title=The role of protected areas for freshwater biodiversity conservation: challenges and opportunities in a rapidly changing world: Freshwater protected areas|journal=Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems|volume=26|pages=3–11|doi=10.1002/aqc.2681}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manyan ayyuka da ke tattare da kare ruwa sune; rage asarar ruwa, amfani da ɓarnatar da albarkatun ruwa,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Baumann|first1=Duane D.|last2=Boland|first2=John J.|last3=Sims|first3=John H.|date=April 1984|title=Water Conservation: The Struggle Over Definition|journal=Water Resources Research|volume=20|issue=4|pages=428–434|doi=10.1029/WR020i004p00428|bibcode=1984WRR....20..428B}}&lt;/ref&gt; guje wa raguwar ingancin ruwa da inganta ayyukan gudanarwa waɗanda ke rage amfani da ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Geerts|first1=Sam|last2=Raes|first2=Dirk|date=September 2009|title=Deficit irrigation as an on-farm strategy to maximize crop water productivity in dry areas|journal=Agricultural Water Management|volume=96|issue=9|pages=1275–1284|doi=10.1016/j.agwat.2009.04.009|url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/234625|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kula da muhalli ==
Don tabbatar da cewa fannonin gudanar da kewayon ruwa sun gamsar kuma sun inganta kewayon ruwan, ya kamata a yi amfani da sa ido kan muhalli (environmental monitoring) don samar da bayanai da karkata kan tasirin manufofin da aka ɗauka a cikin gudanar da kewayon ruwa a kan tsarin halittu (ecosystems) da abubuwan dabi'a masu rauni (biota);&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Lovett|first1=Gary M.|last2=Burns|first2=Douglas A.|last3=Driscoll|first3=Charles T.|last4=Jenkins|first4=Jennifer C.|last5=Mitchell|first5=Myron J.|last6=Rustad|first6=Lindsey|last7=Shanley|first7=James B.|last8=Likens|first8=Gene E.|last9=Haeuber|first9=Richard|date=June 2007|title=Who needs environmental monitoring?|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment|volume=5|issue=5|pages=253–260|doi=10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5[253:WNEM]2.0.CO;2|issn=1540-9295}}&lt;/ref&gt; misali, sa ido kan tasirin rage kwararar ruwa a kan kifi kifin salmon da rarrabuwarsa.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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[[Fayil:Diagram_of_the_water_cycle_including_some_human_activity.pdf|thumb|277x277px|Kewayon ruwa gami da ayyukan ɗan adam.]]
Gudanar da kewayon ruwa wata hanya ce mai fuskoki daban-daban wadda ta shafi dukkan shiri, ci gaba, aiki, da shawarwarin dabaru don yin tasiri ga kewayon ruwa. Mafi mahimmanci, ana amfani da '''gudanar da kewayon ruwa''' don tabbatar da samun tsaftataccen ruwa don amfanin da aka ƙayyade, da kuma tabbatar da fitar da ruwan da aka tace cikin aminci komawa ga dabi'a. A cikin muhallin da ba a taɓa shi ba, ruwa yana kasancewa ne a cikin kewayonsa na dabi'a kuma yawanci ana iya amfani da shi ga mafi yawan abubuwan dabi'a kamar yadda yake a kowane mataki na kewayon. Bayan shishigin ɗan adam, kewayon dabi'ar kan fuskanci tsaiko. Ruwan da ke gudu a wuraren noma na birane yana kwashe wasu abubuwa, barbashin datti, da sinadarai waɗanda ƙila ba za a iya tace su daga ruwa ta hanyar hanyoyin tsabtace ruwa na dabi'a ba. Bugu da ƙari, “ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi” daga gidaje da masana'antu na iya zama mai cutarwa sosai ga dabi'a, idan ba a kula da shi yadda ya kamata ba.

Ana amfani da gudanar da kewayon ruwa a rassa daban-daban na kimiyyar muhalli da aikin injiniya don gamsar da bukatun ɗan adam da na muhalli. Gabaɗaya, ana iya raba gudanar da kewayon ruwa zuwa gida shida waɗanda ke tunkarar batun ta fuskoki daban-daban: Kimiyyar yanayi (Meteorology), Kimiyyar ruwa (Hydrology), Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, Injiniyan ruwa, Kare ruwa da Kula da muhalli. Kwanan nan, ana kuma la'akari da siyasance da fuskokin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a cikin gudanar da kewayon ruwa saboda rashin daidaiton rarraba yawa da ingancin ruwan sha a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Huntington|first=Thomas G.|date=2006-03-15|title=Evidence for intensification of the global water cycle: Review and synthesis|journal=Journal of Hydrology|volume=319|issue=1|pages=83–95|doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.07.003|bibcode=2006JHyd..319...83H|issn=0022-1694}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Franco|first1=Jennifer|last2=Mehta|first2=Lyla|last3=Veldwisch|first3=Gert Jan|date=2013-10-01|title=The Global Politics of Water Grabbing|journal=Third World Quarterly|volume=34|issue=9|pages=1651–1675|doi=10.1080/01436597.2013.843852|s2cid=132004785|issn=0143-6597|url=http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/3274|archive-date=2020-03-01|access-date=2019-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301183530/http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/3274|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kimiyyar Yanayi da Kimiyyar Ruwa ==
Nazarin kimiyyar yanayi (meteorology) yana mayar da hankali ne ga hasashen yanayi, yayin da nazarin kimiyyar ruwa (hydrology) ke mayar da hankali kan motsi, rarraba, da gudanar da ruwa. Nazarin kimiyyar ruwa da na yanayi suna haɗuwa a wani reshe da ake kira hydrometeorology. Babban abincin hydrometeorology shi ne canja wurin ruwa da kuzari tsakanin saman ƙasa da ƙananan sararin samaniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Peck|first=Eugene L.|date=May 1978|title=Hydrometeorology|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume=59|issue=5|pages=609–612|doi=10.1175/1520-0477-59.5.609|bibcode=1978BAMS...59..609P|issn=0003-0007|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta hanyar amfani da ƙirar lissafi, hasashen ruwan sama da masanin kimiyyar yanayi ya yi zai iya taimaka wa masanin kimiyyar ruwa don lissafin takamaiman tasirin da ruwan saman zai iya yi a wani yanki. Sakamakon waɗannan ƙira ana amfani da su don magancewa da rage tasirin lamuran ruwan sama akan gudanar da kewayon ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Dale|first1=Murray|last2=Davies|first2=Paul|last3=Harrison|first3=Tim|date=February 2012|title=Review of recent advances in UK operational hydrometeorology|journal=Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water Management|volume=165|issue=2|pages=55–64|doi=10.1680/wama.2012.165.2.55|issn=1741-7589}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa ==
Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa wani ɓangare ne na gudanar da kewayon ruwa wanda ke mayar da hankali kan amfani da albarkatun ruwan sha. Ruwan sha rashi ne mai iyaka kuma an rarraba shi ba daidai ba a duniya har ma da cikin gida, kuma mutane, masana'antu, aikin noma, da dabi'a baki ɗaya suna amfani da shi. Kyakkyawan gudanar da albarkatun ruwan sha yana buƙatar faffadan ilimi game da buƙatu, albarkatu da ƙarfi, fasahar da ake da ita, hydrometeorology da abubuwan siyasa. Kwanan nan, an yi amfani da Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa na Haɗin Gwiwa (IWRM) don haɗa dukkan waɗannan fannoni wuri guda tun da yake waɗannan matsalolin ba za su iya magance su ta hanyar kwararrun masana ruwa ko ma'aikatun ruwa kaɗai ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Biswas|first=Asit K.|date=June 2004|title=Integrated Water Resources Management: A Reassessment: A Water Forum Contribution|journal=Water International|volume=29|issue=2|pages=248–256|doi=10.1080/02508060408691775|s2cid=154963622|issn=0250-8060}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma, wasu manyan ƙalubale suna faruwa ne sakamakon ɗumamar yanayi. Yana haifar da ƙarin rashin tabbas ga rarraba, inganci, da yawan ruwan sha wanda hakan ka iya haifar da ƙarin lamuran zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Don shawo kan wannan, a nan gaba, ya kamata gudanar da albarkatun ruwa ya canza daga hanyoyin &quot;hasashe da iko&quot; na yanzu zuwa &quot;hanyar koyo&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Pahl-Wostl|first=Claudia|chapter=Transitions towards adaptive management of water facing climate and global change|date=2006|pages=49–62|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=9781402055904|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-5591-1_4|title=Integrated Assessment of Water Resources and Global Change}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Injiniyan ruwa ==
[[Fayil:Gordon_Dam.jpg|thumb|319x319px|Madatsar ruwan Gordon Dam, Tasmania, Australia. Madatsun ruwa suna cikin tsarin gine-gine na injiniyan ruwa static structural.]]
Injiniyan ruwa wani fanni ne mai mahimmanci wanda ke da nufin samar da tsaftataccen ruwa da amincin ruwa, kuma ana iya amfani da shi ga kowane mataki na kewayon ruwa. Ana iya raba injiniyan ruwa zuwa ƙananan rassa: injiniyan tsarin ruwa, tace ruwa, da tace ruwan kazanta (sewage treatment). Injiniyan tsarin ruwa ya ƙunshi ginin, gyara, da kuma kula da tsarin da ke sarrafa albarkatun ruwa. Dangane da gudanar da kewayon ruwa, mafi mahimmanci sune wuraren adana ruwa (reservoirs), madatsun ruwa (dams), tsarin magudanar ruwa (sewerage), da tashoshin famfo (pumping stations). Dukkan waɗannan fannoni ne masu mahimmanci na faruwar ruwa na dabi'a.

Dangane da gudanar da kewayon ruwa, hanyoyin sake amfani da ruwa sun fi mahimmanci fiye da tsayayyen gine-gine kamar madatsun ruwa. Tace ruwa kowace irin hanya ce da ake amfani da ita don cire datti daga ruwa da kuma inganta ingancinsa. Ruwan da aka tace za a iya rarraba shi azaman ruwan sha na gidaje, na masana'antu ko na aikin noma, kuma hanyar tace shi ta dogara ne da manufar amfanin ƙarshe. Haka kuma, ana amfani da tace ruwa don mayar da ruwa cikin muhalli lafiya dadi. Tace ruwan kazanta (sewage treatment) a fannin tunani ya yi kusa da gudanar da ruwa, amma yana kula da ruwan datti ne wanda amfanin ɗan adam ya gurbata: ruwan kazanta daga gidaje da ruwan datti na masana'antu. Makasudin tace ruwan kazanta shi ne share ruwan datti daga abubuwan guba da sanya ruwan ya kasance mai yuwuwar sake amfani da shi a cikin kewayon ruwa. Ana tace ruwan kazanta da hanyoyi da yawa da suka haɗa da sinadarai, amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteria), hanyoyin halitta (biological processes), da hanyoyin kashe kwayoyin cuta na UV.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hsy.fi/en/experts/water-services/wastewater-treatment-plants/Pages/default.aspx|title=We clean wastewater efficiently|website=www.hsy.fi|access-date=2019-11-04|archive-date=2019-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104143053/https://www.hsy.fi/en/experts/water-services/wastewater-treatment-plants/Pages/default.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, bayan hanyoyin tace ruwa na tsawon lokaci, ana lura da gagarumin adadin abubuwa masu cutarwa, kamar magunguna, suna komawa ga muhalli da kewayon ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Vieno|first1=N.|last2=Tuhkanen|first2=T.|last3=Kronberg|first3=L.|date=2007-03-01|title=Elimination of pharmaceuticals in sewage treatment plants in Finland|journal=Water Research|volume=41|issue=5|pages=1001–1012|doi=10.1016/j.watres.2006.12.017|pmid=17261324|issn=0043-1354}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kare ruwa ==
Yawan jama'a da ke ƙaruwa yana buƙatar ingantaccen gudanarwa na hydrosphere (gabaɗayan ruwan duniya). Akwai buƙatar ruwan sha wanda ya kamata a biya, a halin yanzu da kuma nan gaba. Babban abu a cikin wannan haɓakar buƙatar shi ne canjin yanayi. Ta hanyar amfani da manufofin gudanar da kare ruwa, ƙasashe za su iya tabbatar da wadatar ruwa ga al'ummmai masu zuwa, rage amfani da makamashi, adana mazaunin ruwan sha ga namun daji na gida da tsuntsaye masu kaura, da tabbatar da ingancin ruwa ga mazaunanta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Hermoso|first1=Virgilio|last2=Abell|first2=Robin|last3=Linke|first3=Simon|last4=Boon|first4=Philip|date=June 2016|title=The role of protected areas for freshwater biodiversity conservation: challenges and opportunities in a rapidly changing world: Freshwater protected areas|journal=Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems|volume=26|pages=3–11|doi=10.1002/aqc.2681}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manyan ayyuka da ke tattare da kare ruwa sune; rage asarar ruwa, amfani da ɓarnatar da albarkatun ruwa,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Baumann|first1=Duane D.|last2=Boland|first2=John J.|last3=Sims|first3=John H.|date=April 1984|title=Water Conservation: The Struggle Over Definition|journal=Water Resources Research|volume=20|issue=4|pages=428–434|doi=10.1029/WR020i004p00428|bibcode=1984WRR....20..428B}}&lt;/ref&gt; guje wa raguwar ingancin ruwa da inganta ayyukan gudanarwa waɗanda ke rage amfani da ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Geerts|first1=Sam|last2=Raes|first2=Dirk|date=September 2009|title=Deficit irrigation as an on-farm strategy to maximize crop water productivity in dry areas|journal=Agricultural Water Management|volume=96|issue=9|pages=1275–1284|doi=10.1016/j.agwat.2009.04.009|url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/234625|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kula da muhalli ==
Don tabbatar da cewa fannonin gudanar da kewayon ruwa sun gamsar kuma sun inganta kewayon ruwan, ya kamata a yi amfani da sa ido kan muhalli (environmental monitoring) don samar da bayanai da karkata kan tasirin manufofin da aka ɗauka a cikin gudanar da kewayon ruwa a kan tsarin halittu (ecosystems) da abubuwan dabi'a masu rauni (biota);&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Lovett|first1=Gary M.|last2=Burns|first2=Douglas A.|last3=Driscoll|first3=Charles T.|last4=Jenkins|first4=Jennifer C.|last5=Mitchell|first5=Myron J.|last6=Rustad|first6=Lindsey|last7=Shanley|first7=James B.|last8=Likens|first8=Gene E.|last9=Haeuber|first9=Richard|date=June 2007|title=Who needs environmental monitoring?|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment|volume=5|issue=5|pages=253–260|doi=10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5[253:WNEM]2.0.CO;2|issn=1540-9295}}&lt;/ref&gt; misali, sa ido kan tasirin rage kwararar ruwa a kan kifi kifin salmon da rarrabuwarsa.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lafiyar uwa</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347088201|Maternal health]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Lafiyar uwa''' ita ce lafiyar mata a lokacin [[Juna biyu|daukar ciki]], [[Jego|haihuwa]], da kuma [[Lokacin bayan haihuwa|bayan haihuwa]] . A mafi yawan lokuta, lafiyar uwa ta ƙunshi fannonin [[kula da lafiya]] na tsarin iyali, ɗaukar ciki kafin haihuwa, kula da [[Kulawa da Lafiyar mai Ciki|haihuwa]] [[Lokacin bayan haihuwa|bayan haihuwa]] domin tabbatar da samun kwarewa mai kyau da gamsarwa. A wasu lokuta, lafiyar uwa na iya rage rashin lafiya da mace-mace [[Mutuwar uwa|a lokacin haihuwa]] . {{Sfn|WHO Maternal Health}} Lafiyar uwa ta dogara ne akan lafiya da walwalar masu juna biyu, musamman lokacin da suke da juna biyu, lokacin da suke haihuwa, da kuma lokacin renon yara. [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] ta nuna cewa duk da cewa an dauki uwa a matsayin abin da ya dace da uwa, yawancin mata suna fuskantar matsalolin lafiya, wani lokacin suna haifar da mutuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maternal health |url=https://www.who.int/maternal-health/en/ |access-date=2020-05-14 |website=WHO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda haka, akwai buƙatar saka hannun jari a lafiyar mata. Ana iya cimma wannan jarin ta hanyoyi daban-daban, daga cikin manyan su shine tallafawa farashin kiwon lafiya, ilimi kan lafiyar uwa, ƙarfafa ingantaccen tsarin iyali, da kuma duba lafiyar mutanen da suka haihu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Robert L. |last2=Murray |first2=John |last3=Jack |first3=Susan |last4=Arscott-Mills |first4=Sharon |last5=Verardi |first5=Vincenzo |date=2017-12-06 |title=Impact of multisectoral health determinants on child mortality 1980–2010: An analysis by country baseline mortality |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=12 |at=e0188762 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1288762C |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0188762 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5718556 |pmid=29211765 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin lafiya da mace-mace na uwa yana shafar mata masu launin fata da mata da ke zaune a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi da ƙananan kuɗi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-11 |title=Working Together to Reduce Black Maternal Mortality {{!}} Health Equity Features |url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthequity/features/maternal-mortality/index.html |access-date=2022-09-12 |publisher=CDC |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maternal mortality |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality |access-date=2022-09-12 |publisher=WHO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rashin lafiyar uwa da mace-mace ==
WHO ta kiyasta cewa kimanin mace-macen mata masu juna biyu 295,000 ne suka faru a shekarar 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;Maternal health&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maternal health |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/maternal-health |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abubuwan da ke haifar da waɗannan mace-macen mata masu juna biyu sun kama daga zubar jini mai tsanani zuwa nakuda mai toshewa, waɗanda duk suna da ingantattun hanyoyin magancewa. Bugu da ƙari, dalilan da ke haifar da mace-macen mata masu juna biyu sun haɗa da rashin jini da kuma zazzabin cizon sauro. &lt;ref name=&quot;Maternal health&quot; /&gt; Yayin da mata suka sami damar yin amfani da tsarin iyali da kuma halartar haihuwa ta hanyar kula da gaggawa ta mata masu juna biyu, mace-macen mata masu juna biyu a duniya ya ragu da kusan kashi 44 cikin ɗari, wanda ya nuna raguwar kusan kashi 2.3 cikin ɗari a kowace shekara a tsawon lokacin daga 1990 zuwa 2015. Duk da cewa an sami raguwar mace-macen mata a duniya bayan ƙoƙari mai yawa, har yanzu akwai manyan alkaluma, musamman a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi da matsakaitan kuɗi (99%). [[Yankin Saharar Afirka|Afirka da ke kudu da hamadar sahara]] tana da kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na waɗannan mace-macen kuma Kudancin Asiya tana da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin biyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maternal Health |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=World Health Organisation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kashi ɗaya cikin uku na mace-macen mata masu juna biyu suna faruwa ne a Indiya da Najeriya.  Mutuwar uwa tana haifar da iyalai masu rauni, kuma [[Jariri|jariransu]], idan sun tsira daga haihuwa, suna iya mutuwa kafin su kai shekara ta biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moucheraud |first=Corrina |last2=Worku |first2=Alemayehu |last3=Molla |first3=Mitike |last4=Finlay |first4=Jocelyn E |last5=Leaning |first5=Jennifer |last6=Yamin |first6=Alicia Ely |date=2015-05-06 |title=Consequences of maternal mortality on infant and child survival: a 25-year longitudinal analysis in Butajira Ethiopia (1987-2011) |journal=Reproductive Health |volume=12 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S4 |doi=10.1186/1742-4755-12-S1-S4 |issn=1742-4755 |pmc=4423767 |pmid=26001059 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Mutuwar uwa|Mutuwar mata masu juna]] biyu (mutuwa) da kuma mummunan rashin lafiyar mata masu juna biyu (rashin lafiya) suna &quot;da alaƙa da yawan rigakafin cutar.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;ACOG_SMFM_2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kilpatrick SK, Ecker JL |date=September 2016 |title=Severe maternal morbidity: screening and review |url=http://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(16)30523-3/pdf |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=215 |issue=3 |pages=B17-22 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2016.07.050 |pmid=27560600 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2010, Hukumar Hadin Gwiwa ta Amurka kan Tabbatar da Ƙungiyoyin Kula da Lafiya ta bayyana mace-macen mata masu juna biyu a matsayin &quot; abin da ke faruwa a wurin tsaro &quot;, kuma tana amfani da shi don tantance ingancin tsarin kula da lafiya. {{Sfn|Joint Commission|2010}}

Tallafin kuɗin kula da lafiya yana taimakawa wajen inganta lafiyar mata. A ƙasashe kamar Amurka, Birtaniya, da sauransu, hukumomi na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu suna aiki don rage har ma da kawar da kuɗaɗen mata masu juna biyu ko mata waɗanda ke da matsalolin lafiya da suka shafi ciki. Lokacin da mata ke haihuwar jariransu a wuraren kiwon lafiya da aka amince da su ba tare da biyan kuɗi ko biyan kuɗi kaɗan ba, za su iya amfani da kuɗinsu don cin abincin jariri, tufafi, da sauran buƙatu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kristine Husøy Onarheim |last2=Johannesburg Helene Iversen |last3=David E Bloom |date=2016 |title=Economic Benefits of Investing in Women's Health: A Systematic Review. |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=30 |issue=3 |page=11 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1150120O |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0150120 |pmc=4814064 |pmid=27028199 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma, lokacin da mata ke zuwa asibitoci ba tare da kuɗi ba kuma aka ba su ƙarin abinci kyauta, ana kula da lafiyarsu, kuma wannan yana rage kuɗin da gwamnati ke sakawa a fannin kiwon lafiya. A gefe guda kuma, yawan kamuwa da cutar mata masu juna biyu, tare da yawan mace-mace, yana raguwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Onarheim |first=Kristine Husøy |last2=Iversen |first2=Johanne Helene |last3=Bloom |first3=David E. |date=2016-03-30 |title=Economic Benefits of Investing in Women's Health: A Systematic Review |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=3 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1150120O |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0150120 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4814064 |pmid=27028199 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ilimi kan batutuwan da suka shafi lafiyar mata yana da mahimmanci don sarrafawa da inganta lafiyar mata. Mata masu albarkatu suna da&amp;nbsp;ƙarancin damar da yanayin lafiyarsu ke taɓarɓarewa, saboda iliminsu. Ana sanar da waɗannan mata su yanke shawara game da tsarin iyali, mafi kyawun lokacin haihuwa dangane da ƙarfin kuɗinsu, da kuma abincin da suke ci, kafin, lokacin, da kuma bayan haihuwa. Bugu da ƙari, hanyoyi da yawa sun haɗa da mata, iyalai, da al'ummomin gida a matsayin masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin shiga tsakani da dabarun inganta lafiyar mata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dada |first=Sara |last2=Cocoman |first2=Olive |last3=Portela |first3=Anayda |last4=Brún |first4=Aoife De |last5=Bhattacharyya |first5=Sanghita |last6=Tunçalp |first6=Özge |last7=Jackson |first7=Debra |last8=Gilmore |first8=Brynne |date=2023-02-01 |title=What's in a name? Unpacking 'Community Blank' terminology in reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health: a scoping review |url=https://gh.bmj.com/content/8/2/e009423 |journal=BMJ Global Health |language=en |volume=8 |issue=2 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009423 |issn=2059-7908 |pmc=9906186 |pmid=36750272}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gannon (np) ya ba da rahoton cewa yawan mace-macen mata a lokacin haihuwa ya ragu da kashi 70% tsakanin 1946 da 1953, lokacin da mata suka fara samun ilimin mata. Binciken ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a mai da hankali kan al'ummomin da aka ware da kuma 'yan mata 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 18. Lokacin da gwamnati ta sami damar rage ɗaukar ciki da ba a so da kuma waɗanda ba a shirya ba tsakanin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin mutane biyu, yana zama da sauƙi a rage matsalolin lafiyar mata da kuma kuɗin da ke tattare da su. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Abubuwan da ke shafar lafiyar uwaye ==

=== Talauci da samun damar kiwon lafiya ===
A cewar wani rahoto na UNFPA, yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, ƙa'idodi da dabi'un al'adu, da kuma nisa a yanki duk suna ƙara mace-macen mata masu juna biyu, kuma haɗarin mutuwar mata masu juna biyu (a lokacin daukar ciki ko haihuwa) a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ya ninka sau 175 fiye da na ƙasashen da suka ci gaba, kuma haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka masu alaƙa da ciki da mummunan sakamako bayan haihuwa ya fi yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Determinants&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The social determinants of maternal death and disability |url=http://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/resource-pdf/EN-SRH%20fact%20sheet-Poormother.pdf |publisher=[[United Nations Population Fund]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Talauci]], lafiyar uwa, da sakamakon da yaron zai samu duk suna da alaƙa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Filippi&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Filippi V, Ronsmans C, Campbell OM, Graham WJ, Mills A, Borghi J, Koblinsky M, Osrin D |date=October 2006 |title=Maternal health in poor countries: the broader context and a call for action |journal=Lancet |volume=368 |issue=9546 |pages=1535–41 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69384-7 |pmid=17071287 |s2cid=31036096}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matan da ke zaune a yankunan da talauci ya yi wa katutu sun fi fuskantar [[kiba]] kuma suna shiga cikin halaye marasa kyau kamar [[Shan taba|shan taba sigari]] da shan ƙwayoyi, ba sa samun damar yin ko ma samun kulawar da ta dace a lokacin daukar ciki, kuma suna cikin haɗarin samun mummunan sakamako ga uwa da jariri. &lt;ref name=&quot;Timmermans&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Timmermans S, Bonsel GJ, Steegers-Theunissen RP, Mackenbach JP, Steyerberg EW, Raat H, Verbrugh HA, Tiemeier HW, Hofman A, Birnie E, Looman CW, Jaddoe VW, Steegers EA |date=February 2011 |title=Individual accumulation of heterogeneous risks explains perinatal inequalities within deprived neighbourhoods |journal=European Journal of Epidemiology |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=165–80 |doi=10.1007/s10654-010-9542-5 |pmc=3043261 |pmid=21203801}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Kenya ya nuna cewa matsalolin lafiyar uwa da yara da suka fi yawa a yankunan da talauci ya shafa sun haɗa da zubar jini, rashin jini, [[Hawan jini|hauhawar jini]], zazzabin cizon sauro, riƙe mahaifa, nakuda kafin haihuwa, naƙuda mai tsawo/mai rikitarwa, da kuma pre-eclampsia . &lt;ref name=&quot;Izugbara&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Izugbara CO, Ngilangwa DP |date=December 2010 |title=Women, poverty and adverse maternal outcomes in Nairobi, Kenya |journal=BMC Women's Health |volume=10 |issue=33 |doi=10.1186/1472-6874-10-33 |pmc=3014866 |pmid=21122118 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Kula da haihuwa kafin haihuwa ====
Gabaɗaya, isasshen kulawar haihuwa ta ƙunshi kula da lafiya da ayyukan ilimi, zamantakewa, da abinci mai gina jiki a lokacin daukar ciki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Alexander&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alexander G, Korenbrot CC |date=Spring 1995 |title=The Role of Prenatal Care in Preventing Low Birth Weight |journal=The Future of Children |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=103–120 |doi=10.2307/1602510 |jstor=1602510 |pmid=7633858}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, kula da haihuwa ta hanyar haihuwa na iya haɗawa da gwaje-gwajen tantancewa na jini don yiwuwar rashin daidaituwar ƙwayoyin halitta da kuma auna hawan jini, ko auna mahaifa don tantance girman tayin. Duk da cewa akwai dalilai daban-daban da mata suka zaɓi kada su shiga cikin kulawar haihuwa mai kyau, kashi 71% na mata masu ƙarancin kuɗi a wani bincike na ƙasa na Amurka sun sami matsala wajen samun kulawar haihuwa lokacin da suka nemi hakan. &lt;ref name=&quot;Alexander&quot; /&gt; Bugu da ƙari, baƙi da matan Hispanic suna cikin haɗari mafi girma fiye da mata fararen fata ko baƙar fata saboda samun kulawar haihuwa kaɗan ko rashin kulawar haihuwa, inda matakin ilimi shi ma alama ce (tunda ilimi da launin fata suna da alaƙa). Matasa ba su da yuwuwar samun kulawar haihuwa kwata-kwata. A cikin bincike da yawa, mata da matasa sun zaɓi rashin isasshen kuɗi da rashin sufuri a matsayin cikas da suka fi yawa wajen samun kulawar haihuwa mai kyau. &lt;ref name=&quot;Curry&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Curry MA |year=1990 |title=Factors associated with inadequate prenatal care |journal=Journal of Community Health Nursing |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=245–52 |doi=10.1207/s15327655jchn0704_7 |jstor=3427223 |pmid=2243268}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuɗin shiga yana da alaƙa sosai da ingancin kulawar haihuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Curry&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Curry MA |year=1990 |title=Factors associated with inadequate prenatal care |journal=Journal of Community Health Nursing |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=245–52 |doi=10.1207/s15327655jchn0704_7 |jstor=3427223 |pmid=2243268}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCurry1990&quot;&gt;Curry MA (1990). &quot;Factors associated with inadequate prenatal care&quot;. ''Journal of Community Health Nursing''. '''7''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;245–&lt;/span&gt;52. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1207/s15327655jchn0704_7|10.1207/s15327655jchn0704_7]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3427223 3427223]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2243268 2243268].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wani lokaci, kusanci da wuraren kiwon lafiya da kuma samun damar sufuri suna da tasiri sosai kan ko mata suna da damar samun kulawar haihuwa ko a'a. Wani bincike da aka gudanar kan ayyukan kula da lafiyar mata a Mali ya gano cewa mata da ke zaune a yankunan karkara, nesa da wuraren kiwon lafiya, ba su da yuwuwar samun kulawar haihuwa fiye da waɗanda ke zaune a birane. Bugu da ƙari, masu bincike sun gano alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin rashin sufuri da kulawar haihuwa da haihuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gage&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gage AJ |date=October 2007 |title=Barriers to the utilization of maternal health care in rural Mali |journal=Social Science &amp; Medicine |volume=65 |issue=8 |pages=1666–82 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.06.001 |pmid=17643685}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baya ga kusanci, kasancewar hasashen samun kulawar haihuwa, Materia da abokan aiki sun sami irin wannan sakamako na kusanci da kulawar haihuwa a yankunan karkara na Habasha. &lt;ref name=&quot;Materia&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Materia E, Mehari W, Mele A, Rosmini F, Stazi MA, Damen HM, Basile G, Miuccio G, Ferrigno L, Miozzo A |date=September 1993 |title=A community survey on maternal and child health services utilization in rural Ethiopia |journal=European Journal of Epidemiology |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=511–6 |doi=10.1007/bf00209529 |jstor=3520948 |pmid=8307136 |s2cid=22107263}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma, rashin isassun ayyuka da rashin inganci suna taimakawa wajen ƙara yawan mace-mace da mace-mace a tsakanin mata da maza. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=maternal mortality |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality |access-date=30 September 2020 |website=WHO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yanayin da suka riga suka kasance ===

==== Ciwon suga kafin haila ====
Ciwon suga na nau'in 1 ko na nau'in 2 na uwa wanda ya riga ya wanzu (wanda aka haifa kafin haihuwa) wani abu ne da aka sani wanda ke ƙara haɗarin mummunan sakamako, gami da haihuwa kafin haihuwa, preeclampsia, da nakasar haihuwa da aka haifa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Alexopoulos |first=Anastasia-Stefania |last2=Blair |first2=Rachel |last3=Peters |first3=Anne L. |date=2019-05-14 |title=Management of Preexisting Diabetes in Pregnancy: A Review |journal=JAMA |volume=321 |issue=18 |pages=1811–1819 |doi=10.1001/jama.2019.4981 |issn=1538-3598 |pmc=6657017 |pmid=31087027}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bincike daga Amurka da Ostiraliya ya nuna cewa yawan ciwon suga kafin haihuwa kusan kashi 1% ne na ciki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Epidemiology and Classification of Diabetes in Pregnancy {{!}} Article {{!}} GLOWM |url=http://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-8--maternal-medical-health-and-disorders-in-pregnancy--epidemiology-and-classification-of-diabetes-in-pregnancy/id/416413 |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=The Global Library of Women's Medicine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ko da ciki mai lafiya yana haifar da yanayin hyperglycemia. Sakamakon haka, uwaye masu ciwon suga kafin haihuwa suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da hyperglycemia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hartling |first=Lisa |last2=Dryden |first2=Donna M. |last3=Guthrie |first3=Alyssa |last4=Muise |first4=Melanie |last5=Vandermeer |first5=Ben |last6=Donovan |first6=Lois |date=2013-07-16 |title=Benefits and Harms of Treating Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force and the National Institutes of Health Office of Medical Applications of Research |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=159 |issue=2 |pages=123–129 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-159-2-201307160-00661 |issn=0003-4819 |pmid=23712381}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aoife M. Egan |last2=Margaret L. Dow |last3=Adrian Vella |date=December 2020 |title=A Review of the Pathophysiology and Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy |url=https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(20)30202-0/pdf |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |volume=95 |issue=12 |pages=2734–2746 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.02.019 |pmid=32736942}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== HIV/AIDS ====
Adadin kamuwa da cutar kanjamau ga uwa ya bambanta a duk duniya, daga kashi 1% zuwa 40%, inda ƙasashen Afirka da Asiya ke da mafi yawan mace-macen. &lt;ref name=&quot;McIntyre2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=McIntyre J |date=May 2005 |title=Maternal health and HIV |journal=Reproductive Health Matters |volume=13 |issue=25 |pages=129–35 |doi=10.1016/s0968-8080(05)25184-4 |jstor=3776238 |pmid=16035606 |s2cid=24802898}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa kamuwa da cutar kanjamau ga uwa yana da illa ga lafiyar yaron,  musamman a ƙasashen da talauci ya yi yawa kuma matakan ilimi ba su da yawa, &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid22340362&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Toure K, Sankore R, Kuruvilla S, Scolaro E, Bustreo F, Osotimehin B |date=February 2012 |title=Positioning women's and children's health in African union policy-making: a policy analysis |journal=Globalization and Health |volume=8 |page=3 |doi=10.1186/1744-8603-8-3 |pmc=3298467 |pmid=22340362 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; kamuwa da cutar kanjamau a lokacin da take da juna biyu na iya haifar da haɗarin lafiya ga uwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-05-15 |title=Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV |url=https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/hiv-prevention/reducing-mother-to-child-risk/preventing-mother-to-child-transmission-of-hiv |access-date=2018-11-07 |website=HIV.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban abin damuwa ga mata masu juna biyu masu ɗauke da cutar kanjamau shine haɗarin kamuwa da cutar tarin fuka (TB) da/ko malaria, a ƙasashe masu tasowa. &lt;ref name=&quot;McIntyre2&quot; /&gt; Kashi 28% na mace-macen mata masu juna biyu suna faruwa ne daga naƙuda da dalilai na kai tsaye, ma'ana cututtukan da ke rikitar da ciki ko waɗanda ciki ke rikitar da su (malaria, anemia, HIV/AIDS, da cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini). 

==== Nauyin uwa ====
A lokacin daukar ciki, mata masu matsakaicin nauyin kafin daukar ciki ( BMI 18.5-24.9) ya kamata su yi tsammanin karuwa tsakanin {{Convert|25|-|35|lb}} a tsawon lokacin daukar ciki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Weight Gain During Pregnancy {{!}} Pregnancy {{!}} Maternal and Infant Health {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/pregnancy-weight-gain.htm |access-date=2019-03-28 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawan hauhawar jini, ciwon suga, matsalolin numfashi, da cututtuka sun zama ruwan dare a lokuta da ake samun kiba a cikin uwaye kuma suna iya yin illa ga sakamakon daukar ciki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nodine PM, Hastings-Tolsma M |date=2012 |title=Maternal obesity: improving pregnancy outcomes |journal=MCN: The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=110–5 |doi=10.1097/nmc.0b013e3182430296 |pmid=22357072}}, cited in {{Cite book|last1=vanc}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kiba babban abin da ke haifar da ciwon suga na ciki ne . &lt;ref name=&quot;Chu&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chu SY, Callaghan WM, Kim SY, Schmid CH, Lau J, England LJ, Dietz PM |date=August 2007 |title=Maternal obesity and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=2070–6 |doi=10.2337/dc06-2559a |pmid=17416786 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bincike ya gano cewa uwaye masu kiba wadanda suka rage kiba (aƙalla fam 10 ko 4.5)&amp;nbsp;kg) tsakanin daukar ciki yana rage hadarin kamuwa da ciwon suga na ciki a lokacin daukar ciki na gaba, yayin da uwaye masu kiba ke kara haɗarin kamuwa da cutar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Glazer&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Glazer NL, Hendrickson AF, Schellenbaum GD, Mueller BA |date=November 2004 |title=Weight change and the risk of gestational diabetes in obese women |journal=Epidemiology |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=733–7 |doi=10.1097/01.ede.0000142151.16880.03 |jstor=20485982 |pmid=15475723 |s2cid=25998851 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mata masu juna biyu ya kamata su yi kokarin motsa jiki na akalla mintuna 150 a mako, gami da motsa jiki na karfafa tsoka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Keep Active and Eat Healthy to Improve Well-being and Feel Great {{!}} NIDDK |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/weight-management/keep-active-eat-healthy-feel-great |access-date=2019-03-28 |website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, ana ba da shawarar mata masu juna biyu su tattauna irin motsa jiki da za su iya yi cikin aminci tare da likitan mata na haihuwa a farkon lokacin daukar ciki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Exercise During Pregnancy |url=https://www.acog.org/en/womens-health/faqs/exercise-during-pregnancy |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=www.acog.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasirin da ke kan lafiyar yara da ci gabansu ==

=== Lafiyar kafin haihuwa ===
[[Kulawa da Lafiyar mai Ciki|Kula da mata kafin haihuwa]] muhimmin bangare ne na kula da lafiyar uwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-12-13 |title=Prenatal care and tests {{!}} womenshealth.gov |url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/youre-pregnant-now-what/prenatal-care-and-tests |access-date=2018-11-07 |website=womenshealth.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ba da shawarar cewa mata masu juna biyu su sami akalla ziyarar kula da lafiyar mata kafin haihuwa sau hudu, inda ma'aikacin lafiya zai iya duba alamun rashin lafiya - kamar ƙarancin kiba, rashin jini ko kamuwa da cuta - sannan ya sa ido kan lafiya da yanayin tayin. &lt;ref name=&quot;unfpa.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maternal health |url=http://www.unfpa.org/maternal-health |access-date=2018-04-22 |website=www.unfpa.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin waɗannan ziyarar, ana ba wa mata shawara kan abinci mai gina jiki da tsafta don inganta lafiyarsu kafin haihuwa da kuma bayan haihuwa. Waɗannan ziyarar na iya haɗawa da kula da lafiyar duk wani yanayi na lafiya da matar ta taɓa fuskanta kafin ta yi ciki - kamar ciwon suga, hawan jini, ko cutar koda. Tare da haɗin gwiwar mai ba ta kulawar lafiya, mara lafiyar za ta iya tsara tsarin haihuwa wanda ke bayyana yadda za a kai ga kulawa da abin da za a yi idan akwai gaggawa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Tsarin Kula da Ciki (kulawa ta rukuni kafin haihuwa) wani sabon ƙari ne ga kula da lafiyar mata masu juna biyu, kuma ya nuna yana inganta sakamakon haihuwa da gamsuwa ga majiyyaci da mai ba da sabis. &lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rotundo |first=Genie |date=December 2011 |title=Centering Pregnancy: The Benefits of Group Prenatal Care |journal=Nursing for Women's Health |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=508–518 |doi=10.1111/j.1751-486x.2011.01678.x |issn=1751-4851 |pmid=22900691}}&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman ma, wani gwaji mai sarrafawa da aka yi bazuwar ya nuna raguwar kashi 33 cikin ɗari a cikin haihuwar da ba ta cika ba (n=995), kuma raguwar ta fi bayyana ga mahalarta Baƙar fata/Amurkawa 'yan Afirka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ickovics |first=Jeannette R. |last2=Kershaw |first2=Trace S. |last3=Westdahl |first3=Claire |last4=Magriples |first4=Urania |last5=Massey |first5=Zohar |last6=Reynolds |first6=Heather |last7=Rising |first7=Sharon Schindler |date=August 2007 |title=Group Prenatal Care and Perinatal Outcomes |journal=Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology |volume=110 |issue=2 |pages=330–339 |doi=10.1097/01.aog.0000275284.24298.23 |issn=0029-7844 |pmc=2276878 |pmid=17666608}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cibiyar Kula da Ciki tana ba da gwaje-gwaje na jiki, ilimi, da tallafin takwarorinsu ga ƙungiyar mata masu juna biyu waɗanda duk suna da ranar haihuwa iri ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt; Binciken da aka yi a kan kula da haihuwa ta rukuni na daidaiton launin fata (kamar ƙungiyar EMBRACE a UCSF) har yanzu ba a yi bincike mai kyau ba don nuna ingantaccen sakamako. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-16 |title=EMBRACE: Perinatal Care for Black Families |url=https://womenshealth.ucsf.edu/coe/embrace-perinatal-care-black-families |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=UCSF Womens Health}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, an tabbatar da cewa kula da daidaiton launin fata yana inganta ƙwarewar majiyyaci &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Takeshita |first=Junko |last2=Wang |first2=Shiyu |last3=Loren |first3=Alison W. |last4=Mitra |first4=Nandita |author-link4=Nandita Mitra |last5=Shults |first5=Justine |last6=Shin |first6=Daniel B. |last7=Sawinski |first7=Deirdre L. |date=2020-11-09 |title=Association of Racial/Ethnic and Gender Concordance Between Patients and Physicians With Patient Experience Ratings |journal=JAMA Network Open |language=en |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=e2024583 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.24583 |issn=2574-3805 |pmc=7653497 |pmid=33165609}}&lt;/ref&gt; da sadarwa tsakanin majiyyaci da mai ba da sabis. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shen |first=Megan Johnson |last2=Peterson |first2=Emily B. |last3=Costas-Muñiz |first3=Rosario |last4=Hernandez |first4=Migda Hunter |last5=Jewell |first5=Sarah T. |last6=Matsoukas |first6=Konstantina |last7=Bylund |first7=Carma L. |date=February 2018 |title=The Effects of Race and Racial Concordance on Patient-Physician Communication: A Systematic Review of the Literature |journal=Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=117–140 |doi=10.1007/s40615-017-0350-4 |issn=2197-3792 |pmc=5591056 |pmid=28275996}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin daidaiton launin fata na jarirai-likita yana da alaƙa mai mahimmanci da haɓaka mace-mace ga jarirai baƙar fata a cikin 2020, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Greenwood |first=Brad N. |last2=Hardeman |first2=Rachel R. |last3=Huang |first3=Laura |last4=Sojourner |first4=Aaron |date=September 2020 |title=Physician–patient racial concordance and disparities in birthing mortality for newborns |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=117 |issue=35 |pages=21194–21200 |bibcode=2020PNAS..11721194G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1913405117 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=7474610 |pmid=32817561 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma an karyata shi a cikin 2024.  

Talauci, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma shan ƙwayoyi na iya haifar da matsalolin fahimta, motsi, da ɗabi'a a lokacin yarinta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hurt&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hurt H, Brodsky NL, Roth H, Malmud E, Giannetta JM |year=2005 |title=School performance of children with gestational cocaine exposure |journal=Neurotoxicology and Teratology |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=203–11 |bibcode=2005NTxT...27..203H |doi=10.1016/j.ntt.2004.10.006 |pmid=15734271}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wata ma'anar, idan uwa ba ta cikin koshin lafiya mai kyau a lokacin haihuwa (lokacin da take da juna biyu) da/ko kuma tayin ya kamu da cutar teratogens, yaron zai fi fuskantar matsalolin lafiya ko ci gaba, ko mutuwa. Yanayin da uwa ke kula da tayin/tayin yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga lafiyarsa bayan ɗaukar ciki da haihuwa.

[[Magana da cututtuka|Teratogen]] shine &quot;duk wani abu da zai iya haifar da lahani ga haihuwa ko kuma ya canza sakamakon fahimta da ɗabi'a mara kyau.&quot;  Yawan da za a sha, saurin kamuwa da kwayoyin halitta, da lokacin da za a sha duk dalilai ne da ke haifar da tasirin teratogen akan tayi ko tayin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Santrock&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Magungunan da likita ya rubuta a lokacin daukar ciki kamar su streptomycin, tetracycline, wasu magungunan rage radadi, progestin, estrogen na roba, da Accutane, &lt;ref name=&quot;Crijns_2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crijns HJ, van Rein N, Gispen-de Wied CC, Straus SM, de Jong-van den Berg LT |date=October 2012 |title=Prescriptive contraceptive use among isotretinoin users in the Netherlands in comparison with non-users: a drug utilisation study |url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/15052761/Crijns_2012_Pharmacoepidemiol_Drug_Saf.pdf |journal=Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety |volume=21 |issue=10 |pages=1060–6 |doi=10.1002/pds.3200 |pmid=22228673 |s2cid=35402923}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Koren_2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Koren G, Nordeng H |date=September 2012 |title=Antidepressant use during pregnancy: the benefit-risk ratio |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=207 |issue=3 |pages=157–63 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2012.02.009 |pmid=22425404}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma magungunan da ba a rubuta a kan takardar likita ba kamar magungunan rage radadi, na iya haifar da sakamako mai tsanani ga tayin/tayin da ke tasowa. Bugu da ƙari, an san cewa yawan shan aspirin yana haifar da zubar jini a cikin uwa da tayin, kodayake ƙaramin aspirin yawanci ba shi da illa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bennett&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bennett SA, Bagot CN, Arya R |date=June 2012 |title=Pregnancy loss and thrombophilia: the elusive link |journal=British Journal of Haematology |volume=157 |issue=5 |pages=529–42 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2141.2012.09112.x |pmid=22449204 |s2cid=10677131 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Marret&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Marret S, Marchand L, Kaminski M, Larroque B, Arnaud C, Truffert P, Thirez G, Fresson J, Rozé JC, Ancel PY |date=January 2010 |title=Prenatal low-dose aspirin and neurobehavioral outcomes of children born very preterm |journal=Pediatrics |volume=125 |issue=1 |pages=e29-34 |doi=10.1542/peds.2009-0994 |pmid=20026499 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jarirai waɗanda uwayensu ke amfani da heroin a lokacin daukar ciki galibi suna nuna alamun daina shan taba a lokacin haihuwa kuma suna iya samun matsalolin kulawa da matsalolin lafiya yayin da suke girma. &lt;ref name=&quot;Blandthorn&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Blandthorn J, Forster DA, Love V |date=March 2011 |title=Neonatal and maternal outcomes following maternal use of buprenorphine or methadone during pregnancy: findings of a retrospective audit |journal=Women and Birth |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=32–9 |doi=10.1016/j.wombi.2010.07.001 |pmid=20864426}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amfani da magungunan ƙarfafa gwiwa kamar methamphetamine da cocaine a lokacin daukar ciki yana da alaƙa da matsaloli da dama ga yaron kamar ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa da ƙaramin zagayen kai, jinkirin motsi da fahimtar hankali, da kuma matsalolin ɗabi'a a lokacin yarinta.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Meyer_2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Meyer KD, Zhang L |date=February 2009 |title=Short- and long-term adverse effects of cocaine abuse during pregnancy on the heart development |journal=Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=7–16 |doi=10.1177/1753944708099877 |pmc=2710813 |pmid=19144667}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid20600846&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Richardson GA, Goldschmidt L, Leech S, Willford J |date=2011 |title=Prenatal cocaine exposure: Effects on mother- and teacher-rated behavior problems and growth in school-age children |journal=Neurotoxicology and Teratology |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=69–77 |bibcode=2011NTxT...33...69R |doi=10.1016/j.ntt.2010.06.003 |pmc=3026056 |pmid=20600846}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21334365&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Piper BJ, Acevedo SF, Kolchugina GK, Butler RW, Corbett SM, Honeycutt EB, Craytor MJ, Raber J |date=May 2011 |title=Abnormalities in parentally rated executive function in methamphetamine/polysubstance exposed children |journal=Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior |volume=98 |issue=3 |pages=432–9 |doi=10.1016/j.pbb.2011.02.013 |pmc=3069661 |pmid=21334365}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Halayyar Yara da Matasa ta Amurka ta gano cewa yara 'yan shekara shida waɗanda uwayensu suka sha taba a lokacin daukar ciki sun sami maki ƙasa da na yaran da uwayensu ba su sha ba a lokacin daukar ciki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Goldschmidt&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Goldschmidt L, Richardson GA, Willford J, Day NL |date=March 2008 |title=Prenatal marijuana exposure and intelligence test performance at age 6 |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=254–263 |doi=10.1097/chi.0b013e318160b3f0 |pmid=18216735}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shan taba sigari a lokacin daukar ciki na iya haifar da illa ga lafiya da ci gaban 'ya'yan da aka haifa. Sakamakon shan taba a lokacin daukar ciki ya hada da haihuwa kafin lokacin haihuwa, karancin nauyin haihuwa, mutuwar tayi da jarirai, matsalolin numfashi, da kuma mutuwar jarirai kwatsam (SIDS), &lt;ref name=&quot;Santrock&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSantrock2013&quot;&gt;Santrock JW (2013). ''Life-Span Development'' (14th&amp;nbsp;ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;82–&lt;/span&gt;83. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-07-131868-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-07-131868-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma karuwar hadarin kamuwa da matsalar fahimta, matsalar rashin aiki da hankali (ADHD) da sauran matsalolin halayya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Abbott&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Abbott LC, Winzer-Serhan UH |date=April 2012 |title=Smoking during pregnancy: lessons learned from epidemiological studies and experimental studies using animal models |journal=Critical Reviews in Toxicology |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=279–303 |doi=10.3109/10408444.2012.658506 |pmid=22394313 |s2cid=38886526}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma, a cikin wani bincike da aka buga a cikin Mujallar Ciwon daji ta Duniya, yaran da iyayensu mata ke shan taba a lokacin daukar ciki sun fuskanci karuwar kashi 22% na hadarin kamuwa da cutar lymphoma ba Hodgkin ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Antonopoulos&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Antonopoulos CN, Sergentanis TN, Papadopoulou C, Andrie E, Dessypris N, Panagopoulou P, Polychronopoulou S, Pourtsidis A, Athanasiadou-Piperopoulou F, Kalmanti M, Sidi V, Moschovi M, Petridou ET |date=December 2011 |title=Maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood lymphoma: a meta-analysis |journal=International Journal of Cancer |volume=129 |issue=11 |pages=2694–703 |doi=10.1002/ijc.25929 |pmid=21225624 |s2cid=5251307 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da cewa shan barasa a hankali (yawan abinci ɗaya zuwa biyu a cikin 'yan kwanaki a mako) ba a san shi a matsayin sanadin matsalar shan barasa ta fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) ba, Babban Likitan Likita na Amurka ya ba da shawara kan shan barasa kwata-kwata a lokacin daukar ciki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cheng&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cheng D, Kettinger L, Uduhiri K, Hurt L |date=February 2011 |title=Alcohol consumption during pregnancy: prevalence and provider assessment |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=117 |issue=2 Pt 1 |pages=212–7 |doi=10.1097/aog.0b013e3182078569 |pmid=21252732 |s2cid=13548123}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawan shan barasa a lokacin daukar ciki na iya haifar da FASD, wanda galibi ya kunshi matsalolin jiki da na fahimta a cikin yaro kamar nakasar fuska, lahani a gaɓoɓi, fuska, da zuciya, matsalolin koyo, rashin hankali, da nakasa ta hankali (ID). &lt;ref name=&quot;Painter&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Paintner A, Williams AD, Burd L |date=February 2012 |title=Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders-- implications for child neurology, part 1: prenatal exposure and dosimetry |journal=Journal of Child Neurology |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=258–63 |doi=10.1177/0883073811428376 |pmid=22351188 |s2cid=46215913}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Paintner A, Williams AD, Burd L |date=March 2012 |title=Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders--implications for child neurology, part 2: diagnosis and management |journal=Journal of Child Neurology |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=355–62 |doi=10.1177/0883073811428377 |pmid=22241713 |s2cid=40864343}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da cewa ana iya yada cutar HIV/AIDS ga zuri'a a lokuta daban-daban, lokacin da iyaye mata suka fi kamuwa da cutar shine lokacin daukar ciki. A lokacin daukar ciki, tayin/tayin na iya kamuwa da cutar ta hanyar mahaifa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Santrock&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSantrock2013&quot;&gt;Santrock JW (2013). ''Life-Span Development'' (14th&amp;nbsp;ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;82–&lt;/span&gt;83. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-07-131868-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-07-131868-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciwon suga na lokacin daukar ciki yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da kiba a cikin 'ya'yan da suka haifa har zuwa lokacin samartaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pettitt&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pettitt DJ, Baird HR, Aleck KA, Bennett PH, Knowler WC |date=February 1983 |title=Excessive obesity in offspring of Pima Indian women with diabetes during pregnancy |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=308 |issue=5 |pages=242–5 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198302033080502 |pmid=6848933}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, yaran da iyayensu mata ke da ciwon suga sun fi kamuwa da [[Nau'in ciwon sukari na 2|ciwon suga na nau'in II]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Dabelea&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dabelea D, Hanson RL, Bennett PH, Roumain J, Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ |date=August 1998 |title=Increasing prevalence of Type II diabetes in American Indian children |journal=Diabetologia |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=904–10 |doi=10.1007/s001250051006 |pmid=9726592 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uwaye mata da ke da ciwon suga na lokacin daukar ciki suna da babban damar haihuwar jarirai masu girma (fam 10 (4.5)&amp;nbsp;kg) ko fiye). &lt;ref name=&quot;Santrock&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSantrock2013&quot;&gt;Santrock JW (2013). ''Life-Span Development'' (14th&amp;nbsp;ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;82–&lt;/span&gt;83. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-07-131868-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-07-131868-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan shine dalilin macrosomia. Jarirai masu fama da macrosomia suna da ƙaruwar yawan sukari a jini idan aka kwatanta da jarirai mata masu juna biyu ba tare da ciwon suga ba. Wannan saboda jarirai masu yawan sukari suna amfani da yawan sukari a jini a cikin mahaifa, wanda ke haifar da yawan insulin a zahiri. A lokacin haihuwa, lokacin da aka cire tushen sukarin jini kwatsam, wannan yana sa jarirai su fuskanci digo mai yawa a cikin sukarin jini. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mitanchez |first=Delphine |last2=Yzydorczyk |first2=Catherine |last3=Simeoni |first3=Umberto |date=2015-06-10 |title=What neonatal complications should the pediatrician be aware of in case of maternal gestational diabetes? |journal=World Journal of Diabetes |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=734–743 |doi=10.4239/wjd.v6.i5.734 |issn=1948-9358 |pmc=4458502 |pmid=26069722 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda abincin da tayin ko tayin ke ci ya dogara ne akan furotin na uwa, bitamin, ma'adanai, da kuma yawan adadin kuzari da ake buƙata, jariran da uwaye masu fama da rashin abinci mai gina jiki ke haifa suna iya nuna matsala. Bugu da ƙari, damuwa ta uwa na iya shafar tayin kai tsaye da kuma a kaikaice. Lokacin da uwa ke cikin damuwa, canje-canje a cikin jiki suna faruwa a jiki wanda zai iya cutar da tayin da ke tasowa. Bugu da ƙari, uwa tana iya shiga cikin halayen da ka iya yin mummunan tasiri ga tayin, kamar [[shan taba]], shan ƙwayoyi, da shan barasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Santrock&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSantrock2013&quot;&gt;Santrock JW (2013). ''Life-Span Development'' (14th&amp;nbsp;ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;82–&lt;/span&gt;83. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-07-131868-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-07-131868-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haihuwa da cututtukan da ake dauka ta hanyar jima'i ===
Ana iya yada cutar herpes ta al'aura, rubella, cytomegalovirus, varicella, parvovirus B19, da enteroviruses ga jariri ta hanyar hanyar haihuwa yayin haihuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21269306&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Li JM, Chen YR, Li XT, Xu WC |date=February 2011 |title=Screening of Herpes simplex virus 2 infection among pregnant women in southern China |journal=The Journal of Dermatology |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=120–4 |doi=10.1111/j.1346-8138.2010.00966.x |pmid=21269306 |s2cid=21282278}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21261443&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nigro G, Mazzocco M, Mattia E, Di Renzo GC, Carta G, Anceschi MM |date=August 2011 |title=Role of the infections in recurrent spontaneous abortion |journal=The Journal of Maternal-Fetal &amp; Neonatal Medicine |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=983–9 |doi=10.3109/14767058.2010.547963 |pmid=21261443 |s2cid=25192645}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Neu |first=Natalie |last2=Duchon |first2=Jennifer |last3=Zachariah |first3=Philip |date=March 2015 |title=TORCH Infections |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0095510814001250 |journal=Clinics in Perinatology |language=en |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=77–103 |doi=10.1016/j.clp.2014.11.001 |pmid=25677998 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin masu juna biyu inda uwa ta kamu da kwayar cutar, kashi 25% na jariran da aka haifa ta hanyar hanyar haihuwa da ta kamu da cutar suna lalacewa a kwakwalwa, kuma kashi 1/3 na mutuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Santrock&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSantrock2013&quot;&gt;Santrock JW (2013). ''Life-Span Development'' (14th&amp;nbsp;ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;82–&lt;/span&gt;83. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-07-131868-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-07-131868-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya yada cutar HIV/AIDS yayin haihuwa ta hanyar hulɗa da ruwan jikin uwa ko kuma ta hanyar mahaifa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Santrock&quot; /&gt; Iyaye mata a ƙasashe masu tasowa sau da yawa suna iya zaɓar yin tiyatar haihuwa don rage haɗarin yada kwayar cutar ta hanyar hanyar haihuwa, amma wannan zaɓin ba koyaushe yake samuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;McIntyre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=McIntyre J, Gray G |date=January 2002 |title=What can we do to reduce mother to child transmission of HIV? |journal=BMJ |volume=324 |issue=7331 |pages=218–21 |doi=10.1136/bmj.324.7331.218 |jstor=25227275 |pmc=1122134 |pmid=11809646}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shawarwari kan lafiyar uwaye masu juna biyu ==
Kula da lafiyar uwa da kuma kula da tayin yana farawa ne da lafiyar haihuwa. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ba da shawarar cewa matakin farko zuwa ga lafiya shine abinci mai kyau wanda ya haɗa da gaurayen kayan lambu, nama, kifi, goro, hatsi gaba ɗaya, 'ya'yan itatuwa da wake. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=WHO recommendations on maternal health: guidelines approved by the WHO guidelines review committee |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/259268/WHO-MCA-17.10-eng.pdf;jsessionid=7577C2BF2CBB9E1729BA005E0EC7D20F?sequence=1 |access-date=19 March 2020 |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, ana ba da shawarar mata masu juna biyu su sha ƙarin ƙarfe da folic acid kowace rana. Babban Likitan Fiɗa na Amurka ya ba da shawarar waɗannan ƙarin abinci don taimakawa hana matsalolin haihuwa ga uwaye da jarirai kamar ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa, rashin jini, [[Hawan jini|hauhawar jini]] da haihuwa kafin lokacin haihuwa.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-05-10 |title=Pregnancy Health: Exercise Programs to Prevent Gestational Hypertension |url=https://www.thecommunityguide.org/findings/pregnancy-health-exercise-programs-prevent-gestational-hypertension |access-date=2020-04-29 |website=The Guide to Community Preventive Services (The Community Guide) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Folic acid na iya taimakawa wajen samar da bututun jijiyoyi a cikin tayin, wanda ke faruwa da wuri a lokacin daukar ciki don haka ya kamata a ba da shawarar da wuri-wuri. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/250796/9789241549912-eng.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=19 March 2020 |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kuma ba da shawarar ƙarin Calcium da Vitamin A lokacin da waɗannan mahadi ba su samuwa ko kuma ana samun su ne kawai a cikin ƙananan allurai a cikin abincin halitta amma ba a ba da shawarar wasu ƙarin abinci kamar Vitamin D, E, C, da B6 ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; WHO ta kuma ba da shawarar cewa motsa jiki mai ƙarancin tasiri da rage shan caffeine zuwa ƙasa da 330&amp;nbsp;mg/rana na iya taimakawa wajen rage yiwuwar kamuwa da cututtukan jarirai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ya kamata a ci gaba da motsa jiki mai sauƙi ga mata masu juna biyu domin an ba da shawarar a yaƙi da mummunan sakamako na lafiya, illolin da ke tattare da kiba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Shawarar da aka yi watsi da ita cewa bugun zuciyar mata masu juna biyu bai kamata ya wuce 140 ba kamar yadda aka yi a shekarar 2012 har yanzu ana kyautata zaton ta fi yawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Evenson |first=Kelly |last2=Hesketh |first2=Kathryn |date=Jan–Feb 2023 |title=Monitoring Physical Activity Intensity During Pregnancy |journal=American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=18–31 |doi=10.1177/15598276211052277 |pmc=9830234 |pmid=36636387}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Idan akwai yiwuwar illa ga ciki, kamar tashin zuciya, amai, ƙwannafi, ciwon ƙafa, ciwon baya, da maƙarƙashiya; WHO ta ba da shawarar motsa jiki mai ƙarancin ƙarfi, abinci mai kyau, ko ƙarin kayan lambu na halitta don rage tasirin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Babban Likitan Likita na Amurka ya ba da shawarar a guji shan barasa ko nicotine ta kowace hanya a tsawon lokacin da mutum ke da juna biyu, da kuma guje wa amfani da shi azaman hanyar rage wasu illolin ciki da aka ambata a baya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 December 2016 |title=Surgeon General Releases Report on E-Cigarettes |url=https://naspa.us/blog/2016/12/09/surgeon-general-releases-report-e-cigarettes/ |publisher=National Alliance of State Pharmacy Associations (NASPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 May 2024 |title=E-Cigarettes and Pregnancy |url=https://www.cdc.gov/maternal-infant-health/pregnancy-substance-abuse/e-cigarettes.html |publisher=CDC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Idan aka haifi jariri lafiya, yawanci ana ba da shawarar iyaye mata da jarirai su zauna a asibiti na tsawon awanni 24 kafin su tafi. Ana ba da shawarar wannan don a ba da lokaci don tantance uwa da ɗanta game da duk wata matsala kamar zubar jini ko ƙarin maƙura. WHO ta ba da shawarar cewa jarirai su yi gwaje-gwaje tare da likita a rana ta 3, rana ta 7-14 da makonni 6 bayan haihuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=WHO recommendations on maternal health: guidelines approved by the WHO guidelines review committee |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/259268/WHO-MCA-17.10-eng.pdf;jsessionid=7577C2BF2CBB9E1729BA005E0EC7D20F?sequence=1 |access-date=19 March 2020 |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/259268/WHO-MCA-17.10-eng.pdf;jsessionid=7577C2BF2CBB9E1729BA005E0EC7D20F?sequence=1 &quot;WHO recommendations on maternal health: guidelines approved by the WHO guidelines review committee&quot;]. World Health Organization. 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;19 March&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A waɗannan alƙawarin da suka biyo baya, ya kamata a yi la'akari da lafiyar motsin rai na uwa. WHO kuma ta ba da shawarar kula da yiwuwar [[Rashin lafiya bayan haihuwa|ɓacin rai bayan haihuwa]], wanda ke shafar kashi 10-15% na iyaye mata a ƙasashe 40. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Halbreich U, Karkun S |date=April 2006 |title=Cross-cultural and social diversity of prevalence of postpartum depression and depressive symptoms |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032705004222 |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=91 |issue=2–3 |pages=97–111 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2005.12.051 |pmid=16466664 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bita na tsari na 2021 ya gano cewa hanyoyin ba da shawara da ƙwararrun masu ba da sabis, kamar ma'aikatan jinya da ungozoma suka bayar, sun yi tasiri wajen rage ɓacin rai da alamun damuwa a lokacin haihuwa, suna nuna raba aiki da maganin telemedicine don faɗaɗa damar kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa ga mata masu juna biyu da bayan haihuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Singla |first=Daisy R. |last2=Lawson |first2=Andrea |last3=Kohrt |first3=Brandon A. |last4=Jung |first4=James W. |last5=Meng |first5=Zifeng |last6=Ratjen |first6=Clarissa |last7=Zahedi |first7=Nika |last8=Dennis |first8=Cindy-Lee |last9=Patel |first9=Vikram |date=2021-05-01 |title=Implementation and Effectiveness of Nonspecialist-Delivered Interventions for Perinatal Mental Health in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |journal=JAMA Psychiatry |language=en |volume=78 |issue=5 |pages=498–509 |doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.4556 |issn=2168-622X |pmc=7859878 |pmid=33533904}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Singla |first=Daisy R. |last2=Silver |first2=Richard K. |last3=Vigod |first3=Simone N. |last4=Schoueri-Mychasiw |first4=Nour |last5=Kim |first5=J. Jo |last6=La Porte |first6=Laura M. |last7=Ravitz |first7=Paula |last8=Schiller |first8=Crystal E. |last9=Lawson |first9=Andrea S. |last10=Kiss |first10=Alex |last11=Hollon |first11=Steven D. |last12=Dennis |first12=Cindy-Lee |last13=Berenbaum |first13=Tara S. |last14=Krohn |first14=Holly A. |last15=Gibori |first15=Jamie E. |date=2025 |title=Task-sharing and telemedicine delivery of psychotherapy to treat perinatal depression: a pragmatic, noninferiority randomized trial |journal=Nature Medicine |language=en |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=1214–1224 |doi=10.1038/s41591-024-03482-w |issn=1078-8956 |pmc=12003186 |pmid=40033113}}&lt;/ref&gt; A waɗannan rajista, uwaye kuma suna da damar neman shawara daga likita game da fara shayarwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/250796/9789241549912-eng.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=19 March 2020 |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/250796/9789241549912-eng.pdf?sequence=1 &quot;WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. World Health Organization. 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;19 March&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasirin dogon lokaci ga uwa ==
Matsalolin lafiyar uwa sun haɗa da matsaloli daga haihuwa waɗanda ba sa haifar da mutuwa. Ga kowace mace da ta mutu yayin haihuwa, kimanin 20 suna kamuwa da cuta, rauni, ko [[nakasa]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 September 2010 |title=Maternal deaths worldwide drop by third |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/maternal_mortality_20100915/en/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918223508/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/maternal_mortality_20100915/en/index.html |archive-date=18 September 2010 |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kimanin kashi 75% na mata da ke mutuwa a lokacin haihuwa za su kasance da rai a yau idan suna da damar yin rigakafi da kula da lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2010 |title=Maternal Health: Investing in the Lifeline of Healthy Societies &amp; Economies |url=https://www.who.int/pmnch/topics/maternal/app_maternal_health_english.pdf |journal=Africa Progress Panel |publisher=African Progress Panel}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mata baƙar fata sun fi fuskantar mutuwar da ta shafi ciki da kuma samun kulawar lafiya mara inganci a lokacin daukar ciki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=April 2018 |title=Snapshot: Black Maternal Health in the United States |url=https://nationalpartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/maternity-snapshot-black-maternal-health.pdf |journal=Snapshot |publisher=National Partnership for Women &amp; Families}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matan da ke fama da [[hawan jini]] na yau da kullun kafin su yi ciki suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da matsaloli kamar haihuwa da wuri, ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa ko kuma haihuwa gawa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Al Khalaf SY, O'Reilly ÉJ, Barrett PM, B Leite DF, Pawley LC, McCarthy FP, Khashan AS |date=May 2021 |title=Impact of Chronic Hypertension and Antihypertensive Treatment on Adverse Perinatal Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Journal of the American Heart Association |volume=10 |issue=9 |doi=10.1161/JAHA.120.018494 |pmc=8200761 |pmid=33870708}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matan da ke fama da hawan jini kuma suka sami matsaloli a cikin ciki suna da haɗarin kamuwa da [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]] sau uku idan aka kwatanta da mata masu hawan jini na yau da kullun waɗanda ba su da wata matsala a cikin ciki. Kula da hawan jini na mata masu juna biyu zai iya taimakawa wajen hana rikitarwa da cututtukan zuciya na gaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2023-11-21 |title=Pregnancy complications increase the risk of heart attacks and stroke in women with high blood pressure |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/pregnancy-complications-increase-the-risk-of-heart-attacks-and-stroke-in-women-with-high-blood-pressure/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Plain English summary |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Research |doi=10.3310/nihrevidence_60660 |s2cid=265356623 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Al Khalaf S, Chappell LC, Khashan AS, McCarthy FP, O'Reilly ÉJ |date=July 2023 |title=Association Between Chronic Hypertension and the Risk of 12 Cardiovascular Diseases Among Parous Women: The Role of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes |journal=Hypertension |volume=80 |issue=7 |pages=1427–1438 |doi=10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.20628 |pmid=37170819 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kusan kashi 50% na haihuwar da ake yi a ƙasashe masu tasowa har yanzu suna faruwa ba tare da ƙwararren likita ba don taimaka wa uwa, kuma rabon ya fi yawa a Kudancin Asiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;UNICEF&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|UNICEF Maternal Health}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mata a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara galibi suna dogara ne da masu kula da haihuwa na gargajiya (TBAs), waɗanda ba su da horo na musamman ko kuma ba su da shi. Don gane rawar da suke takawa, wasu ƙasashe da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna yin ƙoƙari don horar da masu kula da haihuwa na gargajiya a kan batutuwan lafiyar uwa, don inganta damar samun sakamako mafi kyau ga lafiya tsakanin uwaye da jarirai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=1996 |title=Evaluation Findings: Support to traditional birth attendants |url=http://www.unfpa.org/monitoring/pdf/n-issue7.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202064549/http://www.unfpa.org/monitoring/pdf/n-issue7.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2012 |access-date=3 March 2011 |publisher=United Nations Population Fund}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shayar da jarirai nono yana ba wa mata fa'idodi da yawa na dogon lokaci. Matan da ke shayarwa suna samun ingantaccen matakin glucose, metabolism na lipid, da hawan jini, kuma suna rage kiba cikin sauri fiye da waɗanda ba sa shayarwa. Bugu da ƙari, mata masu shayarwa suna fuskantar ƙarancin ciwon nono, ciwon daji na ovarian, da ciwon suga na nau'in 2. &lt;ref name=&quot;Stuebe&amp;Schwarz&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stuebe AM, Schwarz EB |date=March 2010 |title=The risks and benefits of infant feeding practices for women and their children |journal=Journal of Perinatology |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=155–62 |doi=10.1038/jp.2009.107 |pmid=19609306 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa shayarwa tana ba da fa'idodi masu yawa ga mata waɗanda ba su kamu da cutar HIV ba. A ƙasashen da yawan HIV/AIDS ya yi yawa, kamar Afirka ta Kudu da Kenya, ƙwayar cutar ita ce babbar sanadin mace-macen mata masu juna biyu, musamman ga uwaye masu shayarwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;McIntyre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=McIntyre J, Gray G |date=January 2002 |title=What can we do to reduce mother to child transmission of HIV? |journal=BMJ |volume=324 |issue=7331 |pages=218–21 |doi=10.1136/bmj.324.7331.218 |jstor=25227275 |pmc=1122134 |pmid=11809646}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMcIntyreGray2002&quot;&gt;McIntyre J, Gray G (January 2002). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1122134 &quot;What can we do to reduce mother to child transmission of HIV?&quot;]. ''BMJ''. '''324''' (7331): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;218–&lt;/span&gt;21. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7331.218|10.1136/bmj.324.7331.218]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25227275 25227275]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1122134 1122134]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11809646 11809646].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wani matsala ita ce iyaye mata da yawa da ke ɗauke da cutar HIV ba za su iya biyan kuɗin madara ba, don haka ba su da wata hanyar hana yaɗuwa ga yaro ta hanyar nono ko guje wa haɗarin lafiya ga kansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hollander&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hollander D |date=September 2000 |title=Most Infant HIV Infection from Breast Milk Occurs within Six Weeks of Birth |journal=International Family Planning Perspectives |volume=26 |issue=3 |page=141 |doi=10.2307/2648305 |jstor=2648305}}&lt;/ref&gt; A irin waɗannan yanayi, uwaye ba su da wani zaɓi illa su shayar da jarirai nono ba tare da la'akari da iliminsu game da illolin ba.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Lafiyar uwa''' ita ce lafiyar mata a lokacin [[Juna biyu|daukar ciki]], [[Jego|haihuwa]], da kuma [[Lokacin bayan haihuwa|bayan haihuwa]] . A mafi yawan lokuta, lafiyar uwa ta ƙunshi fannonin [[kula da lafiya]] na tsarin iyali, ɗaukar ciki kafin haihuwa, kula da [[Kulawa da Lafiyar mai Ciki|haihuwa]] [[Lokacin bayan haihuwa|bayan haihuwa]] domin tabbatar da samun kwarewa mai kyau da gamsarwa. A wasu lokuta, lafiyar uwa na iya rage rashin lafiya da mace-mace [[Mutuwar uwa|a lokacin haihuwa]] . {{Sfn|WHO Maternal Health}} Lafiyar uwa ta dogara ne akan lafiya da walwalar masu juna biyu, musamman lokacin da suke da juna biyu, lokacin da suke haihuwa, da kuma lokacin renon yara. [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] ta nuna cewa duk da cewa an dauki uwa a matsayin abin da ya dace da uwa, yawancin mata suna fuskantar matsalolin lafiya, wani lokacin suna haifar da mutuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maternal health |url=https://www.who.int/maternal-health/en/ |access-date=2020-05-14 |website=WHO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda haka, akwai buƙatar saka hannun jari a lafiyar mata. Ana iya cimma wannan jarin ta hanyoyi daban-daban, daga cikin manyan su shine tallafawa farashin kiwon lafiya, ilimi kan lafiyar uwa, ƙarfafa ingantaccen tsarin iyali, da kuma duba lafiyar mutanen da suka haihu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Robert L. |last2=Murray |first2=John |last3=Jack |first3=Susan |last4=Arscott-Mills |first4=Sharon |last5=Verardi |first5=Vincenzo |date=2017-12-06 |title=Impact of multisectoral health determinants on child mortality 1980–2010: An analysis by country baseline mortality |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=12 |at=e0188762 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1288762C |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0188762 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5718556 |pmid=29211765 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin lafiya da mace-mace na uwa yana shafar mata masu launin fata da mata da ke zaune a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi da ƙananan kuɗi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-11 |title=Working Together to Reduce Black Maternal Mortality {{!}} Health Equity Features |url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthequity/features/maternal-mortality/index.html |access-date=2022-09-12 |publisher=CDC |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maternal mortality |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality |access-date=2022-09-12 |publisher=WHO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rashin lafiyar uwa da mace-mace ==
WHO ta kiyasta cewa kimanin mace-macen mata masu juna biyu 295,000 ne suka faru a shekarar 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;Maternal health&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maternal health |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/maternal-health |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abubuwan da ke haifar da waɗannan mace-macen mata masu juna biyu sun kama daga zubar jini mai tsanani zuwa nakuda mai toshewa, waɗanda duk suna da ingantattun hanyoyin magancewa. Bugu da ƙari, dalilan da ke haifar da mace-macen mata masu juna biyu sun haɗa da rashin jini da kuma zazzabin cizon sauro. &lt;ref name=&quot;Maternal health&quot; /&gt; Yayin da mata suka sami damar yin amfani da tsarin iyali da kuma halartar haihuwa ta hanyar kula da gaggawa ta mata masu juna biyu, mace-macen mata masu juna biyu a duniya ya ragu da kusan kashi 44 cikin ɗari, wanda ya nuna raguwar kusan kashi 2.3 cikin ɗari a kowace shekara a tsawon lokacin daga 1990 zuwa 2015. Duk da cewa an sami raguwar mace-macen mata a duniya bayan ƙoƙari mai yawa, har yanzu akwai manyan alkaluma, musamman a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi da matsakaitan kuɗi (99%). [[Yankin Saharar Afirka|Afirka da ke kudu da hamadar sahara]] tana da kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na waɗannan mace-macen kuma Kudancin Asiya tana da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin biyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maternal Health |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=World Health Organisation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kashi ɗaya cikin uku na mace-macen mata masu juna biyu suna faruwa ne a Indiya da Najeriya.  Mutuwar uwa tana haifar da iyalai masu rauni, kuma [[Jariri|jariransu]], idan sun tsira daga haihuwa, suna iya mutuwa kafin su kai shekara ta biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moucheraud |first=Corrina |last2=Worku |first2=Alemayehu |last3=Molla |first3=Mitike |last4=Finlay |first4=Jocelyn E |last5=Leaning |first5=Jennifer |last6=Yamin |first6=Alicia Ely |date=2015-05-06 |title=Consequences of maternal mortality on infant and child survival: a 25-year longitudinal analysis in Butajira Ethiopia (1987-2011) |journal=Reproductive Health |volume=12 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S4 |doi=10.1186/1742-4755-12-S1-S4 |issn=1742-4755 |pmc=4423767 |pmid=26001059 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Mutuwar uwa|Mutuwar mata masu juna]] biyu (mutuwa) da kuma mummunan rashin lafiyar mata masu juna biyu (rashin lafiya) suna &quot;da alaƙa da yawan rigakafin cutar.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;ACOG_SMFM_2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kilpatrick SK, Ecker JL |date=September 2016 |title=Severe maternal morbidity: screening and review |url=http://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(16)30523-3/pdf |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=215 |issue=3 |pages=B17-22 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2016.07.050 |pmid=27560600 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2010, Hukumar Hadin Gwiwa ta Amurka kan Tabbatar da Ƙungiyoyin Kula da Lafiya ta bayyana mace-macen mata masu juna biyu a matsayin &quot; abin da ke faruwa a wurin tsaro &quot;, kuma tana amfani da shi don tantance ingancin tsarin kula da lafiya. {{Sfn|Joint Commission|2010}}

Tallafin kuɗin kula da lafiya yana taimakawa wajen inganta lafiyar mata. A ƙasashe kamar Amurka, Birtaniya, da sauransu, hukumomi na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu suna aiki don rage har ma da kawar da kuɗaɗen mata masu juna biyu ko mata waɗanda ke da matsalolin lafiya da suka shafi ciki. Lokacin da mata ke haihuwar jariransu a wuraren kiwon lafiya da aka amince da su ba tare da biyan kuɗi ko biyan kuɗi kaɗan ba, za su iya amfani da kuɗinsu don cin abincin jariri, tufafi, da sauran buƙatu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kristine Husøy Onarheim |last2=Johannesburg Helene Iversen |last3=David E Bloom |date=2016 |title=Economic Benefits of Investing in Women's Health: A Systematic Review. |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=30 |issue=3 |page=11 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1150120O |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0150120 |pmc=4814064 |pmid=27028199 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma, lokacin da mata ke zuwa asibitoci ba tare da kuɗi ba kuma aka ba su ƙarin abinci kyauta, ana kula da lafiyarsu, kuma wannan yana rage kuɗin da gwamnati ke sakawa a fannin kiwon lafiya. A gefe guda kuma, yawan kamuwa da cutar mata masu juna biyu, tare da yawan mace-mace, yana raguwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Onarheim |first=Kristine Husøy |last2=Iversen |first2=Johanne Helene |last3=Bloom |first3=David E. |date=2016-03-30 |title=Economic Benefits of Investing in Women's Health: A Systematic Review |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=3 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1150120O |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0150120 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4814064 |pmid=27028199 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ilimi kan batutuwan da suka shafi lafiyar mata yana da mahimmanci don sarrafawa da inganta lafiyar mata. Mata masu albarkatu suna da&amp;nbsp;ƙarancin damar da yanayin lafiyarsu ke taɓarɓarewa, saboda iliminsu. Ana sanar da waɗannan mata su yanke shawara game da tsarin iyali, mafi kyawun lokacin haihuwa dangane da ƙarfin kuɗinsu, da kuma abincin da suke ci, kafin, lokacin, da kuma bayan haihuwa. Bugu da ƙari, hanyoyi da yawa sun haɗa da mata, iyalai, da al'ummomin gida a matsayin masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin shiga tsakani da dabarun inganta lafiyar mata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dada |first=Sara |last2=Cocoman |first2=Olive |last3=Portela |first3=Anayda |last4=Brún |first4=Aoife De |last5=Bhattacharyya |first5=Sanghita |last6=Tunçalp |first6=Özge |last7=Jackson |first7=Debra |last8=Gilmore |first8=Brynne |date=2023-02-01 |title=What's in a name? Unpacking 'Community Blank' terminology in reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health: a scoping review |url=https://gh.bmj.com/content/8/2/e009423 |journal=BMJ Global Health |language=en |volume=8 |issue=2 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009423 |issn=2059-7908 |pmc=9906186 |pmid=36750272}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gannon (np) ya ba da rahoton cewa yawan mace-macen mata a lokacin haihuwa ya ragu da kashi 70% tsakanin 1946 da 1953, lokacin da mata suka fara samun ilimin mata. Binciken ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a mai da hankali kan al'ummomin da aka ware da kuma 'yan mata 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 18. Lokacin da gwamnati ta sami damar rage ɗaukar ciki da ba a so da kuma waɗanda ba a shirya ba tsakanin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin mutane biyu, yana zama da sauƙi a rage matsalolin lafiyar mata da kuma kuɗin da ke tattare da su. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Abubuwan da ke shafar lafiyar uwaye ==

=== Talauci da samun damar kiwon lafiya ===
A cewar wani rahoto na UNFPA, yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, ƙa'idodi da dabi'un al'adu, da kuma nisa a yanki duk suna ƙara mace-macen mata masu juna biyu, kuma haɗarin mutuwar mata masu juna biyu (a lokacin daukar ciki ko haihuwa) a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ya ninka sau 175 fiye da na ƙasashen da suka ci gaba, kuma haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka masu alaƙa da ciki da mummunan sakamako bayan haihuwa ya fi yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Determinants&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The social determinants of maternal death and disability |url=http://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/resource-pdf/EN-SRH%20fact%20sheet-Poormother.pdf |publisher=[[United Nations Population Fund]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Talauci]], lafiyar uwa, da sakamakon da yaron zai samu duk suna da alaƙa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Filippi&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Filippi V, Ronsmans C, Campbell OM, Graham WJ, Mills A, Borghi J, Koblinsky M, Osrin D |date=October 2006 |title=Maternal health in poor countries: the broader context and a call for action |journal=Lancet |volume=368 |issue=9546 |pages=1535–41 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69384-7 |pmid=17071287 |s2cid=31036096}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matan da ke zaune a yankunan da talauci ya yi wa katutu sun fi fuskantar [[kiba]] kuma suna shiga cikin halaye marasa kyau kamar [[Shan taba|shan taba sigari]] da shan ƙwayoyi, ba sa samun damar yin ko ma samun kulawar da ta dace a lokacin daukar ciki, kuma suna cikin haɗarin samun mummunan sakamako ga uwa da jariri. &lt;ref name=&quot;Timmermans&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Timmermans S, Bonsel GJ, Steegers-Theunissen RP, Mackenbach JP, Steyerberg EW, Raat H, Verbrugh HA, Tiemeier HW, Hofman A, Birnie E, Looman CW, Jaddoe VW, Steegers EA |date=February 2011 |title=Individual accumulation of heterogeneous risks explains perinatal inequalities within deprived neighbourhoods |journal=European Journal of Epidemiology |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=165–80 |doi=10.1007/s10654-010-9542-5 |pmc=3043261 |pmid=21203801}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Kenya ya nuna cewa matsalolin lafiyar uwa da yara da suka fi yawa a yankunan da talauci ya shafa sun haɗa da zubar jini, rashin jini, [[Hawan jini|hauhawar jini]], zazzabin cizon sauro, riƙe mahaifa, nakuda kafin haihuwa, naƙuda mai tsawo/mai rikitarwa, da kuma pre-eclampsia . &lt;ref name=&quot;Izugbara&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Izugbara CO, Ngilangwa DP |date=December 2010 |title=Women, poverty and adverse maternal outcomes in Nairobi, Kenya |journal=BMC Women's Health |volume=10 |issue=33 |doi=10.1186/1472-6874-10-33 |pmc=3014866 |pmid=21122118 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Kula da haihuwa kafin haihuwa ====
Gabaɗaya, isasshen kulawar haihuwa ta ƙunshi kula da lafiya da ayyukan ilimi, zamantakewa, da abinci mai gina jiki a lokacin daukar ciki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Alexander&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alexander G, Korenbrot CC |date=Spring 1995 |title=The Role of Prenatal Care in Preventing Low Birth Weight |journal=The Future of Children |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=103–120 |doi=10.2307/1602510 |jstor=1602510 |pmid=7633858}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, kula da haihuwa ta hanyar haihuwa na iya haɗawa da gwaje-gwajen tantancewa na jini don yiwuwar rashin daidaituwar ƙwayoyin halitta da kuma auna hawan jini, ko auna mahaifa don tantance girman tayin. Duk da cewa akwai dalilai daban-daban da mata suka zaɓi kada su shiga cikin kulawar haihuwa mai kyau, kashi 71% na mata masu ƙarancin kuɗi a wani bincike na ƙasa na Amurka sun sami matsala wajen samun kulawar haihuwa lokacin da suka nemi hakan. &lt;ref name=&quot;Alexander&quot; /&gt; Bugu da ƙari, baƙi da matan Hispanic suna cikin haɗari mafi girma fiye da mata fararen fata ko baƙar fata saboda samun kulawar haihuwa kaɗan ko rashin kulawar haihuwa, inda matakin ilimi shi ma alama ce (tunda ilimi da launin fata suna da alaƙa). Matasa ba su da yuwuwar samun kulawar haihuwa kwata-kwata. A cikin bincike da yawa, mata da matasa sun zaɓi rashin isasshen kuɗi da rashin sufuri a matsayin cikas da suka fi yawa wajen samun kulawar haihuwa mai kyau. &lt;ref name=&quot;Curry&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Curry MA |year=1990 |title=Factors associated with inadequate prenatal care |journal=Journal of Community Health Nursing |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=245–52 |doi=10.1207/s15327655jchn0704_7 |jstor=3427223 |pmid=2243268}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuɗin shiga yana da alaƙa sosai da ingancin kulawar haihuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Curry&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Curry MA |year=1990 |title=Factors associated with inadequate prenatal care |journal=Journal of Community Health Nursing |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=245–52 |doi=10.1207/s15327655jchn0704_7 |jstor=3427223 |pmid=2243268}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCurry1990&quot;&gt;Curry MA (1990). &quot;Factors associated with inadequate prenatal care&quot;. ''Journal of Community Health Nursing''. '''7''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;245–&lt;/span&gt;52. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1207/s15327655jchn0704_7|10.1207/s15327655jchn0704_7]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3427223 3427223]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2243268 2243268].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wani lokaci, kusanci da wuraren kiwon lafiya da kuma samun damar sufuri suna da tasiri sosai kan ko mata suna da damar samun kulawar haihuwa ko a'a. Wani bincike da aka gudanar kan ayyukan kula da lafiyar mata a Mali ya gano cewa mata da ke zaune a yankunan karkara, nesa da wuraren kiwon lafiya, ba su da yuwuwar samun kulawar haihuwa fiye da waɗanda ke zaune a birane. Bugu da ƙari, masu bincike sun gano alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin rashin sufuri da kulawar haihuwa da haihuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gage&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gage AJ |date=October 2007 |title=Barriers to the utilization of maternal health care in rural Mali |journal=Social Science &amp; Medicine |volume=65 |issue=8 |pages=1666–82 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.06.001 |pmid=17643685}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baya ga kusanci, kasancewar hasashen samun kulawar haihuwa, Materia da abokan aiki sun sami irin wannan sakamako na kusanci da kulawar haihuwa a yankunan karkara na Habasha. &lt;ref name=&quot;Materia&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Materia E, Mehari W, Mele A, Rosmini F, Stazi MA, Damen HM, Basile G, Miuccio G, Ferrigno L, Miozzo A |date=September 1993 |title=A community survey on maternal and child health services utilization in rural Ethiopia |journal=European Journal of Epidemiology |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=511–6 |doi=10.1007/bf00209529 |jstor=3520948 |pmid=8307136 |s2cid=22107263}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma, rashin isassun ayyuka da rashin inganci suna taimakawa wajen ƙara yawan mace-mace da mace-mace a tsakanin mata da maza. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=maternal mortality |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality |access-date=30 September 2020 |website=WHO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yanayin da suka riga suka kasance ===

==== Ciwon suga kafin haila ====
Ciwon suga na nau'in 1 ko na nau'in 2 na uwa wanda ya riga ya wanzu (wanda aka haifa kafin haihuwa) wani abu ne da aka sani wanda ke ƙara haɗarin mummunan sakamako, gami da haihuwa kafin haihuwa, preeclampsia, da nakasar haihuwa da aka haifa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Alexopoulos |first=Anastasia-Stefania |last2=Blair |first2=Rachel |last3=Peters |first3=Anne L. |date=2019-05-14 |title=Management of Preexisting Diabetes in Pregnancy: A Review |journal=JAMA |volume=321 |issue=18 |pages=1811–1819 |doi=10.1001/jama.2019.4981 |issn=1538-3598 |pmc=6657017 |pmid=31087027}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bincike daga Amurka da Ostiraliya ya nuna cewa yawan ciwon suga kafin haihuwa kusan kashi 1% ne na ciki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Epidemiology and Classification of Diabetes in Pregnancy {{!}} Article {{!}} GLOWM |url=http://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-8--maternal-medical-health-and-disorders-in-pregnancy--epidemiology-and-classification-of-diabetes-in-pregnancy/id/416413 |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=The Global Library of Women's Medicine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ko da ciki mai lafiya yana haifar da yanayin hyperglycemia. Sakamakon haka, uwaye masu ciwon suga kafin haihuwa suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da hyperglycemia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hartling |first=Lisa |last2=Dryden |first2=Donna M. |last3=Guthrie |first3=Alyssa |last4=Muise |first4=Melanie |last5=Vandermeer |first5=Ben |last6=Donovan |first6=Lois |date=2013-07-16 |title=Benefits and Harms of Treating Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force and the National Institutes of Health Office of Medical Applications of Research |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=159 |issue=2 |pages=123–129 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-159-2-201307160-00661 |issn=0003-4819 |pmid=23712381}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aoife M. Egan |last2=Margaret L. Dow |last3=Adrian Vella |date=December 2020 |title=A Review of the Pathophysiology and Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy |url=https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(20)30202-0/pdf |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |volume=95 |issue=12 |pages=2734–2746 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.02.019 |pmid=32736942}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== HIV/AIDS ====
Adadin kamuwa da cutar kanjamau ga uwa ya bambanta a duk duniya, daga kashi 1% zuwa 40%, inda ƙasashen Afirka da Asiya ke da mafi yawan mace-macen. &lt;ref name=&quot;McIntyre2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=McIntyre J |date=May 2005 |title=Maternal health and HIV |journal=Reproductive Health Matters |volume=13 |issue=25 |pages=129–35 |doi=10.1016/s0968-8080(05)25184-4 |jstor=3776238 |pmid=16035606 |s2cid=24802898}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa kamuwa da cutar kanjamau ga uwa yana da illa ga lafiyar yaron,  musamman a ƙasashen da talauci ya yi yawa kuma matakan ilimi ba su da yawa, &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid22340362&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Toure K, Sankore R, Kuruvilla S, Scolaro E, Bustreo F, Osotimehin B |date=February 2012 |title=Positioning women's and children's health in African union policy-making: a policy analysis |journal=Globalization and Health |volume=8 |page=3 |doi=10.1186/1744-8603-8-3 |pmc=3298467 |pmid=22340362 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; kamuwa da cutar kanjamau a lokacin da take da juna biyu na iya haifar da haɗarin lafiya ga uwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-05-15 |title=Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV |url=https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/hiv-prevention/reducing-mother-to-child-risk/preventing-mother-to-child-transmission-of-hiv |access-date=2018-11-07 |website=HIV.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban abin damuwa ga mata masu juna biyu masu ɗauke da cutar kanjamau shine haɗarin kamuwa da cutar tarin fuka (TB) da/ko malaria, a ƙasashe masu tasowa. &lt;ref name=&quot;McIntyre2&quot; /&gt; Kashi 28% na mace-macen mata masu juna biyu suna faruwa ne daga naƙuda da dalilai na kai tsaye, ma'ana cututtukan da ke rikitar da ciki ko waɗanda ciki ke rikitar da su (malaria, anemia, HIV/AIDS, da cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini). 

==== Nauyin uwa ====
A lokacin daukar ciki, mata masu matsakaicin nauyin kafin daukar ciki ( BMI 18.5-24.9) ya kamata su yi tsammanin karuwa tsakanin {{Convert|25|-|35|lb}} a tsawon lokacin daukar ciki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Weight Gain During Pregnancy {{!}} Pregnancy {{!}} Maternal and Infant Health {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/pregnancy-weight-gain.htm |access-date=2019-03-28 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawan hauhawar jini, ciwon suga, matsalolin numfashi, da cututtuka sun zama ruwan dare a lokuta da ake samun kiba a cikin uwaye kuma suna iya yin illa ga sakamakon daukar ciki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nodine PM, Hastings-Tolsma M |date=2012 |title=Maternal obesity: improving pregnancy outcomes |journal=MCN: The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=110–5 |doi=10.1097/nmc.0b013e3182430296 |pmid=22357072}}, cited in {{Cite book|last1=vanc}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kiba babban abin da ke haifar da ciwon suga na ciki ne . &lt;ref name=&quot;Chu&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chu SY, Callaghan WM, Kim SY, Schmid CH, Lau J, England LJ, Dietz PM |date=August 2007 |title=Maternal obesity and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=2070–6 |doi=10.2337/dc06-2559a |pmid=17416786 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bincike ya gano cewa uwaye masu kiba wadanda suka rage kiba (aƙalla fam 10 ko 4.5)&amp;nbsp;kg) tsakanin daukar ciki yana rage hadarin kamuwa da ciwon suga na ciki a lokacin daukar ciki na gaba, yayin da uwaye masu kiba ke kara haɗarin kamuwa da cutar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Glazer&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Glazer NL, Hendrickson AF, Schellenbaum GD, Mueller BA |date=November 2004 |title=Weight change and the risk of gestational diabetes in obese women |journal=Epidemiology |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=733–7 |doi=10.1097/01.ede.0000142151.16880.03 |jstor=20485982 |pmid=15475723 |s2cid=25998851 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mata masu juna biyu ya kamata su yi kokarin motsa jiki na akalla mintuna 150 a mako, gami da motsa jiki na karfafa tsoka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Keep Active and Eat Healthy to Improve Well-being and Feel Great {{!}} NIDDK |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/weight-management/keep-active-eat-healthy-feel-great |access-date=2019-03-28 |website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, ana ba da shawarar mata masu juna biyu su tattauna irin motsa jiki da za su iya yi cikin aminci tare da likitan mata na haihuwa a farkon lokacin daukar ciki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Exercise During Pregnancy |url=https://www.acog.org/en/womens-health/faqs/exercise-during-pregnancy |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=www.acog.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasirin da ke kan lafiyar yara da ci gabansu ==

=== Lafiyar kafin haihuwa ===
[[Kulawa da Lafiyar mai Ciki|Kula da mata kafin haihuwa]] muhimmin bangare ne na kula da lafiyar uwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-12-13 |title=Prenatal care and tests {{!}} womenshealth.gov |url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/youre-pregnant-now-what/prenatal-care-and-tests |access-date=2018-11-07 |website=womenshealth.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ba da shawarar cewa mata masu juna biyu su sami akalla ziyarar kula da lafiyar mata kafin haihuwa sau hudu, inda ma'aikacin lafiya zai iya duba alamun rashin lafiya - kamar ƙarancin kiba, rashin jini ko kamuwa da cuta - sannan ya sa ido kan lafiya da yanayin tayin. &lt;ref name=&quot;unfpa.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maternal health |url=http://www.unfpa.org/maternal-health |access-date=2018-04-22 |website=www.unfpa.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin waɗannan ziyarar, ana ba wa mata shawara kan abinci mai gina jiki da tsafta don inganta lafiyarsu kafin haihuwa da kuma bayan haihuwa. Waɗannan ziyarar na iya haɗawa da kula da lafiyar duk wani yanayi na lafiya da matar ta taɓa fuskanta kafin ta yi ciki - kamar ciwon suga, hawan jini, ko cutar koda. Tare da haɗin gwiwar mai ba ta kulawar lafiya, mara lafiyar za ta iya tsara tsarin haihuwa wanda ke bayyana yadda za a kai ga kulawa da abin da za a yi idan akwai gaggawa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Tsarin Kula da Ciki (kulawa ta rukuni kafin haihuwa) wani sabon ƙari ne ga kula da lafiyar mata masu juna biyu, kuma ya nuna yana inganta sakamakon haihuwa da gamsuwa ga majiyyaci da mai ba da sabis. &lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rotundo |first=Genie |date=December 2011 |title=Centering Pregnancy: The Benefits of Group Prenatal Care |journal=Nursing for Women's Health |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=508–518 |doi=10.1111/j.1751-486x.2011.01678.x |issn=1751-4851 |pmid=22900691}}&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman ma, wani gwaji mai sarrafawa da aka yi bazuwar ya nuna raguwar kashi 33 cikin ɗari a cikin haihuwar da ba ta cika ba (n=995), kuma raguwar ta fi bayyana ga mahalarta Baƙar fata/Amurkawa 'yan Afirka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ickovics |first=Jeannette R. |last2=Kershaw |first2=Trace S. |last3=Westdahl |first3=Claire |last4=Magriples |first4=Urania |last5=Massey |first5=Zohar |last6=Reynolds |first6=Heather |last7=Rising |first7=Sharon Schindler |date=August 2007 |title=Group Prenatal Care and Perinatal Outcomes |journal=Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology |volume=110 |issue=2 |pages=330–339 |doi=10.1097/01.aog.0000275284.24298.23 |issn=0029-7844 |pmc=2276878 |pmid=17666608}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cibiyar Kula da Ciki tana ba da gwaje-gwaje na jiki, ilimi, da tallafin takwarorinsu ga ƙungiyar mata masu juna biyu waɗanda duk suna da ranar haihuwa iri ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt; Binciken da aka yi a kan kula da haihuwa ta rukuni na daidaiton launin fata (kamar ƙungiyar EMBRACE a UCSF) har yanzu ba a yi bincike mai kyau ba don nuna ingantaccen sakamako. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-16 |title=EMBRACE: Perinatal Care for Black Families |url=https://womenshealth.ucsf.edu/coe/embrace-perinatal-care-black-families |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=UCSF Womens Health}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, an tabbatar da cewa kula da daidaiton launin fata yana inganta ƙwarewar majiyyaci &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Takeshita |first=Junko |last2=Wang |first2=Shiyu |last3=Loren |first3=Alison W. |last4=Mitra |first4=Nandita |author-link4=Nandita Mitra |last5=Shults |first5=Justine |last6=Shin |first6=Daniel B. |last7=Sawinski |first7=Deirdre L. |date=2020-11-09 |title=Association of Racial/Ethnic and Gender Concordance Between Patients and Physicians With Patient Experience Ratings |journal=JAMA Network Open |language=en |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=e2024583 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.24583 |issn=2574-3805 |pmc=7653497 |pmid=33165609}}&lt;/ref&gt; da sadarwa tsakanin majiyyaci da mai ba da sabis. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shen |first=Megan Johnson |last2=Peterson |first2=Emily B. |last3=Costas-Muñiz |first3=Rosario |last4=Hernandez |first4=Migda Hunter |last5=Jewell |first5=Sarah T. |last6=Matsoukas |first6=Konstantina |last7=Bylund |first7=Carma L. |date=February 2018 |title=The Effects of Race and Racial Concordance on Patient-Physician Communication: A Systematic Review of the Literature |journal=Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=117–140 |doi=10.1007/s40615-017-0350-4 |issn=2197-3792 |pmc=5591056 |pmid=28275996}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin daidaiton launin fata na jarirai-likita yana da alaƙa mai mahimmanci da haɓaka mace-mace ga jarirai baƙar fata a cikin 2020, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Greenwood |first=Brad N. |last2=Hardeman |first2=Rachel R. |last3=Huang |first3=Laura |last4=Sojourner |first4=Aaron |date=September 2020 |title=Physician–patient racial concordance and disparities in birthing mortality for newborns |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=117 |issue=35 |pages=21194–21200 |bibcode=2020PNAS..11721194G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1913405117 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=7474610 |pmid=32817561 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma an karyata shi a cikin 2024.  

Talauci, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma shan ƙwayoyi na iya haifar da matsalolin fahimta, motsi, da ɗabi'a a lokacin yarinta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hurt&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hurt H, Brodsky NL, Roth H, Malmud E, Giannetta JM |year=2005 |title=School performance of children with gestational cocaine exposure |journal=Neurotoxicology and Teratology |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=203–11 |bibcode=2005NTxT...27..203H |doi=10.1016/j.ntt.2004.10.006 |pmid=15734271}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wata ma'anar, idan uwa ba ta cikin koshin lafiya mai kyau a lokacin haihuwa (lokacin da take da juna biyu) da/ko kuma tayin ya kamu da cutar teratogens, yaron zai fi fuskantar matsalolin lafiya ko ci gaba, ko mutuwa. Yanayin da uwa ke kula da tayin/tayin yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga lafiyarsa bayan ɗaukar ciki da haihuwa.

[[Magana da cututtuka|Teratogen]] shine &quot;duk wani abu da zai iya haifar da lahani ga haihuwa ko kuma ya canza sakamakon fahimta da ɗabi'a mara kyau.&quot;  Yawan da za a sha, saurin kamuwa da kwayoyin halitta, da lokacin da za a sha duk dalilai ne da ke haifar da tasirin teratogen akan tayi ko tayin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Santrock&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Magungunan da likita ya rubuta a lokacin daukar ciki kamar su streptomycin, tetracycline, wasu magungunan rage radadi, progestin, estrogen na roba, da Accutane, &lt;ref name=&quot;Crijns_2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crijns HJ, van Rein N, Gispen-de Wied CC, Straus SM, de Jong-van den Berg LT |date=October 2012 |title=Prescriptive contraceptive use among isotretinoin users in the Netherlands in comparison with non-users: a drug utilisation study |url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/15052761/Crijns_2012_Pharmacoepidemiol_Drug_Saf.pdf |journal=Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety |volume=21 |issue=10 |pages=1060–6 |doi=10.1002/pds.3200 |pmid=22228673 |s2cid=35402923}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Koren_2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Koren G, Nordeng H |date=September 2012 |title=Antidepressant use during pregnancy: the benefit-risk ratio |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=207 |issue=3 |pages=157–63 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2012.02.009 |pmid=22425404}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma magungunan da ba a rubuta a kan takardar likita ba kamar magungunan rage radadi, na iya haifar da sakamako mai tsanani ga tayin/tayin da ke tasowa. Bugu da ƙari, an san cewa yawan shan aspirin yana haifar da zubar jini a cikin uwa da tayin, kodayake ƙaramin aspirin yawanci ba shi da illa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bennett&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bennett SA, Bagot CN, Arya R |date=June 2012 |title=Pregnancy loss and thrombophilia: the elusive link |journal=British Journal of Haematology |volume=157 |issue=5 |pages=529–42 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2141.2012.09112.x |pmid=22449204 |s2cid=10677131 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Marret&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Marret S, Marchand L, Kaminski M, Larroque B, Arnaud C, Truffert P, Thirez G, Fresson J, Rozé JC, Ancel PY |date=January 2010 |title=Prenatal low-dose aspirin and neurobehavioral outcomes of children born very preterm |journal=Pediatrics |volume=125 |issue=1 |pages=e29-34 |doi=10.1542/peds.2009-0994 |pmid=20026499 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jarirai waɗanda uwayensu ke amfani da heroin a lokacin daukar ciki galibi suna nuna alamun daina shan taba a lokacin haihuwa kuma suna iya samun matsalolin kulawa da matsalolin lafiya yayin da suke girma. &lt;ref name=&quot;Blandthorn&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Blandthorn J, Forster DA, Love V |date=March 2011 |title=Neonatal and maternal outcomes following maternal use of buprenorphine or methadone during pregnancy: findings of a retrospective audit |journal=Women and Birth |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=32–9 |doi=10.1016/j.wombi.2010.07.001 |pmid=20864426}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amfani da magungunan ƙarfafa gwiwa kamar methamphetamine da cocaine a lokacin daukar ciki yana da alaƙa da matsaloli da dama ga yaron kamar ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa da ƙaramin zagayen kai, jinkirin motsi da fahimtar hankali, da kuma matsalolin ɗabi'a a lokacin yarinta.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Meyer_2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Meyer KD, Zhang L |date=February 2009 |title=Short- and long-term adverse effects of cocaine abuse during pregnancy on the heart development |journal=Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=7–16 |doi=10.1177/1753944708099877 |pmc=2710813 |pmid=19144667}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid20600846&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Richardson GA, Goldschmidt L, Leech S, Willford J |date=2011 |title=Prenatal cocaine exposure: Effects on mother- and teacher-rated behavior problems and growth in school-age children |journal=Neurotoxicology and Teratology |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=69–77 |bibcode=2011NTxT...33...69R |doi=10.1016/j.ntt.2010.06.003 |pmc=3026056 |pmid=20600846}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21334365&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Piper BJ, Acevedo SF, Kolchugina GK, Butler RW, Corbett SM, Honeycutt EB, Craytor MJ, Raber J |date=May 2011 |title=Abnormalities in parentally rated executive function in methamphetamine/polysubstance exposed children |journal=Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior |volume=98 |issue=3 |pages=432–9 |doi=10.1016/j.pbb.2011.02.013 |pmc=3069661 |pmid=21334365}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Halayyar Yara da Matasa ta Amurka ta gano cewa yara 'yan shekara shida waɗanda uwayensu suka sha taba a lokacin daukar ciki sun sami maki ƙasa da na yaran da uwayensu ba su sha ba a lokacin daukar ciki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Goldschmidt&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Goldschmidt L, Richardson GA, Willford J, Day NL |date=March 2008 |title=Prenatal marijuana exposure and intelligence test performance at age 6 |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=254–263 |doi=10.1097/chi.0b013e318160b3f0 |pmid=18216735}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shan taba sigari a lokacin daukar ciki na iya haifar da illa ga lafiya da ci gaban 'ya'yan da aka haifa. Sakamakon shan taba a lokacin daukar ciki ya hada da haihuwa kafin lokacin haihuwa, karancin nauyin haihuwa, mutuwar tayi da jarirai, matsalolin numfashi, da kuma mutuwar jarirai kwatsam (SIDS), &lt;ref name=&quot;Santrock&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSantrock2013&quot;&gt;Santrock JW (2013). ''Life-Span Development'' (14th&amp;nbsp;ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;82–&lt;/span&gt;83. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-07-131868-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-07-131868-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma karuwar hadarin kamuwa da matsalar fahimta, matsalar rashin aiki da hankali (ADHD) da sauran matsalolin halayya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Abbott&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Abbott LC, Winzer-Serhan UH |date=April 2012 |title=Smoking during pregnancy: lessons learned from epidemiological studies and experimental studies using animal models |journal=Critical Reviews in Toxicology |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=279–303 |doi=10.3109/10408444.2012.658506 |pmid=22394313 |s2cid=38886526}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma, a cikin wani bincike da aka buga a cikin Mujallar Ciwon daji ta Duniya, yaran da iyayensu mata ke shan taba a lokacin daukar ciki sun fuskanci karuwar kashi 22% na hadarin kamuwa da cutar lymphoma ba Hodgkin ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Antonopoulos&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Antonopoulos CN, Sergentanis TN, Papadopoulou C, Andrie E, Dessypris N, Panagopoulou P, Polychronopoulou S, Pourtsidis A, Athanasiadou-Piperopoulou F, Kalmanti M, Sidi V, Moschovi M, Petridou ET |date=December 2011 |title=Maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood lymphoma: a meta-analysis |journal=International Journal of Cancer |volume=129 |issue=11 |pages=2694–703 |doi=10.1002/ijc.25929 |pmid=21225624 |s2cid=5251307 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da cewa shan barasa a hankali (yawan abinci ɗaya zuwa biyu a cikin 'yan kwanaki a mako) ba a san shi a matsayin sanadin matsalar shan barasa ta fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) ba, Babban Likitan Likita na Amurka ya ba da shawara kan shan barasa kwata-kwata a lokacin daukar ciki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cheng&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cheng D, Kettinger L, Uduhiri K, Hurt L |date=February 2011 |title=Alcohol consumption during pregnancy: prevalence and provider assessment |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=117 |issue=2 Pt 1 |pages=212–7 |doi=10.1097/aog.0b013e3182078569 |pmid=21252732 |s2cid=13548123}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawan shan barasa a lokacin daukar ciki na iya haifar da FASD, wanda galibi ya kunshi matsalolin jiki da na fahimta a cikin yaro kamar nakasar fuska, lahani a gaɓoɓi, fuska, da zuciya, matsalolin koyo, rashin hankali, da nakasa ta hankali (ID). &lt;ref name=&quot;Painter&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Paintner A, Williams AD, Burd L |date=February 2012 |title=Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders-- implications for child neurology, part 1: prenatal exposure and dosimetry |journal=Journal of Child Neurology |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=258–63 |doi=10.1177/0883073811428376 |pmid=22351188 |s2cid=46215913}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Paintner A, Williams AD, Burd L |date=March 2012 |title=Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders--implications for child neurology, part 2: diagnosis and management |journal=Journal of Child Neurology |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=355–62 |doi=10.1177/0883073811428377 |pmid=22241713 |s2cid=40864343}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da cewa ana iya yada cutar HIV/AIDS ga zuri'a a lokuta daban-daban, lokacin da iyaye mata suka fi kamuwa da cutar shine lokacin daukar ciki. A lokacin daukar ciki, tayin/tayin na iya kamuwa da cutar ta hanyar mahaifa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Santrock&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSantrock2013&quot;&gt;Santrock JW (2013). ''Life-Span Development'' (14th&amp;nbsp;ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;82–&lt;/span&gt;83. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-07-131868-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-07-131868-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciwon suga na lokacin daukar ciki yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da kiba a cikin 'ya'yan da suka haifa har zuwa lokacin samartaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pettitt&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pettitt DJ, Baird HR, Aleck KA, Bennett PH, Knowler WC |date=February 1983 |title=Excessive obesity in offspring of Pima Indian women with diabetes during pregnancy |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=308 |issue=5 |pages=242–5 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198302033080502 |pmid=6848933}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, yaran da iyayensu mata ke da ciwon suga sun fi kamuwa da [[Nau'in ciwon sukari na 2|ciwon suga na nau'in II]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Dabelea&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dabelea D, Hanson RL, Bennett PH, Roumain J, Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ |date=August 1998 |title=Increasing prevalence of Type II diabetes in American Indian children |journal=Diabetologia |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=904–10 |doi=10.1007/s001250051006 |pmid=9726592 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uwaye mata da ke da ciwon suga na lokacin daukar ciki suna da babban damar haihuwar jarirai masu girma (fam 10 (4.5)&amp;nbsp;kg) ko fiye). &lt;ref name=&quot;Santrock&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSantrock2013&quot;&gt;Santrock JW (2013). ''Life-Span Development'' (14th&amp;nbsp;ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;82–&lt;/span&gt;83. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-07-131868-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-07-131868-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan shine dalilin macrosomia. Jarirai masu fama da macrosomia suna da ƙaruwar yawan sukari a jini idan aka kwatanta da jarirai mata masu juna biyu ba tare da ciwon suga ba. Wannan saboda jarirai masu yawan sukari suna amfani da yawan sukari a jini a cikin mahaifa, wanda ke haifar da yawan insulin a zahiri. A lokacin haihuwa, lokacin da aka cire tushen sukarin jini kwatsam, wannan yana sa jarirai su fuskanci digo mai yawa a cikin sukarin jini. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mitanchez |first=Delphine |last2=Yzydorczyk |first2=Catherine |last3=Simeoni |first3=Umberto |date=2015-06-10 |title=What neonatal complications should the pediatrician be aware of in case of maternal gestational diabetes? |journal=World Journal of Diabetes |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=734–743 |doi=10.4239/wjd.v6.i5.734 |issn=1948-9358 |pmc=4458502 |pmid=26069722 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda abincin da tayin ko tayin ke ci ya dogara ne akan furotin na uwa, bitamin, ma'adanai, da kuma yawan adadin kuzari da ake buƙata, jariran da uwaye masu fama da rashin abinci mai gina jiki ke haifa suna iya nuna matsala. Bugu da ƙari, damuwa ta uwa na iya shafar tayin kai tsaye da kuma a kaikaice. Lokacin da uwa ke cikin damuwa, canje-canje a cikin jiki suna faruwa a jiki wanda zai iya cutar da tayin da ke tasowa. Bugu da ƙari, uwa tana iya shiga cikin halayen da ka iya yin mummunan tasiri ga tayin, kamar [[shan taba]], shan ƙwayoyi, da shan barasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Santrock&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSantrock2013&quot;&gt;Santrock JW (2013). ''Life-Span Development'' (14th&amp;nbsp;ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;82–&lt;/span&gt;83. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-07-131868-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-07-131868-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haihuwa da cututtukan da ake dauka ta hanyar jima'i ===
Ana iya yada cutar herpes ta al'aura, rubella, cytomegalovirus, varicella, parvovirus B19, da enteroviruses ga jariri ta hanyar hanyar haihuwa yayin haihuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21269306&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Li JM, Chen YR, Li XT, Xu WC |date=February 2011 |title=Screening of Herpes simplex virus 2 infection among pregnant women in southern China |journal=The Journal of Dermatology |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=120–4 |doi=10.1111/j.1346-8138.2010.00966.x |pmid=21269306 |s2cid=21282278}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21261443&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nigro G, Mazzocco M, Mattia E, Di Renzo GC, Carta G, Anceschi MM |date=August 2011 |title=Role of the infections in recurrent spontaneous abortion |journal=The Journal of Maternal-Fetal &amp; Neonatal Medicine |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=983–9 |doi=10.3109/14767058.2010.547963 |pmid=21261443 |s2cid=25192645}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Neu |first=Natalie |last2=Duchon |first2=Jennifer |last3=Zachariah |first3=Philip |date=March 2015 |title=TORCH Infections |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0095510814001250 |journal=Clinics in Perinatology |language=en |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=77–103 |doi=10.1016/j.clp.2014.11.001 |pmid=25677998 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin masu juna biyu inda uwa ta kamu da kwayar cutar, kashi 25% na jariran da aka haifa ta hanyar hanyar haihuwa da ta kamu da cutar suna lalacewa a kwakwalwa, kuma kashi 1/3 na mutuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Santrock&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSantrock2013&quot;&gt;Santrock JW (2013). ''Life-Span Development'' (14th&amp;nbsp;ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;82–&lt;/span&gt;83. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-07-131868-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-07-131868-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya yada cutar HIV/AIDS yayin haihuwa ta hanyar hulɗa da ruwan jikin uwa ko kuma ta hanyar mahaifa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Santrock&quot; /&gt; Iyaye mata a ƙasashe masu tasowa sau da yawa suna iya zaɓar yin tiyatar haihuwa don rage haɗarin yada kwayar cutar ta hanyar hanyar haihuwa, amma wannan zaɓin ba koyaushe yake samuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;McIntyre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=McIntyre J, Gray G |date=January 2002 |title=What can we do to reduce mother to child transmission of HIV? |journal=BMJ |volume=324 |issue=7331 |pages=218–21 |doi=10.1136/bmj.324.7331.218 |jstor=25227275 |pmc=1122134 |pmid=11809646}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shawarwari kan lafiyar uwaye masu juna biyu ==
Kula da lafiyar uwa da kuma kula da tayin yana farawa ne da lafiyar haihuwa. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ba da shawarar cewa matakin farko zuwa ga lafiya shine abinci mai kyau wanda ya haɗa da gaurayen kayan lambu, nama, kifi, goro, hatsi gaba ɗaya, 'ya'yan itatuwa da wake. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=WHO recommendations on maternal health: guidelines approved by the WHO guidelines review committee |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/259268/WHO-MCA-17.10-eng.pdf;jsessionid=7577C2BF2CBB9E1729BA005E0EC7D20F?sequence=1 |access-date=19 March 2020 |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, ana ba da shawarar mata masu juna biyu su sha ƙarin ƙarfe da folic acid kowace rana. Babban Likitan Fiɗa na Amurka ya ba da shawarar waɗannan ƙarin abinci don taimakawa hana matsalolin haihuwa ga uwaye da jarirai kamar ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa, rashin jini, [[Hawan jini|hauhawar jini]] da haihuwa kafin lokacin haihuwa.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-05-10 |title=Pregnancy Health: Exercise Programs to Prevent Gestational Hypertension |url=https://www.thecommunityguide.org/findings/pregnancy-health-exercise-programs-prevent-gestational-hypertension |access-date=2020-04-29 |website=The Guide to Community Preventive Services (The Community Guide) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Folic acid na iya taimakawa wajen samar da bututun jijiyoyi a cikin tayin, wanda ke faruwa da wuri a lokacin daukar ciki don haka ya kamata a ba da shawarar da wuri-wuri. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/250796/9789241549912-eng.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=19 March 2020 |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kuma ba da shawarar ƙarin Calcium da Vitamin A lokacin da waɗannan mahadi ba su samuwa ko kuma ana samun su ne kawai a cikin ƙananan allurai a cikin abincin halitta amma ba a ba da shawarar wasu ƙarin abinci kamar Vitamin D, E, C, da B6 ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; WHO ta kuma ba da shawarar cewa motsa jiki mai ƙarancin tasiri da rage shan caffeine zuwa ƙasa da 330&amp;nbsp;mg/rana na iya taimakawa wajen rage yiwuwar kamuwa da cututtukan jarirai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ya kamata a ci gaba da motsa jiki mai sauƙi ga mata masu juna biyu domin an ba da shawarar a yaƙi da mummunan sakamako na lafiya, illolin da ke tattare da kiba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Shawarar da aka yi watsi da ita cewa bugun zuciyar mata masu juna biyu bai kamata ya wuce 140 ba kamar yadda aka yi a shekarar 2012 har yanzu ana kyautata zaton ta fi yawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Evenson |first=Kelly |last2=Hesketh |first2=Kathryn |date=Jan–Feb 2023 |title=Monitoring Physical Activity Intensity During Pregnancy |journal=American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=18–31 |doi=10.1177/15598276211052277 |pmc=9830234 |pmid=36636387}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Idan akwai yiwuwar illa ga ciki, kamar tashin zuciya, amai, ƙwannafi, ciwon ƙafa, ciwon baya, da maƙarƙashiya; WHO ta ba da shawarar motsa jiki mai ƙarancin ƙarfi, abinci mai kyau, ko ƙarin kayan lambu na halitta don rage tasirin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Babban Likitan Likita na Amurka ya ba da shawarar a guji shan barasa ko nicotine ta kowace hanya a tsawon lokacin da mutum ke da juna biyu, da kuma guje wa amfani da shi azaman hanyar rage wasu illolin ciki da aka ambata a baya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 December 2016 |title=Surgeon General Releases Report on E-Cigarettes |url=https://naspa.us/blog/2016/12/09/surgeon-general-releases-report-e-cigarettes/ |publisher=National Alliance of State Pharmacy Associations (NASPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 May 2024 |title=E-Cigarettes and Pregnancy |url=https://www.cdc.gov/maternal-infant-health/pregnancy-substance-abuse/e-cigarettes.html |publisher=CDC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Idan aka haifi jariri lafiya, yawanci ana ba da shawarar iyaye mata da jarirai su zauna a asibiti na tsawon awanni 24 kafin su tafi. Ana ba da shawarar wannan don a ba da lokaci don tantance uwa da ɗanta game da duk wata matsala kamar zubar jini ko ƙarin maƙura. WHO ta ba da shawarar cewa jarirai su yi gwaje-gwaje tare da likita a rana ta 3, rana ta 7-14 da makonni 6 bayan haihuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=WHO recommendations on maternal health: guidelines approved by the WHO guidelines review committee |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/259268/WHO-MCA-17.10-eng.pdf;jsessionid=7577C2BF2CBB9E1729BA005E0EC7D20F?sequence=1 |access-date=19 March 2020 |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/259268/WHO-MCA-17.10-eng.pdf;jsessionid=7577C2BF2CBB9E1729BA005E0EC7D20F?sequence=1 &quot;WHO recommendations on maternal health: guidelines approved by the WHO guidelines review committee&quot;]. World Health Organization. 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;19 March&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A waɗannan alƙawarin da suka biyo baya, ya kamata a yi la'akari da lafiyar motsin rai na uwa. WHO kuma ta ba da shawarar kula da yiwuwar [[Rashin lafiya bayan haihuwa|ɓacin rai bayan haihuwa]], wanda ke shafar kashi 10-15% na iyaye mata a ƙasashe 40. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Halbreich U, Karkun S |date=April 2006 |title=Cross-cultural and social diversity of prevalence of postpartum depression and depressive symptoms |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032705004222 |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=91 |issue=2–3 |pages=97–111 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2005.12.051 |pmid=16466664 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bita na tsari na 2021 ya gano cewa hanyoyin ba da shawara da ƙwararrun masu ba da sabis, kamar ma'aikatan jinya da ungozoma suka bayar, sun yi tasiri wajen rage ɓacin rai da alamun damuwa a lokacin haihuwa, suna nuna raba aiki da maganin telemedicine don faɗaɗa damar kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa ga mata masu juna biyu da bayan haihuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Singla |first=Daisy R. |last2=Lawson |first2=Andrea |last3=Kohrt |first3=Brandon A. |last4=Jung |first4=James W. |last5=Meng |first5=Zifeng |last6=Ratjen |first6=Clarissa |last7=Zahedi |first7=Nika |last8=Dennis |first8=Cindy-Lee |last9=Patel |first9=Vikram |date=2021-05-01 |title=Implementation and Effectiveness of Nonspecialist-Delivered Interventions for Perinatal Mental Health in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |journal=JAMA Psychiatry |language=en |volume=78 |issue=5 |pages=498–509 |doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.4556 |issn=2168-622X |pmc=7859878 |pmid=33533904}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Singla |first=Daisy R. |last2=Silver |first2=Richard K. |last3=Vigod |first3=Simone N. |last4=Schoueri-Mychasiw |first4=Nour |last5=Kim |first5=J. Jo |last6=La Porte |first6=Laura M. |last7=Ravitz |first7=Paula |last8=Schiller |first8=Crystal E. |last9=Lawson |first9=Andrea S. |last10=Kiss |first10=Alex |last11=Hollon |first11=Steven D. |last12=Dennis |first12=Cindy-Lee |last13=Berenbaum |first13=Tara S. |last14=Krohn |first14=Holly A. |last15=Gibori |first15=Jamie E. |date=2025 |title=Task-sharing and telemedicine delivery of psychotherapy to treat perinatal depression: a pragmatic, noninferiority randomized trial |journal=Nature Medicine |language=en |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=1214–1224 |doi=10.1038/s41591-024-03482-w |issn=1078-8956 |pmc=12003186 |pmid=40033113}}&lt;/ref&gt; A waɗannan rajista, uwaye kuma suna da damar neman shawara daga likita game da fara shayarwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/250796/9789241549912-eng.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=19 March 2020 |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/250796/9789241549912-eng.pdf?sequence=1 &quot;WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. World Health Organization. 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;19 March&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasirin dogon lokaci ga uwa ==
Matsalolin lafiyar uwa sun haɗa da matsaloli daga haihuwa waɗanda ba sa haifar da mutuwa. Ga kowace mace da ta mutu yayin haihuwa, kimanin 20 suna kamuwa da cuta, rauni, ko [[nakasa]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 September 2010 |title=Maternal deaths worldwide drop by third |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/maternal_mortality_20100915/en/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918223508/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/maternal_mortality_20100915/en/index.html |archive-date=18 September 2010 |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kimanin kashi 75% na mata da ke mutuwa a lokacin haihuwa za su kasance da rai a yau idan suna da damar yin rigakafi da kula da lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2010 |title=Maternal Health: Investing in the Lifeline of Healthy Societies &amp; Economies |url=https://www.who.int/pmnch/topics/maternal/app_maternal_health_english.pdf |journal=Africa Progress Panel |publisher=African Progress Panel}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mata baƙar fata sun fi fuskantar mutuwar da ta shafi ciki da kuma samun kulawar lafiya mara inganci a lokacin daukar ciki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=April 2018 |title=Snapshot: Black Maternal Health in the United States |url=https://nationalpartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/maternity-snapshot-black-maternal-health.pdf |journal=Snapshot |publisher=National Partnership for Women &amp; Families}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matan da ke fama da [[hawan jini]] na yau da kullun kafin su yi ciki suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da matsaloli kamar haihuwa da wuri, ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa ko kuma haihuwa gawa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Al Khalaf SY, O'Reilly ÉJ, Barrett PM, B Leite DF, Pawley LC, McCarthy FP, Khashan AS |date=May 2021 |title=Impact of Chronic Hypertension and Antihypertensive Treatment on Adverse Perinatal Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Journal of the American Heart Association |volume=10 |issue=9 |doi=10.1161/JAHA.120.018494 |pmc=8200761 |pmid=33870708}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matan da ke fama da hawan jini kuma suka sami matsaloli a cikin ciki suna da haɗarin kamuwa da [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]] sau uku idan aka kwatanta da mata masu hawan jini na yau da kullun waɗanda ba su da wata matsala a cikin ciki. Kula da hawan jini na mata masu juna biyu zai iya taimakawa wajen hana rikitarwa da cututtukan zuciya na gaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2023-11-21 |title=Pregnancy complications increase the risk of heart attacks and stroke in women with high blood pressure |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/pregnancy-complications-increase-the-risk-of-heart-attacks-and-stroke-in-women-with-high-blood-pressure/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Plain English summary |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Research |doi=10.3310/nihrevidence_60660 |s2cid=265356623 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Al Khalaf S, Chappell LC, Khashan AS, McCarthy FP, O'Reilly ÉJ |date=July 2023 |title=Association Between Chronic Hypertension and the Risk of 12 Cardiovascular Diseases Among Parous Women: The Role of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes |journal=Hypertension |volume=80 |issue=7 |pages=1427–1438 |doi=10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.20628 |pmid=37170819 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kusan kashi 50% na haihuwar da ake yi a ƙasashe masu tasowa har yanzu suna faruwa ba tare da ƙwararren likita ba don taimaka wa uwa, kuma rabon ya fi yawa a Kudancin Asiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;UNICEF&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|UNICEF Maternal Health}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mata a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara galibi suna dogara ne da masu kula da haihuwa na gargajiya (TBAs), waɗanda ba su da horo na musamman ko kuma ba su da shi. Don gane rawar da suke takawa, wasu ƙasashe da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna yin ƙoƙari don horar da masu kula da haihuwa na gargajiya a kan batutuwan lafiyar uwa, don inganta damar samun sakamako mafi kyau ga lafiya tsakanin uwaye da jarirai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=1996 |title=Evaluation Findings: Support to traditional birth attendants |url=http://www.unfpa.org/monitoring/pdf/n-issue7.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202064549/http://www.unfpa.org/monitoring/pdf/n-issue7.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2012 |access-date=3 March 2011 |publisher=United Nations Population Fund}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shayar da jarirai nono yana ba wa mata fa'idodi da yawa na dogon lokaci. Matan da ke shayarwa suna samun ingantaccen matakin glucose, metabolism na lipid, da hawan jini, kuma suna rage kiba cikin sauri fiye da waɗanda ba sa shayarwa. Bugu da ƙari, mata masu shayarwa suna fuskantar ƙarancin ciwon nono, ciwon daji na ovarian, da ciwon suga na nau'in 2. &lt;ref name=&quot;Stuebe&amp;Schwarz&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stuebe AM, Schwarz EB |date=March 2010 |title=The risks and benefits of infant feeding practices for women and their children |journal=Journal of Perinatology |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=155–62 |doi=10.1038/jp.2009.107 |pmid=19609306 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa shayarwa tana ba da fa'idodi masu yawa ga mata waɗanda ba su kamu da cutar HIV ba. A ƙasashen da yawan HIV/AIDS ya yi yawa, kamar Afirka ta Kudu da Kenya, ƙwayar cutar ita ce babbar sanadin mace-macen mata masu juna biyu, musamman ga uwaye masu shayarwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;McIntyre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=McIntyre J, Gray G |date=January 2002 |title=What can we do to reduce mother to child transmission of HIV? |journal=BMJ |volume=324 |issue=7331 |pages=218–21 |doi=10.1136/bmj.324.7331.218 |jstor=25227275 |pmc=1122134 |pmid=11809646}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMcIntyreGray2002&quot;&gt;McIntyre J, Gray G (January 2002). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1122134 &quot;What can we do to reduce mother to child transmission of HIV?&quot;]. ''BMJ''. '''324''' (7331): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;218–&lt;/span&gt;21. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7331.218|10.1136/bmj.324.7331.218]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25227275 25227275]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1122134 1122134]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11809646 11809646].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wani matsala ita ce iyaye mata da yawa da ke ɗauke da cutar HIV ba za su iya biyan kuɗin madara ba, don haka ba su da wata hanyar hana yaɗuwa ga yaro ta hanyar nono ko guje wa haɗarin lafiya ga kansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hollander&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hollander D |date=September 2000 |title=Most Infant HIV Infection from Breast Milk Occurs within Six Weeks of Birth |journal=International Family Planning Perspectives |volume=26 |issue=3 |page=141 |doi=10.2307/2648305 |jstor=2648305}}&lt;/ref&gt; A irin waɗannan yanayi, uwaye ba su da wani zaɓi illa su shayar da jarirai nono ba tare da la'akari da iliminsu game da illolin ba.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Magungunan fasaha</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359734844|Art therapy]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Maganin zane-zane''' wani fanni ne na musamman wanda ya haɗa da hanyoyin ƙirƙira na bayyana abubuwa ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai na zane-zane.  Maganin zane-zane, a matsayin sana'ar gyaran zane-zane ta fasaha, ya samo asali ne daga fannoni na fasaha da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam kuma yana iya bambanta a ma'anarsa. Maganin zane-zane yana ƙarfafa bayyana abubuwa ta hanyar zane, zane, ko ƙira. Yana iya aiki ta hanyar samar wa mutane wuri mai aminci don bayyana yadda suke ji da kuma ba su damar jin daɗin iko a rayuwarsu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dresden |first=Danielle |date=29 September 2020 |title=What is art therapy? A guide for professionals and clients |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/art-therapy |website=Medical News Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai manyan hanyoyi guda uku da ake amfani da su wajen maganin zane-zane. Na farko ana kiransa da maganin zane-zane na nazari. Maganin zane-zane na nazari ya dogara ne akan ka'idojin da suka fito daga ilimin halayyar nazari, kuma a wasu lokuta, nazarin halayyar kwakwalwa .  Maganin zane-zane na nazari ya mayar da hankali ne kan abokin ciniki, mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali, da ra'ayoyin da aka canjawa wuri tsakanin su biyun ta hanyar zane-zane. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Wata hanyar da ake amfani da maganin zane-zane a cikin ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali na fasaha. Wannan hanyar ta fi mayar da hankali ne kan masu ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali da kuma nazarin zane-zanen abokan cinikinsu ta hanyar magana. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Hanya ta ƙarshe da ake duba maganin zane-zane ita ce ta hanyar hangen nesa na fasaha a matsayin magani. Wasu masu ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali suna ganin cewa nazarin zane-zanen abokin ciniki da baki ba shi da mahimmanci, don haka suna jaddada tsarin ƙirƙirar zane-zanen maimakon haka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; A duk hanyoyin da ake bi wajen maganin zane-zane, abokin ciniki mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali yana amfani da fenti, takarda da alkalami, yumbu, yashi, yadi, ko wasu hanyoyin sadarwa don fahimtar da bayyana motsin zuciyarsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Ana iya amfani da maganin fasaha don taimakawa mutane wajen inganta aikin fahimta da motsin ji, girman kai, sanin kai, da juriyar motsin rai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Art Therapy |url=https://arttherapy.org/about-art-therapy/ |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=American Art Therapy Association |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan yana iya taimakawa wajen magance rikice-rikice da rage damuwa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Current art therapy includes a vast number of other approaches, such as person-centered, cognitive, behavioral, Gestalt, narrative, Adlerian, and family. (November 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ka'idojin maganin fasaha sun haɗa da [[Humanism|ɗan adamtaka]], ƙirƙira, sulhunta rikice-rikicen motsin rai, haɓaka sanin kai, da haɓaka kai. 

Maganin fasaha yana inganta ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ta hanyar taimaka wa mutane su sami walwala ta hanyoyi daban-daban na musamman waɗanda ke ƙara ma'ana ga rayuwar mutum don taimakawa wajen inganta kyawawan halaye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wilkinson |first=Rebecca A. |last2=Chilton |first2=Gioia |date=2013 |title=Positive Art Therapy: Linking Positive Psychology to Art Therapy Theory, Practice, and Research |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/07421656.2013.757513?needAccess=true |journal=Art Therapy |volume=30 |pages=4–11 |doi=10.1080/07421656.2013.757513 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Nuwamba na 2023, Majalisar Kula da Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Ƙasa a Faransa ta kammala da cewa kimanin nazarin meta-analysis guda arba'in da ake da su, waɗanda suka ƙunshi fiye da bincike 2,500 da aka gudanar kan maganin fasaha, ba su sami wata shaida ba game da ainihin tasirinsa ga lafiyar marasa lafiya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ordre national des infirmiers |date=18 December 2023 |title=Position du Conseil national de l’Ordre des infirmiers sur les pratiques non conventionnelles de santé : Art-thérapie |url=https://www.ordre-infirmiers.fr/system/files/inline-files/Fiche%201%20%E2%80%A8Art-th%C3%A9rapie.pdf |access-date=30 December 2023 |website=ordre-infirmiers.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Jerin Binciken Zane (DDS) kayan aiki ne da aka daidaita da ake amfani da shi a kimantawa ta asibiti don lura da yanayin tunanin mutum. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vankevich |first=Diane M. |year=2017 |title=The Application of the Drawing Diagnostic Series in the Assessment of Self-Concept |url=https://cdm16122.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16122coll4/id/2959/ |publisher=Springfield College}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
A tarihin maganin lafiyar kwakwalwa, maganin fasaha (haɗa nazarin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da fasaha) har yanzu sabon fanni ne. Ana amfani da wannan nau'in maganin da ba a saba gani ba don haɓaka girman kai da sanin yakamata, inganta ƙwarewar fahimta da motsi, warware rikice-rikice ko damuwa, da kuma ƙarfafa juriya ga marasa lafiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Art Therapy |url=https://arttherapy.org/about-art-therapy/ |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=American Art Therapy Association |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://arttherapy.org/about-art-therapy/ &quot;About Art Therapy&quot;]. ''American Art Therapy Association''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-04-12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yana gayyatar alamun ji, motsin rai, fahimta, da na ji don magance matsalolin da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ba zai iya kaiwa ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Kodayake maganin fasaha ƙaramin fanni ne na magani, tushensa ya ta'allaka ne da amfani da fasaha a cikin ' maganin ɗabi'a ' na marasa lafiya masu tabin hankali a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-04-16 |title=Art Therapy |url=https://insessionguide.com/art-therapy/ |access-date=2020-04-30 |website=Therapist Directory |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maganin fasaha a matsayin sana'a ya fara ne a tsakiyar karni na 20, wanda ya samo asali ne daban-daban a ƙasashen da ke magana da Ingilishi da Turai. An yi amfani da fasaha a wancan lokacin saboda dalilai daban-daban: sadarwa, haifar da ƙirƙira a cikin yara, da kuma a cikin mahallin addini.  Masu ilimin fasaha na farko waɗanda suka buga labaran ayyukansu sun yarda da tasirin kwalliya, tabin hankali, nazarin halayyar ɗan adam, gyaran hali, ilimin yara ƙanana, da ilimin fasaha, zuwa matakai daban-daban, akan ayyukansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-04-16 |title=Art Therapy |url=https://insessionguide.com/art-therapy/ |access-date=2020-04-30 |website=Therapist Directory |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://insessionguide.com/art-therapy/ &quot;Art Therapy&quot;]. ''Therapist Directory''. 2017-04-16&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-04-30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mai zane-zane ɗan Birtaniya Adrian Hill ya ƙirƙiro kalmar &quot;maganin fasaha&quot; a shekarar 1942.  Hill, yana murmurewa daga tarin fuka a wani wurin shakatawa, ya gano fa'idodin magani na zane da zane yayin da yake murmurewa. Ya rubuta cewa ƙimar maganin fasaha ta ta'allaka ne akan &quot;rufe hankali gaba ɗaya (da kuma yatsun hannu) ... sakin kuzarin ƙirƙira na majinyacin da ke yawan hana shi aiki&quot;, wanda ya ba majinyacin damar &quot;gina kariya mai ƙarfi daga rashin sa'o'insa&quot;. Ya ba da shawarar aikin fasaha ga abokan aikinsa. Wannan ya fara aikinsa na maganin fasaha, wanda aka rubuta a cikin 1945 a cikin littafinsa, ''Art Versus Illness'' .  

Mai zane Edward Adamson, wanda aka sallama bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], ya haɗu da Adrian Hill don faɗaɗa aikin Hill zuwa asibitocin kwakwalwa na Burtaniya da suka daɗe suna aiki. Adamson ya yi nazarin alaƙa tsakanin bayyanar fasaha da sakin motsin rai. Hanya ɗaya da Adamson ya yi aikin fasaha ita ce ta hanyar kwatanta motsin zuciyar marasa lafiya a cikin fasahar da suka ƙirƙira. Don samun fahimtar yadda cututtukan kwakwalwa ke shafar hankali, tarin Adamson ya fara ne a matsayin hanyar ƙirƙirar yanayi inda marasa lafiya ke jin daɗin bayyana kansu ta hanyar fasaha. Daga nan ƙwararrun lafiyar kwakwalwa za su yi nazarin fasaha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ostrowska |first=Anna |date=2015-10-02 |title=The Adamson Collection: illustrations of mental illness or a testament to spontaneous artistic expression? |journal=Journal of Visual Communication in Medicine |language=en |volume=38 |issue=3–4 |pages=196–202 |doi=10.3109/17453054.2015.1108297 |issn=1745-3054 |pmc=4898145 |pmid=26828548}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran masu goyon bayan maganin fasaha na farko a Burtaniya sun haɗa da EM Lyddiatt, Michael Edwards, Diana Raphael-Halliday da Rita Simons. An kafa Ƙungiyar Masu Ilimin Fasaha ta Burtaniya a 1964. 

Majagaba a fannin gyaran fuska a Amurka Margaret Naumburg da Edith Kramer sun fara aiki a daidai lokacin da Hill yake aiki. Naumburg, wata malama, ta yi iƙirarin cewa, &quot;maganin fasaha yana da alaƙa da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam&quot; kuma cewa faɗin fasaha kyauta &quot;ya zama nau'in magana ta alama wadda ke nufin magana ta musamman.&amp;nbsp;... yana haifar da ƙaruwar magana a lokacin da ake yin magani.&quot;  Edith Kramer, wani mai zane, ya nuna muhimmancin tsarin ƙirƙira, kariyar tunani, da ingancin fasaha, yana rubuta cewa &quot;ana samun sublimation lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri siffofi waɗanda suka ƙunshi nasarar&amp;nbsp;... fushi, damuwa, ko ciwo.&quot;  Sauran masu goyon bayan maganin fasaha na farko a Amurka sun haɗa da Elinor Ulman, Robert &quot;Bob&quot; Ault, da Judith Rubin . An kafa Ƙungiyar Maganin Fasaha ta Amurka a shekarar 1969. &lt;ref&gt;Junge, M. (2010). ''The modern history of art therapy in the United States''. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. {{ISBN|978-0-398-07940-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma'anoni ==
Akwai ma'anoni daban-daban na kalmar &quot;maganin fasaha&quot;. 

Ƙungiyar Masu Ilimin Fasaha ta Burtaniya ta bayyana ilimin fasaha a matsayin: &quot;wani nau'in ilimin halayyar ɗan adam wanda ke amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na fasaha a matsayin babban hanyar bayyanawa da sadarwa.&quot; Sun kuma ƙara da cewa &quot;abokan ciniki waɗanda aka tura zuwa ga mai ilimin fasaha ba sa buƙatar ƙwarewa a baya a fannin fasaha, mai ilimin fasaha ba ya damuwa da yin kimantawa ta kyau ko ganewar asali na hoton abokin ciniki.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Art Therapy |url=http://www.baat.org/About-Art-Therapy |access-date=3 January 2018 |publisher=British Association of Art Therapists}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ƙungiyar Kula da Fasaha ta Amurka ta bayyana ilimin fasaha a matsayin: &quot;sana'a mai haɗaka da lafiyar kwakwalwa da ayyukan ɗan adam wanda ke wadatar da rayuwar mutane, iyalai, da al'ummomi ta hanyar yin fasaha mai aiki, tsarin ƙirƙira,  ka'idar ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, da kuma gogewar ɗan adam a cikin dangantakar ilimin halayyar ɗan adam.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;AATA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Feeny |first=Ann |date=28 March 2024 |title=What Is Art Therapy? |url=https://www.psychology.org/resources/what-is-art-therapy/ |access-date=29 October 2024 |publisher=Psychology.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shafin yanar gizo na Psychology.org ya bayyana maganin fasaha a matsayin: &quot;kayan aikin da masu ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ke amfani da shi don taimaka wa marasa lafiya su fassara, bayyana, da kuma warware motsin zuciyarsu da tunaninsu. Marasa lafiya suna aiki tare da mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali don bincika motsin zuciyarsu, fahimtar rikice-rikice ko ji da ke haifar musu da damuwa, da kuma amfani da fasaha don taimaka musu samun mafita ga waɗannan matsalolin.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-15 |title=What Is Art Therapy? {{!}} Psychology.org |url=https://www.psychology.org/resources/what-is-art-therapy/ |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=www.psychology.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amfani ==
A matsayin sana'ar [[Lafiyar kwakwalwa|kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa]] da aka tsara, ana amfani da maganin fasaha a wurare da dama na asibiti da sauran wurare tare da al'ummomi daban-daban. Ana ƙara gane shi a matsayin ingantaccen magani. Ana iya samun maganin fasaha a wurare marasa asibiti, kamar a cikin ɗakunan fasaha da kuma bita na haɓaka kerawa. Lasisi ga masu ilimin fasaha na iya bambanta daga jiha zuwa jiha, tare da wasu suna gane maganin fasaha a matsayin lasisi daban da wasu lasisi a ƙarƙashin wani fanni mai alaƙa kamar ba da shawara na ƙwararru ko ba da shawara kan lafiyar kwakwalwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=State Advocacy |url=https://arttherapy.org/state-advocacy/ |access-date=2020-04-30 |website=American Art Therapy Association |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu daga cikin jihohin da aka ba da lasisi sune Connecticut, Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Ohio, Tennessee, Virginia, Texas, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, da Utah, da kuma Gundumar Columbia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=American Art Therapy Association |date=2025-04-03 |title=American Art Therapy Association |url=https://arttherapy.org/state-advocacy |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=American Art Therapy Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu ilimin fasaha dole ne su sami digiri na biyu wanda ya haɗa da horo a cikin tsarin ƙirƙira, ci gaban tunani, da kuma maganin rukuni, kuma dole ne su kammala horon asibiti. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Becoming an Art Therapist |url=https://arttherapy.org/becoming-art-therapist/ |access-date=2020-04-30 |website=American Art Therapy Association |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dangane da jiha, lardi, ko ƙasa, kalmar &quot;mai ilimin hanyoyin fasaha&quot; za a iya keɓe ta ga waɗanda ƙwararru ne da aka horar a fannin fasaha da kuma ilimin hanyoyin magani kuma suna da digiri na biyu ko na uku a fannin ilimin hanyoyin fasaha ko takardar shaidar ilimin hanyoyin fasaha da aka samu bayan kammala karatun digiri a wani fanni mai alaƙa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Becoming an Art Therapist |url=https://arttherapy.org/becoming-art-therapist/ |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=American Art Therapy Association |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu ƙwararru, kamar masu ba da shawara kan lafiyar kwakwalwa ta asibiti, ma'aikatan zamantakewa, masana halayyar ɗan adam, da masu ilimin hanyoyin motsa jiki, za su iya haɗa fasahar da hanyoyin hanyoyin magance matsalar tabin hankali a cikin maganinsu. Masu ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali za su iya fahimtar yadda abokin ciniki ke ɗaukar bayanai bayan tantance abubuwan da ke cikin fasaharsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lusebrink2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lusebrink |first=Vija B. |date=2010 |title=Assessment and Therapeutic Application of the Expressive Therapies Continuum: Implications for Brain Structures and Functions |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ906442.pdf |journal=Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Association |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=168–177 |doi=10.1080/07421656.2010.10129380 |s2cid=6758378}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani labarin da Ƙungiyar Kula da Fasaha ta Amurka ta buga ya ce akwai wani ƙaramin shaida (ko iyaka)—musamman nazarce-nazarce guda biyu—wanda zai iya tallafawa ra'ayin ingancin maganin fasaha. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Slayton |first=Sarah C. |last2=D'Archer |first2=Jeanne |last3=Kaplan |first3=Frances |date=2010-01-01 |title=Outcome Studies on the Efficacy of Art Therapy: A Review of Findings |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07421656.2010.10129660 |journal=Art Therapy |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=108–118 |doi=10.1080/07421656.2010.10129660 |issn=0742-1656 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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'''Maganin zane-zane''' wani fanni ne na musamman wanda ya haɗa da hanyoyin ƙirƙira na bayyana abubuwa ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai na zane-zane.  Maganin zane-zane, a matsayin sana'ar gyaran zane-zane ta fasaha, ya samo asali ne daga fannoni na fasaha da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam kuma yana iya bambanta a ma'anarsa. Maganin zane-zane yana ƙarfafa bayyana abubuwa ta hanyar zane, zane, ko ƙira. Yana iya aiki ta hanyar samar wa mutane wuri mai aminci don bayyana yadda suke ji da kuma ba su damar jin daɗin iko a rayuwarsu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dresden |first=Danielle |date=29 September 2020 |title=What is art therapy? A guide for professionals and clients |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/art-therapy |website=Medical News Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai manyan hanyoyi guda uku da ake amfani da su wajen maganin zane-zane. Na farko ana kiransa da maganin zane-zane na nazari. Maganin zane-zane na nazari ya dogara ne akan ka'idojin da suka fito daga ilimin halayyar nazari, kuma a wasu lokuta, nazarin halayyar kwakwalwa .  Maganin zane-zane na nazari ya mayar da hankali ne kan abokin ciniki, mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali, da ra'ayoyin da aka canjawa wuri tsakanin su biyun ta hanyar zane-zane. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Wata hanyar da ake amfani da maganin zane-zane a cikin ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali na fasaha. Wannan hanyar ta fi mayar da hankali ne kan masu ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali da kuma nazarin zane-zanen abokan cinikinsu ta hanyar magana. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Hanya ta ƙarshe da ake duba maganin zane-zane ita ce ta hanyar hangen nesa na fasaha a matsayin magani. Wasu masu ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali suna ganin cewa nazarin zane-zanen abokin ciniki da baki ba shi da mahimmanci, don haka suna jaddada tsarin ƙirƙirar zane-zanen maimakon haka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; A duk hanyoyin da ake bi wajen maganin zane-zane, abokin ciniki mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali yana amfani da fenti, takarda da alkalami, yumbu, yashi, yadi, ko wasu hanyoyin sadarwa don fahimtar da bayyana motsin zuciyarsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Ana iya amfani da maganin fasaha don taimakawa mutane wajen inganta aikin fahimta da motsin ji, girman kai, sanin kai, da juriyar motsin rai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Art Therapy |url=https://arttherapy.org/about-art-therapy/ |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=American Art Therapy Association |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan yana iya taimakawa wajen magance rikice-rikice da rage damuwa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Current art therapy includes a vast number of other approaches, such as person-centered, cognitive, behavioral, Gestalt, narrative, Adlerian, and family. (November 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ka'idojin maganin fasaha sun haɗa da [[Humanism|ɗan adamtaka]], ƙirƙira, sulhunta rikice-rikicen motsin rai, haɓaka sanin kai, da haɓaka kai. 

Maganin fasaha yana inganta ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ta hanyar taimaka wa mutane su sami walwala ta hanyoyi daban-daban na musamman waɗanda ke ƙara ma'ana ga rayuwar mutum don taimakawa wajen inganta kyawawan halaye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wilkinson |first=Rebecca A. |last2=Chilton |first2=Gioia |date=2013 |title=Positive Art Therapy: Linking Positive Psychology to Art Therapy Theory, Practice, and Research |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/07421656.2013.757513?needAccess=true |journal=Art Therapy |volume=30 |pages=4–11 |doi=10.1080/07421656.2013.757513 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Nuwamba na 2023, Majalisar Kula da Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Ƙasa a Faransa ta kammala da cewa kimanin nazarin meta-analysis guda arba'in da ake da su, waɗanda suka ƙunshi fiye da bincike 2,500 da aka gudanar kan maganin fasaha, ba su sami wata shaida ba game da ainihin tasirinsa ga lafiyar marasa lafiya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ordre national des infirmiers |date=18 December 2023 |title=Position du Conseil national de l’Ordre des infirmiers sur les pratiques non conventionnelles de santé : Art-thérapie |url=https://www.ordre-infirmiers.fr/system/files/inline-files/Fiche%201%20%E2%80%A8Art-th%C3%A9rapie.pdf |access-date=30 December 2023 |website=ordre-infirmiers.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Jerin Binciken Zane (DDS) kayan aiki ne da aka daidaita da ake amfani da shi a kimantawa ta asibiti don lura da yanayin tunanin mutum. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vankevich |first=Diane M. |year=2017 |title=The Application of the Drawing Diagnostic Series in the Assessment of Self-Concept |url=https://cdm16122.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16122coll4/id/2959/ |publisher=Springfield College}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
A tarihin maganin lafiyar kwakwalwa, maganin fasaha (haɗa nazarin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da fasaha) har yanzu sabon fanni ne. Ana amfani da wannan nau'in maganin da ba a saba gani ba don haɓaka girman kai da sanin yakamata, inganta ƙwarewar fahimta da motsi, warware rikice-rikice ko damuwa, da kuma ƙarfafa juriya ga marasa lafiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Art Therapy |url=https://arttherapy.org/about-art-therapy/ |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=American Art Therapy Association |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://arttherapy.org/about-art-therapy/ &quot;About Art Therapy&quot;]. ''American Art Therapy Association''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-04-12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yana gayyatar alamun ji, motsin rai, fahimta, da na ji don magance matsalolin da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ba zai iya kaiwa ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Kodayake maganin fasaha ƙaramin fanni ne na magani, tushensa ya ta'allaka ne da amfani da fasaha a cikin ' maganin ɗabi'a ' na marasa lafiya masu tabin hankali a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-04-16 |title=Art Therapy |url=https://insessionguide.com/art-therapy/ |access-date=2020-04-30 |website=Therapist Directory |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maganin fasaha a matsayin sana'a ya fara ne a tsakiyar karni na 20, wanda ya samo asali ne daban-daban a ƙasashen da ke magana da Ingilishi da Turai. An yi amfani da fasaha a wancan lokacin saboda dalilai daban-daban: sadarwa, haifar da ƙirƙira a cikin yara, da kuma a cikin mahallin addini.  Masu ilimin fasaha na farko waɗanda suka buga labaran ayyukansu sun yarda da tasirin kwalliya, tabin hankali, nazarin halayyar ɗan adam, gyaran hali, ilimin yara ƙanana, da ilimin fasaha, zuwa matakai daban-daban, akan ayyukansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-04-16 |title=Art Therapy |url=https://insessionguide.com/art-therapy/ |access-date=2020-04-30 |website=Therapist Directory |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://insessionguide.com/art-therapy/ &quot;Art Therapy&quot;]. ''Therapist Directory''. 2017-04-16&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-04-30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mai zane-zane ɗan Birtaniya Adrian Hill ya ƙirƙiro kalmar &quot;maganin fasaha&quot; a shekarar 1942.  Hill, yana murmurewa daga tarin fuka a wani wurin shakatawa, ya gano fa'idodin magani na zane da zane yayin da yake murmurewa. Ya rubuta cewa ƙimar maganin fasaha ta ta'allaka ne akan &quot;rufe hankali gaba ɗaya (da kuma yatsun hannu) ... sakin kuzarin ƙirƙira na majinyacin da ke yawan hana shi aiki&quot;, wanda ya ba majinyacin damar &quot;gina kariya mai ƙarfi daga rashin sa'o'insa&quot;. Ya ba da shawarar aikin fasaha ga abokan aikinsa. Wannan ya fara aikinsa na maganin fasaha, wanda aka rubuta a cikin 1945 a cikin littafinsa, ''Art Versus Illness'' .  

Mai zane Edward Adamson, wanda aka sallama bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], ya haɗu da Adrian Hill don faɗaɗa aikin Hill zuwa asibitocin kwakwalwa na Burtaniya da suka daɗe suna aiki. Adamson ya yi nazarin alaƙa tsakanin bayyanar fasaha da sakin motsin rai. Hanya ɗaya da Adamson ya yi aikin fasaha ita ce ta hanyar kwatanta motsin zuciyar marasa lafiya a cikin fasahar da suka ƙirƙira. Don samun fahimtar yadda cututtukan kwakwalwa ke shafar hankali, tarin Adamson ya fara ne a matsayin hanyar ƙirƙirar yanayi inda marasa lafiya ke jin daɗin bayyana kansu ta hanyar fasaha. Daga nan ƙwararrun lafiyar kwakwalwa za su yi nazarin fasaha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ostrowska |first=Anna |date=2015-10-02 |title=The Adamson Collection: illustrations of mental illness or a testament to spontaneous artistic expression? |journal=Journal of Visual Communication in Medicine |language=en |volume=38 |issue=3–4 |pages=196–202 |doi=10.3109/17453054.2015.1108297 |issn=1745-3054 |pmc=4898145 |pmid=26828548}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran masu goyon bayan maganin fasaha na farko a Burtaniya sun haɗa da EM Lyddiatt, Michael Edwards, Diana Raphael-Halliday da Rita Simons. An kafa Ƙungiyar Masu Ilimin Fasaha ta Burtaniya a 1964. 

Majagaba a fannin gyaran fuska a Amurka Margaret Naumburg da Edith Kramer sun fara aiki a daidai lokacin da Hill yake aiki. Naumburg, wata malama, ta yi iƙirarin cewa, &quot;maganin fasaha yana da alaƙa da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam&quot; kuma cewa faɗin fasaha kyauta &quot;ya zama nau'in magana ta alama wadda ke nufin magana ta musamman.&amp;nbsp;... yana haifar da ƙaruwar magana a lokacin da ake yin magani.&quot;  Edith Kramer, wani mai zane, ya nuna muhimmancin tsarin ƙirƙira, kariyar tunani, da ingancin fasaha, yana rubuta cewa &quot;ana samun sublimation lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri siffofi waɗanda suka ƙunshi nasarar&amp;nbsp;... fushi, damuwa, ko ciwo.&quot;  Sauran masu goyon bayan maganin fasaha na farko a Amurka sun haɗa da Elinor Ulman, Robert &quot;Bob&quot; Ault, da Judith Rubin . An kafa Ƙungiyar Maganin Fasaha ta Amurka a shekarar 1969. &lt;ref&gt;Junge, M. (2010). ''The modern history of art therapy in the United States''. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. {{ISBN|978-0-398-07940-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma'anoni ==
Akwai ma'anoni daban-daban na kalmar &quot;maganin fasaha&quot;. 

Ƙungiyar Masu Ilimin Fasaha ta Burtaniya ta bayyana ilimin fasaha a matsayin: &quot;wani nau'in ilimin halayyar ɗan adam wanda ke amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na fasaha a matsayin babban hanyar bayyanawa da sadarwa.&quot; Sun kuma ƙara da cewa &quot;abokan ciniki waɗanda aka tura zuwa ga mai ilimin fasaha ba sa buƙatar ƙwarewa a baya a fannin fasaha, mai ilimin fasaha ba ya damuwa da yin kimantawa ta kyau ko ganewar asali na hoton abokin ciniki.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Art Therapy |url=http://www.baat.org/About-Art-Therapy |access-date=3 January 2018 |publisher=British Association of Art Therapists}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ƙungiyar Kula da Fasaha ta Amurka ta bayyana ilimin fasaha a matsayin: &quot;sana'a mai haɗaka da lafiyar kwakwalwa da ayyukan ɗan adam wanda ke wadatar da rayuwar mutane, iyalai, da al'ummomi ta hanyar yin fasaha mai aiki, tsarin ƙirƙira,  ka'idar ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, da kuma gogewar ɗan adam a cikin dangantakar ilimin halayyar ɗan adam.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;AATA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Feeny |first=Ann |date=28 March 2024 |title=What Is Art Therapy? |url=https://www.psychology.org/resources/what-is-art-therapy/ |access-date=29 October 2024 |publisher=Psychology.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shafin yanar gizo na Psychology.org ya bayyana maganin fasaha a matsayin: &quot;kayan aikin da masu ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ke amfani da shi don taimaka wa marasa lafiya su fassara, bayyana, da kuma warware motsin zuciyarsu da tunaninsu. Marasa lafiya suna aiki tare da mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali don bincika motsin zuciyarsu, fahimtar rikice-rikice ko ji da ke haifar musu da damuwa, da kuma amfani da fasaha don taimaka musu samun mafita ga waɗannan matsalolin.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-15 |title=What Is Art Therapy? {{!}} Psychology.org |url=https://www.psychology.org/resources/what-is-art-therapy/ |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=www.psychology.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amfani ==
A matsayin sana'ar [[Lafiyar kwakwalwa|kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa]] da aka tsara, ana amfani da maganin fasaha a wurare da dama na asibiti da sauran wurare tare da al'ummomi daban-daban. Ana ƙara gane shi a matsayin ingantaccen magani. Ana iya samun maganin fasaha a wurare marasa asibiti, kamar a cikin ɗakunan fasaha da kuma bita na haɓaka kerawa. Lasisi ga masu ilimin fasaha na iya bambanta daga jiha zuwa jiha, tare da wasu suna gane maganin fasaha a matsayin lasisi daban da wasu lasisi a ƙarƙashin wani fanni mai alaƙa kamar ba da shawara na ƙwararru ko ba da shawara kan lafiyar kwakwalwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=State Advocacy |url=https://arttherapy.org/state-advocacy/ |access-date=2020-04-30 |website=American Art Therapy Association |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu daga cikin jihohin da aka ba da lasisi sune Connecticut, Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Ohio, Tennessee, Virginia, Texas, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, da Utah, da kuma Gundumar Columbia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=American Art Therapy Association |date=2025-04-03 |title=American Art Therapy Association |url=https://arttherapy.org/state-advocacy |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=American Art Therapy Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu ilimin fasaha dole ne su sami digiri na biyu wanda ya haɗa da horo a cikin tsarin ƙirƙira, ci gaban tunani, da kuma maganin rukuni, kuma dole ne su kammala horon asibiti. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Becoming an Art Therapist |url=https://arttherapy.org/becoming-art-therapist/ |access-date=2020-04-30 |website=American Art Therapy Association |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dangane da jiha, lardi, ko ƙasa, kalmar &quot;mai ilimin hanyoyin fasaha&quot; za a iya keɓe ta ga waɗanda ƙwararru ne da aka horar a fannin fasaha da kuma ilimin hanyoyin magani kuma suna da digiri na biyu ko na uku a fannin ilimin hanyoyin fasaha ko takardar shaidar ilimin hanyoyin fasaha da aka samu bayan kammala karatun digiri a wani fanni mai alaƙa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Becoming an Art Therapist |url=https://arttherapy.org/becoming-art-therapist/ |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=American Art Therapy Association |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu ƙwararru, kamar masu ba da shawara kan lafiyar kwakwalwa ta asibiti, ma'aikatan zamantakewa, masana halayyar ɗan adam, da masu ilimin hanyoyin motsa jiki, za su iya haɗa fasahar da hanyoyin hanyoyin magance matsalar tabin hankali a cikin maganinsu. Masu ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali za su iya fahimtar yadda abokin ciniki ke ɗaukar bayanai bayan tantance abubuwan da ke cikin fasaharsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lusebrink2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lusebrink |first=Vija B. |date=2010 |title=Assessment and Therapeutic Application of the Expressive Therapies Continuum: Implications for Brain Structures and Functions |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ906442.pdf |journal=Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Association |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=168–177 |doi=10.1080/07421656.2010.10129380 |s2cid=6758378}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani labarin da Ƙungiyar Kula da Fasaha ta Amurka ta buga ya ce akwai wani ƙaramin shaida (ko iyaka)—musamman nazarce-nazarce guda biyu—wanda zai iya tallafawa ra'ayin ingancin maganin fasaha. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Slayton |first=Sarah C. |last2=D'Archer |first2=Jeanne |last3=Kaplan |first3=Frances |date=2010-01-01 |title=Outcome Studies on the Efficacy of Art Therapy: A Review of Findings |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07421656.2010.10129660 |journal=Art Therapy |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=108–118 |doi=10.1080/07421656.2010.10129660 |issn=0742-1656 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Hukumomin Samar da Ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: '''Hukumomin Ruwa''' suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin bangaren samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Afirka ta Kudu. Suna gudanar da madatsun ruwa, manyan kayayyakin samar da ruwa, wasu kayayyakin rarraba ruwa na cikin gida da wasu tsarin kwashe ruwan kazanta. Wasu kuma suna ba da agajin fasaha ga kananan hukumomi. Ta hanyar rawar da suke takawa wajen gudanar da madatsun ruwa, suna kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dws.gov...</comment>
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      <text bytes="4883" sha1="76y7is0vkzda2cch78yzne7nppdgbda" xml:space="preserve">'''Hukumomin Ruwa''' suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin bangaren samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Afirka ta Kudu. Suna gudanar da madatsun ruwa, manyan kayayyakin samar da ruwa, wasu kayayyakin rarraba ruwa na cikin gida da wasu tsarin kwashe ruwan kazanta. Wasu kuma suna ba da agajin fasaha ga kananan hukumomi. Ta hanyar rawar da suke takawa wajen gudanar da madatsun ruwa, suna kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dws.gov.za/io/wsi.aspx|title=Water Boards|accessdate=27 December 2024|publisher=Republic of South Africa, Department of Water and Sanitation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumomin Ruwa suna ba da rahoto ga Ma'aikatar Al'amuran Ruwa (DWA).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Republic of South Africa, Department of Water Affairs|title=Water Service Institutions|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IO/wsi.aspx|accessdate=4 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumomin Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu (duba lissafin da ke kasa), baki daya sun raba ruwa a fakaice ga mutane sama da miliyan 24 a cikin kananan hukumomi 90 a shekarar 2005, wanda ke daidai da kusan rabin al'ummar Afirka ta Kudu.

Manyan Hukumomin Ruwa guda uku - Rand Water a Jihar Gauteng, Umgeni Water a Jihar KwaZulu Natal da Overberg Water – suna yi wa mutane miliyan 10, miliyan 4, da miliyan 2 hidima a fakaice. Wannan ya ninka sau uku (miliyan 18) idan aka kwatanta da duka sauran kananan hukumomin ruwa 12 a hade (miliyan 6).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dbsa.org/Research/Documents/Infrastructure%20Barometer.pdf|title=Infrastructure Barometer|year=2006|page=123|publisher=Development Finance Institution South Africa|access-date=2012-09-04|archive-date=2012-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225121737/http://www.dbsa.org/Research/Documents/Infrastructure%20Barometer.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rand Water tana da tarihin da ya wuce shekaru 100&lt;ref name=&quot;tvlguide-88&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=A Guide to the Transvaal|year=1905|publisher=Bartholomew &amp; Lawlor|page=88|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/aguidetotransva00unkngoog#page/n111/mode/1up/search/water|author=H. T. Montague Bell, C. Arthur Lane, British Association for the Advancement of Science, Meeting, South African Association for the Advancement of Science|accessdate=11 August 2010|chapter=The Rand Water Supply}}&lt;/ref&gt; a yankin Gauteng, wanda shi ne cibiyar masana'antu ta Afirka ta Kudu. Tana siyan ruwa daga DWA, ta tace shi, sannan ta sayar da shi ga manyan masana'antu, ma'adanai, da kananan hukumomi.

==Lissafin Hukumomin Ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu==
&lt;ref&gt;AfDevInfo:[http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/org/org_70331.html Water Boards]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pmg.org.za/files/docs/090902mpumalanga.ppt Mntambo, 2 Sep 2009. Department of Water Affairs (Mpumalanga) Support and Intervention to Local Government Institutions. Presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Water and Environmental Affairs]&lt;/ref&gt;

* Amatola Water Board (East London, Eastern Cape) yanzu ya hada da Albany Coast Water Board wanda ya yi wa yankin Boesmansriviermond hidima, Eastern Cape)
* Bloem Water (Bloemfontein, Free State)
* Lepelle Northern Water (Phalaborwa, Limpopo)
* Magalies Water (Tehabane - Rustenburg, North West)
* Mhlathuze Water (Richards Bay, KwaZulu Natal)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=(Advertorial) |title=Mhlathuze Water in a nutshell |date=21 May 2015 |newspaper=Mail &amp; Guardian |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2015-05-21-mhlathuze-water-in-a-nutshell/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Overberg Water (Heidelberg CP, Western Cape)
* Rand Water (Johannesburg, Gauteng)
* Sedibeng Water (Bothaville, Free State) (da can ana kiranta Goudveld Water)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://new.sedibengwater.co.za/ |title=Sedibeng Water - Sustaining the Source and Flow of Life Forever}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Umgeni Water (Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu Natal) (Ofishin Yanki yana Durban)

Wadannan Hukumomin Ruwa na shayar da dabbobi masu zuwa za a canza su zuwa kungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa (duba Sashe na 98(1) na Dokar Ruwa ta Kasa):&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Policies/NWRS/Sep2004/Chapter3Part5.doc National Water Resource Strategy. 2004. Chapter 3, Part 5 – Water Management Institutions]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Legislature/nw_act/NWA.pdf National Water Act]&lt;/ref&gt;

* Kalahari East Water Board (Upington, Northern Cape) (da can ana kiranta Kalahari-Oos Waterraad)
* Kalahari West Water Board (Upington, Northern Cape)
* Karos-Geelkoppen Water Board (Joostepan, Northern Cape)

== Hukumomin Ruwa da Aka Soke ==

* Botshelo Water (Mmabatho, North West) (da can ana kiranta Bophuthatswana Water Supply Authority sannan kuma North-West Water Supply Authority Board) (an soke ta ranar 1 Afrilu 2014)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/37503gon239.pdf|title=Disestablishment of Botshelo Water|last=Department of Water Affairs|date=1 April 2014|website=Government Gazette|access-date=July 8, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="6353" sha1="lqs066kaz6co2mv9snslk9vez2q596f" xml:space="preserve">'''Hukumomin Ruwa''' suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin bangaren samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Afirka ta Kudu. Suna gudanar da madatsun ruwa, manyan kayayyakin samar da ruwa, wasu kayayyakin rarraba ruwa na cikin gida da wasu tsarin kwashe ruwan kazanta. Wasu kuma suna ba da agajin fasaha ga kananan hukumomi. Ta hanyar rawar da suke takawa wajen gudanar da madatsun ruwa, suna kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dws.gov.za/io/wsi.aspx|title=Water Boards|accessdate=27 December 2024|publisher=Republic of South Africa, Department of Water and Sanitation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumomin Ruwa suna ba da rahoto ga Ma'aikatar Al'amuran Ruwa (DWA).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Republic of South Africa, Department of Water Affairs|title=Water Service Institutions|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IO/wsi.aspx|accessdate=4 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumomin Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu (duba lissafin da ke kasa), baki daya sun raba ruwa a fakaice ga mutane sama da miliyan 24 a cikin kananan hukumomi 90 a shekarar 2005, wanda ke daidai da kusan rabin al'ummar Afirka ta Kudu.

Manyan Hukumomin Ruwa guda uku - Rand Water a Jihar Gauteng, Umgeni Water a Jihar KwaZulu Natal da Overberg Water – suna yi wa mutane miliyan 10, miliyan 4, da miliyan 2 hidima a fakaice. Wannan ya ninka sau uku (miliyan 18) idan aka kwatanta da duka sauran kananan hukumomin ruwa 12 a hade (miliyan 6).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dbsa.org/Research/Documents/Infrastructure%20Barometer.pdf|title=Infrastructure Barometer|year=2006|page=123|publisher=Development Finance Institution South Africa|access-date=2012-09-04|archive-date=2012-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225121737/http://www.dbsa.org/Research/Documents/Infrastructure%20Barometer.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rand Water tana da tarihin da ya wuce shekaru 100&lt;ref name=&quot;tvlguide-88&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=A Guide to the Transvaal|year=1905|publisher=Bartholomew &amp; Lawlor|page=88|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/aguidetotransva00unkngoog#page/n111/mode/1up/search/water|author=H. T. Montague Bell, C. Arthur Lane, British Association for the Advancement of Science, Meeting, South African Association for the Advancement of Science|accessdate=11 August 2010|chapter=The Rand Water Supply}}&lt;/ref&gt; a yankin Gauteng, wanda shi ne cibiyar masana'antu ta Afirka ta Kudu. Tana siyan ruwa daga DWA, ta tace shi, sannan ta sayar da shi ga manyan masana'antu, ma'adanai, da kananan hukumomi.

==Lissafin Hukumomin Ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu==
&lt;ref&gt;AfDevInfo:[http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/org/org_70331.html Water Boards]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pmg.org.za/files/docs/090902mpumalanga.ppt Mntambo, 2 Sep 2009. Department of Water Affairs (Mpumalanga) Support and Intervention to Local Government Institutions. Presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Water and Environmental Affairs]&lt;/ref&gt;

* Amatola Water Board (East London, Eastern Cape) yanzu ya hada da Albany Coast Water Board wanda ya yi wa yankin Boesmansriviermond hidima, Eastern Cape)
* Bloem Water (Bloemfontein, Free State)
* Lepelle Northern Water (Phalaborwa, Limpopo)
* Magalies Water (Tehabane - Rustenburg, North West)
* Mhlathuze Water (Richards Bay, KwaZulu Natal)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=(Advertorial) |title=Mhlathuze Water in a nutshell |date=21 May 2015 |newspaper=Mail &amp; Guardian |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2015-05-21-mhlathuze-water-in-a-nutshell/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Overberg Water (Heidelberg CP, Western Cape)
* Rand Water (Johannesburg, Gauteng)
* Sedibeng Water (Bothaville, Free State) (da can ana kiranta Goudveld Water)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://new.sedibengwater.co.za/ |title=Sedibeng Water - Sustaining the Source and Flow of Life Forever}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Umgeni Water (Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu Natal) (Ofishin Yanki yana Durban)

Wadannan Hukumomin Ruwa na shayar da dabbobi masu zuwa za a canza su zuwa kungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa (duba Sashe na 98(1) na Dokar Ruwa ta Kasa):&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Policies/NWRS/Sep2004/Chapter3Part5.doc National Water Resource Strategy. 2004. Chapter 3, Part 5 – Water Management Institutions]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Legislature/nw_act/NWA.pdf National Water Act]&lt;/ref&gt;

* Kalahari East Water Board (Upington, Northern Cape) (da can ana kiranta Kalahari-Oos Waterraad)
* Kalahari West Water Board (Upington, Northern Cape)
* Karos-Geelkoppen Water Board (Joostepan, Northern Cape)

== Hukumomin Ruwa da Aka Soke ==

* Botshelo Water (Mmabatho, North West) (da can ana kiranta Bophuthatswana Water Supply Authority sannan kuma North-West Water Supply Authority Board) (an soke ta ranar 1 Afrilu 2014)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/37503gon239.pdf|title=Disestablishment of Botshelo Water|last=Department of Water Affairs|date=1 April 2014|website=Government Gazette|access-date=July 8, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bushbuckridge Water Board (Mafmani/Nelspruit, Mpumalanga) (an soke ta ranar 1 Afrilu 2014)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/37503gon241.pdf|title=Disestablishment of Bushbuckridge Water|last=Department of Water Affairs|date=1 April 2014|website=Government Gazette|access-date=8 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Namakwa Water (Nababeep, Northern Cape) (an soke ta ranar 8 Afrilu 2011)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/34185gon312.pdf|title=Disestablishment of Namakwa Water Board|last=Department of Water Affairs|date=8 April 2011|website=Government Gazette|access-date=July 8, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nkangala Water board (Belfast, Mpumalanga) (an soke ta)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pmg.org.za/committee-meeting/10535/|title=Department of Water &amp; Environmental Affairs &amp; Water Boards: Water Pricing &amp;Tariffs 2009/10 &amp;#124; PMG}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Pelladrift Water Board (Northern Cape) &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dwaf.gov.za/IO/wsiData.aspx South Africa Department of Water and Sanitation]&lt;/ref&gt; (an soke ta ranar 30 Oktoba 2014)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201501/38099gon810.pdf|title=Disestablishment of Pelladrift Water Board|last=Department of Water and Sanitation|date=15 October 2014|website=Government Gazette|access-date=8 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Bayanai na Nuni==
{{reflist}}
{{National Key Points navbox}}

[[Category:Water supply and sanitation in South Africa]]</text>
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      <text bytes="6264" sha1="skkl18rvl73lag5ddqdpjy21nu09wxf" xml:space="preserve">'''Hukumomin Ruwa''' suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin bangaren samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Afirka ta Kudu. Suna gudanar da madatsun ruwa, manyan kayayyakin samar da ruwa, wasu kayayyakin rarraba ruwa na cikin gida da wasu tsarin kwashe ruwan kazanta. Wasu kuma suna ba da agajin fasaha ga kananan hukumomi. Ta hanyar rawar da suke takawa wajen gudanar da madatsun ruwa, suna kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dws.gov.za/io/wsi.aspx|title=Water Boards|accessdate=27 December 2024|publisher=Republic of South Africa, Department of Water and Sanitation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumomin Ruwa suna ba da rahoto ga Ma'aikatar Al'amuran Ruwa (DWA).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Republic of South Africa, Department of Water Affairs|title=Water Service Institutions|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IO/wsi.aspx|accessdate=4 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumomin Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu (duba lissafin da ke kasa), baki daya sun raba ruwa a fakaice ga mutane sama da miliyan 24 a cikin kananan hukumomi 90 a shekarar 2005, wanda ke daidai da kusan rabin al'ummar Afirka ta Kudu.

Manyan Hukumomin Ruwa guda uku - Rand Water a Jihar Gauteng, Umgeni Water a Jihar KwaZulu Natal da Overberg Water – suna yi wa mutane miliyan 10, miliyan 4, da miliyan 2 hidima a fakaice. Wannan ya ninka sau uku (miliyan 18) idan aka kwatanta da duka sauran kananan hukumomin ruwa 12 a hade (miliyan 6).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dbsa.org/Research/Documents/Infrastructure%20Barometer.pdf|title=Infrastructure Barometer|year=2006|page=123|publisher=Development Finance Institution South Africa|access-date=2012-09-04|archive-date=2012-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225121737/http://www.dbsa.org/Research/Documents/Infrastructure%20Barometer.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rand Water tana da tarihin da ya wuce shekaru 100&lt;ref name=&quot;tvlguide-88&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=A Guide to the Transvaal|year=1905|publisher=Bartholomew &amp; Lawlor|page=88|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/aguidetotransva00unkngoog#page/n111/mode/1up/search/water|author=H. T. Montague Bell, C. Arthur Lane, British Association for the Advancement of Science, Meeting, South African Association for the Advancement of Science|accessdate=11 August 2010|chapter=The Rand Water Supply}}&lt;/ref&gt; a yankin Gauteng, wanda shi ne cibiyar masana'antu ta Afirka ta Kudu. Tana siyan ruwa daga DWA, ta tace shi, sannan ta sayar da shi ga manyan masana'antu, ma'adanai, da kananan hukumomi.

==Lissafin Hukumomin Ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu==
&lt;ref&gt;AfDevInfo:[http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/org/org_70331.html Water Boards]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pmg.org.za/files/docs/090902mpumalanga.ppt Mntambo, 2 Sep 2009. Department of Water Affairs (Mpumalanga) Support and Intervention to Local Government Institutions. Presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Water and Environmental Affairs]&lt;/ref&gt;

* Amatola Water Board (East London, Eastern Cape) yanzu ya hada da Albany Coast Water Board wanda ya yi wa yankin Boesmansriviermond hidima, Eastern Cape)
* Bloem Water (Bloemfontein, Free State)
* Lepelle Northern Water (Phalaborwa, Limpopo)
* Magalies Water (Tehabane - Rustenburg, North West)
* Mhlathuze Water (Richards Bay, KwaZulu Natal)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=(Advertorial) |title=Mhlathuze Water in a nutshell |date=21 May 2015 |newspaper=Mail &amp; Guardian |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2015-05-21-mhlathuze-water-in-a-nutshell/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Overberg Water (Heidelberg CP, Western Cape)
* Rand Water (Johannesburg, Gauteng)
* Sedibeng Water (Bothaville, Free State) (da can ana kiranta Goudveld Water)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://new.sedibengwater.co.za/ |title=Sedibeng Water - Sustaining the Source and Flow of Life Forever}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Umgeni Water (Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu Natal) (Ofishin Yanki yana Durban)

Wadannan Hukumomin Ruwa na shayar da dabbobi masu zuwa za a canza su zuwa kungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa (duba Sashe na 98(1) na Dokar Ruwa ta Kasa):&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Policies/NWRS/Sep2004/Chapter3Part5.doc National Water Resource Strategy. 2004. Chapter 3, Part 5 – Water Management Institutions]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Legislature/nw_act/NWA.pdf National Water Act]&lt;/ref&gt;

* Kalahari East Water Board (Upington, Northern Cape) (da can ana kiranta Kalahari-Oos Waterraad)
* Kalahari West Water Board (Upington, Northern Cape)
* Karos-Geelkoppen Water Board (Joostepan, Northern Cape)

== Hukumomin Ruwa da Aka Soke ==

* Botshelo Water (Mmabatho, North West) (da can ana kiranta Bophuthatswana Water Supply Authority sannan kuma North-West Water Supply Authority Board) (an soke ta ranar 1 Afrilu 2014)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/37503gon239.pdf|title=Disestablishment of Botshelo Water|last=Department of Water Affairs|date=1 April 2014|website=Government Gazette|access-date=July 8, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bushbuckridge Water Board (Mafmani/Nelspruit, Mpumalanga) (an soke ta ranar 1 Afrilu 2014)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/37503gon241.pdf|title=Disestablishment of Bushbuckridge Water|last=Department of Water Affairs|date=1 April 2014|website=Government Gazette|access-date=8 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Namakwa Water (Nababeep, Northern Cape) (an soke ta ranar 8 Afrilu 2011)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/34185gon312.pdf|title=Disestablishment of Namakwa Water Board|last=Department of Water Affairs|date=8 April 2011|website=Government Gazette|access-date=July 8, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nkangala Water board (Belfast, Mpumalanga) (an soke ta)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pmg.org.za/committee-meeting/10535/|title=Department of Water &amp; Environmental Affairs &amp; Water Boards: Water Pricing &amp;Tariffs 2009/10 &amp;#124; PMG}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Pelladrift Water Board (Northern Cape) &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dwaf.gov.za/IO/wsiData.aspx South Africa Department of Water and Sanitation]&lt;/ref&gt; (an soke ta ranar 30 Oktoba 2014)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201501/38099gon810.pdf|title=Disestablishment of Pelladrift Water Board|last=Department of Water and Sanitation|date=15 October 2014|website=Government Gazette|access-date=8 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Bayanai na Nuni==
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    <revision>
      <id>861300</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-19T14:23:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirjat</username>
        <id>20447</id>
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'''Hukumomin Ruwa''' suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin bangaren samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Afirka ta Kudu. Suna gudanar da madatsun ruwa, manyan kayayyakin samar da ruwa, wasu kayayyakin rarraba ruwa na cikin gida da wasu tsarin kwashe ruwan kazanta. Wasu kuma suna ba da agajin fasaha ga kananan hukumomi. Ta hanyar rawar da suke takawa wajen gudanar da madatsun ruwa, suna kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gudanar da albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dws.gov.za/io/wsi.aspx|title=Water Boards|accessdate=27 December 2024|publisher=Republic of South Africa, Department of Water and Sanitation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumomin Ruwa suna ba da rahoto ga Ma'aikatar Al'amuran Ruwa (DWA).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Republic of South Africa, Department of Water Affairs|title=Water Service Institutions|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IO/wsi.aspx|accessdate=4 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumomin Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu (duba lissafin da ke kasa), baki daya sun raba ruwa a fakaice ga mutane sama da miliyan 24 a cikin kananan hukumomi 90 a shekarar 2005, wanda ke daidai da kusan rabin al'ummar Afirka ta Kudu.

Manyan Hukumomin Ruwa guda uku - Rand Water a Jihar Gauteng, Umgeni Water a Jihar KwaZulu Natal da Overberg Water – suna yi wa mutane miliyan 10, miliyan 4, da miliyan 2 hidima a fakaice. Wannan ya ninka sau uku (miliyan 18) idan aka kwatanta da duka sauran kananan hukumomin ruwa 12 a hade (miliyan 6).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dbsa.org/Research/Documents/Infrastructure%20Barometer.pdf|title=Infrastructure Barometer|year=2006|page=123|publisher=Development Finance Institution South Africa|access-date=2012-09-04|archive-date=2012-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225121737/http://www.dbsa.org/Research/Documents/Infrastructure%20Barometer.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rand Water tana da tarihin da ya wuce shekaru 100&lt;ref name=&quot;tvlguide-88&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=A Guide to the Transvaal|year=1905|publisher=Bartholomew &amp; Lawlor|page=88|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/aguidetotransva00unkngoog#page/n111/mode/1up/search/water|author=H. T. Montague Bell, C. Arthur Lane, British Association for the Advancement of Science, Meeting, South African Association for the Advancement of Science|accessdate=11 August 2010|chapter=The Rand Water Supply}}&lt;/ref&gt; a yankin Gauteng, wanda shi ne cibiyar masana'antu ta Afirka ta Kudu. Tana siyan ruwa daga DWA, ta tace shi, sannan ta sayar da shi ga manyan masana'antu, ma'adanai, da kananan hukumomi.

==Lissafin Hukumomin Ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu==
&lt;ref&gt;AfDevInfo:[http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/org/org_70331.html Water Boards]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pmg.org.za/files/docs/090902mpumalanga.ppt Mntambo, 2 Sep 2009. Department of Water Affairs (Mpumalanga) Support and Intervention to Local Government Institutions. Presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Water and Environmental Affairs]&lt;/ref&gt;

* Amatola Water Board (East London, Eastern Cape) yanzu ya hada da Albany Coast Water Board wanda ya yi wa yankin Boesmansriviermond hidima, Eastern Cape)
* Bloem Water (Bloemfontein, Free State)
* Lepelle Northern Water (Phalaborwa, Limpopo)
* Magalies Water (Tehabane - Rustenburg, North West)
* Mhlathuze Water (Richards Bay, KwaZulu Natal)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=(Advertorial) |title=Mhlathuze Water in a nutshell |date=21 May 2015 |newspaper=Mail &amp; Guardian |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2015-05-21-mhlathuze-water-in-a-nutshell/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Overberg Water (Heidelberg CP, Western Cape)
* Rand Water (Johannesburg, Gauteng)
* Sedibeng Water (Bothaville, Free State) (da can ana kiranta Goudveld Water)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://new.sedibengwater.co.za/ |title=Sedibeng Water - Sustaining the Source and Flow of Life Forever}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Umgeni Water (Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu Natal) (Ofishin Yanki yana Durban)

Wadannan Hukumomin Ruwa na shayar da dabbobi masu zuwa za a canza su zuwa kungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa (duba Sashe na 98(1) na Dokar Ruwa ta Kasa):&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Policies/NWRS/Sep2004/Chapter3Part5.doc National Water Resource Strategy. 2004. Chapter 3, Part 5 – Water Management Institutions]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Legislature/nw_act/NWA.pdf National Water Act]&lt;/ref&gt;

* Kalahari East Water Board (Upington, Northern Cape) (da can ana kiranta Kalahari-Oos Waterraad)
* Kalahari West Water Board (Upington, Northern Cape)
* Karos-Geelkoppen Water Board (Joostepan, Northern Cape)

== Hukumomin Ruwa da Aka Soke ==

* Botshelo Water (Mmabatho, North West) (da can ana kiranta Bophuthatswana Water Supply Authority sannan kuma North-West Water Supply Authority Board) (an soke ta ranar 1 Afrilu 2014)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/37503gon239.pdf|title=Disestablishment of Botshelo Water|last=Department of Water Affairs|date=1 April 2014|website=Government Gazette|access-date=July 8, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bushbuckridge Water Board (Mafmani/Nelspruit, Mpumalanga) (an soke ta ranar 1 Afrilu 2014)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/37503gon241.pdf|title=Disestablishment of Bushbuckridge Water|last=Department of Water Affairs|date=1 April 2014|website=Government Gazette|access-date=8 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Namakwa Water (Nababeep, Northern Cape) (an soke ta ranar 8 Afrilu 2011)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/34185gon312.pdf|title=Disestablishment of Namakwa Water Board|last=Department of Water Affairs|date=8 April 2011|website=Government Gazette|access-date=July 8, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nkangala Water board (Belfast, Mpumalanga) (an soke ta)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pmg.org.za/committee-meeting/10535/|title=Department of Water &amp; Environmental Affairs &amp; Water Boards: Water Pricing &amp;Tariffs 2009/10 &amp;#124; PMG}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Pelladrift Water Board (Northern Cape) &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dwaf.gov.za/IO/wsiData.aspx South Africa Department of Water and Sanitation]&lt;/ref&gt; (an soke ta ranar 30 Oktoba 2014)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201501/38099gon810.pdf|title=Disestablishment of Pelladrift Water Board|last=Department of Water and Sanitation|date=15 October 2014|website=Government Gazette|access-date=8 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Bayanai na Nuni==
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  <page>
    <title>Afterglow (al'adun miyagun ƙwayoyi)</title>
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    <id>158629</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861320</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T15:46:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353123297|Afterglow (drug culture)]]&quot;</comment>
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Afterglow, lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin mahallin Amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na nishaɗi, yana nufin sakamako [[wiktionary:positive#Adjective|mai kyau]] na jiki da tunani wanda ke ci gaba bayan manyan tasirin miyagun ƙwalwa sun ragu, ko kuma bayan ƙwarewar ƙwarewa ta ragu. Wannan yanayin sau da yawa ana nuna shi da jin dadin ko kara fahimtar tunanin mutum. Kalmar tana da alaƙa da hallucinogens, musamman psychedelics da entactogens. Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Walter Pahnke ya bayyana '''Bayan hasken''' a matsayin &quot;mafi girma da kuzari tare da 'yanci na dangi daga damuwa da suka gabata da kuma laifi da damuwa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Majić |first=Tomislav |last2=Schmidt |first2=Timo T. |last3=Gallinat |first3=Jürgen |year=2015 |title=Peak experiences and the afterglow phenomenon: When and how do therapeutic effects of hallucinogens depend on psychedelic experiences? |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=241–253 |doi=10.1177/0269881114568040 |pmid=25670401 |s2cid=16483172}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Evens |first=Ricarda |last2=Schmidt |first2=Marianna Elisa |last3=Majić |first3=Tomislav |last4=Schmidt |first4=Timo Torsten |date=2023-05-29 |title=The psychedelic afterglow phenomenon: a systematic review of subacute effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics |journal=Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology |volume=13 |doi=10.1177/20451253231172254 |issn=2045-1253 |pmc=10240558 |pmid=37284524}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan sabon abu ya bambanta da hangovers, yanayin da ke biyo bayan amfani da abubuwa daban-daban, gami da barasa.

Yawancin masu amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi sun bayyana tasirin bayan haske:

* Ƙarin amincewa
* Yanayin zaman lafiya na ciki
* Jin &quot;tsarkakewa&quot;
* Rashin barci

Yawancin magunguna ba sa haifar da haske, amma wasu (kamar MDMA) na iya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Bayan haskakawa na iya faruwa bayan amfani da magungunan rarrabewa, kamar Masu adawa da NMDA, dextromethorphan, [[ketamine]], da phencyclidine. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Bayan hasken wuta yana faruwa bayan comedown ko saukowa. Bayan hasken ya ɓace a hankali, amma zai iya zama ɗan gajeren lokaci kamar sa'o'i 24, yayin da wasu sakamako masu kyau na tasirin miyagun ƙwayoyi (wanda aka kwatanta da yanayin da buɗewa) an ruwaito su tsawo tsakanin makonni 6 zuwa 8.[1]

Binciken dabbobi ya ba da shawarar tushen neurobiological don bayan haske: binciken 2023 da Nardou, Dölen et al. suka buga a cikin Nature sun gano cewa psychedelics sun sake buɗe wani lokaci mai mahimmanci na plasticity na jijiyoyi a cikin beraye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nardou |first=Romain |last2=Sawyer |first2=Edward |last3=Song |first3=Young Jun |last4=Wilkinson |first4=Makenzie |last5=Padovan-Hernandez |first5=Yasmin |last6=de Deus |first6=Júnia Lara |last7=Wright |first7=Noelle |last8=Lama |first8=Carine |last9=Faltin |first9=Sehr |last10=Goff |first10=Loyal A. |last11=Stein-O’Brien |first11=Genevieve L. |last12=Dölen |first12=Gül |date=2023-06-14 |title=Psychedelics reopen the social reward learning critical period |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06204-3 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=618 |issue=7966 |pages=790–798 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06204-3 |issn=1476-4687}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Magungunan Psychedelic § Bayan gogewa

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>lx9j38ybsxbywo1li0qbprhext4rpza</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861322</id>
      <parentid>861320</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T15:47:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>861322</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3904" sha1="6djxuwwpunv8pj3dchrnhs6jgq4ub98" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

Afterglow, lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin mahallin Amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na nishaɗi, yana nufin sakamako [[wiktionary:positive#Adjective|mai kyau]] na jiki da tunani wanda ke ci gaba bayan manyan tasirin miyagun ƙwalwa sun ragu, ko kuma bayan ƙwarewar ƙwarewa ta ragu. Wannan yanayin sau da yawa ana nuna shi da jin dadin ko kara fahimtar tunanin mutum. Kalmar tana da alaƙa da hallucinogens, musamman psychedelics da entactogens. Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Walter Pahnke ya bayyana '''Bayan hasken''' a matsayin &quot;mafi girma da kuzari tare da 'yanci na dangi daga damuwa da suka gabata da kuma laifi da damuwa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Majić |first=Tomislav |last2=Schmidt |first2=Timo T. |last3=Gallinat |first3=Jürgen |year=2015 |title=Peak experiences and the afterglow phenomenon: When and how do therapeutic effects of hallucinogens depend on psychedelic experiences? |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=241–253 |doi=10.1177/0269881114568040 |pmid=25670401 |s2cid=16483172}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Evens |first=Ricarda |last2=Schmidt |first2=Marianna Elisa |last3=Majić |first3=Tomislav |last4=Schmidt |first4=Timo Torsten |date=2023-05-29 |title=The psychedelic afterglow phenomenon: a systematic review of subacute effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics |journal=Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology |volume=13 |doi=10.1177/20451253231172254 |issn=2045-1253 |pmc=10240558 |pmid=37284524}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan sabon abu ya bambanta da hangovers, yanayin da ke biyo bayan amfani da abubuwa daban-daban, gami da barasa.

Yawancin masu amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi sun bayyana tasirin bayan haske:

* Ƙarin amincewa
* Yanayin zaman lafiya na ciki
* Jin &quot;tsarkakewa&quot;
* Rashin barci

Yawancin magunguna ba sa haifar da haske, amma wasu (kamar MDMA) na iya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Bayan haskakawa na iya faruwa bayan amfani da magungunan rarrabewa, kamar Masu adawa da NMDA, dextromethorphan, [[ketamine]], da phencyclidine. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Bayan hasken wuta yana faruwa bayan comedown ko saukowa. Bayan hasken ya ɓace a hankali, amma zai iya zama ɗan gajeren lokaci kamar sa'o'i 24, yayin da wasu sakamako masu kyau na tasirin miyagun ƙwayoyi (wanda aka kwatanta da yanayin da buɗewa) an ruwaito su tsawo tsakanin makonni 6 zuwa 8.[1]

Binciken dabbobi ya ba da shawarar tushen neurobiological don bayan haske: binciken 2023 da Nardou, Dölen et al. suka buga a cikin Nature sun gano cewa psychedelics sun sake buɗe wani lokaci mai mahimmanci na plasticity na jijiyoyi a cikin beraye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nardou |first=Romain |last2=Sawyer |first2=Edward |last3=Song |first3=Young Jun |last4=Wilkinson |first4=Makenzie |last5=Padovan-Hernandez |first5=Yasmin |last6=de Deus |first6=Júnia Lara |last7=Wright |first7=Noelle |last8=Lama |first8=Carine |last9=Faltin |first9=Sehr |last10=Goff |first10=Loyal A. |last11=Stein-O’Brien |first11=Genevieve L. |last12=Dölen |first12=Gül |date=2023-06-14 |title=Psychedelics reopen the social reward learning critical period |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06204-3 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=618 |issue=7966 |pages=790–798 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06204-3 |issn=1476-4687}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Magungunan Psychedelic § Bayan gogewa

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>6djxuwwpunv8pj3dchrnhs6jgq4ub98</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ilimi na tsara</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158630</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861323</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T15:48:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354717834|Peer education]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861323</origin>
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'''Ilimi na tsara''' hanya ce ta inganta kiwon lafiya, inda ake tallafawa membobin al'umma don inganta canjin inganta kiwon lafiyar tsakanin takwarorinsu. Ilimi na tsara shine koyarwa ko raba bayanan kiwon lafiya, dabi'u da halayyar wajen ilimantar da wasu waɗanda zasu iya raba irin wannan zamantakewar zamantakewa ko abubuwan rayuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;boyle&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Boyle |first=J. |last2=Mattern |first2=C. O. |last3=Lassiter |first3=J. W. |last4=Ritzler |first4=M. S. |year=2011 |title=Peer 2 peer: Efficacy of a course-based peer education intervention to increase physical activity among college students |journal=Journal of American College Health |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=519–529 |doi=10.1080/07448481.2010.523854 |pmid=21660807 |s2cid=39923580}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;green&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Green |first=J |year=2001 |title=Peer education |journal=Promotion and Education |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=65–68 |doi=10.1177/102538230100800203 |pmid=11475039 |s2cid=45132844}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sriranganathan&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sriranganathan |first=G. |last2=Jaworsky |first2=D. |last3=Larkin |first3=J. |last4=Flicker |first4=S. |last5=Campbell |first5=L. |last6=Flynn |first6=S. |last7=Janssen |first7=J. |last8=Erlich |first8=L. |year=2010 |title=Peer sexual health education: Interventions for effective program evaluation |journal=Health Education Journal |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=62–71 |doi=10.1177/0017896910386266 |s2cid=72983724}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maimakon masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya da ke ilmantar da jama'a, ra'ayin da ke bayan ilimin tsara shi ne cewa talakawa suna cikin matsayi mafi kyau don ƙarfafa halayyar lafiya ga juna. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2022}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Yankunan aikace-aikace ==
Ilimi na tsara ya zama sananne sosai a fagen [[Rigakafin cutar kanjamau / AIDS|Rigakafin cutar kanjamau]]. Yana da mahimmanci na rigakafin cutar kanjamau a kasashe masu tasowa da yawa, &lt;ref name=&quot;kelly&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kelly |first=J. A. |last2=St Lawrence |first2=J. S. |last3=Stevenson |first3=L. Y. |last4=Hauth |first4=A. C. |last5=Kalichman |first5=S. C. |last6=Diaz |first6=Y. E. |last7=Brasfield |first7=T. L. |last8=Koob |first8=J. J. |last9=Morgan |first9=M. G. |year=1992 |title=Community AIDS/HIV risk reduction: the effects of endorsements by popular people in three cities |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=82 |issue=11 |pages=1483–1489 |doi=10.2105/ajph.82.11.1483 |pmc=1694607 |pmid=1443297}}&lt;/ref&gt; tsakanin kungiyoyi da suka hada da matasa, ma'aikatan jima'i, mutanen da ke yin jima'i ba tare da kariya ba, ko mutanen da ke amfani da magunguna. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2022}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Har ila yau, ilimin tsara yana da alaƙa da ƙoƙarin hana taba, barasa da sauran amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi tsakanin matasa. Malamai na tsara na iya zama abin koyi ga matasa matasa ta hanyar inganta halayyar lafiya, taimakawa wajen ƙirƙirar da ƙarfafa [[Hanyar zamantakewa|ka'idojin zamantakewa]] waɗanda ke tallafawa halayyar aminci, kuma suna aiki a matsayin hanyar ilimi na kiwon lafiya mai sauƙi da kuma kusanci a ciki da waje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Main |first=D. S. |year=2002 |title=Commentary: Understanding the effects of peer education as a health promotion strategy |journal=Health Education and Behavior |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=424–426 |doi=10.1177/109019810202900403 |pmid=12137236 |s2cid=25031087}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ilimi na tsara yana da amfani wajen inganta abinci mai kyau, amincin abinci da motsa jiki tsakanin mutanen da aka ware. Ana kuma amfani da ilimin tsara a cikin ilimin likita.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gibson |first=Kyle R. |last2=Qureshi |first2=Zeshan U. |last3=Ross |first3=Michael T. |last4=Maxwell |first4=Simon R. |date=2014-01-01 |title=Junior doctor-led 'near-peer' prescribing education for medical students |journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology |language=en |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=122–129 |doi=10.1111/bcp.12147 |issn=1365-2125 |pmc=3895353 |pmid=23617320}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yeung |first=Eugene Y. H. |last2=Alexander |first2=Megan |date=2017-08-11 |title=Use of junior doctor-led peer education to improve antibiotic stewardship |journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology |volume=83 |issue=12 |pages=2831–2832 |doi=10.1111/bcp.13375 |issn=1365-2125 |pmc=5698584 |pmid=28799275}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu gundumomin makarantun jama'a sun aiwatar da shirye-shiryen ilimi. Misali, makarantun Birnin New York sun aiwatar da shirin ilimin jima'i na tsara a shekara ta 1974. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=Lisa F. |date=November 2019 |title=&quot;Kids Know What They Are Doing&quot;: Peer-led Sex Education in New York City |journal=History of Education Quarterly |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=501–527 |doi=10.1017/heq.2019.41}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin ==
Shirin ilimin tsara yawanci ana farawa ne daga masu kiwon lafiya ko masu sana'a na al'umma, waɗanda ke daukar mambobi na al'ummar da aka yi niyya don su zama malamai. Ana horar da malamai na tsara da aka dauka a cikin bayanan kiwon lafiya da ƙwarewar sadarwa. Tare da waɗannan ƙwarewa, malamai na tsara suna shiga cikin takwarorinsu a tattaunawa game da batun damuwa, suna neman inganta ilimin inganta kiwon lafiya da ƙwarewa. manufa ita ce cewa sanannun mutane, suna ba da shawarwari masu ma'ana da ma'ana, a cikin yaren gida da ya dace da kuma la'akari da mahallin gida, za su iya inganta canjin halayyar inganta kiwon lafiya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed]

Akwai nau'o'i daban-daban a cikin tallafin da aka bayar ga malamai. Wani lokaci su masu sa kai ne da ba a biya su ba, wani lokacin ana ba su karamin kuɗi, wani lokacin suna karɓar albashi mai kyau. Ana iya tallafawa malamai ta hanyar tarurruka da horo na yau da kullun, ko kuma ana sa ran su ci gaba da aikinsu ba tare da tallafi ba. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2021}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
 {{Reflist}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Ilimi na tsara''' hanya ce ta inganta kiwon lafiya, inda ake tallafawa membobin al'umma don inganta canjin inganta kiwon lafiyar tsakanin takwarorinsu. Ilimi na tsara shine koyarwa ko raba bayanan kiwon lafiya, dabi'u da halayyar wajen ilimantar da wasu waɗanda zasu iya raba irin wannan zamantakewar zamantakewa ko abubuwan rayuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;boyle&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Boyle |first=J. |last2=Mattern |first2=C. O. |last3=Lassiter |first3=J. W. |last4=Ritzler |first4=M. S. |year=2011 |title=Peer 2 peer: Efficacy of a course-based peer education intervention to increase physical activity among college students |journal=Journal of American College Health |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=519–529 |doi=10.1080/07448481.2010.523854 |pmid=21660807 |s2cid=39923580}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;green&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Green |first=J |year=2001 |title=Peer education |journal=Promotion and Education |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=65–68 |doi=10.1177/102538230100800203 |pmid=11475039 |s2cid=45132844}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sriranganathan&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sriranganathan |first=G. |last2=Jaworsky |first2=D. |last3=Larkin |first3=J. |last4=Flicker |first4=S. |last5=Campbell |first5=L. |last6=Flynn |first6=S. |last7=Janssen |first7=J. |last8=Erlich |first8=L. |year=2010 |title=Peer sexual health education: Interventions for effective program evaluation |journal=Health Education Journal |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=62–71 |doi=10.1177/0017896910386266 |s2cid=72983724}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maimakon masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya da ke ilmantar da jama'a, ra'ayin da ke bayan ilimin tsara shi ne cewa talakawa suna cikin matsayi mafi kyau don ƙarfafa halayyar lafiya ga juna. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2022}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Yankunan aikace-aikace ==
Ilimi na tsara ya zama sananne sosai a fagen [[Rigakafin cutar kanjamau / AIDS|Rigakafin cutar kanjamau]]. Yana da mahimmanci na rigakafin cutar kanjamau a kasashe masu tasowa da yawa, &lt;ref name=&quot;kelly&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kelly |first=J. A. |last2=St Lawrence |first2=J. S. |last3=Stevenson |first3=L. Y. |last4=Hauth |first4=A. C. |last5=Kalichman |first5=S. C. |last6=Diaz |first6=Y. E. |last7=Brasfield |first7=T. L. |last8=Koob |first8=J. J. |last9=Morgan |first9=M. G. |year=1992 |title=Community AIDS/HIV risk reduction: the effects of endorsements by popular people in three cities |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=82 |issue=11 |pages=1483–1489 |doi=10.2105/ajph.82.11.1483 |pmc=1694607 |pmid=1443297}}&lt;/ref&gt; tsakanin kungiyoyi da suka hada da matasa, ma'aikatan jima'i, mutanen da ke yin jima'i ba tare da kariya ba, ko mutanen da ke amfani da magunguna. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2022}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Har ila yau, ilimin tsara yana da alaƙa da ƙoƙarin hana taba, barasa da sauran amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi tsakanin matasa. Malamai na tsara na iya zama abin koyi ga matasa matasa ta hanyar inganta halayyar lafiya, taimakawa wajen ƙirƙirar da ƙarfafa [[Hanyar zamantakewa|ka'idojin zamantakewa]] waɗanda ke tallafawa halayyar aminci, kuma suna aiki a matsayin hanyar ilimi na kiwon lafiya mai sauƙi da kuma kusanci a ciki da waje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Main |first=D. S. |year=2002 |title=Commentary: Understanding the effects of peer education as a health promotion strategy |journal=Health Education and Behavior |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=424–426 |doi=10.1177/109019810202900403 |pmid=12137236 |s2cid=25031087}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ilimi na tsara yana da amfani wajen inganta abinci mai kyau, amincin abinci da motsa jiki tsakanin mutanen da aka ware. Ana kuma amfani da ilimin tsara a cikin ilimin likita.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gibson |first=Kyle R. |last2=Qureshi |first2=Zeshan U. |last3=Ross |first3=Michael T. |last4=Maxwell |first4=Simon R. |date=2014-01-01 |title=Junior doctor-led 'near-peer' prescribing education for medical students |journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology |language=en |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=122–129 |doi=10.1111/bcp.12147 |issn=1365-2125 |pmc=3895353 |pmid=23617320}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yeung |first=Eugene Y. H. |last2=Alexander |first2=Megan |date=2017-08-11 |title=Use of junior doctor-led peer education to improve antibiotic stewardship |journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology |volume=83 |issue=12 |pages=2831–2832 |doi=10.1111/bcp.13375 |issn=1365-2125 |pmc=5698584 |pmid=28799275}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu gundumomin makarantun jama'a sun aiwatar da shirye-shiryen ilimi. Misali, makarantun Birnin New York sun aiwatar da shirin ilimin jima'i na tsara a shekara ta 1974. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=Lisa F. |date=November 2019 |title=&quot;Kids Know What They Are Doing&quot;: Peer-led Sex Education in New York City |journal=History of Education Quarterly |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=501–527 |doi=10.1017/heq.2019.41}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin ==
Shirin ilimin tsara yawanci ana farawa ne daga masu kiwon lafiya ko masu sana'a na al'umma, waɗanda ke daukar mambobi na al'ummar da aka yi niyya don su zama malamai. Ana horar da malamai na tsara da aka dauka a cikin bayanan kiwon lafiya da ƙwarewar sadarwa. Tare da waɗannan ƙwarewa, malamai na tsara suna shiga cikin takwarorinsu a tattaunawa game da batun damuwa, suna neman inganta ilimin inganta kiwon lafiya da ƙwarewa. manufa ita ce cewa sanannun mutane, suna ba da shawarwari masu ma'ana da ma'ana, a cikin yaren gida da ya dace da kuma la'akari da mahallin gida, za su iya inganta canjin halayyar inganta kiwon lafiya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed]

Akwai nau'o'i daban-daban a cikin tallafin da aka bayar ga malamai. Wani lokaci su masu sa kai ne da ba a biya su ba, wani lokacin ana ba su karamin kuɗi, wani lokacin suna karɓar albashi mai kyau. Ana iya tallafawa malamai ta hanyar tarurruka da horo na yau da kullun, ko kuma ana sa ran su ci gaba da aikinsu ba tare da tallafi ba. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2021}}

== Manazarta ==
&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
 {{Reflist}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Misali na imani na kiwon lafiya</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338561011|Health belief model]]&quot;</comment>
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A cikin ilimin halayyar jama'a, tsarin imani na kiwon lafiya (HBM) tsarin tunani ne wanda aka yi amfani da shi don bayyanawa da hango hasashen halayen mutane, halayen da imani game da lafiyarsu. An haɓaka shi a cikin shekarun 1950 ta hanyar masu ilimin halayyar jama'a a Hukumar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Amurka, samfurin yana nazarin yadda ra'ayoyin kamuwa da cuta, tsananin yanayin kiwon lafiya, fa'idodin kulawa ta rigakafi, da shingen kula da kiwon lafiya ke tasiri ga halayyar kiwon lafiya. Ana amfani da HBM sosai a cikin binciken halayyar kiwon lafiya da kuma tsoma baki na kiwon lafiya na jama'a don fahimtar da inganta shiga cikin halayyar kariya ta kiwon lafiya.[1][2] Har ila yau, ya ƙunshi ra'ayoyi masu kama da tsarin transtheoretical kamar ingancin kai, ko amincewa da ikon mutum na yin aiki, kuma yana gano rawar da alamun aiki ko motsawa, kamar kamfen na kiwon lafiya ko shawarar likita, don haifar da canjin halayyar.[3]

== Tarihi ==
Ɗaya daga cikin ra'ayoyin farko na halayyar kiwon lafiya, &lt;ref name=&quot;Glanz 2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Glanz |first=Karen |last2=Bishop, Donald B. |year=2010 |title=The role of behavioral science theory in development and implementation of public health interventions |journal=Annual Review of Public Health |volume=31 |pages=399–418 |doi=10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103604 |pmid=20070207 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; HBM an haɓaka shi ne a cikin shekarun 1950 ta hanyar masu ilimin halayyar jama'a Irwin M. Rosenstock, Godfrey M. Hochbaum, S. Stephen Kegeles, da Howard Leventhal a Hukumar Lafiya ta Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Meta-Analysis 2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Carpenter |first=Christopher J. |year=2010 |title=A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of health belief model variables in predicting behavior |url=http://osf.io/v58zr/ |journal=Health Communication |volume=25 |issue=8 |pages=661–9 |doi=10.1080/10410236.2010.521906 |pmid=21153982 |s2cid=16228578 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;K. Glanz 2008 book&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Glanz et. al.|2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan lokacin, masu bincike da likitocin kiwon lafiya sun damu saboda mutane kalilan ne ke samun gwajin [[Tarin fuka|tarin fuka (TB)]] , koda kuwa motocin X-ray masu tafi-da-gidanka sun tafi unguwa. An yi amfani da HBM don yin hasashen halaye iri-iri masu alaƙa da kiwon lafiya kamar ana bincika su don gano cututtukan da ba su da alamomi da karɓar [[Yin allurar rigakafi|rigakafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;HBM Decade Later&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Janz |first=Nancy K. |last2=Marshall H. Becker |year=1984 |title=The Health Belief Model: A Decade Later |journal=Health Education &amp; Behavior |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1–47 |doi=10.1177/109019818401100101 |pmid=6392204 |s2cid=10938798 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwanan nan, an yi amfani da samfurin don fahimtar niyyar yin allurar rigakafi (misali COVID-19),  matakan rigakafi don yaki da yaduwar COVID-19 a taron jama'a (kamar gwadawa ko iyakance yawan masu halarta) martani ga alamun cutar,  bin tsarin kiwon lafiya,  halayyar rayuwa (misali halayyar haɗarin jima'i),  da halayyar da ke da alaƙa da cututtukan [[Yanayin da ba shi da kyau|Cututtuka masu tsanani]], wanda zai iya buƙatar kulawa na dogon lokaci ban da canjin halayyar farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;HBM Decade Later&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Zampetakis |first=Leonidas A. |last2=Melas |first2=Christos |date=2021 |title=The health belief model predicts vaccination intentions against COVID-19: A survey experiment approach |journal=Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=469–484 |doi=10.1111/aphw.12262 |issn=1758-0854 |pmc=8014148 |pmid=33634930}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Glanz et. al.|2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi gyare-gyare ga samfurin a ƙarshen 1988 don haɗa shaidu masu tasowa a cikin fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam game da rawar da kai ke takawa a cikin yanke shawara da halayyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glanz 2010&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Glanz49&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Glanz et. al.|2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin ka'idoji ==
Tsarin ka'idojin HBM ya samo asali ne daga ka'idoji a cikin ilimin halayyar mutum. A farkon karni na ashirin, masu ilimin fahimta sun yi imanin cewa ƙarfafawa suna aiki ta hanyar shafar tsammanin maimakon bys yana shafar halayyar kai tsaye. Hanyoyin tunani suna da tsanani sun ƙunshi ka'idojin fahimta waɗanda ake gani a matsayin samfuran ƙimar tsammanin, saboda suna ba da shawarar cewa halayyar aiki ne na matakin da mutane ke darajar sakamako da kimantawa na tsammanin, cewa wani mataki zai haifar da wannan sakamako. Dangane da halaye masu alaƙa da kiwon lafiya, darajar ita ce guje wa rashin lafiya. Ana sa ran cewa wani mataki na kiwon lafiya na iya hana yanayin da mutane ke ganin suna cikin haɗari.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glanz15&quot; /&gt;

Wadannan gine-ginen HBM an ba da shawarar su bambanta tsakanin mutane da kuma hango hasashen shiga cikin halayen da suka shafi kiwon lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;HBM Decade Later&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Janz |first=Nancy K. |last2=Marshall H. Becker |year=1984 |title=The Health Belief Model: A Decade Later |journal=Health Education &amp; Behavior |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1–47 |doi=10.1177/109019818401100101 |pmid=6392204 |s2cid=10938798 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Halin da aka fahimta ===
Halin da aka fahimta yana nufin kimantawa na ra'ayi game da haɗarin kamuwa da matsalar kiwon lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;HBM Decade Later&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Janz |first=Nancy K. |last2=Marshall H. Becker |year=1984 |title=The Health Belief Model: A Decade Later |journal=Health Education &amp; Behavior |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1–47 |doi=10.1177/109019818401100101 |pmid=6392204 |s2cid=10938798 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Origins of HBM&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rosenstock |first=Irwin |year=1974 |title=Historical Origins of the Health Belief Model |journal=Health Education &amp; Behavior |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=328–335 |doi=10.1177/109019817400200403 |s2cid=72995618 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Glanz47&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Glanz et. al.|2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; HBM ta yi hasashen cewa mutanen da suka fahimci cewa suna da saukin kamuwa da wata matsala ta kiwon lafiya za su shiga cikin halaye don rage haɗarin su na ci gaban matsalar kiwon lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Origins of HBM&quot; /&gt; Mutanen da ke da ƙarancin kamuwa da cuta na iya musanta cewa suna cikin haɗari don kamuwa da wani cuta. Wasu na iya yarda da yiwuwar cewa za su iya kamuwa da cutar, amma sun yi imanin cewa ba zai yiwu ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Origins of HBM&quot; /&gt;

Haɗin da aka fahimta tsananin da kuma ganewar kamuwa ana kiranta da barazanar da aka fahimta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glanz47&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Glanz et. al.|2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Halin da aka fahimta da kuma yiwuwar kamuwa da yanayin kiwon lafiya da aka ba shi ya dogara da ilimi game da yanayin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Origins of HBM&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rosenstock |first=Irwin |year=1974 |title=Historical Origins of the Health Belief Model |journal=Health Education &amp; Behavior |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=328–335 |doi=10.1177/109019817400200403 |s2cid=72995618 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; HBM ta yi hasashen cewa babbar barazanar da aka fahimta tana haifar da yiwuwar shiga cikin halayen inganta kiwon lafiya.

=== Rashin tsananin da aka fahimta ===
Halin da aka fahimta yana nufin kimantawa na ra'ayi game da tsananin matsalar kiwon lafiya da kuma sakamakon da zai iya haifar da ita.&lt;ref name=&quot;HBM Decade Later&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Janz |first=Nancy K. |last2=Marshall H. Becker |year=1984 |title=The Health Belief Model: A Decade Later |journal=Health Education &amp; Behavior |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1–47 |doi=10.1177/109019818401100101 |pmid=6392204 |s2cid=10938798 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Glanz47&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Glanz et. al.|2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; HBM ta ba da shawarar cewa mutanen da suka fahimci matsalar kiwon lafiya da aka ba su da tsanani suna iya shiga cikin halaye don hana matsalar kiwon lafiyar ta faru (ko rage tsananin ta). Halin da aka fahimta ya ƙunshi imani game da cutar kanta (misali, ko tana barazana ga rayuwa ko kuma tana iya haifar da nakasa ko ciwo) da kuma tasirin cutar akan aiki a cikin aiki da matsayi na zamantakewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;HBM Decade Later&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Origins of HBM&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rosenstock |first=Irwin |year=1974 |title=Historical Origins of the Health Belief Model |journal=Health Education &amp; Behavior |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=328–335 |doi=10.1177/109019817400200403 |s2cid=72995618 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Glanz47&quot; /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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A cikin ilimin halayyar jama'a, tsarin imani na kiwon lafiya (HBM) tsarin tunani ne wanda aka yi amfani da shi don bayyanawa da hango hasashen halayen mutane, halayen da imani game da lafiyarsu. An haɓaka shi a cikin shekarun 1950 ta hanyar masu ilimin halayyar jama'a a Hukumar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Amurka, samfurin yana nazarin yadda ra'ayoyin kamuwa da cuta, tsananin yanayin kiwon lafiya, fa'idodin kulawa ta rigakafi, da shingen kula da kiwon lafiya ke tasiri ga halayyar kiwon lafiya. Ana amfani da HBM sosai a cikin binciken halayyar kiwon lafiya da kuma tsoma baki na kiwon lafiya na jama'a don fahimtar da inganta shiga cikin halayyar kariya ta kiwon lafiya.[1][2] Har ila yau, ya ƙunshi ra'ayoyi masu kama da tsarin transtheoretical kamar ingancin kai, ko amincewa da ikon mutum na yin aiki, kuma yana gano rawar da alamun aiki ko motsawa, kamar kamfen na kiwon lafiya ko shawarar likita, don haifar da canjin halayyar.[3]

== Tarihi ==
Ɗaya daga cikin ra'ayoyin farko na halayyar kiwon lafiya, &lt;ref name=&quot;Glanz 2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Glanz |first=Karen |last2=Bishop, Donald B. |year=2010 |title=The role of behavioral science theory in development and implementation of public health interventions |journal=Annual Review of Public Health |volume=31 |pages=399–418 |doi=10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103604 |pmid=20070207 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; HBM an haɓaka shi ne a cikin shekarun 1950 ta hanyar masu ilimin halayyar jama'a Irwin M. Rosenstock, Godfrey M. Hochbaum, S. Stephen Kegeles, da Howard Leventhal a Hukumar Lafiya ta Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Meta-Analysis 2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Carpenter |first=Christopher J. |year=2010 |title=A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of health belief model variables in predicting behavior |url=http://osf.io/v58zr/ |journal=Health Communication |volume=25 |issue=8 |pages=661–9 |doi=10.1080/10410236.2010.521906 |pmid=21153982 |s2cid=16228578 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;K. Glanz 2008 book&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Glanz et. al.|2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan lokacin, masu bincike da likitocin kiwon lafiya sun damu saboda mutane kalilan ne ke samun gwajin [[Tarin fuka|tarin fuka (TB)]] , koda kuwa motocin X-ray masu tafi-da-gidanka sun tafi unguwa. An yi amfani da HBM don yin hasashen halaye iri-iri masu alaƙa da kiwon lafiya kamar ana bincika su don gano cututtukan da ba su da alamomi da karɓar [[Yin allurar rigakafi|rigakafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;HBM Decade Later&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Janz |first=Nancy K. |last2=Marshall H. Becker |year=1984 |title=The Health Belief Model: A Decade Later |journal=Health Education &amp; Behavior |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1–47 |doi=10.1177/109019818401100101 |pmid=6392204 |s2cid=10938798 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwanan nan, an yi amfani da samfurin don fahimtar niyyar yin allurar rigakafi (misali COVID-19),  matakan rigakafi don yaki da yaduwar COVID-19 a taron jama'a (kamar gwadawa ko iyakance yawan masu halarta) martani ga alamun cutar,  bin tsarin kiwon lafiya,  halayyar rayuwa (misali halayyar haɗarin jima'i),  da halayyar da ke da alaƙa da cututtukan [[Yanayin da ba shi da kyau|Cututtuka masu tsanani]], wanda zai iya buƙatar kulawa na dogon lokaci ban da canjin halayyar farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;HBM Decade Later&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Zampetakis |first=Leonidas A. |last2=Melas |first2=Christos |date=2021 |title=The health belief model predicts vaccination intentions against COVID-19: A survey experiment approach |journal=Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=469–484 |doi=10.1111/aphw.12262 |issn=1758-0854 |pmc=8014148 |pmid=33634930}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Glanz et. al.|2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi gyare-gyare ga samfurin a ƙarshen 1988 don haɗa shaidu masu tasowa a cikin fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam game da rawar da kai ke takawa a cikin yanke shawara da halayyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glanz 2010&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Glanz49&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Glanz et. al.|2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin ka'idoji ==
Tsarin ka'idojin HBM ya samo asali ne daga ka'idoji a cikin ilimin halayyar mutum. A farkon karni na ashirin, masu ilimin fahimta sun yi imanin cewa ƙarfafawa suna aiki ta hanyar shafar tsammanin maimakon bys yana shafar halayyar kai tsaye. Hanyoyin tunani suna da tsanani sun ƙunshi ka'idojin fahimta waɗanda ake gani a matsayin samfuran ƙimar tsammanin, saboda suna ba da shawarar cewa halayyar aiki ne na matakin da mutane ke darajar sakamako da kimantawa na tsammanin, cewa wani mataki zai haifar da wannan sakamako. Dangane da halaye masu alaƙa da kiwon lafiya, darajar ita ce guje wa rashin lafiya. Ana sa ran cewa wani mataki na kiwon lafiya na iya hana yanayin da mutane ke ganin suna cikin haɗari.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glanz15&quot; /&gt;

Wadannan gine-ginen HBM an ba da shawarar su bambanta tsakanin mutane da kuma hango hasashen shiga cikin halayen da suka shafi kiwon lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;HBM Decade Later&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Janz |first=Nancy K. |last2=Marshall H. Becker |year=1984 |title=The Health Belief Model: A Decade Later |journal=Health Education &amp; Behavior |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1–47 |doi=10.1177/109019818401100101 |pmid=6392204 |s2cid=10938798 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Halin da aka fahimta ===
Halin da aka fahimta yana nufin kimantawa na ra'ayi game da haɗarin kamuwa da matsalar kiwon lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;HBM Decade Later&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Janz |first=Nancy K. |last2=Marshall H. Becker |year=1984 |title=The Health Belief Model: A Decade Later |journal=Health Education &amp; Behavior |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1–47 |doi=10.1177/109019818401100101 |pmid=6392204 |s2cid=10938798 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Origins of HBM&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rosenstock |first=Irwin |year=1974 |title=Historical Origins of the Health Belief Model |journal=Health Education &amp; Behavior |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=328–335 |doi=10.1177/109019817400200403 |s2cid=72995618 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Glanz47&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Glanz et. al.|2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; HBM ta yi hasashen cewa mutanen da suka fahimci cewa suna da saukin kamuwa da wata matsala ta kiwon lafiya za su shiga cikin halaye don rage haɗarin su na ci gaban matsalar kiwon lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Origins of HBM&quot; /&gt; Mutanen da ke da ƙarancin kamuwa da cuta na iya musanta cewa suna cikin haɗari don kamuwa da wani cuta. Wasu na iya yarda da yiwuwar cewa za su iya kamuwa da cutar, amma sun yi imanin cewa ba zai yiwu ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Origins of HBM&quot; /&gt;

Haɗin da aka fahimta tsananin da kuma ganewar kamuwa ana kiranta da barazanar da aka fahimta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glanz47&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Glanz et. al.|2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Halin da aka fahimta da kuma yiwuwar kamuwa da yanayin kiwon lafiya da aka ba shi ya dogara da ilimi game da yanayin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Origins of HBM&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rosenstock |first=Irwin |year=1974 |title=Historical Origins of the Health Belief Model |journal=Health Education &amp; Behavior |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=328–335 |doi=10.1177/109019817400200403 |s2cid=72995618 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; HBM ta yi hasashen cewa babbar barazanar da aka fahimta tana haifar da yiwuwar shiga cikin halayen inganta kiwon lafiya.

=== Rashin tsananin da aka fahimta ===
Halin da aka fahimta yana nufin kimantawa na ra'ayi game da tsananin matsalar kiwon lafiya da kuma sakamakon da zai iya haifar da ita.&lt;ref name=&quot;HBM Decade Later&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Janz |first=Nancy K. |last2=Marshall H. Becker |year=1984 |title=The Health Belief Model: A Decade Later |journal=Health Education &amp; Behavior |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1–47 |doi=10.1177/109019818401100101 |pmid=6392204 |s2cid=10938798 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Glanz47&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Glanz et. al.|2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; HBM ta ba da shawarar cewa mutanen da suka fahimci matsalar kiwon lafiya da aka ba su da tsanani suna iya shiga cikin halaye don hana matsalar kiwon lafiyar ta faru (ko rage tsananin ta). Halin da aka fahimta ya ƙunshi imani game da cutar kanta (misali, ko tana barazana ga rayuwa ko kuma tana iya haifar da nakasa ko ciwo) da kuma tasirin cutar akan aiki a cikin aiki da matsayi na zamantakewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;HBM Decade Later&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Origins of HBM&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rosenstock |first=Irwin |year=1974 |title=Historical Origins of the Health Belief Model |journal=Health Education &amp; Behavior |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=328–335 |doi=10.1177/109019817400200403 |s2cid=72995618 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Glanz47&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ciwon daji na glandar Bartholin</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350136595|Bartholin gland carcinoma]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3431" sha1="2wfk2abqii44pc89iavvr7c9ipjf1lx" xml:space="preserve">Bartholin gland carcinoma wani nau'in Ciwon daji ne na vulva wanda ke tasowa a cikin Bartholin. Yawanci yana gabatar da taro mara zafi a gefe ɗaya na buɗewar farji a cikin mace mai matsakaicin shekaru da tsofaffi, kuma yana iya bayyana kamar Bartholin cyst.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHOblue2020.10&quot; /&gt; Ma'aunin na iya zama babba ko karami, na iya zama mai zurfi a ƙarƙashin fata ko ya bayyana kusa da farfajiya tare da ulceration mai rufewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHOblue2020.10&quot; /&gt; Matsakaicin shekaru a gabatarwa shine shekaru 53.&lt;ref name=&quot;Broach2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Mario M. Jr.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ciwon canji iya zama babba kafin mace ta san alamun. Ɗaya daga cikin alamun farko na iya zama Jima'i mai raɗaɗi. A wasu lokuta, akwai yiwuwar taro ko ulcer a yankin vulva. Yawancin likitoci suna zaton cewa karuwar glandar Bartholin tana da mummunar cuta a cikin mace bayan hawan mace har sai an tabbatar da akasin haka. Girman ciwon zai iya yaduwa zuwa yankunan da ke kusa kamar ischiorectal fossa da inguinal lymph nodes. Kimanin kashi 50% na carcinomas na glandar bartholin sun samo asali ne daga carcinomas. Wani halayyar da ba a saba gani ba na cutar gland Bartholin shine cewa ci gaban rauni ya samo asali ne daga nau'ikan ƙwayoyin epithelial guda uku da ke cikin gland: mucinous, transitional, da squamous.&lt;ref name=&quot;HellerBean2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Heller |first=Debra S. |last2=Bean |first2=Sarah |year=2014 |title=Lesions of the Bartholin Gland |journal=Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=351–357 |doi=10.1097/LGT.0000000000000016 |issn=1089-2591 |pmid=24914884}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yana da wuya, yana da ƙasa da 1% na dukkan cututtukan mata da ƙasa da 5% na dukkan cututtuka na vulva.

== Dalilin da ya sa ==
Ba a san dalilin ba.

== Binciken ganewa ==
Ana iya rarrabe glandar Bartholin ta hanyar histology don sanin ko cutar ta kasance saboda squamous cell carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Di Donato |first=Violante |last2=Casorelli |first2=Assunta |last3=Bardhi |first3=Erlisa |last4=Vena |first4=Flaminia |last5=Marchetti |first5=Claudia |last6=Muzii |first6=Ludovico |last7=Panici |first7=Pierluigi Benedetti |year=2017 |title=Bartholin gland cancer |journal=Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology |volume=117 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.06.005 |pmid=28807231}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudanarwa ==
Kodayake Bartholin gland carcinoma yana da wuya, tare da wasu ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin Bartholin da ba a saba gani ba, bazai zama al'ada ga likitoci suyi la'akari da mummunan rauni. Binciken farko na iya taimakawa hana ciwon daji yaduwa daga gland zuwa yankin da ke kewaye. Kodayake cututtukan glandar Bartholin ba su da yawa, likitoci suna yin nazarin cututtuken glandar bartholin a cikin tsofaffin mata ko kuma lokacin da ci gaban ya sake faruwa ko kuma bai amsa maganin asali ba.[1]

== Hasashen da aka yi ==
Hasashen yana da kyakkyawan fata idan ci gaban bai yadu zuwa lymph nodes ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;HellerBean2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Heller |first=Debra S. |last2=Bean |first2=Sarah |year=2014 |title=Lesions of the Bartholin Gland |journal=Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=351–357 |doi=10.1097/LGT.0000000000000016 |issn=1089-2591 |pmid=24914884}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHellerBean2014&quot;&gt;Heller, Debra S.; Bean, Sarah (2014). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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Bartholin gland carcinoma wani nau'in Ciwon daji ne na vulva wanda ke tasowa a cikin Bartholin. Yawanci yana gabatar da taro mara zafi a gefe ɗaya na buɗewar farji a cikin mace mai matsakaicin shekaru da tsofaffi, kuma yana iya bayyana kamar Bartholin cyst.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHOblue2020.10&quot; /&gt; Ma'aunin na iya zama babba ko karami, na iya zama mai zurfi a ƙarƙashin fata ko ya bayyana kusa da farfajiya tare da ulceration mai rufewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHOblue2020.10&quot; /&gt; Matsakaicin shekaru a gabatarwa shine shekaru 53.&lt;ref name=&quot;Broach2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Mario M. Jr.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ciwon canji iya zama babba kafin mace ta san alamun. Ɗaya daga cikin alamun farko na iya zama Jima'i mai raɗaɗi. A wasu lokuta, akwai yiwuwar taro ko ulcer a yankin vulva. Yawancin likitoci suna zaton cewa karuwar glandar Bartholin tana da mummunar cuta a cikin mace bayan hawan mace har sai an tabbatar da akasin haka. Girman ciwon zai iya yaduwa zuwa yankunan da ke kusa kamar ischiorectal fossa da inguinal lymph nodes. Kimanin kashi 50% na carcinomas na glandar bartholin sun samo asali ne daga carcinomas. Wani halayyar da ba a saba gani ba na cutar gland Bartholin shine cewa ci gaban rauni ya samo asali ne daga nau'ikan ƙwayoyin epithelial guda uku da ke cikin gland: mucinous, transitional, da squamous.&lt;ref name=&quot;HellerBean2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Heller |first=Debra S. |last2=Bean |first2=Sarah |year=2014 |title=Lesions of the Bartholin Gland |journal=Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=351–357 |doi=10.1097/LGT.0000000000000016 |issn=1089-2591 |pmid=24914884}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yana da wuya, yana da ƙasa da 1% na dukkan cututtukan mata da ƙasa da 5% na dukkan cututtuka na vulva.

== Dalilin da ya sa ==
Ba a san dalilin ba.

== Binciken ganewa ==
Ana iya rarrabe glandar Bartholin ta hanyar histology don sanin ko cutar ta kasance saboda squamous cell carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Di Donato |first=Violante |last2=Casorelli |first2=Assunta |last3=Bardhi |first3=Erlisa |last4=Vena |first4=Flaminia |last5=Marchetti |first5=Claudia |last6=Muzii |first6=Ludovico |last7=Panici |first7=Pierluigi Benedetti |year=2017 |title=Bartholin gland cancer |journal=Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology |volume=117 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.06.005 |pmid=28807231}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudanarwa ==
Kodayake Bartholin gland carcinoma yana da wuya, tare da wasu ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin Bartholin da ba a saba gani ba, bazai zama al'ada ga likitoci suyi la'akari da mummunan rauni. Binciken farko na iya taimakawa hana ciwon daji yaduwa daga gland zuwa yankin da ke kewaye. Kodayake cututtukan glandar Bartholin ba su da yawa, likitoci suna yin nazarin cututtuken glandar bartholin a cikin tsofaffin mata ko kuma lokacin da ci gaban ya sake faruwa ko kuma bai amsa maganin asali ba.[1]

== Hasashen da aka yi ==
Hasashen yana da kyakkyawan fata idan ci gaban bai yadu zuwa lymph nodes ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;HellerBean2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Heller |first=Debra S. |last2=Bean |first2=Sarah |year=2014 |title=Lesions of the Bartholin Gland |journal=Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=351–357 |doi=10.1097/LGT.0000000000000016 |issn=1089-2591 |pmid=24914884}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHellerBean2014&quot;&gt;Heller, Debra S.; Bean, Sarah (2014). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Lillymo Games</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-19T16:14:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
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      <comment>sabon muqala</comment>
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'''Wasannin Lillymo'''


== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-19T16:15:58Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
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      <comment>inganta muqala</comment>
      <origin>861338</origin>
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'''Wasannin Lillymo''' Lillymo Games Inc. wani kamfani ne mai zaman kansa wanda ya kafa a Guelph, Ontario, Kanada ta hannun Barry Johnson. Lillymo Games ya fi shahara da ƙirƙirar jerin shoot 'em up na Habroxia da wasan bulo mai karya Twin Breaker: Kasadar Alamomin Tsarki.


== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-19T16:16:46Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
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      <comment>saka sashe</comment>
      <origin>861339</origin>
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'''Wasannin Lillymo''' Lillymo Games Inc. wani kamfani ne mai zaman kansa wanda ya kafa a Guelph, Ontario, Kanada ta hannun Barry Johnson. Lillymo Games ya fi shahara da ƙirƙirar jerin shoot 'em up na Habroxia da wasan bulo mai karya Twin Breaker: Kasadar Alamomin Tsarki.

== Wasanin bidiyo ==


== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <comment>inganta muqala</comment>
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'''Wasannin Lillymo''' Lillymo Games Inc. wani kamfani ne mai zaman kansa wanda ya kafa a Guelph, Ontario, Kanada ta hannun Barry Johnson. Lillymo Games ya fi shahara da ƙirƙirar jerin shoot 'em up na Habroxia da wasan bulo mai karya Twin Breaker: Kasadar Alamomin Tsarki.

== Wasanin bidiyo ==
An kafa Lillymo Games a watan Disamba na 2017 ta hannun Barry Johnson, inda ya ƙirƙiri wasan bidiyo na farko mai suna Perils of Baking for the PlayStation 4 da PlayStation Vita, wanda aka fitar a watan Yunin 2018.

A ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2019, Lillymo Games' ya fitar da Habroxia akan PlayStation Vita da PlayStation 4, kuma a watan Maris na 2020, Lillymo Games ya fitar da Twin Breaker: A Sacred Symbol Adventure. Wasan ya ƙunshi haruffa bisa ga kamannin podcast da kuma mutanen YouTube Colin Moriarty da Chris &quot;Ray Gun&quot; Maldonado, inda suka sayar da kwafi 10,000 cikin watanni uku. An yaba wa Moriarty a matsayin marubucin wasan kuma a watan Yuni ya shiga Lillymo Games a hukumance a matsayin Babban Jami'in Kirkire-kirkire bayan ya sami kashi 49% na hannun jarin tsiraru a kamfanin.


== Manazarta ==</text>
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        <id>23412</id>
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      <comment>inganta muqala</comment>
      <origin>861341</origin>
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'''Wasannin Lillymo''' Lillymo Games Inc. wani kamfani ne mai zaman kansa wanda ya kafa a Guelph, Ontario, Kanada ta hannun Barry Johnson. Lillymo Games ya fi shahara da ƙirƙirar jerin shoot 'em up na Habroxia da wasan bulo mai karya Twin Breaker: Kasadar Alamomin Tsarki.

== Wasanin bidiyo ==
An kafa Lillymo Games a watan Disamba na 2017 ta hannun Barry Johnson, inda ya ƙirƙiri wasan bidiyo na farko mai suna Perils of Baking for the PlayStation 4 da PlayStation Vita, wanda aka fitar a watan Yunin 2018.

A ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2019, Lillymo Games' ya fitar da Habroxia akan PlayStation Vita da PlayStation 4, kuma a watan Maris na 2020, Lillymo Games ya fitar da Twin Breaker: A Sacred Symbol Adventure. Wasan ya ƙunshi haruffa bisa ga kamannin podcast da kuma mutanen YouTube Colin Moriarty da Chris &quot;Ray Gun&quot; Maldonado, inda suka sayar da kwafi 10,000 cikin watanni uku. An yaba wa Moriarty a matsayin marubucin wasan kuma a watan Yuni ya shiga Lillymo Games a hukumance a matsayin Babban Jami'in Kirkire-kirkire bayan ya sami kashi 49% na hannun jarin tsiraru a kamfanin.

An saki Habroxia 2 a PlayStation 4, Xbox consoles, Steam, PS Vita da Nintendo Switch a watan Fabrairun 2021, inda aka samu ra'ayoyi masu kyau.

An sake fitar da Super Perils of Baking, wani sabon salo na wasan farko na studio, a PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Steam, da Nintendo Switch a ranar 3 ga Yuni, 2022, inda aka samu ra'ayoyi masu kyau gaba daya.

An fitar da wani sabon salo na Twin Breaker: A Sacred Symbol Adventure a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2024, mai taken Tri Breaker: A Sacred Symbols Odyssey, wanda ake samu a PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox consoles, Steam da Nintendo Switch.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Wasannin Lillymo''' Lillymo Games Inc. wani kamfani ne mai zaman kansa wanda ya kafa a Guelph, Ontario, Kanada ta hannun Barry Johnson. Lillymo Games ya fi shahara da ƙirƙirar jerin shoot 'em up na Habroxia da wasan bulo mai karya Twin Breaker: Kasadar Alamomin Tsarki.

== Wasanin bidiyo ==
An kafa Lillymo Games a watan Disamba na 2017 ta hannun Barry Johnson, inda ya ƙirƙiri wasan bidiyo na farko mai suna Perils of Baking for the PlayStation 4 da PlayStation Vita, wanda aka fitar a watan Yunin 2018.

A ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2019, Lillymo Games' ya fitar da Habroxia akan PlayStation Vita da PlayStation 4, kuma a watan Maris na 2020, Lillymo Games ya fitar da Twin Breaker: A Sacred Symbol Adventure. Wasan ya ƙunshi haruffa bisa ga kamannin podcast da kuma mutanen YouTube Colin Moriarty da Chris &quot;Ray Gun&quot; Maldonado, inda suka sayar da kwafi 10,000 cikin watanni uku. An yaba wa Moriarty a matsayin marubucin wasan kuma a watan Yuni ya shiga Lillymo Games a hukumance a matsayin Babban Jami'in Kirkire-kirkire bayan ya sami kashi 49% na hannun jarin tsiraru a kamfanin.

An saki Habroxia 2 a PlayStation 4, Xbox consoles, Steam, PS Vita da Nintendo Switch a watan Fabrairun 2021, inda aka samu ra'ayoyi masu kyau.

An sake fitar da Super Perils of Baking, wani sabon salo na wasan farko na studio, a PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Steam, da Nintendo Switch a ranar 3 ga Yuni, 2022, inda aka samu ra'ayoyi masu kyau gaba daya.

An fitar da wani sabon salo na Twin Breaker: A Sacred Symbol Adventure a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2024, mai taken Tri Breaker: A Sacred Symbols Odyssey, wanda ake samu a PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox consoles, Steam da Nintendo Switch.

== Tallafi ga PlayStation Vita ==

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Wasannin Lillymo''' Lillymo Games Inc. wani kamfani ne mai zaman kansa wanda ya kafa a Guelph, Ontario, Kanada ta hannun Barry Johnson. Lillymo Games ya fi shahara da ƙirƙirar jerin shoot 'em up na Habroxia da wasan bulo mai karya Twin Breaker: Kasadar Alamomin Tsarki.

== Wasanin bidiyo ==
An kafa Lillymo Games a watan Disamba na 2017 ta hannun Barry Johnson, inda ya ƙirƙiri wasan bidiyo na farko mai suna Perils of Baking for the PlayStation 4 da PlayStation Vita, wanda aka fitar a watan Yunin 2018.

A ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2019, Lillymo Games' ya fitar da Habroxia akan PlayStation Vita da PlayStation 4, kuma a watan Maris na 2020, Lillymo Games ya fitar da Twin Breaker: A Sacred Symbol Adventure. Wasan ya ƙunshi haruffa bisa ga kamannin podcast da kuma mutanen YouTube Colin Moriarty da Chris &quot;Ray Gun&quot; Maldonado, inda suka sayar da kwafi 10,000 cikin watanni uku. An yaba wa Moriarty a matsayin marubucin wasan kuma a watan Yuni ya shiga Lillymo Games a hukumance a matsayin Babban Jami'in Kirkire-kirkire bayan ya sami kashi 49% na hannun jarin tsiraru a kamfanin.

An saki Habroxia 2 a PlayStation 4, Xbox consoles, Steam, PS Vita da Nintendo Switch a watan Fabrairun 2021, inda aka samu ra'ayoyi masu kyau.

An sake fitar da Super Perils of Baking, wani sabon salo na wasan farko na studio, a PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Steam, da Nintendo Switch a ranar 3 ga Yuni, 2022, inda aka samu ra'ayoyi masu kyau gaba daya.

An fitar da wani sabon salo na Twin Breaker: A Sacred Symbol Adventure a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2024, mai taken Tri Breaker: A Sacred Symbols Odyssey, wanda ake samu a PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox consoles, Steam da Nintendo Switch.

== Tallafi ga PlayStation Vita ==
Lillymo Games yana ɗaya daga cikin masu haɓaka wasannin ƙarshe da suka tallafa wa PlayStation Vita, galibi suna haɓaka wasanni don dandamalin hannu kafin su tura su zuwa na'urorin wasan bidiyo. A ranar 29 ga Maris, 2021, IGN da sauran shagunan wasanni sun ba da rahoton cewa Sony na rufe Shagon PlayStation akan Vita, inda Johnson ya bayyana cewa ba a ba masu haɓaka wasannin wani sanarwa ba, wanda ya tilasta musu soke shirye-shiryen da aka tsara don Vita. Lillymo Games ya kuma bayyana cewa Sony tana sayar da kayan aikin Vita develop wata ɗaya kacal da ya gabata, ba tare da wani ƙarin bayani game da niyyarta ta rufe shagon ba.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Wasannin Lillymo''' Lillymo Games Inc. wani kamfani ne mai zaman kansa wanda ya kafa a Guelph, Ontario, Kanada ta hannun Barry Johnson. Lillymo Games ya fi shahara da ƙirƙirar jerin shoot 'em up na Habroxia da wasan bulo mai karya Twin Breaker: Kasadar Alamomin Tsarki.

== Wasanin bidiyo ==
An kafa Lillymo Games a watan Disamba na 2017 ta hannun Barry Johnson, inda ya ƙirƙiri wasan bidiyo na farko mai suna Perils of Baking for the PlayStation 4 da PlayStation Vita, wanda aka fitar a watan Yunin 2018.

A ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2019, Lillymo Games' ya fitar da Habroxia akan PlayStation Vita da PlayStation 4, kuma a watan Maris na 2020, Lillymo Games ya fitar da Twin Breaker: A Sacred Symbol Adventure. Wasan ya ƙunshi haruffa bisa ga kamannin podcast da kuma mutanen YouTube Colin Moriarty da Chris &quot;Ray Gun&quot; Maldonado, inda suka sayar da kwafi 10,000 cikin watanni uku. An yaba wa Moriarty a matsayin marubucin wasan kuma a watan Yuni ya shiga Lillymo Games a hukumance a matsayin Babban Jami'in Kirkire-kirkire bayan ya sami kashi 49% na hannun jarin tsiraru a kamfanin.

An saki Habroxia 2 a PlayStation 4, Xbox consoles, Steam, PS Vita da Nintendo Switch a watan Fabrairun 2021, inda aka samu ra'ayoyi masu kyau.

An sake fitar da Super Perils of Baking, wani sabon salo na wasan farko na studio, a PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Steam, da Nintendo Switch a ranar 3 ga Yuni, 2022, inda aka samu ra'ayoyi masu kyau gaba daya.

An fitar da wani sabon salo na Twin Breaker: A Sacred Symbol Adventure a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2024, mai taken Tri Breaker: A Sacred Symbols Odyssey, wanda ake samu a PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox consoles, Steam da Nintendo Switch.

== Tallafi ga PlayStation Vita ==
Lillymo Games yana ɗaya daga cikin masu haɓaka wasannin ƙarshe da suka tallafa wa PlayStation Vita, galibi suna haɓaka wasanni don dandamalin hannu kafin su tura su zuwa na'urorin wasan bidiyo. A ranar 29 ga Maris, 2021, IGN da sauran shagunan wasanni sun ba da rahoton cewa Sony na rufe Shagon PlayStation akan Vita, inda Johnson ya bayyana cewa ba a ba masu haɓaka wasannin wani sanarwa ba, wanda ya tilasta musu soke shirye-shiryen da aka tsara don Vita. Lillymo Games ya kuma bayyana cewa Sony tana sayar da kayan aikin Vita develop wata ɗaya kacal da ya gabata, ba tare da wani ƙarin bayani game da niyyarta ta rufe shagon ba.

== Haɓakakkun wasanni ==

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Wasannin Lillymo'''&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillymo_Games&lt;/ref&gt; Lillymo Games Inc. wani kamfani ne mai zaman kansa wanda ya kafa a Guelph, Ontario, Kanada ta hannun Barry Johnson. Lillymo Games ya fi shahara da ƙirƙirar jerin shoot 'em up na Habroxia da wasan bulo mai karya Twin Breaker: Kasadar Alamomin Tsarki.

== Wasanin bidiyo ==
An kafa Lillymo Games a watan Disamba na 2017 ta hannun Barry Johnson, inda ya ƙirƙiri wasan bidiyo na farko mai suna Perils of Baking for the PlayStation 4 da PlayStation Vita, wanda aka fitar a watan Yunin 2018.

A ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2019, Lillymo Games' ya fitar da Habroxia akan PlayStation Vita da PlayStation 4, kuma a watan Maris na 2020, Lillymo Games ya fitar da Twin Breaker: A Sacred Symbol Adventure. Wasan ya ƙunshi haruffa bisa ga kamannin podcast da kuma mutanen YouTube Colin Moriarty da Chris &quot;Ray Gun&quot; Maldonado, inda suka sayar da kwafi 10,000 cikin watanni uku. An yaba wa Moriarty a matsayin marubucin wasan kuma a watan Yuni ya shiga Lillymo Games a hukumance a matsayin Babban Jami'in Kirkire-kirkire bayan ya sami kashi 49% na hannun jarin tsiraru a kamfanin.

An saki Habroxia 2 a PlayStation 4, Xbox consoles, Steam, PS Vita da Nintendo Switch a watan Fabrairun 2021, inda aka samu ra'ayoyi masu kyau.

An sake fitar da Super Perils of Baking, wani sabon salo na wasan farko na studio, a PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Steam, da Nintendo Switch a ranar 3 ga Yuni, 2022, inda aka samu ra'ayoyi masu kyau gaba daya.

An fitar da wani sabon salo na Twin Breaker: A Sacred Symbol Adventure a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2024, mai taken Tri Breaker: A Sacred Symbols Odyssey, wanda ake samu a PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox consoles, Steam da Nintendo Switch.

== Tallafi ga PlayStation Vita ==
Lillymo Games yana ɗaya daga cikin masu haɓaka wasannin ƙarshe da suka tallafa wa PlayStation Vita, galibi suna haɓaka wasanni don dandamalin hannu kafin su tura su zuwa na'urorin wasan bidiyo. A ranar 29 ga Maris, 2021, IGN da sauran shagunan wasanni sun ba da rahoton cewa Sony na rufe Shagon PlayStation akan Vita, inda Johnson ya bayyana cewa ba a ba masu haɓaka wasannin wani sanarwa ba, wanda ya tilasta musu soke shirye-shiryen da aka tsara don Vita. Lillymo Games ya kuma bayyana cewa Sony tana sayar da kayan aikin Vita develop wata ɗaya kacal da ya gabata, ba tare da wani ƙarin bayani game da niyyarta ta rufe shagon ba.

== Haɓakakkun wasanni ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Year !! Title !! Platform(s)
|-
| 2018 || ''Perils of Baking'' || PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch
|-
| 2019 || ''Habroxia'' ||  PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Xbox Series X\S, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 5, Steam 
|-
| 2020 || ''Twin Breaker: A Sacred Symbols Adventure'' || PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Xbox Series X\S, Nintendo Switch, Steam
|-
| 2021 || ''Habroxia 2'' ||  PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X\S, Nintendo Switch, Steam
|-
| 2022 || ''Super Perils of Baking'' ||  PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X\S, Nintendo Switch, Steam
|-
| 2024 || ''Tri Breaker: A Sacred Symbols Odyssey'' || PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X\S, Nintendo Switch, Steam
|-
| 2026 || ''Saint Slayer: Spear of Sacrilege'' || PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X\S, Nintendo Switch, Steam
|}


== Manazarta ==</text>
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        <id>23412</id>
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'''Wasannin Lillymo'''&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillymo_Games&lt;/ref&gt; Lillymo Games Inc. wani kamfani ne mai zaman kansa wanda ya kafa a Guelph, Ontario, Kanada ta hannun Barry Johnson. Lillymo Games ya fi shahara da ƙirƙirar jerin shoot 'em up na Habroxia da wasan bulo mai karya Twin Breaker: Kasadar Alamomin Tsarki.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ign.com/games/producer/lillymo-games&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://open.spotify.com/show/2D6PY190XKE533Ge6XVHrH&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasanin bidiyo ==
An kafa Lillymo Games a watan Disamba na 2017 ta hannun Barry Johnson, inda ya ƙirƙiri wasan bidiyo na farko mai suna Perils of Baking for the PlayStation 4 da PlayStation Vita, wanda aka fitar a watan Yunin 2018.

A ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2019, Lillymo Games' ya fitar da Habroxia akan PlayStation Vita da PlayStation 4, kuma a watan Maris na 2020, Lillymo Games ya fitar da Twin Breaker: A Sacred Symbol Adventure. Wasan ya ƙunshi haruffa bisa ga kamannin podcast da kuma mutanen YouTube Colin Moriarty da Chris &quot;Ray Gun&quot; Maldonado, inda suka sayar da kwafi 10,000 cikin watanni uku. An yaba wa Moriarty a matsayin marubucin wasan kuma a watan Yuni ya shiga Lillymo Games a hukumance a matsayin Babban Jami'in Kirkire-kirkire bayan ya sami kashi 49% na hannun jarin tsiraru a kamfanin.

An saki Habroxia 2 a PlayStation 4, Xbox consoles, Steam, PS Vita da Nintendo Switch a watan Fabrairun 2021, inda aka samu ra'ayoyi masu kyau.

An sake fitar da Super Perils of Baking, wani sabon salo na wasan farko na studio, a PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Steam, da Nintendo Switch a ranar 3 ga Yuni, 2022, inda aka samu ra'ayoyi masu kyau gaba daya.

An fitar da wani sabon salo na Twin Breaker: A Sacred Symbol Adventure a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2024, mai taken Tri Breaker: A Sacred Symbols Odyssey, wanda ake samu a PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox consoles, Steam da Nintendo Switch.

== Tallafi ga PlayStation Vita ==
Lillymo Games yana ɗaya daga cikin masu haɓaka wasannin ƙarshe da suka tallafa wa PlayStation Vita, galibi suna haɓaka wasanni don dandamalin hannu kafin su tura su zuwa na'urorin wasan bidiyo. A ranar 29 ga Maris, 2021, IGN da sauran shagunan wasanni sun ba da rahoton cewa Sony na rufe Shagon PlayStation akan Vita, inda Johnson ya bayyana cewa ba a ba masu haɓaka wasannin wani sanarwa ba, wanda ya tilasta musu soke shirye-shiryen da aka tsara don Vita. Lillymo Games ya kuma bayyana cewa Sony tana sayar da kayan aikin Vita develop wata ɗaya kacal da ya gabata, ba tare da wani ƙarin bayani game da niyyarta ta rufe shagon ba.

== Haɓakakkun wasanni ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Year !! Title !! Platform(s)
|-
| 2018 || ''Perils of Baking'' || PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch
|-
| 2019 || ''Habroxia'' ||  PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Xbox Series X\S, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 5, Steam 
|-
| 2020 || ''Twin Breaker: A Sacred Symbols Adventure'' || PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Xbox Series X\S, Nintendo Switch, Steam
|-
| 2021 || ''Habroxia 2'' ||  PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X\S, Nintendo Switch, Steam
|-
| 2022 || ''Super Perils of Baking'' ||  PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X\S, Nintendo Switch, Steam
|-
| 2024 || ''Tri Breaker: A Sacred Symbols Odyssey'' || PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X\S, Nintendo Switch, Steam
|-
| 2026 || ''Saint Slayer: Spear of Sacrilege'' || PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X\S, Nintendo Switch, Steam
|}


== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>dq54wvzt1067xu7q0m5omaofyzcbdaw</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>861348</id>
      <parentid>861346</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T16:28:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>saka manazarta</comment>
      <origin>861348</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3722" sha1="bggs2pghihq4n9ao3jzm71jc47mac8o" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''Wasannin Lillymo'''&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillymo_Games&lt;/ref&gt; Lillymo Games Inc. wani kamfani ne mai zaman kansa wanda ya kafa a Guelph, Ontario, Kanada ta hannun Barry Johnson. Lillymo Games ya fi shahara da ƙirƙirar jerin shoot 'em up na Habroxia da wasan bulo mai karya Twin Breaker: Kasadar Alamomin Tsarki.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ign.com/games/producer/lillymo-games&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://open.spotify.com/show/2D6PY190XKE533Ge6XVHrH&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasanin bidiyo ==
An kafa Lillymo Games a watan Disamba na 2017 ta hannun Barry Johnson, inda ya ƙirƙiri wasan bidiyo na farko mai suna Perils of Baking for the PlayStation 4 da PlayStation Vita, wanda aka fitar a watan Yunin 2018.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-4/twin-breaker-a-sacred-symbols-adventure&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2019, Lillymo Games' ya fitar da Habroxia akan PlayStation Vita da PlayStation 4, kuma a watan Maris na 2020, Lillymo Games ya fitar da Twin Breaker: A Sacred Symbol Adventure. Wasan ya ƙunshi haruffa bisa ga kamannin podcast da kuma mutanen YouTube Colin Moriarty da Chris &quot;Ray Gun&quot; Maldonado, inda suka sayar da kwafi 10,000 cikin watanni uku. An yaba wa Moriarty a matsayin marubucin wasan kuma a watan Yuni ya shiga Lillymo Games a hukumance a matsayin Babban Jami'in Kirkire-kirkire bayan ya sami kashi 49% na hannun jarin tsiraru a kamfanin.&lt;ref&gt;https://screenrant.com/twin-breaker-a-sacred-symbols-adventure-review/&lt;/ref&gt;

An saki Habroxia 2 a PlayStation 4, Xbox consoles, Steam, PS Vita da Nintendo Switch a watan Fabrairun 2021, inda aka samu ra'ayoyi masu kyau.

An sake fitar da Super Perils of Baking, wani sabon salo na wasan farko na studio, a PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Steam, da Nintendo Switch a ranar 3 ga Yuni, 2022, inda aka samu ra'ayoyi masu kyau gaba daya.

An fitar da wani sabon salo na Twin Breaker: A Sacred Symbol Adventure a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2024, mai taken Tri Breaker: A Sacred Symbols Odyssey, wanda ake samu a PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox consoles, Steam da Nintendo Switch.

== Tallafi ga PlayStation Vita ==
Lillymo Games yana ɗaya daga cikin masu haɓaka wasannin ƙarshe da suka tallafa wa PlayStation Vita, galibi suna haɓaka wasanni don dandamalin hannu kafin su tura su zuwa na'urorin wasan bidiyo. A ranar 29 ga Maris, 2021, IGN da sauran shagunan wasanni sun ba da rahoton cewa Sony na rufe Shagon PlayStation akan Vita, inda Johnson ya bayyana cewa ba a ba masu haɓaka wasannin wani sanarwa ba, wanda ya tilasta musu soke shirye-shiryen da aka tsara don Vita. Lillymo Games ya kuma bayyana cewa Sony tana sayar da kayan aikin Vita develop wata ɗaya kacal da ya gabata, ba tare da wani ƙarin bayani game da niyyarta ta rufe shagon ba.

== Haɓakakkun wasanni ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Year !! Title !! Platform(s)
|-
| 2018 || ''Perils of Baking'' || PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch
|-
| 2019 || ''Habroxia'' ||  PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Xbox Series X\S, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 5, Steam 
|-
| 2020 || ''Twin Breaker: A Sacred Symbols Adventure'' || PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Xbox Series X\S, Nintendo Switch, Steam
|-
| 2021 || ''Habroxia 2'' ||  PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X\S, Nintendo Switch, Steam
|-
| 2022 || ''Super Perils of Baking'' ||  PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X\S, Nintendo Switch, Steam
|-
| 2024 || ''Tri Breaker: A Sacred Symbols Odyssey'' || PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X\S, Nintendo Switch, Steam
|-
| 2026 || ''Saint Slayer: Spear of Sacrilege'' || PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X\S, Nintendo Switch, Steam
|}


== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>bggs2pghihq4n9ao3jzm71jc47mac8o</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861351</id>
      <parentid>861348</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T16:30:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>saka manazarta</comment>
      <origin>861351</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3926" sha1="1xgfd0b6tcm6zzr26cyrdzkhht5yaq4" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''Wasannin Lillymo'''&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillymo_Games&lt;/ref&gt; Lillymo Games Inc. wani kamfani ne mai zaman kansa wanda ya kafa a Guelph, Ontario, Kanada ta hannun Barry Johnson. Lillymo Games ya fi shahara da ƙirƙirar jerin shoot 'em up na Habroxia da wasan bulo mai karya Twin Breaker: Kasadar Alamomin Tsarki.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ign.com/games/producer/lillymo-games&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://open.spotify.com/show/2D6PY190XKE533Ge6XVHrH&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasanin bidiyo ==
An kafa Lillymo Games a watan Disamba na 2017 ta hannun Barry Johnson, inda ya ƙirƙiri wasan bidiyo na farko mai suna Perils of Baking for the PlayStation 4 da PlayStation Vita, wanda aka fitar a watan Yunin 2018.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-4/twin-breaker-a-sacred-symbols-adventure&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2019, Lillymo Games' ya fitar da Habroxia akan PlayStation Vita da PlayStation 4, kuma a watan Maris na 2020, Lillymo Games ya fitar da Twin Breaker: A Sacred Symbol Adventure. Wasan ya ƙunshi haruffa bisa ga kamannin podcast da kuma mutanen YouTube Colin Moriarty da Chris &quot;Ray Gun&quot; Maldonado, inda suka sayar da kwafi 10,000 cikin watanni uku. An yaba wa Moriarty a matsayin marubucin wasan kuma a watan Yuni ya shiga Lillymo Games a hukumance a matsayin Babban Jami'in Kirkire-kirkire bayan ya sami kashi 49% na hannun jarin tsiraru a kamfanin.&lt;ref&gt;https://screenrant.com/twin-breaker-a-sacred-symbols-adventure-review/&lt;/ref&gt;

An saki Habroxia 2 a PlayStation 4, Xbox consoles, Steam, PS Vita da Nintendo Switch a watan Fabrairun 2021, inda aka samu ra'ayoyi masu kyau.

An sake fitar da Super Perils of Baking, wani sabon salo na wasan farko na studio, a PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Steam, da Nintendo Switch a ranar 3 ga Yuni, 2022, inda aka samu ra'ayoyi masu kyau gaba daya.

An fitar da wani sabon salo na Twin Breaker: A Sacred Symbol Adventure a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2024, mai taken Tri Breaker: A Sacred Symbols Odyssey, wanda ake samu a PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox consoles, Steam da Nintendo Switch.&lt;ref&gt;https://twinfinite.net/2020/06/colin-moriarty-to-serve-as-chief-creative-officer-for-lillymo-games/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tallafi ga PlayStation Vita ==
Lillymo Games yana ɗaya daga cikin masu haɓaka wasannin ƙarshe da suka tallafa wa PlayStation Vita, galibi suna haɓaka wasanni don dandamalin hannu kafin su tura su zuwa na'urorin wasan bidiyo. A ranar 29 ga Maris, 2021, IGN da sauran shagunan wasanni sun ba da rahoton cewa Sony na rufe Shagon PlayStation akan Vita, inda Johnson ya bayyana cewa ba a ba masu haɓaka wasannin wani sanarwa ba, wanda ya tilasta musu soke shirye-shiryen da aka tsara don Vita. Lillymo Games ya kuma bayyana cewa Sony tana sayar da kayan aikin Vita develop wata ɗaya kacal da ya gabata, ba tare da wani ƙarin bayani game da niyyarta ta rufe shagon ba.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.metacritic.com/game/habroxia-2/critic-reviews/?platform=nintendo-switch&lt;/ref&gt;

== Haɓakakkun wasanni ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Year !! Title !! Platform(s)
|-
| 2018 || ''Perils of Baking'' || PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch
|-
| 2019 || ''Habroxia'' ||  PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Xbox Series X\S, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 5, Steam 
|-
| 2020 || ''Twin Breaker: A Sacred Symbols Adventure'' || PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Xbox Series X\S, Nintendo Switch, Steam
|-
| 2021 || ''Habroxia 2'' ||  PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X\S, Nintendo Switch, Steam
|-
| 2022 || ''Super Perils of Baking'' ||  PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X\S, Nintendo Switch, Steam
|-
| 2024 || ''Tri Breaker: A Sacred Symbols Odyssey'' || PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X\S, Nintendo Switch, Steam
|-
| 2026 || ''Saint Slayer: Spear of Sacrilege'' || PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X\S, Nintendo Switch, Steam
|}


== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>1xgfd0b6tcm6zzr26cyrdzkhht5yaq4</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>National Marine Aquarium na Namibia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158634</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861350</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T16:29:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1297899378|National Marine Aquarium of Namibia]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861350</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="460" sha1="bj1ppbvkra62z2jlbuxshjvpbrepjpj" xml:space="preserve">'''Aquarium na National Marine Aquarium na Namibia''' wani [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] ne da ke Swakopmund, [[Namibiya|Namibia]] . Aquarium ɗin yana ɗauke da namun daji daga ruwan Benguela mai sanyi a kudancin [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] . 

An rufe akwatin kifayen don gyara tun daga shekarar 2023 a cewar [https://economist.com.na/83653/environment/national-marine-aquarium-at-swakopmund-closed-for-extended-period/ The Economist] .

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>bj1ppbvkra62z2jlbuxshjvpbrepjpj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861352</id>
      <parentid>861350</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T16:30:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>861352</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="472" sha1="npsympkprvr2ys1wbu9xybqec8r2mq6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Aquarium na National Marine Aquarium na Namibia''' wani [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] ne da ke Swakopmund, [[Namibiya|Namibia]] . Aquarium ɗin yana ɗauke da namun daji daga ruwan Benguela mai sanyi a kudancin [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] . 

An rufe akwatin kifayen don gyara tun daga shekarar 2023 a cewar [https://economist.com.na/83653/environment/national-marine-aquarium-at-swakopmund-closed-for-extended-period/ The Economist] .

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>npsympkprvr2ys1wbu9xybqec8r2mq6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cibiyar Ruwa ta Pikine</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158635</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861353</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T16:31:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359985452|Pikine Drainage Network]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861353</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4727" sha1="4cmefbtr8wuzjcu92pnf4fsn2m4898g" xml:space="preserve">
'''Cibiyar Magudanar Ruwa ta Pikine''' babban tsarin kula da ruwan sama ne da ke yi wa yankunan Pikine, Keur Massar, da Guédiawaye da ke kewayen [[Dakar|birnin Dakar]] hidima. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=AYOBA |date=2026-03-11 |title=Gestion des inondations : Cheikh Tidiane DIEYE satisfait des résultats du PROGEP 2 |url=https://walf-groupe.com/blog/2026/03/11/gestion-des-inondations-cheikh-tidiane-dieye-satisfait-des-resultats-du-progep-2/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=Walf NET |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan hanyar sadarwa ita ce babbar hanyar samar da ruwa ta ''Projet de Gestion des Eaux Pluviales et d'Adaptation au Changement Climatique (PROGEP 2)'', wanda Bankin Duniya, [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka]], da Asusun Ci Gaban Nordic suka ba da kuɗaɗen haɗin gwiwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visite de terrain: l’ADM s’engage pour une gestion durable des inondations |url=https://www.pressafrik.com/Visite-de-terrain-l-ADM-s-engage-pour-une-gestion-durable-des-inondations_a155548.html?print=1 |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=www.pressafrik.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zuwa shekarar 2026, an ruwaito cewa aikin ya gina magudanar ruwa mai tsawon mita 46,000 a cikin &quot;alwatika na Pikine-Keur Massar-Guédiawaye&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Seneweb |date=2026-03-11 |title=Second Steering Committee meeting of PROGEP 2: ADM unveils satisfactory results |url=https://www.seneweb.com/fr/news/Societe/second-steering-committee-meeting-of-progep-2-adm-unveils-satisfactory-results_n_486111.html |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=Seneweb |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi da Zane ==
Matakin farko na aikin ya fara ne a kusan shekarar 2012, inda ya mayar da hankali kan rage ambaliyar ruwa a yankunan da ke ƙasa da su kamar Dalifort, Wakhinane, da Nimzatt. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sustainably Managing Flood Risks in Dakar’s Outer Suburbs |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2016/02/03/sustainably-managing-flood-risks-in-dakars-outer-suburbs |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visite de terrain: l’ADM s’engage pour une gestion durable des inondations |url=https://www.pressafrik.com/Visite-de-terrain-l-ADM-s-engage-pour-une-gestion-durable-des-inondations_a155548.html?print=1 |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=www.pressafrik.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.pressafrik.com/Visite-de-terrain-l-ADM-s-engage-pour-une-gestion-durable-des-inondations_a155548.html?print=1 &quot;Visite de terrain: l'ADM s'engage pour une gestion durable des inondations&quot;]. ''www.pressafrik.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-05-30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin ya dogara ne kawai akan wata hanyar da ke samar da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi wanda ke jagorantar ruwan sama zuwa ga magudanar ruwa ta halitta ba tare da buƙatar famfo akai-akai ba, yana amfani da yanayin yankin don kwarara zuwa teku. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Baya ga magudanar ruwa da aka buɗe, hanyar sadarwa ta haɗa hanyoyi masu nisan kilomita 30 na titin da aka shimfida da kansu waɗanda aka tsara don sauƙaƙe shigar ruwa cikin teburin ruwa, rage kwararar ruwa a saman ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=AYOBA |date=2026-03-11 |title=Gestion des inondations : Cheikh Tidiane DIEYE satisfait des résultats du PROGEP 2 |url=https://walf-groupe.com/blog/2026/03/11/gestion-des-inondations-cheikh-tidiane-dieye-satisfait-des-resultats-du-progep-2/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=Walf NET |language=fr-FR}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAYOBA2026&quot;&gt;AYOBA (2026-03-11). [https://walf-groupe.com/blog/2026/03/11/gestion-des-inondations-cheikh-tidiane-dieye-satisfait-des-resultats-du-progep-2/ &quot;Gestion des inondations : Cheikh Tidiane DIEYE satisfait des résultats du PROGEP 2&quot;]. ''Walf NET'' (in French)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-05-30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tasirin Aiki ===
Injiniyoyin ruwa sun ba da rahoton cewa tsarin yana sarrafa abubuwan da suka faru na ruwan sama da suka wuce milimita 130 yadda ya kamata, wanda hakan ke ba da damar ruwa ya kwarara ta hanyar nauyi ba tare da haifar da koma baya mai yawa a birane ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Duk da nasarar, jami'ai sun lura cewa aikin har yanzu bai kammala ba, wanda ke buƙatar faɗaɗa bututun tattarawa zuwa yankunan da ke kewaye kamar Technopôle da kuma ci gaba da kulawa don hana toshewar laka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Bankin Duniya ya ambaci samfurin PROGEP 2 a matsayin &quot;maki na kirkire-kirkire&quot; ga Yamma da Tsakiyar Afirka a fannin kula da ambaliyar ruwa a birane. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <id>861354</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-19T16:32:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
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'''Cibiyar Magudanar Ruwa ta Pikine''' babban tsarin kula da ruwan sama ne da ke yi wa yankunan Pikine, Keur Massar, da Guédiawaye da ke kewayen [[Dakar|birnin Dakar]] hidima. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=AYOBA |date=2026-03-11 |title=Gestion des inondations : Cheikh Tidiane DIEYE satisfait des résultats du PROGEP 2 |url=https://walf-groupe.com/blog/2026/03/11/gestion-des-inondations-cheikh-tidiane-dieye-satisfait-des-resultats-du-progep-2/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=Walf NET |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan hanyar sadarwa ita ce babbar hanyar samar da ruwa ta ''Projet de Gestion des Eaux Pluviales et d'Adaptation au Changement Climatique (PROGEP 2)'', wanda Bankin Duniya, [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka]], da Asusun Ci Gaban Nordic suka ba da kuɗaɗen haɗin gwiwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visite de terrain: l’ADM s’engage pour une gestion durable des inondations |url=https://www.pressafrik.com/Visite-de-terrain-l-ADM-s-engage-pour-une-gestion-durable-des-inondations_a155548.html?print=1 |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=www.pressafrik.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zuwa shekarar 2026, an ruwaito cewa aikin ya gina magudanar ruwa mai tsawon mita 46,000 a cikin &quot;alwatika na Pikine-Keur Massar-Guédiawaye&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Seneweb |date=2026-03-11 |title=Second Steering Committee meeting of PROGEP 2: ADM unveils satisfactory results |url=https://www.seneweb.com/fr/news/Societe/second-steering-committee-meeting-of-progep-2-adm-unveils-satisfactory-results_n_486111.html |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=Seneweb |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi da Zane ==
Matakin farko na aikin ya fara ne a kusan shekarar 2012, inda ya mayar da hankali kan rage ambaliyar ruwa a yankunan da ke ƙasa da su kamar Dalifort, Wakhinane, da Nimzatt. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sustainably Managing Flood Risks in Dakar’s Outer Suburbs |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2016/02/03/sustainably-managing-flood-risks-in-dakars-outer-suburbs |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visite de terrain: l’ADM s’engage pour une gestion durable des inondations |url=https://www.pressafrik.com/Visite-de-terrain-l-ADM-s-engage-pour-une-gestion-durable-des-inondations_a155548.html?print=1 |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=www.pressafrik.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.pressafrik.com/Visite-de-terrain-l-ADM-s-engage-pour-une-gestion-durable-des-inondations_a155548.html?print=1 &quot;Visite de terrain: l'ADM s'engage pour une gestion durable des inondations&quot;]. ''www.pressafrik.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-05-30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin ya dogara ne kawai akan wata hanyar da ke samar da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi wanda ke jagorantar ruwan sama zuwa ga magudanar ruwa ta halitta ba tare da buƙatar famfo akai-akai ba, yana amfani da yanayin yankin don kwarara zuwa teku. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Baya ga magudanar ruwa da aka buɗe, hanyar sadarwa ta haɗa hanyoyi masu nisan kilomita 30 na titin da aka shimfida da kansu waɗanda aka tsara don sauƙaƙe shigar ruwa cikin teburin ruwa, rage kwararar ruwa a saman ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=AYOBA |date=2026-03-11 |title=Gestion des inondations : Cheikh Tidiane DIEYE satisfait des résultats du PROGEP 2 |url=https://walf-groupe.com/blog/2026/03/11/gestion-des-inondations-cheikh-tidiane-dieye-satisfait-des-resultats-du-progep-2/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=Walf NET |language=fr-FR}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAYOBA2026&quot;&gt;AYOBA (2026-03-11). [https://walf-groupe.com/blog/2026/03/11/gestion-des-inondations-cheikh-tidiane-dieye-satisfait-des-resultats-du-progep-2/ &quot;Gestion des inondations : Cheikh Tidiane DIEYE satisfait des résultats du PROGEP 2&quot;]. ''Walf NET'' (in French)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2026-05-30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tasirin Aiki ===
Injiniyoyin ruwa sun ba da rahoton cewa tsarin yana sarrafa abubuwan da suka faru na ruwan sama da suka wuce milimita 130 yadda ya kamata, wanda hakan ke ba da damar ruwa ya kwarara ta hanyar nauyi ba tare da haifar da koma baya mai yawa a birane ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Duk da nasarar, jami'ai sun lura cewa aikin har yanzu bai kammala ba, wanda ke buƙatar faɗaɗa bututun tattarawa zuwa yankunan da ke kewaye kamar Technopôle da kuma ci gaba da kulawa don hana toshewar laka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Bankin Duniya ya ambaci samfurin PROGEP 2 a matsayin &quot;maki na kirkire-kirkire&quot; ga Yamma da Tsakiyar Afirka a fannin kula da ambaliyar ruwa a birane. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hydra Bay</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350672156|Hydra Bay]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Hydra Bay''' ( [[Afrikaans|Afrikan]] : Hydrabaai), wanda kuma aka sani da ''Romanbaai'', &lt;ref name=&quot;mapcartaA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Romansbaai |url=http://mapcarta.com/19070306 |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Mapcarta}}&lt;/ref&gt; wani bakin teku ne a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] kusa da matsugunin Van Dyks Bay .

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Tekun Hydra wani fili ne na [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika ta Kudu]] wanda ke da nisan kilomita 3 daga arewa maso gabashin Hasumiyar Hasken Danger Point . Tekun yana fuskantar yamma, tare da kyakkyawan rairayin bakin teku a tsakiyar yankin.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Hydra Bay''' ( [[Afrikaans|Afrikan]] : Hydrabaai), wanda kuma aka sani da ''Romanbaai'', &lt;ref name=&quot;mapcartaA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Romansbaai |url=http://mapcarta.com/19070306 |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Mapcarta}}&lt;/ref&gt; wani bakin teku ne a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] kusa da matsugunin Van Dyks Bay .

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Tekun Hydra wani fili ne na [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika ta Kudu]] wanda ke da nisan kilomita 3 daga arewa maso gabashin Hasumiyar Hasken Danger Point . Tekun yana fuskantar yamma, tare da kyakkyawan rairayin bakin teku a tsakiyar yankin.

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>74e7phrt0ig8u994dga7kvubvhune51</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ruwan Rondebosch</title>
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      <id>861357</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1223528959|Rondebosch Fountain]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861357</origin>
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      <text bytes="7618" sha1="qhlqf383bmlnwotmsr0qjt6hlucgijp" xml:space="preserve">'''Ruwan Rondebosch''' wani wurin sha ne na gargajiya na Victorian da ke tsaye a kan tsibiri mai cunkoso a kan hanyar da ke tsakanin titin Belmont da babban titin a tsakiyar Rondebosch a [[Cape Town|Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu]] . An ayyana shi a matsayin abin tunawa na ƙasa a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 1964. &lt;ref name=&quot;castings&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Project to reproduce landmark Rondebosch fountain almost complete |url=http://castingssa.com/project-to-reproduce-landmark-rondebosch-fountain-almost-complete/ |access-date=22 December 2018 |publisher=Castings SA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Asalin sunan maɓuɓɓugar ruwan Moodie, an yi maɓuɓɓugar ruwan ne da ƙarfe a shekarar 1891 kuma ta ƙunshi maɓuɓɓugar ruwan sha mai zagaye a ƙafafun dawaki, tare da sandar tsakiya da aka ɗora da fitila mai siffar hexagonal. Maƙallan da aka yi wa ado guda huɗu na iya samun kofuna waɗanda aka rataye don mutane su sha daga ruwan da ke fitowa, yayin da dawaki ke shan daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwan, da kuma karnuka daga ƙananan kwano a ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;racedo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 December 2014 |title=Racedo Fountain |url=https://memorialdrinkingfountains.wordpress.com/tag/entre-rios/ |publisher=Memorial Drinking Fountains}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Walter Macfarlane &amp; Co. ne ya jefa shi a Saracen Foundry da ke [[Glasgow|Glasgow, Scotland]], kuma George Pigot Moodie ya gabatar wa al'umma a shekarar 1891. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rondebosch Fountain |url=https://www.sahra.org.za/sahris/sites/921110036 |access-date=22 December 2018 |publisher=SAHRA}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Plug |first=C |title=Moodie, Mr George Pigot |url=http://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=1950 |access-date=28 December 2018 |publisher=S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fitilar ba ita ce fitilar titi ta farko da Afirka ta Kudu ta fara amfani da ita ba. An fara kunna ta ne a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1892, kusan shekaru 10 bayan an kunna fitilun titi a Kimberley. Da farko dai tashar wutar lantarki ta Moodie ce ta fara amfani da ita har sai da aka kammala tashar wutar lantarki ta birni a Kogin Liesbeek . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Eskom Heritage: First Central Power Station – 1891 |url=http://heritage.eskom.co.za/electricity_in_south_africa.htm |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=21 December 2018 |website=Eskom}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harvey |first=John |date=2016-04-28 |title=Hope for landmark Rondebosch fountain |url=https://www.southernsuburbstatler.co.za/news/hope-for-landmark-rondebosch-fountain-5152028 |access-date=2019-01-24 |website=Southern Suburbs Tatler |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An lalata asalin maɓuɓɓugar ƙarfen da aka yi amfani da ita a watan Agusta na 2015 lokacin da wata mota da ke gudu ta kutsa kai cikinta, kuma aka sace wasu daga cikin sassan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jeranji |first=Tiyese |date=25 August 2015 |title=History smashed into pieces |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Local/Peoples-Post/History-smashed-into-pieces-20150824-3 |publisher=People's Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 August 2016 |title=Can you help solve the restoration mystery of SA's first electric lamp post? |url=https://www.traveller24.com/News/can-you-help-solve-the-restoration-mystery-of-sas-first-electric-lamp-post-20160830 |publisher=People's Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin Heritage Castings na gida ya sake gina maɓuɓɓugar da aluminum &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 September 2018 |title=Replication of the Rondebosch Fountain |url=https://www.seeff.com/news/replication-of-the-rondebosch-fountain/ |publisher=Seeff}}&lt;/ref&gt; . &lt;ref name=&quot;castings&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Project to reproduce landmark Rondebosch fountain almost complete |url=http://castingssa.com/project-to-reproduce-landmark-rondebosch-fountain-almost-complete/ |access-date=22 December 2018 |publisher=Castings SA}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://castingssa.com/project-to-reproduce-landmark-rondebosch-fountain-almost-complete/ &quot;Project to reproduce landmark Rondebosch fountain almost complete&quot;]. Castings SA&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 December&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 August 2018 |title=Project to reproduce landmark Rondebosch fountain almost complete |url=http://www.capetalk.co.za/articles/316692/in-pics-project-to-reproduce-landmark-rondebosch-fountain-almost-complete |publisher=CapeTalk}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Heritage Castings |url=https://www.heritagefoundry.co.za/ |access-date=22 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ford |first=Wesley |date=7 March 2019 |title=Hope for fountain |url=https://www.southernsuburbstatler.co.za/news/hope-for-fountain-19695711 |publisher=Southern Suburbs Tatler}}&lt;/ref&gt; An girka maɓuɓɓugar da aka sake ginawa a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=FORD |first=WESLEY |date=2020-10-01 |title=Rondebosch fountain restored |url=https://www.southernsuburbstatler.co.za/news/rondebosch-fountain-restored |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=Southern Suburbs Tatler |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Fayil:Rondebosch_Fountain_early_20th_century.jpg|alt=A street scene of Main Road Rondebosch, Cape Town around the turn of the 20th century. The recently installed Rondebosch Fountain can be seen to the left in the foreground.| Wani abin kallo a titin Main Road Rondebosch, Cape Town a farkon karni na 20. Ana iya ganin Ruwan Maɓuɓɓugar Rondebosch da aka gina kwanan nan a hagu a gaba.
Fayil:Rondebosch_Fountain_Detail.jpg
Fayil:Rondebosch_Fountain_lamp.JPG
Fayil:Rondebosch_Fountain,_Main_Road,_Rondebosch,_Cape_Town_2.JPG|alt=A photograph of the original fountain a few years before it was accidentally destroyed.| Hoton asalin marmaro shekaru kaɗan kafin a lalata shi bisa kuskure.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Maɓuɓɓugan ruwa makamantan su ==
Akwai maɓuɓɓugan ruwa guda biyu iri ɗaya da aka ƙera a Saracen Foundry waɗanda suka yi kama da juna a Afirka ta Kudu: ɗaya a unguwar Rosebank da ke makwabtaka da ita, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hassen |first=Tauriq |date=26 April 2018 |title=Fountain of worries |url=https://www.southernsuburbstatler.co.za/news/fountain-of-worries-14657883 |publisher=Southern Suburbs Tatler}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma ba tare da ƙafafun dawaki ba, ɗaya kuma a [[Nxuba|Cradock]] a Gabashin Cape, yanzu ba tare da fitilar hexagonal ta asali ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Martinson |first=William |date=August 2016 |title=Memorial Drinking Fountain, Cradock, Eastern Cape |url=http://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/bldgframes.php?bldgid=13480 |access-date=22 December 2018 |publisher=Artefacts.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Coronation Fountain |url=https://memorialdrinkingfountains.wordpress.com/2016/10/19/coronation-fountain-2/ |publisher=Memorial Drinking Fountains}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai ƙarfe mai kama da ƙira mai sauƙi a Jubilee Square, garin Simon . Sauran maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu irin wannan ƙira sun haɗa da Adye Douglas Water Trough a Ostiraliya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adye Douglas Water Trough |url=https://www.glasgowengineering.com.au/history/adye-douglas-water-trough |access-date=22 December 2018 |publisher=Glasgow Engineering}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maɓuɓɓugar Ruwa ta Racedo a [[Argentina]] a Boulevard Racedo a gaban tashar jirgin ƙasa a Paraná, Entre Ríos, &lt;ref name=&quot;racedo&quot; /&gt; da Maɓuɓɓugar Ruwa ta Coronation a Loanhead, [[Scotland]], an wargaza ta a 1933. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 February 2014 |title=Fountains, Distant Twins &amp; Cousins |url=https://memorialdrinkingfountains.wordpress.com/tag/loanhead/ |publisher=Memorial Drinking Fountains}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Ruwan Rondebosch''' wani wurin sha ne na gargajiya na Victorian da ke tsaye a kan tsibiri mai cunkoso a kan hanyar da ke tsakanin titin Belmont da babban titin a tsakiyar Rondebosch a [[Cape Town|Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu]] . An ayyana shi a matsayin abin tunawa na ƙasa a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 1964. &lt;ref name=&quot;castings&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Project to reproduce landmark Rondebosch fountain almost complete |url=http://castingssa.com/project-to-reproduce-landmark-rondebosch-fountain-almost-complete/ |access-date=22 December 2018 |publisher=Castings SA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Asalin sunan maɓuɓɓugar ruwan Moodie, an yi maɓuɓɓugar ruwan ne da ƙarfe a shekarar 1891 kuma ta ƙunshi maɓuɓɓugar ruwan sha mai zagaye a ƙafafun dawaki, tare da sandar tsakiya da aka ɗora da fitila mai siffar hexagonal. Maƙallan da aka yi wa ado guda huɗu na iya samun kofuna waɗanda aka rataye don mutane su sha daga ruwan da ke fitowa, yayin da dawaki ke shan daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwan, da kuma karnuka daga ƙananan kwano a ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;racedo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 December 2014 |title=Racedo Fountain |url=https://memorialdrinkingfountains.wordpress.com/tag/entre-rios/ |publisher=Memorial Drinking Fountains}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Walter Macfarlane &amp; Co. ne ya jefa shi a Saracen Foundry da ke [[Glasgow|Glasgow, Scotland]], kuma George Pigot Moodie ya gabatar wa al'umma a shekarar 1891. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rondebosch Fountain |url=https://www.sahra.org.za/sahris/sites/921110036 |access-date=22 December 2018 |publisher=SAHRA}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Plug |first=C |title=Moodie, Mr George Pigot |url=http://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=1950 |access-date=28 December 2018 |publisher=S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fitilar ba ita ce fitilar titi ta farko da Afirka ta Kudu ta fara amfani da ita ba. An fara kunna ta ne a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1892, kusan shekaru 10 bayan an kunna fitilun titi a Kimberley. Da farko dai tashar wutar lantarki ta Moodie ce ta fara amfani da ita har sai da aka kammala tashar wutar lantarki ta birni a Kogin Liesbeek . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Eskom Heritage: First Central Power Station – 1891 |url=http://heritage.eskom.co.za/electricity_in_south_africa.htm |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=21 December 2018 |website=Eskom}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harvey |first=John |date=2016-04-28 |title=Hope for landmark Rondebosch fountain |url=https://www.southernsuburbstatler.co.za/news/hope-for-landmark-rondebosch-fountain-5152028 |access-date=2019-01-24 |website=Southern Suburbs Tatler |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An lalata asalin maɓuɓɓugar ƙarfen da aka yi amfani da ita a watan Agusta na 2015 lokacin da wata mota da ke gudu ta kutsa kai cikinta, kuma aka sace wasu daga cikin sassan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jeranji |first=Tiyese |date=25 August 2015 |title=History smashed into pieces |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Local/Peoples-Post/History-smashed-into-pieces-20150824-3 |publisher=People's Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 August 2016 |title=Can you help solve the restoration mystery of SA's first electric lamp post? |url=https://www.traveller24.com/News/can-you-help-solve-the-restoration-mystery-of-sas-first-electric-lamp-post-20160830 |publisher=People's Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin Heritage Castings na gida ya sake gina maɓuɓɓugar da aluminum &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 September 2018 |title=Replication of the Rondebosch Fountain |url=https://www.seeff.com/news/replication-of-the-rondebosch-fountain/ |publisher=Seeff}}&lt;/ref&gt; . &lt;ref name=&quot;castings&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Project to reproduce landmark Rondebosch fountain almost complete |url=http://castingssa.com/project-to-reproduce-landmark-rondebosch-fountain-almost-complete/ |access-date=22 December 2018 |publisher=Castings SA}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://castingssa.com/project-to-reproduce-landmark-rondebosch-fountain-almost-complete/ &quot;Project to reproduce landmark Rondebosch fountain almost complete&quot;]. Castings SA&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 December&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 August 2018 |title=Project to reproduce landmark Rondebosch fountain almost complete |url=http://www.capetalk.co.za/articles/316692/in-pics-project-to-reproduce-landmark-rondebosch-fountain-almost-complete |publisher=CapeTalk}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Heritage Castings |url=https://www.heritagefoundry.co.za/ |access-date=22 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ford |first=Wesley |date=7 March 2019 |title=Hope for fountain |url=https://www.southernsuburbstatler.co.za/news/hope-for-fountain-19695711 |publisher=Southern Suburbs Tatler}}&lt;/ref&gt; An girka maɓuɓɓugar da aka sake ginawa a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=FORD |first=WESLEY |date=2020-10-01 |title=Rondebosch fountain restored |url=https://www.southernsuburbstatler.co.za/news/rondebosch-fountain-restored |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=Southern Suburbs Tatler |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Fayil:Rondebosch_Fountain_early_20th_century.jpg|alt=A street scene of Main Road Rondebosch, Cape Town around the turn of the 20th century. The recently installed Rondebosch Fountain can be seen to the left in the foreground.| Wani abin kallo a titin Main Road Rondebosch, Cape Town a farkon karni na 20. Ana iya ganin Ruwan Maɓuɓɓugar Rondebosch da aka gina kwanan nan a hagu a gaba.
Fayil:Rondebosch_Fountain_Detail.jpg
Fayil:Rondebosch_Fountain_lamp.JPG
Fayil:Rondebosch_Fountain,_Main_Road,_Rondebosch,_Cape_Town_2.JPG|alt=A photograph of the original fountain a few years before it was accidentally destroyed.| Hoton asalin marmaro shekaru kaɗan kafin a lalata shi bisa kuskure.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Maɓuɓɓugan ruwa makamantan su ==
Akwai maɓuɓɓugan ruwa guda biyu iri ɗaya da aka ƙera a Saracen Foundry waɗanda suka yi kama da juna a Afirka ta Kudu: ɗaya a unguwar Rosebank da ke makwabtaka da ita, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hassen |first=Tauriq |date=26 April 2018 |title=Fountain of worries |url=https://www.southernsuburbstatler.co.za/news/fountain-of-worries-14657883 |publisher=Southern Suburbs Tatler}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma ba tare da ƙafafun dawaki ba, ɗaya kuma a [[Nxuba|Cradock]] a Gabashin Cape, yanzu ba tare da fitilar hexagonal ta asali ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Martinson |first=William |date=August 2016 |title=Memorial Drinking Fountain, Cradock, Eastern Cape |url=http://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/bldgframes.php?bldgid=13480 |access-date=22 December 2018 |publisher=Artefacts.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Coronation Fountain |url=https://memorialdrinkingfountains.wordpress.com/2016/10/19/coronation-fountain-2/ |publisher=Memorial Drinking Fountains}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai ƙarfe mai kama da ƙira mai sauƙi a Jubilee Square, garin Simon . Sauran maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu irin wannan ƙira sun haɗa da Adye Douglas Water Trough a Ostiraliya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adye Douglas Water Trough |url=https://www.glasgowengineering.com.au/history/adye-douglas-water-trough |access-date=22 December 2018 |publisher=Glasgow Engineering}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maɓuɓɓugar Ruwa ta Racedo a [[Argentina]] a Boulevard Racedo a gaban tashar jirgin ƙasa a Paraná, Entre Ríos, &lt;ref name=&quot;racedo&quot; /&gt; da Maɓuɓɓugar Ruwa ta Coronation a Loanhead, [[Scotland]], an wargaza ta a 1933. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 February 2014 |title=Fountains, Distant Twins &amp; Cousins |url=https://memorialdrinkingfountains.wordpress.com/tag/loanhead/ |publisher=Memorial Drinking Fountains}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cutar da ke motsa jiki</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158638</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-19T16:35:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1308893610|Trombiculosis]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861359</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="4381" sha1="o5igfyy9ywat3qmhdzhgb7iq6yr4mf3" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; {{Infobox medical condition
| name          = Trombiculosis
| synonym       = '''Trombiculiasis''', or '''Trombiculidiasis'''
| image         = Chigger bites.jpg
| alt           = 
| caption       = Chigger bites on the foot and ankle
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = dermatology
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = [[trombiculidae|trombiculid]] mites
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 
| deaths        = 
}}
{{Clear}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}Trombiculosis wani rash ne wanda ya haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta, musamman waɗanda ke cikin jinsin [./&amp;#x3C;i&amp;#x20;id=]Trombicula&quot; id=&quot;mwCQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Trombiculidae&quot;&gt;trombiculid (chiggers). Ana kuma san rash din sau da yawa da chigger bites.

Chiggers galibi ana samun su a saman gashin ciyawa don kama mai masauki, don haka kiyaye ciyawa gajere, da kuma cire shuke-shuke da tarkace na itace inda masu iya zama, na iya iyakance tasirin su a wani yanki. Hasken rana da ke shiga cikin ciyawa zai sa ciyawa ya bushe kuma ya sa ya zama mara kyau ga rayuwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2021}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Chiggers da alama suna shafar wurare masu dumi da aka rufe a jiki fiye da wuraren da suka bushe.&lt;ref name=&quot;ArmaXX&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=ArmaXX Pest Control |url=http://www.armaxx.com/chigger.html |access-date=2008-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ogg |first=Barb |title=Itchy Chiggers |url=http://lancaster.unl.edu/pest/resources/chiggers(008).shtml |access-date=2009-05-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don haka, ana yawan tarawa a bayan gwiwoyi, ko a ƙarƙashin tufafi masu tsayi kamar takalma, tufafi na ciki, ko brassieres. Yankunan da suka fi girma a cikin jiki (kashin kai, baya, igiya, da kuma makamai) suna shafar cikin sauƙi a cikin kananan yara fiye da manya, tunda yara sun fi guntu kuma suna iya haɗuwa da tsire-tsire masu ƙasƙanci da busassun ciyawa inda chiggers ke bunƙasa. An bayyana wani lamari na musamman a cikin ido,  wanda ke haifar da [[conjunctivitis]].&lt;ref&gt;Parcell, B. J., Sharpe, G., Jones, B. &amp; Alexander, C. L. 2013: Conjunctivitis induced by a red bodied mite, ''Neotrombicula autumnalis''. Parasite, 20, 25. {{Doi|10.1051/parasite/2013025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aikace-aikacen mai hanawa ga takalma, ƙananan wando da fata suma suna da amfani. Saboda ana samun su a cikin ciyawa, zama a kan hanyoyi, hanyoyi, ko hanyoyi na iya hana hulɗa. Ana amfani da sulfur a kasuwanci don kula da ƙwayoyin cuta kuma ana iya amfani da shi don sarrafa chiggers a cikin yadudduka. Dusting na takalma, takalma da ƙafafun wando tare da sulfur na iya zama mai tasiri sosai wajen kawar da chiggers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mites&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=M Bennett |first=Stuart |year=2003 |title=Mites |url=http://www.the-piedpiper.co.uk/th5i.htm |access-date=2009-05-19 |publisher=Self published by author}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wata dabara mai kyau ita ce gane mazaunin chigger don kauce wa fallasawa da farko. Chiggers a Arewacin Amurka suna bunƙasa a ƙarshen lokacin rani, a cikin busassun ciyawa da sauran tsire-tsire masu kauri, marasa inuwa. Ana ba da shawarar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da ko Acaricide waɗanda ke ƙunshe da ɗaya daga cikin sinadaran masu aiki masu zuwa: Permethrin, Picaridin, DEET, catnip mai cirewa (nepetalactone), citronella mai na eucalyptus mai cirewa. 

Hakanan za'a iya bi da chiggers ta amfani da vinegar na gida na kowa (5% acetic acid). [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]

== Ƙarin hotuna ==
[[Fayil:Chigger2.JPG|left|thumb|Chigger rash 36 hours bayan bayyanar]]
[[Fayil:TrombiculosisSores.jpg|thumb|Chigger bites nuna halayyar da aka ɗaga da kuma cibiyar da ke cike da ruwa]]
{{Medical resources|DiseasesDB=|ICD10={{ICD10|B|88|0|b|85}} ([[ILDS]] B88.010)|ICD9={{ICD9|133.8}}|ICDO=|OMIM=|MedlinePlus=|eMedicineSubj=|eMedicineTopic=|MeshID=D014323|GeneReviewsName=}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Mite-related diseases and infestations}}{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==
{{Mite-related diseases and infestations}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>o5igfyy9ywat3qmhdzhgb7iq6yr4mf3</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Rashin lafiyar jiki na Hydroid</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158639</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861360</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T16:36:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322580052|Hydroid dermatitis]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861360</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1271" sha1="lc9hgow3cbnuxx1i9ghlf9zkn0kx8c4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = 
| synonym       = 
| image         = &lt;!-- Just the filename without File: or |thumb, etc. --&gt;
| image_size    = 
| alt           = 
| caption       = 
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = [[Dermatology]]
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = 
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 
| deaths        = 
}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc; color:inherit;&quot; |Rashin lafiyar jiki na Hydroid
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Dermatology|Kimiyyar fata]]
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Infobox/styles-images.css&quot; /&gt;Hydroid dermatitis wani yanayi ne na fata wanda ke faruwa bayan hulɗa da karamin hydroid ''Halecium'' na ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrews&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 430 {{Rp|430}}

== Dubi kuma ==

* Ciwon daji na Sea anemone
* Jerin yanayin fata

== Manazarta ==
{{Animal bites and stings}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tushen Azurfa na Dā</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158640</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861361</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T16:36:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344604041|Anse Source d'Argent]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861361</origin>
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      <text bytes="3434" sha1="ntvknoeznvghnbfua5cg7q9mmvppwu8" xml:space="preserve">
'''Anse Source d'Argent''' bakin teku ne da ke bakin tekun kudu maso yammacin [[Digue|La Digue]], [[Seychelles]] . An sanya shi a cikin ''Lonely Planet'' a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun rairayin bakin teku a duniya a 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=O'Hare |first=Maureen |date=2024-02-03 |title=The world’s best beaches, according to Lonely Planet |url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/travel-news-best-beaches-lonely-planet/index.html |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Bakin tekun yana cikin L'Union Estate, wani tsohon gona na kwakwa da gonar vanilla wanda yanzu yake aiki a matsayin wurin ajiyar yanayi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pasricha |first=Pallavi |date=2023-12-14 |title=Travel: In Seychelles' La Digue, time seems to slow down |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/big-story/most-photographed-beach-seychelles-anse-source-dargent-111702523155010.html |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=Mintlounge}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samun damar shiga Anse Source d'Argent yana buƙatar ƙaramin kuɗin shiga gidan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anse Source d'Argent {{!}} La Digue, Seychelles {{!}} Attractions |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/seychelles/la-digue/attractions/anse-source-d-argent/a/poi-sig/1402802/355594 |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=Lonely Planet}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thomson |first=Emma |date=2020-10-28 |title=Paradise is open for business: the Seychelles welcomes back tourists |url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/advice/lockdown-in-paradise-how-the-seychelles-is-reopening-to-visitors-ll7kdx8dq |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=[[The Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana ɗaukar bakin teku a matsayin wanda aka fi ɗaukar hoto a duniya, saboda manyan duwatsunsa a matsayin &quot;abin tunawa da zamanin da.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jaramillo |first=Alba |title=La Digue: The Seychelles' tropical biking paradise |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20220421-la-digue-the-seychelles-tropical-biking-paradise |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=www.bbc.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D'Orazio |first=Julia |date=2024-01-03 |title=‘World’s most photographed beach’ is the epitome of paradise |url=https://www.smh.com.au/traveller/inspiration/world-s-most-photographed-beach-is-the-epitome-of-paradise-20231220-p5esrj.html |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== A cikin kafofin watsa labarai ==

* A shekarar 2023, ''Forbes India'' ta sanya ta a matsayi na 2 cikin manyan rairayin bakin teku 5 mafi kyau a duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Top 5 Of The World's Best Beaches In 2023: From Lucky Bay Down Under To Cook Islands |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/lifes/top-5-of-the-worlds-best-beaches-in-2023-from-lucky-bay-down-under-to-cook-islands/87407/1 |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=Forbes India}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A shekarar 2017, ''[[CNN]]'' ta sanya ta a matsayi na 7 cikin manyan rairayin bakin teku 25 a Afirka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Exelby |first=Narina |date=2017-07-12 |title=25 of Africa’s best beaches |url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/africa-best-beaches/index.html |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A shekarar 2016, ''Newsweek'' ta lissafa ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun rairayin bakin teku a duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Boynton |first=Graham |date=2016-03-03 |title=The World's Best Beaches |url=https://www.newsweek.com/2016/03/11/worlds-best-beaches-433072.html |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=Newsweek}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>ntvknoeznvghnbfua5cg7q9mmvppwu8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861362</id>
      <parentid>861361</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T16:36:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>861362</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3445" sha1="kaydz1kdhg9nxtt42v7lc068x0fg7ao" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Anse Source d'Argent''' bakin teku ne da ke bakin tekun kudu maso yammacin [[Digue|La Digue]], [[Seychelles]] . An sanya shi a cikin ''Lonely Planet'' a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun rairayin bakin teku a duniya a 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=O'Hare |first=Maureen |date=2024-02-03 |title=The world’s best beaches, according to Lonely Planet |url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/travel-news-best-beaches-lonely-planet/index.html |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Bakin tekun yana cikin L'Union Estate, wani tsohon gona na kwakwa da gonar vanilla wanda yanzu yake aiki a matsayin wurin ajiyar yanayi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pasricha |first=Pallavi |date=2023-12-14 |title=Travel: In Seychelles' La Digue, time seems to slow down |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/big-story/most-photographed-beach-seychelles-anse-source-dargent-111702523155010.html |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=Mintlounge}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samun damar shiga Anse Source d'Argent yana buƙatar ƙaramin kuɗin shiga gidan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anse Source d'Argent {{!}} La Digue, Seychelles {{!}} Attractions |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/seychelles/la-digue/attractions/anse-source-d-argent/a/poi-sig/1402802/355594 |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=Lonely Planet}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thomson |first=Emma |date=2020-10-28 |title=Paradise is open for business: the Seychelles welcomes back tourists |url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/advice/lockdown-in-paradise-how-the-seychelles-is-reopening-to-visitors-ll7kdx8dq |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=[[The Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana ɗaukar bakin teku a matsayin wanda aka fi ɗaukar hoto a duniya, saboda manyan duwatsunsa a matsayin &quot;abin tunawa da zamanin da.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jaramillo |first=Alba |title=La Digue: The Seychelles' tropical biking paradise |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20220421-la-digue-the-seychelles-tropical-biking-paradise |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=www.bbc.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D'Orazio |first=Julia |date=2024-01-03 |title=‘World’s most photographed beach’ is the epitome of paradise |url=https://www.smh.com.au/traveller/inspiration/world-s-most-photographed-beach-is-the-epitome-of-paradise-20231220-p5esrj.html |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== A cikin kafofin watsa labarai ==

* A shekarar 2023, ''Forbes India'' ta sanya ta a matsayi na 2 cikin manyan rairayin bakin teku 5 mafi kyau a duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Top 5 Of The World's Best Beaches In 2023: From Lucky Bay Down Under To Cook Islands |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/lifes/top-5-of-the-worlds-best-beaches-in-2023-from-lucky-bay-down-under-to-cook-islands/87407/1 |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=Forbes India}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A shekarar 2017, ''[[CNN]]'' ta sanya ta a matsayi na 7 cikin manyan rairayin bakin teku 25 a Afirka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Exelby |first=Narina |date=2017-07-12 |title=25 of Africa’s best beaches |url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/africa-best-beaches/index.html |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A shekarar 2016, ''Newsweek'' ta lissafa ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun rairayin bakin teku a duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Boynton |first=Graham |date=2016-03-03 |title=The World's Best Beaches |url=https://www.newsweek.com/2016/03/11/worlds-best-beaches-433072.html |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=Newsweek}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Anse Georgette</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1262616553|Anse Georgette]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Anse Georgette''' bakin teku ne da ke gabar tekun arewa maso yammacin [[Praslin]], [[Seychelles]] . An sanya shi cikin manyan rairayin bakin teku 10 mafi kyau a duniya a shekarar 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anas |first=Brittany |title=The World’s Best Beaches—According To A 2024 Report |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brittanyanas/2024/05/03/the-worlds-best-beach-according-to-a-2024-report/ |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
Bakin tekun ya kasance ba a taɓa shi ba kuma an kiyaye shi a yanayinsa na asali, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thomson |first=Emma |date=2024-09-18 |title=21 of the best things to do in the Seychelles |url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/africa-travel/seychelles/best-things-to-do-in-the-seychelles-lm2jg8n7p |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=[[The Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kewaye da bishiyoyin takamaka kuma an yi masa ado da manyan duwatsu masu duwatsu masu daraja. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hutchinson |first=April |date=2018-01-01 |title=VIRGIN LANDS: The Seychelles, in the heart of the Indian Ocean, remains determined to protect its natural attractions |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&amp;sw=w&amp;issn=&amp;v=2.1&amp;it=r&amp;id=GALE%7CA526575564&amp;userGroupName=anon%7E5813d463&amp;aty=open-web-entry |journal=Business Traveller Middle East |language=English |pages=54–58}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2011, Hukumar Tsaron Ruwa ta Seychelles ta aiwatar da wani haramcin shiga ruwa da yin iyo a Anse Georgette na ɗan lokaci saboda jerin hare-haren sharks a [[Anse Lazio]] da ke makwabtaka da ita. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Swimming ban in Seychelles |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/swimming-ban-in-seychelles |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=GOV.UK}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Bakin tekun yana cikin harabar Constance Lémuria Resort mai zaman kansa. Duk da cewa an takaita shiga, baƙi waɗanda ba sa zuwa wurin shakatawa za su iya ziyarta da izini kafin lokaci. Haka kuma, ana iya zuwa ta hanyar yin tattaki daga Anse Lazio da ke kusa ko kuma ta jirgin ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Levius |first=Travis |date=2018-08-07 |title=Best beaches in the Seychelles |url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/seychelles-best-beaches/index.html |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== A cikin kafofin watsa labarai ==

* A shekarar 2024, kamfanin The National da ke Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ya sanya ta a matsayi na 8 cikin manyan rairayin bakin teku 50 mafi kyau a duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Skirka |first=Hayley |title=The 50 best beaches in the world in 2024: Trunk Bay in US Virgin Islands crowned champion |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/travel/2024/04/30/50-best-beaches-in-the-world/ |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=The National}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>861366</id>
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      <text bytes="2725" sha1="d8zbv1cb8h4dwg5p77q724ptaa0zp5g" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Anse Georgette''' bakin teku ne da ke gabar tekun arewa maso yammacin [[Praslin]], [[Seychelles]] . An sanya shi cikin manyan rairayin bakin teku 10 mafi kyau a duniya a shekarar 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anas |first=Brittany |title=The World’s Best Beaches—According To A 2024 Report |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brittanyanas/2024/05/03/the-worlds-best-beach-according-to-a-2024-report/ |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
Bakin tekun ya kasance ba a taɓa shi ba kuma an kiyaye shi a yanayinsa na asali, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thomson |first=Emma |date=2024-09-18 |title=21 of the best things to do in the Seychelles |url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/africa-travel/seychelles/best-things-to-do-in-the-seychelles-lm2jg8n7p |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=[[The Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kewaye da bishiyoyin takamaka kuma an yi masa ado da manyan duwatsu masu duwatsu masu daraja. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hutchinson |first=April |date=2018-01-01 |title=VIRGIN LANDS: The Seychelles, in the heart of the Indian Ocean, remains determined to protect its natural attractions |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&amp;sw=w&amp;issn=&amp;v=2.1&amp;it=r&amp;id=GALE%7CA526575564&amp;userGroupName=anon%7E5813d463&amp;aty=open-web-entry |journal=Business Traveller Middle East |language=English |pages=54–58}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2011, Hukumar Tsaron Ruwa ta Seychelles ta aiwatar da wani haramcin shiga ruwa da yin iyo a Anse Georgette na ɗan lokaci saboda jerin hare-haren sharks a [[Anse Lazio]] da ke makwabtaka da ita. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Swimming ban in Seychelles |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/swimming-ban-in-seychelles |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=GOV.UK}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Bakin tekun yana cikin harabar Constance Lémuria Resort mai zaman kansa. Duk da cewa an takaita shiga, baƙi waɗanda ba sa zuwa wurin shakatawa za su iya ziyarta da izini kafin lokaci. Haka kuma, ana iya zuwa ta hanyar yin tattaki daga Anse Lazio da ke kusa ko kuma ta jirgin ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Levius |first=Travis |date=2018-08-07 |title=Best beaches in the Seychelles |url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/seychelles-best-beaches/index.html |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== A cikin kafofin watsa labarai ==

* A shekarar 2024, kamfanin The National da ke Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ya sanya ta a matsayi na 8 cikin manyan rairayin bakin teku 50 mafi kyau a duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Skirka |first=Hayley |title=The 50 best beaches in the world in 2024: Trunk Bay in US Virgin Islands crowned champion |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/travel/2024/04/30/50-best-beaches-in-the-world/ |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=The National}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ked ƙishirwa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158642</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861365</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T16:38:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1224387459|Ked itch]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861365</origin>
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{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = 
| synonym       = 
| image         = 
| image_size    = 
| alt           = 
| caption       = 
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = [[Dermatology]]
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = 
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 
| deaths        = 
}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc; color:inherit;&quot; |Ked ƙishirwa
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Dermatology|Kimiyyar fata]]
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;ked itch wani yanayi ne na fata wanda tumaki ked (''Melophagus ovinus'') ke haifar wanda ke ciyarwa ta hanyar tura sassan bakinsu masu kaifi cikin fata da shan jini.&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrews&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 448 {{Rp|448}}

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Yanayin fata|Rashin rauni a fata]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tripanosomiasis na mutum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158643</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861367</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T16:39:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322580031|Human trypanosomiasis]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861367</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1103" sha1="3cl1okpfjzzrqxi133isjlmqsg1cifx" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; {{Infobox medical condition
| name          = 
| synonym       = 
| image         = Tropical Diseases - Fig 48.png
| image_size    = 
| alt           = 
| caption       = Rash of human trypanosomiasis.
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = [[Dermatology]]
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = 
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 
| deaths        = 
}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Infobox/styles-images.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;'''Tripanosomiasis na mutum''' yanayin fata ne wanda ke haifar da nau'ikan trypanosomes da yawa, tare da bayyanar fata yawanci ana lura da su a farkon matakan cutar kamar erythema, erythema multiforme, da edema, musamman angioedema.&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrews&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 428 {{Rp|428}}

== Dubi kuma ==

* Trypanosomiasis
* [[Yanayin fata|Rashin rauni a fata]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Excavata diseases}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tsibirin Denis</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351882357|Denis Island]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tsibirin Denis''' shine tsibiri na biyu mafi arewa maso gabas a [[Seychelles]] . Tana da {{Convert|60|km|0}} arewacin [[Mahé]] kuma yana gefen arewacin gabar Seychelles, tare da Tsibirin Tsuntsaye da ke kusa, wanda shine tsibirin Seychelles mafi arewa. {{Convert|1.4|km2}}   an sanya wa tsibirin murjani suna ne bayan jami'in sojin ruwan Faransa Denis de Trobriand, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rouxel |first=Jean-Christophe |title=Jean François DENIS de KEREDERN de TROBRIAND |url=http://ecole.nav.traditions.free.fr/officiers_denis_jean.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413223044/http://ecole.nav.traditions.free.fr/officiers_denis_jean.htm |archive-date=13 April 2021 |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=Parcours de vie dans la Royale}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya binciko shi a shekarar 1773. Tsibirin Denis mallakar mutum ne kuma yana da ɗan gajeren filin jirgin sama . Yana da wurin shakatawa na hutu tare da ɗakunan hutu guda 23.

Wani gidan haske da aka gina a shekarar 1910 har yanzu yana nan a gefen arewacin tsibirin. Akwai kuma wani coci mai suna Chapel St. Denis.

Tsibirin yana da yalwar bishiyoyin [[Kwa-kwa|kwakwa]], bishiyoyin ''Takamaka'' da ''Casuarina'' . A shekara ta 2004, an mayar da dabbobin Seychelles guda 47 daga [[Tsibirin Frégate|Tsibirin Fregate]] da kuma tsuntsayen Seychelles guda 58 daga Tsibirin Cousin zuwa Denis a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin kiyaye muhalli na Seychelles.

An sanya tsibirin a matsayin tsibiri, a cikin Tsibirin Seychelles.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>861369</id>
      <parentid>861368</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T16:39:58Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <origin>861369</origin>
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      <text bytes="1528" sha1="ds4dy4b9e543yrcbejs5hrym9do21kx" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Tsibirin Denis''' shine tsibiri na biyu mafi arewa maso gabas a [[Seychelles]] . Tana da {{Convert|60|km|0}} arewacin [[Mahé]] kuma yana gefen arewacin gabar Seychelles, tare da Tsibirin Tsuntsaye da ke kusa, wanda shine tsibirin Seychelles mafi arewa. {{Convert|1.4|km2}}   an sanya wa tsibirin murjani suna ne bayan jami'in sojin ruwan Faransa Denis de Trobriand, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rouxel |first=Jean-Christophe |title=Jean François DENIS de KEREDERN de TROBRIAND |url=http://ecole.nav.traditions.free.fr/officiers_denis_jean.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413223044/http://ecole.nav.traditions.free.fr/officiers_denis_jean.htm |archive-date=13 April 2021 |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=Parcours de vie dans la Royale}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya binciko shi a shekarar 1773. Tsibirin Denis mallakar mutum ne kuma yana da ɗan gajeren filin jirgin sama . Yana da wurin shakatawa na hutu tare da ɗakunan hutu guda 23.

Wani gidan haske da aka gina a shekarar 1910 har yanzu yana nan a gefen arewacin tsibirin. Akwai kuma wani coci mai suna Chapel St. Denis.

Tsibirin yana da yalwar bishiyoyin [[Kwa-kwa|kwakwa]], bishiyoyin ''Takamaka'' da ''Casuarina'' . A shekara ta 2004, an mayar da dabbobin Seychelles guda 47 daga [[Tsibirin Frégate|Tsibirin Fregate]] da kuma tsuntsayen Seychelles guda 58 daga Tsibirin Cousin zuwa Denis a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin kiyaye muhalli na Seychelles.

An sanya tsibirin a matsayin tsibiri, a cikin Tsibirin Seychelles.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Haematosiphon inodorus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158645</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861370</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T16:40:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352430396|Haematosiphon inodorus]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Haematosiphon inodorus''''' wani nau'in kwari ne mai shan jini daga dangin Cimicidae, wanda ake kira kwari na kaza na Mexico, '''kwari na kaji''' ko kwari na tsuntsu. Bayan ciyarwa suna kasancewa a cikin ko kusa da mazaunin mahalarta, gida, tushe, ko zama, amma ba a jikin ba.

== Masu masauki ==
Yankin rundunonin ''H. inodorus'' ya fadada. An samo kwari a cikin gidajen golden eagle (''Aquila chrysaetos'') a Kudancin [[Idaho]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=Michael T. |last2=Dudec |first2=Benjamin M. |last3=Heath (Mentor) |first3=Julie A. |date=5 August 2015 |title=Effects of Bed Bugs: Do Golden Eagles Stress about Living with Hematophagous Parasites |url=https://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/icur/2015/Poster_Session/67/ |journal=Idaho Conference on Undergraduate Research |language=en-us |access-date=8 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''H. inodorus'' ya kuma bayyana a cikin gidajen Falconiformes da Strigiformes da kuma tsuntsayen gida ko tsuntsayen Gallinaceous. A cikin jerin masu masaukin baki sune California condor (''Gymnogyps californianus''), tururuwa na Turkiyya (Cathartes aura), gaggafa mai zinariya (''Aquila chrysaetos''), hawk mai jan wutsiya (''Buteo jamaicensis''), falcon na Prairie (''Falco Mexicanus''), babban ƙaho mai ƙaho (''Bubo virginianus''), ƙaho (''Tyto alba''), kaza na gida (''Gallus gallus''), turkey na gida (''Meleagris gallopavo''), da kuma gaggafa (''Haliaeetus leucocephalus'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Grubb |first=Teryl G. |last2=Eakle |first2=Wade L. |last3=Tuggle |first3=Benjamin N. |date=1 January 1986 |title=Haematosiphon inodorus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) in a Nest of a Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in Arizona |url=https://meridian.allenpress.com/jwd/article/22/1/125/119050/Haematosiphon-inodorus-Hemiptera-Cimicidae-in-a |journal=Journal of Wildlife Diseases |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=125–127 |doi=10.7589/0090-3558-22.1.125 |pmid=3951049 |s2cid=8081248 |access-date=9 April 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;).

== Ma'amala da Mutum ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
Idan mai karɓar cuta ya gina gida a kan gida, ko ma shago, kuma mai karɓar ya bar ko kuma an dame shi, ''H. inodorus'' na iya tafiya neman abinci na jini kuma ya hau kan mutum.

CDC ta bayyana cewa ''H. inodorus'' &quot;ba mai tasiri ba ne na cututtuka&quot;, kuma ya bayyana cewa &quot;Bai kamata a dauki kwari a matsayin haɗarin kiwon lafiya ko lafiyar jama'a ba. &quot;Kwararrun kwari ba a san su da yaduwar cuta ba. &quot;Cwararrun kwarin, matsala a duk duniya, suna sake farfadowa, suna haifar da asarar dukiya, kashewa, da rashin jin daɗi, amma ba sa yaduwar cututtuka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Clinical Presentation |url=https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/bedbugs/index.html |access-date=2 December 2017 |website=CDC |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An gano kwari na kaza sun kamu da cututtukan jini, amma ba su bayyana a matsayin masu tasiri na cututtukani ba. Babban mahimmancin asibiti shine kumburi daga cinyewar arthropod da ƙaiƙayi saboda abubuwan da ke cikin hawan su. Halin rashin lafiyan daban-daban na iya faruwa ciki har da anaphylaxis . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=15 January 2019 |title=DPDx - Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern |url=https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/bedbugs/index.html |access-date=8 April 2023 |website=CDC |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Yassa''' 

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      <comment>inganta muqala</comment>
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'''Yassa'''&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassa&lt;/ref&gt; wani lokacin Yasa, Yasaq, Jazag ko Zasag; Mongoliya: Их Засаг, an fassara shi zuwa roman: Ikh Zasag shine dokar baki ta Mongols, wacce aka gina a hankali a lokacin mulkin Genghis Khan. Ita ce dokar daular Mongol, duk da cewa &quot;dokar&quot; an ɓoye ta kuma ba a taɓa bayyana ta a bainar jama'a ba. Da alama Yassa ta samo asali ne daga dokokin yaƙi, waɗanda daga baya aka tsara su kuma aka faɗaɗa su don haɗawa da al'adun gargajiya da salon rayuwa. Ta hanyar ɓoye Yassa, ana iya gyara dokokin kuma a yi amfani da su a zaɓi. Ana kyautata zaton cewa Genghis Khan da kansa da ɗansa da aka ɗauka Shigi Qutuqu ne suka kula da Yassa, a lokacin babban alkali (a cikin Mongoliya: улсын их заргач) na Daular Mongol ne suka kula da Yassa. Genghis Khan ya naɗa ɗansa na biyu, Chagatai (daga baya Chagatai Khan), don ya kula da aiwatar da dokokin.

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'''Yassa'''&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassa&lt;/ref&gt; wani lokacin Yasa, Yasaq, Jazag ko Zasag; Mongoliya: Их Засаг, an fassara shi zuwa roman: Ikh Zasag shine dokar baki ta Mongols, wacce aka gina a hankali a lokacin mulkin Genghis Khan. Ita ce dokar daular Mongol, duk da cewa &quot;dokar&quot; an ɓoye ta kuma ba a taɓa bayyana ta a bainar jama'a ba. Da alama Yassa ta samo asali ne daga dokokin yaƙi, waɗanda daga baya aka tsara su kuma aka faɗaɗa su don haɗawa da al'adun gargajiya da salon rayuwa. Ta hanyar ɓoye Yassa, ana iya gyara dokokin kuma a yi amfani da su a zaɓi. Ana kyautata zaton cewa Genghis Khan da kansa da ɗansa da aka ɗauka Shigi Qutuqu ne suka kula da Yassa, a lokacin babban alkali (a cikin Mongoliya: улсын их заргач) na Daular Mongol ne suka kula da Yassa. Genghis Khan ya naɗa ɗansa na biyu, Chagatai (daga baya Chagatai Khan), don ya kula da aiwatar da dokokin.

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
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'''Yassa'''&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassa&lt;/ref&gt; wani lokacin Yasa, Yasaq, Jazag ko Zasag; Mongoliya: Их Засаг, an fassara shi zuwa roman: Ikh Zasag shine dokar baki ta Mongols, wacce aka gina a hankali a lokacin mulkin Genghis Khan. Ita ce dokar daular Mongol, duk da cewa &quot;dokar&quot; an ɓoye ta kuma ba a taɓa bayyana ta a bainar jama'a ba. Da alama Yassa ta samo asali ne daga dokokin yaƙi, waɗanda daga baya aka tsara su kuma aka faɗaɗa su don haɗawa da al'adun gargajiya da salon rayuwa. Ta hanyar ɓoye Yassa, ana iya gyara dokokin kuma a yi amfani da su a zaɓi. Ana kyautata zaton cewa Genghis Khan da kansa da ɗansa da aka ɗauka Shigi Qutuqu ne suka kula da Yassa, a lokacin babban alkali (a cikin Mongoliya: улсын их заргач) na Daular Mongol ne suka kula da Yassa. Genghis Khan ya naɗa ɗansa na biyu, Chagatai (daga baya Chagatai Khan), don ya kula da aiwatar da dokokin.

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
Kalmar yasa (ko Yassa) tana wanzuwa a cikin harsunan Mongolian da Turkic. Ana kyautata zaton kalmar ta samo asali ne daga fi'ilin Proto-Mongolian *jasa- (Mongolian na zamani: засах, an fassara shi da romanized: zasakh), wanda ke nufin &quot;tsayawa cikin tsari&quot;. Fi'ilin Turkiyya yasa-, wanda ke nufin &quot;mulki; ƙirƙira&quot;, wataƙila an aro shi ne daga Mongolian.

A cikin rubutun farko a cikin Mongolian, Tarihin Sirri na Mongols, kalmar yassa da alama tana nufin takamaiman ƙa'idodi (na soja). Čerig žasa- (Tsakiya ta Mongolian: 扯舌᠋里克᠌ 札撒) - kusan daidai da Mongolian na zamani: цэрэг засах - kalma ce da aka saba samu a cikin Tarihin Sirri wanda ke nufin &quot;tsayawa cikin tsari&quot;, a ma'anar tara sojoji kafin yaƙi. A cikin Mongolian na zamani, fi'ilin zasaglakh (засаглах) yana nufin &quot;mulki&quot;.

Wata kalma, wacce wani lokacin ake daidaita ta da yassa, ita ce yosun (Mongolian na zamani: ёс, an fassara ta da romanized: jos). Wannan kalma tana nufin, a fayyace, ƙa'idodi da suka samo asali daga al'ada, gami da misali ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a. Masu rubuta tarihin farko daga Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya sau da yawa ba su bambanta tsakanin kalmomin biyu ba - wani lokacin saboda dalilai na akida - wanda hakan ke haifar da majiyoyi waɗanda galibi ke ɗauke da cakuda dokoki da al'adu.
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'''Yassa'''&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassa&lt;/ref&gt; wani lokacin Yasa, Yasaq, Jazag ko Zasag; Mongoliya: Их Засаг, an fassara shi zuwa roman: Ikh Zasag shine dokar baki ta Mongols, wacce aka gina a hankali a lokacin mulkin Genghis Khan. Ita ce dokar daular Mongol, duk da cewa &quot;dokar&quot; an ɓoye ta kuma ba a taɓa bayyana ta a bainar jama'a ba. Da alama Yassa ta samo asali ne daga dokokin yaƙi, waɗanda daga baya aka tsara su kuma aka faɗaɗa su don haɗawa da al'adun gargajiya da salon rayuwa. Ta hanyar ɓoye Yassa, ana iya gyara dokokin kuma a yi amfani da su a zaɓi. Ana kyautata zaton cewa Genghis Khan da kansa da ɗansa da aka ɗauka Shigi Qutuqu ne suka kula da Yassa, a lokacin babban alkali (a cikin Mongoliya: улсын их заргач) na Daular Mongol ne suka kula da Yassa. Genghis Khan ya naɗa ɗansa na biyu, Chagatai (daga baya Chagatai Khan), don ya kula da aiwatar da dokokin.

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
Kalmar yasa (ko Yassa) tana wanzuwa a cikin harsunan Mongolian da Turkic. Ana kyautata zaton kalmar ta samo asali ne daga fi'ilin Proto-Mongolian *jasa- (Mongolian na zamani: засах, an fassara shi da romanized: zasakh), wanda ke nufin &quot;tsayawa cikin tsari&quot;. Fi'ilin Turkiyya yasa-, wanda ke nufin &quot;mulki; ƙirƙira&quot;, wataƙila an aro shi ne daga Mongolian.

A cikin rubutun farko a cikin Mongolian, Tarihin Sirri na Mongols, kalmar yassa da alama tana nufin takamaiman ƙa'idodi (na soja). Čerig žasa- (Tsakiya ta Mongolian: 扯舌᠋里克᠌ 札撒) - kusan daidai da Mongolian na zamani: цэрэг засах - kalma ce da aka saba samu a cikin Tarihin Sirri wanda ke nufin &quot;tsayawa cikin tsari&quot;, a ma'anar tara sojoji kafin yaƙi. A cikin Mongolian na zamani, fi'ilin zasaglakh (засаглах) yana nufin &quot;mulki&quot;.

Wata kalma, wacce wani lokacin ake daidaita ta da yassa, ita ce yosun (Mongolian na zamani: ёс, an fassara ta da romanized: jos). Wannan kalma tana nufin, a fayyace, ƙa'idodi da suka samo asali daga al'ada, gami da misali ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a. Masu rubuta tarihin farko daga Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya sau da yawa ba su bambanta tsakanin kalmomin biyu ba - wani lokacin saboda dalilai na akida - wanda hakan ke haifar da majiyoyi waɗanda galibi ke ɗauke da cakuda dokoki da al'adu.

=== Amfani da tarihi da na yanzu ===
A zamanin daular Qing, Jasagh yana nufin gwamnonin lardunan asali a Mongolia. Ofishin yankin (Lifan Yuan) ya kasance kotunsu ta farko, kuma ya haɗa da sakatare da sauran jami'ai.

Ana kiran babbar hukumar zartarwa ta gwamnatin Mongoliya ta yanzu da Zasgiin gazar (Mongolian: засгийн газар), wanda ke nufin &quot;wurin Zasag&quot;, wato &quot;wurin tsari&quot;.
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'''Yassa'''&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassa&lt;/ref&gt; wani lokacin Yasa, Yasaq, Jazag ko Zasag; Mongoliya: Их Засаг, an fassara shi zuwa roman: Ikh Zasag shine dokar baki ta Mongols, wacce aka gina a hankali a lokacin mulkin Genghis Khan. Ita ce dokar daular Mongol, duk da cewa &quot;dokar&quot; an ɓoye ta kuma ba a taɓa bayyana ta a bainar jama'a ba. Da alama Yassa ta samo asali ne daga dokokin yaƙi, waɗanda daga baya aka tsara su kuma aka faɗaɗa su don haɗawa da al'adun gargajiya da salon rayuwa. Ta hanyar ɓoye Yassa, ana iya gyara dokokin kuma a yi amfani da su a zaɓi. Ana kyautata zaton cewa Genghis Khan da kansa da ɗansa da aka ɗauka Shigi Qutuqu ne suka kula da Yassa, a lokacin babban alkali (a cikin Mongoliya: улсын их заргач) na Daular Mongol ne suka kula da Yassa. Genghis Khan ya naɗa ɗansa na biyu, Chagatai (daga baya Chagatai Khan), don ya kula da aiwatar da dokokin.

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
Kalmar yasa (ko Yassa) tana wanzuwa a cikin harsunan Mongolian da Turkic. Ana kyautata zaton kalmar ta samo asali ne daga fi'ilin Proto-Mongolian *jasa- (Mongolian na zamani: засах, an fassara shi da romanized: zasakh), wanda ke nufin &quot;tsayawa cikin tsari&quot;. Fi'ilin Turkiyya yasa-, wanda ke nufin &quot;mulki; ƙirƙira&quot;, wataƙila an aro shi ne daga Mongolian.

A cikin rubutun farko a cikin Mongolian, Tarihin Sirri na Mongols, kalmar yassa da alama tana nufin takamaiman ƙa'idodi (na soja). Čerig žasa- (Tsakiya ta Mongolian: 扯舌᠋里克᠌ 札撒) - kusan daidai da Mongolian na zamani: цэрэг засах - kalma ce da aka saba samu a cikin Tarihin Sirri wanda ke nufin &quot;tsayawa cikin tsari&quot;, a ma'anar tara sojoji kafin yaƙi. A cikin Mongolian na zamani, fi'ilin zasaglakh (засаглах) yana nufin &quot;mulki&quot;.

Wata kalma, wacce wani lokacin ake daidaita ta da yassa, ita ce yosun (Mongolian na zamani: ёс, an fassara ta da romanized: jos). Wannan kalma tana nufin, a fayyace, ƙa'idodi da suka samo asali daga al'ada, gami da misali ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a. Masu rubuta tarihin farko daga Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya sau da yawa ba su bambanta tsakanin kalmomin biyu ba - wani lokacin saboda dalilai na akida - wanda hakan ke haifar da majiyoyi waɗanda galibi ke ɗauke da cakuda dokoki da al'adu.

=== Amfani da tarihi da na yanzu ===
A zamanin daular Qing, Jasagh yana nufin gwamnonin lardunan asali a Mongolia. Ofishin yankin (Lifan Yuan) ya kasance kotunsu ta farko, kuma ya haɗa da sakatare da sauran jami'ai.

Ana kiran babbar hukumar zartarwa ta gwamnatin Mongoliya ta yanzu da Zasgiin gazar (Mongolian: засгийн газар), wanda ke nufin &quot;wurin Zasag&quot;, wato &quot;wurin tsari&quot;.

== Tarihi ==

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'''Yassa'''&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassa&lt;/ref&gt; wani lokacin Yasa, Yasaq, Jazag ko Zasag; Mongoliya: Их Засаг, an fassara shi zuwa roman: Ikh Zasag shine dokar baki ta Mongols, wacce aka gina a hankali a lokacin mulkin Genghis Khan. Ita ce dokar daular Mongol, duk da cewa &quot;dokar&quot; an ɓoye ta kuma ba a taɓa bayyana ta a bainar jama'a ba. Da alama Yassa ta samo asali ne daga dokokin yaƙi, waɗanda daga baya aka tsara su kuma aka faɗaɗa su don haɗawa da al'adun gargajiya da salon rayuwa. Ta hanyar ɓoye Yassa, ana iya gyara dokokin kuma a yi amfani da su a zaɓi. Ana kyautata zaton cewa Genghis Khan da kansa da ɗansa da aka ɗauka Shigi Qutuqu ne suka kula da Yassa, a lokacin babban alkali (a cikin Mongoliya: улсын их заргач) na Daular Mongol ne suka kula da Yassa. Genghis Khan ya naɗa ɗansa na biyu, Chagatai (daga baya Chagatai Khan), don ya kula da aiwatar da dokokin.

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
Kalmar yasa (ko Yassa) tana wanzuwa a cikin harsunan Mongolian da Turkic. Ana kyautata zaton kalmar ta samo asali ne daga fi'ilin Proto-Mongolian *jasa- (Mongolian na zamani: засах, an fassara shi da romanized: zasakh), wanda ke nufin &quot;tsayawa cikin tsari&quot;. Fi'ilin Turkiyya yasa-, wanda ke nufin &quot;mulki; ƙirƙira&quot;, wataƙila an aro shi ne daga Mongolian.

A cikin rubutun farko a cikin Mongolian, Tarihin Sirri na Mongols, kalmar yassa da alama tana nufin takamaiman ƙa'idodi (na soja). Čerig žasa- (Tsakiya ta Mongolian: 扯舌᠋里克᠌ 札撒) - kusan daidai da Mongolian na zamani: цэрэг засах - kalma ce da aka saba samu a cikin Tarihin Sirri wanda ke nufin &quot;tsayawa cikin tsari&quot;, a ma'anar tara sojoji kafin yaƙi. A cikin Mongolian na zamani, fi'ilin zasaglakh (засаглах) yana nufin &quot;mulki&quot;.

Wata kalma, wacce wani lokacin ake daidaita ta da yassa, ita ce yosun (Mongolian na zamani: ёс, an fassara ta da romanized: jos). Wannan kalma tana nufin, a fayyace, ƙa'idodi da suka samo asali daga al'ada, gami da misali ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a. Masu rubuta tarihin farko daga Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya sau da yawa ba su bambanta tsakanin kalmomin biyu ba - wani lokacin saboda dalilai na akida - wanda hakan ke haifar da majiyoyi waɗanda galibi ke ɗauke da cakuda dokoki da al'adu.

=== Amfani da tarihi da na yanzu ===
A zamanin daular Qing, Jasagh yana nufin gwamnonin lardunan asali a Mongolia. Ofishin yankin (Lifan Yuan) ya kasance kotunsu ta farko, kuma ya haɗa da sakatare da sauran jami'ai.

Ana kiran babbar hukumar zartarwa ta gwamnatin Mongoliya ta yanzu da Zasgiin gazar (Mongolian: засгийн газар), wanda ke nufin &quot;wurin Zasag&quot;, wato &quot;wurin tsari&quot;.

== Tarihi ==
=== Kwanan wata da tarihin rubutu ===
A cewar wasu malamai, Genghis Khan ne ya ayyana Yassa a kurultai na 1206, lokacin da ya karɓi muƙamin Genghis Khan a hukumance. A cikin Tarihin Sirri, Genghis Khan ya gaya wa ɗansa da ya riƙo Shigi Qutuqu ya ƙirƙiri rajistar shari'a, wanda ke nuna wanzuwar irin wannan takarda: 

'''&quot;Bugu da ƙari, rubuta duk wani hukunci game da rarrabawa da kuma batun shari'a na dukkan al'umma a cikin takardar rubutu mai shuɗi, ya sanya shi littafi. Har sai zuriyar 'ya'yana, kada kowa ya canza kowane rubutu mai shuɗi wanda Šigi Qutuqu, bayan ya yanke shawara bisa ga ni, zai mayar da shi littafi mai farin takarda. Duk wanda ya canza shi zai zama mai laifi kuma zai fuskanci hukunci.&quot;'''

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861428</id>
      <parentid>861419</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T17:00:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>inganta muqala</comment>
      <origin>861428</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4050" sha1="8mtd0v0bfyeydjtaqhuic8g2ao0uxbr" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''Yassa'''&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassa&lt;/ref&gt; wani lokacin Yasa, Yasaq, Jazag ko Zasag; Mongoliya: Их Засаг, an fassara shi zuwa roman: Ikh Zasag shine dokar baki ta Mongols, wacce aka gina a hankali a lokacin mulkin Genghis Khan. Ita ce dokar daular Mongol, duk da cewa &quot;dokar&quot; an ɓoye ta kuma ba a taɓa bayyana ta a bainar jama'a ba. Da alama Yassa ta samo asali ne daga dokokin yaƙi, waɗanda daga baya aka tsara su kuma aka faɗaɗa su don haɗawa da al'adun gargajiya da salon rayuwa. Ta hanyar ɓoye Yassa, ana iya gyara dokokin kuma a yi amfani da su a zaɓi. Ana kyautata zaton cewa Genghis Khan da kansa da ɗansa da aka ɗauka Shigi Qutuqu ne suka kula da Yassa, a lokacin babban alkali (a cikin Mongoliya: улсын их заргач) na Daular Mongol ne suka kula da Yassa. Genghis Khan ya naɗa ɗansa na biyu, Chagatai (daga baya Chagatai Khan), don ya kula da aiwatar da dokokin.

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
Kalmar yasa (ko Yassa) tana wanzuwa a cikin harsunan Mongolian da Turkic. Ana kyautata zaton kalmar ta samo asali ne daga fi'ilin Proto-Mongolian *jasa- (Mongolian na zamani: засах, an fassara shi da romanized: zasakh), wanda ke nufin &quot;tsayawa cikin tsari&quot;. Fi'ilin Turkiyya yasa-, wanda ke nufin &quot;mulki; ƙirƙira&quot;, wataƙila an aro shi ne daga Mongolian.

A cikin rubutun farko a cikin Mongolian, Tarihin Sirri na Mongols, kalmar yassa da alama tana nufin takamaiman ƙa'idodi (na soja). Čerig žasa- (Tsakiya ta Mongolian: 扯舌᠋里克᠌ 札撒) - kusan daidai da Mongolian na zamani: цэрэг засах - kalma ce da aka saba samu a cikin Tarihin Sirri wanda ke nufin &quot;tsayawa cikin tsari&quot;, a ma'anar tara sojoji kafin yaƙi. A cikin Mongolian na zamani, fi'ilin zasaglakh (засаглах) yana nufin &quot;mulki&quot;.

Wata kalma, wacce wani lokacin ake daidaita ta da yassa, ita ce yosun (Mongolian na zamani: ёс, an fassara ta da romanized: jos). Wannan kalma tana nufin, a fayyace, ƙa'idodi da suka samo asali daga al'ada, gami da misali ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a. Masu rubuta tarihin farko daga Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya sau da yawa ba su bambanta tsakanin kalmomin biyu ba - wani lokacin saboda dalilai na akida - wanda hakan ke haifar da majiyoyi waɗanda galibi ke ɗauke da cakuda dokoki da al'adu.

=== Amfani da tarihi da na yanzu ===
A zamanin daular Qing, Jasagh yana nufin gwamnonin lardunan asali a Mongolia. Ofishin yankin (Lifan Yuan) ya kasance kotunsu ta farko, kuma ya haɗa da sakatare da sauran jami'ai.

Ana kiran babbar hukumar zartarwa ta gwamnatin Mongoliya ta yanzu da Zasgiin gazar (Mongolian: засгийн газар), wanda ke nufin &quot;wurin Zasag&quot;, wato &quot;wurin tsari&quot;.

== Tarihi ==
=== Kwanan wata da tarihin rubutu ===
A cewar wasu malamai, Genghis Khan ne ya ayyana Yassa a kurultai na 1206, lokacin da ya karɓi muƙamin Genghis Khan a hukumance. A cikin Tarihin Sirri, Genghis Khan ya gaya wa ɗansa da ya riƙo Shigi Qutuqu ya ƙirƙiri rajistar shari'a, wanda ke nuna wanzuwar irin wannan takarda: 

'''&quot;Bugu da ƙari, rubuta duk wani hukunci game da rarrabawa da kuma batun shari'a na dukkan al'umma a cikin takardar rubutu mai shuɗi, ya sanya shi littafi. Har sai zuriyar 'ya'yana, kada kowa ya canza kowane rubutu mai shuɗi wanda Šigi Qutuqu, bayan ya yanke shawara bisa ga ni, zai mayar da shi littafi mai farin takarda. Duk wanda ya canza shi zai zama mai laifi kuma zai fuskanci hukunci.&quot;'''

Wataƙila daga baya an rubuta Yassa a cikin rubutun Uyghur, an adana shi a cikin bayanan sirri kuma dangin sarki ne kawai suka sani kuma suka karanta shi. Juvyani, a cikin Tarikh-i Jahangushay, ya rubuta game da rawar da yasas ke takawa a lokacin kurultai (majalisar sojoji):


'''Ana kiran waɗannan takardu da Babban Littafin Yasas kuma ana ajiye su a cikin taskar manyan sarakuna. Duk lokacin da wani khan ya hau karagar mulki, ko kuma aka tara babbar runduna, ko kuma sarakuna suka taru suka fara tattaunawa tare game da harkokin gwamnati da gudanar da ita, suna samar da waɗannan takardu kuma suna kwaikwayon ayyukansu a kai;'''

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861429</id>
      <parentid>861428</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T17:01:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>inganta muqala</comment>
      <origin>861429</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4930" sha1="8pujz1yaxvwlm5fcz2wli1xitm0r1l7" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''Yassa'''&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassa&lt;/ref&gt; wani lokacin Yasa, Yasaq, Jazag ko Zasag; Mongoliya: Их Засаг, an fassara shi zuwa roman: Ikh Zasag shine dokar baki ta Mongols, wacce aka gina a hankali a lokacin mulkin Genghis Khan. Ita ce dokar daular Mongol, duk da cewa &quot;dokar&quot; an ɓoye ta kuma ba a taɓa bayyana ta a bainar jama'a ba. Da alama Yassa ta samo asali ne daga dokokin yaƙi, waɗanda daga baya aka tsara su kuma aka faɗaɗa su don haɗawa da al'adun gargajiya da salon rayuwa. Ta hanyar ɓoye Yassa, ana iya gyara dokokin kuma a yi amfani da su a zaɓi. Ana kyautata zaton cewa Genghis Khan da kansa da ɗansa da aka ɗauka Shigi Qutuqu ne suka kula da Yassa, a lokacin babban alkali (a cikin Mongoliya: улсын их заргач) na Daular Mongol ne suka kula da Yassa. Genghis Khan ya naɗa ɗansa na biyu, Chagatai (daga baya Chagatai Khan), don ya kula da aiwatar da dokokin.

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
Kalmar yasa (ko Yassa) tana wanzuwa a cikin harsunan Mongolian da Turkic. Ana kyautata zaton kalmar ta samo asali ne daga fi'ilin Proto-Mongolian *jasa- (Mongolian na zamani: засах, an fassara shi da romanized: zasakh), wanda ke nufin &quot;tsayawa cikin tsari&quot;. Fi'ilin Turkiyya yasa-, wanda ke nufin &quot;mulki; ƙirƙira&quot;, wataƙila an aro shi ne daga Mongolian.

A cikin rubutun farko a cikin Mongolian, Tarihin Sirri na Mongols, kalmar yassa da alama tana nufin takamaiman ƙa'idodi (na soja). Čerig žasa- (Tsakiya ta Mongolian: 扯舌᠋里克᠌ 札撒) - kusan daidai da Mongolian na zamani: цэрэг засах - kalma ce da aka saba samu a cikin Tarihin Sirri wanda ke nufin &quot;tsayawa cikin tsari&quot;, a ma'anar tara sojoji kafin yaƙi. A cikin Mongolian na zamani, fi'ilin zasaglakh (засаглах) yana nufin &quot;mulki&quot;.

Wata kalma, wacce wani lokacin ake daidaita ta da yassa, ita ce yosun (Mongolian na zamani: ёс, an fassara ta da romanized: jos). Wannan kalma tana nufin, a fayyace, ƙa'idodi da suka samo asali daga al'ada, gami da misali ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a. Masu rubuta tarihin farko daga Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya sau da yawa ba su bambanta tsakanin kalmomin biyu ba - wani lokacin saboda dalilai na akida - wanda hakan ke haifar da majiyoyi waɗanda galibi ke ɗauke da cakuda dokoki da al'adu.

=== Amfani da tarihi da na yanzu ===
A zamanin daular Qing, Jasagh yana nufin gwamnonin lardunan asali a Mongolia. Ofishin yankin (Lifan Yuan) ya kasance kotunsu ta farko, kuma ya haɗa da sakatare da sauran jami'ai.

Ana kiran babbar hukumar zartarwa ta gwamnatin Mongoliya ta yanzu da Zasgiin gazar (Mongolian: засгийн газар), wanda ke nufin &quot;wurin Zasag&quot;, wato &quot;wurin tsari&quot;.

== Tarihi ==
=== Kwanan wata da tarihin rubutu ===
A cewar wasu malamai, Genghis Khan ne ya ayyana Yassa a kurultai na 1206, lokacin da ya karɓi muƙamin Genghis Khan a hukumance. A cikin Tarihin Sirri, Genghis Khan ya gaya wa ɗansa da ya riƙo Shigi Qutuqu ya ƙirƙiri rajistar shari'a, wanda ke nuna wanzuwar irin wannan takarda: 

'''&quot;Bugu da ƙari, rubuta duk wani hukunci game da rarrabawa da kuma batun shari'a na dukkan al'umma a cikin takardar rubutu mai shuɗi, ya sanya shi littafi. Har sai zuriyar 'ya'yana, kada kowa ya canza kowane rubutu mai shuɗi wanda Šigi Qutuqu, bayan ya yanke shawara bisa ga ni, zai mayar da shi littafi mai farin takarda. Duk wanda ya canza shi zai zama mai laifi kuma zai fuskanci hukunci.&quot;'''

Wataƙila daga baya an rubuta Yassa a cikin rubutun Uyghur, an adana shi a cikin bayanan sirri kuma dangin sarki ne kawai suka sani kuma suka karanta shi. Juvyani, a cikin Tarikh-i Jahangushay, ya rubuta game da rawar da yasas ke takawa a lokacin kurultai (majalisar sojoji):


'''Ana kiran waɗannan takardu da Babban Littafin Yasas kuma ana ajiye su a cikin taskar manyan sarakuna. Duk lokacin da wani khan ya hau karagar mulki, ko kuma aka tara babbar runduna, ko kuma sarakuna suka taru suka fara tattaunawa tare game da harkokin gwamnati da gudanar da ita, suna samar da waɗannan takardu kuma suna kwaikwayon ayyukansu a kai;'''

An yi zaton cewa dokokin Yasa sun cika kuma sun taƙaice, amma ba a sami gungura ko kundin Mongoliya ba. Akwai bayanan taƙaitaccen bayani a cikin tarihi da yawa, ciki har da na al-Maqrizi, Vardan Areveltsi, da Ibn Battuta. Na farko daga cikin waɗannan wataƙila sun dogara ne akan aikin Ata-Malik Juvayni, wani jami'in Ilkhanate. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya gano kwafi a Koriya ma.

A ƙarshe, rashin kowace takarda ta zahiri yana da matsala a tarihi. Masana tarihi suna da tushe na biyu, zato da hasashe, waɗanda ke bayyana yawancin abubuwan da ke cikin taƙaitaccen bayani. Tabbacin tarihi game da Yassa yana da rauni idan aka kwatanta da tsohon Dokar Hammurabi (ƙarni na 18 KZ) ko Dokokin Ashoka (ƙarni na 3 KZ). An sassaka na ƙarshe don kowa ya gani a kan tubalan dutse, tsayin mita 12 zuwa 15, waɗanda ke cikin daular Ashoka (yanzu Indiya, Nepal, Pakistan da Afghanistan).
== Manazarta ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861431</id>
      <parentid>861429</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T17:02:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>saka manazarta</comment>
      <origin>861431</origin>
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      <text bytes="4970" sha1="q2nqvh2lqwka62gr4tqd1bchlz91iag" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''Yassa'''&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassa&lt;/ref&gt; wani lokacin Yasa, Yasaq, Jazag ko Zasag; Mongoliya: Их Засаг, an fassara shi zuwa roman: Ikh Zasag shine dokar baki ta Mongols, wacce aka gina a hankali a lokacin mulkin Genghis Khan. Ita ce dokar daular Mongol, duk da cewa &quot;dokar&quot; an ɓoye ta kuma ba a taɓa bayyana ta a bainar jama'a ba. Da alama Yassa ta samo asali ne daga dokokin yaƙi, waɗanda daga baya aka tsara su kuma aka faɗaɗa su don haɗawa da al'adun gargajiya da salon rayuwa. Ta hanyar ɓoye Yassa, ana iya gyara dokokin kuma a yi amfani da su a zaɓi. Ana kyautata zaton cewa Genghis Khan da kansa da ɗansa da aka ɗauka Shigi Qutuqu ne suka kula da Yassa, a lokacin babban alkali (a cikin Mongoliya: улсын их заргач) na Daular Mongol ne suka kula da Yassa. Genghis Khan ya naɗa ɗansa na biyu, Chagatai (daga baya Chagatai Khan), don ya kula da aiwatar da dokokin.

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
Kalmar yasa (ko Yassa) tana wanzuwa a cikin harsunan Mongolian da Turkic. Ana kyautata zaton kalmar ta samo asali ne daga fi'ilin Proto-Mongolian *jasa- (Mongolian na zamani: засах, an fassara shi da romanized: zasakh), wanda ke nufin &quot;tsayawa cikin tsari&quot;. Fi'ilin Turkiyya yasa-, wanda ke nufin &quot;mulki; ƙirƙira&quot;, wataƙila an aro shi ne daga Mongolian.

A cikin rubutun farko a cikin Mongolian, Tarihin Sirri na Mongols, kalmar yassa da alama tana nufin takamaiman ƙa'idodi (na soja). Čerig žasa- (Tsakiya ta Mongolian: 扯舌᠋里克᠌ 札撒) - kusan daidai da Mongolian na zamani: цэрэг засах - kalma ce da aka saba samu a cikin Tarihin Sirri wanda ke nufin &quot;tsayawa cikin tsari&quot;, a ma'anar tara sojoji kafin yaƙi. A cikin Mongolian na zamani, fi'ilin zasaglakh (засаглах) yana nufin &quot;mulki&quot;.

Wata kalma, wacce wani lokacin ake daidaita ta da yassa, ita ce yosun (Mongolian na zamani: ёс, an fassara ta da romanized: jos). Wannan kalma tana nufin, a fayyace, ƙa'idodi da suka samo asali daga al'ada, gami da misali ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a. Masu rubuta tarihin farko daga Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya sau da yawa ba su bambanta tsakanin kalmomin biyu ba - wani lokacin saboda dalilai na akida - wanda hakan ke haifar da majiyoyi waɗanda galibi ke ɗauke da cakuda dokoki da al'adu.

=== Amfani da tarihi da na yanzu ===
A zamanin daular Qing, Jasagh yana nufin gwamnonin lardunan asali a Mongolia. Ofishin yankin (Lifan Yuan) ya kasance kotunsu ta farko, kuma ya haɗa da sakatare da sauran jami'ai.

Ana kiran babbar hukumar zartarwa ta gwamnatin Mongoliya ta yanzu da Zasgiin gazar (Mongolian: засгийн газар), wanda ke nufin &quot;wurin Zasag&quot;, wato &quot;wurin tsari&quot;.

== Tarihi ==
=== Kwanan wata da tarihin rubutu ===
A cewar wasu malamai, Genghis Khan ne ya ayyana Yassa a kurultai na 1206, lokacin da ya karɓi muƙamin Genghis Khan a hukumance. A cikin Tarihin Sirri, Genghis Khan ya gaya wa ɗansa da ya riƙo Shigi Qutuqu ya ƙirƙiri rajistar shari'a, wanda ke nuna wanzuwar irin wannan takarda: 

'''&quot;Bugu da ƙari, rubuta duk wani hukunci game da rarrabawa da kuma batun shari'a na dukkan al'umma a cikin takardar rubutu mai shuɗi, ya sanya shi littafi. Har sai zuriyar 'ya'yana, kada kowa ya canza kowane rubutu mai shuɗi wanda Šigi Qutuqu, bayan ya yanke shawara bisa ga ni, zai mayar da shi littafi mai farin takarda. Duk wanda ya canza shi zai zama mai laifi kuma zai fuskanci hukunci.&quot;'''

Wataƙila daga baya an rubuta Yassa a cikin rubutun Uyghur, an adana shi a cikin bayanan sirri kuma dangin sarki ne kawai suka sani kuma suka karanta shi. Juvyani, a cikin Tarikh-i Jahangushay, ya rubuta game da rawar da yasas ke takawa a lokacin kurultai (majalisar sojoji):


'''Ana kiran waɗannan takardu da Babban Littafin Yasas kuma ana ajiye su a cikin taskar manyan sarakuna. Duk lokacin da wani khan ya hau karagar mulki, ko kuma aka tara babbar runduna, ko kuma sarakuna suka taru suka fara tattaunawa tare game da harkokin gwamnati da gudanar da ita, suna samar da waɗannan takardu kuma suna kwaikwayon ayyukansu a kai;'''

An yi zaton cewa dokokin Yasa sun cika kuma sun taƙaice, amma ba a sami gungura ko kundin Mongoliya ba. Akwai bayanan taƙaitaccen bayani a cikin tarihi da yawa, ciki har da na al-Maqrizi, Vardan Areveltsi, da Ibn Battuta. Na farko daga cikin waɗannan wataƙila sun dogara ne akan aikin Ata-Malik Juvayni, wani jami'in Ilkhanate. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya gano kwafi a Koriya ma.

A ƙarshe, rashin kowace takarda ta zahiri yana da matsala a tarihi. Masana tarihi suna da tushe na biyu, zato da hasashe, waɗanda ke bayyana yawancin abubuwan da ke cikin taƙaitaccen bayani. Tabbacin tarihi game da Yassa yana da rauni idan aka kwatanta da tsohon Dokar Hammurabi (ƙarni na 18 KZ) ko Dokokin Ashoka (ƙarni na 3 KZ). An sassaka na ƙarshe don kowa ya gani a kan tubalan dutse, tsayin mita 12 zuwa 15, waɗanda ke cikin daular Ashoka (yanzu Indiya, Nepal, Pakistan da Afghanistan).

== Daga cikin magajin Genghis Khan ==

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>861433</id>
      <parentid>861431</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T17:02:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>inganta muqala</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5503" sha1="f6eham93axvxw5g8mkb5qf3hqef1ugl" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''Yassa'''&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassa&lt;/ref&gt; wani lokacin Yasa, Yasaq, Jazag ko Zasag; Mongoliya: Их Засаг, an fassara shi zuwa roman: Ikh Zasag shine dokar baki ta Mongols, wacce aka gina a hankali a lokacin mulkin Genghis Khan. Ita ce dokar daular Mongol, duk da cewa &quot;dokar&quot; an ɓoye ta kuma ba a taɓa bayyana ta a bainar jama'a ba. Da alama Yassa ta samo asali ne daga dokokin yaƙi, waɗanda daga baya aka tsara su kuma aka faɗaɗa su don haɗawa da al'adun gargajiya da salon rayuwa. Ta hanyar ɓoye Yassa, ana iya gyara dokokin kuma a yi amfani da su a zaɓi. Ana kyautata zaton cewa Genghis Khan da kansa da ɗansa da aka ɗauka Shigi Qutuqu ne suka kula da Yassa, a lokacin babban alkali (a cikin Mongoliya: улсын их заргач) na Daular Mongol ne suka kula da Yassa. Genghis Khan ya naɗa ɗansa na biyu, Chagatai (daga baya Chagatai Khan), don ya kula da aiwatar da dokokin.

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
Kalmar yasa (ko Yassa) tana wanzuwa a cikin harsunan Mongolian da Turkic. Ana kyautata zaton kalmar ta samo asali ne daga fi'ilin Proto-Mongolian *jasa- (Mongolian na zamani: засах, an fassara shi da romanized: zasakh), wanda ke nufin &quot;tsayawa cikin tsari&quot;. Fi'ilin Turkiyya yasa-, wanda ke nufin &quot;mulki; ƙirƙira&quot;, wataƙila an aro shi ne daga Mongolian.

A cikin rubutun farko a cikin Mongolian, Tarihin Sirri na Mongols, kalmar yassa da alama tana nufin takamaiman ƙa'idodi (na soja). Čerig žasa- (Tsakiya ta Mongolian: 扯舌᠋里克᠌ 札撒) - kusan daidai da Mongolian na zamani: цэрэг засах - kalma ce da aka saba samu a cikin Tarihin Sirri wanda ke nufin &quot;tsayawa cikin tsari&quot;, a ma'anar tara sojoji kafin yaƙi. A cikin Mongolian na zamani, fi'ilin zasaglakh (засаглах) yana nufin &quot;mulki&quot;.

Wata kalma, wacce wani lokacin ake daidaita ta da yassa, ita ce yosun (Mongolian na zamani: ёс, an fassara ta da romanized: jos). Wannan kalma tana nufin, a fayyace, ƙa'idodi da suka samo asali daga al'ada, gami da misali ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a. Masu rubuta tarihin farko daga Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya sau da yawa ba su bambanta tsakanin kalmomin biyu ba - wani lokacin saboda dalilai na akida - wanda hakan ke haifar da majiyoyi waɗanda galibi ke ɗauke da cakuda dokoki da al'adu.

=== Amfani da tarihi da na yanzu ===
A zamanin daular Qing, Jasagh yana nufin gwamnonin lardunan asali a Mongolia. Ofishin yankin (Lifan Yuan) ya kasance kotunsu ta farko, kuma ya haɗa da sakatare da sauran jami'ai.

Ana kiran babbar hukumar zartarwa ta gwamnatin Mongoliya ta yanzu da Zasgiin gazar (Mongolian: засгийн газар), wanda ke nufin &quot;wurin Zasag&quot;, wato &quot;wurin tsari&quot;.

== Tarihi ==
=== Kwanan wata da tarihin rubutu ===
A cewar wasu malamai, Genghis Khan ne ya ayyana Yassa a kurultai na 1206, lokacin da ya karɓi muƙamin Genghis Khan a hukumance. A cikin Tarihin Sirri, Genghis Khan ya gaya wa ɗansa da ya riƙo Shigi Qutuqu ya ƙirƙiri rajistar shari'a, wanda ke nuna wanzuwar irin wannan takarda: 

'''&quot;Bugu da ƙari, rubuta duk wani hukunci game da rarrabawa da kuma batun shari'a na dukkan al'umma a cikin takardar rubutu mai shuɗi, ya sanya shi littafi. Har sai zuriyar 'ya'yana, kada kowa ya canza kowane rubutu mai shuɗi wanda Šigi Qutuqu, bayan ya yanke shawara bisa ga ni, zai mayar da shi littafi mai farin takarda. Duk wanda ya canza shi zai zama mai laifi kuma zai fuskanci hukunci.&quot;'''

Wataƙila daga baya an rubuta Yassa a cikin rubutun Uyghur, an adana shi a cikin bayanan sirri kuma dangin sarki ne kawai suka sani kuma suka karanta shi. Juvyani, a cikin Tarikh-i Jahangushay, ya rubuta game da rawar da yasas ke takawa a lokacin kurultai (majalisar sojoji):


'''Ana kiran waɗannan takardu da Babban Littafin Yasas kuma ana ajiye su a cikin taskar manyan sarakuna. Duk lokacin da wani khan ya hau karagar mulki, ko kuma aka tara babbar runduna, ko kuma sarakuna suka taru suka fara tattaunawa tare game da harkokin gwamnati da gudanar da ita, suna samar da waɗannan takardu kuma suna kwaikwayon ayyukansu a kai;'''

An yi zaton cewa dokokin Yasa sun cika kuma sun taƙaice, amma ba a sami gungura ko kundin Mongoliya ba. Akwai bayanan taƙaitaccen bayani a cikin tarihi da yawa, ciki har da na al-Maqrizi, Vardan Areveltsi, da Ibn Battuta. Na farko daga cikin waɗannan wataƙila sun dogara ne akan aikin Ata-Malik Juvayni, wani jami'in Ilkhanate. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya gano kwafi a Koriya ma.

A ƙarshe, rashin kowace takarda ta zahiri yana da matsala a tarihi. Masana tarihi suna da tushe na biyu, zato da hasashe, waɗanda ke bayyana yawancin abubuwan da ke cikin taƙaitaccen bayani. Tabbacin tarihi game da Yassa yana da rauni idan aka kwatanta da tsohon Dokar Hammurabi (ƙarni na 18 KZ) ko Dokokin Ashoka (ƙarni na 3 KZ). An sassaka na ƙarshe don kowa ya gani a kan tubalan dutse, tsayin mita 12 zuwa 15, waɗanda ke cikin daular Ashoka (yanzu Indiya, Nepal, Pakistan da Afghanistan).

== Daga cikin magajin Genghis Khan ==
Ögedei Khan, ɗa na uku na Genghis Khan da kuma na biyu Babban Khan, ya ayyana Babban Yassa a matsayin wani muhimmin abu da ya faru a lokacin nadin sarautarsa ​​a kurultai na 1229. Ya tabbatar da ci gaba da sahihancin umarnin mahaifinsa da ƙa'idodinsa, kuma ya ƙara nasa. Ögedei ya tsara ƙa'idodin sutura, da kuma halayen kurultais. Magadan sa biyu nan take sun bi al'adar shelar Yassa a lokacin nadin sarautarsu.

Mutanen Mongol da suka rayu a sassa daban-daban na daular sun fara ƙara dokoki da ake buƙata a yankunansu.

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>f6eham93axvxw5g8mkb5qf3hqef1ugl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861434</id>
      <parentid>861433</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T17:03:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>inganta muqala</comment>
      <origin>861434</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5524" sha1="qijbk0ihyz2pdn2h64kf8g0d9hvuxd1" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''Yassa'''&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassa&lt;/ref&gt; wani lokacin Yasa, Yasaq, Jazag ko Zasag; Mongoliya: Их Засаг, an fassara shi zuwa roman: Ikh Zasag shine dokar baki ta Mongols, wacce aka gina a hankali a lokacin mulkin Genghis Khan. Ita ce dokar daular Mongol, duk da cewa &quot;dokar&quot; an ɓoye ta kuma ba a taɓa bayyana ta a bainar jama'a ba. Da alama Yassa ta samo asali ne daga dokokin yaƙi, waɗanda daga baya aka tsara su kuma aka faɗaɗa su don haɗawa da al'adun gargajiya da salon rayuwa. Ta hanyar ɓoye Yassa, ana iya gyara dokokin kuma a yi amfani da su a zaɓi. Ana kyautata zaton cewa Genghis Khan da kansa da ɗansa da aka ɗauka Shigi Qutuqu ne suka kula da Yassa, a lokacin babban alkali (a cikin Mongoliya: улсын их заргач) na Daular Mongol ne suka kula da Yassa. Genghis Khan ya naɗa ɗansa na biyu, Chagatai (daga baya Chagatai Khan), don ya kula da aiwatar da dokokin.

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
Kalmar yasa (ko Yassa) tana wanzuwa a cikin harsunan Mongolian da Turkic. Ana kyautata zaton kalmar ta samo asali ne daga fi'ilin Proto-Mongolian *jasa- (Mongolian na zamani: засах, an fassara shi da romanized: zasakh), wanda ke nufin &quot;tsayawa cikin tsari&quot;. Fi'ilin Turkiyya yasa-, wanda ke nufin &quot;mulki; ƙirƙira&quot;, wataƙila an aro shi ne daga Mongolian.

A cikin rubutun farko a cikin Mongolian, Tarihin Sirri na Mongols, kalmar yassa da alama tana nufin takamaiman ƙa'idodi (na soja). Čerig žasa- (Tsakiya ta Mongolian: 扯舌᠋里克᠌ 札撒) - kusan daidai da Mongolian na zamani: цэрэг засах - kalma ce da aka saba samu a cikin Tarihin Sirri wanda ke nufin &quot;tsayawa cikin tsari&quot;, a ma'anar tara sojoji kafin yaƙi. A cikin Mongolian na zamani, fi'ilin zasaglakh (засаглах) yana nufin &quot;mulki&quot;.

Wata kalma, wacce wani lokacin ake daidaita ta da yassa, ita ce yosun (Mongolian na zamani: ёс, an fassara ta da romanized: jos). Wannan kalma tana nufin, a fayyace, ƙa'idodi da suka samo asali daga al'ada, gami da misali ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a. Masu rubuta tarihin farko daga Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya sau da yawa ba su bambanta tsakanin kalmomin biyu ba - wani lokacin saboda dalilai na akida - wanda hakan ke haifar da majiyoyi waɗanda galibi ke ɗauke da cakuda dokoki da al'adu.

=== Amfani da tarihi da na yanzu ===
A zamanin daular Qing, Jasagh yana nufin gwamnonin lardunan asali a Mongolia. Ofishin yankin (Lifan Yuan) ya kasance kotunsu ta farko, kuma ya haɗa da sakatare da sauran jami'ai.

Ana kiran babbar hukumar zartarwa ta gwamnatin Mongoliya ta yanzu da Zasgiin gazar (Mongolian: засгийн газар), wanda ke nufin &quot;wurin Zasag&quot;, wato &quot;wurin tsari&quot;.

== Tarihi ==
=== Kwanan wata da tarihin rubutu ===
A cewar wasu malamai, Genghis Khan ne ya ayyana Yassa a kurultai na 1206, lokacin da ya karɓi muƙamin Genghis Khan a hukumance. A cikin Tarihin Sirri, Genghis Khan ya gaya wa ɗansa da ya riƙo Shigi Qutuqu ya ƙirƙiri rajistar shari'a, wanda ke nuna wanzuwar irin wannan takarda: 

'''&quot;Bugu da ƙari, rubuta duk wani hukunci game da rarrabawa da kuma batun shari'a na dukkan al'umma a cikin takardar rubutu mai shuɗi, ya sanya shi littafi. Har sai zuriyar 'ya'yana, kada kowa ya canza kowane rubutu mai shuɗi wanda Šigi Qutuqu, bayan ya yanke shawara bisa ga ni, zai mayar da shi littafi mai farin takarda. Duk wanda ya canza shi zai zama mai laifi kuma zai fuskanci hukunci.&quot;'''

Wataƙila daga baya an rubuta Yassa a cikin rubutun Uyghur, an adana shi a cikin bayanan sirri kuma dangin sarki ne kawai suka sani kuma suka karanta shi. Juvyani, a cikin Tarikh-i Jahangushay, ya rubuta game da rawar da yasas ke takawa a lokacin kurultai (majalisar sojoji):


'''Ana kiran waɗannan takardu da Babban Littafin Yasas kuma ana ajiye su a cikin taskar manyan sarakuna. Duk lokacin da wani khan ya hau karagar mulki, ko kuma aka tara babbar runduna, ko kuma sarakuna suka taru suka fara tattaunawa tare game da harkokin gwamnati da gudanar da ita, suna samar da waɗannan takardu kuma suna kwaikwayon ayyukansu a kai;'''

An yi zaton cewa dokokin Yasa sun cika kuma sun taƙaice, amma ba a sami gungura ko kundin Mongoliya ba. Akwai bayanan taƙaitaccen bayani a cikin tarihi da yawa, ciki har da na al-Maqrizi, Vardan Areveltsi, da Ibn Battuta. Na farko daga cikin waɗannan wataƙila sun dogara ne akan aikin Ata-Malik Juvayni, wani jami'in Ilkhanate. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya gano kwafi a Koriya ma.

A ƙarshe, rashin kowace takarda ta zahiri yana da matsala a tarihi. Masana tarihi suna da tushe na biyu, zato da hasashe, waɗanda ke bayyana yawancin abubuwan da ke cikin taƙaitaccen bayani. Tabbacin tarihi game da Yassa yana da rauni idan aka kwatanta da tsohon Dokar Hammurabi (ƙarni na 18 KZ) ko Dokokin Ashoka (ƙarni na 3 KZ). An sassaka na ƙarshe don kowa ya gani a kan tubalan dutse, tsayin mita 12 zuwa 15, waɗanda ke cikin daular Ashoka (yanzu Indiya, Nepal, Pakistan da Afghanistan).

== Daga cikin magajin Genghis Khan ==
Ögedei Khan, ɗa na uku na Genghis Khan da kuma na biyu Babban Khan, ya ayyana Babban Yassa a matsayin wani muhimmin abu da ya faru a lokacin nadin sarautarsa ​​a kurultai na 1229. Ya tabbatar da ci gaba da sahihancin umarnin mahaifinsa da ƙa'idodinsa, kuma ya ƙara nasa. Ögedei ya tsara ƙa'idodin sutura, da kuma halayen kurultais. Magadan sa biyu nan take sun bi al'adar shelar Yassa a lokacin nadin sarautarsu.

Mutanen Mongol da suka rayu a sassa daban-daban na daular sun fara ƙara dokoki da ake buƙata a yankunansu.

=== Tasirin yau ===

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861435</id>
      <parentid>861434</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T17:04:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>inganta muqala</comment>
      <origin>861435</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5769" sha1="3rurar5f527wd8zi6a34smuc34pvjf6" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''Yassa'''&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassa&lt;/ref&gt; wani lokacin Yasa, Yasaq, Jazag ko Zasag; Mongoliya: Их Засаг, an fassara shi zuwa roman: Ikh Zasag shine dokar baki ta Mongols, wacce aka gina a hankali a lokacin mulkin Genghis Khan. Ita ce dokar daular Mongol, duk da cewa &quot;dokar&quot; an ɓoye ta kuma ba a taɓa bayyana ta a bainar jama'a ba. Da alama Yassa ta samo asali ne daga dokokin yaƙi, waɗanda daga baya aka tsara su kuma aka faɗaɗa su don haɗawa da al'adun gargajiya da salon rayuwa. Ta hanyar ɓoye Yassa, ana iya gyara dokokin kuma a yi amfani da su a zaɓi. Ana kyautata zaton cewa Genghis Khan da kansa da ɗansa da aka ɗauka Shigi Qutuqu ne suka kula da Yassa, a lokacin babban alkali (a cikin Mongoliya: улсын их заргач) na Daular Mongol ne suka kula da Yassa. Genghis Khan ya naɗa ɗansa na biyu, Chagatai (daga baya Chagatai Khan), don ya kula da aiwatar da dokokin.

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
Kalmar yasa (ko Yassa) tana wanzuwa a cikin harsunan Mongolian da Turkic. Ana kyautata zaton kalmar ta samo asali ne daga fi'ilin Proto-Mongolian *jasa- (Mongolian na zamani: засах, an fassara shi da romanized: zasakh), wanda ke nufin &quot;tsayawa cikin tsari&quot;. Fi'ilin Turkiyya yasa-, wanda ke nufin &quot;mulki; ƙirƙira&quot;, wataƙila an aro shi ne daga Mongolian.

A cikin rubutun farko a cikin Mongolian, Tarihin Sirri na Mongols, kalmar yassa da alama tana nufin takamaiman ƙa'idodi (na soja). Čerig žasa- (Tsakiya ta Mongolian: 扯舌᠋里克᠌ 札撒) - kusan daidai da Mongolian na zamani: цэрэг засах - kalma ce da aka saba samu a cikin Tarihin Sirri wanda ke nufin &quot;tsayawa cikin tsari&quot;, a ma'anar tara sojoji kafin yaƙi. A cikin Mongolian na zamani, fi'ilin zasaglakh (засаглах) yana nufin &quot;mulki&quot;.

Wata kalma, wacce wani lokacin ake daidaita ta da yassa, ita ce yosun (Mongolian na zamani: ёс, an fassara ta da romanized: jos). Wannan kalma tana nufin, a fayyace, ƙa'idodi da suka samo asali daga al'ada, gami da misali ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a. Masu rubuta tarihin farko daga Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya sau da yawa ba su bambanta tsakanin kalmomin biyu ba - wani lokacin saboda dalilai na akida - wanda hakan ke haifar da majiyoyi waɗanda galibi ke ɗauke da cakuda dokoki da al'adu.

=== Amfani da tarihi da na yanzu ===
A zamanin daular Qing, Jasagh yana nufin gwamnonin lardunan asali a Mongolia. Ofishin yankin (Lifan Yuan) ya kasance kotunsu ta farko, kuma ya haɗa da sakatare da sauran jami'ai.

Ana kiran babbar hukumar zartarwa ta gwamnatin Mongoliya ta yanzu da Zasgiin gazar (Mongolian: засгийн газар), wanda ke nufin &quot;wurin Zasag&quot;, wato &quot;wurin tsari&quot;.

== Tarihi ==
=== Kwanan wata da tarihin rubutu ===
A cewar wasu malamai, Genghis Khan ne ya ayyana Yassa a kurultai na 1206, lokacin da ya karɓi muƙamin Genghis Khan a hukumance. A cikin Tarihin Sirri, Genghis Khan ya gaya wa ɗansa da ya riƙo Shigi Qutuqu ya ƙirƙiri rajistar shari'a, wanda ke nuna wanzuwar irin wannan takarda: 

'''&quot;Bugu da ƙari, rubuta duk wani hukunci game da rarrabawa da kuma batun shari'a na dukkan al'umma a cikin takardar rubutu mai shuɗi, ya sanya shi littafi. Har sai zuriyar 'ya'yana, kada kowa ya canza kowane rubutu mai shuɗi wanda Šigi Qutuqu, bayan ya yanke shawara bisa ga ni, zai mayar da shi littafi mai farin takarda. Duk wanda ya canza shi zai zama mai laifi kuma zai fuskanci hukunci.&quot;'''

Wataƙila daga baya an rubuta Yassa a cikin rubutun Uyghur, an adana shi a cikin bayanan sirri kuma dangin sarki ne kawai suka sani kuma suka karanta shi. Juvyani, a cikin Tarikh-i Jahangushay, ya rubuta game da rawar da yasas ke takawa a lokacin kurultai (majalisar sojoji):


'''Ana kiran waɗannan takardu da Babban Littafin Yasas kuma ana ajiye su a cikin taskar manyan sarakuna. Duk lokacin da wani khan ya hau karagar mulki, ko kuma aka tara babbar runduna, ko kuma sarakuna suka taru suka fara tattaunawa tare game da harkokin gwamnati da gudanar da ita, suna samar da waɗannan takardu kuma suna kwaikwayon ayyukansu a kai;'''

An yi zaton cewa dokokin Yasa sun cika kuma sun taƙaice, amma ba a sami gungura ko kundin Mongoliya ba. Akwai bayanan taƙaitaccen bayani a cikin tarihi da yawa, ciki har da na al-Maqrizi, Vardan Areveltsi, da Ibn Battuta. Na farko daga cikin waɗannan wataƙila sun dogara ne akan aikin Ata-Malik Juvayni, wani jami'in Ilkhanate. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya gano kwafi a Koriya ma.

A ƙarshe, rashin kowace takarda ta zahiri yana da matsala a tarihi. Masana tarihi suna da tushe na biyu, zato da hasashe, waɗanda ke bayyana yawancin abubuwan da ke cikin taƙaitaccen bayani. Tabbacin tarihi game da Yassa yana da rauni idan aka kwatanta da tsohon Dokar Hammurabi (ƙarni na 18 KZ) ko Dokokin Ashoka (ƙarni na 3 KZ). An sassaka na ƙarshe don kowa ya gani a kan tubalan dutse, tsayin mita 12 zuwa 15, waɗanda ke cikin daular Ashoka (yanzu Indiya, Nepal, Pakistan da Afghanistan).

== Daga cikin magajin Genghis Khan ==
Ögedei Khan, ɗa na uku na Genghis Khan da kuma na biyu Babban Khan, ya ayyana Babban Yassa a matsayin wani muhimmin abu da ya faru a lokacin nadin sarautarsa ​​a kurultai na 1229. Ya tabbatar da ci gaba da sahihancin umarnin mahaifinsa da ƙa'idodinsa, kuma ya ƙara nasa. Ögedei ya tsara ƙa'idodin sutura, da kuma halayen kurultais. Magadan sa biyu nan take sun bi al'adar shelar Yassa a lokacin nadin sarautarsu.

Mutanen Mongol da suka rayu a sassa daban-daban na daular sun fara ƙara dokoki da ake buƙata a yankunansu.

=== Tasirin yau ===
A cikin harshen Turkiyya na zamani (kamar yadda ake amfani da shi a yanzu a Turkiyya), kalmar &quot;doka&quot; ita ce yasa, kuma siffa ta &quot;doka&quot; ita ce yasal. Kalmar kundin tsarin mulki, gami da Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Turkiyya, ita ce Anayasa (&quot;uwa-suru&quot;).

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>861438</id>
      <parentid>861435</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T17:06:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>saka manazarta</comment>
      <origin>861438</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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'''Yassa'''&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassa&lt;/ref&gt; wani lokacin Yasa, Yasaq, Jazag ko Zasag; Mongoliya: Их Засаг, an fassara shi zuwa roman: Ikh Zasag shine dokar baki ta Mongols, wacce aka gina a hankali a lokacin mulkin Genghis Khan. Ita ce dokar daular Mongol, duk da cewa &quot;dokar&quot; an ɓoye ta kuma ba a taɓa bayyana ta a bainar jama'a ba. Da alama Yassa ta samo asali ne daga dokokin yaƙi, waɗanda daga baya aka tsara su kuma aka faɗaɗa su don haɗawa da al'adun gargajiya da salon rayuwa. Ta hanyar ɓoye Yassa, ana iya gyara dokokin kuma a yi amfani da su a zaɓi. Ana kyautata zaton cewa Genghis Khan da kansa da ɗansa da aka ɗauka Shigi Qutuqu ne suka kula da Yassa, a lokacin babban alkali (a cikin Mongoliya: улсын их заргач) na Daular Mongol ne suka kula da Yassa. Genghis Khan ya naɗa ɗansa na biyu, Chagatai (daga baya Chagatai Khan), don ya kula da aiwatar da dokokin.&lt;ref&gt;http://cedar.wwu.edu/cedarbooks/4/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
Kalmar yasa (ko Yassa) tana wanzuwa a cikin harsunan Mongolian da Turkic. Ana kyautata zaton kalmar ta samo asali ne daga fi'ilin Proto-Mongolian *jasa- (Mongolian na zamani: засах, an fassara shi da romanized: zasakh), wanda ke nufin &quot;tsayawa cikin tsari&quot;. Fi'ilin Turkiyya yasa-, wanda ke nufin &quot;mulki; ƙirƙira&quot;, wataƙila an aro shi ne daga Mongolian.

A cikin rubutun farko a cikin Mongolian, Tarihin Sirri na Mongols, kalmar yassa da alama tana nufin takamaiman ƙa'idodi (na soja). Čerig žasa- (Tsakiya ta Mongolian: 扯舌᠋里克᠌ 札撒) - kusan daidai da Mongolian na zamani: цэрэг засах - kalma ce da aka saba samu a cikin Tarihin Sirri wanda ke nufin &quot;tsayawa cikin tsari&quot;, a ma'anar tara sojoji kafin yaƙi. A cikin Mongolian na zamani, fi'ilin zasaglakh (засаглах) yana nufin &quot;mulki&quot;.

Wata kalma, wacce wani lokacin ake daidaita ta da yassa, ita ce yosun (Mongolian na zamani: ёс, an fassara ta da romanized: jos). Wannan kalma tana nufin, a fayyace, ƙa'idodi da suka samo asali daga al'ada, gami da misali ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a. Masu rubuta tarihin farko daga Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya sau da yawa ba su bambanta tsakanin kalmomin biyu ba - wani lokacin saboda dalilai na akida - wanda hakan ke haifar da majiyoyi waɗanda galibi ke ɗauke da cakuda dokoki da al'adu.

=== Amfani da tarihi da na yanzu ===
A zamanin daular Qing, Jasagh yana nufin gwamnonin lardunan asali a Mongolia. Ofishin yankin (Lifan Yuan) ya kasance kotunsu ta farko, kuma ya haɗa da sakatare da sauran jami'ai.

Ana kiran babbar hukumar zartarwa ta gwamnatin Mongoliya ta yanzu da Zasgiin gazar (Mongolian: засгийн газар), wanda ke nufin &quot;wurin Zasag&quot;, wato &quot;wurin tsari&quot;.

== Tarihi ==
=== Kwanan wata da tarihin rubutu ===
A cewar wasu malamai, Genghis Khan ne ya ayyana Yassa a kurultai na 1206, lokacin da ya karɓi muƙamin Genghis Khan a hukumance. A cikin Tarihin Sirri, Genghis Khan ya gaya wa ɗansa da ya riƙo Shigi Qutuqu ya ƙirƙiri rajistar shari'a, wanda ke nuna wanzuwar irin wannan takarda: 

'''&quot;Bugu da ƙari, rubuta duk wani hukunci game da rarrabawa da kuma batun shari'a na dukkan al'umma a cikin takardar rubutu mai shuɗi, ya sanya shi littafi. Har sai zuriyar 'ya'yana, kada kowa ya canza kowane rubutu mai shuɗi wanda Šigi Qutuqu, bayan ya yanke shawara bisa ga ni, zai mayar da shi littafi mai farin takarda. Duk wanda ya canza shi zai zama mai laifi kuma zai fuskanci hukunci.&quot;'''

Wataƙila daga baya an rubuta Yassa a cikin rubutun Uyghur, an adana shi a cikin bayanan sirri kuma dangin sarki ne kawai suka sani kuma suka karanta shi. Juvyani, a cikin Tarikh-i Jahangushay, ya rubuta game da rawar da yasas ke takawa a lokacin kurultai (majalisar sojoji):


'''Ana kiran waɗannan takardu da Babban Littafin Yasas kuma ana ajiye su a cikin taskar manyan sarakuna. Duk lokacin da wani khan ya hau karagar mulki, ko kuma aka tara babbar runduna, ko kuma sarakuna suka taru suka fara tattaunawa tare game da harkokin gwamnati da gudanar da ita, suna samar da waɗannan takardu kuma suna kwaikwayon ayyukansu a kai;'''

An yi zaton cewa dokokin Yasa sun cika kuma sun taƙaice, amma ba a sami gungura ko kundin Mongoliya ba. Akwai bayanan taƙaitaccen bayani a cikin tarihi da yawa, ciki har da na al-Maqrizi, Vardan Areveltsi, da Ibn Battuta. Na farko daga cikin waɗannan wataƙila sun dogara ne akan aikin Ata-Malik Juvayni, wani jami'in Ilkhanate. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya gano kwafi a Koriya ma.

A ƙarshe, rashin kowace takarda ta zahiri yana da matsala a tarihi. Masana tarihi suna da tushe na biyu, zato da hasashe, waɗanda ke bayyana yawancin abubuwan da ke cikin taƙaitaccen bayani. Tabbacin tarihi game da Yassa yana da rauni idan aka kwatanta da tsohon Dokar Hammurabi (ƙarni na 18 KZ) ko Dokokin Ashoka (ƙarni na 3 KZ). An sassaka na ƙarshe don kowa ya gani a kan tubalan dutse, tsayin mita 12 zuwa 15, waɗanda ke cikin daular Ashoka (yanzu Indiya, Nepal, Pakistan da Afghanistan).

== Daga cikin magajin Genghis Khan ==
Ögedei Khan, ɗa na uku na Genghis Khan da kuma na biyu Babban Khan, ya ayyana Babban Yassa a matsayin wani muhimmin abu da ya faru a lokacin nadin sarautarsa ​​a kurultai na 1229. Ya tabbatar da ci gaba da sahihancin umarnin mahaifinsa da ƙa'idodinsa, kuma ya ƙara nasa. Ögedei ya tsara ƙa'idodin sutura, da kuma halayen kurultais. Magadan sa biyu nan take sun bi al'adar shelar Yassa a lokacin nadin sarautarsu.

Mutanen Mongol da suka rayu a sassa daban-daban na daular sun fara ƙara dokoki da ake buƙata a yankunansu.

=== Tasirin yau ===
A cikin harshen Turkiyya na zamani (kamar yadda ake amfani da shi a yanzu a Turkiyya), kalmar &quot;doka&quot; ita ce yasa, kuma siffa ta &quot;doka&quot; ita ce yasal. Kalmar kundin tsarin mulki, gami da Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Turkiyya, ita ce Anayasa (&quot;uwa-suru&quot;).

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mai bin diddigin motsa jiki</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-19T16:41:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rahama Buhari Sani</username>
        <id>45571</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359501285|Fitness tracker]]&quot;</comment>
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Na'urar '''bin diddigin motsa jiki''' ko kuma '''mai bin diddigin ayyuka''' na'urar lantarki ce da ke aunawa da tattara bayanai game da motsin mutum da kuma martanin jikinsa domin sa ido da inganta lafiyarsa, lafiyarsa, ko kuma lafiyarsa ta hankali a kan lokaci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=González Ramírez |first=Maria Luisa |last2=García Vázquez |first2=Juan Pablo |last3=Rodríguez |first3=Marcela D. |last4=Padilla-López |first4=Luis Alfredo |last5=Galindo-Aldana |first5=Gilberto Manuel |last6=Cuevas-González |first6=Daniel |date=2023-08-22 |orig-date=2023-08-22 |title=Wearables for Stress Management: A Scoping Review |journal=Healthcare |language=en |volume=11 |issue=17 |page=2369 |doi=10.3390/healthcare11172369 |issn=2227-9032 |pmc=10486660 |pmid=37685403 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawancin na'urorin bin diddigin motsa jiki suna kama da na'urorin auna ƙafafu, amma ban da ƙirga matakai suna ɗauke da ƙarin na'urori masu auna sigina kamar na'urorin auna accelerometers da altimeters don tattarawa ko kimanta bayanan motsa jiki da motsa jiki, gami da saurin tafiya da nisan da aka yi, bugun zuciya, yawan kalori da aka kashe, ko tsawon lokacin da aka ɗauka da [[Bacci|ingancin barci]] . 

Inganta fasahar kwamfuta tun daga shekarun 1980, wanda ci gaban wayoyin komai da ruwanka ya haifar, ya share fagen na'urorin bin diddigin bayanai masu amfani da na'urori masu auna sigina. Sau da yawa bayanai kamar su motsa jiki, yanayi, barci, shan ruwa, amfani da magunguna, jima'i, jinin al'ada, da kuma cututtuka masu yuwuwar faruwa ana daidaita su da manhajojin wayar hannu. Wannan ya haifar da damuwar sirri game da yadda kamfanonin da abin ya shafa ke adanawa da kuma nazarin bayanan masu amfani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Grundy |first=Quinn |date=2022-04-05 |title=A Review of the Quality and Impact of Mobile Health Apps |journal=Annual Review of Public Health |language=en |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=117–134 |doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052020-103738 |issn=0163-7525 |pmid=34910582 |s2cid=245243717 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An samar da [[Mai kula da bugun zuciya|na'urorin auna bugun zuciya]] masu amfani ga 'yan wasa a shekarar 1981.  Inganta fasaha a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 da farkon ƙarni na 21 ya ba da damar yin rikodin ayyukan motsa jiki ta atomatik, da kuma haɗa na'urori masu auna sigina cikin kayan aiki mafi sauƙin sawa. An fitar da takalmin RS-Computer a shekarar 1986. Misalan farko sun haɗa da kwamfutocin kekuna masu girman agogon hannu waɗanda ke lura da gudu, tsawon lokaci, nisa, da sauransu, waɗanda ake samu aƙalla a farkon shekarun 1990. Aƙalla farkon shekarun 2000, na'urorin bin diddigin motsa jiki masu amfani da su suna samuwa azaman na'urorin lantarki na masu amfani, gami da na'urorin bin diddigin bugun zuciya mara waya waɗanda za a iya haɗa su da na'urorin motsa jiki na kasuwanci a cikin dakunan motsa jiki.

Daga baya an yi amfani da na'urorin bin diddigin motsa jiki don haɗa da madaurin hannu da madaurin hannu (wanda ake kira madaurin wayo) da ƙananan na'urori waɗanda za a iya yanke su duk inda aka fi so.   A shekara ta 2006, [[Apple]] da Nike sun fitar da Nike+iPod, wani takalmin da aka sanye da na'urori masu auna firikwensin wanda ke aiki da iPod Nano .

Zuwa shekarar 2010, an fara gabatar da manhajojin yin rajista, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu sun ba da damar raba bayanai kai tsaye zuwa Facebook ko Twitter.  Na'urorin bin diddigin motsa jiki sun zama abin jan hankali ga masu amfani saboda wasannin motsa jiki, yanayin zamantakewa na [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]] masu alaƙa, da kuma gasa tsakanin abokai. 

A shekarar 2016, an samu ci gaba da dama a fannin bin diddigin motsa jiki ga yara, tare da zaɓuɓɓuka iri-iri daga ƙungiyoyi kamar [[UNICEF]] da Garmin . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Best Kids' Fitness Trackers of 2017 |url=https://unicefkidpower.org/best-kids-fitness-trackers-2017/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222115821/https://unicefkidpower.org/best-kids-fitness-trackers-2017/ |archive-date=22 February 2017 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=UNICEF Kid Power}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin bin diddigin abubuwa ==
Yawancin na'urorin bin diddigin motsa jiki na masu amfani ana sanya su ne a kan abin ɗaurewa irin na agogon hannu . Wannan nau'in na'urar bin diddigin yawanci yana ɗauke da nunin dijital don bayanai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Song |first=Victoria |date=22 March 2022 |title=The best fitness trackers to buy right now |url=https://www.theverge.com/22985108/best-fitness-tracker |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=The Verge |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na'urorin bin diddigin da aka yi amfani da su a wuyan hannu na iya samun kurakurai yayin motsa jiki wanda ya haɗa da motsi mai sauri na hannu. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid30899350&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bunn J. |last2=Wells E. |last3=Manor J. |last4=Webster M. |year=2019 |title=Evaluation of Earbud and Wristwatch Heart Rate Monitors during Aerobic and Resistance Training. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&amp;tool=sumsearch.org/cite&amp;retmode=ref&amp;cmd=prlinks&amp;id=30899350 |journal=Int J Exerc Sci |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=374–384 |doi=10.70252/LOOX1045 |pmc=6413847 |pmid=30899350}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na'urori da yawa waɗanda aka yi niyya musamman azaman agogon hannu suma suna aiki azaman na'urorin bin diddigin motsa jiki. Misali na farko shine Apple Watch, wanda ke ba da ayyukan na'urar bin diddigin motsa jiki tun 2014. 

Wasu na'urorin bin diddigin motsa jiki suna ɗaukar siffar zobe. Na'urorin bin diddigin da aka yi da zobe ba su da wani nuni na musamman amma suna dogara ne akan haɗin wayar salula don nuna bayanan da aka bi diddiginsu. 

Wani tsari na masu bin diddigin motsa jiki yana sanya na'urori masu auna sigina a cikin belun kunne . Waɗannan masu bin diddigin suna dogara ne da wayar salula don nuna bayanai, kamar masu bin diddigin motsa jiki na belun kunne. Masu bin diddigin motsa jiki na belun kunne suna amfani da na'urori masu auna sigina don ɗaukar karatu kai tsaye daga capillaries da ke cikin kunne. Saboda wurin da aka sanya su, waɗannan masu bin diddigin na iya bayar da sakamako ga hawan jini, electrocardiogram, da zafin jiki fiye da zobba ko agogon hannu.  Masu bin diddigin motsa jiki da aka sanya a kunne suma sun dace da kimanta bugun zuciya. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid30899350&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bunn J. |last2=Wells E. |last3=Manor J. |last4=Webster M. |year=2019 |title=Evaluation of Earbud and Wristwatch Heart Rate Monitors during Aerobic and Resistance Training. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&amp;tool=sumsearch.org/cite&amp;retmode=ref&amp;cmd=prlinks&amp;id=30899350 |journal=Int J Exerc Sci |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=374–384 |doi=10.70252/LOOX1045 |pmc=6413847 |pmid=30899350}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBunn_J.Wells_E.Manor_J.Webster_M.2019&quot;&gt;Bunn J.; Wells E.; Manor J.; Webster M. (2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&amp;tool=sumsearch.org/cite&amp;retmode=ref&amp;cmd=prlinks&amp;id=30899350 &quot;Evaluation of Earbud and Wristwatch Heart Rate Monitors during Aerobic and Resistance Training&quot;]. ''Int J Exerc Sci''. '''12''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;374–&lt;/span&gt;384. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.70252/LOOX1045|10.70252/LOOX1045]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6413847 6413847]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30899350 30899350].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Na'urori masu auna sigina masu sawa ==
An yi amfani da na'urori masu auna sigina da ake sakawa sosai a fannin kimiyyar likitanci, wasanni, da tsaro. Na'urori masu auna sigina da ake sakawa za su iya gano yanayi marasa kyau da na ba zato ba tsammani, da kuma sa ido kan sigogin jiki da alamu ta hanyar waɗannan na'urori masu auna sigina. Wannan fasaha ta sauya harkokin kiwon lafiya ta hanyar ba da damar ci gaba da sa ido kan marasa lafiya ba tare da an kwantar da su a asibiti ba. Ana iya isar da sa ido kan yanayin jikin majiyyaci, bugun zuciya, bambancin bugun zuciya, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Nikhil |last2=Moneghetti |first2=Kegan James |last3=Christle |first3=Jeffrey Wilcox |last4=Hadley |first4=David |last5=Plews |first5=Daniel |last6=Froelicher |first6=Victor |date=August 2018 |title=Heart Rate Variability: An Old Metric with New Meaning in the Era of using mHealth Technologies for Health and Exercise Training Guidance. Part One: Physiology and Methods |journal=Arrhythmia &amp; Electrophysiology Review |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=193–198 |doi=10.15420/aer.2018.27.2 |issn=2050-3369 |pmc=6141929 |pmid=30416733}}&lt;/ref&gt; ayyukan kwakwalwa, motsin tsoka, da sauran muhimman bayanai ta hanyar waɗannan na'urori masu auna sigina.

Bugu da ƙari, a cikin horon wasanni, akwai ƙaruwar buƙatar na'urori masu auna gumi da ake iya sawa. Misali, auna saurin gumi ya yiwu ne kawai a cikin tsarin dakunan gwaje-gwaje shekaru da suka gabata amma yanzu yana yiwuwa ta amfani da na'urori masu auna bugun zuciya (HRV). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ermes |first=Miikka |date=January 2008 |title=Detection of Daily Activities and Sports With Wearable Sensors in Controlled and Uncontrolled Conditions |journal=IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=20–26 |doi=10.1109/TITB.2007.899496 |pmid=18270033 |s2cid=18080013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bambancin bugun zuciya (HRV) yana da damar tantance ingancin tsarin motsa jiki. Bugu da ƙari, ana ba da shawarar HRV a tsakanin al'ummar 'yan wasa a matsayin alamar gargaɗi ga yin atisaye fiye da kima. Ta waɗannan hanyoyin, ana iya amfani da HRV don inganta aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Nikhil |last2=Moneghetti |first2=Kegan James |last3=Christle |first3=Jeffrey Wilcox |last4=Hadley |first4=David |last5=Plews |first5=Daniel |last6=Froelicher |first6=Victor |date=August 2018 |title=Heart Rate Variability: An Old Metric with New Meaning in the Era of using mHealth Technologies for Health and Exercise Training Guidance. Part One: Physiology and Methods |journal=Arrhythmia &amp; Electrophysiology Review |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=193–198 |doi=10.15420/aer.2018.27.2 |issn=2050-3369 |pmc=6141929 |pmid=30416733}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSinghMoneghettiChristleHadley2018&quot;&gt;Singh, Nikhil; Moneghetti, Kegan James; Christle, Jeffrey Wilcox; Hadley, David; Plews, Daniel; Froelicher, Victor (August 2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6141929 &quot;Heart Rate Variability: An Old Metric with New Meaning in the Era of using mHealth Technologies for Health and Exercise Training Guidance. Part One: Physiology and Methods&quot;]. ''Arrhythmia &amp; Electrophysiology Review''. '''7''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;193–&lt;/span&gt;198. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.15420/aer.2018.27.2|10.15420/aer.2018.27.2]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2050-3369 2050-3369]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6141929 6141929]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30416733 30416733].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amfani da lafiya ==
Na'urorin bin diddigin motsa jiki ba na'urorin likitanci ba ne. Duk da haka, sabbin samfura suna amfani da ma'anar Amurka ta na'urar duba lafiya ta Aji II, kuma wasu masana'antun suna fatan daga ƙarshe su sa su iya sanar da matsalar lafiya, kodayake za a buƙaci amincewar [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|FDA]] . 

=== Gano atrial fibrillation ===
An yi amfani da bin diddigin ayyuka don bin diddigin bugun zuciya na atrial fibrillation (AF), bugun zuciya mara tsari da rikicewa, wanda ke haifar da yawancin bugun jini a Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Raja |first=Joel M. |last2=Elsakr |first2=Carol |last3=Roman |first3=Sherif |last4=Cave |first4=Brandon |last5=Pour-Ghaz |first5=Issa |last6=Nanda |first6=Amit |last7=Maturana |first7=Miguel |last8=Khouzam |first8=Rami N. |date=September 2019 |title=Apple Watch, Wearables, and Heart Rhythm: where do we stand? |journal=Annals of Translational Medicine |volume=7 |issue=17 |page=417 |doi=10.21037/atm.2019.06.79 |pmc=6787392 |pmid=31660316 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙwararru sun dogara da na'urar auna bugun zuciya (EKG) don yin rikodin AF amma ba da daɗewa ba suka sami bandeji mai ɗaurewa.  don amfani da shi akai-akai. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2024)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar bayani&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Waɗannan na'urorin da ake sawa dole ne su kasance daidai domin hana kuskuren ganewar asali. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; An gano Apple Watch a cikin wani bincike don iya gano da kuma sanar da mai sawa bugun zuciya mara tsari. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Duk da cewa akwai haɗarin samun sakamako marasa kyau, binciken ya gano cewa yana iya zama kayan aiki mai amfani a lokacin ganewar asali na farko da kuma a matsayin ƙarin na'urar sa ido. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Rage nauyi da kiba ===
An kuma yi amfani da na'urorin bin diddigin motsa jiki don bin diddigin da nemo mafita don yaƙar kiba ta hanyar haɓaka motsa jiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bowen-Jallow |first=Kanika |last2=Nunez-Lopez |first2=Omar |last3=Wright |first3=Alex |last4=Fuchs |first4=Erika |last5=Ahn |first5=Mollie |last6=Lyons |first6=Elizabeth |last7=Jupiter |first7=Daniel |last8=Berry |first8=Lindsey |last9=Suman |first9=Oscar |last10=Radhakrishnan |first10=Ravi S. |last11=Glaser |first11=Andrea M. |last12=Thompson |first12=Deborah I. |date=2021-01-08 |title=Wearable Activity Tracking Device Use in an Adolescent Weight Management Clinic: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial |journal=Journal of Obesity |language=en |volume=2021 |doi=10.1155/2021/7625034 |issn=2090-0708 |pmc=7811568 |pmid=33505717 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bita mai tsari wanda ya ƙunshi bincike 35 da mahalarta 7454, wanda aka buga a cikin Jaridar British Journal of Sports Medicine, ya gano cewa na'urorin bin diddigin motsa jiki sun ƙara yawan motsa jikin mutane da matsakaicin matakai 1850 a rana. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ridgers |first=ND |last2=McNarry |first2=MA |last3=Mackintosh |first3=KA |date=November 23, 2016 |title=Feasibility and Effectiveness of Using Wearable Activity Trackers in Youth: A Systematic Review. |journal=JMIR mHealth and uHealth |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=e129 |doi=10.2196/mhealth.6540 |pmc=5143467 |pmid=27881359 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, wani bita na bincike shida ya gano cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa na'urorin bin diddigin motsa jiki suna inganta sakamakon lafiya. Daga cikin bincike biyar da suka duba rage kiba, ɗaya ya sami fa'ida, ɗaya ya sami illa, uku kuma ba su sami wani tasiri ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Peyer |first=Karissa L. |last2=Ellingson |first2=Laura D. |last3=Bus |first3=Kathryn |last4=Walsh |first4=Sarah A. |last5=Franke |first5=Warren D. |last6=Welk |first6=Gregory J. |date=June 2017 |title=Comparative effectiveness of guided weight loss and physical activity monitoring for weight loss and metabolic risks: A pilot study |journal=Preventive Medicine Reports |volume=6 |pages=271–277 |doi=10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.03.002 |pmc=5385579 |pmid=28409089}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar wani bincike da aka yi kwatanta sa ido na makonni 8 da kuma bin diddigin motsa jiki na tsawon watanni huɗu, shirin rage nauyi mai jagora, da kuma tare, sa ido kan ayyuka da shirin rage nauyi suna da alaƙa da irin wannan ci gaba kuma duka biyun suna da alaƙa da ƙarin ci gaba fiye da ko dai su kaɗai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Peyer |first=Karissa L. |last2=Ellingson |first2=Laura D. |last3=Bus |first3=Kathryn |last4=Walsh |first4=Sarah A. |last5=Franke |first5=Warren D. |last6=Welk |first6=Gregory J. |date=June 2017 |title=Comparative effectiveness of guided weight loss and physical activity monitoring for weight loss and metabolic risks: A pilot study |journal=Preventive Medicine Reports |volume=6 |pages=271–277 |doi=10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.03.002 |pmc=5385579 |pmid=28409089}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPeyerEllingsonBusWalsh2017&quot;&gt;Peyer, Karissa L.; Ellingson, Laura D.; Bus, Kathryn; Walsh, Sarah A.; Franke, Warren D.; Welk, Gregory J. (June 2017). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5385579 &quot;Comparative effectiveness of guided weight loss and physical activity monitoring for weight loss and metabolic risks: A pilot study&quot;]. ''Preventive Medicine Reports''. '''6''': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;271–&lt;/span&gt;277. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.03.002|10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.03.002]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5385579 5385579]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28409089 28409089].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ba a san ko canje-canjen ayyuka suna faruwa a cikin yara da matasa ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ridgers |first=ND |last2=McNarry |first2=MA |last3=Mackintosh |first3=KA |date=November 23, 2016 |title=Feasibility and Effectiveness of Using Wearable Activity Trackers in Youth: A Systematic Review. |journal=JMIR mHealth and uHealth |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=e129 |doi=10.2196/mhealth.6540 |pmc=5143467 |pmid=27881359 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRidgersMcNarryMackintosh2016&quot;&gt;Ridgers, ND; McNarry, MA; Mackintosh, KA (November 23, 2016). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5143467 &quot;Feasibility and Effectiveness of Using Wearable Activity Trackers in Youth: A Systematic Review&quot;]. ''JMIR mHealth and uHealth''. '''4''' (4): e129. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.2196/mhealth.6540|10.2196/mhealth.6540]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5143467 5143467]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27881359 27881359].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Böhm |first=B |last2=Karwiese |first2=SD |last3=Böhm |first3=H |last4=Oberhoffer |first4=R |date=30 April 2019 |title=Effects of Mobile Health Including Wearable Activity Trackers to Increase Physical Activity Outcomes Among Healthy Children and Adolescents: Systematic Review. |journal=JMIR mHealth and uHealth |volume=7 |issue=4 |doi=10.2196/mhealth.8298 |pmc=6658241 |pmid=31038460 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kula da damuwa da cututtukan kwakwalwa ===
Agogon hannu na zamani sun shiga cikin sa ido kan damuwa da sauran matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hickey |first=Blake Anthony |last2=Chalmers |first2=Taryn |last3=Newton |first3=Phillip |last4=Lin |first4=Chin-Teng |last5=Sibbritt |first5=David |last6=McLachlan |first6=Craig S. |last7=Clifton-Bligh |first7=Roderick |last8=Morley |first8=John |last9=Lal |first9=Sara |date=January 2021 |title=Smart Devices and Wearable Technologies to Detect and Monitor Mental Health Conditions and Stress: A Systematic Review |journal=Sensors |language=en |volume=21 |issue=10 |page=3461 |bibcode=2021Senso..21.3461H |doi=10.3390/s21103461 |issn=1424-8220 |pmc=8156923 |pmid=34065620 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gudanar da wani bincike kan nau'ikan na'urori daban-daban, tun daga manyan na'urori masu sawa zuwa ƙananan na'urori masu ɗaukuwa tare da na'urori masu auna bugun zuciya, damuwa, da kowace irin damuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Ana amfani da facin ƙirji don auna bugun zuciya yayin da aka yi amfani da madaurin hannu (&quot;Chillbands&quot;) don bin diddigin aiki, inda aka ga alaƙa a cikin matakan HR da kuma shigar da yanayin circadian, damuwa, jinsi, da shekaru. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; An ga cewa gano baƙin ciki kaɗai yana da ƙalubale, yana haifar da haɗarin rashin ganewar asali, amma ƙarin bincike tare da bin diddigin barci, motsa jiki, canje-canjen yanayi, aikin fahimta, da halaye na zamantakewa suna taimakawa wajen samar da ma'auni daidai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

=== Kula da ci gaban jarirai ===
Na'urori masu auna sigina masu sawa  an kuma yi amfani da su wajen lura da ci gaban jarirai, ƙwarewar motsa jiki, da ci gaban jiki su ne manyan abubuwan da aka mayar da hankali a kansu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Airaksinen |first=Manu |last2=Taylor |first2=Elisa |last3=Gallen |first3=Anastasia |last4=Ilén |first4=Elina |last5=Saari |first5=Antti |last6=Sankilampi |first6=Ulla |last7=Räsänen |first7=Okko |last8=Haataja |first8=Leena M. |last9=Vanhatalo |first9=Sampsa |date=June 2023 |title=Charting infants' motor development at home using a wearable system: validation and comparison to physical growth charts |url= |journal=eBioMedicine |volume=92 |doi=10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104591 |issn=2352-3964 |pmc=10176156 |pmid=37137181}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hasashen cutar Parkinson ===
Ana iya amfani da bin diddigin motsin jiki a matsayin kayan aikin nazari don tantance haɗarin kamuwa da cutar Parkinson a cikin mutane. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schalkamp |first=Ann-Kathrin |last2=Peall |first2=Kathryn J. |last3=Harrison |first3=Neil A. |last4=Sandor |first4=Cynthia |date=August 2023 |title=Wearable movement-tracking data identify Parkinson's disease years before clinical diagnosis |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-023-02440-2 |journal=Nature Medicine |language=en |volume=29 |issue=8 |pages=2048–2056 |doi=10.1038/s41591-023-02440-2 |issn=1546-170X |pmid=37400639 |s2cid=259323971 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Faɗakarwa ga masu kulawa ===
An yi nufin sauran na'urorin bin diddigin motsa jiki don sa ido kan alamun rayuwa masu mahimmanci ga tsofaffi, masu fama da farfadiya, da mutanen da ke fama da matsalar barci da kuma sanar da mai kula da su game da wata matsala. 

=== Bin diddigin jinin al'ada da lafiyar haihuwa ===
Masu bin diddigin motsa jiki za su iya haɗawa da manhajojin bin diddigin jinin al'ada don bin diddigin jinin al'ada don gano duk wani rashin daidaituwa da suke son sanar da likitocinsu ko ƙwararru. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fowler |first=Leah R. |last2=Gillard |first2=Charlotte |last3=Morain |first3=Stephanie R. |date=September 2020 |title=Readability and Accessibility of Terms of Service and Privacy Policies for Menstruation-Tracking Smartphone Applications |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1524839919899924 |journal=Health Promotion Practice |language=en |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=679–683 |doi=10.1177/1524839919899924 |issn=1524-8399 |pmid=32037887 |s2cid=211072307 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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Na'urar '''bin diddigin motsa jiki''' ko kuma '''mai bin diddigin ayyuka''' na'urar lantarki ce da ke aunawa da tattara bayanai game da motsin mutum da kuma martanin jikinsa domin sa ido da inganta lafiyarsa, lafiyarsa, ko kuma lafiyarsa ta hankali a kan lokaci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=González Ramírez |first=Maria Luisa |last2=García Vázquez |first2=Juan Pablo |last3=Rodríguez |first3=Marcela D. |last4=Padilla-López |first4=Luis Alfredo |last5=Galindo-Aldana |first5=Gilberto Manuel |last6=Cuevas-González |first6=Daniel |date=2023-08-22 |orig-date=2023-08-22 |title=Wearables for Stress Management: A Scoping Review |journal=Healthcare |language=en |volume=11 |issue=17 |page=2369 |doi=10.3390/healthcare11172369 |issn=2227-9032 |pmc=10486660 |pmid=37685403 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawancin na'urorin bin diddigin motsa jiki suna kama da na'urorin auna ƙafafu, amma ban da ƙirga matakai suna ɗauke da ƙarin na'urori masu auna sigina kamar na'urorin auna accelerometers da altimeters don tattarawa ko kimanta bayanan motsa jiki da motsa jiki, gami da saurin tafiya da nisan da aka yi, bugun zuciya, yawan kalori da aka kashe, ko tsawon lokacin da aka ɗauka da [[Bacci|ingancin barci]] . 

Inganta fasahar kwamfuta tun daga shekarun 1980, wanda ci gaban wayoyin komai da ruwanka ya haifar, ya share fagen na'urorin bin diddigin bayanai masu amfani da na'urori masu auna sigina. Sau da yawa bayanai kamar su motsa jiki, yanayi, barci, shan ruwa, amfani da magunguna, jima'i, jinin al'ada, da kuma cututtuka masu yuwuwar faruwa ana daidaita su da manhajojin wayar hannu. Wannan ya haifar da damuwar sirri game da yadda kamfanonin da abin ya shafa ke adanawa da kuma nazarin bayanan masu amfani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Grundy |first=Quinn |date=2022-04-05 |title=A Review of the Quality and Impact of Mobile Health Apps |journal=Annual Review of Public Health |language=en |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=117–134 |doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052020-103738 |issn=0163-7525 |pmid=34910582 |s2cid=245243717 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An samar da [[Mai kula da bugun zuciya|na'urorin auna bugun zuciya]] masu amfani ga 'yan wasa a shekarar 1981.  Inganta fasaha a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 da farkon ƙarni na 21 ya ba da damar yin rikodin ayyukan motsa jiki ta atomatik, da kuma haɗa na'urori masu auna sigina cikin kayan aiki mafi sauƙin sawa. An fitar da takalmin RS-Computer a shekarar 1986. Misalan farko sun haɗa da kwamfutocin kekuna masu girman agogon hannu waɗanda ke lura da gudu, tsawon lokaci, nisa, da sauransu, waɗanda ake samu aƙalla a farkon shekarun 1990. Aƙalla farkon shekarun 2000, na'urorin bin diddigin motsa jiki masu amfani da su suna samuwa azaman na'urorin lantarki na masu amfani, gami da na'urorin bin diddigin bugun zuciya mara waya waɗanda za a iya haɗa su da na'urorin motsa jiki na kasuwanci a cikin dakunan motsa jiki.

Daga baya an yi amfani da na'urorin bin diddigin motsa jiki don haɗa da madaurin hannu da madaurin hannu (wanda ake kira madaurin wayo) da ƙananan na'urori waɗanda za a iya yanke su duk inda aka fi so.   A shekara ta 2006, [[Apple]] da Nike sun fitar da Nike+iPod, wani takalmin da aka sanye da na'urori masu auna firikwensin wanda ke aiki da iPod Nano .

Zuwa shekarar 2010, an fara gabatar da manhajojin yin rajista, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu sun ba da damar raba bayanai kai tsaye zuwa Facebook ko Twitter.  Na'urorin bin diddigin motsa jiki sun zama abin jan hankali ga masu amfani saboda wasannin motsa jiki, yanayin zamantakewa na [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]] masu alaƙa, da kuma gasa tsakanin abokai. 

A shekarar 2016, an samu ci gaba da dama a fannin bin diddigin motsa jiki ga yara, tare da zaɓuɓɓuka iri-iri daga ƙungiyoyi kamar [[UNICEF]] da Garmin . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Best Kids' Fitness Trackers of 2017 |url=https://unicefkidpower.org/best-kids-fitness-trackers-2017/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222115821/https://unicefkidpower.org/best-kids-fitness-trackers-2017/ |archive-date=22 February 2017 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=UNICEF Kid Power}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin bin diddigin abubuwa ==
Yawancin na'urorin bin diddigin motsa jiki na masu amfani ana sanya su ne a kan abin ɗaurewa irin na agogon hannu . Wannan nau'in na'urar bin diddigin yawanci yana ɗauke da nunin dijital don bayanai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Song |first=Victoria |date=22 March 2022 |title=The best fitness trackers to buy right now |url=https://www.theverge.com/22985108/best-fitness-tracker |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=The Verge |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na'urorin bin diddigin da aka yi amfani da su a wuyan hannu na iya samun kurakurai yayin motsa jiki wanda ya haɗa da motsi mai sauri na hannu. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid30899350&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bunn J. |last2=Wells E. |last3=Manor J. |last4=Webster M. |year=2019 |title=Evaluation of Earbud and Wristwatch Heart Rate Monitors during Aerobic and Resistance Training. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&amp;tool=sumsearch.org/cite&amp;retmode=ref&amp;cmd=prlinks&amp;id=30899350 |journal=Int J Exerc Sci |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=374–384 |doi=10.70252/LOOX1045 |pmc=6413847 |pmid=30899350}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na'urori da yawa waɗanda aka yi niyya musamman azaman agogon hannu suma suna aiki azaman na'urorin bin diddigin motsa jiki. Misali na farko shine Apple Watch, wanda ke ba da ayyukan na'urar bin diddigin motsa jiki tun 2014. 

Wasu na'urorin bin diddigin motsa jiki suna ɗaukar siffar zobe. Na'urorin bin diddigin da aka yi da zobe ba su da wani nuni na musamman amma suna dogara ne akan haɗin wayar salula don nuna bayanan da aka bi diddiginsu. 

Wani tsari na masu bin diddigin motsa jiki yana sanya na'urori masu auna sigina a cikin belun kunne . Waɗannan masu bin diddigin suna dogara ne da wayar salula don nuna bayanai, kamar masu bin diddigin motsa jiki na belun kunne. Masu bin diddigin motsa jiki na belun kunne suna amfani da na'urori masu auna sigina don ɗaukar karatu kai tsaye daga capillaries da ke cikin kunne. Saboda wurin da aka sanya su, waɗannan masu bin diddigin na iya bayar da sakamako ga hawan jini, electrocardiogram, da zafin jiki fiye da zobba ko agogon hannu.  Masu bin diddigin motsa jiki da aka sanya a kunne suma sun dace da kimanta bugun zuciya. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid30899350&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bunn J. |last2=Wells E. |last3=Manor J. |last4=Webster M. |year=2019 |title=Evaluation of Earbud and Wristwatch Heart Rate Monitors during Aerobic and Resistance Training. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&amp;tool=sumsearch.org/cite&amp;retmode=ref&amp;cmd=prlinks&amp;id=30899350 |journal=Int J Exerc Sci |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=374–384 |doi=10.70252/LOOX1045 |pmc=6413847 |pmid=30899350}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBunn_J.Wells_E.Manor_J.Webster_M.2019&quot;&gt;Bunn J.; Wells E.; Manor J.; Webster M. (2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&amp;tool=sumsearch.org/cite&amp;retmode=ref&amp;cmd=prlinks&amp;id=30899350 &quot;Evaluation of Earbud and Wristwatch Heart Rate Monitors during Aerobic and Resistance Training&quot;]. ''Int J Exerc Sci''. '''12''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;374–&lt;/span&gt;384. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.70252/LOOX1045|10.70252/LOOX1045]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6413847 6413847]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30899350 30899350].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Na'urori masu auna sigina masu sawa ==
An yi amfani da na'urori masu auna sigina da ake sakawa sosai a fannin kimiyyar likitanci, wasanni, da tsaro. Na'urori masu auna sigina da ake sakawa za su iya gano yanayi marasa kyau da na ba zato ba tsammani, da kuma sa ido kan sigogin jiki da alamu ta hanyar waɗannan na'urori masu auna sigina. Wannan fasaha ta sauya harkokin kiwon lafiya ta hanyar ba da damar ci gaba da sa ido kan marasa lafiya ba tare da an kwantar da su a asibiti ba. Ana iya isar da sa ido kan yanayin jikin majiyyaci, bugun zuciya, bambancin bugun zuciya, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Nikhil |last2=Moneghetti |first2=Kegan James |last3=Christle |first3=Jeffrey Wilcox |last4=Hadley |first4=David |last5=Plews |first5=Daniel |last6=Froelicher |first6=Victor |date=August 2018 |title=Heart Rate Variability: An Old Metric with New Meaning in the Era of using mHealth Technologies for Health and Exercise Training Guidance. Part One: Physiology and Methods |journal=Arrhythmia &amp; Electrophysiology Review |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=193–198 |doi=10.15420/aer.2018.27.2 |issn=2050-3369 |pmc=6141929 |pmid=30416733}}&lt;/ref&gt; ayyukan kwakwalwa, motsin tsoka, da sauran muhimman bayanai ta hanyar waɗannan na'urori masu auna sigina.

Bugu da ƙari, a cikin horon wasanni, akwai ƙaruwar buƙatar na'urori masu auna gumi da ake iya sawa. Misali, auna saurin gumi ya yiwu ne kawai a cikin tsarin dakunan gwaje-gwaje shekaru da suka gabata amma yanzu yana yiwuwa ta amfani da na'urori masu auna bugun zuciya (HRV). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ermes |first=Miikka |date=January 2008 |title=Detection of Daily Activities and Sports With Wearable Sensors in Controlled and Uncontrolled Conditions |journal=IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=20–26 |doi=10.1109/TITB.2007.899496 |pmid=18270033 |s2cid=18080013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bambancin bugun zuciya (HRV) yana da damar tantance ingancin tsarin motsa jiki. Bugu da ƙari, ana ba da shawarar HRV a tsakanin al'ummar 'yan wasa a matsayin alamar gargaɗi ga yin atisaye fiye da kima. Ta waɗannan hanyoyin, ana iya amfani da HRV don inganta aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Nikhil |last2=Moneghetti |first2=Kegan James |last3=Christle |first3=Jeffrey Wilcox |last4=Hadley |first4=David |last5=Plews |first5=Daniel |last6=Froelicher |first6=Victor |date=August 2018 |title=Heart Rate Variability: An Old Metric with New Meaning in the Era of using mHealth Technologies for Health and Exercise Training Guidance. Part One: Physiology and Methods |journal=Arrhythmia &amp; Electrophysiology Review |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=193–198 |doi=10.15420/aer.2018.27.2 |issn=2050-3369 |pmc=6141929 |pmid=30416733}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSinghMoneghettiChristleHadley2018&quot;&gt;Singh, Nikhil; Moneghetti, Kegan James; Christle, Jeffrey Wilcox; Hadley, David; Plews, Daniel; Froelicher, Victor (August 2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6141929 &quot;Heart Rate Variability: An Old Metric with New Meaning in the Era of using mHealth Technologies for Health and Exercise Training Guidance. Part One: Physiology and Methods&quot;]. ''Arrhythmia &amp; Electrophysiology Review''. '''7''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;193–&lt;/span&gt;198. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.15420/aer.2018.27.2|10.15420/aer.2018.27.2]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2050-3369 2050-3369]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6141929 6141929]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30416733 30416733].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amfani da lafiya ==
Na'urorin bin diddigin motsa jiki ba na'urorin likitanci ba ne. Duk da haka, sabbin samfura suna amfani da ma'anar Amurka ta na'urar duba lafiya ta Aji II, kuma wasu masana'antun suna fatan daga ƙarshe su sa su iya sanar da matsalar lafiya, kodayake za a buƙaci amincewar [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|FDA]] . 

=== Gano atrial fibrillation ===
An yi amfani da bin diddigin ayyuka don bin diddigin bugun zuciya na atrial fibrillation (AF), bugun zuciya mara tsari da rikicewa, wanda ke haifar da yawancin bugun jini a Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Raja |first=Joel M. |last2=Elsakr |first2=Carol |last3=Roman |first3=Sherif |last4=Cave |first4=Brandon |last5=Pour-Ghaz |first5=Issa |last6=Nanda |first6=Amit |last7=Maturana |first7=Miguel |last8=Khouzam |first8=Rami N. |date=September 2019 |title=Apple Watch, Wearables, and Heart Rhythm: where do we stand? |journal=Annals of Translational Medicine |volume=7 |issue=17 |page=417 |doi=10.21037/atm.2019.06.79 |pmc=6787392 |pmid=31660316 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙwararru sun dogara da na'urar auna bugun zuciya (EKG) don yin rikodin AF amma ba da daɗewa ba suka sami bandeji mai ɗaurewa.  don amfani da shi akai-akai. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2024)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar bayani&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Waɗannan na'urorin da ake sawa dole ne su kasance daidai domin hana kuskuren ganewar asali. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; An gano Apple Watch a cikin wani bincike don iya gano da kuma sanar da mai sawa bugun zuciya mara tsari. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Duk da cewa akwai haɗarin samun sakamako marasa kyau, binciken ya gano cewa yana iya zama kayan aiki mai amfani a lokacin ganewar asali na farko da kuma a matsayin ƙarin na'urar sa ido. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Rage nauyi da kiba ===
An kuma yi amfani da na'urorin bin diddigin motsa jiki don bin diddigin da nemo mafita don yaƙar kiba ta hanyar haɓaka motsa jiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bowen-Jallow |first=Kanika |last2=Nunez-Lopez |first2=Omar |last3=Wright |first3=Alex |last4=Fuchs |first4=Erika |last5=Ahn |first5=Mollie |last6=Lyons |first6=Elizabeth |last7=Jupiter |first7=Daniel |last8=Berry |first8=Lindsey |last9=Suman |first9=Oscar |last10=Radhakrishnan |first10=Ravi S. |last11=Glaser |first11=Andrea M. |last12=Thompson |first12=Deborah I. |date=2021-01-08 |title=Wearable Activity Tracking Device Use in an Adolescent Weight Management Clinic: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial |journal=Journal of Obesity |language=en |volume=2021 |doi=10.1155/2021/7625034 |issn=2090-0708 |pmc=7811568 |pmid=33505717 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bita mai tsari wanda ya ƙunshi bincike 35 da mahalarta 7454, wanda aka buga a cikin Jaridar British Journal of Sports Medicine, ya gano cewa na'urorin bin diddigin motsa jiki sun ƙara yawan motsa jikin mutane da matsakaicin matakai 1850 a rana. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ridgers |first=ND |last2=McNarry |first2=MA |last3=Mackintosh |first3=KA |date=November 23, 2016 |title=Feasibility and Effectiveness of Using Wearable Activity Trackers in Youth: A Systematic Review. |journal=JMIR mHealth and uHealth |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=e129 |doi=10.2196/mhealth.6540 |pmc=5143467 |pmid=27881359 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, wani bita na bincike shida ya gano cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa na'urorin bin diddigin motsa jiki suna inganta sakamakon lafiya. Daga cikin bincike biyar da suka duba rage kiba, ɗaya ya sami fa'ida, ɗaya ya sami illa, uku kuma ba su sami wani tasiri ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Peyer |first=Karissa L. |last2=Ellingson |first2=Laura D. |last3=Bus |first3=Kathryn |last4=Walsh |first4=Sarah A. |last5=Franke |first5=Warren D. |last6=Welk |first6=Gregory J. |date=June 2017 |title=Comparative effectiveness of guided weight loss and physical activity monitoring for weight loss and metabolic risks: A pilot study |journal=Preventive Medicine Reports |volume=6 |pages=271–277 |doi=10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.03.002 |pmc=5385579 |pmid=28409089}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar wani bincike da aka yi kwatanta sa ido na makonni 8 da kuma bin diddigin motsa jiki na tsawon watanni huɗu, shirin rage nauyi mai jagora, da kuma tare, sa ido kan ayyuka da shirin rage nauyi suna da alaƙa da irin wannan ci gaba kuma duka biyun suna da alaƙa da ƙarin ci gaba fiye da ko dai su kaɗai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Peyer |first=Karissa L. |last2=Ellingson |first2=Laura D. |last3=Bus |first3=Kathryn |last4=Walsh |first4=Sarah A. |last5=Franke |first5=Warren D. |last6=Welk |first6=Gregory J. |date=June 2017 |title=Comparative effectiveness of guided weight loss and physical activity monitoring for weight loss and metabolic risks: A pilot study |journal=Preventive Medicine Reports |volume=6 |pages=271–277 |doi=10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.03.002 |pmc=5385579 |pmid=28409089}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPeyerEllingsonBusWalsh2017&quot;&gt;Peyer, Karissa L.; Ellingson, Laura D.; Bus, Kathryn; Walsh, Sarah A.; Franke, Warren D.; Welk, Gregory J. (June 2017). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5385579 &quot;Comparative effectiveness of guided weight loss and physical activity monitoring for weight loss and metabolic risks: A pilot study&quot;]. ''Preventive Medicine Reports''. '''6''': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;271–&lt;/span&gt;277. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.03.002|10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.03.002]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5385579 5385579]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28409089 28409089].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ba a san ko canje-canjen ayyuka suna faruwa a cikin yara da matasa ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ridgers |first=ND |last2=McNarry |first2=MA |last3=Mackintosh |first3=KA |date=November 23, 2016 |title=Feasibility and Effectiveness of Using Wearable Activity Trackers in Youth: A Systematic Review. |journal=JMIR mHealth and uHealth |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=e129 |doi=10.2196/mhealth.6540 |pmc=5143467 |pmid=27881359 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRidgersMcNarryMackintosh2016&quot;&gt;Ridgers, ND; McNarry, MA; Mackintosh, KA (November 23, 2016). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5143467 &quot;Feasibility and Effectiveness of Using Wearable Activity Trackers in Youth: A Systematic Review&quot;]. ''JMIR mHealth and uHealth''. '''4''' (4): e129. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.2196/mhealth.6540|10.2196/mhealth.6540]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5143467 5143467]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27881359 27881359].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Böhm |first=B |last2=Karwiese |first2=SD |last3=Böhm |first3=H |last4=Oberhoffer |first4=R |date=30 April 2019 |title=Effects of Mobile Health Including Wearable Activity Trackers to Increase Physical Activity Outcomes Among Healthy Children and Adolescents: Systematic Review. |journal=JMIR mHealth and uHealth |volume=7 |issue=4 |doi=10.2196/mhealth.8298 |pmc=6658241 |pmid=31038460 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kula da damuwa da cututtukan kwakwalwa ===
Agogon hannu na zamani sun shiga cikin sa ido kan damuwa da sauran matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hickey |first=Blake Anthony |last2=Chalmers |first2=Taryn |last3=Newton |first3=Phillip |last4=Lin |first4=Chin-Teng |last5=Sibbritt |first5=David |last6=McLachlan |first6=Craig S. |last7=Clifton-Bligh |first7=Roderick |last8=Morley |first8=John |last9=Lal |first9=Sara |date=January 2021 |title=Smart Devices and Wearable Technologies to Detect and Monitor Mental Health Conditions and Stress: A Systematic Review |journal=Sensors |language=en |volume=21 |issue=10 |page=3461 |bibcode=2021Senso..21.3461H |doi=10.3390/s21103461 |issn=1424-8220 |pmc=8156923 |pmid=34065620 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gudanar da wani bincike kan nau'ikan na'urori daban-daban, tun daga manyan na'urori masu sawa zuwa ƙananan na'urori masu ɗaukuwa tare da na'urori masu auna bugun zuciya, damuwa, da kowace irin damuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Ana amfani da facin ƙirji don auna bugun zuciya yayin da aka yi amfani da madaurin hannu (&quot;Chillbands&quot;) don bin diddigin aiki, inda aka ga alaƙa a cikin matakan HR da kuma shigar da yanayin circadian, damuwa, jinsi, da shekaru. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; An ga cewa gano baƙin ciki kaɗai yana da ƙalubale, yana haifar da haɗarin rashin ganewar asali, amma ƙarin bincike tare da bin diddigin barci, motsa jiki, canje-canjen yanayi, aikin fahimta, da halaye na zamantakewa suna taimakawa wajen samar da ma'auni daidai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

=== Kula da ci gaban jarirai ===
Na'urori masu auna sigina masu sawa  an kuma yi amfani da su wajen lura da ci gaban jarirai, ƙwarewar motsa jiki, da ci gaban jiki su ne manyan abubuwan da aka mayar da hankali a kansu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Airaksinen |first=Manu |last2=Taylor |first2=Elisa |last3=Gallen |first3=Anastasia |last4=Ilén |first4=Elina |last5=Saari |first5=Antti |last6=Sankilampi |first6=Ulla |last7=Räsänen |first7=Okko |last8=Haataja |first8=Leena M. |last9=Vanhatalo |first9=Sampsa |date=June 2023 |title=Charting infants' motor development at home using a wearable system: validation and comparison to physical growth charts |url= |journal=eBioMedicine |volume=92 |doi=10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104591 |issn=2352-3964 |pmc=10176156 |pmid=37137181}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hasashen cutar Parkinson ===
Ana iya amfani da bin diddigin motsin jiki a matsayin kayan aikin nazari don tantance haɗarin kamuwa da cutar Parkinson a cikin mutane. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schalkamp |first=Ann-Kathrin |last2=Peall |first2=Kathryn J. |last3=Harrison |first3=Neil A. |last4=Sandor |first4=Cynthia |date=August 2023 |title=Wearable movement-tracking data identify Parkinson's disease years before clinical diagnosis |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-023-02440-2 |journal=Nature Medicine |language=en |volume=29 |issue=8 |pages=2048–2056 |doi=10.1038/s41591-023-02440-2 |issn=1546-170X |pmid=37400639 |s2cid=259323971 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Faɗakarwa ga masu kulawa ===
An yi nufin sauran na'urorin bin diddigin motsa jiki don sa ido kan alamun rayuwa masu mahimmanci ga tsofaffi, masu fama da farfadiya, da mutanen da ke fama da matsalar barci da kuma sanar da mai kula da su game da wata matsala. 

=== Bin diddigin jinin al'ada da lafiyar haihuwa ===
Masu bin diddigin motsa jiki za su iya haɗawa da manhajojin bin diddigin jinin al'ada don bin diddigin jinin al'ada don gano duk wani rashin daidaituwa da suke son sanar da likitocinsu ko ƙwararru. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fowler |first=Leah R. |last2=Gillard |first2=Charlotte |last3=Morain |first3=Stephanie R. |date=September 2020 |title=Readability and Accessibility of Terms of Service and Privacy Policies for Menstruation-Tracking Smartphone Applications |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1524839919899924 |journal=Health Promotion Practice |language=en |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=679–683 |doi=10.1177/1524839919899924 |issn=1524-8399 |pmid=32037887 |s2cid=211072307 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Flystrike a cikin tumaki</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1259061133|Flystrike in sheep]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Flystrike a cikin [[Rago|tumaki]]''' yanayin myiasis ne wanda tumaki na gida suka kamu da daya daga cikin nau'ikan kwari da yawa waɗanda ke cikin kwayar cutar tumaki na waje. Tumaki suna da saukin kamuwa da fashewa saboda gashin kansu mai kauri, idan an gurbata shi da fitsari da kayan guba, na iya samar da ingantaccen wurin haifuwa ga maggots koda kuwa babu [[Gyambo|raunuka]].

== Dalilan da suka haifar ==
Flystrike a cikin tumaki yanayi ne inda kwari ke sa qwai a kan ulu mai datti ko raunuka masu budewa. Bayan sun fito, maggots suna binne kansu a cikin ulu na tumaki kuma a ƙarshe a ƙarƙashin fatar tumaki, suna cin naman su. Da zarar tsutsotsi sun girma, kwari suna ci gaba da ajiye qwai ga sababbin tumaki ko waɗanda suka riga sun kamu da cutar, suna sake fara tsarin kamuwa da cuta. Tumaki suna nuna alamun bayyanar cututtuka kamar tashin hankali, rashin abinci, ƙanshi da ulu, da yawa daga cikinsu suna ƙarfafa jan hankalin kwari. Yunkurin kwari na iya zama mai kisa ga tumaki saboda guba na ammoniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Flystrike (Myiasis) |url=http://www.vetent.co.nz/sheep-beef-deer-disease-management/flystrike.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Flystrike yana da matsala, ba kawai yana haifar da asarar ko lalacewar hannun jari ba, har ma yana buƙatar kashe kuɗi da lokaci don ingantaccen gudanarwa. A [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], ''Lucilia cuprina'' tana haifar da kusan 90% na kamuwa da cuta, kuma Chrysomya rufifacies shine mafi yawan cututtukan da ke kaiwa ga raunukan da ''L. cuprina'' ya haifar.&lt;ref name=&quot;DAF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Managing flystrike in sheep |url=https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/livestock-parasites/managing-flystrike-sheep?page=0%2C0 |access-date=July 24, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gano tumaki masu kamuwa da cuta ==
Ana gano tumaki a cikin garken ta hanyar halayyar kore ko rigar da ke cikin gashin tumaki, yawanci a kusa da haunches ko wutsiya, ko a shafin da aka bude, inda ulu zai iya haifar da yanki mai hanawa wanda ya fi kyau ga kwari. A cikin tumaki maza yankin penile kuma wuri ne na yau da kullun don fashewa. Lokacin da garken ya zauna, tumakin da suka kamu da cutar za su nuna alamun tashin hankali, kamar saukowa ko juyawa don cinye jikinsu. Dabbobi masu tsalle-tsalle sau da yawa suna da ƙanshin halayyar gaske kuma, a lokuta masu tsanani, ulu mai laushi na iya fara zubar.  Za'a iya samun yajin aikin jirgin sama a yanayin muhalli mai kyau kamar yanayin zafi tsakanin 15-38 ° C (59-100 ° F), ruwan sama na baya-bayan nan, da saurin iska ƙasa da kilomita 9 a kowace awa (5.6 . &lt;ref name=&quot;DAF&quot; /&gt;

Lokacin haihuwar kwalban kwalban kwalba na Burtaniya yana faruwa a ƙarshen Yuni ko Yuli, amma fashewar kwalba na iya faruwa a kowane lokaci yanayin zafi ya mamaye kuma kwalban kwalliya suna aiki. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Rigakafi ==
Akwai matakan kariya da yawa waɗanda ake amfani da su don rage faruwar fashewa a cikin garken tumaki; waɗannan sun haɗa da: &lt;ref name=&quot;DAF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Managing flystrike in sheep |url=https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/livestock-parasites/managing-flystrike-sheep?page=0%2C0 |access-date=July 24, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Gudanar da kwayar cuta ta hanji don hana kumburi da kuma wuri mai dacewa don fashewa
* Shirye-shiryen gyare-gyare da kuma yankamurfin murfin
* Cire wutsiyoyin raguna a lokacin yayewa
* Mulesing
* Magungunan rigakafin sinadarai kafin haɗarin kamuwa da kwari yana da yawa
* Kiwo don halaye da ke rage yiwuwar kamuwa da cuta
* Cire ko guje wa manyan tarin turare ko wasu wuraren da ke da kyau ga kwari
* Yin amfani da tarkon tsuntsaye kusa da garken don jawo hankalin da kashe duk wani kwari na gida, yana taimakawa wajen rage yawan jama'ar yankin. Lura: Sau da yawa tarkon suna fitar da ƙanshi mai ƙanshi kuma an fi sanya su daga ayyukan ɗan adam.

Babu wani daga cikin wadannan matakan da ya dakatar da faruwar fashewa a cikin tumaki, kuma magani na yau da kullun har yanzu yana da mahimmanci.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Ku ci
* ''Sarcoptes scabiei''
* Takarda suna nutsewa

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chirodactylus brachydactylum</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354753898|Chirodactylus brachydactylus]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Chirodactylus brachydactylus''''', '''fin ɗin yatsa mai sau biyu''', nau'in [[Kifi|kifin]] ruwa ne a cikin dangin [[Fingerfin|fin ɗin yatsa]] (morwongs) (iyalin Cheilodactylidae ) na tsarin Perciformes . Asalinsa ya fito ne daga bakin tekun [[kudancin Afirka]] .  

== Rarrabawa ==
A gefen gabar tekun kudancin Afirka daga [[Walvis Bay]] zuwa [[Maputo]] .  A ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi, tsakanin 23°S da 36°S a gabashin Atlantika da yammacin tekun Indiya. 

== Bayani ==
Launin jiki launin ruwan kasa ne kawai, yana da haske a gefen ƙwanƙolin jiki, tare da farin yanki mai haske a ƙarƙashin idanu a gaban jiki, da kuma layukan fari guda biyar a gefen layin. Yara ƙanana suna da launin azurfa da ruwan lemu da fikafikai biyu. Launi yana canzawa zuwa launin manya daga kimanin shekaru 5.&amp;nbsp;cm. Kifin yana da lebe masu laushi a kusa da ƙaramin baki. Tsawonsa har zuwa 40&amp;nbsp;cm, nauyi har zuwa 3&amp;nbsp;kg. Ya girma a 25&amp;nbsp;cm, kuma yana hayayyafa a lokacin rani.   

== Mazauna da muhalli ==
Rocky reefs da yashi yankuna kusa da reefs a zurfin zuwa 240 m. Ana iya samun yara a cikin duwatsu. ''C. brachydactylus'' karamin mai cin nama ne, Akwai wasu nau'ikan abinci tsakanin nau'ikan nau'ikan masu cin nama, wanda wannan kifi ke faruwa, amma kowannensu yana da nau'ikan abincin da ke rage gasa tsakanin jinsuna don abinci. Abincinsu ya haɗa da crabs, anphipods, bivalves da sauran invertebrates. ''C. brachydactylis'' yana cinyewa da manyan masu cin nama, gami da santer seabream, (''Cheimerius Nufar''), ja steenbras (''Petrus rupestris''), scotsman (''Polysteganus praeorbitalis''), da yellowbelly rockcod (''Epinephelus marginatus''). &amp;nbsp;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="1689" sha1="al0iznl6wa61triusvmsoil4smz2t3i" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Chirodactylus brachydactylus''''', '''fin ɗin yatsa mai sau biyu''', nau'in [[Kifi|kifin]] ruwa ne a cikin dangin [[Fingerfin|fin ɗin yatsa]] (morwongs) (iyalin Cheilodactylidae ) na tsarin Perciformes . Asalinsa ya fito ne daga bakin tekun [[kudancin Afirka]] .  

== Rarrabawa ==
A gefen gabar tekun kudancin Afirka daga [[Walvis Bay]] zuwa [[Maputo]] .  A ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi, tsakanin 23°S da 36°S a gabashin Atlantika da yammacin tekun Indiya. 

== Bayani ==
Launin jiki launin ruwan kasa ne kawai, yana da haske a gefen ƙwanƙolin jiki, tare da farin yanki mai haske a ƙarƙashin idanu a gaban jiki, da kuma layukan fari guda biyar a gefen layin. Yara ƙanana suna da launin azurfa da ruwan lemu da fikafikai biyu. Launi yana canzawa zuwa launin manya daga kimanin shekaru 5.&amp;nbsp;cm. Kifin yana da lebe masu laushi a kusa da ƙaramin baki. Tsawonsa har zuwa 40&amp;nbsp;cm, nauyi har zuwa 3&amp;nbsp;kg. Ya girma a 25&amp;nbsp;cm, kuma yana hayayyafa a lokacin rani.   

== Mazauna da muhalli ==
Rocky reefs da yashi yankuna kusa da reefs a zurfin zuwa 240 m. Ana iya samun yara a cikin duwatsu. ''C. brachydactylus'' karamin mai cin nama ne, Akwai wasu nau'ikan abinci tsakanin nau'ikan nau'ikan masu cin nama, wanda wannan kifi ke faruwa, amma kowannensu yana da nau'ikan abincin da ke rage gasa tsakanin jinsuna don abinci. Abincinsu ya haɗa da crabs, anphipods, bivalves da sauran invertebrates. ''C. brachydactylis'' yana cinyewa da manyan masu cin nama, gami da santer seabream, (''Cheimerius Nufar''), ja steenbras (''Petrus rupestris''), scotsman (''Polysteganus praeorbitalis''), da yellowbelly rockcod (''Epinephelus marginatus''). &amp;nbsp;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cutar gashin gashin gashi</title>
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    <id>158650</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861377</id>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>14817</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1197488403|Feather pillow dermatitis]]&quot;</comment>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; {{Infobox medical condition
| name          = 
| synonym       = 
| image         = 
| caption       = 
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = [[Dermatology]]
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = 
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}Fuka-fukan matashin gashin gashin tsuntsaye ne wanda ya haifar da cinyewar ƙwayoyin ''[[Dermatophagoides scheremetewskyi]]'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aylesworth |first=Robert |last2=Baldridge |first2=David |date=Oct 1985 |title=Feather pillow dermatitis caused by an unusual mite, Dermatophagoides scheremetewskyi |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=680–1 |doi=10.1016/s0190-9622(85)80462-x |pmid=4078063}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin yanayin fata
* Jerin ƙwayoyin cuta da ke da alaƙa da halayen fata

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Erisipela na bakin teku</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322577889|Erisipela de la costa]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861379</origin>
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| image_size    = 
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{{Reflist}}Erisipela de la costa wani lokaci ne mai tsanani na onchocerciasis wanda ke nuna kumburi na fuska tare da erythema da ƙishirwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrews&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; :{{Rp|440}} Onchocerciasis yana haifar da nau'ikan canje-canje na fata kuma waɗannan canje-canje sun bambanta a yankuna daban-daban. Wannan canjin fata, erisípela de la costa, na gagarumin onchocerciasis ana ganin shi a tsakanin wadanda abin ya shafa a Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;titleeMedicine - Filariasis:Article by Aileen M Marty, MD&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=eMedicine - Filariasis (WebMD, Dermatology, Parasitic Infections): Article by Aileen M Marty MD |url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1109642-overview |access-date=2009-10-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin yanayin fata

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Torquigener balteus</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1068318589|Torquigener balteus]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Torquigener balteus''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''siririn blaasop''', kifi ne na dangin pufferfish Tetraodontidae wanda aka samo asali daga Tekun Indiya ta Yamma. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''''Torquigener balteus''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''siririn blaasop''', kifi ne na dangin pufferfish Tetraodontidae wanda aka samo asali daga Tekun Indiya ta Yamma. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tsarin damuwa na Diathesis</title>
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        <username>Rahama Buhari Sani</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357250896|Diathesis–stress model]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tsarin diathesis-stress''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''tsarin rauni-stress''', [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ka'ida ce ta tunani]] wadda ke ƙoƙarin bayyana wata cuta, ko kuma hanyarta, sakamakon hulɗa tsakanin raunin da ake iya gani, diathesis, da [[Matsalar tunani|damuwa]] da abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa suka haifar. Kalmar diathesis ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Girkanci (διάθεσις) don yanayin da ake iya gani ko kuma yanayin da ake ji. Diathesis na iya ɗaukar nau'in abubuwan da suka shafi kwayoyin halitta, tunani, halittu, ko yanayi.  Akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin raunin da mutane ke da shi ga ci gaban wata cuta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ingram&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Ormel2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ormel J. |last2=Jeronimus, B.F. |last3=Kotov, M. |last4=Riese, H. |last5=Bos, E.H. |last6=Hankin, B. |year=2013 |title=Neuroticism and common mental disorders: Meaning and utility of a complex relationship |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=686–697 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2013.04.003 |pmc=4382368 |pmid=23702592}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Diathesis, ko prediction, yana hulɗa da martanin damuwa na mutum daga baya. Damuwa wani lamari ne na rayuwa ko jerin abubuwan da ke kawo cikas ga daidaiton tunanin mutum kuma yana iya haifar da ci gaban wata cuta.  Don haka, samfurin diathesis-stress yana aiki don bincika yadda halayen halittu ko na kwayoyin halitta ( ''diatheses'' ) ke hulɗa da tasirin muhalli ( ''masu damuwa'' ) don haifar da cututtuka kamar baƙin ciki, damuwa, ko schizophrenia. &lt;ref name=&quot;PreventionAction&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Resources and Information |url=http://www.preventionaction.org/reference/diathesis-stress-models |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603201839/http://www.preventionaction.org/reference/diathesis-stress-models |archive-date=June 3, 2012 |website=www.preventionaction.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin diathesis-stress yana tabbatar da cewa idan haɗin prediction da damuwa ya wuce iyaka, mutumin zai kamu da cuta . &lt;ref name=&quot;Lazarus&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lazarus |first=R. S. |date=January 1993 |title=From Psychological Stress to the Emotions: A History of Changing Outlooks |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.000245 |pmid=8434890 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amfani da kalmar ''diathesis'' a cikin magani da kuma a cikin ƙwarewar ilimin tabin hankali ya samo asali ne tun daga shekarun 1800. Duk da haka, ba a gabatar da samfurin diathesis-stress ba kuma an yi amfani da shi don bayyana ci gaban [[Ilimin ƙwaƙwalwa|ilimin psychopathology]] har sai da aka yi amfani da shi don bayyana [[Hauka|schizophrenia]] a cikin shekarun 1960 ta Paul Meehl . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Meehl |first=P. E. |year=1962 |title=Schizotaxia, schizotypy, schizophrenia |journal=American Psychologist |volume=17 |issue=12 |pages=827–838 |doi=10.1037/h0041029}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana amfani da samfurin diathesis-stress a fannoni da yawa na [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]], musamman don nazarin ci gaban ilimin halayyar ɗan adam.  Yana da amfani don fahimtar hulɗar yanayi da kuma kulawa a cikin saurin kamuwa da cututtukan tunani a tsawon rayuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sigelman&quot; /&gt; Samfuran diathesis-stress suma suna iya taimakawa wajen tantance wanda zai kamu da cuta da wanda ba zai kamu ba.  Misali, a cikin mahallin damuwa, samfurin diathesis-stress zai iya taimakawa wajen bayyana dalilin da yasa Mutum A zai iya kamuwa da damuwa yayin da Mutum B ba zai kamu da ita ba, koda lokacin da aka fallasa shi ga irin waɗannan matsalolin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sigelman&quot; /&gt; Kwanan nan, an yi amfani da samfurin diathesis-stress don bayyana dalilin da yasa wasu mutane ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cuta fiye da wasu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gazelle&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gazelle |first=Heidi |last2=Ladd |first2=Gary W. |date=February 2003 |title=Anxious Solitude and Peer Exclusion: A Diathesis-Stress Model of Internalizing Trajectories in Childhood |journal=Child Development |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=257–278 |doi=10.1111/1467-8624.00534 |pmid=12625449}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, yaran da ke da tarihin damuwa a cikin iyali gabaɗaya sun fi fuskantar haɗarin kamuwa da cutar damuwa. Yaron da ke da tarihin damuwa a cikin iyali kuma wanda aka fallasa shi ga wani takamaiman abin damuwa, kamar warewa ko ƙin yarda da takwarorinsu, zai fi yiwuwa ya kamu da baƙin ciki fiye da yaro da ke da tarihin baƙin ciki a cikin iyali wanda ke da hanyar sadarwar zamantakewa ta abokansa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gazelle&quot; /&gt; Tsarin diathesis-stress ya kuma yi amfani wajen bayyana wasu sakamako marasa kyau (amma ba na asibiti ba).

''Abubuwan kariya'', kamar hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa masu kyau ko girman kai mai girma, na iya magance tasirin abubuwan damuwa da kuma hana ko rage tasirin wannan cuta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ACF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Administration for Children and Families (2012). ''Preventing child maltreatment and promoting well-being: A network for action''. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from www.childwelfare.gov |url=http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/guide2012/guide.pdf#page=9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619192646/http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/guide2012/guide.pdf#page=9 |archive-date=2020-06-19 |access-date=2012-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin cututtukan tunani suna da taga ta rauni, wanda a lokacin mutum ya fi fuskantar matsala fiye da wasu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Barlow&quot;&gt;Barlow, D. H. &amp; Durand, V. M. (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=yITxaqlS_yMC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PT6 Abnormal psychology: An integrative approach.]'' Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.{{Page needed|date=May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sau da yawa ana ɗaukar samfuran Diathesis-stress a matsayin samfuran ci gaban da ke haifar da dalilai da yawa, wanda ke ba da shawarar cewa abubuwa da yawa masu haɗari a cikin ci gaba suna hulɗa da masu damuwa da abubuwan kariya waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba na yau da kullun ko ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. &lt;ref name=&quot;Masten&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Masten |first=Ann S. |date=2001 |title=Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. |journal=American Psychologist |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=227–238 |doi=10.1037/0003-066x.56.3.227 |pmid=11315249}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hasashe na bambancin rauni wata ka'ida ce ta baya-bayan nan da ta samo asali daga samfurin diathesis-stress. &lt;ref name=&quot;Belsky&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Belsky |first=Jay |last2=Pluess |first2=Michael |date=2009 |title=Beyond diathesis stress: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences. |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=135 |issue=6 |pages=885–908 |doi=10.1037/a0017376 |pmid=19883141}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Diathesis ==
Kalmar diathesis tana da alaƙa da rauni, kuma bambance-bambancen kamar &quot;rashin ƙarfi-damuwa&quot; sun zama ruwan dare a cikin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam.  Rashin ƙarfi yana sa mutum ya faɗa cikin ci gaban [[Ilimin ƙwaƙwalwa|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]] idan aka sami wani damuwa.  Ana ɗaukar diathesis a matsayin na asali a cikin mutum kuma yawanci ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai karko, amma ba mai canzawa ba, tsawon rayuwa.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Ormel2013&quot; /&gt; Hakanan ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin ɓoye (watau, barci) saboda suna da wahalar gane su sai dai idan masu damuwa suka tsokane su. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ingram&quot; /&gt;

Ana fahimtar cewa diathes sun haɗa da abubuwan da suka shafi [[Ga do|kwayoyin halitta]], [[Biology|halittu]], ilimin halittar jiki, fahimta, da kuma halaye .  Wasu misalan diathes sun haɗa da abubuwan da suka shafi kwayoyin halitta, kamar rashin daidaituwa a wasu kwayoyin halitta ko bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta da yawa waɗanda ke hulɗa don ƙara rauni. Sauran diathes sun haɗa da abubuwan da suka faru a farkon rayuwa kamar rashin iyaye  ko babban ciwon jijiyoyi. &lt;ref name=&quot;NeuroticismMA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jeronimus |first=B. F. |last2=Kotov |first2=R. |last3=Riese |first3=H. |last4=Ormel |first4=J. |date=15 August 2016 |title=Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history, but the adjusted association hardly decays with time: a meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants |url=https://zenodo.org/record/895885 |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=46 |issue=14 |pages=2883–2906 |doi=10.1017/S0033291716001653 |pmid=27523506 |s2cid=23548727}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan ana iya fahimtar diathes a matsayin abubuwan da ke haifar da yanayi, kamar ƙarancin yanayin zamantakewa ko samun iyaye da ke fama da baƙin ciki.

== Damuwa ==
Ana iya ɗaukar damuwa a matsayin wani lamari na rayuwa wanda ke kawo cikas ga daidaiton rayuwar mutum.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Jeronimus2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jeronimus |first=B. F. |last2=Ormel |first2=J. |last3=Aleman |first3=A. |last4=Penninx |first4=B. W. J. H. |last5=Riese |first5=H. |date=15 February 2013 |title=Negative and positive life events are associated with small but lasting change in neuroticism |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=43 |issue=11 |pages=2403–2415 |doi=10.1017/S0033291713000159 |pmid=23410535 |s2cid=43717734}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, mutum yana iya fuskantar barazanar shiga damuwa amma ba zai kamu da baƙin ciki ba sai dai idan ya fuskanci wani takamaiman damuwa, wanda zai iya haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali.  Masu damuwa na iya ɗaukar nau'in wani lamari na daban, kamar [[Saki|rabuwar]] iyaye ko [[mutuwa]] a cikin iyali, ko kuma na iya zama abubuwa masu ɗorewa kamar samun [[Yanayin da ba shi da kyau|rashin lafiya na dogon lokaci]] ko matsalolin aure da ke ci gaba da gudana.  Damuwa kuma na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da ƙarin matsaloli na yau da kullun, kamar wa'adin aikin makaranta. Wannan kuma yana kama da amfani da damuwa da aka fi sani da shi (da injiniyanci), amma lura cewa wasu wallafe-wallafen suna bayyana damuwa a matsayin [[Damuwa (biology)|martani]] ga masu damuwa, musamman inda amfani a ilmin halitta ke shafar ilimin halittar jiki.

An daɗe da sanin cewa damuwa ta tunani tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fahimtar yadda ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ke tasowa a cikin mutane. &lt;ref name=&quot;Monroe&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Monroe |first=Scott M. |last2=Simons |first2=Anne D. |date=1991 |title=Diathesis-stress theories in the context of life stress research: Implications for the depressive disorders. |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=110 |issue=3 |pages=406–425 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.110.3.406 |pmid=1758917}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam sun kuma gano cewa ba duk mutanen da ke cikin damuwa, ko kuma waɗanda suka fuskanci matsalolin rayuwa ba ne ke haifar da matsalar tabin hankali. Don fahimtar wannan, masana ka'idoji da masu bincike sun binciki wasu abubuwan da suka shafi ci gaban wata cuta &lt;ref name=&quot;Monroe&quot; /&gt; kuma sun ba da shawarar cewa wasu mutane da ke cikin damuwa suna haifar da wata cuta yayin da wasu ba sa haifar da ita. Saboda haka, wasu mutane sun fi wasu rauni wajen kamuwa da wata cuta da zarar an fara damuwa.  Wannan ya haifar da ƙirƙirar samfurin diathesis-stress.

== Halittar Halitta ==
An san damuwa a matsayin mai kunna ƙwayoyin mast .  Kwayoyin mast ƙwayoyin halitta ne da ke rayuwa a cikin kyallen takarda na dogon lokaci tare da muhimmiyar rawa a wurare da yawa na kumburi, gami da kariyar mai masaukin baki daga kamuwa da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma a cikin halayen rashin lafiyan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mast Cells &amp;#124; British Society for Immunology |url=https://www.immunology.org/public-information/bitesized-immunology/cells/mast-cells}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai shaida cewa &quot;yara da ke fuskantar damuwa a lokacin daukar ciki na iya fuskantar juriya sakamakon hulɗar da ke tsakanin epigenome da sauran kwayoyin halitta&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Serpeloni |first=Fernanda |last2=Radtke |first2=Karl M. |last3=Hecker |first3=Tobias |last4=Sill |first4=Johanna |last5=Vukojevic |first5=Vanja |last6=Assis |first6=Simone G. de |last7=Schauer |first7=Maggie |last8=Elbert |first8=Thomas |last9=Nätt |first9=Daniel |date=16 April 2019 |title=Does Prenatal Stress Shape Postnatal Resilience? – An Epigenome-Wide Study on Violence and Mental Health in Humans |journal=Frontiers in Genetics |volume=10 |page=269 |doi=10.3389/fgene.2019.00269 |pmc=6477038 |pmid=31040859 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hulɗar damuwa a farkon rayuwar yara da epigenome na nuna hanyoyin da za su iya haifar da rauni ga cututtukan tabin hankali. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Candace Renee |last2=Olive |first2=Michael Foster |date=2014 |title=Early life stress interactions with the epigenome: potential mechanisms driving vulnerability towards psychiatric illness |journal=Behavioural Pharmacology |volume=25 |issue=5 0 6 |pages=341–351 |doi=10.1097/FBP.0000000000000057 |pmc=4119485 |pmid=25003947}}&lt;/ref&gt; Damuwar kakanni tana canza yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa ta rayuwa ta hanyar daidaita kwayoyin halitta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ambeskovic |first=Mirela |last2=Babenko |first2=Olena |last3=Ilnytskyy |first3=Yaroslav |last4=Kovalchuk |first4=Igor |last5=Kolb |first5=Bryan |last6=Metz |first6=Gerlinde A. S. |date=23 April 2019 |title=Ancestral Stress Alters Lifetime Mental Health Trajectories and Cortical Neuromorphology via Epigenetic Regulation |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=6389 |bibcode=2019NatSR...9.6389A |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-42691-z |pmc=6476877 |pmid=31011159}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masu ɗauke da cutar hawan jini ta adrenal hyperplasia na haihuwa suna da yiwuwar damuwa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kyritsi |first=E. M. |last2=Koltsida |first2=G. |last3=Farakla |first3=I. |last4=Papanikolaou |first4=A. |last5=Critselis |first5=E. |last6=Mantzou |first6=E. |last7=Zoumakis |first7=E. |last8=Kolaitis |first8=G. |last9=Chrousos |first9=G. P. |last10=Charmandari |first10=E. |date=12 May 2017 |title=Psychological vulnerability to stress in carriers of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency |journal=Hormones |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=42–53 |doi=10.14310/horm.2002.1718 |pmid=28500827 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; saboda yanayin wannan kwayar halitta ta musamman. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Concolino |first=Paola |date=17 July 2019 |title=Issues with the Detection of Large Genomic Rearrangements in Molecular Diagnosis of 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency |journal=Molecular Diagnosis &amp; Therapy |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=563–567 |doi=10.1007/s40291-019-00415-z |pmid=31317337 |s2cid=197543506}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba a san ainihin yawan kamuwa da cutar ba, amma bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta na kwayar halittar Steroid 21-Hydroxylase ta ɗan adam ( CYP21A2 ) suna da alaƙa da bambance-bambancen matakan hormones da ke yawo a cikin jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Doleschall |first=Márton |last2=Szabó |first2=Julianna Anna |last3=Pázmándi |first3=Júlia |last4=Szilágyi |first4=Ágnes |last5=Koncz |first5=Klára |last6=Farkas |first6=Henriette |last7=Tóth |first7=Miklós |last8=Igaz |first8=Péter |last9=Gláz |first9=Edit |last10=Prohászka |first10=Zoltán |last11=Korbonits |first11=Márta |last12=Rácz |first12=Károly |last13=Füst |first13=George |last14=Patócs |first14=Attila |date=11 September 2014 |title=Common Genetic Variants of the Human Steroid 21-Hydroxylase Gene (CYP21A2) Are Related to Differences in Circulating Hormone Levels |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=9 |issue=9 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j7244D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0107244 |pmc=4161435 |pmid=25210767 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Damuwa ta fuskar tunani tana tasiri sosai ga rayuwar mutanen da abin ya shafa. Wannan siffa ce da aka sani da yawan motsin haɗin gwiwa (gJHM), da kuma bayyanar da ta fi yawa a cikin cututtukan da ke haifar da rashin daidaituwar haɗin gwiwa (gJHM), wato Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, nau'in motsi (wanda kuma aka sani da ''ciwon haɗin gwiwa'', JHS/EDS-HT). Abin sha'awa, baya ga tabbatar da alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin damuwa da gJHM, an kuma gano alaƙa ta farko da baƙin ciki, [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|rashin daidaituwar hankali]] (ADHD), cututtukan autism, da kuma rashin daidaituwar halin mutum (OCPD). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sinibaldi |first=Lorenzo |last2=Ursini |first2=Gianluca |last3=Castori |first3=Marco |date=March 2015 |title=Psychopathological manifestations of joint hypermobility and joint hypermobility syndrome/ Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, hypermobility type: The link between connective tissue and psychological distress revised |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics |volume=169 |issue=1 |pages=97–106 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.c.31430 |pmid=25821094 |s2cid=8543532}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanin sarrafa jijiyoyi (SPS) wani hali ne na mutum wanda ya ƙunshi &quot;ƙarin fahimtar tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya da kuma zurfafa fahimtar abubuwan da ke motsa jiki, zamantakewa da motsin rai&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Boterberg2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Boterberg |first=Sofie |last2=Warreyn |first2=Petra |date=April 2016 |title=Making sense of it all: The impact of sensory processing sensitivity on daily functioning of children |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/7172755 |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=92 |pages=80–86 |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2015.12.022 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan halayyar tana da alaƙa da &quot;halayyar 'dakatar da duba' a cikin sabbin yanayi, ƙarin fahimtar abubuwan da ke motsa hankali, da kuma haɗakar dabarun sarrafa fahimta mai zurfi don amfani da ayyukan magancewa, waɗanda duk ke haifar da ƙaruwar amsawar motsin rai, duka masu kyau da marasa kyau&quot;.  SPS tana kama hankali ga muhalli ta hanyar da aka gada, wacce aka kiyaye ta hanyar juyin halitta da ke da alaƙa da ƙaruwar sarrafa bayanai a cikin kwakwalwa, daidaita hankali ga muhalli ta hanyar da ta fi kyau da muni. Hulɗa da abubuwan da ba su dace ba suna ƙara haɗarin [[Ilimin ƙwaƙwalwa|ilimin halin ɗan adam]], yayin da hulɗa da abubuwan da suka dace (gami da tsoma baki) suna ƙara sakamako mai kyau. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Greven |first=Corina U. |last2=Lionetti |first2=Francesca |last3=Booth |first3=Charlotte |last4=Aron |first4=Elaine N. |last5=Fox |first5=Elaine |last6=Schendan |first6=Haline E. |last7=Pluess |first7=Michael |last8=Bruining |first8=Hilgo |last9=Acevedo |first9=Bianca |last10=Bijttebier |first10=Patricia |last11=Homberg |first11=Judith |date=1 March 2019 |title=Sensory Processing Sensitivity in the context of Environmental Sensitivity: A critical review and development of research agenda |journal=Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=98 |pages=287–305 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.01.009 |pmid=30639671 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwan kariya ==
{{Annotated image|caption=Equipped with more resource, the effect from different life stressors is buffered.|image=Diathesis stress model graph.svg|width=512|height=300|image-width=512|image-left=0|image-top=0|annotations={{Annotation|480|290|Time|font-weight=bold|font-size=12}}
{{Annotation|1|55|Threshold|font-weight=bold|font-size=12|color=red}}
{{Annotation|135|4|Symptom|font-weight=bold|font-size=25|color=#996B1F}}
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{{Annotation|340|35|Resource|font-weight=bold|font-size=25|color=#8B0000}}
{{Annotation|340|220|Predisposition|font-weight=bold|font-size=25|color=green}}}}Abubuwan kariya, duk da cewa ba wani ɓangare ne na tsarin diathesis-stress ba, suna da mahimmanci idan aka yi la'akari da hulɗar diathesis da damuwa. Abubuwan kariya na iya rage ko samar da kariya daga tasirin manyan abubuwan damuwa ta hanyar samar wa mutum hanyoyin da za su iya daidaita ci gaba don magance damuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;ACF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Administration for Children and Families (2012). ''Preventing child maltreatment and promoting well-being: A network for action''. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from www.childwelfare.gov |url=http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/guide2012/guide.pdf#page=9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619192646/http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/guide2012/guide.pdf#page=9 |archive-date=2020-06-19 |access-date=2012-10-31}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200619192646/http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/guide2012/guide.pdf#page=9 &quot;Administration for Children and Families (2012). ''Preventing child maltreatment and promoting well-being: A network for action''. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from www.childwelfare.gov&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. Archived from [https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/guide2012/guide.pdf#page=9 the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 2020-06-19&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2012-10-31&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Misalan abubuwan kariya sun haɗa da kyakkyawar alaƙar haɗin kai tsakanin iyaye da yara, hanyar sadarwa mai tallafawa, da ƙwarewar zamantakewa da motsin rai ta mutum ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;ACF&quot; /&gt;

== A tsawon rayuwar ==
Yawancin nau'ikan [[Ilimin ƙwaƙwalwa|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]] gabaɗaya suna nuna cewa duk mutane suna da wani matakin rauni ga wasu cututtukan kwakwalwa amma suna nuna bambance-bambance iri-iri a inda mutum zai kamu da wata cuta.  Misali, mutum mai halaye na ɗabi'a waɗanda ke haɓaka dangantaka, kamar fitar da kai da kuma gamsuwa, na iya haifar da [[Taimako na zamantakewa|tallafi mai ƙarfi na zamantakewa]], wanda daga baya zai iya zama abin kariya lokacin da yake fuskantar damuwa ko asara waɗanda zasu iya jinkirta ko hana ci gaban baƙin ciki. Akasin haka, mutumin da yake ganin yana da wahala a haɓaka da kuma kiyaye dangantaka mai tallafi zai iya zama mai rauni ga ci gaban baƙin ciki bayan rasa aiki saboda ba shi da tallafin zamantakewa mai kariya. Matsakaicin mutum yana ƙayyade ta hanyar hulɗar diathes da damuwa. 

Ana kyautata zaton cewa akwai tagogi masu rauni wajen haɓaka takamaiman ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a wurare daban-daban na rayuwa. Bugu da ƙari, cututtuka daban-daban da abubuwan damuwa suna da alaƙa da cututtuka daban-daban. Misali, rabuwar aure da sauran matsalolin rayuwa masu tsanani ko masu raɗaɗi suna da alaƙa da haɓakar baƙin ciki. Abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa kuma suna iya haifar da yanayin manic na [[Cutar bipolar|rashin lafiyar bipolar]], kuma abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa na iya hana murmurewa da kuma haifar da sake dawowa. Samun yanayin kwayoyin halitta don zama mai jaraba da kuma shiga cikin shan giya mai yawa a kwaleji suna da alaƙa da haɓakar [[Shaye-shaye|shan giya]] . Tarihin iyali na [[Hauka|schizophrenia]] tare da damuwa na girma a cikin iyali mara aiki yana haifar da haɗarin kamuwa da schizophrenia. &lt;ref name=&quot;Barlow&quot;&gt;Barlow, D. H. &amp; Durand, V. M. (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=yITxaqlS_yMC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PT6 Abnormal psychology: An integrative approach.]'' Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.{{Page needed|date=May 2020}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template &quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[Wikipedia:Citing sources|&lt;span title=&quot;This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2020)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Sau da yawa ana ɗaukar samfuran Diathesis-stress a matsayin samfuran ci gaban da ke haifar da dalilai da yawa, wanda ke ba da shawarar cewa abubuwa da yawa masu haɗari a cikin ci gaban suna hulɗa da masu damuwa da abubuwan kariya waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba na yau da kullun ko ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. &lt;ref name=&quot;Masten&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Masten |first=Ann S. |date=2001 |title=Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. |journal=American Psychologist |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=227–238 |doi=10.1037/0003-066x.56.3.227 |pmid=11315249}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMasten2001&quot;&gt;Masten, Ann S. (2001). &quot;Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development&quot;. ''American Psychologist''. '''56''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;227–&lt;/span&gt;238. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/0003-066x.56.3.227|10.1037/0003-066x.56.3.227]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11315249 11315249].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, yaro mai tarihin damuwa na iyali yana iya samun raunin kwayar halitta ga rashin lafiyar damuwa. Wannan yaron kuma ya fuskanci abubuwan muhalli da ke da alaƙa da baƙin cikin iyaye waɗanda ke ƙara rauninsa ga ci gaban baƙin ciki. Abubuwan kariya, kamar haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi na takwarorinsu, shiga cikin ayyukan da ba na makaranta ba, da kyakkyawar dangantaka da iyaye marasa baƙin ciki, suna hulɗa da raunin yaron wajen tantance ci gaban ilimin halayyar ɗan adam idan aka kwatanta da ci gaban al'ada. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cummings&quot;&gt;Cummings, M. E., Davies, P. T., &amp; Campbell, S. B. (2000). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5SyyeX-yVbAC&amp;pg=PA1 Developmental psychopathology and family process: Theory, research, and clinical implications.]'' New York, NY: The Guilford Press.{{Page needed|date=May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu ka'idoji sun samo asali ne daga samfurin diathesis-stress, kamar hasashe na bambancin sassauci, wanda ke faɗaɗa samfurin don haɗawa da raunin muhalli mai kyau da kuma mummunan yanayi ko damuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Belsky&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Belsky |first=Jay |last2=Pluess |first2=Michael |date=2009 |title=Beyond diathesis stress: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences. |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=135 |issue=6 |pages=885–908 |doi=10.1037/a0017376 |pmid=19883141}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBelskyPluess2009&quot;&gt;Belsky, Jay; Pluess, Michael (2009). &quot;Beyond diathesis stress: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences&quot;. ''Psychological Bulletin''. '''135''' (6): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;885–&lt;/span&gt;908. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/a0017376|10.1037/a0017376]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19883141 19883141].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Mutum zai iya samun raunin halitta wanda, idan aka haɗa shi da mai damuwa, zai iya haifar da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam (diathesis-stress model); amma wannan mutumin da ke da raunin halitta, idan aka fallasa shi ga wani yanayi mai kyau, zai iya samun sakamako mafi kyau fiye da mutumin da ba shi da raunin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Belsky&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Tsarin diathesis-stress''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''tsarin rauni-stress''', [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ka'ida ce ta tunani]] wadda ke ƙoƙarin bayyana wata cuta, ko kuma hanyarta, sakamakon hulɗa tsakanin raunin da ake iya gani, diathesis, da [[Matsalar tunani|damuwa]] da abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa suka haifar. Kalmar diathesis ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Girkanci (διάθεσις) don yanayin da ake iya gani ko kuma yanayin da ake ji. Diathesis na iya ɗaukar nau'in abubuwan da suka shafi kwayoyin halitta, tunani, halittu, ko yanayi.  Akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin raunin da mutane ke da shi ga ci gaban wata cuta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ingram&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Ormel2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ormel J. |last2=Jeronimus, B.F. |last3=Kotov, M. |last4=Riese, H. |last5=Bos, E.H. |last6=Hankin, B. |year=2013 |title=Neuroticism and common mental disorders: Meaning and utility of a complex relationship |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=686–697 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2013.04.003 |pmc=4382368 |pmid=23702592}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Diathesis, ko prediction, yana hulɗa da martanin damuwa na mutum daga baya. Damuwa wani lamari ne na rayuwa ko jerin abubuwan da ke kawo cikas ga daidaiton tunanin mutum kuma yana iya haifar da ci gaban wata cuta.  Don haka, samfurin diathesis-stress yana aiki don bincika yadda halayen halittu ko na kwayoyin halitta ( ''diatheses'' ) ke hulɗa da tasirin muhalli ( ''masu damuwa'' ) don haifar da cututtuka kamar baƙin ciki, damuwa, ko schizophrenia. &lt;ref name=&quot;PreventionAction&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Resources and Information |url=http://www.preventionaction.org/reference/diathesis-stress-models |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603201839/http://www.preventionaction.org/reference/diathesis-stress-models |archive-date=June 3, 2012 |website=www.preventionaction.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin diathesis-stress yana tabbatar da cewa idan haɗin prediction da damuwa ya wuce iyaka, mutumin zai kamu da cuta . &lt;ref name=&quot;Lazarus&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lazarus |first=R. S. |date=January 1993 |title=From Psychological Stress to the Emotions: A History of Changing Outlooks |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.000245 |pmid=8434890 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amfani da kalmar ''diathesis'' a cikin magani da kuma a cikin ƙwarewar ilimin tabin hankali ya samo asali ne tun daga shekarun 1800. Duk da haka, ba a gabatar da samfurin diathesis-stress ba kuma an yi amfani da shi don bayyana ci gaban [[Ilimin ƙwaƙwalwa|ilimin psychopathology]] har sai da aka yi amfani da shi don bayyana [[Hauka|schizophrenia]] a cikin shekarun 1960 ta Paul Meehl . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Meehl |first=P. E. |year=1962 |title=Schizotaxia, schizotypy, schizophrenia |journal=American Psychologist |volume=17 |issue=12 |pages=827–838 |doi=10.1037/h0041029}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana amfani da samfurin diathesis-stress a fannoni da yawa na [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]], musamman don nazarin ci gaban ilimin halayyar ɗan adam.  Yana da amfani don fahimtar hulɗar yanayi da kuma kulawa a cikin saurin kamuwa da cututtukan tunani a tsawon rayuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sigelman&quot; /&gt; Samfuran diathesis-stress suma suna iya taimakawa wajen tantance wanda zai kamu da cuta da wanda ba zai kamu ba.  Misali, a cikin mahallin damuwa, samfurin diathesis-stress zai iya taimakawa wajen bayyana dalilin da yasa Mutum A zai iya kamuwa da damuwa yayin da Mutum B ba zai kamu da ita ba, koda lokacin da aka fallasa shi ga irin waɗannan matsalolin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sigelman&quot; /&gt; Kwanan nan, an yi amfani da samfurin diathesis-stress don bayyana dalilin da yasa wasu mutane ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cuta fiye da wasu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gazelle&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gazelle |first=Heidi |last2=Ladd |first2=Gary W. |date=February 2003 |title=Anxious Solitude and Peer Exclusion: A Diathesis-Stress Model of Internalizing Trajectories in Childhood |journal=Child Development |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=257–278 |doi=10.1111/1467-8624.00534 |pmid=12625449}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, yaran da ke da tarihin damuwa a cikin iyali gabaɗaya sun fi fuskantar haɗarin kamuwa da cutar damuwa. Yaron da ke da tarihin damuwa a cikin iyali kuma wanda aka fallasa shi ga wani takamaiman abin damuwa, kamar warewa ko ƙin yarda da takwarorinsu, zai fi yiwuwa ya kamu da baƙin ciki fiye da yaro da ke da tarihin baƙin ciki a cikin iyali wanda ke da hanyar sadarwar zamantakewa ta abokansa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gazelle&quot; /&gt; Tsarin diathesis-stress ya kuma yi amfani wajen bayyana wasu sakamako marasa kyau (amma ba na asibiti ba).

''Abubuwan kariya'', kamar hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa masu kyau ko girman kai mai girma, na iya magance tasirin abubuwan damuwa da kuma hana ko rage tasirin wannan cuta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ACF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Administration for Children and Families (2012). ''Preventing child maltreatment and promoting well-being: A network for action''. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from www.childwelfare.gov |url=http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/guide2012/guide.pdf#page=9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619192646/http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/guide2012/guide.pdf#page=9 |archive-date=2020-06-19 |access-date=2012-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin cututtukan tunani suna da taga ta rauni, wanda a lokacin mutum ya fi fuskantar matsala fiye da wasu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Barlow&quot;&gt;Barlow, D. H. &amp; Durand, V. M. (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=yITxaqlS_yMC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PT6 Abnormal psychology: An integrative approach.]'' Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.{{Page needed|date=May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sau da yawa ana ɗaukar samfuran Diathesis-stress a matsayin samfuran ci gaban da ke haifar da dalilai da yawa, wanda ke ba da shawarar cewa abubuwa da yawa masu haɗari a cikin ci gaba suna hulɗa da masu damuwa da abubuwan kariya waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba na yau da kullun ko ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. &lt;ref name=&quot;Masten&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Masten |first=Ann S. |date=2001 |title=Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. |journal=American Psychologist |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=227–238 |doi=10.1037/0003-066x.56.3.227 |pmid=11315249}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hasashe na bambancin rauni wata ka'ida ce ta baya-bayan nan da ta samo asali daga samfurin diathesis-stress. &lt;ref name=&quot;Belsky&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Belsky |first=Jay |last2=Pluess |first2=Michael |date=2009 |title=Beyond diathesis stress: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences. |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=135 |issue=6 |pages=885–908 |doi=10.1037/a0017376 |pmid=19883141}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Diathesis ==
Kalmar diathesis tana da alaƙa da rauni, kuma bambance-bambancen kamar &quot;rashin ƙarfi-damuwa&quot; sun zama ruwan dare a cikin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam.  Rashin ƙarfi yana sa mutum ya faɗa cikin ci gaban [[Ilimin ƙwaƙwalwa|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]] idan aka sami wani damuwa.  Ana ɗaukar diathesis a matsayin na asali a cikin mutum kuma yawanci ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai karko, amma ba mai canzawa ba, tsawon rayuwa.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Ormel2013&quot; /&gt; Hakanan ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin ɓoye (watau, barci) saboda suna da wahalar gane su sai dai idan masu damuwa suka tsokane su. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ingram&quot; /&gt;

Ana fahimtar cewa diathes sun haɗa da abubuwan da suka shafi [[Ga do|kwayoyin halitta]], [[Biology|halittu]], ilimin halittar jiki, fahimta, da kuma halaye .  Wasu misalan diathes sun haɗa da abubuwan da suka shafi kwayoyin halitta, kamar rashin daidaituwa a wasu kwayoyin halitta ko bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta da yawa waɗanda ke hulɗa don ƙara rauni. Sauran diathes sun haɗa da abubuwan da suka faru a farkon rayuwa kamar rashin iyaye  ko babban ciwon jijiyoyi. &lt;ref name=&quot;NeuroticismMA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jeronimus |first=B. F. |last2=Kotov |first2=R. |last3=Riese |first3=H. |last4=Ormel |first4=J. |date=15 August 2016 |title=Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history, but the adjusted association hardly decays with time: a meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants |url=https://zenodo.org/record/895885 |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=46 |issue=14 |pages=2883–2906 |doi=10.1017/S0033291716001653 |pmid=27523506 |s2cid=23548727}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan ana iya fahimtar diathes a matsayin abubuwan da ke haifar da yanayi, kamar ƙarancin yanayin zamantakewa ko samun iyaye da ke fama da baƙin ciki.

== Damuwa ==
Ana iya ɗaukar damuwa a matsayin wani lamari na rayuwa wanda ke kawo cikas ga daidaiton rayuwar mutum.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Jeronimus2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jeronimus |first=B. F. |last2=Ormel |first2=J. |last3=Aleman |first3=A. |last4=Penninx |first4=B. W. J. H. |last5=Riese |first5=H. |date=15 February 2013 |title=Negative and positive life events are associated with small but lasting change in neuroticism |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=43 |issue=11 |pages=2403–2415 |doi=10.1017/S0033291713000159 |pmid=23410535 |s2cid=43717734}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, mutum yana iya fuskantar barazanar shiga damuwa amma ba zai kamu da baƙin ciki ba sai dai idan ya fuskanci wani takamaiman damuwa, wanda zai iya haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali.  Masu damuwa na iya ɗaukar nau'in wani lamari na daban, kamar [[Saki|rabuwar]] iyaye ko [[mutuwa]] a cikin iyali, ko kuma na iya zama abubuwa masu ɗorewa kamar samun [[Yanayin da ba shi da kyau|rashin lafiya na dogon lokaci]] ko matsalolin aure da ke ci gaba da gudana.  Damuwa kuma na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da ƙarin matsaloli na yau da kullun, kamar wa'adin aikin makaranta. Wannan kuma yana kama da amfani da damuwa da aka fi sani da shi (da injiniyanci), amma lura cewa wasu wallafe-wallafen suna bayyana damuwa a matsayin [[Damuwa (biology)|martani]] ga masu damuwa, musamman inda amfani a ilmin halitta ke shafar ilimin halittar jiki.

An daɗe da sanin cewa damuwa ta tunani tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fahimtar yadda ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ke tasowa a cikin mutane. &lt;ref name=&quot;Monroe&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Monroe |first=Scott M. |last2=Simons |first2=Anne D. |date=1991 |title=Diathesis-stress theories in the context of life stress research: Implications for the depressive disorders. |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=110 |issue=3 |pages=406–425 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.110.3.406 |pmid=1758917}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam sun kuma gano cewa ba duk mutanen da ke cikin damuwa, ko kuma waɗanda suka fuskanci matsalolin rayuwa ba ne ke haifar da matsalar tabin hankali. Don fahimtar wannan, masana ka'idoji da masu bincike sun binciki wasu abubuwan da suka shafi ci gaban wata cuta &lt;ref name=&quot;Monroe&quot; /&gt; kuma sun ba da shawarar cewa wasu mutane da ke cikin damuwa suna haifar da wata cuta yayin da wasu ba sa haifar da ita. Saboda haka, wasu mutane sun fi wasu rauni wajen kamuwa da wata cuta da zarar an fara damuwa.  Wannan ya haifar da ƙirƙirar samfurin diathesis-stress.

== Halittar Halitta ==
An san damuwa a matsayin mai kunna ƙwayoyin mast .  Kwayoyin mast ƙwayoyin halitta ne da ke rayuwa a cikin kyallen takarda na dogon lokaci tare da muhimmiyar rawa a wurare da yawa na kumburi, gami da kariyar mai masaukin baki daga kamuwa da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma a cikin halayen rashin lafiyan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mast Cells &amp;#124; British Society for Immunology |url=https://www.immunology.org/public-information/bitesized-immunology/cells/mast-cells}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai shaida cewa &quot;yara da ke fuskantar damuwa a lokacin daukar ciki na iya fuskantar juriya sakamakon hulɗar da ke tsakanin epigenome da sauran kwayoyin halitta&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Serpeloni |first=Fernanda |last2=Radtke |first2=Karl M. |last3=Hecker |first3=Tobias |last4=Sill |first4=Johanna |last5=Vukojevic |first5=Vanja |last6=Assis |first6=Simone G. de |last7=Schauer |first7=Maggie |last8=Elbert |first8=Thomas |last9=Nätt |first9=Daniel |date=16 April 2019 |title=Does Prenatal Stress Shape Postnatal Resilience? – An Epigenome-Wide Study on Violence and Mental Health in Humans |journal=Frontiers in Genetics |volume=10 |page=269 |doi=10.3389/fgene.2019.00269 |pmc=6477038 |pmid=31040859 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hulɗar damuwa a farkon rayuwar yara da epigenome na nuna hanyoyin da za su iya haifar da rauni ga cututtukan tabin hankali. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Candace Renee |last2=Olive |first2=Michael Foster |date=2014 |title=Early life stress interactions with the epigenome: potential mechanisms driving vulnerability towards psychiatric illness |journal=Behavioural Pharmacology |volume=25 |issue=5 0 6 |pages=341–351 |doi=10.1097/FBP.0000000000000057 |pmc=4119485 |pmid=25003947}}&lt;/ref&gt; Damuwar kakanni tana canza yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa ta rayuwa ta hanyar daidaita kwayoyin halitta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ambeskovic |first=Mirela |last2=Babenko |first2=Olena |last3=Ilnytskyy |first3=Yaroslav |last4=Kovalchuk |first4=Igor |last5=Kolb |first5=Bryan |last6=Metz |first6=Gerlinde A. S. |date=23 April 2019 |title=Ancestral Stress Alters Lifetime Mental Health Trajectories and Cortical Neuromorphology via Epigenetic Regulation |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=6389 |bibcode=2019NatSR...9.6389A |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-42691-z |pmc=6476877 |pmid=31011159}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masu ɗauke da cutar hawan jini ta adrenal hyperplasia na haihuwa suna da yiwuwar damuwa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kyritsi |first=E. M. |last2=Koltsida |first2=G. |last3=Farakla |first3=I. |last4=Papanikolaou |first4=A. |last5=Critselis |first5=E. |last6=Mantzou |first6=E. |last7=Zoumakis |first7=E. |last8=Kolaitis |first8=G. |last9=Chrousos |first9=G. P. |last10=Charmandari |first10=E. |date=12 May 2017 |title=Psychological vulnerability to stress in carriers of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency |journal=Hormones |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=42–53 |doi=10.14310/horm.2002.1718 |pmid=28500827 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; saboda yanayin wannan kwayar halitta ta musamman. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Concolino |first=Paola |date=17 July 2019 |title=Issues with the Detection of Large Genomic Rearrangements in Molecular Diagnosis of 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency |journal=Molecular Diagnosis &amp; Therapy |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=563–567 |doi=10.1007/s40291-019-00415-z |pmid=31317337 |s2cid=197543506}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba a san ainihin yawan kamuwa da cutar ba, amma bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta na kwayar halittar Steroid 21-Hydroxylase ta ɗan adam ( CYP21A2 ) suna da alaƙa da bambance-bambancen matakan hormones da ke yawo a cikin jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Doleschall |first=Márton |last2=Szabó |first2=Julianna Anna |last3=Pázmándi |first3=Júlia |last4=Szilágyi |first4=Ágnes |last5=Koncz |first5=Klára |last6=Farkas |first6=Henriette |last7=Tóth |first7=Miklós |last8=Igaz |first8=Péter |last9=Gláz |first9=Edit |last10=Prohászka |first10=Zoltán |last11=Korbonits |first11=Márta |last12=Rácz |first12=Károly |last13=Füst |first13=George |last14=Patócs |first14=Attila |date=11 September 2014 |title=Common Genetic Variants of the Human Steroid 21-Hydroxylase Gene (CYP21A2) Are Related to Differences in Circulating Hormone Levels |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=9 |issue=9 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j7244D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0107244 |pmc=4161435 |pmid=25210767 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Damuwa ta fuskar tunani tana tasiri sosai ga rayuwar mutanen da abin ya shafa. Wannan siffa ce da aka sani da yawan motsin haɗin gwiwa (gJHM), da kuma bayyanar da ta fi yawa a cikin cututtukan da ke haifar da rashin daidaituwar haɗin gwiwa (gJHM), wato Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, nau'in motsi (wanda kuma aka sani da ''ciwon haɗin gwiwa'', JHS/EDS-HT). Abin sha'awa, baya ga tabbatar da alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin damuwa da gJHM, an kuma gano alaƙa ta farko da baƙin ciki, [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|rashin daidaituwar hankali]] (ADHD), cututtukan autism, da kuma rashin daidaituwar halin mutum (OCPD). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sinibaldi |first=Lorenzo |last2=Ursini |first2=Gianluca |last3=Castori |first3=Marco |date=March 2015 |title=Psychopathological manifestations of joint hypermobility and joint hypermobility syndrome/ Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, hypermobility type: The link between connective tissue and psychological distress revised |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics |volume=169 |issue=1 |pages=97–106 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.c.31430 |pmid=25821094 |s2cid=8543532}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanin sarrafa jijiyoyi (SPS) wani hali ne na mutum wanda ya ƙunshi &quot;ƙarin fahimtar tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya da kuma zurfafa fahimtar abubuwan da ke motsa jiki, zamantakewa da motsin rai&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Boterberg2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Boterberg |first=Sofie |last2=Warreyn |first2=Petra |date=April 2016 |title=Making sense of it all: The impact of sensory processing sensitivity on daily functioning of children |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/7172755 |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=92 |pages=80–86 |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2015.12.022 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan halayyar tana da alaƙa da &quot;halayyar 'dakatar da duba' a cikin sabbin yanayi, ƙarin fahimtar abubuwan da ke motsa hankali, da kuma haɗakar dabarun sarrafa fahimta mai zurfi don amfani da ayyukan magancewa, waɗanda duk ke haifar da ƙaruwar amsawar motsin rai, duka masu kyau da marasa kyau&quot;.  SPS tana kama hankali ga muhalli ta hanyar da aka gada, wacce aka kiyaye ta hanyar juyin halitta da ke da alaƙa da ƙaruwar sarrafa bayanai a cikin kwakwalwa, daidaita hankali ga muhalli ta hanyar da ta fi kyau da muni. Hulɗa da abubuwan da ba su dace ba suna ƙara haɗarin [[Ilimin ƙwaƙwalwa|ilimin halin ɗan adam]], yayin da hulɗa da abubuwan da suka dace (gami da tsoma baki) suna ƙara sakamako mai kyau. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Greven |first=Corina U. |last2=Lionetti |first2=Francesca |last3=Booth |first3=Charlotte |last4=Aron |first4=Elaine N. |last5=Fox |first5=Elaine |last6=Schendan |first6=Haline E. |last7=Pluess |first7=Michael |last8=Bruining |first8=Hilgo |last9=Acevedo |first9=Bianca |last10=Bijttebier |first10=Patricia |last11=Homberg |first11=Judith |date=1 March 2019 |title=Sensory Processing Sensitivity in the context of Environmental Sensitivity: A critical review and development of research agenda |journal=Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=98 |pages=287–305 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.01.009 |pmid=30639671 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwan kariya ==
{{Annotated image|caption=Equipped with more resource, the effect from different life stressors is buffered.|image=Diathesis stress model graph.svg|width=512|height=300|image-width=512|image-left=0|image-top=0|annotations={{Annotation|480|290|Time|font-weight=bold|font-size=12}}
{{Annotation|1|55|Threshold|font-weight=bold|font-size=12|color=red}}
{{Annotation|135|4|Symptom|font-weight=bold|font-size=25|color=#996B1F}}
{{Annotation|218|110|Stress|font-weight=bold|font-size=25|color=#996B1F}}
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{{Annotation|340|35|Resource|font-weight=bold|font-size=25|color=#8B0000}}
{{Annotation|340|220|Predisposition|font-weight=bold|font-size=25|color=green}}}}Abubuwan kariya, duk da cewa ba wani ɓangare ne na tsarin diathesis-stress ba, suna da mahimmanci idan aka yi la'akari da hulɗar diathesis da damuwa. Abubuwan kariya na iya rage ko samar da kariya daga tasirin manyan abubuwan damuwa ta hanyar samar wa mutum hanyoyin da za su iya daidaita ci gaba don magance damuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;ACF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Administration for Children and Families (2012). ''Preventing child maltreatment and promoting well-being: A network for action''. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from www.childwelfare.gov |url=http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/guide2012/guide.pdf#page=9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619192646/http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/guide2012/guide.pdf#page=9 |archive-date=2020-06-19 |access-date=2012-10-31}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200619192646/http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/guide2012/guide.pdf#page=9 &quot;Administration for Children and Families (2012). ''Preventing child maltreatment and promoting well-being: A network for action''. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from www.childwelfare.gov&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. Archived from [https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/guide2012/guide.pdf#page=9 the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 2020-06-19&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2012-10-31&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Misalan abubuwan kariya sun haɗa da kyakkyawar alaƙar haɗin kai tsakanin iyaye da yara, hanyar sadarwa mai tallafawa, da ƙwarewar zamantakewa da motsin rai ta mutum ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;ACF&quot; /&gt;

== A tsawon rayuwar ==
Yawancin nau'ikan [[Ilimin ƙwaƙwalwa|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]] gabaɗaya suna nuna cewa duk mutane suna da wani matakin rauni ga wasu cututtukan kwakwalwa amma suna nuna bambance-bambance iri-iri a inda mutum zai kamu da wata cuta.  Misali, mutum mai halaye na ɗabi'a waɗanda ke haɓaka dangantaka, kamar fitar da kai da kuma gamsuwa, na iya haifar da [[Taimako na zamantakewa|tallafi mai ƙarfi na zamantakewa]], wanda daga baya zai iya zama abin kariya lokacin da yake fuskantar damuwa ko asara waɗanda zasu iya jinkirta ko hana ci gaban baƙin ciki. Akasin haka, mutumin da yake ganin yana da wahala a haɓaka da kuma kiyaye dangantaka mai tallafi zai iya zama mai rauni ga ci gaban baƙin ciki bayan rasa aiki saboda ba shi da tallafin zamantakewa mai kariya. Matsakaicin mutum yana ƙayyade ta hanyar hulɗar diathes da damuwa. 

Ana kyautata zaton cewa akwai tagogi masu rauni wajen haɓaka takamaiman ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a wurare daban-daban na rayuwa. Bugu da ƙari, cututtuka daban-daban da abubuwan damuwa suna da alaƙa da cututtuka daban-daban. Misali, rabuwar aure da sauran matsalolin rayuwa masu tsanani ko masu raɗaɗi suna da alaƙa da haɓakar baƙin ciki. Abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa kuma suna iya haifar da yanayin manic na [[Cutar bipolar|rashin lafiyar bipolar]], kuma abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa na iya hana murmurewa da kuma haifar da sake dawowa. Samun yanayin kwayoyin halitta don zama mai jaraba da kuma shiga cikin shan giya mai yawa a kwaleji suna da alaƙa da haɓakar [[Shaye-shaye|shan giya]] . Tarihin iyali na [[Hauka|schizophrenia]] tare da damuwa na girma a cikin iyali mara aiki yana haifar da haɗarin kamuwa da schizophrenia. &lt;ref name=&quot;Barlow&quot;&gt;Barlow, D. H. &amp; Durand, V. M. (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=yITxaqlS_yMC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PT6 Abnormal psychology: An integrative approach.]'' Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.{{Page needed|date=May 2020}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template &quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[Wikipedia:Citing sources|&lt;span title=&quot;This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2020)&quot;&gt;page&amp;nbsp;needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Sau da yawa ana ɗaukar samfuran Diathesis-stress a matsayin samfuran ci gaban da ke haifar da dalilai da yawa, wanda ke ba da shawarar cewa abubuwa da yawa masu haɗari a cikin ci gaban suna hulɗa da masu damuwa da abubuwan kariya waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba na yau da kullun ko ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. &lt;ref name=&quot;Masten&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Masten |first=Ann S. |date=2001 |title=Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. |journal=American Psychologist |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=227–238 |doi=10.1037/0003-066x.56.3.227 |pmid=11315249}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMasten2001&quot;&gt;Masten, Ann S. (2001). &quot;Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development&quot;. ''American Psychologist''. '''56''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;227–&lt;/span&gt;238. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/0003-066x.56.3.227|10.1037/0003-066x.56.3.227]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11315249 11315249].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, yaro mai tarihin damuwa na iyali yana iya samun raunin kwayar halitta ga rashin lafiyar damuwa. Wannan yaron kuma ya fuskanci abubuwan muhalli da ke da alaƙa da baƙin cikin iyaye waɗanda ke ƙara rauninsa ga ci gaban baƙin ciki. Abubuwan kariya, kamar haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi na takwarorinsu, shiga cikin ayyukan da ba na makaranta ba, da kyakkyawar dangantaka da iyaye marasa baƙin ciki, suna hulɗa da raunin yaron wajen tantance ci gaban ilimin halayyar ɗan adam idan aka kwatanta da ci gaban al'ada. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cummings&quot;&gt;Cummings, M. E., Davies, P. T., &amp; Campbell, S. B. (2000). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5SyyeX-yVbAC&amp;pg=PA1 Developmental psychopathology and family process: Theory, research, and clinical implications.]'' New York, NY: The Guilford Press.{{Page needed|date=May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu ka'idoji sun samo asali ne daga samfurin diathesis-stress, kamar hasashe na bambancin sassauci, wanda ke faɗaɗa samfurin don haɗawa da raunin muhalli mai kyau da kuma mummunan yanayi ko damuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Belsky&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Belsky |first=Jay |last2=Pluess |first2=Michael |date=2009 |title=Beyond diathesis stress: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences. |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=135 |issue=6 |pages=885–908 |doi=10.1037/a0017376 |pmid=19883141}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBelskyPluess2009&quot;&gt;Belsky, Jay; Pluess, Michael (2009). &quot;Beyond diathesis stress: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences&quot;. ''Psychological Bulletin''. '''135''' (6): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;885–&lt;/span&gt;908. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/a0017376|10.1037/a0017376]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19883141 19883141].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Mutum zai iya samun raunin halitta wanda, idan aka haɗa shi da mai damuwa, zai iya haifar da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam (diathesis-stress model); amma wannan mutumin da ke da raunin halitta, idan aka fallasa shi ga wani yanayi mai kyau, zai iya samun sakamako mafi kyau fiye da mutumin da ba shi da raunin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Belsky&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>dgp7c6rvu0lzd2pok0x6f611pc1vvhh</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Cysticercosis cutis</title>
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        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322576924|Cysticercosis cutis]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Reflist}}'''Cysticercosis cutis''' wani nau’in ciwo ne na fata wanda ''Taenia solium'' ya haifar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrews&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 433 {{Rp|433}}

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Yanayin fata|Rashin rauni a fata]]

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Ciwon daji na coral</title>
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        <id>14817</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322576774|Coral dermatitis]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861387</origin>
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{{corals|state=collapsed}}{{Animal bites and stings}}Coral dermatitis wani nau’in ciwo ne na fata wanda yake haifar da rauni daga ƙashin wasu murjani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrews&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 430 {{Rp|430}}

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Yanayin fata|Rashin rauni a fata]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>3egy0gl438opfizzpk7fzjoo9iv8y5r</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Sparodon</title>
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        <id>44591</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328266349|Sparodon]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861388</origin>
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'''''Sparodon''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''farin musselcracker''', '''musselcracker seabream''', '''mussel cracker seabream''',  '''brusher''', ko '''cracker''' . &lt;ref name=&quot;biodiversity&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Factsheet - White Musselcracker - ''Sparodon durbanensis'' |url=http://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/sanbi-identify-it/marine_life/white_musselcracker__sparodon_durbanensis.htm |access-date=27 July 2018 |website=Biodiversity Advisor}}&lt;/ref&gt; nau'in kifi ne mai kama da juna a cikin dangin Sparidae .  Nau'in nau'in kuma nau'in da aka sani kawai, '''''Sparodon durbanensis''''', François Louis Nompar de Caumont de Laporte, comte de Castelnau, ne ya fara bayyana kuma ya sanya masa suna a shekarar 1861. 

Ana iya cin kifin kuma muhimmin tushen abinci ne a kudancin Afirka. 

== Tsarin Haraji ==
An fara gabatar da ''Sparodon'' a matsayin nau'in halittar da ta ƙunshi nau'i ɗaya a shekarar 1938 ta masanin kimiyyar halittu na Afirka ta Kudu James Leonard Brierley Smith, wanda nau'insa kaɗai shine ''Sargus durbanensis'' .  Masanin kimiyyar halittu na Faransa Francis de Laporte de Castelnau ne ya fara bayyana ''Sargus durbanensis'' a hukumance a shekarar 1861, inda aka ba shi sunan [[Durban]], Afirka ta Kudu.  An sanya nau'in halittar ''Sparodon'' a cikin dangin Sparidae a cikin tsarin Spariformes ta hanyar bugu na 5 na ''Fishes of the World'' .  Wasu hukumomi suna rarraba wannan nau'in a cikin ƙaramin iyali na Sparinae, &lt;ref name=&quot;Parenti&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Parenti, P. |year=2019 |title=An annotated checklist of the fishes of the family Sparidae |url=https://fishtaxa.com/menuscript/index.php/ft/article/view/49/52 |journal=FishTaxa |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=47–98}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma bugu na 5 na Fishes of the World bai san ƙananan iyalai a cikin Sparidae ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nelson5&quot; /&gt;

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
''Sparidentex'' yana haɗa ''spar'', kamar yadda yake a Sparidae, da ''odon'', ma'ana &quot;hakori&quot;, ma'ana ga haƙoran incisor guda huɗu a gaban kowane muƙamuƙi, musamman haƙoran tsakiya guda biyu masu faɗi da lanƙwasa a kowane muƙamuƙi. Sunan takamaiman yana nufin wurin da ake amfani da shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |date=12 January 2024 |title=Order ACANTHURIFORMES (part 6): Families GERREIDAE, LETHRINIDAE, NEMIPTERIDAE and SPARIDAE |url=https://etyfish.org/acanthuriformes6/ |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
''S. durbanensis'' na iya girma har zuwa {{Convert|120|cm|in|0}}, kuma nauyinsa ya kai kimanin {{Convert|22|kg|lb|-1}} .  Kan sa da jikinsa launin azurfa ne ko launin toka. Yana da fikafikai masu launin duhu da farin ciki. &lt;ref name=&quot;biodiversity&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Factsheet - White Musselcracker - ''Sparodon durbanensis'' |url=http://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/sanbi-identify-it/marine_life/white_musselcracker__sparodon_durbanensis.htm |access-date=27 July 2018 |website=Biodiversity Advisor}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/sanbi-identify-it/marine_life/white_musselcracker__sparodon_durbanensis.htm &quot;Factsheet - White Musselcracker - ''Sparodon durbanensis''&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da manyan haƙora kuma yana da muƙamuƙi masu ƙarfi, wanda hakan ya ba shi damar cin abincin da ya ci cikin sauƙi. &lt;ref name=&quot;TOA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=White musselcracker |url=https://www.aquarium.co.za/species/entry/white-musselcracker |access-date=26 July 2018 |publisher=Two Oceans Aquarium Cape Town |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Siffar jikin mutum mai tsayi ne mai zurfin da ya dace da tsawonsa na yau da kullun sau 2,5 zuwa 3. Layin gefe yana ɗauke da sikelin tsakanin 58 da 61. Babu sikeli a yankin da ke tsakanin idanu ko a kan flange na preoperculum . Fikafin baya yana da kashin baya 11 da haskoki masu laushi 11 ko 12 yayin da fikafin dubura yana da kashin baya 3 da haskoki masu laushi 10. &lt;ref name=&quot;WIOF&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=and}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Halayya ==
''S. durbanensis'' galibi yana zama a cikin ƙananan raƙuman ruwa a lokacin ƙuruciya, a zurfin da bai wuce {{Convert|12|m|ft|-1}} . Ana tsammanin wasu samfuran manya suna ƙaura zuwa arewa maso gabas a lokacin yanayi.  Matsakaicin tsawon lokaci tsakanin tsararraki biyu, wanda ake kira lokacin tsarawa, shine shekaru 13 ga nau'in. Matasa galibi suna haihuwa daga Agusta zuwa Janairu. Suna iya rayuwa har zuwa kimanin shekaru 31. Nau'in ya kai kashi 50% na balaga lokacin da yake kusa.  . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''''Sparodon''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''farin musselcracker''', '''musselcracker seabream''', '''mussel cracker seabream''',  '''brusher''', ko '''cracker''' . &lt;ref name=&quot;biodiversity&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Factsheet - White Musselcracker - ''Sparodon durbanensis'' |url=http://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/sanbi-identify-it/marine_life/white_musselcracker__sparodon_durbanensis.htm |access-date=27 July 2018 |website=Biodiversity Advisor}}&lt;/ref&gt; nau'in kifi ne mai kama da juna a cikin dangin Sparidae .  Nau'in nau'in kuma nau'in da aka sani kawai, '''''Sparodon durbanensis''''', François Louis Nompar de Caumont de Laporte, comte de Castelnau, ne ya fara bayyana kuma ya sanya masa suna a shekarar 1861. 

Ana iya cin kifin kuma muhimmin tushen abinci ne a kudancin Afirka. 

== Tsarin Haraji ==
An fara gabatar da ''Sparodon'' a matsayin nau'in halittar da ta ƙunshi nau'i ɗaya a shekarar 1938 ta masanin kimiyyar halittu na Afirka ta Kudu James Leonard Brierley Smith, wanda nau'insa kaɗai shine ''Sargus durbanensis'' .  Masanin kimiyyar halittu na Faransa Francis de Laporte de Castelnau ne ya fara bayyana ''Sargus durbanensis'' a hukumance a shekarar 1861, inda aka ba shi sunan [[Durban]], Afirka ta Kudu.  An sanya nau'in halittar ''Sparodon'' a cikin dangin Sparidae a cikin tsarin Spariformes ta hanyar bugu na 5 na ''Fishes of the World'' .  Wasu hukumomi suna rarraba wannan nau'in a cikin ƙaramin iyali na Sparinae, &lt;ref name=&quot;Parenti&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Parenti, P. |year=2019 |title=An annotated checklist of the fishes of the family Sparidae |url=https://fishtaxa.com/menuscript/index.php/ft/article/view/49/52 |journal=FishTaxa |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=47–98}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma bugu na 5 na Fishes of the World bai san ƙananan iyalai a cikin Sparidae ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nelson5&quot; /&gt;

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
''Sparidentex'' yana haɗa ''spar'', kamar yadda yake a Sparidae, da ''odon'', ma'ana &quot;hakori&quot;, ma'ana ga haƙoran incisor guda huɗu a gaban kowane muƙamuƙi, musamman haƙoran tsakiya guda biyu masu faɗi da lanƙwasa a kowane muƙamuƙi. Sunan takamaiman yana nufin wurin da ake amfani da shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |date=12 January 2024 |title=Order ACANTHURIFORMES (part 6): Families GERREIDAE, LETHRINIDAE, NEMIPTERIDAE and SPARIDAE |url=https://etyfish.org/acanthuriformes6/ |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
''S. durbanensis'' na iya girma har zuwa {{Convert|120|cm|in|0}}, kuma nauyinsa ya kai kimanin {{Convert|22|kg|lb|-1}} .  Kan sa da jikinsa launin azurfa ne ko launin toka. Yana da fikafikai masu launin duhu da farin ciki. &lt;ref name=&quot;biodiversity&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Factsheet - White Musselcracker - ''Sparodon durbanensis'' |url=http://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/sanbi-identify-it/marine_life/white_musselcracker__sparodon_durbanensis.htm |access-date=27 July 2018 |website=Biodiversity Advisor}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/sanbi-identify-it/marine_life/white_musselcracker__sparodon_durbanensis.htm &quot;Factsheet - White Musselcracker - ''Sparodon durbanensis''&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da manyan haƙora kuma yana da muƙamuƙi masu ƙarfi, wanda hakan ya ba shi damar cin abincin da ya ci cikin sauƙi. &lt;ref name=&quot;TOA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=White musselcracker |url=https://www.aquarium.co.za/species/entry/white-musselcracker |access-date=26 July 2018 |publisher=Two Oceans Aquarium Cape Town |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Siffar jikin mutum mai tsayi ne mai zurfin da ya dace da tsawonsa na yau da kullun sau 2,5 zuwa 3. Layin gefe yana ɗauke da sikelin tsakanin 58 da 61. Babu sikeli a yankin da ke tsakanin idanu ko a kan flange na preoperculum . Fikafin baya yana da kashin baya 11 da haskoki masu laushi 11 ko 12 yayin da fikafin dubura yana da kashin baya 3 da haskoki masu laushi 10. &lt;ref name=&quot;WIOF&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=and}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Halayya ==
''S. durbanensis'' galibi yana zama a cikin ƙananan raƙuman ruwa a lokacin ƙuruciya, a zurfin da bai wuce {{Convert|12|m|ft|-1}} . Ana tsammanin wasu samfuran manya suna ƙaura zuwa arewa maso gabas a lokacin yanayi.  Matsakaicin tsawon lokaci tsakanin tsararraki biyu, wanda ake kira lokacin tsarawa, shine shekaru 13 ga nau'in. Matasa galibi suna haihuwa daga Agusta zuwa Janairu. Suna iya rayuwa har zuwa kimanin shekaru 31. Nau'in ya kai kashi 50% na balaga lokacin da yake kusa.  . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Cheyletiella</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344741064|Cheyletiella]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Automatic taxobox}}{{Reflist|2}}'''''Cheyletiella''''' wani nau'i ne na ƙwayoyin da ke zaune a kan fata na [[Kare|karnuka]], &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17423097&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Paradis M, Villeneuve A |date=August 1988 |title=Efficacy of Ivermectin against Cheyletiella yasguri Infestation in Dogs |journal=Can. Vet. J. |volume=29 |issue=8 |pages=633–635 |pmc=1680781 |pmid=17423097}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kyanwa|Cats]], &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17423707&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Scott DW, Paradis M |date=December 1990 |title=A survey of canine and feline skin disorders seen in a university practice: Small Animal Clinic, University of Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec (1987-1988) |journal=Can. Vet. J. |volume=31 |issue=12 |pages=830–835 |pmc=1480900 |pmid=17423707}}&lt;/ref&gt; da zomo. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18171479&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mellgren M, Bergvall K |year=2008 |title=Treatment of rabbit cheyletiellosis with selamectin or ivermectin: a retrospective case study |journal=Acta Vet. Scand. |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=1 |doi=10.1186/1751-0147-50-1 |pmc=2235873 |pmid=18171479 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manyan ƙwayoyin suna da kimanin 0.385 millimeters tsawo, suna da kafafu takwas tare da combs maimakon yatsunsu, kuma suna da palpi wanda ya ƙare a cikin manyan ƙugiyoyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mueller&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mueller |first=Ralf S. |year=2005 |title=Superficial mites in small animal dermatology |url=http://www.ivis.org/proceedings/scivac/2005/Mueller4_en.pdf?LA=1 |access-date=2007-02-25 |website=Proceedings of the 50° Congresso Nazionale Multisala SCIVAC |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba sa tonowa cikin fata, amma suna rayuwa a matakin keratin. Dukan rayuwarsu ta kwanaki 21 tana kan mai masaukin daya. Ba za su iya rayuwa daga mai masaukin ba fiye da kwanaki 10.

 
== Cheyletiellosis ==
'''Cheyletiellosis''' (wanda aka fi sani da ''Cheyletiella'' dermatitis), &lt;ref name=&quot;Fitz2&quot;&gt;Freedberg, et al. (2003). ''Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine''. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. {{ISBN|0-07-138076-0}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ƙwayoyin cuta ne mai sauƙi wanda ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin Cheyletiela suka haifar. Har ila yau, an san shi da '''dandruff mai tafiya''' saboda sikelin fata da ƙwayoyin ke ɗauka.

Cheyletiellosis ana ganin shi a yankunan da ƙwayoyin cuta ba su da yawa, saboda raguwar amfani da samfuran ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin da ke da inganci don maganin wannan ƙwayoyin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 May 2018 |title=Diagnosing and treating cheyletiellosis |url=https://veterinary-practice.com/article/diagnosing-and-treating-cheyletiellosis |access-date=2021-01-06 |website=veterinary-practice.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cheyletiellosis yana da yaduwa sosai. Ana watsawa ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye tare da dabba da abin ya shafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 May 2018 |title=Diagnosing and treating cheyletiellosis |url=https://veterinary-practice.com/article/diagnosing-and-treating-cheyletiellosis |access-date=2021-01-06 |website=veterinary-practice.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gabatarwa ===
Alamomi a cikin dabbobi sun bambanta daga babu alamomi zuwa ƙishirwa mai tsanani, sikelin akan fata, da asarar gashi. Raunin yawanci yana kan baya dabba. Alamomi a cikin mutane sun haɗa da ja da yawa, ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa a kan hannayensu, akwati, da ƙuƙwasawa. Saboda mutane ba masu karɓar bakuncin ƙwayoyin ba ne, alamun yawanci suna ɓacewa cikin kimanin makonni uku. Kodayake al'ummar kiwon lafiya ba sa la'akari da kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta a matsayin tabbatacciyar ganewar asali, za ta magance alamun idan ya cancanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 May 2018 |title=Diagnosing and treating cheyletiellosis |url=https://veterinary-practice.com/article/diagnosing-and-treating-cheyletiellosis |access-date=2021-01-06 |website=veterinary-practice.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Binciken ganewa ===
Binciken shine ta hanyar gano ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwai microscopically a cikin fatar fata, combing, ko a kan tef na acetate da aka yi amfani da shi a fata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 May 2018 |title=Diagnosing and treating cheyletiellosis |url=https://veterinary-practice.com/article/diagnosing-and-treating-cheyletiellosis |access-date=2021-01-06 |website=veterinary-practice.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Magani ===
Magani mafi yawanci a cikin dabbobi shine amfani da kowane mako na wasu nau'ikan magungunan kashe kwari da ƙuda dace da dabbar da abin ya shafa, sau da yawa samfurin antiflea. Fipronil yana aiki da kyau, musamman a cikin cats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Scarampella F, Pollmeier M, Visser M, Boeckh A, Jeannin P |year=2005 |title=Efficacy of fipronil in the treatment of feline cheyletiellosis |journal=Vet Parasitol |volume=129 |issue=3–4 |pages=333–9 |doi=10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.02.008 |pmid=15845289}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan ana iya kula da Cats tare da maganin kwari na sulfur ko shampoo tare da maganin kashe kwari wanda ba na pyrethrin ba na makonni biyu bayan kammala alamun.

A lokuta marasa amsawa, ana amfani da ivermectin. Ana ƙuda ba da shawarar Selamectin don magani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ihrke |first=Peter J. |year=2006 |title=New Approaches to Common Canine Ectoparasites |url=http://www.ivis.org/proceedings/wsava/2006/lecture6/Ihrke2.pdf?LA=1 |access-date=2007-02-25 |website=Proceedings of the 31st World Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babu wani daga cikin wadannan kayayyakin da aka amince da su don maganin cheyletiellosis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Mange in Dogs and Cats |url=http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/72005.htm |access-date=2007-02-25 |website=The Merck Veterinary Manual}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran dabbobi a cikin wannan gida ya kamata a kula da su, kuma dole ne a kula da gidan ko gidan tare da yaduwar muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jeromin |first=Alice |date=August 2006 |title=Cheyletiella: The under-diagnosed mite |journal=DVM |pages=8S–9S}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nau'o'in ==

* ''Cheyletiella blakei'' Smiley, 1970 - ya mamaye cats (''[[Kyanwa|Felis catus]]''), Amurka (Washington DC) 
* ''[[Cheyletiella parasitivorax]]'' - ya mamaye buns (''Oryctolagus cuniculus''),  Faransa
* ''[[Cheyletiella romerolagi]]'' &lt;small&gt; (Fain, 1972) &lt;/small&gt; - ya kamu da cutar ''Romerolagus diazi'', Amurka (New York) 
* ''[[Cheyletiella strandtmanni]]'' Smiley, 1970 - ya mamaye hare (''Lepus'' spp.), Taiwan
* ''Cheyletiella yasguri'' &lt;small&gt;Smiley, 1965&lt;/small&gt; - ya mamaye karnuka

''C. yasguri'' da ''C. blakei'' na iya shafar mutane na ɗan lokaci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mueller&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mueller |first=Ralf S. |year=2005 |title=Superficial mites in small animal dermatology |url=http://www.ivis.org/proceedings/scivac/2005/Mueller4_en.pdf?LA=1 |access-date=2007-02-25 |website=Proceedings of the 50° Congresso Nazionale Multisala SCIVAC |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin ƙwayoyin cuta da ke da alaƙa da halayen fata
* Ku ci

== Manazarta ==
{{Mite-related diseases and infestations}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q1071446}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Otomebora mullet</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1315092910|Otomebora mullet]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Speciesbox|name=Otomebora mullet|image=|status=LC|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=&lt;ref name = IUCN&gt;{{cite iucn | author = Hoese, D. | author2 =Sparks, J.S. .| name-list-style = amp | year = 2017 | title = ''Chelon melinopterus'' | article-number = e.T197047A46663719 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T197047A46663719.en | access-date = 30 June 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|taxon=Chelon melinopterus|authority=([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1836)|synonyms=* ''Mugil melinopterus'' &lt;small&gt;Valenciennes, 1836&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Chelon melinopterus'' &lt;small&gt;(Valenciennes, 1836)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Ellochelon melinoptera'' &lt;small&gt;(Valenciennes, 1836)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Planliza melinoptera'' &lt;small&gt;(Valenciennes, 1836)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Planliza melinopterus'' &lt;small&gt;(Valenciennes, 1836)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Liza melinoptera'' &lt;small&gt;(Valenciennes, 1836)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mugil ceramensis'' &lt;small&gt;[[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1853&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Liza ceramensis'' &lt;small&gt;(Bleeker, 1853)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mugil compressus'' &lt;small&gt;[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1861&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mugil anpinensis'' &lt;small&gt;[[Masamitsu Ōshima|Oshima]], 1922&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Ellochelon luciae'' &lt;small&gt;[[Mary-Louise Penrith|Penrith]] &amp; Penrith, 1967&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Liza luciae'' &lt;small&gt;(Penrith &amp; [[M.J. Penrith|Penrith]], 1967)&lt;/small&gt;|synonyms_ref=&lt;ref name = Cof&gt;{{Cof species|genus=Chelon|species=melinopterus|access-date=15 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

'''Mullet ɗin Otomebora''' ( ''Chelon melinopterus'' ), '''babban kifi''' ko kuma '''mullet ɗin St. Lucia''', nau'in kifi ne da aka yi da hasken rana a cikin dangin Mugilidae . Ana samunsa a Yankin Indo-Pacific . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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''Mullet ɗin Otomebora''' ( ''Chelon melinopterus'' ), '''babban kifi''' ko kuma '''mullet ɗin St. Lucia''', nau'in kifi ne da aka yi da hasken rana a cikin dangin Mugilidae . Ana samunsa a Yankin Indo-Pacific . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Cin zarafin tsofaffi</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345022196|Elder abuse]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Cin zarafin tsofaffi''' shine cin zarafi, sakaci, cin zarafi, ko kuma yaudarar tsofaffi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Types of abuse |url=https://wearehourglass.org/abuse |access-date=October 12, 2007 |website=We are Hourglass}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta amince da wannan ma'anar daga wata ma'anar da Hourglass (wanda a da ake kira Action on Elder Abuse) ta gabatar a Burtaniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abuse of older people |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/abuse-of-older-people |access-date=2022-09-25 |publisher=World Health Organization |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dokokin da ke kare tsofaffi daga cin zarafi suna kama da kuma suna da alaƙa da dokokin da ke kare manya masu dogaro daga cin zarafi.

Cin zarafin tsofaffi ya haɗa da cutarwa daga mutanen da tsofaffi suka sani ko suke da alaƙa da su, kamar mata ko miji, abokin tarayya, ko ɗan uwa, aboki ko maƙwabci, ko mutanen da tsofaffi suka dogara da su don ayyuka. Ana gane nau'ikan cin zarafin tsofaffi da yawa a matsayin nau'ikan [[Tashin hankali na gida|cin zarafin gida]] ko tashin hankalin iyali tunda 'yan uwa ne ke aikata su. An kuma san [[Mai kula da shi|masu kula da]] tsofaffi da ake biyansu albashi suna cin zarafin tsofaffi marasa lafiya.

Duk da cewa ana ɗaukar yanayi daban-daban a matsayin cin zarafin tsofaffi, bai haɗa da ayyukan laifuka na yau da kullun akan tsofaffi ba, kamar fasa gida, fashi ko fashi a kan titi, ko &quot; fashi da abubuwan da ke ɓata hankali,&quot; inda baƙo ya ɗauke hankalin wani dattijo a bakin ƙofar gida yayin da wani mutum ya shiga gidan don yin sata.

Tsawon shekaru, hukumomin gwamnati da ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru a al'umma a duk faɗin duniya sun ayyana cin zarafin tsofaffi a matsayin matsala ta zamantakewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rinkler, A.G. |date=2009 |title=Recognition and perception of elder abuse by prehospital and hospital-based care providers |journal=Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=110–115 |doi=10.1016/j.archger.2007.11.002 |pmid=8160115}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2002, WHO ta jawo hankalin duniya game da batun cin zarafin tsofaffi. &lt;ref&gt;Cook-Daniels, L., (2003). &quot;2003 is the year elder abuse hits the international state.&quot; ''Victimization of the Elderly and Disabled''. '''5''' (76), 65-66 {{ISSN|1098-5131}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2006, Cibiyar Kula da Cututtukan Tsofaffi ta Duniya (INPEA) ta ware ranar 15 ga Yuni a matsayin ''Ranar Wayar da Kan Jama'a Kan Cin Zarafin Tsofaffi ta Duniya'' (WEAAD). Ana gudanar da tarurruka da dama a faɗin duniya a wannan rana don wayar da kan jama'a game da cin zarafin tsofaffi da kuma nuna hanyoyin da za a iya ƙalubalantar hakan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Elder Abuse Prevention Day |url=http://www.inpea.net/weaad/ |access-date=June 26, 2007 |publisher=The International Network for the Prevention of Elder Abuse |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nau'o'i ==
A taƙaice, cin zarafin tsofaffi ya ƙunshi amfani da iko da iko don cutar da walwala da matsayin tsofaffi. Duk da cewa akwai jigogi iri ɗaya na cin zarafin tsofaffi a faɗin ƙasashe, cin zarafin tsofaffi ya bambanta a cikin ƙasashe dangane da tarihi, al'ada, da ƙarfin tattalin arziki na tsofaffi, da kuma yadda ake ɗaukar tsofaffi a matsayin waɗanda suka tsufa.

Ana gane nau'ikan cin zarafin tsofaffi da dama gabaɗaya, ciki har da: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elder Abuse |url=https://medlineplus.gov/elderabuse.html |access-date=2020-04-30 |website=medlineplus.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Robinson&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Lawrence |last2=De Benedictis |first2=Tina |last3=Segal |first3=Jeanne |date=November 2012 |title=Elder Abuse and Neglect |url=http://www.helpguide.org/mental/elder_abuse_physical_emotional_sexual_neglect.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211154305/http://www.helpguide.org/mental/elder_abuse_physical_emotional_sexual_neglect.htm |archive-date=11 December 2012 |access-date=15 December 2012 |website=Help Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is Elder Abuse? |url=http://www.aoa.gov/AoA_programs/Elder_Rights/EA_Prevention/whatIsEA.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220071251/http://www.aoa.gov/AoA_programs/Elder_Rights/EA_Prevention/whatIsEA.aspx |archive-date=20 December 2012 |access-date=17 December 2012 |publisher=Administration on Aging}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''[[Cin zarafin jiki]]''' : misali duka, naushi, mari, ƙonawa, turawa, shura, hana mutum, ɗaure ko tsare shi da gangan, ko ba da magani fiye da kima ko bai dace ba, ko hana magani ko magani.
* '''Cin zarafin tunani da motsin rai:''' misali [[Wulakanci|wulakanta]] mutum. Mai aikata laifin zai iya gano wani abu da ke da muhimmanci ga tsofaffi sannan ya yi amfani da wannan ilimin don tilasta wa tsofaffi su yi wani aiki na musamman. Cin zarafin na iya ɗaukar nau'ikan magana kamar ihu, zargi, zargi, kiran suna, yi wa mutane ba'a, ko kuma suka akai-akai, ko kuma yana iya ɗaukar nau'ikan da ba na magana ba kamar yin watsi da su, guje musu, yin shiru, ko janye soyayya.
* '''Cin zarafin kuɗi''' : wanda kuma aka sani da cin zarafin kuɗi ko cin zarafin tattalin arziki, wanda ya haɗa da ɓata dukiyar kuɗi ta hanyar 'yan uwa, masu kula da su, ko baƙi, ko amfani da hanyoyin kuɗi don sarrafa mutum ko sauƙaƙe wasu nau'ikan cin zarafi. Haka kuma, rashin biyan tallafin kuɗi ga dattawan da [[Talauci|ke]] cikin yankunan da ke da [[Dokokin Hakkin Filial|dokokin ɗaukar nauyin iyali]], kamar Faransa, Jamus, da mafi yawan Amurka.
* '''Cin zarafin jima'i''' : misali tilasta wa mutum ya shiga cikin duk wani aikin [[Ayyukan jima'i na ɗan adam|jima'i]] ba tare da izini ba, gami da tilasta masa shiga cikin tattaunawa ta hanyar jima'i ba tare da son ransa ba; wanda kuma zai iya haɗawa da yanayi inda mutumin ba zai iya ba da izini ba ( [[Dementia|hauhawar jini]] ).
* '''Sakaci''' : misali hana mutum samun ingantaccen magani, abinci, zafi, tufafi, jin daɗi, ko magunguna masu mahimmanci, ko hana mutum samun ayyukan da ake buƙata, don tilasta masa wasu ayyuka, na kuɗi da sauransu. Sakaci na iya haɗawa da barin wani dattijo wanda ke cikin haɗari ba tare da kulawa ba (misali, daga faɗuwa). Rashin iya zama da gangan ( sakaci a aiki) ko kuma ya faru ne saboda rashin ilimi ko albarkatu ( sakaci a aiki ba tare da aiki ba).

Bugu da ƙari, wasu dokokin jihar Amurka  sun kuma amince da waɗannan a matsayin cin zarafin tsofaffi:

* '''Barin mutum''' : barin wanda ya dogara da shi da nufin ya bar shi ko kuma ya bar shi ba tare da kulawa ba na tsawon lokaci wanda zai iya kawo cikas ga lafiyarsa ko jin daɗinsa. 
* '''Cin zarafin haƙƙoƙi''' : hana haƙƙin ɗan adam da na kundin tsarin mulki na mutumin da ya tsufa amma kotu ba ta bayyana shi a matsayin wanda bai da ƙarfin tunani. Wannan wani ɓangare ne na cin zarafin tsofaffi da ƙasashe ke ƙara amincewa da shi.
* '''[[Rashin kula da kai|Sakacin kai]]''' : sakacin kai ta hanyar rashin kula da lafiyar mutum, walwala ko aminci. Sakacin kai (cutar da kai) ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani abu daban da cin zarafi (cutar da wasu). Sakacin kai na tsofaffi na iya haifar da rashin lafiya, rauni, ko ma mutuwa. Bukatun gama gari da tsofaffi za su iya hana kansu ko su yi watsi da su sun haɗa da waɗannan: abinci (abinci ko ruwa); tsafta (wanka da tsaftace kai); tufafi masu dacewa don kare yanayi; matsuguni mai kyau; aminci mai kyau; muhalli mai tsabta da lafiya; kulawar likita don rashin lafiya mai tsanani; da magunguna masu mahimmanci.  Sakacin kai sau da yawa yakan faru ne ta hanyar raguwar wayewar mutum ko iyawarsa ta tunani. Wasu tsofaffi na iya zaɓar hana kansu wasu fa'idodi na lafiya ko aminci, waɗanda ƙila ba sakacin kai ba ne. Wannan na iya zama zaɓin kansu kawai. Masu kulawa da sauran mutane masu alhakin dole ne su girmama waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan idan babba yana da hankali. A wasu lokuta, babba na iya rasa albarkatun da ake buƙata, sakamakon talauci, ko wasu yanayi na zamantakewa. Wannan kuma ba a ɗaukarsa a matsayin &quot;sakacin kai ba.&quot; 
* '''Cin zarafin cibiyoyi''' yana nufin cutarwa ta jiki ko ta hankali, da kuma keta haƙƙoƙi a wuraren da ake ba da kulawa da taimako ga tsofaffi masu dogaro da kansu ko wasu, kamar gidajen kula da tsofaffi. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan kan kimanin mazauna gidajen kula da tsofaffi 2,000 a Amurka ya ba da rahoton ƙaruwar cin zarafin da kashi 44% da sakaci har zuwa kashi 95%,  yana sa cin zarafin tsofaffi a gidajen kula da tsofaffi ya zama haɗari. Ƙididdigar da aka ƙayyade ba ta da yawa saboda cin zarafin tsofaffi gabaɗaya kuma musamman a gidajen kula da tsofaffi suna cikin yanayi na shiru.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Selected Long-Term Care Statistics {{!}} Family Caregiver Alliance |url=https://www.caregiver.org/selected-long-term-care-statistics |access-date=2018-04-11 |website=caregiver.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamun Gargaɗi ==
Mabuɗin rigakafi da kuma shiga tsakani na cin zarafin tsofaffi shine ikon gane alamun gargaɗin faruwarsa. Alamomin cin zarafin tsofaffi sun bambanta dangane da nau'in cin zarafin da wanda aka ci zarafin yake sha. Kowace nau'in cin zarafin yana da alamomi daban-daban da ke da alaƙa da shi.

* Ana iya gano '''cin zarafin jiki''' ta hanyar alamun da ake gani a jiki, ciki har da raunuka, ƙaiƙayi, tabo, kaguwa, ko karyewar ƙashi. Alamomin cin zarafin jiki marasa ma'ana sun haɗa da alamun ɗaurewa kamar alamun igiya a wuyan hannu ko gilashin ido da suka karye. &lt;ref name=&quot;Robinson&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Lawrence |last2=De Benedictis |first2=Tina |last3=Segal |first3=Jeanne |date=November 2012 |title=Elder Abuse and Neglect |url=http://www.helpguide.org/mental/elder_abuse_physical_emotional_sexual_neglect.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211154305/http://www.helpguide.org/mental/elder_abuse_physical_emotional_sexual_neglect.htm |archive-date=11 December 2012 |access-date=15 December 2012 |website=Help Guide}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRobinsonDe_BenedictisSegal2012&quot;&gt;Robinson, Lawrence; De Benedictis, Tina; Segal, Jeanne (November 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20121211154305/http://www.helpguide.org/mental/elder_abuse_physical_emotional_sexual_neglect.htm &quot;Elder Abuse and Neglect&quot;]. ''Help Guide''. Archived from [http://www.helpguide.org/mental/elder_abuse_physical_emotional_sexual_neglect.htm the original] on 11 December 2012&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Cin zarafin motsin rai''' sau da yawa yana tare da wasu nau'ikan cin zarafi kuma yawanci ana iya gano shi ta hanyar canje-canje a cikin halayen dattijo ko halayensa. Dattijon kuma yana iya nuna hali kamar [[Dementia|na hauka]], kamar girgiza ko gunaguni. &lt;ref name=&quot;Robinson&quot; /&gt; Cin zarafin motsin rai shine mafi yawan nau'in cin zarafin tsofaffi. Cin zarafin tsofaffi yana faruwa ne lokacin da mutum ya kasa girmama dattijo, kuma yana iya haɗawa da cin zarafin baki. Dattijon yana fuskantar warewar zamantakewa ko rashin amincewa. Ɗaya daga cikin alamun cin zarafin motsin rai shine rashin amsawa ko rashin sadarwa. Hakanan suna iya zama masu zargi ko tsoro ba tare da wani dalili ba, suna ware kansu, kuma ba sa son yin zamantakewa kamar yadda suke a da. Cin zarafin motsin rai ba a ba da rahotonsa ba amma yana iya haifar da mafi illa saboda yana haifar da ƙarin matsalolin lafiyar jiki da ta kwakwalwa.
* '''Cin zarafin kuɗi''' wani nau'i ne na cin zarafi mai sauƙi kuma yana iya zama da wahala a lura. Alamomin cin zarafin kuɗi sun haɗa da kuɗaɗen da ba a biya ba, siyan kayayyaki ko ayyuka marasa amfani, cire kuɗi mai yawa daga asusun ajiya, da kaya ko kuɗin da suka ɓace daga gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;Robinson&quot; /&gt;
* Ana iya gano '''cin zarafin jima'i''', kamar cin zarafin jiki, ta hanyar alamun da ake gani a jiki, musamman a kusa da nono ko yankin al'aura. Sauran alamun sun haɗa da kamuwa da cuta da ba za a iya bayyanawa ba, zubar jini, da kuma yagewar tufafi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Robinson&quot; /&gt;
* Mai kula da marasa lafiya ko kuma kai na iya haifar da '''sakaci''' . Alamomin sakaci sun haɗa da rashin abinci mai gina jiki da [[Rashin Ruwa a Jiki|rashin ruwa a jiki]], rashin tsafta, rashin bin umarnin likita, da kuma rashin lafiyar rayuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Robinson&quot; /&gt;

Baya ga lura da alamun da ke cikin mutum mai shekaru 10, mutum zai iya gano cin zarafi ta hanyar lura da canje-canje a cikin halayen mai kula da shi. Misali, mai kula da shi ba zai iya barin shi ya yi magana da baƙi ko ya karɓi baƙi ba, ko kuma ya nuna rashin kulawa ko rashin ƙauna ga dattijon ko kuma ya kira dattijon a matsayin &quot;nauyi.&quot; Masu kula da waɗanda ke da tarihin shan muggan kwayoyi ko rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa sun fi fuskantar cin zarafi ga tsofaffi fiye da sauran mutane. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Signs and symptoms of elder abuse and neglect in care |url=http://www.advocare.org.au/help-with-aged-care-complaints/signs-and-symptoms-of-eld/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103082327/http://www.advocare.org.au/help-with-aged-care-complaints/signs-and-symptoms-of-eld/ |archive-date=2018-01-03 |access-date=16 December 2012 |publisher=Advocare Incorporated}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cin zarafi a wasu lokutan yana da wuyar ganewa, don haka yana da wahalar ganowa. Duk da haka, ƙungiyoyin wayar da kan jama'a da bincike suna ba da shawara cewa mutum ya ɗauki duk wani zargi da muhimmanci kuma ya magance matsalolin da kyau kuma nan take.

=== Alamomi ===

* Rashin kayan taimakon likita kamar gilashi, na'urar tafiya, [[Na`urorin taimakon Ji|da na'urorin ji]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elder Abuse |url=http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/elder-abuse |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728010344/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/elder-abuse |archive-date=July 28, 2017 |access-date=2021-05-05 |publisher=National Institute on Aging |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Alamomin [[Raunin kwakwalwa|raunin da ya faru a cikin motsin rai]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Gilashin ido/firam ɗin da suka karye, ko alamun azaba ko kuma a danne su. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Alamomin rashin isasshen kulawa ko rashin biyan kuɗi duk da isassun albarkatun kuɗi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Karyewar ƙasusuwa ( karyewar ƙasusuwa )
* Mummunan yanayin jiki
* Canje-canje a yanayin tunani
* Cututtuka masu yawan faruwa
* Kumburi, ƙaiƙayi, ƙwanƙwasa, ko yankewa.
* [[Rashin nauyi|Rage nauyi mara]] dalili
* Ƙin yin magana
* Alamomin [[Rashin Ruwa a Jiki|bushewar ruwa]]
* Rashin tsafta

== Sakamakon lafiya ==
Illolin cin zarafin tsofaffi suna da matuƙar tsanani. Cin zarafin tsofaffi na iya lalata rayuwar tsofaffi ta hanyoyi kamar haka: &lt;ref name=&quot;Dong&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dong X |date=2005 |title=Medical Implications of Elder Abuse and Neglect |journal=Clinics in Geriatric Medicine |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=293–313 |doi=10.1016/j.cger.2004.10.006 |pmid=15804552}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ragewar iya aiki
* Ƙara dogaro, jin rashin taimako, da damuwa.
* Tashin hankali da ke ƙara ta'azzara
* Mutuwa da [[Cuta|rashin lafiya]] kafin lokacin haihuwa
* Damuwa da [[Dementia|Hauka]]
* [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki|Rashin ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki]]
* Ciwon gado
* [[Mutuwa]]

Haɗarin mutuwa ga tsofaffi waɗanda aka ci zarafinsu ya ninka na waɗanda ba a ci zarafinsu ba sau uku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=1 December 1990 |title=American Medical Association White Paper on Elderly Health: Report of the Council on Scientific Affairs |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=150 |issue=12 |page=2459 |doi=10.1001/archinte.1990.00390230019004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwan Haɗari ==
Abubuwa daban-daban da ke haifar da haɗari suna ƙara yiwuwar cewa tsofaffi za su fuskanci cin zarafin tsofaffi, ciki har da tsofaffi wanda: &lt;ref name=&quot;Hildreth&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hildreth, C.J. |date=2011 |title=Elder Abuse |journal=JAMA |volume=306 |issue=5 |page=568 |doi=10.1001/jama.306.5.568 |pmid=21813437 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Yana da matsalolin ƙwaƙwalwa (kamar [[Dementia|ciwon hauka]] ).
* Yana da tabin hankali, ko dai na daɗe ko na baya-bayan nan.
* Yana da nakasa ta jiki.
* Yana da damuwa, [[Kasancewa Mai Tsarki|kaɗaici]], ko rashin tallafin zamantakewa.
* Yin amfani da barasa ko wasu abubuwa masu guba.
* Yana shan magungunan da aka rubuta masa waɗanda ke ɓatar da hukunci.
* Yana da faɗa ta baki ko ta jiki da mai kula da shi.
* Yana da yanayin rayuwa iri ɗaya.
* Yana da tarihin aikata laifuka.

Wasu dalilai da dama da ke haifar da haɗari suna ƙara yiwuwar mai kula da tsofaffi ya shiga cikin cin zarafin tsofaffi, gami da mai kula da tsofaffi wanda: &lt;ref name=&quot;Hildreth&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hildreth, C.J. |date=2011 |title=Elder Abuse |journal=JAMA |volume=306 |issue=5 |page=568 |doi=10.1001/jama.306.5.568 |pmid=21813437 |doi-access=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHildreth,_C.J.2011&quot;&gt;Hildreth, C.J. (2011). &quot;Elder Abuse&quot;. ''JAMA''. '''306''' (5): 568. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1001/jama.306.5.568|10.1001/jama.306.5.568]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21813437 21813437].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

* Yana jin haushi ko kuma yana jin haushi.
* Yana da tarihin shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ko kuma yana da tarihin cin zarafin wasu.
* Ya dogara da tsofaffi don samun gidaje, kuɗi, ko wasu buƙatu.
* Yana da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa.
* Ba shi da aikin yi.
* Yana da tarihin aikata laifuka.
* Yana da yanayin rayuwa iri ɗaya.

Bugu da ƙari:

* An gano cewa ƙarancin kuɗi ko talauci yana da alaƙa da cin zarafin tsofaffi. An yi tunanin ƙarancin albarkatun tattalin arziki a matsayin damuwa ta yanayi ko yanayi ko kuma taimakawa wajen cin zarafin tsofaffi.
* Zama tare da mutane da yawa a cikin gida banda mata ko miji yana da alaƙa da ƙaruwar haɗarin cin zarafi, musamman cin zarafin kuɗi.

Ana iya rarraba abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari zuwa matakan mutum ɗaya, dangantaka, al'umma, da kuma al'adun zamantakewa. A matakin mutum ɗaya, dattawan da ke da ƙarancin lafiyar jiki da ta hankali suna cikin haɗari mafi girma. A matakin dangantaka, yanayin rayuwa tare babban haɗari ne ga tsofaffi, kuma zama a yanki ɗaya da mai cin zarafin yana da yuwuwar haifar da cin zarafi. A matakin al'umma, masu kula da tsofaffi na iya yin ganganci ko ba da gangan ba su haifar da warewar zamantakewa ga tsofaffi. A matakin al'adun zamantakewa, kasancewa a matsayin mai rauni da dogaro, rashin kuɗin da za a biya don kulawa, buƙatar taimako amma zama shi kaɗai, da kuma samun dangantaka tsakanin tsararrakin iyali da aka lalata su ne abubuwan da ke haifar da cin zarafin tsofaffi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elder abuse |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs357/en/ |access-date=2016-11-29 |publisher=World Health Organization |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rigakafi ==
Likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya, da sauran ma'aikatan lafiya na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimaka wa waɗanda aka ci zarafinsu a lokacin da suka tsufa. Bincike ya nuna cewa tsofaffi, a matsakaici, suna ziyartar likita sau 13.9 a kowace shekara.  Duk da cewa an sami ƙaruwar wayar da kan jama'a game da cin zarafin tsofaffi tsawon shekaru, likitoci kan ba da rahoton kashi 2% ne kawai na shari'o'in cin zarafin tsofaffi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dong&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dong X |date=2005 |title=Medical Implications of Elder Abuse and Neglect |journal=Clinics in Geriatric Medicine |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=293–313 |doi=10.1016/j.cger.2004.10.006 |pmid=15804552}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDong_X2005&quot;&gt;Dong X (2005). &quot;Medical Implications of Elder Abuse and Neglect&quot;. ''Clinics in Geriatric Medicine''. '''21''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;293–&lt;/span&gt;313. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.cger.2004.10.006|10.1016/j.cger.2004.10.006]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15804552 15804552].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dalilan rashin bayar da rahoto daga likitoci sun haɗa da rashin ilimin da ake da shi game da dokokin jihar kan cin zarafin tsofaffi, damuwa game da fushin mai cin zarafin da lalata dangantaka da tsofaffi marasa lafiya, yiwuwar halartar kotu, rashin haɗin gwiwa daga tsofaffi marasa lafiya ko iyalai, da rashin lokaci da diyya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dong&quot; /&gt; Ta hanyar ilimi da horo game da cin zarafin tsofaffi, ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya za su iya taimaka wa waɗanda aka ci zarafinsu a lokacin da suka tsufa.

Ilmantarwa da horar da waɗanda ke cikin tsarin shari'a na laifuka, kamar 'yan sanda, masu gabatar da kara, da kuma bangaren shari'a kan cin zarafin tsofaffi, da kuma ƙara yawan dokoki don kare tsofaffi, zai taimaka wajen rage cin zarafin tsofaffi. Ƙara yawan dokoki don kare tsofaffi kuma zai samar da ingantaccen taimako ga waɗanda aka ci zarafin tsofaffi.

Bugu da ƙari, shigar al'umma cikin mayar da martani ga cin zarafin tsofaffi na iya taimakawa ga tsaron tsofaffi. Gabaɗaya, hana faruwar ko sake afkuwar cin zarafin tsofaffi ba wai kawai yana taimaka wa tsofaffi ba, har ma yana iya inganta damuwa da baƙin cikin masu kula da su. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=PR |last2=Francis |first2=DP |last3=Hairi |first3=NN |last4=Othman |first4=S |last5=Choo |first5=WY |date=16 August 2016 |title=Interventions for preventing abuse in the elderly. |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2016 |issue=8 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010321.pub2 |pmc=7169376 |pmid=27528431}}&lt;/ref&gt; Al'ummomi na iya haɓaka shirye-shirye waɗanda aka tsara don biyan buƙatun tsofaffi. Misali, al'ummomi da yawa a duk faɗin Amurka sun ƙirƙiri Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwararrun Cin Zarafin Kuɗi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Senior Protection Program &amp; FAST |url=http://www.coaoc.org/html/services_fast_description.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125075219/http://www.coaoc.org/html/services_fast_description.htm |archive-date=2009-01-25 |access-date=2011-11-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; waɗanda ƙungiyoyi ne masu fannoni daban-daban waɗanda suka ƙunshi ƙwararru na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke ba da lokacinsu don ba da shawara ga Ayyukan Kare Manyan Mutane (APS), jami'an [[Doka|tsaro]], da lauyoyi masu zaman kansu kan batutuwan cin zarafin kuɗi na manya masu rauni. 

== Manazarta ==

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'''Cin zarafin tsofaffi''' shine cin zarafi, sakaci, cin zarafi, ko kuma yaudarar tsofaffi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Types of abuse |url=https://wearehourglass.org/abuse |access-date=October 12, 2007 |website=We are Hourglass}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta amince da wannan ma'anar daga wata ma'anar da Hourglass (wanda a da ake kira Action on Elder Abuse) ta gabatar a Burtaniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abuse of older people |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/abuse-of-older-people |access-date=2022-09-25 |publisher=World Health Organization |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dokokin da ke kare tsofaffi daga cin zarafi suna kama da kuma suna da alaƙa da dokokin da ke kare manya masu dogaro daga cin zarafi.

Cin zarafin tsofaffi ya haɗa da cutarwa daga mutanen da tsofaffi suka sani ko suke da alaƙa da su, kamar mata ko miji, abokin tarayya, ko ɗan uwa, aboki ko maƙwabci, ko mutanen da tsofaffi suka dogara da su don ayyuka. Ana gane nau'ikan cin zarafin tsofaffi da yawa a matsayin nau'ikan [[Tashin hankali na gida|cin zarafin gida]] ko tashin hankalin iyali tunda 'yan uwa ne ke aikata su. An kuma san [[Mai kula da shi|masu kula da]] tsofaffi da ake biyansu albashi suna cin zarafin tsofaffi marasa lafiya.

Duk da cewa ana ɗaukar yanayi daban-daban a matsayin cin zarafin tsofaffi, bai haɗa da ayyukan laifuka na yau da kullun akan tsofaffi ba, kamar fasa gida, fashi ko fashi a kan titi, ko &quot; fashi da abubuwan da ke ɓata hankali,&quot; inda baƙo ya ɗauke hankalin wani dattijo a bakin ƙofar gida yayin da wani mutum ya shiga gidan don yin sata.

Tsawon shekaru, hukumomin gwamnati da ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru a al'umma a duk faɗin duniya sun ayyana cin zarafin tsofaffi a matsayin matsala ta zamantakewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rinkler, A.G. |date=2009 |title=Recognition and perception of elder abuse by prehospital and hospital-based care providers |journal=Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=110–115 |doi=10.1016/j.archger.2007.11.002 |pmid=8160115}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2002, WHO ta jawo hankalin duniya game da batun cin zarafin tsofaffi. &lt;ref&gt;Cook-Daniels, L., (2003). &quot;2003 is the year elder abuse hits the international state.&quot; ''Victimization of the Elderly and Disabled''. '''5''' (76), 65-66 {{ISSN|1098-5131}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2006, Cibiyar Kula da Cututtukan Tsofaffi ta Duniya (INPEA) ta ware ranar 15 ga Yuni a matsayin ''Ranar Wayar da Kan Jama'a Kan Cin Zarafin Tsofaffi ta Duniya'' (WEAAD). Ana gudanar da tarurruka da dama a faɗin duniya a wannan rana don wayar da kan jama'a game da cin zarafin tsofaffi da kuma nuna hanyoyin da za a iya ƙalubalantar hakan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Elder Abuse Prevention Day |url=http://www.inpea.net/weaad/ |access-date=June 26, 2007 |publisher=The International Network for the Prevention of Elder Abuse |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nau'o'i ==
A taƙaice, cin zarafin tsofaffi ya ƙunshi amfani da iko da iko don cutar da walwala da matsayin tsofaffi. Duk da cewa akwai jigogi iri ɗaya na cin zarafin tsofaffi a faɗin ƙasashe, cin zarafin tsofaffi ya bambanta a cikin ƙasashe dangane da tarihi, al'ada, da ƙarfin tattalin arziki na tsofaffi, da kuma yadda ake ɗaukar tsofaffi a matsayin waɗanda suka tsufa.

Ana gane nau'ikan cin zarafin tsofaffi da dama gabaɗaya, ciki har da: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elder Abuse |url=https://medlineplus.gov/elderabuse.html |access-date=2020-04-30 |website=medlineplus.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Robinson&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Lawrence |last2=De Benedictis |first2=Tina |last3=Segal |first3=Jeanne |date=November 2012 |title=Elder Abuse and Neglect |url=http://www.helpguide.org/mental/elder_abuse_physical_emotional_sexual_neglect.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211154305/http://www.helpguide.org/mental/elder_abuse_physical_emotional_sexual_neglect.htm |archive-date=11 December 2012 |access-date=15 December 2012 |website=Help Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is Elder Abuse? |url=http://www.aoa.gov/AoA_programs/Elder_Rights/EA_Prevention/whatIsEA.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220071251/http://www.aoa.gov/AoA_programs/Elder_Rights/EA_Prevention/whatIsEA.aspx |archive-date=20 December 2012 |access-date=17 December 2012 |publisher=Administration on Aging}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''[[Cin zarafin jiki]]''' : misali duka, naushi, mari, ƙonawa, turawa, shura, hana mutum, ɗaure ko tsare shi da gangan, ko ba da magani fiye da kima ko bai dace ba, ko hana magani ko magani.
* '''Cin zarafin tunani da motsin rai:''' misali [[Wulakanci|wulakanta]] mutum. Mai aikata laifin zai iya gano wani abu da ke da muhimmanci ga tsofaffi sannan ya yi amfani da wannan ilimin don tilasta wa tsofaffi su yi wani aiki na musamman. Cin zarafin na iya ɗaukar nau'ikan magana kamar ihu, zargi, zargi, kiran suna, yi wa mutane ba'a, ko kuma suka akai-akai, ko kuma yana iya ɗaukar nau'ikan da ba na magana ba kamar yin watsi da su, guje musu, yin shiru, ko janye soyayya.
* '''Cin zarafin kuɗi''' : wanda kuma aka sani da cin zarafin kuɗi ko cin zarafin tattalin arziki, wanda ya haɗa da ɓata dukiyar kuɗi ta hanyar 'yan uwa, masu kula da su, ko baƙi, ko amfani da hanyoyin kuɗi don sarrafa mutum ko sauƙaƙe wasu nau'ikan cin zarafi. Haka kuma, rashin biyan tallafin kuɗi ga dattawan da [[Talauci|ke]] cikin yankunan da ke da [[Dokokin Hakkin Filial|dokokin ɗaukar nauyin iyali]], kamar Faransa, Jamus, da mafi yawan Amurka.
* '''Cin zarafin jima'i''' : misali tilasta wa mutum ya shiga cikin duk wani aikin [[Ayyukan jima'i na ɗan adam|jima'i]] ba tare da izini ba, gami da tilasta masa shiga cikin tattaunawa ta hanyar jima'i ba tare da son ransa ba; wanda kuma zai iya haɗawa da yanayi inda mutumin ba zai iya ba da izini ba ( [[Dementia|hauhawar jini]] ).
* '''Sakaci''' : misali hana mutum samun ingantaccen magani, abinci, zafi, tufafi, jin daɗi, ko magunguna masu mahimmanci, ko hana mutum samun ayyukan da ake buƙata, don tilasta masa wasu ayyuka, na kuɗi da sauransu. Sakaci na iya haɗawa da barin wani dattijo wanda ke cikin haɗari ba tare da kulawa ba (misali, daga faɗuwa). Rashin iya zama da gangan ( sakaci a aiki) ko kuma ya faru ne saboda rashin ilimi ko albarkatu ( sakaci a aiki ba tare da aiki ba).

Bugu da ƙari, wasu dokokin jihar Amurka  sun kuma amince da waɗannan a matsayin cin zarafin tsofaffi:

* '''Barin mutum''' : barin wanda ya dogara da shi da nufin ya bar shi ko kuma ya bar shi ba tare da kulawa ba na tsawon lokaci wanda zai iya kawo cikas ga lafiyarsa ko jin daɗinsa. 
* '''Cin zarafin haƙƙoƙi''' : hana haƙƙin ɗan adam da na kundin tsarin mulki na mutumin da ya tsufa amma kotu ba ta bayyana shi a matsayin wanda bai da ƙarfin tunani. Wannan wani ɓangare ne na cin zarafin tsofaffi da ƙasashe ke ƙara amincewa da shi.
* '''[[Rashin kula da kai|Sakacin kai]]''' : sakacin kai ta hanyar rashin kula da lafiyar mutum, walwala ko aminci. Sakacin kai (cutar da kai) ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani abu daban da cin zarafi (cutar da wasu). Sakacin kai na tsofaffi na iya haifar da rashin lafiya, rauni, ko ma mutuwa. Bukatun gama gari da tsofaffi za su iya hana kansu ko su yi watsi da su sun haɗa da waɗannan: abinci (abinci ko ruwa); tsafta (wanka da tsaftace kai); tufafi masu dacewa don kare yanayi; matsuguni mai kyau; aminci mai kyau; muhalli mai tsabta da lafiya; kulawar likita don rashin lafiya mai tsanani; da magunguna masu mahimmanci.  Sakacin kai sau da yawa yakan faru ne ta hanyar raguwar wayewar mutum ko iyawarsa ta tunani. Wasu tsofaffi na iya zaɓar hana kansu wasu fa'idodi na lafiya ko aminci, waɗanda ƙila ba sakacin kai ba ne. Wannan na iya zama zaɓin kansu kawai. Masu kulawa da sauran mutane masu alhakin dole ne su girmama waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan idan babba yana da hankali. A wasu lokuta, babba na iya rasa albarkatun da ake buƙata, sakamakon talauci, ko wasu yanayi na zamantakewa. Wannan kuma ba a ɗaukarsa a matsayin &quot;sakacin kai ba.&quot; 
* '''Cin zarafin cibiyoyi''' yana nufin cutarwa ta jiki ko ta hankali, da kuma keta haƙƙoƙi a wuraren da ake ba da kulawa da taimako ga tsofaffi masu dogaro da kansu ko wasu, kamar gidajen kula da tsofaffi. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan kan kimanin mazauna gidajen kula da tsofaffi 2,000 a Amurka ya ba da rahoton ƙaruwar cin zarafin da kashi 44% da sakaci har zuwa kashi 95%,  yana sa cin zarafin tsofaffi a gidajen kula da tsofaffi ya zama haɗari. Ƙididdigar da aka ƙayyade ba ta da yawa saboda cin zarafin tsofaffi gabaɗaya kuma musamman a gidajen kula da tsofaffi suna cikin yanayi na shiru.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Selected Long-Term Care Statistics {{!}} Family Caregiver Alliance |url=https://www.caregiver.org/selected-long-term-care-statistics |access-date=2018-04-11 |website=caregiver.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamun Gargaɗi ==
Mabuɗin rigakafi da kuma shiga tsakani na cin zarafin tsofaffi shine ikon gane alamun gargaɗin faruwarsa. Alamomin cin zarafin tsofaffi sun bambanta dangane da nau'in cin zarafin da wanda aka ci zarafin yake sha. Kowace nau'in cin zarafin yana da alamomi daban-daban da ke da alaƙa da shi.

* Ana iya gano '''cin zarafin jiki''' ta hanyar alamun da ake gani a jiki, ciki har da raunuka, ƙaiƙayi, tabo, kaguwa, ko karyewar ƙashi. Alamomin cin zarafin jiki marasa ma'ana sun haɗa da alamun ɗaurewa kamar alamun igiya a wuyan hannu ko gilashin ido da suka karye. &lt;ref name=&quot;Robinson&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Lawrence |last2=De Benedictis |first2=Tina |last3=Segal |first3=Jeanne |date=November 2012 |title=Elder Abuse and Neglect |url=http://www.helpguide.org/mental/elder_abuse_physical_emotional_sexual_neglect.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211154305/http://www.helpguide.org/mental/elder_abuse_physical_emotional_sexual_neglect.htm |archive-date=11 December 2012 |access-date=15 December 2012 |website=Help Guide}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRobinsonDe_BenedictisSegal2012&quot;&gt;Robinson, Lawrence; De Benedictis, Tina; Segal, Jeanne (November 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20121211154305/http://www.helpguide.org/mental/elder_abuse_physical_emotional_sexual_neglect.htm &quot;Elder Abuse and Neglect&quot;]. ''Help Guide''. Archived from [http://www.helpguide.org/mental/elder_abuse_physical_emotional_sexual_neglect.htm the original] on 11 December 2012&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Cin zarafin motsin rai''' sau da yawa yana tare da wasu nau'ikan cin zarafi kuma yawanci ana iya gano shi ta hanyar canje-canje a cikin halayen dattijo ko halayensa. Dattijon kuma yana iya nuna hali kamar [[Dementia|na hauka]], kamar girgiza ko gunaguni. &lt;ref name=&quot;Robinson&quot; /&gt; Cin zarafin motsin rai shine mafi yawan nau'in cin zarafin tsofaffi. Cin zarafin tsofaffi yana faruwa ne lokacin da mutum ya kasa girmama dattijo, kuma yana iya haɗawa da cin zarafin baki. Dattijon yana fuskantar warewar zamantakewa ko rashin amincewa. Ɗaya daga cikin alamun cin zarafin motsin rai shine rashin amsawa ko rashin sadarwa. Hakanan suna iya zama masu zargi ko tsoro ba tare da wani dalili ba, suna ware kansu, kuma ba sa son yin zamantakewa kamar yadda suke a da. Cin zarafin motsin rai ba a ba da rahotonsa ba amma yana iya haifar da mafi illa saboda yana haifar da ƙarin matsalolin lafiyar jiki da ta kwakwalwa.
* '''Cin zarafin kuɗi''' wani nau'i ne na cin zarafi mai sauƙi kuma yana iya zama da wahala a lura. Alamomin cin zarafin kuɗi sun haɗa da kuɗaɗen da ba a biya ba, siyan kayayyaki ko ayyuka marasa amfani, cire kuɗi mai yawa daga asusun ajiya, da kaya ko kuɗin da suka ɓace daga gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;Robinson&quot; /&gt;
* Ana iya gano '''cin zarafin jima'i''', kamar cin zarafin jiki, ta hanyar alamun da ake gani a jiki, musamman a kusa da nono ko yankin al'aura. Sauran alamun sun haɗa da kamuwa da cuta da ba za a iya bayyanawa ba, zubar jini, da kuma yagewar tufafi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Robinson&quot; /&gt;
* Mai kula da marasa lafiya ko kuma kai na iya haifar da '''sakaci''' . Alamomin sakaci sun haɗa da rashin abinci mai gina jiki da [[Rashin Ruwa a Jiki|rashin ruwa a jiki]], rashin tsafta, rashin bin umarnin likita, da kuma rashin lafiyar rayuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Robinson&quot; /&gt;

Baya ga lura da alamun da ke cikin mutum mai shekaru 10, mutum zai iya gano cin zarafi ta hanyar lura da canje-canje a cikin halayen mai kula da shi. Misali, mai kula da shi ba zai iya barin shi ya yi magana da baƙi ko ya karɓi baƙi ba, ko kuma ya nuna rashin kulawa ko rashin ƙauna ga dattijon ko kuma ya kira dattijon a matsayin &quot;nauyi.&quot; Masu kula da waɗanda ke da tarihin shan muggan kwayoyi ko rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa sun fi fuskantar cin zarafi ga tsofaffi fiye da sauran mutane. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Signs and symptoms of elder abuse and neglect in care |url=http://www.advocare.org.au/help-with-aged-care-complaints/signs-and-symptoms-of-eld/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103082327/http://www.advocare.org.au/help-with-aged-care-complaints/signs-and-symptoms-of-eld/ |archive-date=2018-01-03 |access-date=16 December 2012 |publisher=Advocare Incorporated}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cin zarafi a wasu lokutan yana da wuyar ganewa, don haka yana da wahalar ganowa. Duk da haka, ƙungiyoyin wayar da kan jama'a da bincike suna ba da shawara cewa mutum ya ɗauki duk wani zargi da muhimmanci kuma ya magance matsalolin da kyau kuma nan take.

=== Alamomi ===

* Rashin kayan taimakon likita kamar gilashi, na'urar tafiya, [[Na`urorin taimakon Ji|da na'urorin ji]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elder Abuse |url=http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/elder-abuse |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728010344/https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/elder-abuse |archive-date=July 28, 2017 |access-date=2021-05-05 |publisher=National Institute on Aging |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Alamomin [[Raunin kwakwalwa|raunin da ya faru a cikin motsin rai]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Gilashin ido/firam ɗin da suka karye, ko alamun azaba ko kuma a danne su. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Alamomin rashin isasshen kulawa ko rashin biyan kuɗi duk da isassun albarkatun kuɗi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Karyewar ƙasusuwa ( karyewar ƙasusuwa )
* Mummunan yanayin jiki
* Canje-canje a yanayin tunani
* Cututtuka masu yawan faruwa
* Kumburi, ƙaiƙayi, ƙwanƙwasa, ko yankewa.
* [[Rashin nauyi|Rage nauyi mara]] dalili
* Ƙin yin magana
* Alamomin [[Rashin Ruwa a Jiki|bushewar ruwa]]
* Rashin tsafta

== Sakamakon lafiya ==
Illolin cin zarafin tsofaffi suna da matuƙar tsanani. Cin zarafin tsofaffi na iya lalata rayuwar tsofaffi ta hanyoyi kamar haka: &lt;ref name=&quot;Dong&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dong X |date=2005 |title=Medical Implications of Elder Abuse and Neglect |journal=Clinics in Geriatric Medicine |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=293–313 |doi=10.1016/j.cger.2004.10.006 |pmid=15804552}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ragewar iya aiki
* Ƙara dogaro, jin rashin taimako, da damuwa.
* Tashin hankali da ke ƙara ta'azzara
* Mutuwa da [[Cuta|rashin lafiya]] kafin lokacin haihuwa
* Damuwa da [[Dementia|Hauka]]
* [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki|Rashin ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki]]
* Ciwon gado
* [[Mutuwa]]

Haɗarin mutuwa ga tsofaffi waɗanda aka ci zarafinsu ya ninka na waɗanda ba a ci zarafinsu ba sau uku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=1 December 1990 |title=American Medical Association White Paper on Elderly Health: Report of the Council on Scientific Affairs |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=150 |issue=12 |page=2459 |doi=10.1001/archinte.1990.00390230019004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwan Haɗari ==
Abubuwa daban-daban da ke haifar da haɗari suna ƙara yiwuwar cewa tsofaffi za su fuskanci cin zarafin tsofaffi, ciki har da tsofaffi wanda: &lt;ref name=&quot;Hildreth&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hildreth, C.J. |date=2011 |title=Elder Abuse |journal=JAMA |volume=306 |issue=5 |page=568 |doi=10.1001/jama.306.5.568 |pmid=21813437 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Yana da matsalolin ƙwaƙwalwa (kamar [[Dementia|ciwon hauka]] ).
* Yana da tabin hankali, ko dai na daɗe ko na baya-bayan nan.
* Yana da nakasa ta jiki.
* Yana da damuwa, [[Kasancewa Mai Tsarki|kaɗaici]], ko rashin tallafin zamantakewa.
* Yin amfani da barasa ko wasu abubuwa masu guba.
* Yana shan magungunan da aka rubuta masa waɗanda ke ɓatar da hukunci.
* Yana da faɗa ta baki ko ta jiki da mai kula da shi.
* Yana da yanayin rayuwa iri ɗaya.
* Yana da tarihin aikata laifuka.

Wasu dalilai da dama da ke haifar da haɗari suna ƙara yiwuwar mai kula da tsofaffi ya shiga cikin cin zarafin tsofaffi, gami da mai kula da tsofaffi wanda: &lt;ref name=&quot;Hildreth&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hildreth, C.J. |date=2011 |title=Elder Abuse |journal=JAMA |volume=306 |issue=5 |page=568 |doi=10.1001/jama.306.5.568 |pmid=21813437 |doi-access=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHildreth,_C.J.2011&quot;&gt;Hildreth, C.J. (2011). &quot;Elder Abuse&quot;. ''JAMA''. '''306''' (5): 568. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1001/jama.306.5.568|10.1001/jama.306.5.568]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21813437 21813437].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

* Yana jin haushi ko kuma yana jin haushi.
* Yana da tarihin shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ko kuma yana da tarihin cin zarafin wasu.
* Ya dogara da tsofaffi don samun gidaje, kuɗi, ko wasu buƙatu.
* Yana da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa.
* Ba shi da aikin yi.
* Yana da tarihin aikata laifuka.
* Yana da yanayin rayuwa iri ɗaya.

Bugu da ƙari:

* An gano cewa ƙarancin kuɗi ko talauci yana da alaƙa da cin zarafin tsofaffi. An yi tunanin ƙarancin albarkatun tattalin arziki a matsayin damuwa ta yanayi ko yanayi ko kuma taimakawa wajen cin zarafin tsofaffi.
* Zama tare da mutane da yawa a cikin gida banda mata ko miji yana da alaƙa da ƙaruwar haɗarin cin zarafi, musamman cin zarafin kuɗi.

Ana iya rarraba abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari zuwa matakan mutum ɗaya, dangantaka, al'umma, da kuma al'adun zamantakewa. A matakin mutum ɗaya, dattawan da ke da ƙarancin lafiyar jiki da ta hankali suna cikin haɗari mafi girma. A matakin dangantaka, yanayin rayuwa tare babban haɗari ne ga tsofaffi, kuma zama a yanki ɗaya da mai cin zarafin yana da yuwuwar haifar da cin zarafi. A matakin al'umma, masu kula da tsofaffi na iya yin ganganci ko ba da gangan ba su haifar da warewar zamantakewa ga tsofaffi. A matakin al'adun zamantakewa, kasancewa a matsayin mai rauni da dogaro, rashin kuɗin da za a biya don kulawa, buƙatar taimako amma zama shi kaɗai, da kuma samun dangantaka tsakanin tsararrakin iyali da aka lalata su ne abubuwan da ke haifar da cin zarafin tsofaffi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elder abuse |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs357/en/ |access-date=2016-11-29 |publisher=World Health Organization |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rigakafi ==
Likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya, da sauran ma'aikatan lafiya na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimaka wa waɗanda aka ci zarafinsu a lokacin da suka tsufa. Bincike ya nuna cewa tsofaffi, a matsakaici, suna ziyartar likita sau 13.9 a kowace shekara.  Duk da cewa an sami ƙaruwar wayar da kan jama'a game da cin zarafin tsofaffi tsawon shekaru, likitoci kan ba da rahoton kashi 2% ne kawai na shari'o'in cin zarafin tsofaffi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dong&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dong X |date=2005 |title=Medical Implications of Elder Abuse and Neglect |journal=Clinics in Geriatric Medicine |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=293–313 |doi=10.1016/j.cger.2004.10.006 |pmid=15804552}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDong_X2005&quot;&gt;Dong X (2005). &quot;Medical Implications of Elder Abuse and Neglect&quot;. ''Clinics in Geriatric Medicine''. '''21''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;293–&lt;/span&gt;313. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.cger.2004.10.006|10.1016/j.cger.2004.10.006]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15804552 15804552].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dalilan rashin bayar da rahoto daga likitoci sun haɗa da rashin ilimin da ake da shi game da dokokin jihar kan cin zarafin tsofaffi, damuwa game da fushin mai cin zarafin da lalata dangantaka da tsofaffi marasa lafiya, yiwuwar halartar kotu, rashin haɗin gwiwa daga tsofaffi marasa lafiya ko iyalai, da rashin lokaci da diyya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dong&quot; /&gt; Ta hanyar ilimi da horo game da cin zarafin tsofaffi, ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya za su iya taimaka wa waɗanda aka ci zarafinsu a lokacin da suka tsufa.

Ilmantarwa da horar da waɗanda ke cikin tsarin shari'a na laifuka, kamar 'yan sanda, masu gabatar da kara, da kuma bangaren shari'a kan cin zarafin tsofaffi, da kuma ƙara yawan dokoki don kare tsofaffi, zai taimaka wajen rage cin zarafin tsofaffi. Ƙara yawan dokoki don kare tsofaffi kuma zai samar da ingantaccen taimako ga waɗanda aka ci zarafin tsofaffi.

Bugu da ƙari, shigar al'umma cikin mayar da martani ga cin zarafin tsofaffi na iya taimakawa ga tsaron tsofaffi. Gabaɗaya, hana faruwar ko sake afkuwar cin zarafin tsofaffi ba wai kawai yana taimaka wa tsofaffi ba, har ma yana iya inganta damuwa da baƙin cikin masu kula da su. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=PR |last2=Francis |first2=DP |last3=Hairi |first3=NN |last4=Othman |first4=S |last5=Choo |first5=WY |date=16 August 2016 |title=Interventions for preventing abuse in the elderly. |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2016 |issue=8 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010321.pub2 |pmc=7169376 |pmid=27528431}}&lt;/ref&gt; Al'ummomi na iya haɓaka shirye-shirye waɗanda aka tsara don biyan buƙatun tsofaffi. Misali, al'ummomi da yawa a duk faɗin Amurka sun ƙirƙiri Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwararrun Cin Zarafin Kuɗi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Senior Protection Program &amp; FAST |url=http://www.coaoc.org/html/services_fast_description.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125075219/http://www.coaoc.org/html/services_fast_description.htm |archive-date=2009-01-25 |access-date=2011-11-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; waɗanda ƙungiyoyi ne masu fannoni daban-daban waɗanda suka ƙunshi ƙwararru na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke ba da lokacinsu don ba da shawara ga Ayyukan Kare Manyan Mutane (APS), jami'an [[Doka|tsaro]], da lauyoyi masu zaman kansu kan batutuwan cin zarafin kuɗi na manya masu rauni. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>s5x4tqu7afkmsp0rn7auylwtw9srpgi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Centipede ciwo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158660</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861394</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T16:48:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351093202|Centipede bite]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861394</origin>
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[[Fayil:Scolopendra_fg02.JPG|thumb|A ƙasa na ''Scolopendra cingulata'', yana nuna fursunoni]]
Cutar kwari rauni ne wanda ya samo asali ne daga aikin kwari na kwari, kayan aiki masu kama da stinger waɗanda ke fadowa fata kuma suna yin guba a cikin raunin. Irin wannan rauni ba a zahiri ba ne, saboda forcipules sun kasance kafafu biyu na farko da aka gyara maimakon bakuna na gaskiya. A fannin asibiti, ana kallon raunin a matsayin yanayin fata wanda ke nuna alamun hawan jini guda biyu waɗanda ke samar da siffar chevron wanda ya haifar da forcipules guda biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrews&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Timothy G.}}{{Page needed|date=February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Guba na kwari yana haifar da ciwo da kumburi a yankin cinyewa, kuma yana iya haifar da wasu halayen a duk jikin mutum. Yawancin cinyewa ba su da barazana ga mutane kuma suna gabatar da babbar haɗari ga yara da waɗanda ke da halayen rashin lafiyan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Centipede Bite |url=https://www.orkin.com/other/centipedes/centipede-bite |access-date=April 29, 2011 |website=Orkin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bush |first=Sean P. |last2=King |first2=Bradley O. |last3=Norris |first3=Robert L. |last4=Stockwell |first4=Scott A. |date=June 2001 |title=Centipede envenomation |journal=Wilderness &amp; Environmental Medicine |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=93–99 |doi=10.1580/1080-6032(2001)012[0093:CE]2.0.CO;2 |pmid=11434497 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
Alamomin da suka fi dacewa sun hada da: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Do Centipedes Bite? &amp;#124; Get Rid of Centipedes &amp;#124; Orkin |url=https://www.orkin.com/pests/centipedes/how-to-identify-centipede-bites}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ciwo
* Girgizar da ja
* Ƙananan zubar da jini
* Jin zafi da ƙonewa.

Sauran alamomi kamar karfafa fata da mutuwar nama na iya faruwa.

== Magani ==
Centipede ya ciwo, yayin da yake da zafi, ba ya haifar da matsaloli masu tsanani a cikin mutane. Centipede venoms suna da zafi, kuma nutsewar ruwa mai dumi na iya taimakawa rage zafi da kumburi. Icing kuma yana taimakawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Centipede Stings |url=https://www.poison.org/articles/are-centipede-stings-harmful-191}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 

== Al'umma da al'adu ==
Masanin halitta Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre ya ba da rahoton cewa kare ya kamu da mummunar cututtuka bayan ya ci kwari yayin tafiya a [[Moris|Mauritius]].

Mutumin [[YouTube]] Coyote Peterson an cinye shi da gangan daga jaruman Scolopendra (babban tsutsa na hamada) kuma ya bayyana cewa ciwo da ya haifar da cinyewa ya fi muni fiye da ƙarancin tururuwa.

Mai fafatawa na Muay Thai Dokmaipa Por Pongsawang ya mutu bayan ya ciji daga wani arthropod da aka bayyana a matsayin {{Lang|th|takhap}} (babban centipede).  Mai kiɗa na gargajiya na Taiwan Difang Duana ya hanzarta mutuwar ta hanyar cinyewar da ya sha wahala watanni shida da suka gabata.&lt;ref name=&quot;TaipeiTimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Huang |first=Sandy |date=March 30, 2002 |title=Amis singer Difang passes away |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2002/03/30/0000129773 |access-date=2012-04-19 |website=[[Taipei Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dukansu Pongsawang da Duana suna [[Ciwon suga|mai ciwon sukari]].&lt;ref name=&quot;coconuts&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TaipeiTimes&quot; /&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Millipede ƙonewa
* [[Yanayin fata|Rashin rauni a fata]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>5wnjp8uz1q1h6u3tla9as8opyxcaf08</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Cutar hanji</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158661</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861396</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T16:49:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1244147001|Intestinal capillariasis]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861396</origin>
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      <text bytes="3423" sha1="co29rg6srtelrabut5wyl2c2zsaoy1p" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = Capillariasis
| image         = CapillariaPhilippEgg.jpg
| caption       = [[Capillaria philippinensis]] egg
| image_size    = 160px
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = 
| synonym       = 
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = 
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 
| deaths        = 
}}
{{Reflist}}{{Medical resources|ICD11={{ICD11|1F63.0}}|ICD10={{ICD10|B|81|1}}|ICD9={{ICD9|127.5}}|ICDO=|OMIM=|DiseasesDB=33051|MedlinePlus=|eMedicineSubj=|eMedicineTopic=}}Intestinal capillariasis cuta ce a cikin ƙungiyar cututtukan helminthiasis da ke haifar da Nematode ''Capillaria philippinensis'' .

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
[[Fayil:Capillaria_infection_in_a_16_year_old_girl_(Philippines).jpg|thumb|Wata yarinya mai shekaru 16 da ke da tarihin watanni 2 na zawo, anorexia, bipedal edema da borborygmi an gano suna da kamuwa da cutar Capillaria a Philippines]]
Alamomi a cikin mutane masu fama da cutar sun haɗa da [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]] mai zafi, ciwon ciki, edema, asarar nauyi, borborygmus (gwargwadon ciki), da matakan bakin ciki na potassium da albumin a cikin jini. A cikin mutane, kwayar cutar ta lalata sel na bangon hanji. Wannan lalacewar tana tsoma baki tare da shan abubuwan gina jiki da kuma kula da ma'aunin lantarki mai kyau. ''C. philippinensis'' da ba a kula da su ba sau da yawa suna da haɗari. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Binciken ganewa ==
Binciken yawanci ya haɗa da gano ƙwai da / ko manya na ''C. philippinensis'' a cikin samfurori. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Rigakafi ==
Rigakafin yana da sauƙi kamar guje wa cin ƙananan kifi, cikakke, wanda ba a dafa shi ba. Koyaya, a cikin yankunan ''C. philippinensis'', irin waɗannan halaye na abinci sun zama ruwan dare kuma an yi su ne ga tsararraki da yawa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Magani ==
An bayar da rahoton cewa Anthelmintics irin su mebendazole da albendazole sun kawar da kamuwa da mutane yadda ya kamata fiye da Tiabendazole.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bair |first=Ming-Jong |last2=Hwang |first2=K. P. |last3=Wang |first3=T. E. |last4=Liou |first4=T. C. |last5=Lin |first5=S. C. |last6=Kao |first6=C. R. |last7=Wang |first7=T. Y. |last8=Pang |first8=K. K. |date=2004 |title=Clinical features of human intestinal capillariasis in Taiwan |journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology |volume=10 |issue=16 |pages=2391–2393 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v10.i16.2391 |pmc=4576294 |pmid=15285025 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Helminthiases}}

== Haɗin waje ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>co29rg6srtelrabut5wyl2c2zsaoy1p</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Blister beetle dermatitis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-19T16:50:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322549490|Blister beetle dermatitis]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861398</origin>
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| name          = 
| synonym       = 
| image         = 
| image_size    = 
| alt           = 
| caption       = 
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = dermatology
| symptoms      = 
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| duration      = 
| causes        = 
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| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
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}}
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{| class=&quot;infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc; color:inherit;&quot; |Blister beetle dermatitis
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Kimiyyar fata
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;'''Blister beetle dermatitis''' wani yanayi ne na fata wanda ke faruwa bayan hulɗa da kowane nau'in [[Buzuzu|kwari]], gami da waɗanda ke cikin iyalai na Meloidae da Oedemeridae.&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrews&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; :{{Rp|449}} Blister beetles suna fitar da wani abu mai banƙyama da ake kira Cantharidin, wani vesicant wanda zai iya shiga mutane idan sun taɓa beetles.

Kalmar nan &quot;blister beetle dermatitis&quot; kuma ana amfani da ita a wasu lokuta kuma ba daidai ba ne a matsayin ma'anar Paederus dermatitis, kwari nau'i daban-daban na dermatitis wanda ya haifar da hulɗa da pederin, mai ba da rai a cikin hemolymph na wani rukuni daban na beetles, rove beetles.
 

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
Bayan fata ta haɗu da cantharidin, fushin gida ya fara cikin 'yan sa'o'i.&lt;ref name=&quot;itg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=7.7 Blister beetles, clinical features |url=http://www.itg.be/itg/distancelearning/lecturenotesvandenendene/52_Ectoparasitesp7.htm#T8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823115228/http://www.itg.be/itg/DistanceLearning/LectureNotesVandenEndenE/52_Ectoparasitesp7.htm |archive-date=23 August 2011 |access-date=11 August 2011 |publisher=Institute of Tropical Medicine |quote=On skin contact with cantharidin-containing blister beetles, local tissue irritation occurs after a few hours. This results from the disruption of tonofilaments in the desmosomes with acantholysis and intra-epidermal blister formation.}}&lt;/ref&gt;  (Wannan ya bambanta da Paederus dermatitis, inda alamun farko suka bayyana 12-36 hours bayan hulɗa da rove beetles.)  Ruwa mai zafi ya bayyana, amma scarring daga waɗannan cututtukan epidermal yana da wuya. &lt;ref name=&quot;usarmy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Just the facts…Paederus Beetles |url=http://phc.amedd.army.mil/PHC%20Resource%20Library/PaederusBeetleJan2010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316101540/http://phc.amedd.army.mil/PHC%20Resource%20Library/PaederusBeetleJan2010.pdf |archive-date=16 March 2012 |access-date=30 July 2011 |publisher=US Army Public Health Command}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Binciken ganewa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;

== Magani ==
{{Reflist}}

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin yanayin fata
* [[Yanayin fata|Rashin rauni a fata]]

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/jvatitd/v14n4/04.pdf Takardar bincike da ke kwatanta duka cututtukan kwari da cututtukani na Paederus, tare da hotuna na duka biyun]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cutar Balamuthia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158663</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861399</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T16:51:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322548783|Balamuthia infection]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861399</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2518" sha1="l7labg7td0nog2hx8nchwjewa97v1u7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = 
| synonym       = 
| image         = 
| image_size    = 
| alt           = 
| caption       = 
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = [[Dermatology]]
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = 
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 
| deaths        = 
}}
{{Reflist}}{{Amoebozoa diseases}}'''Cutar ''Balamuthia''''' yanayin fata ne wanda ya haifar da ''Balamuthia'' wanda zai iya haifar da [[Yanayin fata|cututtukan fata]] daban-daban.&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrews&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 422 {{Rp|422}}

''''Balamuthia'' mandrillarisis'' wani amoeba mai rai (wani abu mai rai guda ɗaya) wanda aka samo a cikin muhalli. Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE), mummunar kamuwa da cuta ta kwakwalwa da kashin baya. Ana tunanin ''Balamuthia'' yana shiga jiki lokacin da ƙasa da ke dauke da shi ta haɗu da raunukan fata da yanka, ko kuma lokacin da ƙurar da ke dauke le shi ta numfashi ko ta shiga baki. Balamuthia amoebae na iya tafiya zuwa kwakwalwa ta hanyar jini kuma ya haifar da GAE. GAE cuta ce mai ban mamaki wacce yawanci tana da kisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;cdc.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=CDC - Balamuthia - General Information - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/balamuthia/gen_info/faqs.html#what |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709183321/https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/balamuthia/gen_info/faqs.html |archive-date=9 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masana kimiyya a Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka (CDC) sun fara gano ''''Balamuthia'' Mandrill'' a shekarar 1986. An gano amoeba a cikin kwakwalwar wani matattu mandrill. Bayan bincike mai zurfi, an ayyana ''B. mandrillaris'' a matsayin sabon nau'in a 1993. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an gano fiye da mutane 200 na kamuwa da cutar Balamuthia a duk duniya, tare da akalla mutane 70 da aka ruwaito a Amurka. Ba a san komai ba a wannan lokacin game da yadda mutum ya kamu da cutar.&lt;ref name=&quot;cdc.gov&quot; /&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Cutar &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwJg&quot;&gt;Acanthamoeba&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/balamuthia/ Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Bayanan kamuwa da cuta na ''Balamuthia''], rigakafi, ganewar asali, da magani
*  
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>l7labg7td0nog2hx8nchwjewa97v1u7</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Synodontis zambezensis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158664</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861400</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T16:51:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1315219250|Synodontis zambezensis]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861400</origin>
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      <text bytes="2815" sha1="bio0ebd1j9by2sjtlp3suwiodztchuh" xml:space="preserve">
'''''Synodontis zambezensis''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''launin ruwan kasa mai kama da squeaker''',   '''korokoro''',  ko kuma '''squeaker mai kama da quiaker''',  nau'in kifin kifin da ke juye-juye ne wanda asalinsa ya samo asali ne daga tsarin [[kogin Zambezi]] na tsakiya da ƙasa na [[Eswatini]], [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Zambiya|Zambia]] da [[Zimbabwe]] .  Masanin kimiyyar halitta na Jamus kuma mai bincike Wilhelm Peters ne ya fara bayyana shi a shekarar 1852, daga samfuran da aka tattara a [[Kogin Zambezi]] da ke Mozambique.  Sunan nau'in ''zambezensis'' an samo shi ne daga Kogin Zambezi, inda ake samun wannan nau'in. 

== Bayani ==
Kamar dukkan membobin halittar ''Synodontis'', ''S. zambezensis'' yana da ƙashin ƙashi mai ƙarfi wanda ke miƙewa baya har zuwa kashin farko na fin ɗin dorsal.  Kan yana ɗauke da wani siffa ta musamman, mai ƙashi, wacce ake kira tsarin humeral.  Siffa da girman tsarin humeral suna taimakawa wajen gano nau'in. A cikin ''S. zambezensis'', tsarin humeral yana da tsayi, ba tare da keel na musamman ba, kuma yana ƙarewa da wuri mai kaifi. 

Kifin yana da nau'i uku na barbels . Barbels na maxillary suna kan muƙamuƙi na sama, kuma nau'i biyu na mandibular barbels suna kan muƙamuƙi na ƙasa. Barbel ɗin maxillary yana da tsayi kuma madaidaiciya ba tare da wani reshe ba, tare da ƙaramin membrane a ƙasa.  Yana faɗaɗa 1 zuwa Tsawon kai  .  Tsawon saman kai na waje ya ninka tsawon na ciki sau biyu, kuma duka biyun suna da dogayen rassan siriri. 

Gefunan gaba na fin dorsal da fin pel na nau'in ''Syntontis'' sun taurare zuwa kashin baya masu tauri.  A cikin ''S. zambezensis'', kashin baya na fin dorsal yana da ɗan lanƙwasa, gajere, kusan Tsawon  santsi a gaba kuma an yi masa lanƙwasa a baya.  Sauran ɓangaren fin ɗin baya ya ƙunshi haskoki bakwai masu rassa.  Kashin bayan fin ɗin kusa da Tsawon  zuwa 1, kuma an yi masa ado a ɓangarorin biyu.  Ƙanshin kifin mai ...  gwargwadon zurfinsa.  Fifin dubura yana ɗauke da haskoki huɗu zuwa biyar marasa rassan da kuma rassa bakwai zuwa takwas.  Wutsiya, ko fin caudal, an yi ta da kaifi sosai, inda saman lobe ya fi tsayi. 

Duk membobin ''Syndontis'' suna da tsari da ake kira premaxillary haƙori, wanda yake a gaban babban muƙamuƙin baki. Wannan tsari ya ƙunshi layuka da yawa na gajerun haƙora masu siffar ƙusa. A cikin ''S. zambezensis'', haƙorin hakori yana samar da gajeriyar haƙora mai faɗi.  A ƙasan muƙamuƙi, ko kuma mai iya ɗaure haƙoran ''Syndontis'' an haɗa su da sifofi masu sassauƙa, masu kama da ƙaya kuma an bayyana su da &quot;siffa&quot; ko &quot;ƙugiya&quot;.   Ana amfani da adadin haƙoran da ke kan ƙaya don bambance tsakanin nau'ikan haƙora; a cikin ''S. zambezensis'', akwai haƙora 20 zuwa 35 a kan ƙaya. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>bio0ebd1j9by2sjtlp3suwiodztchuh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861401</id>
      <parentid>861400</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T16:52:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <origin>861401</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2826" sha1="t8ow9168cxmhf82ijbbh40jvjnjyk2c" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Synodontis zambezensis''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''launin ruwan kasa mai kama da squeaker''',   '''korokoro''',  ko kuma '''squeaker mai kama da quiaker''',  nau'in kifin kifin da ke juye-juye ne wanda asalinsa ya samo asali ne daga tsarin [[kogin Zambezi]] na tsakiya da ƙasa na [[Eswatini]], [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Zambiya|Zambia]] da [[Zimbabwe]] .  Masanin kimiyyar halitta na Jamus kuma mai bincike Wilhelm Peters ne ya fara bayyana shi a shekarar 1852, daga samfuran da aka tattara a [[Kogin Zambezi]] da ke Mozambique.  Sunan nau'in ''zambezensis'' an samo shi ne daga Kogin Zambezi, inda ake samun wannan nau'in. 

== Bayani ==
Kamar dukkan membobin halittar ''Synodontis'', ''S. zambezensis'' yana da ƙashin ƙashi mai ƙarfi wanda ke miƙewa baya har zuwa kashin farko na fin ɗin dorsal.  Kan yana ɗauke da wani siffa ta musamman, mai ƙashi, wacce ake kira tsarin humeral.  Siffa da girman tsarin humeral suna taimakawa wajen gano nau'in. A cikin ''S. zambezensis'', tsarin humeral yana da tsayi, ba tare da keel na musamman ba, kuma yana ƙarewa da wuri mai kaifi. 

Kifin yana da nau'i uku na barbels . Barbels na maxillary suna kan muƙamuƙi na sama, kuma nau'i biyu na mandibular barbels suna kan muƙamuƙi na ƙasa. Barbel ɗin maxillary yana da tsayi kuma madaidaiciya ba tare da wani reshe ba, tare da ƙaramin membrane a ƙasa.  Yana faɗaɗa 1 zuwa Tsawon kai  .  Tsawon saman kai na waje ya ninka tsawon na ciki sau biyu, kuma duka biyun suna da dogayen rassan siriri. 

Gefunan gaba na fin dorsal da fin pel na nau'in ''Syntontis'' sun taurare zuwa kashin baya masu tauri.  A cikin ''S. zambezensis'', kashin baya na fin dorsal yana da ɗan lanƙwasa, gajere, kusan Tsawon  santsi a gaba kuma an yi masa lanƙwasa a baya.  Sauran ɓangaren fin ɗin baya ya ƙunshi haskoki bakwai masu rassa.  Kashin bayan fin ɗin kusa da Tsawon  zuwa 1, kuma an yi masa ado a ɓangarorin biyu.  Ƙanshin kifin mai ...  gwargwadon zurfinsa.  Fifin dubura yana ɗauke da haskoki huɗu zuwa biyar marasa rassan da kuma rassa bakwai zuwa takwas.  Wutsiya, ko fin caudal, an yi ta da kaifi sosai, inda saman lobe ya fi tsayi. 

Duk membobin ''Syndontis'' suna da tsari da ake kira premaxillary haƙori, wanda yake a gaban babban muƙamuƙin baki. Wannan tsari ya ƙunshi layuka da yawa na gajerun haƙora masu siffar ƙusa. A cikin ''S. zambezensis'', haƙorin hakori yana samar da gajeriyar haƙora mai faɗi.  A ƙasan muƙamuƙi, ko kuma mai iya ɗaure haƙoran ''Syndontis'' an haɗa su da sifofi masu sassauƙa, masu kama da ƙaya kuma an bayyana su da &quot;siffa&quot; ko &quot;ƙugiya&quot;.   Ana amfani da adadin haƙoran da ke kan ƙaya don bambance tsakanin nau'ikan haƙora; a cikin ''S. zambezensis'', akwai haƙora 20 zuwa 35 a kan ƙaya. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>t8ow9168cxmhf82ijbbh40jvjnjyk2c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Amoebiasis na fata</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158665</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861403</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T16:52:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1313756113|Cutaneous amoebiasis]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861403</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3593" sha1="4p5vkfma1k2y5d6n17bsk7uf0z9ip2n" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = Cutaneous amoebiasis
| synonym       = Aoebiasis cutis&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16766840&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Bumb RA, Mehta RD |title=Amoebiasis cutis in HIV positive patient |journal=Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=224–6 |year=2006 |pmid=16766840 |doi= 10.4103/0378-6323.25786|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| image         = 
| caption       = 
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = 
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = 
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 
| deaths        = 
}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc; color:inherit;&quot; |Amoebiasis na fata
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Sauran sunaye
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Aoebiasis cutis &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16766840&quot;&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBumbMehta2006&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;43&quot;&gt;Bumb RA, Mehta RD (2006). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;44&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.4103/0378-6323.25786|&quot;Amoebiasis cutis in HIV positive patient&quot;]]. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;45&quot;&gt;''Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol''. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;46&quot;&gt;'''72''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;224–&lt;/span&gt;6. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;47&quot;&gt;[[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.4103/0378-6323.25786|10.4103/0378-6323.25786]]&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;49&quot;&gt;[[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16766840 16766840].&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Cututtukan cututtuka]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;penicon autoconfirmed-show&quot;&gt;[[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5196686?uselang=en#P1995|text-top|frameless|10x10px|Edit this on Wikidata]]&lt;/span&gt;
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Cutaneous amoebiasis, yana nufin wani nau'i na amoebiasis da ke fitowa da farko a cikin fata. Ana iya haifar da shi ta hanyar Acanthamoeba[1][2] ko Entamoeba histolytica.[3]:421[4] Idan aka danganta shi da Acanthamoeba, ana kuma san shi da “cutaneous acanthamoebiasis”[5]. Balamuthia mandrillaris kuma yana iya haifar da amoebiasis na fata, amma yana iya zama mai mutuwa idan amoeba ya shiga cikin jini [6][7]

Ana nuna shi da cututtukan cututtuka. Binciken cututtukan amebiasis yana buƙatar babban matsayi na tuhuma na asibiti. Wannan yana buƙatar tallafawa tare da nuna trophozoites daga rauni. Sai dai idan za'a iya yin ganewar asali na farko irin waɗannan marasa lafiya na iya samun mummunar cuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Verma |first=Ghanshyam K |last2=Sharma |first2=Nand Lal |last3=Shanker |first3=Vinay |last4=Mahajan |first4=Vikram K |last5=Kaushik |first5=Rajani |last6=Verma |first6=Santwana |last7=Jindal |first7=Nidhi |date=February 2010 |title=Amoebiasis cutis: Clinical suspicion is the key to early diagnosis |journal=Australasian Journal of Dermatology |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=52–55 |doi=10.1111/j.1440-0960.2009.00594.x |pmid=20148845 |s2cid=205454111}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Yanayin fata|Rashin rauni a fata]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>4p5vkfma1k2y5d6n17bsk7uf0z9ip2n</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Cutar Acanthamoeba</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158666</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861405</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T16:53:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322546126|Acanthamoeba infection]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861405</origin>
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      <text bytes="1024" sha1="4kgoxmuqumr9rft8ktx5wvqnwd6rayl" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = 
| synonym       = 
| image         = Acanthamoeba polyphaga cyst.jpg
| image_size    = 
| alt           = 
| caption       = [[Acanthamoeba]] polyphaga cyst. Phase contrast. Ameba, parasite.
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = [[Dermatology]]
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = 
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 
| deaths        = 
}}
{{Reflist}}{{Amoebozoa diseases}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;'''Cutar ''Acanthamoeba''''' yanayin fata ne wanda ya haifar da Acanthamueba wanda zai iya haifar da [[Yanayin fata|cututtukan fata]] daban-daban. :{{Rp|1172}} ''Acanthamoeba'' iri na iya kamuwa da idanun mutane da ke haifar da &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwFg&quot;&gt;Acanthamoeba&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; keratitis.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Cutar &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwHw&quot;&gt;Balamuthia&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Amoebozoa diseases}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Whitefin trevally</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354738139|Whitefin trevally]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Farin trevally''' ( '''''Kaiwarinus equula''''' ), wanda aka fi sani da '''doki trevally''', nau'in [[kifi]] ne mai zurfi a bakin teku a cikin dangin jack Carangidae . Wannan nau'in yana zaune a cikin ruwan [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|zafi]] zuwa mai zafi na Indo-Pacific da [[Pacific Ocean|tsakiyar Pacific]], tun daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a yamma zuwa [[Hawaii]] a gabas. Farin trevally kifi ne mai matsakaicin girma, yana girma zuwa {{Cvt|37|cm}}, kuma an bambanta shi da wasu halaye na siffa, ciki har da girman fin, adadin gill raker, da launi. Yana zaune a kan shiryayyen nahiyar da gangara a zurfin har zuwa {{Cvt|200|m|-1}} a kan yashi da laka, inda yake farautar kifaye, crustaceans, da cephalopods . Bincike a [[Japan]] ya nuna tsawon lokacin da aka balaga ta hanyar jima'i na {{Cvt|17.4|cm}} a matsakaici, tare da haihuwar jarirai tsakanin Mayu da Oktoba, tare da kowane mutum yana haifar da haihuwa sau da yawa. Whitefin trevallies suna da matuƙar muhimmanci ga kamun kifi a Japan, inda masu kamun kifi ke ɗaukar su, kodayake adadin kamawa ya ragu tun daga shekarun 1980. Yana da ƙaramin mahimmanci a wani wuri a duk faɗin yankinsa, amma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin kyakkyawan kifi na tebur .

== Taxonomy da suna ==
Kafin ya zama nau'in halittar da ta ƙunshi nau'i ɗaya tak, an rarraba farin trevally a cikin nau'in ''Carangoides'', ƙungiyar kifaye da aka fi sani da jacks da trevallies. ''Carangidae'' ya faɗa cikin dangin jack da horse mackerel na Carangidae, Carangidae kuma ɓangare ne na tsarin Carangiformes . 

Masana kimiyyar halittu na ƙasar Holland Coenraad Jacob Temmink da Hermann Schlegel ne suka fara bayyana nau'in a kimiyya a shekarar 1844 bisa ga samfurin da aka ɗauko daga ruwan Japan, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin holotype .  Sun sanya wa nau'in suna ''Caranx equula'', kodayake daga baya an mayar da nau'in zuwa ''Carangoides'', da kuma samun sabon nau'in halitta da aka ƙirƙira masa, ''Kaiwarinus'' . An ɗauki wannan nau'in a matsayin wanda ba shi da inganci, kodayake wani bita na 1988 game da yanayin Carangidae ya gano cewa yana da inganci, kuma shine ɗan'uwan ''Pseudocaranx'', wanda ba shi da alaƙa da ''Carangidees'' . An sake wa nau'in suna daban-daban da ''Carangideides'' a 1974, amma an ƙi wannan a matsayin ƙaramin ma'ana a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin sunayen ICZN . 

Da farko, samfuran da aka ɗauko daga Hawaii da Easter Island a Tekun Pacific sun yi amfani da sunan ''Caranx (Carangoides) dasson'' daga masana kimiyyar ichthy na Amurka Jordan da Snyder. Daga ƙarshe an yi amfani da wannan sunan da ''Carangoides equala'', amma har yanzu babu tabbas ko wannan al'umma a zahiri tana wakiltar wani nau'in halitta daban ko kuma wani nau'in halitta daban.  Al'ummar ''Carangoides dasson'' suna da siffofi iri ɗaya na ganewar asali kamar ''Carangoides equala'', amma suna da jiki mai siriri da manyan idanu, tare da William Smith-Vaniz yana nuna cewa ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don tantance alaƙar da ke tsakanin waɗannan al'ummomin. Har yanzu hukumomin tara suna ɗaukar sunan ''Caranx (Carangoides) dasson'' a matsayin wanda ba shi da inganci. &lt;ref name=&quot;FAO&quot; /&gt;

== Bayani ==
[[Fayil:Whitefin_trevally_Fiji.JPG|left|thumb|Farin fin trevally yana da jiki mai zurfi, kusan kamar rhomboid]]
Farin trevally ƙaramin kifi ne, wanda tsawonsa ya kai matsakaicin tsayin da aka sani na 37.5.&amp;nbsp;cm. Nau'in yana da siffar jiki iri ɗaya da sauran jacks, yana da jikin da aka matse, kusan rhomboidal, tare da bayanan dorsal da ventral kusan daidai [[wiktionary:convex|gwargwado]] . Bayanan dorsal na hanci da nape a cikin nau'in kusan madaidaiciya ne. Ana ganin fin dorsal guda biyu daban-daban, na farko yana da kashin baya bakwai, yayin da na biyu ya ƙunshi kashin baya ɗaya da haskoki masu laushi 23 zuwa 25. Fin dorsal na farko yana da matsakaicin tsayi, tare da mafi tsayin kashin baya kamar tsayin dorsal-fin mai laushi yana da tsayi, kuma yana da bambanci sosai da nau'in.  Fin dorsal ya ƙunshi kashin baya biyu da aka ware a gaba sannan sai kashin baya ɗaya da haskoki masu laushi 21 zuwa 24, tare da fin dorsal yana da kashin baya ɗaya da haskoki masu laushi 18 ko 19. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lin1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lin |first=Pai-Lei |last2=Shao, Kwang-Tsao |date=1999 |title=A Review of the Carangid Fishes (Family Carangidae) From Taiwan with Descriptions of Four New Records |url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&amp;cpsidt=10055944 |journal=Zoological Studies |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=33–68}}&lt;/ref&gt; Layin gefe yana da baka na gaba mai ƙarfi tare da haɗin sassan lanƙwasa da madaidaiciya waɗanda ke faruwa a tsaye a ƙasa da haskoki masu laushi na sha biyu zuwa sha biyar na fin dorsal na biyu. Sashen lanƙwasa na layin gefe ya fi tsayi fiye da sashin madaidaiciya, wanda ke ɗauke da sikelin da bai kai shida ba, sai kuma scutes 22 zuwa 32. &lt;ref name=&quot;FAO&quot; /&gt; Nono yana da siffar jiki gaba ɗaya, ko kuma yana da ƙaramin yanki mara kyau a gaban ventral. Duk muƙamuƙan suna ɗauke da ƙananan haƙora, tare da haƙoran waje kaɗan. Yana da rakers 27 zuwa 32 na gill a jimilla da kuma 24 vertebrae . &lt;ref name=&quot;Lin1999&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="5130" sha1="lr4okpk6hjcinh8xybyfl32ywocq873" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Farin trevally''' ( '''''Kaiwarinus equula''''' ), wanda aka fi sani da '''doki trevally''', nau'in [[kifi]] ne mai zurfi a bakin teku a cikin dangin jack Carangidae . Wannan nau'in yana zaune a cikin ruwan [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|zafi]] zuwa mai zafi na Indo-Pacific da [[Pacific Ocean|tsakiyar Pacific]], tun daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a yamma zuwa [[Hawaii]] a gabas. Farin trevally kifi ne mai matsakaicin girma, yana girma zuwa {{Cvt|37|cm}}, kuma an bambanta shi da wasu halaye na siffa, ciki har da girman fin, adadin gill raker, da launi. Yana zaune a kan shiryayyen nahiyar da gangara a zurfin har zuwa {{Cvt|200|m|-1}} a kan yashi da laka, inda yake farautar kifaye, crustaceans, da cephalopods . Bincike a [[Japan]] ya nuna tsawon lokacin da aka balaga ta hanyar jima'i na {{Cvt|17.4|cm}} a matsakaici, tare da haihuwar jarirai tsakanin Mayu da Oktoba, tare da kowane mutum yana haifar da haihuwa sau da yawa. Whitefin trevallies suna da matuƙar muhimmanci ga kamun kifi a Japan, inda masu kamun kifi ke ɗaukar su, kodayake adadin kamawa ya ragu tun daga shekarun 1980. Yana da ƙaramin mahimmanci a wani wuri a duk faɗin yankinsa, amma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin kyakkyawan kifi na tebur .

== Taxonomy da suna ==
Kafin ya zama nau'in halittar da ta ƙunshi nau'i ɗaya tak, an rarraba farin trevally a cikin nau'in ''Carangoides'', ƙungiyar kifaye da aka fi sani da jacks da trevallies. ''Carangidae'' ya faɗa cikin dangin jack da horse mackerel na Carangidae, Carangidae kuma ɓangare ne na tsarin Carangiformes . 

Masana kimiyyar halittu na ƙasar Holland Coenraad Jacob Temmink da Hermann Schlegel ne suka fara bayyana nau'in a kimiyya a shekarar 1844 bisa ga samfurin da aka ɗauko daga ruwan Japan, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin holotype .  Sun sanya wa nau'in suna ''Caranx equula'', kodayake daga baya an mayar da nau'in zuwa ''Carangoides'', da kuma samun sabon nau'in halitta da aka ƙirƙira masa, ''Kaiwarinus'' . An ɗauki wannan nau'in a matsayin wanda ba shi da inganci, kodayake wani bita na 1988 game da yanayin Carangidae ya gano cewa yana da inganci, kuma shine ɗan'uwan ''Pseudocaranx'', wanda ba shi da alaƙa da ''Carangidees'' . An sake wa nau'in suna daban-daban da ''Carangideides'' a 1974, amma an ƙi wannan a matsayin ƙaramin ma'ana a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin sunayen ICZN . 

Da farko, samfuran da aka ɗauko daga Hawaii da Easter Island a Tekun Pacific sun yi amfani da sunan ''Caranx (Carangoides) dasson'' daga masana kimiyyar ichthy na Amurka Jordan da Snyder. Daga ƙarshe an yi amfani da wannan sunan da ''Carangoides equala'', amma har yanzu babu tabbas ko wannan al'umma a zahiri tana wakiltar wani nau'in halitta daban ko kuma wani nau'in halitta daban.  Al'ummar ''Carangoides dasson'' suna da siffofi iri ɗaya na ganewar asali kamar ''Carangoides equala'', amma suna da jiki mai siriri da manyan idanu, tare da William Smith-Vaniz yana nuna cewa ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don tantance alaƙar da ke tsakanin waɗannan al'ummomin. Har yanzu hukumomin tara suna ɗaukar sunan ''Caranx (Carangoides) dasson'' a matsayin wanda ba shi da inganci. &lt;ref name=&quot;FAO&quot; /&gt;

== Bayani ==
[[Fayil:Whitefin_trevally_Fiji.JPG|left|thumb|Farin fin trevally yana da jiki mai zurfi, kusan kamar rhomboid]]
Farin trevally ƙaramin kifi ne, wanda tsawonsa ya kai matsakaicin tsayin da aka sani na 37.5.&amp;nbsp;cm. Nau'in yana da siffar jiki iri ɗaya da sauran jacks, yana da jikin da aka matse, kusan rhomboidal, tare da bayanan dorsal da ventral kusan daidai [[wiktionary:convex|gwargwado]] . Bayanan dorsal na hanci da nape a cikin nau'in kusan madaidaiciya ne. Ana ganin fin dorsal guda biyu daban-daban, na farko yana da kashin baya bakwai, yayin da na biyu ya ƙunshi kashin baya ɗaya da haskoki masu laushi 23 zuwa 25. Fin dorsal na farko yana da matsakaicin tsayi, tare da mafi tsayin kashin baya kamar tsayin dorsal-fin mai laushi yana da tsayi, kuma yana da bambanci sosai da nau'in.  Fin dorsal ya ƙunshi kashin baya biyu da aka ware a gaba sannan sai kashin baya ɗaya da haskoki masu laushi 21 zuwa 24, tare da fin dorsal yana da kashin baya ɗaya da haskoki masu laushi 18 ko 19. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lin1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lin |first=Pai-Lei |last2=Shao, Kwang-Tsao |date=1999 |title=A Review of the Carangid Fishes (Family Carangidae) From Taiwan with Descriptions of Four New Records |url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&amp;cpsidt=10055944 |journal=Zoological Studies |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=33–68}}&lt;/ref&gt; Layin gefe yana da baka na gaba mai ƙarfi tare da haɗin sassan lanƙwasa da madaidaiciya waɗanda ke faruwa a tsaye a ƙasa da haskoki masu laushi na sha biyu zuwa sha biyar na fin dorsal na biyu. Sashen lanƙwasa na layin gefe ya fi tsayi fiye da sashin madaidaiciya, wanda ke ɗauke da sikelin da bai kai shida ba, sai kuma scutes 22 zuwa 32. &lt;ref name=&quot;FAO&quot; /&gt; Nono yana da siffar jiki gaba ɗaya, ko kuma yana da ƙaramin yanki mara kyau a gaban ventral. Duk muƙamuƙan suna ɗauke da ƙananan haƙora, tare da haƙoran waje kaɗan. Yana da rakers 27 zuwa 32 na gill a jimilla da kuma 24 vertebrae . &lt;ref name=&quot;Lin1999&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cutar nono</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356268737|Breast engorgement]]&quot;</comment>
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{| class=&quot;infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc; color:inherit;&quot; |Cutar nono
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |[[File:Mature_female_breasts_during_nursing_phase.jpg|frameless]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |Kyakkyawan nono na mace da aka yi amfani da shi a lokacin jinya
|}
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[[Fayil:Histology_of_lactating_breast,_annotated.png|thumb|Halitta na al'ada na nono a lokacin shayarwa]]
'''Cutar nono''' tana faruwa a cikin Ƙwayoyin nono saboda fadadawa da matsin lamba da aka yi ta hanyar kira da adana madara nono. Har ila yau, babban abu ne na canza ikon jariri don kulle. Cutar tana canza siffar da karkatawar yankin maɗaukaki ta hanyar sanya nono mai saurin canzawa, mai laushi, mai wuya, da kumbura. Hanyoyin da ke kan ƙirjin da aka cika suna kwance ko kuma sun juya. Wani lokaci yana iya haifar da striae a kan maɗaukaki, galibi alama ce ta baya ta septation mastitis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sant2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Santos |first=Kamila Juliana da Silva |last2=Santana |first2=Géssica Silva |last3=Vieira |first3=Tatiana de Oliveira |last4=Santos |first4=Carlos Antônio de Souza Teles |last5=Giugliani |first5=Elsa Regina Justo |last6=Vieira |first6=Graciete Oliveira |year=2016 |title=Prevalence and factors associated with cracked nipples in the first month postpartum |journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth |volume=16 |issue=1 |page=209 |doi=10.1186/s12884-016-0999-4 |issn=1471-2393 |pmc=4975913 |pmid=27496088 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rashin [[shayarwa]] yawanci yana faruwa ne lokacin da nono ya sauya daga colostrum zuwa madara mai girma (sau da yawa ana kiransa lokacin da madara &quot;ta shigo&quot;). Koyaya, ƙwayoyin cuta na iya faruwa daga baya idan mata masu shayarwa sun rasa jinya da yawa kuma ba a nuna isasshen madara daga ƙirji ba. Ana iya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar rashin isasshen shayarwa da / ko toshe hanyoyin madara. Lokacin da aka cika, ƙirji na iya kumbura, ya yi taushi, kuma ya haifar da ciwo mai sauƙi zuwa matsananci.

Cutar na iya haifar da mastitis (ƙonewar nono), kuma Cutar da ba a kula da ita ba tana sanya matsin lamba a kan bututun madara, sau da yawa yana haifar da bututun da aka toshe. Matar sau da yawa za ta ji kumfa a wani bangare na nono, kuma fata a wannan yanki na iya zama ja da / ko dumi. Idan ya ci gaba ba tare da an sarrafa shi ba, bututun da aka toshe zai iya zama kamuwa da nono, a wannan lokacin tana iya samun zazzabi ko alamun mura.

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
Alamomin sun haɗa da ƙirji da ke kumbura da kumburi, da kuma fata da ke bayyana da haske da ja. Yawancin lokaci, dukkan ƙirji biyu suna da tasiri, kuma suna da zafi. Matar na iya samun zazzabi wanda yawanci yakan ragu cikin awanni 24. Matsayi na iya zama mai laushi, mai tsayi, kuma mai laushi. Madara ba ta gudana sosai.

Zazzabi na iya faruwa a cikin kashi 15, amma yawanci ƙasa da digiri 39 C kuma yana ɗaukar ƙasa da rana ɗaya.

== Dalilan da suka haifar ==
Rashin cire madarar nono, musamman a cikin 'yan kwanaki na farko bayan haihuwa lokacin da madarar ta shigo ta cika nono, kuma a lokaci guda jini yana ƙaruwa zuwa nono, yana haifar da tarwatsawa. Dalilan da suka sa ba a cire madara yadda ya kamata sune jinkirta fara shayarwa, abinci mai ban sha'awa, haɗe-haɗe mara kyau, shayarwa mara inganci,  canji na kwatsam a cikin aikin shayarwa na yau da kullun, dakatar da shayarwa ba zato ba tsammani, ko kuma idan jariri ya fara shayar da kasa da yadda aka saba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is Engorgement? What Causes It? |url=http://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/tc/breast-engorgement-overview}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Magani ==
Dole ne mahaifiyar ta cire madarar nono. Idan jaririn zai iya haɗi sosai kuma ya shayar, to ya kamata ta shayar da shi akai-akai kamar yadda jaririn yake so.[1][2] Idan jaririn ba zai iya haɗewa da shan nono yadda ya kamata ba, ya kamata ta bayyana madarar ta da hannu ko tare da famfo sau da yawa har sai ƙirji ya zama mai taushi, don jaririn ya iya haɗe da kyau, sannan ya sa su shayar da su akai-akai.[3] Tana iya amfani da matse mai dumi a ƙirji ko kuma ta yi wanka mai dumi kafin ta bayyana, wanda ke taimakawa madara ta gudana. Tana iya amfani da matattarar sanyi bayan ciyarwa ko bayyanawa, wanda ke taimakawa wajen rage oedema. Rashin shayarwa yana faruwa sau da yawa a asibitocin jarirai waɗanda ke yin Matakai Goma kuma suna taimaka wa iyaye mata su fara shayarwa ba da daɗewa ba bayan haihuwa.[4]

Ana iya kuma ya kamata a ci gaba da shayarwa na yau da kullun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Zakarija-Grkovic |first=Irena |last2=Stewart |first2=Fiona |date=18 September 2020 |title=Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2020 |issue=9 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006946.pub4 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=8094412 |pmid=32944940}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hanyoyin kiwon lafiya na kula da nono masu tsami sune enzymes na proteolytic kamar serrapeptase, protease, da subcutaneous oxytocin. Sau da yawa ana ambaton ganyen kabewa a matsayin magani mai yiwuwa, amma binciken ya gano cewa ba su ba da &quot;babu fa'ida ta gaba ɗaya&quot; a kan ƙone nono.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Shaida daga gwaje-gwajen asibiti da aka buga game da tasirin zaɓuɓɓukan magani ba su da inganci kuma ba su da isasshen ƙarfi don tabbatar da shawarar asibiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc; color:inherit;&quot; |Cutar nono
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |[[File:Mature_female_breasts_during_nursing_phase.jpg|frameless]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |Kyakkyawan nono na mace da aka yi amfani da shi a lokacin jinya
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[[Fayil:Histology_of_lactating_breast,_annotated.png|thumb|Halitta na al'ada na nono a lokacin shayarwa]]{{Databox}}
'''Cutar nono''' tana faruwa a cikin Ƙwayoyin nono saboda fadadawa da matsin lamba da aka yi ta hanyar kira da adana madara nono. Har ila yau, babban abu ne na canza ikon jariri don kulle. Cutar tana canza siffar da karkatawar yankin maɗaukaki ta hanyar sanya nono mai saurin canzawa, mai laushi, mai wuya, da kumbura. Hanyoyin da ke kan ƙirjin da aka cika suna kwance ko kuma sun juya. Wani lokaci yana iya haifar da striae a kan maɗaukaki, galibi alama ce ta baya ta septation mastitis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sant2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Santos |first=Kamila Juliana da Silva |last2=Santana |first2=Géssica Silva |last3=Vieira |first3=Tatiana de Oliveira |last4=Santos |first4=Carlos Antônio de Souza Teles |last5=Giugliani |first5=Elsa Regina Justo |last6=Vieira |first6=Graciete Oliveira |year=2016 |title=Prevalence and factors associated with cracked nipples in the first month postpartum |journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth |volume=16 |issue=1 |page=209 |doi=10.1186/s12884-016-0999-4 |issn=1471-2393 |pmc=4975913 |pmid=27496088 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rashin [[shayarwa]] yawanci yana faruwa ne lokacin da nono ya sauya daga colostrum zuwa madara mai girma (sau da yawa ana kiransa lokacin da madara &quot;ta shigo&quot;). Koyaya, ƙwayoyin cuta na iya faruwa daga baya idan mata masu shayarwa sun rasa jinya da yawa kuma ba a nuna isasshen madara daga ƙirji ba. Ana iya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar rashin isasshen shayarwa da / ko toshe hanyoyin madara. Lokacin da aka cika, ƙirji na iya kumbura, ya yi taushi, kuma ya haifar da ciwo mai sauƙi zuwa matsananci.

Cutar na iya haifar da mastitis (ƙonewar nono), kuma Cutar da ba a kula da ita ba tana sanya matsin lamba a kan bututun madara, sau da yawa yana haifar da bututun da aka toshe. Matar sau da yawa za ta ji kumfa a wani bangare na nono, kuma fata a wannan yanki na iya zama ja da / ko dumi. Idan ya ci gaba ba tare da an sarrafa shi ba, bututun da aka toshe zai iya zama kamuwa da nono, a wannan lokacin tana iya samun zazzabi ko alamun mura.

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
Alamomin sun haɗa da ƙirji da ke kumbura da kumburi, da kuma fata da ke bayyana da haske da ja. Yawancin lokaci, dukkan ƙirji biyu suna da tasiri, kuma suna da zafi. Matar na iya samun zazzabi wanda yawanci yakan ragu cikin awanni 24. Matsayi na iya zama mai laushi, mai tsayi, kuma mai laushi. Madara ba ta gudana sosai.

Zazzabi na iya faruwa a cikin kashi 15, amma yawanci ƙasa da digiri 39 C kuma yana ɗaukar ƙasa da rana ɗaya.

== Dalilan da suka haifar ==
Rashin cire madarar nono, musamman a cikin 'yan kwanaki na farko bayan haihuwa lokacin da madarar ta shigo ta cika nono, kuma a lokaci guda jini yana ƙaruwa zuwa nono, yana haifar da tarwatsawa. Dalilan da suka sa ba a cire madara yadda ya kamata sune jinkirta fara shayarwa, abinci mai ban sha'awa, haɗe-haɗe mara kyau, shayarwa mara inganci,  canji na kwatsam a cikin aikin shayarwa na yau da kullun, dakatar da shayarwa ba zato ba tsammani, ko kuma idan jariri ya fara shayar da kasa da yadda aka saba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is Engorgement? What Causes It? |url=http://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/tc/breast-engorgement-overview}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Magani ==
Dole ne mahaifiyar ta cire madarar nono. Idan jaririn zai iya haɗi sosai kuma ya shayar, to ya kamata ta shayar da shi akai-akai kamar yadda jaririn yake so.[1][2] Idan jaririn ba zai iya haɗewa da shan nono yadda ya kamata ba, ya kamata ta bayyana madarar ta da hannu ko tare da famfo sau da yawa har sai ƙirji ya zama mai taushi, don jaririn ya iya haɗe da kyau, sannan ya sa su shayar da su akai-akai.[3] Tana iya amfani da matse mai dumi a ƙirji ko kuma ta yi wanka mai dumi kafin ta bayyana, wanda ke taimakawa madara ta gudana. Tana iya amfani da matattarar sanyi bayan ciyarwa ko bayyanawa, wanda ke taimakawa wajen rage oedema. Rashin shayarwa yana faruwa sau da yawa a asibitocin jarirai waɗanda ke yin Matakai Goma kuma suna taimaka wa iyaye mata su fara shayarwa ba da daɗewa ba bayan haihuwa.[4]

Ana iya kuma ya kamata a ci gaba da shayarwa na yau da kullun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Zakarija-Grkovic |first=Irena |last2=Stewart |first2=Fiona |date=18 September 2020 |title=Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2020 |issue=9 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006946.pub4 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=8094412 |pmid=32944940}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hanyoyin kiwon lafiya na kula da nono masu tsami sune enzymes na proteolytic kamar serrapeptase, protease, da subcutaneous oxytocin. Sau da yawa ana ambaton ganyen kabewa a matsayin magani mai yiwuwa, amma binciken ya gano cewa ba su ba da &quot;babu fa'ida ta gaba ɗaya&quot; a kan ƙone nono.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Shaida daga gwaje-gwajen asibiti da aka buga game da tasirin zaɓuɓɓukan magani ba su da inganci kuma ba su da isasshen ƙarfi don tabbatar da shawarar asibiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350986107|Breast cyst]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861756</origin>
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      <text bytes="5134" sha1="rca0gx4qfxc88ib3ruofyrwyd7d3acx" xml:space="preserve">[[Ƙullutu|cyst]] na [[nono]] shine cyst, jaka mai cike da ruwa, a '''ciwon nono'''. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙirji na iya samun ɗaya ko fiye da cysts. Sau da yawa ana bayyana su a matsayin zagaye ko ƙuƙwalwa masu ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwasawa tare da gefuna daban-daban. A cikin sashi, ƙwayoyin nono yawanci suna jin kamar inabi mai laushi ko balloon cike da ruwa, amma wani lokacin ƙwayoyin ƙirji suna jin ƙarfi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mayoclinic.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mayo Clinic Staff |date=9 November 2012 |title=Breast cysts |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/breast-cysts/DS01071 |access-date=2015-05-16 |website=Mayo Clinic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cyst na nono na iya zama mai raɗaɗi kuma yana iya zama mai damuwa amma gabaɗaya ba su da lahani. Sun fi yawa a ciki mata masu tsufa a cikin shekaru 30 ko 40. Yawanci suna ɓacewa bayan hawan jini, amma suna iya ci gaba ko sake bayyana yayin amfani da maganin hormone.[1] Sun kuma zama ruwan dare a cikin matasa.[2] Cyst na nono na iya zama wani ɓangare na Cutar fibrocystic. Ciwo da kumburi yawanci sun fi muni a rabi na biyu na sake zagayowar haila ko a lokacin daukar ciki.

Magani da ciwon nono yawanci ba lallai ba ne sai dai idan suna da zafi ko haifar da rashin jin daɗi. A mafi yawan lokuta, ana iya sauƙaƙa rashin jin daɗi da suke haifar da shi ta hanyar fitar da ruwa daga cyst. Cysts suna samuwa ne sakamakon ci gaban glandun madara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Breast Cysts |url=http://www.cpmc.org/services/women/breast/breast_cyst.html |access-date=2010-06-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da yake wasu manyan cysts suna jin kamar kumfa, yawancin cysts ba za a iya gano su ba yayin gwajin jiki.

Ba za a rikita cysts na nono da &quot;cysts na madara&quot; (galactoceles), wanda yawanci yakan bayyana yayin yayewa.

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
Alamomi da alamun cutar nono sun hada da:

* Kyakkyawan, mai sauƙin motsawa ko ƙuƙwalwar nono mai laushi tare da gefuna daban-daban
* Ciwon nono ko tausayi a yankin kumfa
* Ƙaruwar girman ƙuƙwalwa da tausayi kafin haila
* Rage girman ƙwayar cuta da warware wasu alamu da alamomi bayan haila

Samun sau ɗaya ko da yawa na ciwon nono ba ya ƙara haɗarin mutum na ciwon daji na nono.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mayo Clinic Staff |date=9 November 2012 |title=Breast cysts Symptoms |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/breast-cysts/DS01071/DSECTION=symptoms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726023636/http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-cysts/basics/symptoms/con-20032264 |archive-date=26 July 2015 |access-date=2015-05-16 |website=Mayo Clinic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sau da yawa ba a samun kumfa a cikin nono a lokacin jarrabawar kai ko jarrabawar jiki. Koyaya, a wasu lokuta ana iya jin su a taɓa su, musamman idan sun fi girma.

Zuciya yawanci tana da ƙuƙwalwa ko ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwasawa sakamakon canje-canjen hormonal da mata ke wucewa yayin haila. Koyaya, ya kamata a tura sabbin ƙwayoyin nono ga ƙwararre.

Hakanan ana iya rikitar da cysts tare da kamuwa da cuta da ke faruwa a kan maƙarƙashiya ko areola. Wani nau'i na yau da kullun mai kama da cutar cuta ce ta hanyar bututun da ke cikin maɓallin. Yana iya bayyana a matsayin bump, kuma yana iya zama rawaya ko fari saboda yana cike da pus. Wadannan na iya faruwa ba tare da la'akari da ko mutum yana shayarwa ba, kodayake idan shayarwa zai iya zama bleb. Ga mutane, bincika tare da likita game da alamun na iya samar da ƙarin haske.  (Tushen?) &lt;sup&gt;(source?)&lt;/sup&gt;

Ruwa da ke fitowa daga cyst, kamar yadda zai iya faruwa saboda puncture ko matsin lamba mai ƙarfi a lokacin mammography, ko kuma saboda raunin belin wurin zama a yayin hatsarin mota, na iya haifar da kumburi a cikin kwayar nono da ke kewaye.

== Binciken ganewa ==
[[Fayil:Needle_biopsy.jpg|thumb|Ana yin allurar biopsy don tantance yanayin kumfa ko dai cist mai cike da ruwa ko kuma kumburi mai ƙarfi]]
Za'a iya tabbatar da yanayin cystic na ƙwayar nono ta hanyar gwajin ultrasound, burin &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18423318&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Daly CP, Bailey JE, Klein KA, Helvie MA |date=May 2008 |title=Complicated breast cysts on sonography: is aspiration necessary to exclude malignancy? |journal=Acad Radiol |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=610–7 |doi=10.1016/j.acra.2007.12.018 |pmid=18423318}}&lt;/ref&gt; (cire abubuwan da ke ciki tare da allura), ko mammogram. Ultrasound kuma na iya nuna idan cyst ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙarfi, alamar cewa raunin na iya zama pre-cancer ko [[Sankara|ciwon daji]]. Binciken da masanin ilimin cytopathologist ya yi game da ruwan da aka samo daga cyst na iya taimakawa tare da wannan ganewar asali. Musamman, ya kamata a aika shi zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje don gwaji idan yana da jini.

Yawancin lokaci, ana gano cysts tare da taimakon mammograms. Koyaya, tarihin likita da gwajin jiki suma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa ainihin ganewar asali. A lokacin waɗannan gwaje-gwaje, likita zai yi ƙoƙari ya sami bayanai da yawa game da alamun da mai haƙuri ya fuskanta, tsananin su da tsawon su kuma ana gudanar da gwajin jiki akai-akai don bincika wasu abubuwan da ba su dace ba waɗanda zasu iya kasancewa a cikin [[nono]].

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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[[Ƙullutu|cyst]] na [[nono]] shine cyst, jaka mai cike da ruwa, a '''ciwon nono'''. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙirji na iya samun ɗaya ko fiye da cysts. Sau da yawa ana bayyana su a matsayin zagaye ko ƙuƙwalwa masu ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwasawa tare da gefuna daban-daban. A cikin sashi, ƙwayoyin nono yawanci suna jin kamar inabi mai laushi ko balloon cike da ruwa, amma wani lokacin ƙwayoyin ƙirji suna jin ƙarfi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mayoclinic.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mayo Clinic Staff |date=9 November 2012 |title=Breast cysts |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/breast-cysts/DS01071 |access-date=2015-05-16 |website=Mayo Clinic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cyst na nono na iya zama mai raɗaɗi kuma yana iya zama mai damuwa amma gabaɗaya ba su da lahani. Sun fi yawa a ciki mata masu tsufa a cikin shekaru 30 ko 40. Yawanci suna ɓacewa bayan hawan jini, amma suna iya ci gaba ko sake bayyana yayin amfani da maganin hormone.[1] Sun kuma zama ruwan dare a cikin matasa.[2] Cyst na nono na iya zama wani ɓangare na Cutar fibrocystic. Ciwo da kumburi yawanci sun fi muni a rabi na biyu na sake zagayowar haila ko a lokacin daukar ciki.

Magani da ciwon nono yawanci ba lallai ba ne sai dai idan suna da zafi ko haifar da rashin jin daɗi. A mafi yawan lokuta, ana iya sauƙaƙa rashin jin daɗi da suke haifar da shi ta hanyar fitar da ruwa daga cyst. Cysts suna samuwa ne sakamakon ci gaban glandun madara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Breast Cysts |url=http://www.cpmc.org/services/women/breast/breast_cyst.html |access-date=2010-06-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da yake wasu manyan cysts suna jin kamar kumfa, yawancin cysts ba za a iya gano su ba yayin gwajin jiki.

Ba za a rikita cysts na nono da &quot;cysts na madara&quot; (galactoceles), wanda yawanci yakan bayyana yayin yayewa.

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
Alamomi da alamun cutar nono sun hada da:

* Kyakkyawan, mai sauƙin motsawa ko ƙuƙwalwar nono mai laushi tare da gefuna daban-daban
* Ciwon nono ko tausayi a yankin kumfa
* Ƙaruwar girman ƙuƙwalwa da tausayi kafin haila
* Rage girman ƙwayar cuta da warware wasu alamu da alamomi bayan haila

Samun sau ɗaya ko da yawa na ciwon nono ba ya ƙara haɗarin mutum na ciwon daji na nono.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mayo Clinic Staff |date=9 November 2012 |title=Breast cysts Symptoms |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/breast-cysts/DS01071/DSECTION=symptoms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726023636/http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-cysts/basics/symptoms/con-20032264 |archive-date=26 July 2015 |access-date=2015-05-16 |website=Mayo Clinic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sau da yawa ba a samun kumfa a cikin nono a lokacin jarrabawar kai ko jarrabawar jiki. Koyaya, a wasu lokuta ana iya jin su a taɓa su, musamman idan sun fi girma.

Zuciya yawanci tana da ƙuƙwalwa ko ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwasawa sakamakon canje-canjen hormonal da mata ke wucewa yayin haila. Koyaya, ya kamata a tura sabbin ƙwayoyin nono ga ƙwararre.

Hakanan ana iya rikitar da cysts tare da kamuwa da cuta da ke faruwa a kan maƙarƙashiya ko areola. Wani nau'i na yau da kullun mai kama da cutar cuta ce ta hanyar bututun da ke cikin maɓallin. Yana iya bayyana a matsayin bump, kuma yana iya zama rawaya ko fari saboda yana cike da pus. Wadannan na iya faruwa ba tare da la'akari da ko mutum yana shayarwa ba, kodayake idan shayarwa zai iya zama bleb. Ga mutane, bincika tare da likita game da alamun na iya samar da ƙarin haske.  (Tushen?) &lt;sup&gt;(source?)&lt;/sup&gt;

Ruwa da ke fitowa daga cyst, kamar yadda zai iya faruwa saboda puncture ko matsin lamba mai ƙarfi a lokacin mammography, ko kuma saboda raunin belin wurin zama a yayin hatsarin mota, na iya haifar da kumburi a cikin kwayar nono da ke kewaye.

== Binciken ganewa ==
[[Fayil:Needle_biopsy.jpg|thumb|Ana yin allurar biopsy don tantance yanayin kumfa ko dai cist mai cike da ruwa ko kuma kumburi mai ƙarfi]]
Za'a iya tabbatar da yanayin cystic na ƙwayar nono ta hanyar gwajin ultrasound, burin &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18423318&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Daly CP, Bailey JE, Klein KA, Helvie MA |date=May 2008 |title=Complicated breast cysts on sonography: is aspiration necessary to exclude malignancy? |journal=Acad Radiol |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=610–7 |doi=10.1016/j.acra.2007.12.018 |pmid=18423318}}&lt;/ref&gt; (cire abubuwan da ke ciki tare da allura), ko mammogram. Ultrasound kuma na iya nuna idan cyst ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙarfi, alamar cewa raunin na iya zama pre-cancer ko [[Sankara|ciwon daji]]. Binciken da masanin ilimin cytopathologist ya yi game da ruwan da aka samo daga cyst na iya taimakawa tare da wannan ganewar asali. Musamman, ya kamata a aika shi zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje don gwaji idan yana da jini.

Yawancin lokaci, ana gano cysts tare da taimakon mammograms. Koyaya, tarihin likita da gwajin jiki suma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa ainihin ganewar asali. A lokacin waɗannan gwaje-gwaje, likita zai yi ƙoƙari ya sami bayanai da yawa game da alamun da mai haƙuri ya fuskanta, tsananin su da tsawon su kuma ana gudanar da gwajin jiki akai-akai don bincika wasu abubuwan da ba su dace ba waɗanda zasu iya kasancewa a cikin [[nono]].

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mahaifa</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353534831|Cervix]]&quot;</comment>
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[[File:Cervix_uteri,_breastfeeding_woman_after_2_births.jpg|alt=An adult woman's cervix viewed through a vagina using a [[Speculum (medical)#Vaginal|vaginal speculum]]|thumb|A normal cervix of an adult viewed through a vagina using a [[Speculum (medical)#Vaginal|bivalved vaginal speculum]]. The functional squamocolumnar junction surrounds the external os and is visible as the irregular demarcation between the lighter and darker shades of pink [[Mucous membrane|mucosa]].]]
Mahaifa (pl.: cervices) ko mahaifar mahaifa (Latin: cervix uteri) wani kwarangwal ne mai ƙarfi na tsarin haihuwa na mace wanda ke haɗa farji da mahaifa.[1] Mahaifa mace an rubuta ta a zahiri tun aƙalla lokacin Hippocrates, sama da shekaru 2,000 da suka gabata. Mahaifa tana da tsawon santimita 4 (inci 1.6) tare da diamita na kusan santimita 3 (inci 1.2) kuma ana iya siffanta ta da siffar silinda, kodayake bangon gaba da baya na mahaifa suna tare.[1] Girman mahaifa yana canzawa a duk tsawon rayuwar mace. Misali, mata a cikin shekarun haihuwa na zagayowar haihuwarsu suna da manyan mahaifa fiye da mata bayan haila; haka nan, mata waɗanda suka haifi 'ya'ya suna da babban mahaifa fiye da waɗanda ba su da shi.[1]

Dangane da farji, ɓangaren cervix wanda ke buɗewa cikin mahaifa ana kiransa os na ciki yayin da buɗewar cervix a cikin farji ana kiransa burodi na waje. Tsakanin waɗannan matsanancin shine hanyar da ake kira canal cervical. Ƙananan ɓangaren cervix, wanda aka sani da ɓangaren farji na cervix (ko ectocervix), yana kumbura zuwa saman farji. Endocervix yana kan iyaka da mahaifa. Jirgin cervical yana da aƙalla nau'ikan epithelium guda biyu (lining): glandular epithelium ne wanda ke layi na endocervix tare da Layer ɗaya na sel masu kama da ginshiƙi; yayin da ɓangaren ectocervical na bututun ya ƙunshi squamous epithelium.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Squamous epithelia line the conduit tare da da da yawa yadudduka na sel rufe da flat cells. Wadannan layi biyu sun haɗu a mahaɗar squamocolumnar (SCJ). Wannan mahaɗar tana canza wuri sosai a duk rayuwar mace.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Cerix shine sashin da ke ba da damar epithelia ya gudana daga mahaifar mace kuma ya fita ta hanyar farji a lokacin [[Jinin Haida|haila]]. Halin haila yana fitar da epithelia daga mahaifar mace tare da kowane lokaci na shekarunta masu haihuwa, sai dai idan ciki ya faru.

Hanyoyi da yawa na [[Kulawar haihuwa|hana daukar ciki]] suna da niyyar hana taki ta hanyar toshe bututun, gami da murfin mahaifa da Diaphragms na mahaifa, hana wucewar maniyyi ta hanyar mahaifa. Sauran hanyoyin sun haɗa da hanyoyin da ke lura da mucus na mahaifa, kamar Creighton Model da hanyar Billings. Canjin yanayin cervical a [[Tsarin Haila|Lokacin haila]], wanda zai iya nuna alamar ovulation.

A lokacin [[Jego|haihuwa]] na al'aura, dole ne mahaifa ta zama mai laushi kuma ta fadadawa don ba da damar jariri ya ci gaba tare da hanyar haihuwa. Masu haihuwa da likitoci suna amfani da girman fadada mahaifa don taimakawa wajen yanke shawara yayin haihuwa.

Cututtukan mahaifa tare da kwayar cutar papillomavirus (HPV) na iya haifar da canje-canje a cikin epithelium, wanda zai iya haifar da ciwon daji na mahaifa. Gwaje-gwaje na Cytology na mahaifa na iya gano ciwon daji na mahaifa da abubuwan da suka gabata don ba da damar magani na farko, mai nasara. Hanyoyin kauce wa HPV sun haɗa da guje wa jima'i, ta amfani da kwaroron roba, da karɓar Allurar rigakafin HPV. Allurar rigakafin HPV, wanda aka haɓaka a farkon karni na 21, yana rage haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon daji ta hanyar hana kamuwa da cuta daga manyan cututtukan cutar kansa na HPV.[1]

== Tsarinta ==
[[Fayil:Gray1167.svg|alt=Diagram of the uterus and part of the vagina.|right|thumb|Hoton mahaifa da wani ɓangare na farji. Cerix shine ƙananan ɓangaren mahaifa da ke tsakanin ƙashin waje (ƙofar waje) da ƙashin ciki (ƙofar ciki). Hanyar mahaifa ta haɗa ciki na farji da ramin jikin mahaifa.]]
Ciki wani bangare ne na tsarin haihuwa na mata. Kusan 2-3 centimeters (0.8-1.2 in) a tsawon,  shi ne ƙananan, ƙananan ɓangaren mahaifa, ci gaba a sama tare da ɓangaren sama mafi girma - ko jiki - na mahaifa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gray38&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Henry Gray}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙananan ƙarshen cervix yana kumbura ta bangon baya na farji, kuma ana kiransa ɓangaren farji na cervix (ko ectocervix), yayin da sauran cervix sama da farji ana kiransa ɓangarorin supra-aginal na cervixix.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray38&quot; /&gt; Wani tashar tsakiya, wanda aka sani da tashar mahaifa, yana gudana tare da tsawonsa kuma yana haɗa ramin jikin mahaifa tare da lumen na farji.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray38&quot; /&gt; An san ramukan a matsayin kashin ciki da rami na waje na mahaifa (ko kashin waje), bi da bi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray38&quot; /&gt; An san mucosa da ke gefen tashar mahaifa da endocervix,  kuma mucosa da ta rufe ectocervix an san shi da exocervix.  Cerix yana da layin mucosal , layin mai laushi mai laushi, kuma daga baya ɓangaren supravaginal yana da murfin serosal wanda ya kunshi nama mai haɗawa da peritoneum mai rufewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray38&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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[[File:Cervix_uteri,_breastfeeding_woman_after_2_births.jpg|alt=An adult woman's cervix viewed through a vagina using a [[Speculum (medical)#Vaginal|vaginal speculum]]|thumb|A normal cervix of an adult viewed through a vagina using a [[Speculum (medical)#Vaginal|bivalved vaginal speculum]]. The functional squamocolumnar junction surrounds the external os and is visible as the irregular demarcation between the lighter and darker shades of pink [[Mucous membrane|mucosa]].]]{{Databox}}
Mahaifa (pl.: cervices) ko mahaifar mahaifa (Latin: cervix uteri) wani kwarangwal ne mai ƙarfi na tsarin haihuwa na mace wanda ke haɗa farji da mahaifa.[1] Mahaifa mace an rubuta ta a zahiri tun aƙalla lokacin Hippocrates, sama da shekaru 2,000 da suka gabata. Mahaifa tana da tsawon santimita 4 (inci 1.6) tare da diamita na kusan santimita 3 (inci 1.2) kuma ana iya siffanta ta da siffar silinda, kodayake bangon gaba da baya na mahaifa suna tare.[1] Girman mahaifa yana canzawa a duk tsawon rayuwar mace. Misali, mata a cikin shekarun haihuwa na zagayowar haihuwarsu suna da manyan mahaifa fiye da mata bayan haila; haka nan, mata waɗanda suka haifi 'ya'ya suna da babban mahaifa fiye da waɗanda ba su da shi.[1]

Dangane da farji, ɓangaren cervix wanda ke buɗewa cikin mahaifa ana kiransa os na ciki yayin da buɗewar cervix a cikin farji ana kiransa burodi na waje. Tsakanin waɗannan matsanancin shine hanyar da ake kira canal cervical. Ƙananan ɓangaren cervix, wanda aka sani da ɓangaren farji na cervix (ko ectocervix), yana kumbura zuwa saman farji. Endocervix yana kan iyaka da mahaifa. Jirgin cervical yana da aƙalla nau'ikan epithelium guda biyu (lining): glandular epithelium ne wanda ke layi na endocervix tare da Layer ɗaya na sel masu kama da ginshiƙi; yayin da ɓangaren ectocervical na bututun ya ƙunshi squamous epithelium.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Squamous epithelia line the conduit tare da da da yawa yadudduka na sel rufe da flat cells. Wadannan layi biyu sun haɗu a mahaɗar squamocolumnar (SCJ). Wannan mahaɗar tana canza wuri sosai a duk rayuwar mace.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Cerix shine sashin da ke ba da damar epithelia ya gudana daga mahaifar mace kuma ya fita ta hanyar farji a lokacin [[Jinin Haida|haila]]. Halin haila yana fitar da epithelia daga mahaifar mace tare da kowane lokaci na shekarunta masu haihuwa, sai dai idan ciki ya faru.

Hanyoyi da yawa na [[Kulawar haihuwa|hana daukar ciki]] suna da niyyar hana taki ta hanyar toshe bututun, gami da murfin mahaifa da Diaphragms na mahaifa, hana wucewar maniyyi ta hanyar mahaifa. Sauran hanyoyin sun haɗa da hanyoyin da ke lura da mucus na mahaifa, kamar Creighton Model da hanyar Billings. Canjin yanayin cervical a [[Tsarin Haila|Lokacin haila]], wanda zai iya nuna alamar ovulation.

A lokacin [[Jego|haihuwa]] na al'aura, dole ne mahaifa ta zama mai laushi kuma ta fadadawa don ba da damar jariri ya ci gaba tare da hanyar haihuwa. Masu haihuwa da likitoci suna amfani da girman fadada mahaifa don taimakawa wajen yanke shawara yayin haihuwa.

Cututtukan mahaifa tare da kwayar cutar papillomavirus (HPV) na iya haifar da canje-canje a cikin epithelium, wanda zai iya haifar da ciwon daji na mahaifa. Gwaje-gwaje na Cytology na mahaifa na iya gano ciwon daji na mahaifa da abubuwan da suka gabata don ba da damar magani na farko, mai nasara. Hanyoyin kauce wa HPV sun haɗa da guje wa jima'i, ta amfani da kwaroron roba, da karɓar Allurar rigakafin HPV. Allurar rigakafin HPV, wanda aka haɓaka a farkon karni na 21, yana rage haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon daji ta hanyar hana kamuwa da cuta daga manyan cututtukan cutar kansa na HPV.[1]

== Tsarinta ==
[[Fayil:Gray1167.svg|alt=Diagram of the uterus and part of the vagina.|right|thumb|Hoton mahaifa da wani ɓangare na farji. Cerix shine ƙananan ɓangaren mahaifa da ke tsakanin ƙashin waje (ƙofar waje) da ƙashin ciki (ƙofar ciki). Hanyar mahaifa ta haɗa ciki na farji da ramin jikin mahaifa.]]
Ciki wani bangare ne na tsarin haihuwa na mata. Kusan 2-3 centimeters (0.8-1.2 in) a tsawon,  shi ne ƙananan, ƙananan ɓangaren mahaifa, ci gaba a sama tare da ɓangaren sama mafi girma - ko jiki - na mahaifa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gray38&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Henry Gray}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙananan ƙarshen cervix yana kumbura ta bangon baya na farji, kuma ana kiransa ɓangaren farji na cervix (ko ectocervix), yayin da sauran cervix sama da farji ana kiransa ɓangarorin supra-aginal na cervixix.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray38&quot; /&gt; Wani tashar tsakiya, wanda aka sani da tashar mahaifa, yana gudana tare da tsawonsa kuma yana haɗa ramin jikin mahaifa tare da lumen na farji.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray38&quot; /&gt; An san ramukan a matsayin kashin ciki da rami na waje na mahaifa (ko kashin waje), bi da bi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray38&quot; /&gt; An san mucosa da ke gefen tashar mahaifa da endocervix,  kuma mucosa da ta rufe ectocervix an san shi da exocervix.  Cerix yana da layin mucosal , layin mai laushi mai laushi, kuma daga baya ɓangaren supravaginal yana da murfin serosal wanda ya kunshi nama mai haɗawa da peritoneum mai rufewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray38&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Millipede ƙonewa</title>
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    <id>158670</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1224351890|Millipede burn]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1163" sha1="7ezyv641qdc46yt7w3sdkgj15e8yc6q" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = 
| synonym       = 
| image         = Millipede toes toxin diplopoda.png
| alt           = 
| caption       = The effects of a millipede burn on the foot
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = [[Dermatology]]
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = 
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 
| deaths        = 
}}
{{Reflist}}{{Medical resources|DiseasesDB=|ICD10=T63.4, X24|ICD9={{ICD9|989.5}}, {{ICD9|E905.4}}|ICDO=|OMIM=|MedlinePlus=|eMedicineSubj=|eMedicineTopic=|MeshID=|GeneReviewsName=}}Millipede burns wani yanayi ne na fata wanda wasu millipedes ke haifar da ruwa mai guba wanda ke haifar da launin ruwan kasa da / ko ƙonewa lokacin da ya shiga cikin fata.&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrews&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu millipedes suna samar da quinons a cikin ɓoyayyun tsaro, wanda aka ruwaito yana haifar da launin ruwan kasa na fata.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Centipede ciwo
* [[Yanayin fata|Rashin rauni a fata]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Animal bites and stings}}

== Haɗin waje ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mutuwar mutanen da ke fama da autism</title>
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        <username>Rahama Buhari Sani</username>
        <id>45571</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349210324|Mortality of autistic individuals]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="47686" sha1="azyt305cys2wqhklusbkcbk527nbnq6" xml:space="preserve">Akwai ɗan alaƙa tsakanin Autism da raguwar [[Rayuwa mai tsawo|tsawon rai]], amma sakamakon binciken bai cika ba game da ko Autism da cututtukan da ke tattare da shi suna da alaƙa ko kuma ko mutane ba su iya samun zaɓuɓɓukan kulawa masu dacewa da kuma kan lokaci kamar yadda yake a cikin al'ummar da ke da alaƙa da jijiyoyi ba . Bugu da ƙari, binciken ya takaita ne kawai ga samun bayanai game da al'ummomin da ke da buƙatu masu yawa.

An taɓa ruwaito cewa mutanen da ke da Autism suna da raguwar tsawon rai sosai, a matsakaici kusan shekaru goma sha bakwai sun fi na sauran jama'a; duk da haka, wannan ba a yarda da shi a cikin al'ummar kimiyya a matsayin wani abu mai kama da autism ba saboda matsaloli da kuma kuskuren fahimtar sakamakon binciken. Yawan mace-mace a lokacin ƙuruciya da farkon girma na iya zama mafi girma. [[Lafiya|Yanayi daban-daban na lafiya]] sun fi yawa a tsakanin mutanen da ke da Autism, ciki har da [[Farfaɗiya|farfadiya]], cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, da hauhawar yawan kashe kai, musamman a tsakanin waɗanda ba su da nakasa ta hankali ko ilmantarwa; duk da haka, tare da rashin bincike a kan Autism da rashin cikakken gwaji da ganewar cutar Autism, ba zai yiwu a tantance ko waɗannan cututtukan suna da alaƙa da Autism ko kuma kawai alaƙa ba (misali mutanen da ke zuwa likita akai-akai suna da yuwuwar samun ganewar asali fiye da waɗanda ba su da dalilin ziyartar likita akai-akai). Sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa, kamar cututtukan numfashi, cututtuka masu yaduwa, da na narkewar abinci, suna kama da na jama'a gabaɗaya amma ana iya ƙara ta'azzara su ta hanyar illolin da ke tattare da amfani da magungunan neuroleptic na dogon lokaci. Bambancin tattalin arziki da kuma yawan mace-mace da suka faru a lokacin da ba a yi hattara ba, ciki har da nutsewa cikin ruwa, suma suna taimakawa wajen karuwar mace-mace a tsakanin mutanen da ke da bukata mai yawa. A tarihi, mutanen da ke da autism sun kasance wadanda ke fuskantar barazanar [[kashe jarirai]] . Daga cikin mutanen da ke da nakasa ta ilimi, mata suna da mafi karancin tsawon rai, wanda wataƙila ya faru ne saboda wahalar samun albarkatu.

Early mortality among autistic individuals has been the subject of research since the 1990s, particularly in the more developed countries of the Anglosphere and Scandinavian countries. Identified as a &quot;hidden crisis&quot; in 2015, this phenomenon is primarily attributed to comorbidities associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), limited access to appropriate healthcare, and inadequate recognition and management of pain, especially among non-speaking individuals. Genetic predispositions and environmental factors may also play a role. Social exclusion has been linked to lack of awareness of support, lack of healthcare options, and increased suicide risk; while infanticide has been associated with broader social attitudes. Strategies to reduce early mortality include improved management of [[Farfaɗiya|epilepsy]], prevention of accidental [[Nutsewa|drownings]] and sudden illnesses, enhanced suicide prevention measures, better communication between autistic individuals and healthcare providers, and promotion of regular physical activity.

== Tarihi ==
Bincike kan Autism da mace-mace wani fanni ne na baya-bayan nan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Volkmar|Paul|Klin|Cohen|2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gano karuwar haɗarin [[nutsewa]] cikin haɗari tsakanin mutanen da ke da Autism tun farkon 1996. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ballaban-Gil |first=Karen |last2=Rapin |first2=Isabelle |last3=Tuchman |first3=Roberto |last4=Shinnar |first4=Shlomo |date=1996 |title=Longitudinal examination of the behavioral, language, and social changes in a population of adolescents and young adults with autistic disorder |url=https://www.pedneur.com/article/S0887-8994(96)00219-6/abstract |journal=Pediatric Neurology |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=217–223 |doi=10.1016/S0887-8994(96)00219-6 |issn=0887-8994 |pmid=8916159 |access-date=June 10, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1999, Torben Isager da abokan aikinsa sun buga wani bincike kan mace-mace da ya shafi mutane 381 masu Autism a [[Denmark]] tsakanin 1945 da 1980. Daga cikinsu, goma sha biyu sun mutu, wanda ke wakiltar yawan mace-mace fiye da na jama'a gaba ɗaya. Abubuwan da suka haifar da mutuwar sun haɗa da shari'o'i biyar na rashin lafiya kwatsam, wani ƙarin shari'a da ake zargin ya faru ne sakamakon rashin lafiya kwatsam, mutuwar haɗari huɗu (uku na iya alaƙa da rashin lafiya ko matsalolin mutum), da kuma kashe kai biyu. An gano rabin waɗanda suka mutu suna da nakasa ta hankali, yayin da sauran rabin ba su mutu ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Isager|Mouridsen|Rich|1999|}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2001, Robert M. Shavelle da abokan aikinsa sun gudanar da wani bincike kan mace-mace tsakanin mutanen da ke da Autism a [[California]] tsakanin 1983 da 1997, inda suka gano mace-mace 202 a cikin rukunin mutane 13,111. Ana ɗaukar wannan binciken a matsayin mai mahimmanci saboda girman rukunin mutane da kuma hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Azéma |first=Bernard |last2=Martinez |first2=Nathalie |date=2005 |title=Les personnes handicapées vieillissantes: espérances de vie et de santé ; qualité de vie, Abstract |trans-title=Aging people with disabilities: life expectancy and health; quality of life, Abstract |journal=Revue française des affaires sociales |language=fr |issue=2 |pages=295–333 |doi=10.3917/rfas.052.0295 |issn=0035-2985}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sakamakon ya nuna cewa yawan mace-mace ya fi yawa idan aka kwatanta da yawan jama'a, musamman a tsakanin mata da mutanen da ke da nakasa ta hankali. Tsawon rayuwar da aka ruwaito shine shekaru 62 ga maza da kuma shekaru 62.5 ga mata. Manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa sun haɗa da rashin lafiya kwatsam, [[Cutar huhu|cututtukan numfashi]], shaƙa, da [[nutsewa]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Shavelle|Strauss|Pickett|2001|}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2008, wani bincike da aka gudanar a ƙasar Denmark wanda ya shafi mutane 341, a matsayin wani sabon bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 1999, ya gano cewa mace-macen da ake samu a tsakanin mutanen da ke da autism ya ninka na yawan jama'a sau biyu, inda aka lura da cewa mata sun fi yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Mouridsen|Brønnum-Hansen|Rich|Isager|2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2010, Christopher Gillberg da abokan aikinsa sun gudanar da wani bincike kan mutane 120 da ke da autism da aka haifa a Sweden tsakanin 1962 da 1984, inda suka bayar da rahoton mace-mace da kashi 7.5%, wanda ya fi na sauran jama'a sau 5.6. Binciken bai tabbatar ko autism din kansa ya taimaka kai tsaye ga sakamakon da aka lura ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gillberg|Billstedt|Sundh|Gillberg|2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2013, Deborah Bilder da abokan aikinsa sun buga sakamakon binciken da aka yi kan mutane 305 da ke da autism, inda suka gano mutuwar mutane 29. Sanadin mace-macen an danganta su ne da cututtuka masu kama da juna maimakon autism kadai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bilder|Botts|Smith|Pimentel|2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ƙarshen shekarar 2015, an buga wani bincike bisa ga bayanan likita daga sama da mutane 27,000 masu fama da autism a Sweden, ciki har da kimanin 6,500 masu nakasa ta hankali da ke faruwa tare. A lokacin da aka buga shi, an ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin bincike mafi inganci kuma abin dogaro kan autism da mace-mace, &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Autistica|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; galibi saboda girman da girman ƙungiyar. A cewar masu binciken:

== Abubuwan lura na asibiti da zamantakewa ==
An rarraba Autism a matsayin wata [[Rashin ci gaban jijiyoyi|cuta ta ci gaban jijiyoyi]] a cikin Rarraba Cututtuka ta Duniya (ICD-10)  kuma ba a ɗaukarsa a matsayin yanayin lalacewa ba. Duk da haka, yana iya kasancewa da alaƙa da cututtuka masu alaƙa ko bambance-bambancen fahimta waɗanda zasu iya taimakawa wajen rage [[Rayuwa mai tsawo|tsawon rai]] ko ƙaruwar haɗarin haɗurra, musamman a lokuta da suka shafi nakasa koyo . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Volkmar|Paul|Klin|Cohen|2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bincike ya nuna cewa ƙwarewar fahimtar mutanen da ke da autism tana da ƙarfi yayin da suke tsufa kuma tana raguwa ƙasa da yadda take a mutanen da ba sa da autism. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Azéma |first=Bernard |last2=Martinez |first2=Nathalie |date=2005 |title=Les personnes handicapées vieillissantes: espérances de vie et de santé ; qualité de vie, Abstract |trans-title=Aging people with disabilities: life expectancy and health; quality of life, Abstract |journal=Revue française des affaires sociales |language=fr |issue=2 |pages=295–333 |doi=10.3917/rfas.052.0295 |issn=0035-2985}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAzémaMartinez2005&quot;&gt;Azéma, Bernard; Martinez, Nathalie (2005). &quot;Les personnes handicapées vieillissantes: espérances de vie et de santé ; qualité de vie, Abstract&quot; &amp;#x5B;Aging people with disabilities: life expectancy and health; quality of life, Abstract&amp;#x5D;. ''Revue française des affaires sociales'' (in French) (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;295–&lt;/span&gt;333. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3917/rfas.052.0295|10.3917/rfas.052.0295]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-2985 0035-2985].&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Autism yawanci ba ya haifar da lalacewar fahimta da ke da alaƙa da shekaru, &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bowler |first=Dermot |date=2017 |title=Autisme et vieillissement: nouvelle frontière et nouveaux défis pour la neuropsychologie |trans-title=Autism and aging: new frontiers and new challenges for neuropsychology |journal=Revue de neuropsychologie |language=fr |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=11–12 |issn=2101-6739}}&lt;/ref&gt; kamar raguwar ƙwaƙwalwar aiki, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ghai |first=Saloni |last2=Eshetu |first2=Aphrodite |last3=Corbett |first3=Anne |last4=Ballard |first4=Clive |date=2025 |title=The Association Between Autism Spectrum Traits and Age-Related Spatial Working Memory Decline: A Large-Scale Longitudinal Study |url=https://academic.oup.com/gerontologist/article/65/5/gnaf096/8071459?login=false |journal=The Gerontologist |volume=65 |issue=1 |doi=10.1093/geront/gnaf096 |issn=1758-5341 |pmc=12036657 |pmid=40071623}}&lt;/ref&gt; kodayake matakan nakasa ko dogaro mafi girma na iya bayyana akan lokaci.  Nazarin ya kiyasta cewa tsakanin 20% zuwa 25% na manya masu autism suna fuskantar raguwar aikin fahimta a lokacin balaga. &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Yawancin manya masu autism suma suna ba da rahoton ƙarancin ingancin rayuwa da matakan [[Anxiety|damuwa]], wanda zai iya haifar da janyewar zamantakewa da kuma fahimtar yanayin zamantakewa a matsayin abin ƙi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Wright|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsawon rayuwa ===
Mutane masu fama da Autism suna da ƙarancin tsawon rai idan aka kwatanta da yawan jama'a, tare da kimantawa da ke nuna raguwar &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Autistica|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; na kimanin shekaru 16 zuwa 18 a matsakaici. &lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Underwood |first=Emily |date=March 17, 2016 |title=People on autism spectrum die 18 years younger than average |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/people-autism-spectrum-die-18-years-younger-average |access-date=June 10, 2025 |website=Science}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan gibin na iya kaiwa har zuwa shekaru 30 ga waɗanda ke da nakasa ta hankali tare. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; An kiyasta cewa yawan mace-mace tsakanin mutanen da ke fama da Autism, musamman a lokacin ƙuruciya da farkon girma, ya ninka sau biyu zuwa goma fiye da na yawan jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Patel|Greydanus|2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Volkmar|Reichow|McPartland|2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Mouridsen|2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hirvikoski|Mittendorfer-Rutz|Boman|Larsson|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar mai bincike {{Interlanguage link|Catherine Barthélémy|fr|Catherine Barthélémy}}, mace-macen da ke tsakanin shekaru 2 zuwa 30 ya ninka sau uku.  Duk da cewa bincike kaɗan ne suka yi nazarin mace-macen da rukunin shekaru, &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Wright|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; bayanai da ake da su sun nuna cewa rashin daidaiton yana raguwa da shekaru, &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Wright|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Shavelle|Strauss|1998}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da raguwar gibin tsawon rai zuwa kimanin shekaru uku bayan shekaru 65. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Wright|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da cewa adadin mace-mace da aka ruwaito a cikin bincike daban-daban ya bambanta, duk suna nuna ƙaruwar mace-mace a tsakanin mutanen da ke da autism, musamman saboda yanayin jijiyoyi kamar [[Farfaɗiya|farfadiya]], da [[Kisan kai|kashe kai]] .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hirvikoski|Mittendorfer-Rutz|Boman|Larsson|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gillberg|Billstedt|Sundh|Gillberg|2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Bayanai daga New South Wales, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], bisa ga ƙungiyar mutane 35,929, sun nuna cewa adadin mace-mace ya fi sau 2.06 a cikin mutanen da ke da autism idan aka kwatanta da sauran jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hwang |first=Jane |last2=Srasuebkul |first2=Preeyaporn |last3=Foley |first3=Kitty-Rose |last4=Arnold |first4=Samuel |date=2019 |title=Mortality and cause of death of Australians on the autism spectrum |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aur.2086 |journal=Autism Research |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=806–815 |doi=10.1002/aur.2086 |issn=1939-3792 |pmid=30802364 |access-date=June 10, 2025 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Life expectancy for autistic individuals may be improving globally, as medical advancements allow for earlier identification and treatment of conditions that previously led to premature death.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bowler |first=Dermot |date=2017 |title=Autisme et vieillissement: nouvelle frontière et nouveaux défis pour la neuropsychologie |trans-title=Autism and aging: new frontiers and new challenges for neuropsychology |journal=Revue de neuropsychologie |language=fr |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=11–12 |issn=2101-6739}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBowler2017&quot;&gt;Bowler, Dermot (2017). &quot;Autisme et vieillissement: nouvelle frontière et nouveaux défis pour la neuropsychologie&quot; &amp;#x5B;Autism and aging: new frontiers and new challenges for neuropsychology&amp;#x5D;. ''Revue de neuropsychologie'' (in French). '''9''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11–&lt;/span&gt;12. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2101-6739 2101-6739].&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Factors contributing to reduced life expectancy include cognitive impairments, increased vulnerability to illness, comorbidities, social exclusion, sensory hypersensitivity, and [[Ageing|age]]-related health challenges.&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Wright|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Autistica|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Iyakokin karatu ===
Nazarin da aka gudanar a wannan fanni galibi [[Tarayyar Amurka|'yan Amurka]] ne, &lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Shavelle|Strauss|1998}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Shavelle|Strauss|Pickett|2001|}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bilder|Botts|Smith|Pimentel|2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Birtaniya|'yan Birtaniya]], &lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cassidy |first=Sarah |last2=Bradley |first2=Paul |last3=Robinson |first3=Janine |last4=Allison |first4=Carrie |last5=McHugh |first5=Meghan |last6=Baron-Cohen |first6=Simon |date=2014 |title=Suicidal ideation and suicide plans or attempts in adults with Asperger's syndrome attending a specialist diagnostic clinic: a clinical cohort study |url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(14)70248-2/abstract |journal=The Lancet Psychiatry |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=142–147 |doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70248-2 |issn=2215-0366 |pmid=26360578 |access-date=June 10, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cassidy |first=Sarah |last2=Rodgers |first2=Jacqui |date=2017 |title=Understanding and prevention of suicide in autism |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(17)30162-1/fulltext |journal=The Lancet Psychiatry |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=142–147 |doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30162-1 |issn=2215-0366 |pmid=28551299 |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 10, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Scandinavian ( [[Sweden]] &lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hirvikoski|Mittendorfer-Rutz|Boman|Larsson|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gillberg|Billstedt|Sundh|Gillberg|2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; da [[Denmark]] &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Isager|Mouridsen|Rich|1999|}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Mouridsen|Brønnum-Hansen|Rich|Isager|2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; ), kuma sun kasance masu iyaka saboda rashin binciken ƙasa da ƙasa kan manya masu fama da Autism. &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Autistica|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda Josef Schovanec (2017) ya nuna, yawan kashe kai tsakanin mutanen da ke fama da Autism &quot;yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da aka haramta muhawara a bainar jama'a&quot; a Faransa: mace-macen su ba a yin nazari ko kuma amfanin jama'a ba ne a wannan ƙasar - wataƙila saboda mayar da hankali kan yara da kuma ayyukan da wasu cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da zamantakewa ke neman ɓoyewa (kamar shan magani fiye da kima da masu cutar neuroleptics ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Schovanec|2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Interlanguage link|Céline Boussié|fr|Céline Boussié}}, ta yi bayani dalla-dalla game da mutuwarsu. ya yi Allah wadai da mutuwar yara biyar a wata {{Interlanguage link|Moussaron IME affair|fr|Affaire de l'IME de Moussaron}} (IME) a cikin Gers . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 27, 2017 |title=Ce que je dénonce, ce sont des enfants attachés, enfermés dans trois mètres carrés |trans-title=What I am denouncing is children being tied up and locked up in three square meters. |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/sante/handicap/ce-que-je-denonce-ce-sont-des-enfants-attaches-enfermes-dans-trois-metres-carres_2533445.html |access-date=June 10, 2025 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nazarin da aka buga sun kuma gabatar da wasu ƙuntatawa,  kamar haɗa mutanen da aka gano suna da &quot; psychosis ,&quot; waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu na iya zama [[Hauka|schizophrenia]], yanayin da aka sani yana da alaƙa da babban haɗarin kashe kansa. Bayanan da ake da su sun ƙara takura saboda ɓacewar adadi mai yawa na manya masu autism daga ƙididdiga saboda dalilai daban-daban (misali, canje-canjen suna, ƙaura). &lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Wright|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nazarin kashe kansa, wanda kuma aka iyakance shi a adadi, &quot;gabaɗaya sun yi amfani da ƙananan samfura, waɗanda ba wakilci ba, ba su da ingantattun matakan, kuma ba su bincika abubuwan haɗari ko kariya ba.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

An fara bayyana Autism a kimiyyance a cikin shekarun 1940, inda mutanen da aka gano sun kai kimanin shekaru 70 a shekarar 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Volkmar|Paul|Klin|Cohen|2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bincike kan tsufa da matsalolin ƙarshen rayuwa a cikin Autism har yanzu &quot;ba a bincika su gaba ɗaya ba&quot; (kamar na 2008), wanda ke iyakance ilimin matakan inganta ingancin rayuwa .  Saboda yawan mayar da hankali kan yara masu Autism, manya masu Autism (ciki har da tsofaffi) ba sa samun kulawa sosai a bincike da tattaunawa ta jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bowler |first=Dermot |date=2017 |title=Autisme et vieillissement: nouvelle frontière et nouveaux défis pour la neuropsychologie |trans-title=Autism and aging: new frontiers and new challenges for neuropsychology |journal=Revue de neuropsychologie |language=fr |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=11–12 |issn=2101-6739}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBowler2017&quot;&gt;Bowler, Dermot (2017). &quot;Autisme et vieillissement: nouvelle frontière et nouveaux défis pour la neuropsychologie&quot; &amp;#x5B;Autism and aging: new frontiers and new challenges for neuropsychology&amp;#x5D;. ''Revue de neuropsychologie'' (in French). '''9''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11–&lt;/span&gt;12. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2101-6739 2101-6739].&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bambancin jinsi ===
Tun daga shekarar 1985, lokacin da Marion Leboyer ta binciki bambance-bambancen mace-mace tsakanin maza da mata masu fama da autism,  bincike ya nuna cewa mata masu fama da autism sun fi mutuwa da wuri idan aka kwatanta da maza, &lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Mouridsen|2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Shavelle|Strauss|Pickett|2001|}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gillberg|Billstedt|Sundh|Gillberg|2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Woolfenden |first=Sue |last2=Sarkozy |first2=Vanessa |last3=Ridley |first3=Greta |last4=Coory |first4=Michael |date=2012 |title=A systematic review of two outcomes in autism spectrum disorder - epilepsy and mortality |journal=Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=306–312 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04223.x |issn=1469-8749 |pmid=22348343}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da wasu kiyasi da ke nuna cewa adadin ya ninka har sau hudu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Patel|Greydanus|2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, bambance-bambancen da aka bayar a cikin adadin mace-macen da aka ruwaito dangane da jinsi yana nuna rashin daidaiton ma'auni. &lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hirvikoski|Mittendorfer-Rutz|Boman|Larsson|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bayani mai yiwuwa shine nuna son kai, saboda mata ba a yawan gano su da autism ba, wanda hakan na iya karkatar da bayanai zuwa ga waɗanda ke da yanayi mafi tsanani ko a bayyane. &lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Dalilai da shekarun mace-mace gabaɗaya suna kama da juna tsakanin jinsi, &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; kodayake maza sun fi mutuwa daga cututtukan jijiyoyi da na jijiyoyin jini, yayin da mata ke da yawan mace-mace daga cututtukan endocrine, nakasar haihuwa, da kashe kai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hirvikoski|Mittendorfer-Rutz|Boman|Larsson|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike na meta ya gano cewa matan masu fama da autism suna da adadin kashe kai sau biyu fiye da maza, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chesney |first=Edward |last2=Goodwin |first2=Guy |last3=Fazel |first3=Seena |date=2014 |title=Risks of all-cause and suicide mortality in mental disorders: a meta-review |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=153–160 |doi=10.1002/wps.20128 |issn=2051-5545 |pmc=4102288 |pmid=24890068}}&lt;/ref&gt; kodayake wani bita da Magali Segers ta yi ya nuna cewa maza sun fi mutuwa ta hanyar kashe kansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Segers |first=Magali |last2=Rawana |first2=Jennine |date=2014 |title=What Do We Know About Suicidality in Autism Spectrum Disorders? A Systematic Review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aur.1375 |journal=Autism Research |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=507–521 |doi=10.1002/aur.1375 |issn=1939-3806 |pmid=24798640 |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 10, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matan da ke da Autism masu nakasa ta ilmantarwa suna da tsawon rai mafi ƙanƙanta.  Daga cikin mutanen da ke da Autism ba tare da nakasa ta hankali ba, yawan mace-mace ya fi yawa a tsakanin maza. &lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hirvikoski|Mittendorfer-Rutz|Boman|Larsson|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kisan kai ===
[[Fayil:Bm138Wechselbalg.jpg|thumb|263x263px|An taɓa amfani da tatsuniyar canjin yanayi don ba da hujjar watsi da jarirai da yara masu fama da autism.]]
A tarihi, mutanen da ke dauke da cutar Autism sun kasance wadanda [[Kashe jarirai|aka kashe jarirai]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:27&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Freeman Loftis|2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kamar yadda Lorna Wing da wasu suka lura, tatsuniyar canjin yanayi, wacce ke cikin al'adu daban-daban, na iya taimakawa wajen kashewa ko kuma watsi da jarirai da yara masu dauke da cutar Autism. Imani da cewa an maye gurbin wani yaro da aka haifa da wani abu mai ban mamaki (kamar aljani, aljani, ko aljani ) ya ba wa wasu iyaye damar ba da hujjar cire yaran da suka dauka a matsayin abin mamaki ko kuma mai nisa da motsin rai.   A lokacin karuwar [[eugenics]] da Nazism a shekarun 1930 da 1940, mutane da yawa da aka kashe a karkashin shirin Aktion T4 wataƙila suna dauke da cutar Autism.  An kiyasta cewa kimanin mutane 3,500 masu dauke da cutar Autism sun mutu a wannan mahallin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=3,500 Aktion T4 Victims |url=https://autism-memorial.livejournal.com/38663.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810164332/https://autism-memorial.livejournal.com/38663.html |archive-date=August 10, 2015 |website=Autism Memorial}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Babu wani cikakken kididdiga da ke nuna kisan kai ko kuma watsi da mutanen da ke da Autism a yau, amma irin waɗannan abubuwan ana yawan ruwaito su ta kafofin watsa labarai da ƙungiyoyin fafutuka.  Cibiyar Ba da Shawara Kan Kai ta Autism ta tattara shari'o'i 36 da suka shafi nakasassu, waɗanda galibinsu ke da Autism, a cikin 2012. Mai fafutukar kare kai ta Amurka Kathleen Seidel ta adana tarihin mutanen da ke da Autism da aka kashe a shafinta na yanar gizo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:27&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Freeman Loftis|2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Josef Schovanec ta kiyasta cewa ana kashe kimanin mutane 100 masu Autism a kowace shekara a Faransa.  Anne McGuire ta lura cewa yayin da ake kula da kowace shari'ar kisan kai daban-daban, dalilin da aka fi ambata shine &quot;Autism&quot; ko &quot;rayuwa mai Autism.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|McGuire|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kisan mutanen da ke da autism yawanci iyaye ne ko masu kula da su, &lt;ref name=&quot;:27&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Freeman Loftis|2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; galibi uwa ce. &lt;ref name=&quot;:29&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|McGuire|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kashe jarirai]] na uwa sau da yawa ba a yin la'akari da su saboda imani da al'umma game da halayen uwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:29&quot; /&gt; Binciken Anne McGuire kan shari'o'i uku ya gano cewa gano autism a cikin yara masu manyan ƙalubale galibi yana haifar da [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki da yanke ƙauna na asibiti]] na uwa, wanda ke haifar da kashe jarirai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|McGuire|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙarancin matsayin tattalin arziki na zamantakewa shine abin da ke ba da gudummawa, saboda ƙarancin albarkatun kuɗi na iya takaita samun isasshen tallafi ga yara nakasassu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|McGuire|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kashe kai da kuma mutuwar mutane ===
Mutane masu fama da Autism, yara da manya, suna nuna yawan kashe kansu idan aka kwatanta da sauran al'umma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Soraya |first=Lynne |date=2013 |title=New Research on Autism and Suicide |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/aspergers-diary/201303/new-research-autism-and-suicide |access-date=June 10, 2025 |website=Psychology Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:30&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mayes |first=Susan Dickerson |last2=Gorman |first2=Angela |last3=Hillwig-Garcia |first3=Jolene |last4=Syed |first4=Ehsan |date=2013 |title=Suicide ideation and attempts in children with autism |journal=Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=109–119 |doi=10.1016/j.rasd.2012.07.009}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:31&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=State |first=Penn |date=March 12, 2013 |title=Autistic children may be at greater risk of suicide ideation and attempts |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/03/130312152049.htm |access-date=June 10, 2025 |website=ScienceDaily}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hedley|Uljarević|2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wani bita na 2018 da Hedley da Uljarević suka yi, wanda ya shafi bincike 13, kashi 1% zuwa 35% na mutanen da ke fama da Autism sun yi yunkurin kashe kansu akalla sau daya, yayin da kashi 11% zuwa 66% suka fuskanci tunanin kashe kansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt; Bugu da ƙari, kashi 0.31% na mace-macen farko tsakanin mutanen da ke fama da Autism ana danganta su da kashe kansu, wanda ya fi yawa fiye da na sauran al'umma. &lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt;

Kashe kai ya fi yawa a tsakanin mutanen da ke da autism waɗanda ba su da nakasa ta hankali fiye da waɗanda ke da kuma galibi suna da alaƙa da wasu matsalolin tabin hankali, musamman baƙin ciki .  Yawan kashe kai ga mutanen da ke da autism waɗanda ba su da nakasa ta ilmantarwa ya ninka na sauran jama'a sau tara,  wanda hakan ya sa ya zama babban dalilin mutuwarsu na biyu bayan cututtukan zuciya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:34&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Autistica|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, kashi 14% na yara da matasa masu autism suna fuskantar tunanin kashe kansu, wanda ya ninka sau 28 fiye da takwarorinsu marasa autism. &lt;ref name=&quot;:30&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mayes |first=Susan Dickerson |last2=Gorman |first2=Angela |last3=Hillwig-Garcia |first3=Jolene |last4=Syed |first4=Ehsan |date=2013 |title=Suicide ideation and attempts in children with autism |journal=Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=109–119 |doi=10.1016/j.rasd.2012.07.009}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMayesGormanHillwig-GarciaSyed2013&quot;&gt;Mayes, Susan Dickerson; Gorman, Angela; Hillwig-Garcia, Jolene; Syed, Ehsan (2013). &quot;Suicide ideation and attempts in children with autism&quot;. ''Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders''. '''7''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;109–&lt;/span&gt;119. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2012.07.009|10.1016/j.rasd.2012.07.009]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bita na wallafe-wallafe na 2014 ya gano cewa kashi 10.5% zuwa 50% na mutanen da ke da autism sun fuskanci tunanin kashe kansu ko kuma sun yi yunkurin kashe kansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Segers |first=Magali |last2=Rawana |first2=Jennine |date=2014 |title=What Do We Know About Suicidality in Autism Spectrum Disorders? A Systematic Review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aur.1375 |journal=Autism Research |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=507–521 |doi=10.1002/aur.1375 |issn=1939-3806 |pmid=24798640 |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 10, 2025}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSegersRawana2014&quot;&gt;Segers, Magali; Rawana, Jennine (2014). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aur.1375 &quot;What Do We Know About Suicidality in Autism Spectrum Disorders? A Systematic Review&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''Autism Research''. '''7''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;507–&lt;/span&gt;521. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/aur.1375|10.1002/aur.1375]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-3806 1939-3806]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24798640 24798640]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 10,&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike da Sarah Cassidy da Simon Baron-Cohen suka gudanar wanda ya shafi manya 374 da ke dauke da [[Ciwon Asperger|cutar Asperger]] (wani nau'in autism da ya daina wanzuwa tun lokacin da aka kafa shi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Asperger syndrome (Asperger's) |url=https://www.autism.org.uk/advice-and-guidance/what-is-autism/the-history-of-autism/asperger-syndrome |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=www.autism.org.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ) ya ruwaito cewa kashi 66% suna da tunanin kashe kansu, inda kashi daya bisa uku suka shirya ko suka yi yunkurin kashe kansu, &lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cassidy |first=Sarah |last2=Bradley |first2=Paul |last3=Robinson |first3=Janine |last4=Allison |first4=Carrie |last5=McHugh |first5=Meghan |last6=Baron-Cohen |first6=Simon |date=2014 |title=Suicidal ideation and suicide plans or attempts in adults with Asperger's syndrome attending a specialist diagnostic clinic: a clinical cohort study |url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(14)70248-2/abstract |journal=The Lancet Psychiatry |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=142–147 |doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70248-2 |issn=2215-0366 |pmid=26360578 |access-date=June 10, 2025}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCassidyBradleyRobinsonAllison2014&quot;&gt;Cassidy, Sarah; Bradley, Paul; Robinson, Janine; Allison, Carrie; McHugh, Meghan; Baron-Cohen, Simon (2014). [http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(14)70248-2/abstract &quot;Suicidal ideation and suicide plans or attempts in adults with Asperger's syndrome attending a specialist diagnostic clinic: a clinical cohort study&quot;]. ''The Lancet Psychiatry''. '''1''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;142–&lt;/span&gt;147. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70248-2|10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70248-2]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2215-0366 2215-0366]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26360578 26360578]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 10,&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; da kashi 31% sun fuskanci bakin ciki, &lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt; idan aka kwatanta da kashi 17% na tunanin kashe kansu a cikin al'ummar Birtaniya baki daya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cassidy |first=Sarah |last2=Rodgers |first2=Jacqui |date=2017 |title=Understanding and prevention of suicide in autism |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(17)30162-1/fulltext |journal=The Lancet Psychiatry |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=142–147 |doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30162-1 |issn=2215-0366 |pmid=28551299 |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 10, 2025}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCassidyRodgers2017&quot;&gt;Cassidy, Sarah; Rodgers, Jacqui (2017). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(17)30162-1/fulltext &quot;Understanding and prevention of suicide in autism&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''The Lancet Psychiatry''. '''4''' (6): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;142–&lt;/span&gt;147. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30162-1|10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30162-1]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2215-0366 2215-0366]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28551299 28551299]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 10,&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike da aka gudanar a 2018 kan mutane 185 da ke da autism, ciki har da mata 92, ya gano cewa kashi 49% sun cika sharuddan bakin ciki (wanda ya fi yawa a tsakanin mata) &lt;ref name=&quot;:35&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hedley |first=Darren |last2=Uljarević |first2=Mirko |last3=Foley |first3=Kitty-Rose |last4=Richdale |first4=Amanda |date=2018 |title=Risk and protective factors underlying depression and suicidal ideation in Autism Spectrum Disorder |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/da.22759 |journal=Depression and Anxiety |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=648–657 |doi=10.1002/da.22759 |issn=1091-4269 |pmid=29659141 |access-date=June 10, 2025 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kashi 36% suna da tunanin kashe kansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:35&quot; /&gt; Hadarin kashe kansu bai shafi tsananin alamun autism ba amma yana da alaƙa sosai da kadaici, rashin tallafin zamantakewa, da kuma cututtukan tabin hankali masu kama da juna. &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Lai|Saunders|Huang|Artani|2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kayan aikin tantance damuwa da aka tsara don jama'a gabaɗaya na iya zama ba su dace da mutanen da ke da autism ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hedley|Uljarević|2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Belgium &lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Thienpont |first=Lieve |last2=Verhofstadt |first2=Monica |last3=Van Loon |first3=Tony |last4=Distelmans |first4=Wim |date=2015 |title=Euthanasia requests, procedures and outcomes for 100 Belgian patients suffering from psychiatric disorders: a retrospective, descriptive study |url=https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/5/7/e007454 |journal=BMJ Open |volume=5 |issue=7 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007454 |issn=2044-6055 |pmc=4530448 |pmid=26216150 |access-date=June 10, 2025 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; da [[Holand|Netherlands]],  wasu manya masu fama da Autism sun nemi a yi musu [[euthanasia]] . Wani lamari mai ban mamaki a Belgium ya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce a shekarar 2016.  Wani bincike da aka gudanar kan neman a yi wa mutane euthanasia sau 100 a Belgium daga 2007 zuwa 2011 ya gano cewa mutane 12% ne suka yi hakan ta hanyar mutanen da ke da Autism. &lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot; /&gt;

== Dalilai ==
Bayyana ainihin dalilin mutuwar mutanen da ke da Autism yana da ƙalubale saboda bincike mara inganci wanda galibi ba sa gano ainihin musabbabin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Catalá-López|Hutton|Page|Driver|2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu'amala mai rikitarwa, kamar cin zarafin yara, yanayin tattalin arziki, da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli, na iya taimakawa wajen mace-mace. &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Mutanen da ke da Autism suna fuskantar haɗarin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da mutanen da ba sa da Autism, duk da haka yawancin bayanan likita ba su da bayanai kan matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na marasa lafiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

Abubuwan da ke haifar da mace-mace ga mutanen da ke da Autism suna kama da na sauran jama'a, sai dai [[Farfaɗiya|farfadiya]], wadda ke da yawan faruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hirvikoski|Mittendorfer-Rutz|Boman|Larsson|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan matsalolin lafiya suna faruwa akai-akai a tsawon rayuwar mutanen da ke da Autism. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Baxter |first=A. J |last2=Brugha |first2=T. S |last3=Erskine |first3=H. E |last4=Scheurer |first4=R. W |date=2015 |title=The epidemiology and global burden of autism spectrum disorders |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/the-epidemiology-and-global-burden-of-autism-spectrum-disorders/1F9C6FD6968D8B09231F2C35E70A46E8 |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=601–613 |doi=10.1017/S003329171400172X |issn=0033-2917 |pmid=25108395 |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 10, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba kamar mutanen da ba sa fama da autism waɗanda ke da [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|matsalar rashin hankali]] (ADHD), waɗanda mutuwarsu ke da alaƙa da haɗurra da halaye masu haɗari, mutanen da ke fama da autism galibi suna mutuwa ne daga dalilai na halitta (misali, cututtuka) da kuma waɗanda ke haifar da haɗari (misali, haɗurra). &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Catalá-López|Hutton|Page|Driver|2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abubuwan da ke haifar da su sun haɗa da cututtukan [[Cutar zuciya|zuciya]] da jijiyoyin jini, yanayin numfashi kamar [[ciwon huhu]] da [[Cutar Asthma|asma]], ciwon daji (ciwon daji), cututtukan kwakwalwa, [[Ciwon Nephrotic|ciwon nephrotic]], da raunukan da suka shafi kansu kamar raunin kai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Volkmar|Paul|Klin|Cohen|2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bilder|Botts|Smith|Pimentel|2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hirvikoski|Mittendorfer-Rutz|Boman|Larsson|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nakasa ta hankali abu ne mai haɗari ga mace-mace da wuri. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Volkmar|Reichow|McPartland|2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma bayar da rahoton mace-mace saboda matsalolin tsarin jijiyoyi, rikitarwa daga magungunan neuroleptic, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; da yawan shan [[Magani|magunguna]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; Mutuwar da ke da alaƙa da barasa, taba, da shan [[Ƙwaya|miyagun ƙwayoyi]] ya yi ƙasa a tsakanin mutanen da ke fama da autism idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsu marasa autism. &lt;ref name=&quot;:37&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Howlin |first=Patricia |last2=Moss |first2=Philippa |date=2012 |title=Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/070674371205700502 |journal=The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=57 |issue=5 |pages=275–283 |doi=10.1177/070674371205700502 |issn=0706-7437 |pmid=22546059 |access-date=June 10, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bita na wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da Magali Segers ta yi ya gano manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da kashe kai a tsakanin mutanen da ke da Autism, bisa ga muhimmancinsu: wariyar takwarorinsu, matsalolin halayya, kasancewa cikin tsirarun kabilu ( [[Bakar fata|Baƙar fata]] ko Hispanic ) a Amurka, kasancewarsu maza, ƙarancin matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, da ƙarancin ilimi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Segers |first=Magali |last2=Rawana |first2=Jennine |date=2014 |title=What Do We Know About Suicidality in Autism Spectrum Disorders? A Systematic Review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aur.1375 |journal=Autism Research |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=507–521 |doi=10.1002/aur.1375 |issn=1939-3806 |pmid=24798640 |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 10, 2025}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSegersRawana2014&quot;&gt;Segers, Magali; Rawana, Jennine (2014). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aur.1375 &quot;What Do We Know About Suicidality in Autism Spectrum Disorders? A Systematic Review&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''Autism Research''. '''7''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;507–&lt;/span&gt;521. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/aur.1375|10.1002/aur.1375]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-3806 1939-3806]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24798640 24798640]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 10,&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda yake a shekarar 2017, hanyoyin da ke haifar da kashe kai a cikin mutanen da ke da Autism ba a fahimce su sosai ba kuma suna iya bambanta da na mutanen da ba sa da Autism, saboda tunanin kashe kai ya fi yawa fiye da baƙin ciki, kuma yanayin da ya shafi jinsi ma ya bambanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cassidy |first=Sarah |last2=Rodgers |first2=Jacqui |date=2017 |title=Understanding and prevention of suicide in autism |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(17)30162-1/fulltext |journal=The Lancet Psychiatry |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=142–147 |doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30162-1 |issn=2215-0366 |pmid=28551299 |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 10, 2025}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCassidyRodgers2017&quot;&gt;Cassidy, Sarah; Rodgers, Jacqui (2017). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(17)30162-1/fulltext &quot;Understanding and prevention of suicide in autism&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''The Lancet Psychiatry''. '''4''' (6): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;142–&lt;/span&gt;147. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30162-1|10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30162-1]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2215-0366 2215-0366]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28551299 28551299]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 10,&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wahalar bayyana tunani da ji babban abin haɗari ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;:38&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lai |first=Jonathan |last2=Rhee |first2=Esther |last3=Nicholas |first3=David |date=2017 |title=Suicidality in Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Commentary |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41252-017-0018-4 |journal=Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=190–195 |doi=10.1007/s41252-017-0018-4 |issn=2366-7532 |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 10, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Damuwa daga cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa da yawan [[Kisan kai|kashe kai]] a cikin mutanen da ke da Autism na iya alaƙa da wariyar tsiraru .  Bitar ta nuna cewa matsalolin Autism da [[lafiyar kwakwalwa]] ba su da alaƙa ta asali, kuma matakan hana [[wariya]] na iya rage waɗannan haɗarin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:39&quot; /&gt;

Ba a fayyace ainihin gudummawar da abubuwan halitta da zamantakewa ke bayarwa ga mace-mace tsakanin mutanen da ke da autism ba, &lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Autistica|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da jin daɗin motsin rai yana iya taka muhimmiyar rawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Wright|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutanen da ke da autism galibi suna nuna ƙarancin motsa jiki, rashin bambancin abinci, da kuma yawan amfani da [[Magani|magunguna]], musamman neuroleptics, idan aka kwatanta da mutanen da ba sa da autism. &lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;

==== Farfadiya ====
Approximately one-third of autistic individuals have epilepsy,&lt;ref name=&quot;:41&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Patel|Greydanus|2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; resulting in a significantly higher prevalence of epileptic seizures in this population.&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Wright|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 2000 study by K. Patja and colleagues in [[Finland]] found that mortality rates among epileptic individuals with intellectual disabilities were significantly higher than among non-epileptic individuals with similar intellectual disabilities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Patja |first=K |last2=Livanainen |first2=M |last3=Vesala |first3=H |last4=Oksanen |first4=H |last5=Ruoppila |first5=I |date=2000 |title=Life expectancy of people with intellectual disability: a 35-year follow-up study |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2788.2000.00280.x |journal=Journal of Intellectual Disability Research |volume=44 |issue=5 |pages=591–599 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2788.2000.00280.x |issn=1365-2788 |pmid=11079356 |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 10, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Autistic individuals with epilepsy face a higher mortality risk compared to non-epileptic autistic individuals,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pickett |first=Jane |last2=Xiu |first2=Ellen |last3=Tuchman |first3=Roberto |last4=Dawson |first4=Geraldine |date=2011 |title=Mortality in Individuals With Autism, With and Without Epilepsy |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0883073811402203 |journal=Journal of Child Neurology |volume=26 |issue=8 |pages=932–939 |doi=10.1177/0883073811402203 |issn=0883-0738 |pmid=21471551 |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 10, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; with life expectancy for those without intellectual disability but with [[Farfaɗiya|epilepsy]] estimated at 39 years,&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hirvikoski|Mittendorfer-Rutz|Boman|Larsson|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; and a mortality rate 8.3 times higher than non-epileptic autistic individuals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:41&quot; /&gt; A 2012 scientific literature review concluded that the link between epilepsy and autism has significant health implications.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Woolfenden |first=Sue |last2=Sarkozy |first2=Vanessa |last3=Ridley |first3=Greta |last4=Coory |first4=Michael |date=2012 |title=A systematic review of two outcomes in autism spectrum disorder - epilepsy and mortality |journal=Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=306–312 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04223.x |issn=1469-8749 |pmid=22348343}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWoolfendenSarkozyRidleyCoory2012&quot;&gt;Woolfenden, Sue; Sarkozy, Vanessa; Ridley, Greta; Coory, Michael (2012). &quot;A systematic review of two outcomes in autism spectrum disorder - epilepsy and mortality&quot;. ''Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology''. '''54''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;306–&lt;/span&gt;312. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04223.x|10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04223.x]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-8749 1469-8749]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22348343 22348343].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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Akwai ɗan alaƙa tsakanin Autism da raguwar [[Rayuwa mai tsawo|tsawon rai]], amma sakamakon binciken bai cika ba game da ko Autism da cututtukan da ke tattare da shi suna da alaƙa ko kuma ko mutane ba su iya samun zaɓuɓɓukan kulawa masu dacewa da kuma kan lokaci kamar yadda yake a cikin al'ummar da ke da alaƙa da jijiyoyi ba . Bugu da ƙari, binciken ya takaita ne kawai ga samun bayanai game da al'ummomin da ke da buƙatu masu yawa.

An taɓa ruwaito cewa mutanen da ke da Autism suna da raguwar tsawon rai sosai, a matsakaici kusan shekaru goma sha bakwai sun fi na sauran jama'a; duk da haka, wannan ba a yarda da shi a cikin al'ummar kimiyya a matsayin wani abu mai kama da autism ba saboda matsaloli da kuma kuskuren fahimtar sakamakon binciken. Yawan mace-mace a lokacin ƙuruciya da farkon girma na iya zama mafi girma. [[Lafiya|Yanayi daban-daban na lafiya]] sun fi yawa a tsakanin mutanen da ke da Autism, ciki har da [[Farfaɗiya|farfadiya]], cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, da hauhawar yawan kashe kai, musamman a tsakanin waɗanda ba su da nakasa ta hankali ko ilmantarwa; duk da haka, tare da rashin bincike a kan Autism da rashin cikakken gwaji da ganewar cutar Autism, ba zai yiwu a tantance ko waɗannan cututtukan suna da alaƙa da Autism ko kuma kawai alaƙa ba (misali mutanen da ke zuwa likita akai-akai suna da yuwuwar samun ganewar asali fiye da waɗanda ba su da dalilin ziyartar likita akai-akai). Sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa, kamar cututtukan numfashi, cututtuka masu yaduwa, da na narkewar abinci, suna kama da na jama'a gabaɗaya amma ana iya ƙara ta'azzara su ta hanyar illolin da ke tattare da amfani da magungunan neuroleptic na dogon lokaci. Bambancin tattalin arziki da kuma yawan mace-mace da suka faru a lokacin da ba a yi hattara ba, ciki har da nutsewa cikin ruwa, suma suna taimakawa wajen karuwar mace-mace a tsakanin mutanen da ke da bukata mai yawa. A tarihi, mutanen da ke da autism sun kasance wadanda ke fuskantar barazanar [[kashe jarirai]] . Daga cikin mutanen da ke da nakasa ta ilimi, mata suna da mafi karancin tsawon rai, wanda wataƙila ya faru ne saboda wahalar samun albarkatu.

Early mortality among autistic individuals has been the subject of research since the 1990s, particularly in the more developed countries of the Anglosphere and Scandinavian countries. Identified as a &quot;hidden crisis&quot; in 2015, this phenomenon is primarily attributed to comorbidities associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), limited access to appropriate healthcare, and inadequate recognition and management of pain, especially among non-speaking individuals. Genetic predispositions and environmental factors may also play a role. Social exclusion has been linked to lack of awareness of support, lack of healthcare options, and increased suicide risk; while infanticide has been associated with broader social attitudes. Strategies to reduce early mortality include improved management of [[Farfaɗiya|epilepsy]], prevention of accidental [[Nutsewa|drownings]] and sudden illnesses, enhanced suicide prevention measures, better communication between autistic individuals and healthcare providers, and promotion of regular physical activity.

== Tarihi ==
Bincike kan Autism da mace-mace wani fanni ne na baya-bayan nan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Volkmar|Paul|Klin|Cohen|2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gano karuwar haɗarin [[nutsewa]] cikin haɗari tsakanin mutanen da ke da Autism tun farkon 1996. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ballaban-Gil |first=Karen |last2=Rapin |first2=Isabelle |last3=Tuchman |first3=Roberto |last4=Shinnar |first4=Shlomo |date=1996 |title=Longitudinal examination of the behavioral, language, and social changes in a population of adolescents and young adults with autistic disorder |url=https://www.pedneur.com/article/S0887-8994(96)00219-6/abstract |journal=Pediatric Neurology |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=217–223 |doi=10.1016/S0887-8994(96)00219-6 |issn=0887-8994 |pmid=8916159 |access-date=June 10, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1999, Torben Isager da abokan aikinsa sun buga wani bincike kan mace-mace da ya shafi mutane 381 masu Autism a [[Denmark]] tsakanin 1945 da 1980. Daga cikinsu, goma sha biyu sun mutu, wanda ke wakiltar yawan mace-mace fiye da na jama'a gaba ɗaya. Abubuwan da suka haifar da mutuwar sun haɗa da shari'o'i biyar na rashin lafiya kwatsam, wani ƙarin shari'a da ake zargin ya faru ne sakamakon rashin lafiya kwatsam, mutuwar haɗari huɗu (uku na iya alaƙa da rashin lafiya ko matsalolin mutum), da kuma kashe kai biyu. An gano rabin waɗanda suka mutu suna da nakasa ta hankali, yayin da sauran rabin ba su mutu ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Isager|Mouridsen|Rich|1999|}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2001, Robert M. Shavelle da abokan aikinsa sun gudanar da wani bincike kan mace-mace tsakanin mutanen da ke da Autism a [[California]] tsakanin 1983 da 1997, inda suka gano mace-mace 202 a cikin rukunin mutane 13,111. Ana ɗaukar wannan binciken a matsayin mai mahimmanci saboda girman rukunin mutane da kuma hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Azéma |first=Bernard |last2=Martinez |first2=Nathalie |date=2005 |title=Les personnes handicapées vieillissantes: espérances de vie et de santé ; qualité de vie, Abstract |trans-title=Aging people with disabilities: life expectancy and health; quality of life, Abstract |journal=Revue française des affaires sociales |language=fr |issue=2 |pages=295–333 |doi=10.3917/rfas.052.0295 |issn=0035-2985}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sakamakon ya nuna cewa yawan mace-mace ya fi yawa idan aka kwatanta da yawan jama'a, musamman a tsakanin mata da mutanen da ke da nakasa ta hankali. Tsawon rayuwar da aka ruwaito shine shekaru 62 ga maza da kuma shekaru 62.5 ga mata. Manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa sun haɗa da rashin lafiya kwatsam, [[Cutar huhu|cututtukan numfashi]], shaƙa, da [[nutsewa]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Shavelle|Strauss|Pickett|2001|}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2008, wani bincike da aka gudanar a ƙasar Denmark wanda ya shafi mutane 341, a matsayin wani sabon bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 1999, ya gano cewa mace-macen da ake samu a tsakanin mutanen da ke da autism ya ninka na yawan jama'a sau biyu, inda aka lura da cewa mata sun fi yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Mouridsen|Brønnum-Hansen|Rich|Isager|2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2010, Christopher Gillberg da abokan aikinsa sun gudanar da wani bincike kan mutane 120 da ke da autism da aka haifa a Sweden tsakanin 1962 da 1984, inda suka bayar da rahoton mace-mace da kashi 7.5%, wanda ya fi na sauran jama'a sau 5.6. Binciken bai tabbatar ko autism din kansa ya taimaka kai tsaye ga sakamakon da aka lura ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gillberg|Billstedt|Sundh|Gillberg|2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2013, Deborah Bilder da abokan aikinsa sun buga sakamakon binciken da aka yi kan mutane 305 da ke da autism, inda suka gano mutuwar mutane 29. Sanadin mace-macen an danganta su ne da cututtuka masu kama da juna maimakon autism kadai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bilder|Botts|Smith|Pimentel|2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ƙarshen shekarar 2015, an buga wani bincike bisa ga bayanan likita daga sama da mutane 27,000 masu fama da autism a Sweden, ciki har da kimanin 6,500 masu nakasa ta hankali da ke faruwa tare. A lokacin da aka buga shi, an ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin bincike mafi inganci kuma abin dogaro kan autism da mace-mace, &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Autistica|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; galibi saboda girman da girman ƙungiyar. A cewar masu binciken:

== Abubuwan lura na asibiti da zamantakewa ==
An rarraba Autism a matsayin wata [[Rashin ci gaban jijiyoyi|cuta ta ci gaban jijiyoyi]] a cikin Rarraba Cututtuka ta Duniya (ICD-10)  kuma ba a ɗaukarsa a matsayin yanayin lalacewa ba. Duk da haka, yana iya kasancewa da alaƙa da cututtuka masu alaƙa ko bambance-bambancen fahimta waɗanda zasu iya taimakawa wajen rage [[Rayuwa mai tsawo|tsawon rai]] ko ƙaruwar haɗarin haɗurra, musamman a lokuta da suka shafi nakasa koyo . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Volkmar|Paul|Klin|Cohen|2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bincike ya nuna cewa ƙwarewar fahimtar mutanen da ke da autism tana da ƙarfi yayin da suke tsufa kuma tana raguwa ƙasa da yadda take a mutanen da ba sa da autism. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Azéma |first=Bernard |last2=Martinez |first2=Nathalie |date=2005 |title=Les personnes handicapées vieillissantes: espérances de vie et de santé ; qualité de vie, Abstract |trans-title=Aging people with disabilities: life expectancy and health; quality of life, Abstract |journal=Revue française des affaires sociales |language=fr |issue=2 |pages=295–333 |doi=10.3917/rfas.052.0295 |issn=0035-2985}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAzémaMartinez2005&quot;&gt;Azéma, Bernard; Martinez, Nathalie (2005). &quot;Les personnes handicapées vieillissantes: espérances de vie et de santé ; qualité de vie, Abstract&quot; &amp;#x5B;Aging people with disabilities: life expectancy and health; quality of life, Abstract&amp;#x5D;. ''Revue française des affaires sociales'' (in French) (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;295–&lt;/span&gt;333. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3917/rfas.052.0295|10.3917/rfas.052.0295]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-2985 0035-2985].&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Autism yawanci ba ya haifar da lalacewar fahimta da ke da alaƙa da shekaru, &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bowler |first=Dermot |date=2017 |title=Autisme et vieillissement: nouvelle frontière et nouveaux défis pour la neuropsychologie |trans-title=Autism and aging: new frontiers and new challenges for neuropsychology |journal=Revue de neuropsychologie |language=fr |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=11–12 |issn=2101-6739}}&lt;/ref&gt; kamar raguwar ƙwaƙwalwar aiki, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ghai |first=Saloni |last2=Eshetu |first2=Aphrodite |last3=Corbett |first3=Anne |last4=Ballard |first4=Clive |date=2025 |title=The Association Between Autism Spectrum Traits and Age-Related Spatial Working Memory Decline: A Large-Scale Longitudinal Study |url=https://academic.oup.com/gerontologist/article/65/5/gnaf096/8071459?login=false |journal=The Gerontologist |volume=65 |issue=1 |doi=10.1093/geront/gnaf096 |issn=1758-5341 |pmc=12036657 |pmid=40071623}}&lt;/ref&gt; kodayake matakan nakasa ko dogaro mafi girma na iya bayyana akan lokaci.  Nazarin ya kiyasta cewa tsakanin 20% zuwa 25% na manya masu autism suna fuskantar raguwar aikin fahimta a lokacin balaga. &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Yawancin manya masu autism suma suna ba da rahoton ƙarancin ingancin rayuwa da matakan [[Anxiety|damuwa]], wanda zai iya haifar da janyewar zamantakewa da kuma fahimtar yanayin zamantakewa a matsayin abin ƙi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Wright|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsawon rayuwa ===
Mutane masu fama da Autism suna da ƙarancin tsawon rai idan aka kwatanta da yawan jama'a, tare da kimantawa da ke nuna raguwar &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Autistica|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; na kimanin shekaru 16 zuwa 18 a matsakaici. &lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Underwood |first=Emily |date=March 17, 2016 |title=People on autism spectrum die 18 years younger than average |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/people-autism-spectrum-die-18-years-younger-average |access-date=June 10, 2025 |website=Science}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan gibin na iya kaiwa har zuwa shekaru 30 ga waɗanda ke da nakasa ta hankali tare. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; An kiyasta cewa yawan mace-mace tsakanin mutanen da ke fama da Autism, musamman a lokacin ƙuruciya da farkon girma, ya ninka sau biyu zuwa goma fiye da na yawan jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Patel|Greydanus|2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Volkmar|Reichow|McPartland|2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Mouridsen|2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hirvikoski|Mittendorfer-Rutz|Boman|Larsson|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar mai bincike {{Interlanguage link|Catherine Barthélémy|fr|Catherine Barthélémy}}, mace-macen da ke tsakanin shekaru 2 zuwa 30 ya ninka sau uku.  Duk da cewa bincike kaɗan ne suka yi nazarin mace-macen da rukunin shekaru, &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Wright|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; bayanai da ake da su sun nuna cewa rashin daidaiton yana raguwa da shekaru, &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Wright|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Shavelle|Strauss|1998}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da raguwar gibin tsawon rai zuwa kimanin shekaru uku bayan shekaru 65. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Wright|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da cewa adadin mace-mace da aka ruwaito a cikin bincike daban-daban ya bambanta, duk suna nuna ƙaruwar mace-mace a tsakanin mutanen da ke da autism, musamman saboda yanayin jijiyoyi kamar [[Farfaɗiya|farfadiya]], da [[Kisan kai|kashe kai]] .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hirvikoski|Mittendorfer-Rutz|Boman|Larsson|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gillberg|Billstedt|Sundh|Gillberg|2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Bayanai daga New South Wales, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], bisa ga ƙungiyar mutane 35,929, sun nuna cewa adadin mace-mace ya fi sau 2.06 a cikin mutanen da ke da autism idan aka kwatanta da sauran jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hwang |first=Jane |last2=Srasuebkul |first2=Preeyaporn |last3=Foley |first3=Kitty-Rose |last4=Arnold |first4=Samuel |date=2019 |title=Mortality and cause of death of Australians on the autism spectrum |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aur.2086 |journal=Autism Research |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=806–815 |doi=10.1002/aur.2086 |issn=1939-3792 |pmid=30802364 |access-date=June 10, 2025 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Life expectancy for autistic individuals may be improving globally, as medical advancements allow for earlier identification and treatment of conditions that previously led to premature death.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bowler |first=Dermot |date=2017 |title=Autisme et vieillissement: nouvelle frontière et nouveaux défis pour la neuropsychologie |trans-title=Autism and aging: new frontiers and new challenges for neuropsychology |journal=Revue de neuropsychologie |language=fr |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=11–12 |issn=2101-6739}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBowler2017&quot;&gt;Bowler, Dermot (2017). &quot;Autisme et vieillissement: nouvelle frontière et nouveaux défis pour la neuropsychologie&quot; &amp;#x5B;Autism and aging: new frontiers and new challenges for neuropsychology&amp;#x5D;. ''Revue de neuropsychologie'' (in French). '''9''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11–&lt;/span&gt;12. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2101-6739 2101-6739].&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Factors contributing to reduced life expectancy include cognitive impairments, increased vulnerability to illness, comorbidities, social exclusion, sensory hypersensitivity, and [[Ageing|age]]-related health challenges.&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Wright|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Autistica|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Iyakokin karatu ===
Nazarin da aka gudanar a wannan fanni galibi [[Tarayyar Amurka|'yan Amurka]] ne, &lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Shavelle|Strauss|1998}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Shavelle|Strauss|Pickett|2001|}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bilder|Botts|Smith|Pimentel|2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Birtaniya|'yan Birtaniya]], &lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cassidy |first=Sarah |last2=Bradley |first2=Paul |last3=Robinson |first3=Janine |last4=Allison |first4=Carrie |last5=McHugh |first5=Meghan |last6=Baron-Cohen |first6=Simon |date=2014 |title=Suicidal ideation and suicide plans or attempts in adults with Asperger's syndrome attending a specialist diagnostic clinic: a clinical cohort study |url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(14)70248-2/abstract |journal=The Lancet Psychiatry |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=142–147 |doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70248-2 |issn=2215-0366 |pmid=26360578 |access-date=June 10, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cassidy |first=Sarah |last2=Rodgers |first2=Jacqui |date=2017 |title=Understanding and prevention of suicide in autism |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(17)30162-1/fulltext |journal=The Lancet Psychiatry |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=142–147 |doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30162-1 |issn=2215-0366 |pmid=28551299 |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 10, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Scandinavian ( [[Sweden]] &lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hirvikoski|Mittendorfer-Rutz|Boman|Larsson|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gillberg|Billstedt|Sundh|Gillberg|2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; da [[Denmark]] &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Isager|Mouridsen|Rich|1999|}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Mouridsen|Brønnum-Hansen|Rich|Isager|2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; ), kuma sun kasance masu iyaka saboda rashin binciken ƙasa da ƙasa kan manya masu fama da Autism. &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Autistica|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda Josef Schovanec (2017) ya nuna, yawan kashe kai tsakanin mutanen da ke fama da Autism &quot;yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da aka haramta muhawara a bainar jama'a&quot; a Faransa: mace-macen su ba a yin nazari ko kuma amfanin jama'a ba ne a wannan ƙasar - wataƙila saboda mayar da hankali kan yara da kuma ayyukan da wasu cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da zamantakewa ke neman ɓoyewa (kamar shan magani fiye da kima da masu cutar neuroleptics ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Schovanec|2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Interlanguage link|Céline Boussié|fr|Céline Boussié}}, ta yi bayani dalla-dalla game da mutuwarsu. ya yi Allah wadai da mutuwar yara biyar a wata {{Interlanguage link|Moussaron IME affair|fr|Affaire de l'IME de Moussaron}} (IME) a cikin Gers . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 27, 2017 |title=Ce que je dénonce, ce sont des enfants attachés, enfermés dans trois mètres carrés |trans-title=What I am denouncing is children being tied up and locked up in three square meters. |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/sante/handicap/ce-que-je-denonce-ce-sont-des-enfants-attaches-enfermes-dans-trois-metres-carres_2533445.html |access-date=June 10, 2025 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nazarin da aka buga sun kuma gabatar da wasu ƙuntatawa,  kamar haɗa mutanen da aka gano suna da &quot; psychosis ,&quot; waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu na iya zama [[Hauka|schizophrenia]], yanayin da aka sani yana da alaƙa da babban haɗarin kashe kansa. Bayanan da ake da su sun ƙara takura saboda ɓacewar adadi mai yawa na manya masu autism daga ƙididdiga saboda dalilai daban-daban (misali, canje-canjen suna, ƙaura). &lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Wright|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nazarin kashe kansa, wanda kuma aka iyakance shi a adadi, &quot;gabaɗaya sun yi amfani da ƙananan samfura, waɗanda ba wakilci ba, ba su da ingantattun matakan, kuma ba su bincika abubuwan haɗari ko kariya ba.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

An fara bayyana Autism a kimiyyance a cikin shekarun 1940, inda mutanen da aka gano sun kai kimanin shekaru 70 a shekarar 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Volkmar|Paul|Klin|Cohen|2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bincike kan tsufa da matsalolin ƙarshen rayuwa a cikin Autism har yanzu &quot;ba a bincika su gaba ɗaya ba&quot; (kamar na 2008), wanda ke iyakance ilimin matakan inganta ingancin rayuwa .  Saboda yawan mayar da hankali kan yara masu Autism, manya masu Autism (ciki har da tsofaffi) ba sa samun kulawa sosai a bincike da tattaunawa ta jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bowler |first=Dermot |date=2017 |title=Autisme et vieillissement: nouvelle frontière et nouveaux défis pour la neuropsychologie |trans-title=Autism and aging: new frontiers and new challenges for neuropsychology |journal=Revue de neuropsychologie |language=fr |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=11–12 |issn=2101-6739}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBowler2017&quot;&gt;Bowler, Dermot (2017). &quot;Autisme et vieillissement: nouvelle frontière et nouveaux défis pour la neuropsychologie&quot; &amp;#x5B;Autism and aging: new frontiers and new challenges for neuropsychology&amp;#x5D;. ''Revue de neuropsychologie'' (in French). '''9''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11–&lt;/span&gt;12. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2101-6739 2101-6739].&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bambancin jinsi ===
Tun daga shekarar 1985, lokacin da Marion Leboyer ta binciki bambance-bambancen mace-mace tsakanin maza da mata masu fama da autism,  bincike ya nuna cewa mata masu fama da autism sun fi mutuwa da wuri idan aka kwatanta da maza, &lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Mouridsen|2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Shavelle|Strauss|Pickett|2001|}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gillberg|Billstedt|Sundh|Gillberg|2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Woolfenden |first=Sue |last2=Sarkozy |first2=Vanessa |last3=Ridley |first3=Greta |last4=Coory |first4=Michael |date=2012 |title=A systematic review of two outcomes in autism spectrum disorder - epilepsy and mortality |journal=Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=306–312 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04223.x |issn=1469-8749 |pmid=22348343}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da wasu kiyasi da ke nuna cewa adadin ya ninka har sau hudu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Patel|Greydanus|2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, bambance-bambancen da aka bayar a cikin adadin mace-macen da aka ruwaito dangane da jinsi yana nuna rashin daidaiton ma'auni. &lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hirvikoski|Mittendorfer-Rutz|Boman|Larsson|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bayani mai yiwuwa shine nuna son kai, saboda mata ba a yawan gano su da autism ba, wanda hakan na iya karkatar da bayanai zuwa ga waɗanda ke da yanayi mafi tsanani ko a bayyane. &lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Dalilai da shekarun mace-mace gabaɗaya suna kama da juna tsakanin jinsi, &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; kodayake maza sun fi mutuwa daga cututtukan jijiyoyi da na jijiyoyin jini, yayin da mata ke da yawan mace-mace daga cututtukan endocrine, nakasar haihuwa, da kashe kai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hirvikoski|Mittendorfer-Rutz|Boman|Larsson|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike na meta ya gano cewa matan masu fama da autism suna da adadin kashe kai sau biyu fiye da maza, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chesney |first=Edward |last2=Goodwin |first2=Guy |last3=Fazel |first3=Seena |date=2014 |title=Risks of all-cause and suicide mortality in mental disorders: a meta-review |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=153–160 |doi=10.1002/wps.20128 |issn=2051-5545 |pmc=4102288 |pmid=24890068}}&lt;/ref&gt; kodayake wani bita da Magali Segers ta yi ya nuna cewa maza sun fi mutuwa ta hanyar kashe kansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Segers |first=Magali |last2=Rawana |first2=Jennine |date=2014 |title=What Do We Know About Suicidality in Autism Spectrum Disorders? A Systematic Review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aur.1375 |journal=Autism Research |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=507–521 |doi=10.1002/aur.1375 |issn=1939-3806 |pmid=24798640 |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 10, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matan da ke da Autism masu nakasa ta ilmantarwa suna da tsawon rai mafi ƙanƙanta.  Daga cikin mutanen da ke da Autism ba tare da nakasa ta hankali ba, yawan mace-mace ya fi yawa a tsakanin maza. &lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hirvikoski|Mittendorfer-Rutz|Boman|Larsson|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kisan kai ===
[[Fayil:Bm138Wechselbalg.jpg|thumb|263x263px|An taɓa amfani da tatsuniyar canjin yanayi don ba da hujjar watsi da jarirai da yara masu fama da autism.]]
A tarihi, mutanen da ke dauke da cutar Autism sun kasance wadanda [[Kashe jarirai|aka kashe jarirai]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:27&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Freeman Loftis|2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kamar yadda Lorna Wing da wasu suka lura, tatsuniyar canjin yanayi, wacce ke cikin al'adu daban-daban, na iya taimakawa wajen kashewa ko kuma watsi da jarirai da yara masu dauke da cutar Autism. Imani da cewa an maye gurbin wani yaro da aka haifa da wani abu mai ban mamaki (kamar aljani, aljani, ko aljani ) ya ba wa wasu iyaye damar ba da hujjar cire yaran da suka dauka a matsayin abin mamaki ko kuma mai nisa da motsin rai.   A lokacin karuwar [[eugenics]] da Nazism a shekarun 1930 da 1940, mutane da yawa da aka kashe a karkashin shirin Aktion T4 wataƙila suna dauke da cutar Autism.  An kiyasta cewa kimanin mutane 3,500 masu dauke da cutar Autism sun mutu a wannan mahallin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=3,500 Aktion T4 Victims |url=https://autism-memorial.livejournal.com/38663.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810164332/https://autism-memorial.livejournal.com/38663.html |archive-date=August 10, 2015 |website=Autism Memorial}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Babu wani cikakken kididdiga da ke nuna kisan kai ko kuma watsi da mutanen da ke da Autism a yau, amma irin waɗannan abubuwan ana yawan ruwaito su ta kafofin watsa labarai da ƙungiyoyin fafutuka.  Cibiyar Ba da Shawara Kan Kai ta Autism ta tattara shari'o'i 36 da suka shafi nakasassu, waɗanda galibinsu ke da Autism, a cikin 2012. Mai fafutukar kare kai ta Amurka Kathleen Seidel ta adana tarihin mutanen da ke da Autism da aka kashe a shafinta na yanar gizo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:27&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Freeman Loftis|2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Josef Schovanec ta kiyasta cewa ana kashe kimanin mutane 100 masu Autism a kowace shekara a Faransa.  Anne McGuire ta lura cewa yayin da ake kula da kowace shari'ar kisan kai daban-daban, dalilin da aka fi ambata shine &quot;Autism&quot; ko &quot;rayuwa mai Autism.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|McGuire|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kisan mutanen da ke da autism yawanci iyaye ne ko masu kula da su, &lt;ref name=&quot;:27&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Freeman Loftis|2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; galibi uwa ce. &lt;ref name=&quot;:29&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|McGuire|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kashe jarirai]] na uwa sau da yawa ba a yin la'akari da su saboda imani da al'umma game da halayen uwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:29&quot; /&gt; Binciken Anne McGuire kan shari'o'i uku ya gano cewa gano autism a cikin yara masu manyan ƙalubale galibi yana haifar da [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki da yanke ƙauna na asibiti]] na uwa, wanda ke haifar da kashe jarirai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|McGuire|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙarancin matsayin tattalin arziki na zamantakewa shine abin da ke ba da gudummawa, saboda ƙarancin albarkatun kuɗi na iya takaita samun isasshen tallafi ga yara nakasassu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|McGuire|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kashe kai da kuma mutuwar mutane ===
Mutane masu fama da Autism, yara da manya, suna nuna yawan kashe kansu idan aka kwatanta da sauran al'umma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Soraya |first=Lynne |date=2013 |title=New Research on Autism and Suicide |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/aspergers-diary/201303/new-research-autism-and-suicide |access-date=June 10, 2025 |website=Psychology Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:30&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mayes |first=Susan Dickerson |last2=Gorman |first2=Angela |last3=Hillwig-Garcia |first3=Jolene |last4=Syed |first4=Ehsan |date=2013 |title=Suicide ideation and attempts in children with autism |journal=Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=109–119 |doi=10.1016/j.rasd.2012.07.009}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:31&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=State |first=Penn |date=March 12, 2013 |title=Autistic children may be at greater risk of suicide ideation and attempts |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/03/130312152049.htm |access-date=June 10, 2025 |website=ScienceDaily}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hedley|Uljarević|2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wani bita na 2018 da Hedley da Uljarević suka yi, wanda ya shafi bincike 13, kashi 1% zuwa 35% na mutanen da ke fama da Autism sun yi yunkurin kashe kansu akalla sau daya, yayin da kashi 11% zuwa 66% suka fuskanci tunanin kashe kansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt; Bugu da ƙari, kashi 0.31% na mace-macen farko tsakanin mutanen da ke fama da Autism ana danganta su da kashe kansu, wanda ya fi yawa fiye da na sauran al'umma. &lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt;

Kashe kai ya fi yawa a tsakanin mutanen da ke da autism waɗanda ba su da nakasa ta hankali fiye da waɗanda ke da kuma galibi suna da alaƙa da wasu matsalolin tabin hankali, musamman baƙin ciki .  Yawan kashe kai ga mutanen da ke da autism waɗanda ba su da nakasa ta ilmantarwa ya ninka na sauran jama'a sau tara,  wanda hakan ya sa ya zama babban dalilin mutuwarsu na biyu bayan cututtukan zuciya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:34&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Autistica|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, kashi 14% na yara da matasa masu autism suna fuskantar tunanin kashe kansu, wanda ya ninka sau 28 fiye da takwarorinsu marasa autism. &lt;ref name=&quot;:30&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mayes |first=Susan Dickerson |last2=Gorman |first2=Angela |last3=Hillwig-Garcia |first3=Jolene |last4=Syed |first4=Ehsan |date=2013 |title=Suicide ideation and attempts in children with autism |journal=Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=109–119 |doi=10.1016/j.rasd.2012.07.009}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMayesGormanHillwig-GarciaSyed2013&quot;&gt;Mayes, Susan Dickerson; Gorman, Angela; Hillwig-Garcia, Jolene; Syed, Ehsan (2013). &quot;Suicide ideation and attempts in children with autism&quot;. ''Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders''. '''7''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;109–&lt;/span&gt;119. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2012.07.009|10.1016/j.rasd.2012.07.009]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bita na wallafe-wallafe na 2014 ya gano cewa kashi 10.5% zuwa 50% na mutanen da ke da autism sun fuskanci tunanin kashe kansu ko kuma sun yi yunkurin kashe kansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Segers |first=Magali |last2=Rawana |first2=Jennine |date=2014 |title=What Do We Know About Suicidality in Autism Spectrum Disorders? A Systematic Review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aur.1375 |journal=Autism Research |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=507–521 |doi=10.1002/aur.1375 |issn=1939-3806 |pmid=24798640 |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 10, 2025}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSegersRawana2014&quot;&gt;Segers, Magali; Rawana, Jennine (2014). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aur.1375 &quot;What Do We Know About Suicidality in Autism Spectrum Disorders? A Systematic Review&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''Autism Research''. '''7''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;507–&lt;/span&gt;521. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/aur.1375|10.1002/aur.1375]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-3806 1939-3806]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24798640 24798640]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 10,&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike da Sarah Cassidy da Simon Baron-Cohen suka gudanar wanda ya shafi manya 374 da ke dauke da [[Ciwon Asperger|cutar Asperger]] (wani nau'in autism da ya daina wanzuwa tun lokacin da aka kafa shi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Asperger syndrome (Asperger's) |url=https://www.autism.org.uk/advice-and-guidance/what-is-autism/the-history-of-autism/asperger-syndrome |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=www.autism.org.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ) ya ruwaito cewa kashi 66% suna da tunanin kashe kansu, inda kashi daya bisa uku suka shirya ko suka yi yunkurin kashe kansu, &lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cassidy |first=Sarah |last2=Bradley |first2=Paul |last3=Robinson |first3=Janine |last4=Allison |first4=Carrie |last5=McHugh |first5=Meghan |last6=Baron-Cohen |first6=Simon |date=2014 |title=Suicidal ideation and suicide plans or attempts in adults with Asperger's syndrome attending a specialist diagnostic clinic: a clinical cohort study |url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(14)70248-2/abstract |journal=The Lancet Psychiatry |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=142–147 |doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70248-2 |issn=2215-0366 |pmid=26360578 |access-date=June 10, 2025}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCassidyBradleyRobinsonAllison2014&quot;&gt;Cassidy, Sarah; Bradley, Paul; Robinson, Janine; Allison, Carrie; McHugh, Meghan; Baron-Cohen, Simon (2014). [http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(14)70248-2/abstract &quot;Suicidal ideation and suicide plans or attempts in adults with Asperger's syndrome attending a specialist diagnostic clinic: a clinical cohort study&quot;]. ''The Lancet Psychiatry''. '''1''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;142–&lt;/span&gt;147. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70248-2|10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70248-2]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2215-0366 2215-0366]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26360578 26360578]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 10,&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; da kashi 31% sun fuskanci bakin ciki, &lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt; idan aka kwatanta da kashi 17% na tunanin kashe kansu a cikin al'ummar Birtaniya baki daya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cassidy |first=Sarah |last2=Rodgers |first2=Jacqui |date=2017 |title=Understanding and prevention of suicide in autism |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(17)30162-1/fulltext |journal=The Lancet Psychiatry |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=142–147 |doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30162-1 |issn=2215-0366 |pmid=28551299 |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 10, 2025}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCassidyRodgers2017&quot;&gt;Cassidy, Sarah; Rodgers, Jacqui (2017). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(17)30162-1/fulltext &quot;Understanding and prevention of suicide in autism&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''The Lancet Psychiatry''. '''4''' (6): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;142–&lt;/span&gt;147. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30162-1|10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30162-1]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2215-0366 2215-0366]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28551299 28551299]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 10,&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike da aka gudanar a 2018 kan mutane 185 da ke da autism, ciki har da mata 92, ya gano cewa kashi 49% sun cika sharuddan bakin ciki (wanda ya fi yawa a tsakanin mata) &lt;ref name=&quot;:35&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hedley |first=Darren |last2=Uljarević |first2=Mirko |last3=Foley |first3=Kitty-Rose |last4=Richdale |first4=Amanda |date=2018 |title=Risk and protective factors underlying depression and suicidal ideation in Autism Spectrum Disorder |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/da.22759 |journal=Depression and Anxiety |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=648–657 |doi=10.1002/da.22759 |issn=1091-4269 |pmid=29659141 |access-date=June 10, 2025 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kashi 36% suna da tunanin kashe kansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:35&quot; /&gt; Hadarin kashe kansu bai shafi tsananin alamun autism ba amma yana da alaƙa sosai da kadaici, rashin tallafin zamantakewa, da kuma cututtukan tabin hankali masu kama da juna. &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Lai|Saunders|Huang|Artani|2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kayan aikin tantance damuwa da aka tsara don jama'a gabaɗaya na iya zama ba su dace da mutanen da ke da autism ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hedley|Uljarević|2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Belgium &lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Thienpont |first=Lieve |last2=Verhofstadt |first2=Monica |last3=Van Loon |first3=Tony |last4=Distelmans |first4=Wim |date=2015 |title=Euthanasia requests, procedures and outcomes for 100 Belgian patients suffering from psychiatric disorders: a retrospective, descriptive study |url=https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/5/7/e007454 |journal=BMJ Open |volume=5 |issue=7 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007454 |issn=2044-6055 |pmc=4530448 |pmid=26216150 |access-date=June 10, 2025 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; da [[Holand|Netherlands]],  wasu manya masu fama da Autism sun nemi a yi musu [[euthanasia]] . Wani lamari mai ban mamaki a Belgium ya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce a shekarar 2016.  Wani bincike da aka gudanar kan neman a yi wa mutane euthanasia sau 100 a Belgium daga 2007 zuwa 2011 ya gano cewa mutane 12% ne suka yi hakan ta hanyar mutanen da ke da Autism. &lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot; /&gt;

== Dalilai ==
Bayyana ainihin dalilin mutuwar mutanen da ke da Autism yana da ƙalubale saboda bincike mara inganci wanda galibi ba sa gano ainihin musabbabin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Catalá-López|Hutton|Page|Driver|2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu'amala mai rikitarwa, kamar cin zarafin yara, yanayin tattalin arziki, da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli, na iya taimakawa wajen mace-mace. &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Mutanen da ke da Autism suna fuskantar haɗarin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da mutanen da ba sa da Autism, duk da haka yawancin bayanan likita ba su da bayanai kan matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na marasa lafiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

Abubuwan da ke haifar da mace-mace ga mutanen da ke da Autism suna kama da na sauran jama'a, sai dai [[Farfaɗiya|farfadiya]], wadda ke da yawan faruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hirvikoski|Mittendorfer-Rutz|Boman|Larsson|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan matsalolin lafiya suna faruwa akai-akai a tsawon rayuwar mutanen da ke da Autism. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Baxter |first=A. J |last2=Brugha |first2=T. S |last3=Erskine |first3=H. E |last4=Scheurer |first4=R. W |date=2015 |title=The epidemiology and global burden of autism spectrum disorders |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/the-epidemiology-and-global-burden-of-autism-spectrum-disorders/1F9C6FD6968D8B09231F2C35E70A46E8 |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=601–613 |doi=10.1017/S003329171400172X |issn=0033-2917 |pmid=25108395 |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 10, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba kamar mutanen da ba sa fama da autism waɗanda ke da [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|matsalar rashin hankali]] (ADHD), waɗanda mutuwarsu ke da alaƙa da haɗurra da halaye masu haɗari, mutanen da ke fama da autism galibi suna mutuwa ne daga dalilai na halitta (misali, cututtuka) da kuma waɗanda ke haifar da haɗari (misali, haɗurra). &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Catalá-López|Hutton|Page|Driver|2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abubuwan da ke haifar da su sun haɗa da cututtukan [[Cutar zuciya|zuciya]] da jijiyoyin jini, yanayin numfashi kamar [[ciwon huhu]] da [[Cutar Asthma|asma]], ciwon daji (ciwon daji), cututtukan kwakwalwa, [[Ciwon Nephrotic|ciwon nephrotic]], da raunukan da suka shafi kansu kamar raunin kai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Volkmar|Paul|Klin|Cohen|2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bilder|Botts|Smith|Pimentel|2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hirvikoski|Mittendorfer-Rutz|Boman|Larsson|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nakasa ta hankali abu ne mai haɗari ga mace-mace da wuri. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Volkmar|Reichow|McPartland|2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma bayar da rahoton mace-mace saboda matsalolin tsarin jijiyoyi, rikitarwa daga magungunan neuroleptic, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; da yawan shan [[Magani|magunguna]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; Mutuwar da ke da alaƙa da barasa, taba, da shan [[Ƙwaya|miyagun ƙwayoyi]] ya yi ƙasa a tsakanin mutanen da ke fama da autism idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsu marasa autism. &lt;ref name=&quot;:37&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Howlin |first=Patricia |last2=Moss |first2=Philippa |date=2012 |title=Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/070674371205700502 |journal=The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=57 |issue=5 |pages=275–283 |doi=10.1177/070674371205700502 |issn=0706-7437 |pmid=22546059 |access-date=June 10, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bita na wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da Magali Segers ta yi ya gano manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da kashe kai a tsakanin mutanen da ke da Autism, bisa ga muhimmancinsu: wariyar takwarorinsu, matsalolin halayya, kasancewa cikin tsirarun kabilu ( [[Bakar fata|Baƙar fata]] ko Hispanic ) a Amurka, kasancewarsu maza, ƙarancin matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, da ƙarancin ilimi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Segers |first=Magali |last2=Rawana |first2=Jennine |date=2014 |title=What Do We Know About Suicidality in Autism Spectrum Disorders? A Systematic Review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aur.1375 |journal=Autism Research |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=507–521 |doi=10.1002/aur.1375 |issn=1939-3806 |pmid=24798640 |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 10, 2025}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSegersRawana2014&quot;&gt;Segers, Magali; Rawana, Jennine (2014). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aur.1375 &quot;What Do We Know About Suicidality in Autism Spectrum Disorders? A Systematic Review&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''Autism Research''. '''7''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;507–&lt;/span&gt;521. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/aur.1375|10.1002/aur.1375]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-3806 1939-3806]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24798640 24798640]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 10,&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda yake a shekarar 2017, hanyoyin da ke haifar da kashe kai a cikin mutanen da ke da Autism ba a fahimce su sosai ba kuma suna iya bambanta da na mutanen da ba sa da Autism, saboda tunanin kashe kai ya fi yawa fiye da baƙin ciki, kuma yanayin da ya shafi jinsi ma ya bambanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cassidy |first=Sarah |last2=Rodgers |first2=Jacqui |date=2017 |title=Understanding and prevention of suicide in autism |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(17)30162-1/fulltext |journal=The Lancet Psychiatry |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=142–147 |doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30162-1 |issn=2215-0366 |pmid=28551299 |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 10, 2025}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCassidyRodgers2017&quot;&gt;Cassidy, Sarah; Rodgers, Jacqui (2017). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(17)30162-1/fulltext &quot;Understanding and prevention of suicide in autism&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''The Lancet Psychiatry''. '''4''' (6): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;142–&lt;/span&gt;147. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30162-1|10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30162-1]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2215-0366 2215-0366]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28551299 28551299]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 10,&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wahalar bayyana tunani da ji babban abin haɗari ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;:38&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lai |first=Jonathan |last2=Rhee |first2=Esther |last3=Nicholas |first3=David |date=2017 |title=Suicidality in Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Commentary |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41252-017-0018-4 |journal=Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=190–195 |doi=10.1007/s41252-017-0018-4 |issn=2366-7532 |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 10, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Damuwa daga cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa da yawan [[Kisan kai|kashe kai]] a cikin mutanen da ke da Autism na iya alaƙa da wariyar tsiraru .  Bitar ta nuna cewa matsalolin Autism da [[lafiyar kwakwalwa]] ba su da alaƙa ta asali, kuma matakan hana [[wariya]] na iya rage waɗannan haɗarin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:39&quot; /&gt;

Ba a fayyace ainihin gudummawar da abubuwan halitta da zamantakewa ke bayarwa ga mace-mace tsakanin mutanen da ke da autism ba, &lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Autistica|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da jin daɗin motsin rai yana iya taka muhimmiyar rawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Wright|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutanen da ke da autism galibi suna nuna ƙarancin motsa jiki, rashin bambancin abinci, da kuma yawan amfani da [[Magani|magunguna]], musamman neuroleptics, idan aka kwatanta da mutanen da ba sa da autism. &lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;

==== Farfadiya ====
Approximately one-third of autistic individuals have epilepsy,&lt;ref name=&quot;:41&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Patel|Greydanus|2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; resulting in a significantly higher prevalence of epileptic seizures in this population.&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Wright|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 2000 study by K. Patja and colleagues in [[Finland]] found that mortality rates among epileptic individuals with intellectual disabilities were significantly higher than among non-epileptic individuals with similar intellectual disabilities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Patja |first=K |last2=Livanainen |first2=M |last3=Vesala |first3=H |last4=Oksanen |first4=H |last5=Ruoppila |first5=I |date=2000 |title=Life expectancy of people with intellectual disability: a 35-year follow-up study |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2788.2000.00280.x |journal=Journal of Intellectual Disability Research |volume=44 |issue=5 |pages=591–599 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2788.2000.00280.x |issn=1365-2788 |pmid=11079356 |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 10, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Autistic individuals with epilepsy face a higher mortality risk compared to non-epileptic autistic individuals,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pickett |first=Jane |last2=Xiu |first2=Ellen |last3=Tuchman |first3=Roberto |last4=Dawson |first4=Geraldine |date=2011 |title=Mortality in Individuals With Autism, With and Without Epilepsy |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0883073811402203 |journal=Journal of Child Neurology |volume=26 |issue=8 |pages=932–939 |doi=10.1177/0883073811402203 |issn=0883-0738 |pmid=21471551 |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 10, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; with life expectancy for those without intellectual disability but with [[Farfaɗiya|epilepsy]] estimated at 39 years,&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hirvikoski|Mittendorfer-Rutz|Boman|Larsson|2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; and a mortality rate 8.3 times higher than non-epileptic autistic individuals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:41&quot; /&gt; A 2012 scientific literature review concluded that the link between epilepsy and autism has significant health implications.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Woolfenden |first=Sue |last2=Sarkozy |first2=Vanessa |last3=Ridley |first3=Greta |last4=Coory |first4=Michael |date=2012 |title=A systematic review of two outcomes in autism spectrum disorder - epilepsy and mortality |journal=Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=306–312 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04223.x |issn=1469-8749 |pmid=22348343}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWoolfendenSarkozyRidleyCoory2012&quot;&gt;Woolfenden, Sue; Sarkozy, Vanessa; Ridley, Greta; Coory, Michael (2012). &quot;A systematic review of two outcomes in autism spectrum disorder - epilepsy and mortality&quot;. ''Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology''. '''54''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;306–&lt;/span&gt;312. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04223.x|10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04223.x]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-8749 1469-8749]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22348343 22348343].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cellulite</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358393073|Cellulite]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Cellulite''' (/ˈsɛljəlaɪt/ i) ko '''gynoid lipodystrophy''' ('''GLD''') shine herniation na kitse mai zurfi a ciki ƙwayoyin haɗin kai wanda ke bayyana a matsayin fata mai laushi da nodularity, sau da yawa a yankin pelvic (musamman buttocks), ƙananan gaɓoɓin, da ciki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rossi&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rossi |first=Ana Beatris R |last2=Vergnanini |first2=Andre Luiz |year=2000 |title=Cellulite: A review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1468-3083.2000.00016.x |journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=251–62 |doi=10.1046/j.1468-3083.2000.00016.x |pmid=11204512 |s2cid=18504078 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cellulite yana faruwa a cikin mafi yawan mata masu tasowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16020201&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Avram |first=Mathew M |year=2004 |title=Cellulite: A review of its physiology and treatment |journal=Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=181–5 |citeseerx=10.1.1.506.7997 |doi=10.1080/14764170410003057 |pmid=16020201 |s2cid=20205700}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bincike ya ba da yaduwar 85-98% na mata na zuriyar Turai, amma ba a saba da shi ba a cikin mata na zuriya ta Gabashin Asiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid_25518090&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Janda |first=K |last2=Tomikowska |first2=A |year=2014 |title=Cellulite - causes, prevention, treatment |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269772040 |journal=Annales Academiae Medicae Stetinensis |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=29–38 |pmid=25518090}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Young 2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=V Leroy |last2=DiBernardo |first2=Barry E |date=18 May 2021 |title=Comparison of Cellulite Severity Scales and Imaging Methods |journal=Aesthetic Surgery Journal |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=NP521–NP537 |doi=10.1093/asj/sjaa226 |pmc=8129470 |pmid=32785706}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rao et al 2005 pp. 93–102&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rao |first=Jaggi |last2=Gold |first2=Michael H |last3=Goldman |first3=Mitchel P |year=2005 |title=A two-center, double-blinded, randomized trial testing the tolerability and efficacy of a novel therapeutic agent for cellulite reduction |journal=Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology |publisher=Wiley |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=96 |doi=10.1111/j.1473-2165.2005.40208.x |issn=1473-2130 |pmid=17166206 |s2cid=10123904 |quote=&quot;heredity: empirically, it has been found that the degree and presence of cellulite, as with body habitus, is often similar between females within the same family; race: Caucasian women are more likely to develop cellulite than Asian or African American women;9}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi imanin cewa yana da ilimin lissafi maimakon cututtuka. Zai iya haifar da haɗuwa mai rikitarwa na abubuwa, gami da [[Abinci (abinci)|abinci]], salon rayuwa, ma'auni na hormonal, ko [[Ga do|gado]], da sauransu.

== Dalilan da suka haifar ==
Dalilan cellulite sun haɗa da canje-canje a cikin metabolism, ilimin lissafi, abinci da halaye na motsa jiki, kiba, canjin tsarin ƙwayoyin cuta, abubuwan hormonal, abubuwan [[Genetics|kwayar halitta]], tsarin microcirculatory, Matrix na waje, da canje-canjen kumburi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rossi&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rossi |first=Ana Beatris R |last2=Vergnanini |first2=Andre Luiz |year=2000 |title=Cellulite: A review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1468-3083.2000.00016.x |journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=251–62 |doi=10.1046/j.1468-3083.2000.00016.x |pmid=11204512 |s2cid=18504078 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16020201&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Avram |first=Mathew M |year=2004 |title=Cellulite: A review of its physiology and treatment |journal=Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=181–5 |citeseerx=10.1.1.506.7997 |doi=10.1080/14764170410003057 |pmid=16020201 |s2cid=20205700}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18489272&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Terranova |first=F. |last2=Berardesca |first2=E. |last3=Maibach |first3=H. |year=2006 |title=Cellulite: Nature and aetiopathogenesis |journal=International Journal of Cosmetic Science |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=157–67 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-2494.2006.00316.x |pmid=18489272 |s2cid=15618447 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Abubuwan da ke tattare da hormone ===
Hormones suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da cellulite. An yi tunanin cewa Estrogen yana da mahimmanci a cikin ci gaban cellulite, kuma an ba da shawarar cewa rashin daidaituwa na Estrogen da ke da alaƙa da progesterone na iya haɗawa da cellulite. Koyaya, babu tabbacin tabbacin asibiti don tallafawa da'awar cewa matakan Estrogen suna da alaƙa da cellulite, kuma mata da yawa da ke da matakan estrogen masu yawa ba sa samun cellulite. Sauran hormones - ciki har da insulin, Catecholamines [[adrenaline]], [[cortisol]] da noradrenaline, hormones na thyroid, da prolactin - an yi imanin cewa suna shiga cikin ci gaban cellulite.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rossi&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rossi |first=Ana Beatris R |last2=Vergnanini |first2=Andre Luiz |year=2000 |title=Cellulite: A review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1468-3083.2000.00016.x |journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=251–62 |doi=10.1046/j.1468-3083.2000.00016.x |pmid=11204512 |s2cid=18504078 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai kwayar halitta a cikin saukin kamuwa da cellulite.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rossi&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rossi |first=Ana Beatris R |last2=Vergnanini |first2=Andre Luiz |year=2000 |title=Cellulite: A review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1468-3083.2000.00016.x |journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=251–62 |doi=10.1046/j.1468-3083.2000.00016.x |pmid=11204512 |s2cid=18504078 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu bincike sun gano kwayar halitta ta cellulite zuwa wasu polymorphisms a cikin angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) da hypoxia-inducible factor 1A (HIF1a) kwayoyin halitta.&lt;ref name=&quot;doi 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03556.x&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Emanuele |first=E |last2=Bertona |first2=M |last3=Geroldi |first3=D |year=2010 |title=A multilocus candidate approach identifies ACE and HIF1A as susceptibility genes for cellulite |journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=930–5 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03556.x |pmid=20059631 |s2cid=26214159}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shaida don gadon cellulite yana tallafawa ta hanyar binciken da ke nuna cewa kasancewar da digiri na cellulite yayi kama da tsakanin mata a cikin iyali ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rao et al 2005 pp. 93–102&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rao |first=Jaggi |last2=Gold |first2=Michael H |last3=Goldman |first3=Mitchel P |year=2005 |title=A two-center, double-blinded, randomized trial testing the tolerability and efficacy of a novel therapeutic agent for cellulite reduction |journal=Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology |publisher=Wiley |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=96 |doi=10.1111/j.1473-2165.2005.40208.x |issn=1473-2130 |pmid=17166206 |s2cid=10123904 |quote=&quot;heredity: empirically, it has been found that the degree and presence of cellulite, as with body habitus, is often similar between females within the same family; race: Caucasian women are more likely to develop cellulite than Asian or African American women;9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar ===
An nuna dalilai da yawa da ke shafar ci gaban cellulite. [[Jima'i]], [[Ƙabilar|kabilanci]], biotype, rarraba kitse na subcutaneous, da kuma ƙaddamar da ƙarancin lymphatic da circulatory duk an nuna su don ba da gudummawa ga cellulite.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rossi&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rossi |first=Ana Beatris R |last2=Vergnanini |first2=Andre Luiz |year=2000 |title=Cellulite: A review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1468-3083.2000.00016.x |journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=251–62 |doi=10.1046/j.1468-3083.2000.00016.x |pmid=11204512 |s2cid=18504078 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba ta da yawa a cikin mata na asalin Gabashin Asiya fiye da mata masu fari.&lt;ref name=&quot;Young 2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=V Leroy |last2=DiBernardo |first2=Barry E |date=18 May 2021 |title=Comparison of Cellulite Severity Scales and Imaging Methods |journal=Aesthetic Surgery Journal |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=NP521–NP537 |doi=10.1093/asj/sjaa226 |pmc=8129470 |pmid=32785706}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hanyar Rayuwa ===
Hanyar rayuwa mai matukar [[Damuwa (biology)|damuwa]] tana haifar da karuwa a matakin Catecholamines, wanda kuma an haɗa shi da ci gaban cellulite.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rossi&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rossi |first=Ana Beatris R |last2=Vergnanini |first2=Andre Luiz |year=2000 |title=Cellulite: A review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1468-3083.2000.00016.x |journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=251–62 |doi=10.1046/j.1468-3083.2000.00016.x |pmid=11204512 |s2cid=18504078 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin aiki na iya haifar da tsinkaye na jijiyoyi, samar da cellulite.&lt;ref name=&quot;Young 2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=V Leroy |last2=DiBernardo |first2=Barry E |date=18 May 2021 |title=Comparison of Cellulite Severity Scales and Imaging Methods |journal=Aesthetic Surgery Journal |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=NP521–NP537 |doi=10.1093/asj/sjaa226 |pmc=8129470 |pmid=32785706}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amfani da carbohydrate mai yawa na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da cellulite a wasu lokuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Young 2021&quot; /&gt;

== Magunguna ==
Cellulite na iya tsayayya da jiyya iri-iri.[1] Baya ga kayayyakin &quot;topical&quot; (creams, ointments) da injectables (collagenase), jiyya don cellulite sun haɗa da maganin da ba na invasive ba kamar su su suction na inji ko massage na inji. Na'urorin da ke amfani da makamashi sun haɗa da mita rediyo tare da zurfin shiga cikin fata, ultrasound, ɗakunan cryotherapy, na'urorin laser da na'urori masu haske.[2][3][4][5] Ana amfani da haɗuwa da magungunan inji da hanyoyin da suka shafi makamashi.[4] Ioni, wani nau'i na electrotherapy ta amfani da motsawar tsoka ta lantarki, an bayyana shi a matsayin mara tasiri.[6][7] Ƙarin dabarun 'subcision' masu mamayewa suna amfani da microscalpel mai girman allura don yanke ta hanyar sassan fibrous na ƙwayoyin haɗin kai. Ana aiwatar da hanyoyin rarraba (manual, vacuum-assisted, ko laser-assisting) a cikin asibitocin kwararru tare da marasa lafiya da aka ba su maganin rigakafi na gida.[5]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-19T16:56:40Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
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      <text bytes="10545" sha1="q7nycuzopxlp1ph1in79lcwiyuojd5b" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Cellulite''' (/ˈsɛljəlaɪt/ i) ko '''gynoid lipodystrophy''' ('''GLD''') shine herniation na kitse mai zurfi a ciki ƙwayoyin haɗin kai wanda ke bayyana a matsayin fata mai laushi da nodularity, sau da yawa a yankin pelvic (musamman buttocks), ƙananan gaɓoɓin, da ciki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rossi&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rossi |first=Ana Beatris R |last2=Vergnanini |first2=Andre Luiz |year=2000 |title=Cellulite: A review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1468-3083.2000.00016.x |journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=251–62 |doi=10.1046/j.1468-3083.2000.00016.x |pmid=11204512 |s2cid=18504078 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cellulite yana faruwa a cikin mafi yawan mata masu tasowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16020201&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Avram |first=Mathew M |year=2004 |title=Cellulite: A review of its physiology and treatment |journal=Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=181–5 |citeseerx=10.1.1.506.7997 |doi=10.1080/14764170410003057 |pmid=16020201 |s2cid=20205700}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bincike ya ba da yaduwar 85-98% na mata na zuriyar Turai, amma ba a saba da shi ba a cikin mata na zuriya ta Gabashin Asiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid_25518090&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Janda |first=K |last2=Tomikowska |first2=A |year=2014 |title=Cellulite - causes, prevention, treatment |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269772040 |journal=Annales Academiae Medicae Stetinensis |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=29–38 |pmid=25518090}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Young 2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=V Leroy |last2=DiBernardo |first2=Barry E |date=18 May 2021 |title=Comparison of Cellulite Severity Scales and Imaging Methods |journal=Aesthetic Surgery Journal |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=NP521–NP537 |doi=10.1093/asj/sjaa226 |pmc=8129470 |pmid=32785706}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rao et al 2005 pp. 93–102&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rao |first=Jaggi |last2=Gold |first2=Michael H |last3=Goldman |first3=Mitchel P |year=2005 |title=A two-center, double-blinded, randomized trial testing the tolerability and efficacy of a novel therapeutic agent for cellulite reduction |journal=Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology |publisher=Wiley |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=96 |doi=10.1111/j.1473-2165.2005.40208.x |issn=1473-2130 |pmid=17166206 |s2cid=10123904 |quote=&quot;heredity: empirically, it has been found that the degree and presence of cellulite, as with body habitus, is often similar between females within the same family; race: Caucasian women are more likely to develop cellulite than Asian or African American women;9}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi imanin cewa yana da ilimin lissafi maimakon cututtuka. Zai iya haifar da haɗuwa mai rikitarwa na abubuwa, gami da [[Abinci (abinci)|abinci]], salon rayuwa, ma'auni na hormonal, ko [[Ga do|gado]], da sauransu.

== Dalilan da suka haifar ==
Dalilan cellulite sun haɗa da canje-canje a cikin metabolism, ilimin lissafi, abinci da halaye na motsa jiki, kiba, canjin tsarin ƙwayoyin cuta, abubuwan hormonal, abubuwan [[Genetics|kwayar halitta]], tsarin microcirculatory, Matrix na waje, da canje-canjen kumburi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rossi&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rossi |first=Ana Beatris R |last2=Vergnanini |first2=Andre Luiz |year=2000 |title=Cellulite: A review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1468-3083.2000.00016.x |journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=251–62 |doi=10.1046/j.1468-3083.2000.00016.x |pmid=11204512 |s2cid=18504078 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16020201&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Avram |first=Mathew M |year=2004 |title=Cellulite: A review of its physiology and treatment |journal=Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=181–5 |citeseerx=10.1.1.506.7997 |doi=10.1080/14764170410003057 |pmid=16020201 |s2cid=20205700}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18489272&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Terranova |first=F. |last2=Berardesca |first2=E. |last3=Maibach |first3=H. |year=2006 |title=Cellulite: Nature and aetiopathogenesis |journal=International Journal of Cosmetic Science |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=157–67 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-2494.2006.00316.x |pmid=18489272 |s2cid=15618447 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Abubuwan da ke tattare da hormone ===
Hormones suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da cellulite. An yi tunanin cewa Estrogen yana da mahimmanci a cikin ci gaban cellulite, kuma an ba da shawarar cewa rashin daidaituwa na Estrogen da ke da alaƙa da progesterone na iya haɗawa da cellulite. Koyaya, babu tabbacin tabbacin asibiti don tallafawa da'awar cewa matakan Estrogen suna da alaƙa da cellulite, kuma mata da yawa da ke da matakan estrogen masu yawa ba sa samun cellulite. Sauran hormones - ciki har da insulin, Catecholamines [[adrenaline]], [[cortisol]] da noradrenaline, hormones na thyroid, da prolactin - an yi imanin cewa suna shiga cikin ci gaban cellulite.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rossi&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rossi |first=Ana Beatris R |last2=Vergnanini |first2=Andre Luiz |year=2000 |title=Cellulite: A review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1468-3083.2000.00016.x |journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=251–62 |doi=10.1046/j.1468-3083.2000.00016.x |pmid=11204512 |s2cid=18504078 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai kwayar halitta a cikin saukin kamuwa da cellulite.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rossi&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rossi |first=Ana Beatris R |last2=Vergnanini |first2=Andre Luiz |year=2000 |title=Cellulite: A review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1468-3083.2000.00016.x |journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=251–62 |doi=10.1046/j.1468-3083.2000.00016.x |pmid=11204512 |s2cid=18504078 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu bincike sun gano kwayar halitta ta cellulite zuwa wasu polymorphisms a cikin angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) da hypoxia-inducible factor 1A (HIF1a) kwayoyin halitta.&lt;ref name=&quot;doi 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03556.x&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Emanuele |first=E |last2=Bertona |first2=M |last3=Geroldi |first3=D |year=2010 |title=A multilocus candidate approach identifies ACE and HIF1A as susceptibility genes for cellulite |journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=930–5 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03556.x |pmid=20059631 |s2cid=26214159}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shaida don gadon cellulite yana tallafawa ta hanyar binciken da ke nuna cewa kasancewar da digiri na cellulite yayi kama da tsakanin mata a cikin iyali ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rao et al 2005 pp. 93–102&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rao |first=Jaggi |last2=Gold |first2=Michael H |last3=Goldman |first3=Mitchel P |year=2005 |title=A two-center, double-blinded, randomized trial testing the tolerability and efficacy of a novel therapeutic agent for cellulite reduction |journal=Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology |publisher=Wiley |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=96 |doi=10.1111/j.1473-2165.2005.40208.x |issn=1473-2130 |pmid=17166206 |s2cid=10123904 |quote=&quot;heredity: empirically, it has been found that the degree and presence of cellulite, as with body habitus, is often similar between females within the same family; race: Caucasian women are more likely to develop cellulite than Asian or African American women;9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar ===
An nuna dalilai da yawa da ke shafar ci gaban cellulite. [[Jima'i]], [[Ƙabilar|kabilanci]], biotype, rarraba kitse na subcutaneous, da kuma ƙaddamar da ƙarancin lymphatic da circulatory duk an nuna su don ba da gudummawa ga cellulite.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rossi&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rossi |first=Ana Beatris R |last2=Vergnanini |first2=Andre Luiz |year=2000 |title=Cellulite: A review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1468-3083.2000.00016.x |journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=251–62 |doi=10.1046/j.1468-3083.2000.00016.x |pmid=11204512 |s2cid=18504078 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba ta da yawa a cikin mata na asalin Gabashin Asiya fiye da mata masu fari.&lt;ref name=&quot;Young 2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=V Leroy |last2=DiBernardo |first2=Barry E |date=18 May 2021 |title=Comparison of Cellulite Severity Scales and Imaging Methods |journal=Aesthetic Surgery Journal |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=NP521–NP537 |doi=10.1093/asj/sjaa226 |pmc=8129470 |pmid=32785706}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hanyar Rayuwa ===
Hanyar rayuwa mai matukar [[Damuwa (biology)|damuwa]] tana haifar da karuwa a matakin Catecholamines, wanda kuma an haɗa shi da ci gaban cellulite.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rossi&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rossi |first=Ana Beatris R |last2=Vergnanini |first2=Andre Luiz |year=2000 |title=Cellulite: A review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1468-3083.2000.00016.x |journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=251–62 |doi=10.1046/j.1468-3083.2000.00016.x |pmid=11204512 |s2cid=18504078 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin aiki na iya haifar da tsinkaye na jijiyoyi, samar da cellulite.&lt;ref name=&quot;Young 2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=V Leroy |last2=DiBernardo |first2=Barry E |date=18 May 2021 |title=Comparison of Cellulite Severity Scales and Imaging Methods |journal=Aesthetic Surgery Journal |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=NP521–NP537 |doi=10.1093/asj/sjaa226 |pmc=8129470 |pmid=32785706}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amfani da carbohydrate mai yawa na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da cellulite a wasu lokuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Young 2021&quot; /&gt;

== Magunguna ==
Cellulite na iya tsayayya da jiyya iri-iri.[1] Baya ga kayayyakin &quot;topical&quot; (creams, ointments) da injectables (collagenase), jiyya don cellulite sun haɗa da maganin da ba na invasive ba kamar su su suction na inji ko massage na inji. Na'urorin da ke amfani da makamashi sun haɗa da mita rediyo tare da zurfin shiga cikin fata, ultrasound, ɗakunan cryotherapy, na'urorin laser da na'urori masu haske.[2][3][4][5] Ana amfani da haɗuwa da magungunan inji da hanyoyin da suka shafi makamashi.[4] Ioni, wani nau'i na electrotherapy ta amfani da motsawar tsoka ta lantarki, an bayyana shi a matsayin mara tasiri.[6][7] Ƙarin dabarun 'subcision' masu mamayewa suna amfani da microscalpel mai girman allura don yanke ta hanyar sassan fibrous na ƙwayoyin haɗin kai. Ana aiwatar da hanyoyin rarraba (manual, vacuum-assisted, ko laser-assisting) a cikin asibitocin kwararru tare da marasa lafiya da aka ba su maganin rigakafi na gida.[5]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>q7nycuzopxlp1ph1in79lcwiyuojd5b</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Lepidopterism</title>
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        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1331527961|Lepidopterism]]&quot;</comment>
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| name          = 
| synonym       = 
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| image_size    = 
| alt           = 
| caption       = 
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = [[Dermatology]]
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = 
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| causes        = 
| risks         = 
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| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
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| deaths        = 
}}
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{| class=&quot;infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc; color:inherit;&quot; |Lepidopterism
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Dermatology|Kimiyyar fata]]
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Raupendermatitis.jpg|alt=Caterpillar dermatitis (lepidopterism) caused by Oak Processionary (Thaumetopoea processionea)|right|thumb|Caterpillar dermatitis (lepidopterism) wanda Oak Processionary (Thaumetopoea processionea) ya haifar]]
'''Lepidopterism''' wani cututtukan hulɗa ne wanda ke haifar da haushi na caterpillar ko gashin asu da ke shiga cikin hulɗa da fata ko mucosa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rosen T |date=April 1990 |title=Caterpillar dermatitis |journal=Dermatol Clin |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=245–52 |doi=10.1016/S0733-8635(18)30496-0 |pmid=2191798}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lee D, Pitetti RD, Casselbrant ML |date=January 1999 |title=Oropharyngeal manifestations of lepidopterism |url=http://archotol.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/125/1/50 |journal=Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. |volume=125 |issue=1 |pages=50–2 |doi=10.1001/archotol.125.1.50 |pmid=9932587 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da ake magana game da dalilin, ana amfani da cututtukan asu da cututsin caterpillar; Caripito itch (wanda aka sani da papillonite a Faransanci) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Thiéry G, Adam S, Coulet O, André N, Meynard JB, Thiéry S |date=February 2008 |title=Papillonite |url=http://www.revuemedecinetropicale.com/027-028_-_Image_papillonite.gentile.pdf |journal=Med Trop (Mars) |language=fr |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=27–8 |pmid=18478767}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;mw-ref reference&quot; mwiq=&quot;&quot;&gt;Hylesia metabus&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;, agent de la papillonite en Guyane française&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;last1&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;Vassal&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;first1&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;J.M.&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;author2&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;Dominique Dauthuille&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;author3&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;Jean-François Silvain&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;date&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;1986&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;location&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;Cayenne&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;publisher&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;SEPANGUY&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;book-title&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;Le littoral guyanais : fragilité de l'environnement&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;conference&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;Ier congrès régional de la SEPANGUY; Xe colloque SEPANRIT&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;pages&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;125–130&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;url&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_5/b_fdi_18-19/26326.pdf&amp;amp;quot;}},&amp;amp;quot;i&amp;amp;quot;:0}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;]}\&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=\&quot;true\&quot; id=\&quot;mwZA\&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;cite about=\&quot;#mwt13\&quot; class=\&quot;citation conference cs1\&quot; id=\&quot;CITEREFVassalDominique_DauthuilleJean-François_Silvain1986\&quot; data-ve-ignore=\&quot;\&quot;&gt;Vassal, J.M.; Dominique Dauthuille; Jean-François Silvain (1986). &lt;a class=\&quot;external text\&quot; href=\&quot;http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_5/b_fdi_18-19/26326.pdf\&quot; id=\&quot;mwZQ\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot;&gt;\&quot;&lt;i id=\&quot;mwZg\&quot;&gt;Hylesia metabus&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, agent de la papillonite en Guyane française\&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=\&quot;cs1-format\&quot; id=\&quot;mwZw\&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=\&quot;mwaA\&quot;&gt;Le littoral guyanais&lt;span id=\&quot;mwaQ\&quot; typeof=\&quot;mw:DisplaySpace\&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;: fragilité de l'environnement&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Ier congrès régional de la SEPANGUY; Xe colloque SEPANRIT. Cayenne: SEPANGUY. pp.&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span id=\&quot;mwag\&quot; typeof=\&quot;mw:Entity\&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=\&quot;nowrap\&quot; id=\&quot;mwaw\&quot;&gt;125–&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;130.&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}}&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-4&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;[./Lepidopterism#cite_note-4 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;4&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; tsohuwar suna ce da ke nufin cututtuken asu da wasu nau'in Hylesia suka haifar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dinehart SM, Archer ME, Wolf JE, McGavran MH, Reitz C, Smith EB |date=November 1985 |title=Caripito itch: dermatitis from contact with Hylesia moths |journal=J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. |volume=13 |issue=5 Pt 1 |pages=743–7 |doi=10.1016/S0190-9622(85)70216-2 |pmid=4078069}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Lonomia
* Oak processionary wanda zai iya haifar da matsalolin iska
* Millipede ƙonewa
* Jerin yanayin fata

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ƙarin karantawa ==

* {{Cite journal |last=Hossler EW |year=2009 |title=Caterpillars and moths |journal=Dermatol Ther |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=353–66 |doi=10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01247.x |pmid=19580579 |s2cid=31799282 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hossler EW |date=January 2010 |title=Caterpillars and moths: Part II. Dermatologic manifestations of encounters with Lepidoptera |journal=J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=13–28; quiz 29–30 |doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2009.08.061 |pmid=20082887 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hossler EW |date=January 2010 |title=Caterpillars and moths: Part I. Dermatologic manifestations of encounters with Lepidoptera |journal=J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=1–10; quiz 11–2 |doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2009.08.060 |pmid=20082886 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Katzenellenbogen |first=I. |year=1955 |title=Caterpillar Dermatitis as an Occupational Disease |journal=Dermatologica |volume=111 |issue=2 |pages=99–106 |doi=10.1159/000256344 |pmid=13277355}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Werno |first=J. |last2=Lesthelle |first2=S. |last3=Doerman |first3=F. |last4=Vincendeau |first4=P. |year=2002 |title=Envenimations par les lépidoptères |journal=Revue Française des Laboratoires |volume=2002 |issue=342 |pages=35 |doi=10.1016/S0338-9898(02)80059-2}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* Caterpillar envenomation a kan eMedicineMagunguna
* [https://entomology.ca.uky.edu/ef003 Cutar da ke tsoratar da shi a kan ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta Jami'ar Kentucky]</text>
      <sha1>97cl63jcgr557lo2c8dumbxt645pwih</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Clarias gariepinus</title>
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      <id>861421</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T16:56:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340104760|Clarias gariepinus]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:North_african_catfish_total_production_thousand_tonnes_1950-2022.svg|thumb|Kama (shuɗi) da kuma noman kifi (kore) na kifin kifin Arewacin Afirka ( ''Clarias gariepinus'' ) a cikin tan dubu daga 1950 zuwa 2022, kamar yadda FAO ta ruwaito &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fisheries and Aquaculture - Global Production |url=https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/collection/global_production?lang=en |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''''Clarias gariepinus''''' ko kuma '''kifin Afirka mai kaifi''' iri ɗaya ne na kifin catfish na dangin Clariidae, kifin catfish mai numfashi ta iska.

== Rarrabawa ==
Ana samun su a ko'ina cikin [[Afirka]] da [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]], kuma suna zaune a cikin [[Tafki|tafkuna]] masu ruwa-ruwa, [[Kogi|koguna]], da [[fadama]], da kuma wuraren da mutane suka gina, kamar [[Cire abubuwan gina jiki|tafkunan iskar shaka]] ko ma najasar birane.

An gabatar da kifin Afirka mai kaifi a ko'ina cikin duniya a farkon shekarun 1980 don amfanin kiwon kaji, don haka ana samunsa a [[Ƙasa, yanki|ƙasashen]] da ke wajen wurin da yake zama, kamar [[Cuba]], [[Hispaniola]] ( [[Jamhuriyar Dominika|Jamhuriyar Dominican]] da [[Haiti]] ), [[Brazil]], [[Vietnam]], [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], [[Taiwan]], da [[Indiya]] . A ƙasashen da nau'ikan ''Clarias'' na asali ke faruwa, kamar Indonesia, ana iya bambanta kifin kaifi mai kaifi; a Indonesia, ana kiransa '''''lele dumbo''''' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Iswanto |first=Bambang |date=2013 |title=Menelusuri Identitas Ikan Lele Dumbo |url=http://ejournal-balitbang.kkp.go.id/index.php/ma/article/view/382 |journal=Media Akuakultur |volume=8 |issue=2 |page=85 |doi=10.15578/ma.8.2.2013.85-95 |access-date=9 January 2024 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
[[Fayil:African_Catfish_(Clarias_gariepinus)_landing_on_the_ford_after_its_jump_upstream_..._(16332780150).jpg|left|thumb|Tsalle sama a wani reshe na [[Kogin Sabie]], Kruger NP]]
[[Fayil:Clarias_garie_080516_9142_tdp.jpg|left|thumb|Samfurin daga Bogor, Indonesia (wani lokacin ana noma shi)]]
Kifin kifin sharptooth na Afirka babban kifi ne mai kama da [[Kifi|kifin]] eel, yawanci launin toka mai duhu ko [[Baki (Black)|baƙi]] ne a baya, yana shuɗewa zuwa farin ciki. A [[Afirka]], an ruwaito cewa wannan kifin catfish yana da girma na biyu bayan vundu na ruwan Zambesian,  kodayake FishBase ya nuna cewa kifin sharptooth na Afirka ya fi wannan nau'in tsayi da nauyi.  

''C. gariepinus'' yana da matsakaicin tsawon babba na {{Convert|1|-|1.5|m}} . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ya kai matsakaicin tsayin {{Convert|1.7|m}} TL kuma yana iya auna har zuwa {{Convert|60|kg}} .  Waɗannan kifayen suna da jiki siriri, kai mai faɗi, mai laushi fiye da na ''Silurus'', da kuma baki masu faɗi, masu maƙalli guda huɗu. Suna kuma da manyan gabobin numfashi masu haɗawa waɗanda suka ƙunshi baka na gill . Haka kuma, fin-fin na pectoral ne kawai ke da kashin baya. 

== Halaye ==
Kifi ne mai kama da kifin catfish da yawa. Yana cin dabbobi masu rai, da kuma waɗanda suka mutu (kamar kwari, plankton, [[Dodon kodi|katantanwa]], kaguwa, jatan lande, sauran dabbobi marasa kaciya, [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]], dabbobi masu rarrafe, masu ruwa da tsaki, ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa, sauran kifaye, da ƙwai ) da kuma ƙwayoyin shuka kamar [['ya'yan itace]] da iri . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Clarias gariepinus (Barbel) |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Clarias_gariepinus/ |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda faɗin bakinsa, yana iya haɗiye babban abincin da aka kama gaba ɗaya. An san yana ɗaukar manyan tsuntsayen ruwa kamar na [[Kazar ruwa|moorhen]] .  Hakanan yana iya rarrafe a kan busasshiyar ƙasa don tserewa daga busasshiyar tafki. Bugu da ƙari, yana iya rayuwa a cikin laka mara zurfi na dogon lokaci, tsakanin lokacin damina.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>861422</id>
      <parentid>861421</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T16:57:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <text bytes="4054" sha1="lav5j80g171c10r0coo37lod7mb97vd" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Fayil:North_african_catfish_total_production_thousand_tonnes_1950-2022.svg|thumb|Kama (shuɗi) da kuma noman kifi (kore) na kifin kifin Arewacin Afirka ( ''Clarias gariepinus'' ) a cikin tan dubu daga 1950 zuwa 2022, kamar yadda FAO ta ruwaito &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fisheries and Aquaculture - Global Production |url=https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/collection/global_production?lang=en |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''''Clarias gariepinus''''' ko kuma '''kifin Afirka mai kaifi''' iri ɗaya ne na kifin catfish na dangin Clariidae, kifin catfish mai numfashi ta iska.

== Rarrabawa ==
Ana samun su a ko'ina cikin [[Afirka]] da [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]], kuma suna zaune a cikin [[Tafki|tafkuna]] masu ruwa-ruwa, [[Kogi|koguna]], da [[fadama]], da kuma wuraren da mutane suka gina, kamar [[Cire abubuwan gina jiki|tafkunan iskar shaka]] ko ma najasar birane.

An gabatar da kifin Afirka mai kaifi a ko'ina cikin duniya a farkon shekarun 1980 don amfanin kiwon kaji, don haka ana samunsa a [[Ƙasa, yanki|ƙasashen]] da ke wajen wurin da yake zama, kamar [[Cuba]], [[Hispaniola]] ( [[Jamhuriyar Dominika|Jamhuriyar Dominican]] da [[Haiti]] ), [[Brazil]], [[Vietnam]], [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], [[Taiwan]], da [[Indiya]] . A ƙasashen da nau'ikan ''Clarias'' na asali ke faruwa, kamar Indonesia, ana iya bambanta kifin kaifi mai kaifi; a Indonesia, ana kiransa '''''lele dumbo''''' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Iswanto |first=Bambang |date=2013 |title=Menelusuri Identitas Ikan Lele Dumbo |url=http://ejournal-balitbang.kkp.go.id/index.php/ma/article/view/382 |journal=Media Akuakultur |volume=8 |issue=2 |page=85 |doi=10.15578/ma.8.2.2013.85-95 |access-date=9 January 2024 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
[[Fayil:African_Catfish_(Clarias_gariepinus)_landing_on_the_ford_after_its_jump_upstream_..._(16332780150).jpg|left|thumb|Tsalle sama a wani reshe na [[Kogin Sabie]], Kruger NP]]
[[Fayil:Clarias_garie_080516_9142_tdp.jpg|left|thumb|Samfurin daga Bogor, Indonesia (wani lokacin ana noma shi)]]
Kifin kifin sharptooth na Afirka babban kifi ne mai kama da [[Kifi|kifin]] eel, yawanci launin toka mai duhu ko [[Baki (Black)|baƙi]] ne a baya, yana shuɗewa zuwa farin ciki. A [[Afirka]], an ruwaito cewa wannan kifin catfish yana da girma na biyu bayan vundu na ruwan Zambesian,  kodayake FishBase ya nuna cewa kifin sharptooth na Afirka ya fi wannan nau'in tsayi da nauyi.  

''C. gariepinus'' yana da matsakaicin tsawon babba na {{Convert|1|-|1.5|m}} . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ya kai matsakaicin tsayin {{Convert|1.7|m}} TL kuma yana iya auna har zuwa {{Convert|60|kg}} .  Waɗannan kifayen suna da jiki siriri, kai mai faɗi, mai laushi fiye da na ''Silurus'', da kuma baki masu faɗi, masu maƙalli guda huɗu. Suna kuma da manyan gabobin numfashi masu haɗawa waɗanda suka ƙunshi baka na gill . Haka kuma, fin-fin na pectoral ne kawai ke da kashin baya. 

== Halaye ==
Kifi ne mai kama da kifin catfish da yawa. Yana cin dabbobi masu rai, da kuma waɗanda suka mutu (kamar kwari, plankton, [[Dodon kodi|katantanwa]], kaguwa, jatan lande, sauran dabbobi marasa kaciya, [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]], dabbobi masu rarrafe, masu ruwa da tsaki, ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa, sauran kifaye, da ƙwai ) da kuma ƙwayoyin shuka kamar [['ya'yan itace]] da iri . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Clarias gariepinus (Barbel) |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Clarias_gariepinus/ |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda faɗin bakinsa, yana iya haɗiye babban abincin da aka kama gaba ɗaya. An san yana ɗaukar manyan tsuntsayen ruwa kamar na [[Kazar ruwa|moorhen]] .  Hakanan yana iya rarrafe a kan busasshiyar ƙasa don tserewa daga busasshiyar tafki. Bugu da ƙari, yana iya rayuwa a cikin laka mara zurfi na dogon lokaci, tsakanin lokacin damina.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ciwon jiki na Paederus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>861423</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T16:57:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355542428|Paederus dermatitis]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="11772" sha1="7dw7e6rowp20fgq8ffq4eeyth4eawz0" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = 
| synonym       = '''Linear dermatitis''' or '''Dermatitis linearis'''
| image         = File:PaederusDermatitis.png
| image_size    = 
| alt           = 
| caption       = Paederus dermatitis
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = &lt;!-- from Wikidata, can be overwritten --&gt;
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = 
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 
| deaths        = 
}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}''Paederus'' dermatitis, wanda aka fi sani da dermatitis linearis, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cressey |first=B. D. |last2=Paniz-Mondolfi |first2=A. E. |last3=Rodríguez-Morales |first3=A. J. |last4=Ayala |first4=J. M. |last5=De Ascenção Da Silva AA |year=2013 |title=Dermatitis linearis: vesicating dermatosis caused by paederus species (coleoptera: staphylinidae). Case series and review. |journal=Wilderness &amp; Environmental Medicine |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=124–31 |doi=10.1016/j.wem.2012.11.005 |pmid=23352312 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; shine fushin fata wanda ya haifar da hulɗa da hemolymph na wasu kwari, ƙungiyar da ke cikin tsarin kwari Coleoptera da nau'in Paederus. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bolognia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gelmetti C, Grimalt R |date=January 1993 |title=Paederus dermatitis: an easy diagnosable but misdiagnosed eruption |journal=European Journal of Pediatrics |volume=152 |issue=1 |pages=6–8 |doi=10.1007/BF02072506 |pmid=8444208 |s2cid=23226753}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;aocd.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Paederus Dermatitis - American Osteopathic College of Dermatology (AOCD) |url=https://www.aocd.org/page/PaederusDermatitis |access-date=2019-01-20 |website=www.aocd.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran sunayen gida da aka ba Paederus dermatitis sun haɗa da gizo-gizo-sanyi, '''whiplash dermatitis''', da Nairobi fly dermatitis.&lt;ref name=&quot;medvetent&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bolognia&quot; /&gt;

Rove beetles ba sa cinyewa ko cinyewa, amma ƙananan nau'o'in zasu iya haifar da fushin fata da ƙuƙwalwa lokacin da aka goge su ba da gangan ba ko kuma aka murkushe su a kan fata, wanda ke sa su saki ruwan su na coelemic wanda ke dauke da sinadarin ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙara mai ƙarfi.&lt;ref name=&quot;aocd.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Paederus Dermatitis - American Osteopathic College of Dermatology (AOCD) |url=https://www.aocd.org/page/PaederusDermatitis |access-date=2019-01-20 |website=www.aocd.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wakilin mai aiki a cikin ruwan coelemic ana kiransa pederin, kodayake dangane da nau'in kwari yana iya zama ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan kwayoyin, gami da pederone da pseudopederin.&lt;ref name=&quot;verma&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Verma CR, Agarwal S |date=January 2006 |title=Blistering Beetle Dermatitis: An Outbreak |journal=Medical Journal, Armed Forces India |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=42–4 |doi=10.1016/S0377-1237(06)80154-1 |pmc=4923299 |pmid=27407843}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Blister beetle dermatitis&quot;, kalmar da aka fi amfani da ita don cututtukan cututtukani daban-daban da Cantharidin ya haifar daga kwari, ana amfani da su a wasu lokuta don bayyana cututtukatattun cututtukayyaki da kwari suka haifar.&lt;ref name=&quot;singh&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Singh G, Yousuf Ali S |year=2007 |title=Paederus dermatitis |journal=Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=13–5 |doi=10.4103/0378-6323.30644 |pmid=17314440 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;itm&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Blister Beetles |url=http://www.itg.be/itg/DistanceLearning/LectureNotesVandenEndenE/52_Ectoparasitesp7.htm#T8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926224534/http://www.itg.be/itg/distancelearning/lecturenotesvandenendene/52_Ectoparasitesp7.htm#T8 |archive-date=26 September 2012 |access-date=27 July 2011 |publisher=Institute of Tropical Medicine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike da magani ==
[[Fayil:Paederus_rove_beetles,_showing_size.png|thumb|Paederus rove beetles, yana nuna girman]]
Da zarar pederin ya kasance a kan fata daga farkon hulɗar kwari, ana iya yada shi a wasu wurare a kan fata. Sau da yawa ana ganin cututtukan &quot;kissing&quot; ko &quot;hoton madubi&quot; inda wurare biyu na fata suka haɗu (alal misali, karkatar da wuyan hannu).&lt;ref name=&quot;singh&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Singh G, Yousuf Ali S |year=2007 |title=Paederus dermatitis |journal=Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=13–5 |doi=10.4103/0378-6323.30644 |pmid=17314440 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ba da shawarar wanke hannaye da fata da sabulu da ruwa sosai, idan hulɗa da kwari ya faru.&lt;ref name=&quot;usarmy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Just the facts…Paederus Beetles |url=http://phc.amedd.army.mil/PHC%20Resource%20Library/PaederusBeetleJan2010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316101540/http://phc.amedd.army.mil/PHC%20Resource%20Library/PaederusBeetleJan2010.pdf |archive-date=16 March 2012 |access-date=30 July 2011 |publisher=US Army Public Health Command}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saduwar fata na farko tare da pederin bai nuna sakamako na nan take ba. A cikin sa'o'i 12-36, duk da haka, wani ja rash (erythema) ya bayyana, wanda ya zama blisters. Fushi, gami da murkushewa da sikelin, na iya ɗaukar makonni biyu zuwa uku.&lt;ref name=&quot;usarmy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Just the facts…Paederus Beetles |url=http://phc.amedd.army.mil/PHC%20Resource%20Library/PaederusBeetleJan2010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316101540/http://phc.amedd.army.mil/PHC%20Resource%20Library/PaederusBeetleJan2010.pdf |archive-date=16 March 2012 |access-date=30 July 2011 |publisher=US Army Public Health Command}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya watsa pederin ba tare da saninsa ba zuwa wasu sassan jiki kamar ido da al'aura bayan hulɗa ta farko. Conjunctivitis wanda aka fi sani da ido na Nairobi a gabashin Afirka yana faruwa ne lokacin da idanu suka kamu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mammino JJ |date=November 2011 |title=Paederus dermatitis: an outbreak on a medical mission boat in the Amazon |journal=The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=44–6 |pmc=3225135 |pmid=22125660}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɗaya daga cikin binciken ya ba da rahoton sakamako mafi kyau tare da tsarin magani wanda ya haɗu da steroids na yau da kullun tare da antihistamines na baki (rana ta farko) da maganin rigakafi. Marubutan sun yi zaton cewa maganin rigakafi ya taimaka saboda yiwuwar gurɓata fata ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta masu samar da pederin.&lt;ref name=&quot;qadir&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Qadir SN, Raza N, Rahman SB |date=December 2006 |title=Paederus dermatitis in Sierra Leone |url=http://dermatology.cdlib.org/127/case_reports/paederus/qadir.html |journal=Dermatology Online Journal |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=9 |doi=10.5070/D38B58K49J |pmid=17459295 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bincike daga wata kungiya a Jami'ar Hyderabad a cikin 2024 ya ba da shawarar cewa amfani da fitilun LED da dare na iya zama mafita don hana hare-haren kwari na acid.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kannampuzha |first=Tejas |last2=Shamanna |first2=B R |title=Exploring the use of white Light Emitting Diodes to prevent 'Acid Fly' attacks |url=https://indianentomology.org/index.php/ije/article/view/2572 |journal=Indian Journal of Entomology |doi=10.55446/IJE.2024.2572 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken duk da haka ya yi gargadin cewa akwai wasu abubuwan da ba a sani ba waɗanda har yanzu zasu iya jan hankalin kwari zuwa wuraren rayuwa.

== Wurin da nau'in ==
Nau'o'i daban-daban guda uku na kwari, duk mambobi ne na wannan ƙabilar Paederina, na iya haifar da dermatitis na ''Paederus'': Paederus, ''Paederidus'', da ''Megalopaederus''. Wannan abin da ke damun ana kiransa pederin kuma yana da guba sosai, ya fi ƙarfin guba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ectoparasites |url=http://www.itg.be/itg/DistanceLearning/LectureNotesVandenEndenE/Teksten/sylabus/52_Ectoparasites.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305234757/http://www.itg.be/itg/DistanceLearning/LectureNotesVandenEndenE/Teksten/sylabus/52_Ectoparasites.doc |archive-date=5 March 2007 |access-date=2007-06-04 |publisher=Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A sassa daban-daban na duniya, nau'o'in kwari daban-daban suna haifar da Paederus dermatitis:

* ''[[Paederus melampus]]'', wanda aka fi sani da kwari na Manipal ko 'yan sanda na Nitte, yana faruwa a jihar Indiya ta [[Karnataka]].  (Manipal shine sunan garin jami'a.) A cikin wata kasida ta 2007 mai taken 'Paederus Dermatitis', likitocin fata biyu daga Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Sri Devaraj a Karnataka sun gano kwari na Manipal a matsayin ''Paederus melampus'' . Har ila yau, wani lokacin ana kiransu &quot;blister beetle&quot;, kodayake rove beetles kamar ''P. melampus'' suna cikin iyali daban (Staphylinidae) fiye da iyalin blister beetle Meloidae.&lt;ref name=&quot;singh&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Singh G, Yousuf Ali S |year=2007 |title=Paederus dermatitis |journal=Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=13–5 |doi=10.4103/0378-6323.30644 |pmid=17314440 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Paederus brasilensis]]'', wanda kuma ake kira &quot;El podo,&quot; yana haifar da cututtukan fata a [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]]. Har ila yau akwai nau'in [[Venezuela|Venezuelan]], ''[[Paederus columbinus]]'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;singh&quot; /&gt;
* ''Paederus fuscipes'' mai yiwuwa shine babban wakili wanda ke haifar da cututtukan fata a arewacin [[Iran]]. Ganin cewa wannan cuta matsala ce ta ƙauyuka a kudu, galibi a ƙauyuka ko ƙananan garuruwa, matsala ce ta birane a larduna na arewacin bakin [[Tekun Caspian]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dermiran&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nikbakhtzadeh MR, Tirgari S |date=2008 |title=Medically important beetles (insecta: coleoptera) of Iran. |journal=Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=597–618 |doi=10.1590/s1678-91992008000400004 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Paederus australis]]'' ne ke da alhakin barkewar cututtukan fata a Queensland da Yankin Arewa, kuma ''[[Paederus cruenticollis]]'' ne ke da alaƙa da barkewar cututtuka a kudancin New South Wales . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nairobi fly: ''Paederus crebrepunctatus'' da ''Paederus sabaeus'' dukansu suna haifar da cututtukan fata a Tsakiya da Gabashin Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okwemba |first=Arthur |name-list-style=vanc |date=27 May 2007 |title=Beware, the Nairobi fly is back in town |url=http://www.bushdrums.com/news/index.php?shownews=986 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928181156/http://www.bushdrums.com/news/index.php?shownews=986 |archive-date=28 September 2007 |website=The Nation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma bayar da rahoton cutar Paederus daga [[Najeriya]], [[Faransa]], Okinawa, Australia, [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]], [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], [[Tailan|Thailand]], [[Singafora|Singapore]], [[Taiwan]], [[Vietnam]], [[Indiya]] (Perumbavoor, Kerala), [[Saliyo]], [[Sri Lanka]] da [[Itofiya|Habasha]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kamaladasa SD, Perera WD, Weeratunge L |date=January 1997 |title=An outbreak of paederus dermatitis in a suburban hospital in Sri Lanka |journal=International Journal of Dermatology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=34–6 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-4362.1997.00009.x |pmid=9071612 |s2cid=39540236}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Amebiasis cutis
* ''Anotylus tetracarinatus'', wani kwari mai alaƙa wanda ke haifar da ciwo mai tsanani lokacin da aka kama shi a cikin ido
* Blister beetle dermatitis
* Jerin yanayin fata
* Kwararrun kafet

== Manazarta ==
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[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Endometriosis</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360060414|Endometriosis]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Endometriosis''' cuta ce wacce nama mai kama da endometrium - lining na mahaifa (haifiyar) - ke girma a wasu wurare a cikin jiki. Kwayar sau da yawa tana girma kusa da mahaifa, kamar a kan ovaries, fallopian tubes, ko lining na pelvis. Hakanan yana iya bayyana a cikin hanji, hanji, kuma a wasu lokuta a kan [[huhu]] ko fata. A duk duniya, endometriosis yana shafar kusan kashi 10% na yawan [[Samartaka|Matasa]] masu shekaru haihuwa, wanda ke wakiltar kusan mata miliyan 200. Alamomin yawanci suna farawa a cikin ƙuruciya ko farkon 20s kuma suna inganta bayan hawan jini yayin da matakan estrogen ke sauka. 

Alamomin sun bambanta sosai tsakanin mutane. Wasu ba su da alamomi, yayin da ga wasu cuta ce mai raunana. Alamomin da aka saba da su sun haɗa da ciwo na pelvic, lokaci mai nauyi da na ciwo, ciwo tare da motsi na hanji, fitsari mai ciwo, jima'i mai ciwo. Baya ga alamun jiki, endometriosis na iya shafar lafiyar mutum da rayuwar zamantakewa. Ba a san ainihin abin da ke haifar da cutar ba. Dalilan da za su iya haifar da su sun haɗa da kwararar ruwa ta baya (baya), abubuwan da suka shafi kwayar halitta, hormones, da matsaloli tare da Tsarin rigakafi.

Duk da yake babu magani ga endometriosis, magunguna da yawa na iya inganta alamun. Wadannan sun hada da maganin hormonal, maganin zafi, da tiyata. Magunguna na farko yawanci sun kunshi maganin hormonal - kamar IUD na hormonal (coil) ko ci gaba da amfani da kwayar cutar hana haihuwa - haɗe da maganin rigakafin kumburi (NSAID) kamar naproxen. Ana iya gwada wasu maganin hormonal idan waɗannan ba su da tasiri. Yawancin mutane suna amfana daga maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi, kodayake wannan hanyar na iya rasa tasiri a tsawon lokaci. Za'a iya cire raunin (patches na endometriosis) ta hanyar tiyata a cikin mata waɗanda alamun su ba a sauƙaƙe su ta wasu jiyya ba, ko kuma lokacin da endometriosus ke da alaƙa da rashin haihuwa. Koyaya, endometriosis yawanci yakan dawo bayan tiyata.

== Ƙananan nau'o'i ==
Endometriosis yana faruwa ne lokacin da kwayar halitta mai kama da endometrium ta girma a waje da mahaifa, &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=As-Sanie |first=Sawsan |last2=Mackenzie |first2=Scott C. |last3=Morrison |first3=Leigh |last4=Schrepf |first4=Andrew |last5=Zondervan |first5=Krina T. |last6=Horne |first6=Andrew W. |last7=Missmer |first7=Stacey A. |date=2025 |title=Endometriosis |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b471a0f8-ff5a-4d13-b435-b3ea5e3c2b3c/files/s0z709017z |journal=JAMA |volume=334 |issue=1 |pages=64–78 |doi=10.1001/jama.2025.2975 |pmid=40323608 |url-access= |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt; tana samar da wuraren da ake kira cututtukan ko implants. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Endometriosis |url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/endometri/conditioninfo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219055230/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/endometri/conditioninfo |archive-date=19 December 2025 |access-date=2026-03-25 |publisher=Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya rarraba shi zuwa nau'o'i uku, ko hudu idan an haɗa endometriosis na waje: &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Horne2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |author-link=Andrew W. Horne |vauthors=Horne AW, Missmer SA |date=2022 |title=Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of endometriosis |journal=BMJ |volume=379 |doi=10.1136/bmj-2022-070750 |pmid=36375827 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

; Endometriosis na peritoneal na sama
: Ƙananan cututtukan da ke girma a kan peritoneum, membrane da ke rufe Ramin ciki kuma yana rufe farfajiyar gabobin pelvic
; Endometriosis mai zurfi
: Raunin da ke girma a cikin nama a ƙarƙashin lining na pelvis ko a cikin tsokoki na gabobin pelvic
; Endometriomas
: [[Ƙullutu|Cysts]] da ke girma a cikin ovaries
; Endometriosis na waje
: Raunin da ke waje da yankin pelvic, kamar a cikin huhu ko diaphragm

Subtypes na iya kasancewa a ware ko a hade tare da juna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=As-Sanie |first=Sawsan |last2=Mackenzie |first2=Scott C. |last3=Morrison |first3=Leigh |last4=Schrepf |first4=Andrew |last5=Zondervan |first5=Krina T. |last6=Horne |first6=Andrew W. |last7=Missmer |first7=Stacey A. |date=2025 |title=Endometriosis |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b471a0f8-ff5a-4d13-b435-b3ea5e3c2b3c/files/s0z709017z |journal=JAMA |volume=334 |issue=1 |pages=64–78 |doi=10.1001/jama.2025.2975 |pmid=40323608 |url-access= |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da raunin ya karu fiye da 5 mm a ƙarƙashin farfajiyar peritoneal, ana rarraba su azaman endometriosis mai zurfi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Van den Bosch T, Van Schoubroeck D |date=2018 |title=Ultrasound diagnosis of endometriosis and adenomyosis: State of the art |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/621035 |journal=Best Practice &amp; Research. Clinical Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology |volume=51 |pages=16–24 |doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2018.01.013 |pmid=29506961 |s2cid=3759091 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Endometriosis mai zurfi na iya shiga cikin tsokoki na gabobin kamar hanji ko hanji.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Sau da yawa yana samar da nodules, kuma ana iya danganta shi da Fibrosis da mannewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Endometriomas suna cike da tsohuwar jinin haila tsakanin sauran kayan kuma suna da launin ruwan kasa, suna haifar da sunan &quot;chocolate cysts&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Horne2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |author-link=Andrew W. Horne |vauthors=Horne AW, Missmer SA |date=2022 |title=Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of endometriosis |journal=BMJ |volume=379 |doi=10.1136/bmj-2022-070750 |pmid=36375827 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

== Manazarta ==

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{{Databox}}

'''Endometriosis''' cuta ce wacce nama mai kama da endometrium - lining na mahaifa (haifiyar) - ke girma a wasu wurare a cikin jiki. Kwayar sau da yawa tana girma kusa da mahaifa, kamar a kan ovaries, fallopian tubes, ko lining na pelvis. Hakanan yana iya bayyana a cikin hanji, hanji, kuma a wasu lokuta a kan [[huhu]] ko fata. A duk duniya, endometriosis yana shafar kusan kashi 10% na yawan [[Samartaka|Matasa]] masu shekaru haihuwa, wanda ke wakiltar kusan mata miliyan 200. Alamomin yawanci suna farawa a cikin ƙuruciya ko farkon 20s kuma suna inganta bayan hawan jini yayin da matakan estrogen ke sauka. 

Alamomin sun bambanta sosai tsakanin mutane. Wasu ba su da alamomi, yayin da ga wasu cuta ce mai raunana. Alamomin da aka saba da su sun haɗa da ciwo na pelvic, lokaci mai nauyi da na ciwo, ciwo tare da motsi na hanji, fitsari mai ciwo, jima'i mai ciwo. Baya ga alamun jiki, endometriosis na iya shafar lafiyar mutum da rayuwar zamantakewa. Ba a san ainihin abin da ke haifar da cutar ba. Dalilan da za su iya haifar da su sun haɗa da kwararar ruwa ta baya (baya), abubuwan da suka shafi kwayar halitta, hormones, da matsaloli tare da Tsarin rigakafi.

Duk da yake babu magani ga endometriosis, magunguna da yawa na iya inganta alamun. Wadannan sun hada da maganin hormonal, maganin zafi, da tiyata. Magunguna na farko yawanci sun kunshi maganin hormonal - kamar IUD na hormonal (coil) ko ci gaba da amfani da kwayar cutar hana haihuwa - haɗe da maganin rigakafin kumburi (NSAID) kamar naproxen. Ana iya gwada wasu maganin hormonal idan waɗannan ba su da tasiri. Yawancin mutane suna amfana daga maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi, kodayake wannan hanyar na iya rasa tasiri a tsawon lokaci. Za'a iya cire raunin (patches na endometriosis) ta hanyar tiyata a cikin mata waɗanda alamun su ba a sauƙaƙe su ta wasu jiyya ba, ko kuma lokacin da endometriosus ke da alaƙa da rashin haihuwa. Koyaya, endometriosis yawanci yakan dawo bayan tiyata.

== Ƙananan nau'o'i ==
Endometriosis yana faruwa ne lokacin da kwayar halitta mai kama da endometrium ta girma a waje da mahaifa, &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=As-Sanie |first=Sawsan |last2=Mackenzie |first2=Scott C. |last3=Morrison |first3=Leigh |last4=Schrepf |first4=Andrew |last5=Zondervan |first5=Krina T. |last6=Horne |first6=Andrew W. |last7=Missmer |first7=Stacey A. |date=2025 |title=Endometriosis |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b471a0f8-ff5a-4d13-b435-b3ea5e3c2b3c/files/s0z709017z |journal=JAMA |volume=334 |issue=1 |pages=64–78 |doi=10.1001/jama.2025.2975 |pmid=40323608 |url-access= |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt; tana samar da wuraren da ake kira cututtukan ko implants. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Endometriosis |url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/endometri/conditioninfo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219055230/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/endometri/conditioninfo |archive-date=19 December 2025 |access-date=2026-03-25 |publisher=Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya rarraba shi zuwa nau'o'i uku, ko hudu idan an haɗa endometriosis na waje: &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Horne2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |author-link=Andrew W. Horne |vauthors=Horne AW, Missmer SA |date=2022 |title=Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of endometriosis |journal=BMJ |volume=379 |doi=10.1136/bmj-2022-070750 |pmid=36375827 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

; Endometriosis na peritoneal na sama
: Ƙananan cututtukan da ke girma a kan peritoneum, membrane da ke rufe Ramin ciki kuma yana rufe farfajiyar gabobin pelvic
; Endometriosis mai zurfi
: Raunin da ke girma a cikin nama a ƙarƙashin lining na pelvis ko a cikin tsokoki na gabobin pelvic
; Endometriomas
: [[Ƙullutu|Cysts]] da ke girma a cikin ovaries
; Endometriosis na waje
: Raunin da ke waje da yankin pelvic, kamar a cikin huhu ko diaphragm

Subtypes na iya kasancewa a ware ko a hade tare da juna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=As-Sanie |first=Sawsan |last2=Mackenzie |first2=Scott C. |last3=Morrison |first3=Leigh |last4=Schrepf |first4=Andrew |last5=Zondervan |first5=Krina T. |last6=Horne |first6=Andrew W. |last7=Missmer |first7=Stacey A. |date=2025 |title=Endometriosis |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b471a0f8-ff5a-4d13-b435-b3ea5e3c2b3c/files/s0z709017z |journal=JAMA |volume=334 |issue=1 |pages=64–78 |doi=10.1001/jama.2025.2975 |pmid=40323608 |url-access= |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da raunin ya karu fiye da 5 mm a ƙarƙashin farfajiyar peritoneal, ana rarraba su azaman endometriosis mai zurfi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Van den Bosch T, Van Schoubroeck D |date=2018 |title=Ultrasound diagnosis of endometriosis and adenomyosis: State of the art |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/621035 |journal=Best Practice &amp; Research. Clinical Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology |volume=51 |pages=16–24 |doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2018.01.013 |pmid=29506961 |s2cid=3759091 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Endometriosis mai zurfi na iya shiga cikin tsokoki na gabobin kamar hanji ko hanji.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Sau da yawa yana samar da nodules, kuma ana iya danganta shi da Fibrosis da mannewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Endometriomas suna cike da tsohuwar jinin haila tsakanin sauran kayan kuma suna da launin ruwan kasa, suna haifar da sunan &quot;chocolate cysts&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Horne2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |author-link=Andrew W. Horne |vauthors=Horne AW, Missmer SA |date=2022 |title=Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of endometriosis |journal=BMJ |volume=379 |doi=10.1136/bmj-2022-070750 |pmid=36375827 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Magungunan mawaƙa</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1312162517|Musicians' Medicine]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="8642" sha1="nmcevnskxq3c6pp5as9gvx8c1ub5p3b" xml:space="preserve">'''Maganin mawaka''' yana magance matsalolin jiki da na hankali da [[Mawaƙi|mawaka]] ke fama da su ('Cututtukan mawaka').

Wani lokaci kuma ana kiransa da Maganin Kiɗa, wanda kuma ke bayyana nau'ikan hanyoyin magance kiɗa daban-daban. Fannin ilimin kimiyyar kiɗa mai alaƙa ya ƙunshi bincike kan tushen ilimin halittar jiki na yin kiɗa da kuma [[Kula da lafiya na rigakafi|rigakafin]] matsalolin lafiya na gama gari a cikin mawaƙa. Kalmar Lafiyar Mawaƙa, wacce galibi ana amfani da ita azaman ma'anar Maganin Mawaƙa, gabaɗaya tana nufin kula da lafiya da walwalar mawaƙa, da kuma matakan rigakafi, kamar motsa jiki mai kyau da dacewa, abinci mai kyau, da isasshen barci.

Binciken ya kuma haɗa da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, misali [[Tsoro a filin wasa|tsoro a matakin mataki]] .

== Bincike da Kimiyya ==
Tun daga shekarar 1832, Karl Sundelin ya buga littafinsa ''na Jagorar Likitanci ga Mawaka'' . Daga baya, a kusan ƙarshen ƙarni, Adolf Steinhausen (1859–1910) ya buga littattafai da yawa kan maganin kiɗa. Sannan, a shekarun 1920, Julius Flesch ya rubuta game da ''Berufskrankheiten des Musikers'' (Cututtukan Sana'a na Mawaka) (Cele, 1925). Masanin ilimin jijiyoyi Kurt Singer ya buga littafinsa ''Berufskrankheiten der Musiker'' (Cututtukan Sana'a na mawaka). Daga 1923, Singer ya koyar a Hochschule für Musik Hanns Eisler Berlin . An sanya wa Kurt-Singer-Institute for Music Physiology and Hochschule für Musik Hans Eisler, wanda a halin yanzu Alexander Schmidt ke jagoranta, suna bayansa. Sauran cibiyoyin likitancin mawaka sun haɗa da Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Jiki da Magungunan Mawaka a Jami'ar Kiɗa, Wasan Kwaikwayo da Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai ta Hanover, wadda Christoph Wagner ya kafa a shekarar 1974 kuma Eckart Altenmüller ya jagoranta tun 1994, da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Likitan Mawaka ta Freiburg, wadda aka kafa a 2005 kuma Claudia Spahn da Bernhard Richter suka jagoranta. A tsohuwar GDR, an yi nazarin fannin a Asibitin Kula da Lafiyar Ma'aikata na gidajen wasan kwaikwayo da ƙungiyar makaɗa a Berlin. Akwai wasu cibiyoyi da sassan Kiɗa na Ilimin Jiki da Magungunan Mawaka a Jami'o'in Kiɗa da ke Weimar, Leipzig, Dresden da Frankfurt, da kuma Asibitin Jami'ar Düsseldorf da Asibitin Rechts der Isar da ke Munich.

A shekarar 1994, an kafa ƙungiyar Jamus ta fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da kuma magungunan mawaƙa kuma aka gudanar da taruka na shekara-shekara. An kafa irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi a Switzerland, Austria, Faransa, Birtaniya, Netherlands, Amurka da New Zealand tun daga shekarun 1990.

== Matsalolin lafiya da aka saba fuskanta ==
Matsalolin da suka fi yawa suna da alaƙa da yawan damuwa ga wasu tsokoki, jijiyoyi da haɗin gwiwa, musamman hannaye da hannuwa. Daga cikin ƙwararrun mawaƙa 264,000 da ke aiki a Amurka a 2006, kashi 50-76% (dangane da kayan aikin) sun fuskanci cututtukan tsoka da suka shafi aiki. Mata sun fi shafar maza fiye da maza (70% vs 52%). Waɗannan matsalolin galibi suna faruwa ne tsakanin shekaru 20 zuwa 40. Abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari sune yawan laxity, ƙaruwar horo da lokutan gwaji kwatsam, canjin jagoran motsa jiki, rashin kyawun matsayi, amfani da kayan aikin ba daidai ba da damuwa gabaɗaya. 

Cututtukan lafiya da aka fi sani sune:

* Enthesopathy musamman na hannun da ke ƙasa
* Ciwon Tenosynovitis da Ciwon Tendonopathy
* Ciwon matsewar jijiya kamar ciwon ramin carpal ko kuma ulnar neuropathy a gwiwar hannu
* Dystonia mai ɗorewa tare da matsewar tsoka mai rauni wanda ba za a iya sarrafawa ba
* [[Osteoarthritis|Ciwon osteoarthritis]] galibi yana faruwa ne a cikin haɗin carpometacarpal ( trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis ), a cikin carpus, haɗin gwiwar yatsa ( heberden's node )
* Ciwon fitar da thoracic
* [[Tinnitus]]
* Rashin ji da hayaniya ke haifarwa
* [[Tsoro a filin wasa|Tsoro a kan mataki]]

Wasu cututtuka sun zama ruwan dare ga wasu kayan kida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 May 2016 |title=Besser spielen, schneller spielen, überspielen: Berufskrankheiten bei Musikern |url=https://www.alle-noten.de/magazin/berufskrankheiten-musiker/ |access-date=2017-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, yin amfani da goge, kayan kida na goge ko na iska sau da yawa suna haifar da canje-canje a cikin bakin, muƙamuƙi, haƙora ko fuska. 

Mawakan da ke cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa galibi suna zaune kusa da juna a cikin ramukan makaɗa kuma suna fuskantar manyan matakan sauti. Saboda matsayin ƙungiyar makaɗa, sau da yawa sauti ba ya da ƙarfi sosai kuma baya isa ga masu sauraro don haka dole ne a ƙara shi. A cikin ƙarni na ƙarshe, kiɗan ƙungiyar makaɗa ya ƙara ƙarfi. Wannan na iya haifar da asarar ji da kuma [[tinnitus]] na dindindin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=Safe and Sound - Ratgeber zur Gehörerhaltung in der Musik- und Entertainmentbranche |url=https://www.baua.de/DE/Angebote/Publikationen/Praxis/A87.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&amp;v=1 |access-date=2023-07-19 |publisher=Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-06-12 |title=Traurige Liste: Musiker mit Hörsturz, Tinnitus oder Hörverlust |url=https://www.rollingstone.de/musiker-mit-hoersturz-tinnitus-hoerverlust-1513503/ |access-date=2023-07-19 |publisher=Rolling Stone}}&lt;/ref&gt; Irin waɗannan matsalolin suna bayyana a hankali kuma sau da yawa ba a lura da su ba. Mawakan da ke fama da waɗannan yanayi dole ne su mai da hankali sosai yayin da suke kunna kayan kida, wanda ke haifar da rashin tsaro da damuwa. A wasu lokuta har ma da ƙananan matsalolin ji na iya kawo cikas ga aikinsu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (BAuA) |title=Safe and Sound – Ratgeber zur Gehörerhaltung in der Musik- und Entertainmentbranche |url=https://www.baua.de/DE/Angebote/Publikationen/Praxis/A87.html |access-date=2022-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rigakafi da magani ==
Likitan mawaka ya fi mayar da hankali kan rigakafi, wanda ke nufin ilmantar da mawaka game da matakan kariya. Waɗannan na iya zama gyare-gyaren ergonomic na kayan kida ga jikin mawaƙin, kujeru masu kyau, motsa jiki masu dacewa da ilimin jiki da na jiki, da kuma halaye masu kyau na cin abinci da isasshen barci. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, dabarun shakatawa na iya zama da amfani, misali [[Rashin shakatawa na tsoka|shakatawar tsoka mai ci gaba]] (Jacobsen), horon autogenic, tunani, Tai chi da Qigong . Bugu da ƙari, hanyoyin motsa jiki kamar Eutony, Alexander Technique, Feldenkrais Method, Dispokinesis da maganin motsa jiki suna da tasiri wajen gano da gyara mummunan yanayin jiki. Irin waɗannan matakan ba wai kawai za su iya hanawa ba, har ma da rage ko ma kawar da matsalolin da ke akwai. Wani nau'in maganin da aka saba amfani da shi shine cututtukan osteopathy .

A halin yanzu, babu maganin lalacewar ji. Mawaka da yawa ba su san haɗarin lafiya da ke tattare da zama mawaƙi ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Martina Lenzen-Schulte |date=2014-05-16 |title=Schwerhörigkeit bei Berufsmusikern : Dem Ohr ist Musik auch Lärm |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wissen/medizin-ernaehrung/schwerhoerigkeit-bei-berufsmusikern-dem-ohr-ist-musik-auch-laerm-12935166.html |access-date=2023-07-19 |publisher=Frankfurter Allgemeine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sven Kochale |date=2022-10-06 |title=Hörschäden bei Berufsmusikern - Laut wie ein Presslufthammer |url=https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/berufsmusiker-gehoer-schaeden-vorsorge-100.html |access-date=2023-07-19 |publisher=Deutschlandfunk Kultur}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar ''Dokar Tsaron Aiki ta Jamus da ta shafi Hayaniya da Girgiza'' ( [[:de:Lärm- und Vibrations-Arbeitsschutzverordnung|Lärm- und Vibrations-Arbeitsschutzverordnung]] ) ma'aikata dole ne a kare su daga hayaniya mai cutarwa. Yawancin ma'aikata ba su san yadda aikin yake da wahala ba, tunda ya haɗa da ayyuka daban-daban, kamar koyar da kiɗa ko aiki da yawa. Ga waɗannan misalan, Jamus ta kafa shirin horarwa don taimakawa wajen gano yadda mawaƙi ke shafar ta hanyar fuskantar sautuka masu ƙarfi da kuma matakan kariya da ya kamata a ɗauka. Tunda wannan fallasa na iya bambanta sosai, software ɗin da ke da alaƙa da shirin yana haifar da matsakaicin mako-mako. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Institut für Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (IFA) |title=Gehörschutz – Auswahlprogramm für Orchestermusiker |url=https://www.dguv.de/ifa/praxishilfen/praxishilfen-laerm/gehoerschutz/software-gehoerschutz-fuer-orchestermusiker/index.jsp |access-date=2022-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Maganin mawaka''' yana magance matsalolin jiki da na hankali da [[Mawaƙi|mawaka]] ke fama da su ('Cututtukan mawaka').

Wani lokaci kuma ana kiransa da Maganin Kiɗa, wanda kuma ke bayyana nau'ikan hanyoyin magance kiɗa daban-daban. Fannin ilimin kimiyyar kiɗa mai alaƙa ya ƙunshi bincike kan tushen ilimin halittar jiki na yin kiɗa da kuma [[Kula da lafiya na rigakafi|rigakafin]] matsalolin lafiya na gama gari a cikin mawaƙa. Kalmar Lafiyar Mawaƙa, wacce galibi ana amfani da ita azaman ma'anar Maganin Mawaƙa, gabaɗaya tana nufin kula da lafiya da walwalar mawaƙa, da kuma matakan rigakafi, kamar motsa jiki mai kyau da dacewa, abinci mai kyau, da isasshen barci.

Binciken ya kuma haɗa da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, misali [[Tsoro a filin wasa|tsoro a matakin mataki]] .

== Bincike da Kimiyya ==
Tun daga shekarar 1832, Karl Sundelin ya buga littafinsa ''na Jagorar Likitanci ga Mawaka'' . Daga baya, a kusan ƙarshen ƙarni, Adolf Steinhausen (1859–1910) ya buga littattafai da yawa kan maganin kiɗa. Sannan, a shekarun 1920, Julius Flesch ya rubuta game da ''Berufskrankheiten des Musikers'' (Cututtukan Sana'a na Mawaka) (Cele, 1925). Masanin ilimin jijiyoyi Kurt Singer ya buga littafinsa ''Berufskrankheiten der Musiker'' (Cututtukan Sana'a na mawaka). Daga 1923, Singer ya koyar a Hochschule für Musik Hanns Eisler Berlin . An sanya wa Kurt-Singer-Institute for Music Physiology and Hochschule für Musik Hans Eisler, wanda a halin yanzu Alexander Schmidt ke jagoranta, suna bayansa. Sauran cibiyoyin likitancin mawaka sun haɗa da Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Jiki da Magungunan Mawaka a Jami'ar Kiɗa, Wasan Kwaikwayo da Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai ta Hanover, wadda Christoph Wagner ya kafa a shekarar 1974 kuma Eckart Altenmüller ya jagoranta tun 1994, da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Likitan Mawaka ta Freiburg, wadda aka kafa a 2005 kuma Claudia Spahn da Bernhard Richter suka jagoranta. A tsohuwar GDR, an yi nazarin fannin a Asibitin Kula da Lafiyar Ma'aikata na gidajen wasan kwaikwayo da ƙungiyar makaɗa a Berlin. Akwai wasu cibiyoyi da sassan Kiɗa na Ilimin Jiki da Magungunan Mawaka a Jami'o'in Kiɗa da ke Weimar, Leipzig, Dresden da Frankfurt, da kuma Asibitin Jami'ar Düsseldorf da Asibitin Rechts der Isar da ke Munich.

A shekarar 1994, an kafa ƙungiyar Jamus ta fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da kuma magungunan mawaƙa kuma aka gudanar da taruka na shekara-shekara. An kafa irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi a Switzerland, Austria, Faransa, Birtaniya, Netherlands, Amurka da New Zealand tun daga shekarun 1990.

== Matsalolin lafiya da aka saba fuskanta ==
Matsalolin da suka fi yawa suna da alaƙa da yawan damuwa ga wasu tsokoki, jijiyoyi da haɗin gwiwa, musamman hannaye da hannuwa. Daga cikin ƙwararrun mawaƙa 264,000 da ke aiki a Amurka a 2006, kashi 50-76% (dangane da kayan aikin) sun fuskanci cututtukan tsoka da suka shafi aiki. Mata sun fi shafar maza fiye da maza (70% vs 52%). Waɗannan matsalolin galibi suna faruwa ne tsakanin shekaru 20 zuwa 40. Abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari sune yawan laxity, ƙaruwar horo da lokutan gwaji kwatsam, canjin jagoran motsa jiki, rashin kyawun matsayi, amfani da kayan aikin ba daidai ba da damuwa gabaɗaya. 

Cututtukan lafiya da aka fi sani sune:

* Enthesopathy musamman na hannun da ke ƙasa
* Ciwon Tenosynovitis da Ciwon Tendonopathy
* Ciwon matsewar jijiya kamar ciwon ramin carpal ko kuma ulnar neuropathy a gwiwar hannu
* Dystonia mai ɗorewa tare da matsewar tsoka mai rauni wanda ba za a iya sarrafawa ba
* [[Osteoarthritis|Ciwon osteoarthritis]] galibi yana faruwa ne a cikin haɗin carpometacarpal ( trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis ), a cikin carpus, haɗin gwiwar yatsa ( heberden's node )
* Ciwon fitar da thoracic
* [[Tinnitus]]
* Rashin ji da hayaniya ke haifarwa
* [[Tsoro a filin wasa|Tsoro a kan mataki]]

Wasu cututtuka sun zama ruwan dare ga wasu kayan kida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 May 2016 |title=Besser spielen, schneller spielen, überspielen: Berufskrankheiten bei Musikern |url=https://www.alle-noten.de/magazin/berufskrankheiten-musiker/ |access-date=2017-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, yin amfani da goge, kayan kida na goge ko na iska sau da yawa suna haifar da canje-canje a cikin bakin, muƙamuƙi, haƙora ko fuska. 

Mawakan da ke cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa galibi suna zaune kusa da juna a cikin ramukan makaɗa kuma suna fuskantar manyan matakan sauti. Saboda matsayin ƙungiyar makaɗa, sau da yawa sauti ba ya da ƙarfi sosai kuma baya isa ga masu sauraro don haka dole ne a ƙara shi. A cikin ƙarni na ƙarshe, kiɗan ƙungiyar makaɗa ya ƙara ƙarfi. Wannan na iya haifar da asarar ji da kuma [[tinnitus]] na dindindin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=Safe and Sound - Ratgeber zur Gehörerhaltung in der Musik- und Entertainmentbranche |url=https://www.baua.de/DE/Angebote/Publikationen/Praxis/A87.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&amp;v=1 |access-date=2023-07-19 |publisher=Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-06-12 |title=Traurige Liste: Musiker mit Hörsturz, Tinnitus oder Hörverlust |url=https://www.rollingstone.de/musiker-mit-hoersturz-tinnitus-hoerverlust-1513503/ |access-date=2023-07-19 |publisher=Rolling Stone}}&lt;/ref&gt; Irin waɗannan matsalolin suna bayyana a hankali kuma sau da yawa ba a lura da su ba. Mawakan da ke fama da waɗannan yanayi dole ne su mai da hankali sosai yayin da suke kunna kayan kida, wanda ke haifar da rashin tsaro da damuwa. A wasu lokuta har ma da ƙananan matsalolin ji na iya kawo cikas ga aikinsu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (BAuA) |title=Safe and Sound – Ratgeber zur Gehörerhaltung in der Musik- und Entertainmentbranche |url=https://www.baua.de/DE/Angebote/Publikationen/Praxis/A87.html |access-date=2022-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rigakafi da magani ==
Likitan mawaka ya fi mayar da hankali kan rigakafi, wanda ke nufin ilmantar da mawaka game da matakan kariya. Waɗannan na iya zama gyare-gyaren ergonomic na kayan kida ga jikin mawaƙin, kujeru masu kyau, motsa jiki masu dacewa da ilimin jiki da na jiki, da kuma halaye masu kyau na cin abinci da isasshen barci. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, dabarun shakatawa na iya zama da amfani, misali [[Rashin shakatawa na tsoka|shakatawar tsoka mai ci gaba]] (Jacobsen), horon autogenic, tunani, Tai chi da Qigong . Bugu da ƙari, hanyoyin motsa jiki kamar Eutony, Alexander Technique, Feldenkrais Method, Dispokinesis da maganin motsa jiki suna da tasiri wajen gano da gyara mummunan yanayin jiki. Irin waɗannan matakan ba wai kawai za su iya hanawa ba, har ma da rage ko ma kawar da matsalolin da ke akwai. Wani nau'in maganin da aka saba amfani da shi shine cututtukan osteopathy .

A halin yanzu, babu maganin lalacewar ji. Mawaka da yawa ba su san haɗarin lafiya da ke tattare da zama mawaƙi ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Martina Lenzen-Schulte |date=2014-05-16 |title=Schwerhörigkeit bei Berufsmusikern : Dem Ohr ist Musik auch Lärm |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wissen/medizin-ernaehrung/schwerhoerigkeit-bei-berufsmusikern-dem-ohr-ist-musik-auch-laerm-12935166.html |access-date=2023-07-19 |publisher=Frankfurter Allgemeine}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sven Kochale |date=2022-10-06 |title=Hörschäden bei Berufsmusikern - Laut wie ein Presslufthammer |url=https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/berufsmusiker-gehoer-schaeden-vorsorge-100.html |access-date=2023-07-19 |publisher=Deutschlandfunk Kultur}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar ''Dokar Tsaron Aiki ta Jamus da ta shafi Hayaniya da Girgiza'' ( [[:de:Lärm- und Vibrations-Arbeitsschutzverordnung|Lärm- und Vibrations-Arbeitsschutzverordnung]] ) ma'aikata dole ne a kare su daga hayaniya mai cutarwa. Yawancin ma'aikata ba su san yadda aikin yake da wahala ba, tunda ya haɗa da ayyuka daban-daban, kamar koyar da kiɗa ko aiki da yawa. Ga waɗannan misalan, Jamus ta kafa shirin horarwa don taimakawa wajen gano yadda mawaƙi ke shafar ta hanyar fuskantar sautuka masu ƙarfi da kuma matakan kariya da ya kamata a ɗauka. Tunda wannan fallasa na iya bambanta sosai, software ɗin da ke da alaƙa da shirin yana haifar da matsakaicin mako-mako. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Institut für Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (IFA) |title=Gehörschutz – Auswahlprogramm für Orchestermusiker |url=https://www.dguv.de/ifa/praxishilfen/praxishilfen-laerm/gehoerschutz/software-gehoerschutz-fuer-orchestermusiker/index.jsp |access-date=2022-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Goby na ruwa</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354658757|Pelagic goby]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Goby na pelagic''' ( '''''Sufflogobius bibarbatus''''' ), wanda aka fi sani da '''goby mai gemu''', nau'in goby ne na gaske daga dangin Gobiidae, wanda ya fito daga kudu maso gabashin [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] . A halin yanzu shi ne kaɗai memba da aka sani na nau'insa . 

== Bayani ==
Tsawonsa ya kai {{Convert|17|cm|in}} . Yana da kashin baya guda 7 da kuma haskoki masu laushi na baya guda 12-13. Yana da kashin baya guda ɗaya da haskoki masu laushi na dubura guda 12-13. Fika-fikansa suna da launin duhu zuwa baƙi. 

Wannan goby yana da zurfin ƙasa, yana zaune a zurfin {{Convert|0|-|340|m}} a cikin ruwan da ke ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi wanda ya kama daga {{Convert|11|-|15|C|F}} a cikin ruwan gabar tekun [[Namibiya|Namibia]] da [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . 

Ana samun goby mai gemu a bakin teku amma kuma ana samunsa a cikin tafkunan bakin teku. Yara ƙanana suna da ciwon farfadiya, yayin da manya ke ƙaura zuwa cikin ruwa mai zurfi, kuma manyan manya ana samunsa ne kawai daga trawls na demersal. 

Gobies na iya zama a ƙasan teku na tsawon akalla awanni 10 zuwa 12 a lokaci guda a cikin yankin da ba shi da iskar oxygen mai ɗauke da &quot;lalata mai guba&quot; mai wadataccen sinadarin hydrogen sulfide H2 S inda babu wani abu da ke rayuwa sai [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]] da ƙwayoyin cuta . Idan suka zauna a ƙasa, suna ci gaba da kasancewa a faɗake, suna nuna martanin tserewa cikin sauri. Suna amfani da laka mai guba a matsayin mafaka. Yawan jama'arsu yana ƙaruwa duk da cewa yanzu su ne manyan nau'in farauta a cikin wannan yanayin halitta mai ban mamaki. &lt;ref name=&quot;disco&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title='Prey Fish Turns Predator' on ''discovery.com'' |url=http://news.discovery.com/animals/prey-fish-turns-predator.html |website=Discovery News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciyarwa ==
A shekarar 2010 an lura yana cin wani nau'in kifin jellyfish wanda aka fahimci shine babban mai farautarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;disco&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title='Prey Fish Turns Predator' on ''discovery.com'' |url=http://news.discovery.com/animals/prey-fish-turns-predator.html |website=Discovery News}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Utne-Palm |first=A. C. |last2=Salvanes |first2=A. G. V. |last3=Currie |first3=B. |last4=Kaartvedt |first4=S. |last5=Nilsson |first5=G. E. |last6=Braithwaite |first6=V. A. |last7=Stecyk |first7=J. A. W. |last8=Hundt |first8=M. |last9=Van Der Bank |first9=M. |last10=Flynn |first10=B. |last11=Sandvik |first11=G. K. |last12=Klevjer |first12=T. A. |last13=Sweetman |first13=A. K. |last14=Brüchert |first14=V. |last15=Pittman |first15=K. |year=2010 |title=Trophic Structure and Community Stability in an Overfished Ecosystem |journal=Science |volume=329 |issue=5989 |pages=333–336 |doi=10.1126/science.1190708 |pmid=20647468 |s2cid=23234326}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jellies yana samar da har zuwa kashi 1/3 na abincin kifin. Yana ɓuya daga mackerel a cikin tentacles ɗin da jellies ke rufewa lokacin da ya tashi daga ƙasan teku don ciyar da dare. &lt;ref name=&quot;sciam&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Biello |first=David |date=July 15, 2010 |title=Scourge of the Jellies: Small Fish Shows How Ecosystems Adjust to Potentially Catastrophic Changes |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=bearded-goby-fish-eats-jellyfish-and-survives-without-oxygen |access-date=December 7, 2010 |website=[[Scientific American]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mafarauta ==
Kifi, [[Fenjin|penguins]], Cape cormorants, crested terns da fur seals da jellies suna cin wannan kifi. 

Wannan goby yana ɓuya daga mafarauta a cikin jelly tentacles lokacin da ya tashi don ciyar da jininsa da sake samar da iskar oxygen.

Duk da cewa an yi masa hari ne ta hanyar amfani da jakar leda, ana iya kama shi ba zato ba tsammani a cikin trawls .

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Goby na pelagic''' ( '''''Sufflogobius bibarbatus''''' ), wanda aka fi sani da '''goby mai gemu''', nau'in goby ne na gaske daga dangin Gobiidae, wanda ya fito daga kudu maso gabashin [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] . A halin yanzu shi ne kaɗai memba da aka sani na nau'insa . 

== Bayani ==
Tsawonsa ya kai {{Convert|17|cm|in}} . Yana da kashin baya guda 7 da kuma haskoki masu laushi na baya guda 12-13. Yana da kashin baya guda ɗaya da haskoki masu laushi na dubura guda 12-13. Fika-fikansa suna da launin duhu zuwa baƙi. 

Wannan goby yana da zurfin ƙasa, yana zaune a zurfin {{Convert|0|-|340|m}} a cikin ruwan da ke ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi wanda ya kama daga {{Convert|11|-|15|C|F}} a cikin ruwan gabar tekun [[Namibiya|Namibia]] da [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . 

Ana samun goby mai gemu a bakin teku amma kuma ana samunsa a cikin tafkunan bakin teku. Yara ƙanana suna da ciwon farfadiya, yayin da manya ke ƙaura zuwa cikin ruwa mai zurfi, kuma manyan manya ana samunsa ne kawai daga trawls na demersal. 

Gobies na iya zama a ƙasan teku na tsawon akalla awanni 10 zuwa 12 a lokaci guda a cikin yankin da ba shi da iskar oxygen mai ɗauke da &quot;lalata mai guba&quot; mai wadataccen sinadarin hydrogen sulfide H2 S inda babu wani abu da ke rayuwa sai [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]] da ƙwayoyin cuta . Idan suka zauna a ƙasa, suna ci gaba da kasancewa a faɗake, suna nuna martanin tserewa cikin sauri. Suna amfani da laka mai guba a matsayin mafaka. Yawan jama'arsu yana ƙaruwa duk da cewa yanzu su ne manyan nau'in farauta a cikin wannan yanayin halitta mai ban mamaki. &lt;ref name=&quot;disco&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title='Prey Fish Turns Predator' on ''discovery.com'' |url=http://news.discovery.com/animals/prey-fish-turns-predator.html |website=Discovery News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciyarwa ==
A shekarar 2010 an lura yana cin wani nau'in kifin jellyfish wanda aka fahimci shine babban mai farautarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;disco&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title='Prey Fish Turns Predator' on ''discovery.com'' |url=http://news.discovery.com/animals/prey-fish-turns-predator.html |website=Discovery News}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Utne-Palm |first=A. C. |last2=Salvanes |first2=A. G. V. |last3=Currie |first3=B. |last4=Kaartvedt |first4=S. |last5=Nilsson |first5=G. E. |last6=Braithwaite |first6=V. A. |last7=Stecyk |first7=J. A. W. |last8=Hundt |first8=M. |last9=Van Der Bank |first9=M. |last10=Flynn |first10=B. |last11=Sandvik |first11=G. K. |last12=Klevjer |first12=T. A. |last13=Sweetman |first13=A. K. |last14=Brüchert |first14=V. |last15=Pittman |first15=K. |year=2010 |title=Trophic Structure and Community Stability in an Overfished Ecosystem |journal=Science |volume=329 |issue=5989 |pages=333–336 |doi=10.1126/science.1190708 |pmid=20647468 |s2cid=23234326}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jellies yana samar da har zuwa kashi 1/3 na abincin kifin. Yana ɓuya daga mackerel a cikin tentacles ɗin da jellies ke rufewa lokacin da ya tashi daga ƙasan teku don ciyar da dare. &lt;ref name=&quot;sciam&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Biello |first=David |date=July 15, 2010 |title=Scourge of the Jellies: Small Fish Shows How Ecosystems Adjust to Potentially Catastrophic Changes |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=bearded-goby-fish-eats-jellyfish-and-survives-without-oxygen |access-date=December 7, 2010 |website=[[Scientific American]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mafarauta ==
Kifi, [[Fenjin|penguins]], Cape cormorants, crested terns da fur seals da jellies suna cin wannan kifi. 

Wannan goby yana ɓuya daga mafarauta a cikin jelly tentacles lokacin da ya tashi don ciyar da jininsa da sake samar da iskar oxygen.

Duk da cewa an yi masa hari ne ta hanyar amfani da jakar leda, ana iya kama shi ba zato ba tsammani a cikin trawls .

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pachymetopon aeneum</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355168083|Pachymetopon aeneum]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Pachymetopon aeneum''''', '''blue hottentot''', nau'in kifi ne na teku da aka yi da hasken rana wanda ke cikin iyalin Sparidae wanda ya haɗa da teku da kuma porgies. Yana da yawa a gabar tekun kudu da gabas na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . 

== Rarrabawa ==
An san shi ne kawai daga [[False Bay]] zuwa [[Kogin Sodwana|Sodwana Bay]] .  Zurfin yawanci yana daga mita 20 zuwa 50. Ƙasa mai zafi, daga 28°S zuwa 34°S. 

== Bayani ==
Kifi mai launin azurfa mai launin shuɗi, mai launin shuɗi mai duhu, kuma kai ya fi guntu fiye da zurfin jiki. Shuɗin shuɗi yana shuɗewa bayan mutuwa. Akwai zurfin 2.2 zuwa 2.5 zuwa tsayin da aka saba, kuma fin ɗin pectoral sun fi tsayi fiye da kai. Tsarin hancin yana ɗan karkace a cikin maza manya, kuma akwai kumburi na musamman tsakanin idanu. Layin gefe yana bin lanƙwasa na baya cikin santsi.  Kifin yana da ƙaramin baki mai layuka biyar na incisors a kowane muƙamuƙi, kuma babu hammata.  Fin ɗin dorsal yana da laushi, yana da kashin baya 10 zuwa 11 da hammata 11 zuwa 13. Fin ɗin dubura yana da siffa a tushe kuma yana da kashin baya 3 da hammata 10. 

== Mazauni ==
Shudin hottentot yana zaune a kan duwatsu masu tsayi har zuwa zurfin 75&amp;nbsp;m. Kifin yana cin ƙananan halittu masu ƙashi a cikin reef kamar ascidians, polychaetes, hydroids, octocorals, soso da gastropods. 

== Zagayen rayuwa ==
Demersal, yana haihuwa daga Satumba zuwa Maris.  Suna girma a matsayin mata suna kimanin shekaru 25&amp;nbsp;cm kuma ya canza zuwa namiji a girman da ya fi girma, zai iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 12, kuma zai iya kaiwa shekaru 60&amp;nbsp;cm da 5&amp;nbsp;kg.  

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''''Pachymetopon aeneum''''', '''blue hottentot''', nau'in kifi ne na teku da aka yi da hasken rana wanda ke cikin iyalin Sparidae wanda ya haɗa da teku da kuma porgies. Yana da yawa a gabar tekun kudu da gabas na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . 

== Rarrabawa ==
An san shi ne kawai daga [[False Bay]] zuwa [[Kogin Sodwana|Sodwana Bay]] .  Zurfin yawanci yana daga mita 20 zuwa 50. Ƙasa mai zafi, daga 28°S zuwa 34°S. 

== Bayani ==
Kifi mai launin azurfa mai launin shuɗi, mai launin shuɗi mai duhu, kuma kai ya fi guntu fiye da zurfin jiki. Shuɗin shuɗi yana shuɗewa bayan mutuwa. Akwai zurfin 2.2 zuwa 2.5 zuwa tsayin da aka saba, kuma fin ɗin pectoral sun fi tsayi fiye da kai. Tsarin hancin yana ɗan karkace a cikin maza manya, kuma akwai kumburi na musamman tsakanin idanu. Layin gefe yana bin lanƙwasa na baya cikin santsi.  Kifin yana da ƙaramin baki mai layuka biyar na incisors a kowane muƙamuƙi, kuma babu hammata.  Fin ɗin dorsal yana da laushi, yana da kashin baya 10 zuwa 11 da hammata 11 zuwa 13. Fin ɗin dubura yana da siffa a tushe kuma yana da kashin baya 3 da hammata 10. 

== Mazauni ==
Shudin hottentot yana zaune a kan duwatsu masu tsayi har zuwa zurfin 75&amp;nbsp;m. Kifin yana cin ƙananan halittu masu ƙashi a cikin reef kamar ascidians, polychaetes, hydroids, octocorals, soso da gastropods. 

== Zagayen rayuwa ==
Demersal, yana haihuwa daga Satumba zuwa Maris.  Suna girma a matsayin mata suna kimanin shekaru 25&amp;nbsp;cm kuma ya canza zuwa namiji a girman da ya fi girma, zai iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 12, kuma zai iya kaiwa shekaru 60&amp;nbsp;cm da 5&amp;nbsp;kg.  

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    <title>Leaden labeo</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1315516587|Leaden labeo]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Leaden labeo''' ( '''''Labeo molybdinus''''' ) kifi ne mai ruwa-ruwa na Afirka a cikin dangin Cyprinidae . Ana samunsa a kudancin Afirka daga [[Kogin Limpopo]], [[Kogin Komati|Kogin Incomati]], [[Kogin Maputo|Kogin Usutu]], [[Kogin Tugela]], da tsarin [[Kogin Zambezi]] . 

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'''Leaden labeo''' ( '''''Labeo molybdinus''''' ) kifi ne mai ruwa-ruwa na Afirka a cikin dangin Cyprinidae . Ana samunsa a kudancin Afirka daga [[Kogin Limpopo]], [[Kogin Komati|Kogin Incomati]], [[Kogin Maputo|Kogin Usutu]], [[Kogin Tugela]], da tsarin [[Kogin Zambezi]] . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Oreamnos</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345022153|Oreamnos]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Automatic taxobox}}

'''''Oreamnos''''' wani nau'i ne na dangin dabbobi aArewacin Amurka. Goats na dutse (''Oreamnos americanus'') shine kawai  da ke rayuwa. Har zuwa ƙarshen Pleistocene, an rarraba wani nau'in, ''Oreamnos harringtoni'', zuwa kudancin sabon nau'in.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345022153|Oreamnos]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Automatic taxobox}}

'''''Oreamnos''''' wani nau'i ne na dangin dabbobi a Arewacin Amurka. Goats na dutse (''Oreamnos americanus'') shine kawai  da ke rayuwa. Har zuwa ƙarshen Pleistocene, an rarraba wani nau'in, ''Oreamnos harringtoni'', zuwa kudancin sabon nau'in.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345022153|Oreamnos]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Automatic taxobox|image=Mountain Goat USFWS.jpg|taxon=Oreamnos|authority=[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz|Rafinesque]], 1817|subdivision=* ''[[Mountain goat|O. americanus]]'' – mountain goat
* †''[[Harrington's mountain goat|O. harringtoni]]'' – Harrington's mountain goat}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Taxobox/core/styles.css&quot; /&gt;'''Oreamnos''' wani rukuni ne na dabbobin dangin awaki na Arewacin Amurka (North America).  Akuyar dutse (Oreamnos americanus) ita ce kaɗai nau'in da ke raye a yau.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14200810&lt;/ref&gt;  A  ƙarshen zamanin Pleistocene, akwai wani nau'i dabam mai suna Oreamnos harringtoni wanda yake rayuwa a yankunan da ke kudu da inda akuyar dutsen ta zamani take rayuwa a yanzu. Amma wannan nau'in ya ɓace, ya mutu gaba ɗaya..&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rarrabawar Kasashen Duniya na Aiki, Naƙasasshi da Lafiya</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341476136|International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya]] (ICF) ta sami amincewa daga dukkan ƙasashe 191 na ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) a ranar 22 ga Mayu, 2001, a lokacin [[Majalisar Lafiya ta Duniya|taron lafiya na duniya]] na 54. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO_ICF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 July 2016 |title=International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) |url=https://www.who.int/classifications/icf/en/ |website=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amincewarta ta biyo bayan shekaru tara na ƙoƙarin sake duba lafiyar duniya wanda WHO ta tsara. &lt;ref name=&quot;CDC_ICF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 January 2008 |title=International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/otheract/icd9/icfhome.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510090103/http://www.cdc.gov/NCHS/about/otheract/icd9/icfhome.htm |archive-date=10 May 2009 |website=National Center for Health Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ƙirƙiri rarrabuwar farko ta WHO game da illolin cututtuka, ''wato Rarraba Nakasassu, Nakasassu, da Nakasassu ta Duniya'' (ICIDH), a shekarar 1980. &lt;ref name=&quot;CDC_ICF&quot; /&gt;

Rarraba ICF ta cika Tsarin Rarraba Cututtuka na Duniya na WHO -10th Revision (ICD), wanda ya ƙunshi bayanai kan ganewar asali da yanayin lafiya, amma ba kan yanayin aiki ba. ICD da ICF sune manyan rarrabuwa a cikin Iyalin Rarraba Cututtuka na Duniya na WHO (WHO-FIC).  {{Rp|3–4}}

== Bayani ==
An tsara ICF bisa ga waɗannan manyan sassa:

* Ayyukan jiki da tsarinsa
* Ayyuka (da suka shafi ayyuka da ayyukan mutum) da kuma shiga (shiga cikin yanayin rayuwa)
* Ƙarin bayani kan tsanani da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli

Ana kallon aiki da nakasa a matsayin wata mu'amala mai rikitarwa tsakanin yanayin lafiyar mutum da abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli da kuma abubuwan da ke cikinsa. Hoton da wannan haɗin abubuwan da ke cikinsa da girma ya samar yana nufin &quot;mutumin da ke cikin duniyarsa&quot;. Rarraba waɗannan girma yana ɗaukar su a matsayin masu hulɗa da masu motsi maimakon layi ko tsayayye. Yana ba da damar kimanta matakin nakasa, kodayake ba kayan aiki bane na aunawa. Yana aiki ga dukkan mutane, komai yanayin lafiyarsu. Harshen ICF ba shi da tsaka tsaki dangane da asalin cutar, yana mai da hankali kan aiki maimakon yanayi ko cuta. Hakanan an tsara shi da kyau don ya dace da al'adu da ƙungiyoyin shekaru da jinsi daban-daban, wanda hakan ya sa ya dace sosai ga al'ummomi daban-daban.

=== Matsaloli ===
ICF tana gano nau'ikan matsaloli daban-daban da ka iya tasowa , gami da, amma ba'a iyakance ga:

* Lalacewar Ayyukan [[Jikin mutum|Jiki]]
** Ayyukan Hankali
** Ayyukan Jin Daɗi da Ciwo
** Ayyukan Murya da Jawabi
** Ayyukan Tsarin Zuciya da Jijiyoyin Jini, Jini, Jijiyoyin Jiki da na Numfashi
** Ayyukan Tsarin narkewar abinci, Tsarin rayuwa da Tsarin endocrine
** Ayyukan Haihuwa da Ayyukan Haihuwa
** Ayyukan da suka shafi [[Tsarin tsokoki da ƙashi na mutum|Neuromusculoskeletal]] da Motsi
** Ayyukan [[Fata]] da Tsarin da Ya Shafi Su
* Lalacewar Tsarin Jiki
** Tsarin Tsarin Jijiyoyi
** Ido, Kunnuwa da Sifofi Masu Alaƙa
** Tsarin da ke cikin murya da magana
** Tsarin Tsarin Zuciya da Jijiyoyin Jiki, Jijiyoyin Jiki da na Numfashi
** Tsarin da ya shafi tsarin narkewar abinci, metabolism da tsarin endocrine
** Tsarin da ya shafi Motsi
** Fatar jiki da Sifofi Masu Alaƙa

Haka kuma, akwai ƙananan rukunoni da yawa ga waɗannan nakasassu, kamar Ayyukan [[Emotion|motsin rai]] su ne ƙaramin aikin ayyukan kwakwalwa, ko Kula da nauyi su ne ƙaramin aikin Ayyukan Tsarin Narkewar Abinci. Ana auna waɗannan ƙananan rukunoni ko dai ta hanyar girman nakasassu a matakin 0-4 ko kuma kamar Ba a ƙayyade ba ko kuma Ba a Aiwatar da su ba (kamar [[Jinin Haida|Haila]] sau da yawa ba ta shafi Namiji ba.) An ƙididdige matakin nakasassu kamar haka: 

Domin fayyace gaskiya, ICF ta ƙara bayyana ''ayyukan jiki'' a matsayin na jiki da [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|na tunani]], ma'ana cewa nakasa da ke haifar da damuwa ga mutum ɗaya bazai zama nakasa ga wani mutum wanda ba ya fuskantar wata mummunar illa ta hankali daga gare ta ba. 

=== Iyakokin Ayyuka da Takaita Shiga ===
''Shiga ciki'' shine shiga cikin yanayin rayuwa, ma'ana cewa ''takaita shiga ciki'' zai zama kowace matsala da mutum ke fuskanta a cikin yanayin rayuwa. Haka nan, ''aiki'' shine aiwatar da aiki ko aiki daga mutum, ma'ana cewa ''iyakance aiki'' zai zama duk wani abu da zai sa aiwatar da irin waɗannan ayyuka ya fi wahala. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan fannoni na aiki da shiga ciki sune kamar haka: 

* Koyo da Amfani da Ilimi
* Ayyuka da Bukatu na Gabaɗaya
* Sadarwa
* Motsi
* Kula da kai
* Rayuwar Gida
* Hulɗar Mutane da Alaƙa
* Manyan Yankunan Rayuwa
* Al'umma, Zamantakewa da Rayuwar Al'umma

An ƙididdige waɗannan da maki biyu na ''Ƙimar Aiki'' da ''Ƙarfin Aiki (ba tare da taimako ba). Ƙimar Ayyuka'' a ma'auni ɗaya da nakasa. 

=== Abubuwan da suka shafi Muhalli ===
A ƙarshe, ana la'akari da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli dangane da yuwuwar sauƙaƙe nakasa da kuma duk wani shinge da nakasa za ta iya fuskanta, 

* Kayayyaki da Fasaha
* Muhalli na Halitta da ɗan adam sun kawo sauye-sauye ga muhalli
* Tallafi da Hulɗa
* Halaye
* Ayyuka, Tsarin da Manufofi

Misali, wata [[Damuwa na zamantakewa|matsala mai tsanani ta damuwa ta zamantakewa]] ko kuma [[Hauka|schizophrenia]] na iya zama cikas ga neman tallafi ko ayyuka, haka kuma wataƙila fasaha da alaƙar mutum da shi wajen amfani da hanyoyin [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|sadarwa]] masu cutarwa za su iya taimakawa. Waɗannan an ƙayyade su a matakin daga 0-4 kamar haka, 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Shingaye da Masu Gudanarwa Masu Cancanta
! Mai cancanta
! Bayanin Shamaki
! Bayanin Mai Gudanarwa
|-
| 0
| Babu shingaye
| Babu mai taimakawa
|-
| 1
| Shimfidu masu sauƙi
| Mai sauƙin gyarawa
|-
| 2
| Shinge-shingaye masu matsakaici
| Mai gudanarwa matsakaici
|-
| 3
| Shimfidu masu tsanani
| Mai taimako mai tsanani
|-
| 4
| Cikakkun shingayen
| Cikakken mai gudanarwa
|}
''Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli'' sune dukkan yanayin jiki, zamantakewa da kuma yanayin da mutane ke rayuwa da kuma gudanar da rayuwarsu, gami da waɗanda suka shafi mutum ɗaya. Ta wannan hanyar, wasu nakasa na iya wanzuwa ta hanyar abubuwan zamantakewa kawai, waɗanda suka zama abin da ke sauƙaƙa wa nakasa, da kuma toshe wasu abubuwan muhalli. Abin lura ne mai ban sha'awa cewa ana iya ɗaukar ƙungiyar asiri a matsayin wani nau'in ƙungiyar nakasa wanda ba shi da ƙarfi a cikin muhallinsa. 

== fa'idodi ==
Akwai fa'idodin amfani da ICF ga majiyyaci da kuma ƙwararren likita. Babban fa'ida ga majiyyaci shine haɗakar ɓangarorin jiki, tunani, da zamantakewa na yanayin lafiyarsa. Duk fannoni na rayuwar mutum (ci gaba, shiga da muhalli) an haɗa su cikin ICF maimakon kawai mai da hankali kan ganewar asali. Ganewar asali ba ta bayyana komai game da iyawar aiki ba. Ganewar asali tana da mahimmanci don bayyana dalili da hasashen, amma gano iyakokin aiki galibi shine bayanin da ake amfani da shi don tsara da aiwatar da hanyoyin magancewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lollar&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lollar |first=Donald J. |last2=Simeonsson |first2=Rune J. |date=August 2005 |title=Diagnosis to function: classification for children and youths |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1234806 |url-status=live |journal=Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=323–330 |doi=10.1097/00004703-200508000-00012 |pmid=16100508 |s2cid=37136446 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025210249/https://zenodo.org/records/1234806 |archive-date=Oct 25, 2023 |via=Zenodo}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da zarar ƙungiyar gyara ta san ayyukan yau da kullun da ake buƙatar abokin ciniki ya shiga, ana iya amfani da jerin hanyoyin magance matsaloli da ICF ta tsara. Misali, mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali na sana'a zai lura da majiyyaci yana gudanar da ayyukansa na yau da kullun kuma ya lura da iyawar aikin majiyyaci. Sannan za a yi amfani da wannan bayanin don tantance yadda za a iya inganta iyawar mutum ta hanyar magani da kuma yadda za a iya canza yanayin don sauƙaƙe aikin mutum. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bornman&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bornman |first=J. |date=4 February 2004 |title=The World Health Organization's terminology and classification: application to severe disability |journal=Disability and Rehabilitation |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=182–188 |doi=10.1080/09595230020029365 |pmid=14754630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shiga tsakani a mataki ɗaya (ƙwarewa na yanzu) yana da yuwuwar hana ko gyara abubuwan da suka faru a matakin da ke tafe (halartar). Misali, koyar da yara kurma alamun hannu zai haɓaka hulɗa mai inganci da kuma ƙara yawan shiga tare da iyalansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bornman&quot; /&gt;

Masu ilimin gyaran hali za su sami ƙarfin gwiwa tare da ICF ba kawai a cikin ayyukansu na yau da kullun tare da marasa lafiyarsu ba, har ma lokacin da suke aiki tare da wasu fannoni na likitanci; asibitoci da sauran hukumomin kula da lafiya; hukumomin lafiya da masu tsara manufofi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stucki |first=G. |last2=Ewert |first2=T. |last3=Cieza |first3=A. |date=20 November 2002 |title=Value and application of the ICF in rehabilitation medicine |journal=Disability and Rehabilitation |volume=24 |issue=17 |pages=932–938 |doi=10.1080/09638280210148594 |pmid=12523361 |s2cid=19946846}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk abubuwan an bayyana su ta hanyar aiki tare da bayyanannun bayanai waɗanda za a iya amfani da su ga kimantawa na rayuwa ta ainihi cikin sauƙi da haske. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Üstün |first=T. B. |last2=Chatterji |first2=S. |last3=Bickenbach |first3=J. |last4=Kostanjsek |first4=N. |last5=Schneider |first5=M. |date=3 June 2003 |title=The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: A new tool for understanding disability and health |journal=Disability and Rehabilitation |volume=25 |issue=11–12 |pages=565–571 |doi=10.1080/0963828031000137063 |pmid=12959329 |s2cid=29134879}}&lt;/ref&gt; Harshen da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ICF yana taimakawa wajen sauƙaƙe sadarwa tsakanin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin mutane.

== Muhimmancin asibiti ==
Sanin yadda cuta ke shafar aikin mutum yana ba da damar tsara ayyuka, magani, da kuma gyara ga mutanen da ke da nakasa ta dogon lokaci ko kuma cututtuka na yau da kullun. ICF na yanzu yana ƙirƙirar fahimtar lafiya mai haɗaka wanda ke samar da cikakken bayanin mutum maimakon mai da hankali kan cutar, rashin lafiya, ko nakasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hemmingsson |first=Helena |last2=Jonsson |first2=Hans |date=September 2005 |title=An occupational perspective on the concept of participation in the international classification of functioning, disability and health – some critical remarks |journal=The American Journal of Occupational Therapy |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=569–576 |doi=10.5014/ajot.59.5.569 |pmid=16268024 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abubuwan da ke tattare da amfani da ICF sun haɗa da ƙarfafa ƙarfin mutane, taimaka wa mutane su shiga cikin al'umma sosai ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin da aka yi niyya don haɓaka iyawarsu, da kuma la'akari da abubuwan da ke haifar da muhalli da na mutum waɗanda za su iya kawo cikas ga shiga cikin su. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bornman&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bornman |first=J. |date=4 February 2004 |title=The World Health Organization's terminology and classification: application to severe disability |journal=Disability and Rehabilitation |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=182–188 |doi=10.1080/09595230020029365 |pmid=14754630}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBornman2004&quot;&gt;Bornman, J. (4 February 2004). &quot;The World Health Organization's terminology and classification: application to severe disability&quot;. ''Disability and Rehabilitation''. '''26''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;182–&lt;/span&gt;188. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/09595230020029365|10.1080/09595230020029365]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14754630 14754630].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Masu Cancanta: Masu Cancanta na ICF &quot;za a iya fassara su a asibiti a matsayin matakan aiki da ake gani a cikin yanayin asibiti ko na yau da kullun&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Reed |first=Geoffrey M. |last2=Lux |first2=Jayne B. |last3=Bufka |first3=Lynn F. |last4=Trask |first4=Christine |last5=Peterson |first5=David B. |last6=Stark |first6=Susan |last7=Threats |first7=Travis T. |last8=Jacobson |first8=John W. |last9=Hawley |first9=Judy A. |date=May 2005 |title=Operationalizing the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health in Clinical Settings |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/39734204/Reed_Article_48__Reed_et_al_Rehab_Psych_2005.pdf |journal=Rehabilitation Psychology |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=122–131 |doi=10.1037/0090-5550.50.2.122 |quote=The Capacity and Performance qualifiers as outlined in the ICF Activities and Participation section may be best translated clinically as the levels of functioning seen in a standardized or clinic setting (Capacity) and in everyday environments (Performance).}}{{Dead link|date=July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu Cancanta suna tallafawa daidaito da fahimtar aiki a cikin kimantawa da yawa. Suna ba wa duk membobin ƙungiyar damar auna girman matsalolin, har ma a fannoni na aiki inda mutum ba ƙwararre ba ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rauch&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rauch |first=A. |last2=Cieza |first2=A. |last3=Stucki |first3=G. |date=September 2008 |title=How to apply the International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (ICF) for rehabilitation management in clinical practice |url=http://www.minervamedica.it/en/journals/europa-medicophysica/article.php?cod=R33Y2008N03A0329 |journal=European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=329–342 |pmid=18762742}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba tare da masu cancanta ba, lambobin cancanta ba su da ma'ana ta asali. An ƙayyade nakasa, ƙuntatawa ko ƙuntatawa daga 0 (Babu matsala; 0-4%), 1 (Matsala mai sauƙi: 5-24%), 2 (Matsala matsakaici: 25-49%), 3 (Matsala mai tsanani: 50-95%) zuwa 4 (Cikakken matsala: 96-100%). Ana ƙididdige abubuwan muhalli da sikelin mara kyau da mai kyau wanda ke nuna girman yadda muhalli ke aiki a matsayin shinge ko mai gudanarwa.  Don dalilan inshora, masu cancantar za su iya bayyana ingancin magani. Mutum zai iya fassara raguwar maki na cancanta a matsayin ƙaruwa a cikin ikon aiki na majiyyaci.

== Amfani da yara ==
Yayin da likitoci da masu bincike ke amfani da ICF, sun fahimci iyakokinsa. ICF ba ta da ikon rarraba halayen aiki na yaro mai tasowa. Ana buƙatar lambobin ICF daban-daban a cikin shekarun farko na rayuwar yaro don gano girma da ci gaban nakasa koda lokacin da ganewar yaron bai canza ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Simeonsson |first=R. J. |last2=Scarborough |first2=A. A. |last3=Hebbeler |first3=K. M. |date=April 2006 |title=ICF and ICD codes provide a standard language of disability in young children |journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=365–373 |doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2005.09.009 |pmid=16549258}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin lambar na iya samar da muhimman bayanai game da tsananin yanayin lafiya dangane da tasirinsa ga aiki. Wannan na iya zama muhimmiyar rawa ga masu ba da kulawa ga yara masu fama da cututtukan bakan gizo kamar autism ko cerebral palsy. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ogonowski |first=J. |last2=Kronk |first2=R. |last3=Rice |first3=C. |last4=Feldman |first4=H. |date=18 March 2004 |title=Inter-rater reliability in assigning ICF codes to children with disabilities |journal=Disability and Rehabilitation |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=353–361 |doi=10.1080/09638280410001658658 |pmid=15204487 |s2cid=36534370}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yara masu waɗannan yanayin na iya samun irin wannan ganewar, amma iyawarsu da matakan aikinsu sun bambanta sosai a cikin mutane da kuma a cikin lokaci.

An kammala daftarin farko na ''Rarraba Aiki, Nakasa, da Lafiya ga Yara da Matasa'' (ICF-CY) a shekara ta 2003 kuma an buga shi a shekara ta 2007. An haɓaka ICF-CY don ya yi daidai da tsarin ICF ga manya. Babban bambanci tsakanin ICF-CY da ICF shine cewa cancantar gabaɗaya daga ICF na manya yanzu sun haɗa da ɓangarorin ci gaba ga yara da matasa a cikin ICF-CY. An sake duba kuma an faɗaɗa bayanin lambobin a cikin ICF-CY kuma an ƙara sabon abun ciki zuwa lambobin da ba a yi amfani da su ba a baya. An ƙara lambobin zuwa halayen takardu kamar daidaitawa, amsawa, hasashen abubuwa, juriya, da kusanci. An faɗaɗa lambobin &quot;jin&quot; da &quot;binciken abubuwa&quot; da kuma &quot;muhimmancin koyo&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lollar&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lollar |first=Donald J. |last2=Simeonsson |first2=Rune J. |date=August 2005 |title=Diagnosis to function: classification for children and youths |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1234806 |url-status=live |journal=Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=323–330 |doi=10.1097/00004703-200508000-00012 |pmid=16100508 |s2cid=37136446 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025210249/https://zenodo.org/records/1234806 |archive-date=Oct 25, 2023 |via=Zenodo}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLollarSimeonsson2005&quot;&gt;Lollar, Donald J.; Simeonsson, Rune J. (August 2005). [https://zenodo.org/record/1234806 &quot;Diagnosis to function: classification for children and youths&quot;]. ''Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics''. '''26''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;323–&lt;/span&gt;330. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1097/00004703-200508000-00012|10.1097/00004703-200508000-00012]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16100508 16100508]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37136446 37136446]&lt;/span&gt;. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231025210249/https://zenodo.org/records/1234806 Archived] from the original on Oct 25, 2023 &amp;#x2013; via Zenodo.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tunda babban aikin yaro shine wasa, yana da mahimmanci a haɗa da ƙarin lambobi a wannan fanni. Matakan wasa daban-daban suna da lambobi daban-daban a cikin ICF-CY (keɓewa, mai kallo, layi ɗaya). Wannan ya bambanta da ICF na manya domin akwai lamba ɗaya kawai dangane da nishaɗi ko nishaɗi.

Canje-canje a cikin lambobin ICF-CY akan lokaci suna nuna tasirin ci gaba wanda ya danganta da hulɗar yaron da muhalli. Abubuwan muhalli suna shafar aiki da ci gaba kuma ana iya rubuta su azaman shinge ko masu sauƙaƙewa ta amfani da ICF-CY. Muhimmin yanayin yara da matasa sun haɗa da gidajensu, cibiyoyin kula da yara, makarantu da wuraren nishaɗi na filin wasa, wuraren shakatawa, da filayen ƙwallo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Simeonsson&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Simeonsson |first=Rune J. |last2=Lollar |first2=Donald |last3=Hollowell |first3=Joseph |last4=Adams |first4=Mike |date=February 2000 |title=Revision of the international classification of impairments, disabilities, and handicaps: Developmental issues |journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=113–124 |doi=10.1016/S0895-4356(99)00133-X |pmid=10729683}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yara za su canza tsakanin yanayi daban-daban sau da yawa yayin da suke girma. Misali, yaro zai canza zuwa makarantar firamare ko sakandare ko daga wani wurin sabis ko hukuma zuwa wani. An gano kula da waɗannan sauye-sauyen yara masu nakasa a matsayin muhimmiyar rawa ga masu samar da kiwon lafiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Simeonsson&quot; /&gt; Sauyawa yana buƙatar shiri da shiri don nemo wuri mai dacewa da dacewa don buƙatun yaro. Tare da tsarin lambar kamar ICF-CY, sauyin zai yi sauƙi kuma tsoma baki na iya farawa inda mai ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya na baya ya tsaya.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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[[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya]] (ICF) ta sami amincewa daga dukkan ƙasashe 191 na ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) a ranar 22 ga Mayu, 2001, a lokacin [[Majalisar Lafiya ta Duniya|taron lafiya na duniya]] na 54. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO_ICF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 July 2016 |title=International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) |url=https://www.who.int/classifications/icf/en/ |website=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amincewarta ta biyo bayan shekaru tara na ƙoƙarin sake duba lafiyar duniya wanda WHO ta tsara. &lt;ref name=&quot;CDC_ICF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 January 2008 |title=International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/otheract/icd9/icfhome.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510090103/http://www.cdc.gov/NCHS/about/otheract/icd9/icfhome.htm |archive-date=10 May 2009 |website=National Center for Health Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ƙirƙiri rarrabuwar farko ta WHO game da illolin cututtuka, ''wato Rarraba Nakasassu, Nakasassu, da Nakasassu ta Duniya'' (ICIDH), a shekarar 1980. &lt;ref name=&quot;CDC_ICF&quot; /&gt;

Rarraba ICF ta cika Tsarin Rarraba Cututtuka na Duniya na WHO -10th Revision (ICD), wanda ya ƙunshi bayanai kan ganewar asali da yanayin lafiya, amma ba kan yanayin aiki ba. ICD da ICF sune manyan rarrabuwa a cikin Iyalin Rarraba Cututtuka na Duniya na WHO (WHO-FIC).  {{Rp|3–4}}

== Bayani ==
An tsara ICF bisa ga waɗannan manyan sassa:

* Ayyukan jiki da tsarinsa
* Ayyuka (da suka shafi ayyuka da ayyukan mutum) da kuma shiga (shiga cikin yanayin rayuwa)
* Ƙarin bayani kan tsanani da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli

Ana kallon aiki da nakasa a matsayin wata mu'amala mai rikitarwa tsakanin yanayin lafiyar mutum da abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli da kuma abubuwan da ke cikinsa. Hoton da wannan haɗin abubuwan da ke cikinsa da girma ya samar yana nufin &quot;mutumin da ke cikin duniyarsa&quot;. Rarraba waɗannan girma yana ɗaukar su a matsayin masu hulɗa da masu motsi maimakon layi ko tsayayye. Yana ba da damar kimanta matakin nakasa, kodayake ba kayan aiki bane na aunawa. Yana aiki ga dukkan mutane, komai yanayin lafiyarsu. Harshen ICF ba shi da tsaka tsaki dangane da asalin cutar, yana mai da hankali kan aiki maimakon yanayi ko cuta. Hakanan an tsara shi da kyau don ya dace da al'adu da ƙungiyoyin shekaru da jinsi daban-daban, wanda hakan ya sa ya dace sosai ga al'ummomi daban-daban.

=== Matsaloli ===
ICF tana gano nau'ikan matsaloli daban-daban da ka iya tasowa , gami da, amma ba'a iyakance ga:

* Lalacewar Ayyukan [[Jikin mutum|Jiki]]
** Ayyukan Hankali
** Ayyukan Jin Daɗi da Ciwo
** Ayyukan Murya da Jawabi
** Ayyukan Tsarin Zuciya da Jijiyoyin Jini, Jini, Jijiyoyin Jiki da na Numfashi
** Ayyukan Tsarin narkewar abinci, Tsarin rayuwa da Tsarin endocrine
** Ayyukan Haihuwa da Ayyukan Haihuwa
** Ayyukan da suka shafi [[Tsarin tsokoki da ƙashi na mutum|Neuromusculoskeletal]] da Motsi
** Ayyukan [[Fata]] da Tsarin da Ya Shafi Su
* Lalacewar Tsarin Jiki
** Tsarin Tsarin Jijiyoyi
** Ido, Kunnuwa da Sifofi Masu Alaƙa
** Tsarin da ke cikin murya da magana
** Tsarin Tsarin Zuciya da Jijiyoyin Jiki, Jijiyoyin Jiki da na Numfashi
** Tsarin da ya shafi tsarin narkewar abinci, metabolism da tsarin endocrine
** Tsarin da ya shafi Motsi
** Fatar jiki da Sifofi Masu Alaƙa

Haka kuma, akwai ƙananan rukunoni da yawa ga waɗannan nakasassu, kamar Ayyukan [[Emotion|motsin rai]] su ne ƙaramin aikin ayyukan kwakwalwa, ko Kula da nauyi su ne ƙaramin aikin Ayyukan Tsarin Narkewar Abinci. Ana auna waɗannan ƙananan rukunoni ko dai ta hanyar girman nakasassu a matakin 0-4 ko kuma kamar Ba a ƙayyade ba ko kuma Ba a Aiwatar da su ba (kamar [[Jinin Haida|Haila]] sau da yawa ba ta shafi Namiji ba.) An ƙididdige matakin nakasassu kamar haka: 

Domin fayyace gaskiya, ICF ta ƙara bayyana ''ayyukan jiki'' a matsayin na jiki da [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|na tunani]], ma'ana cewa nakasa da ke haifar da damuwa ga mutum ɗaya bazai zama nakasa ga wani mutum wanda ba ya fuskantar wata mummunar illa ta hankali daga gare ta ba. 

=== Iyakokin Ayyuka da Takaita Shiga ===
''Shiga ciki'' shine shiga cikin yanayin rayuwa, ma'ana cewa ''takaita shiga ciki'' zai zama kowace matsala da mutum ke fuskanta a cikin yanayin rayuwa. Haka nan, ''aiki'' shine aiwatar da aiki ko aiki daga mutum, ma'ana cewa ''iyakance aiki'' zai zama duk wani abu da zai sa aiwatar da irin waɗannan ayyuka ya fi wahala. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan fannoni na aiki da shiga ciki sune kamar haka: 

* Koyo da Amfani da Ilimi
* Ayyuka da Bukatu na Gabaɗaya
* Sadarwa
* Motsi
* Kula da kai
* Rayuwar Gida
* Hulɗar Mutane da Alaƙa
* Manyan Yankunan Rayuwa
* Al'umma, Zamantakewa da Rayuwar Al'umma

An ƙididdige waɗannan da maki biyu na ''Ƙimar Aiki'' da ''Ƙarfin Aiki (ba tare da taimako ba). Ƙimar Ayyuka'' a ma'auni ɗaya da nakasa. 

=== Abubuwan da suka shafi Muhalli ===
A ƙarshe, ana la'akari da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli dangane da yuwuwar sauƙaƙe nakasa da kuma duk wani shinge da nakasa za ta iya fuskanta, 

* Kayayyaki da Fasaha
* Muhalli na Halitta da ɗan adam sun kawo sauye-sauye ga muhalli
* Tallafi da Hulɗa
* Halaye
* Ayyuka, Tsarin da Manufofi

Misali, wata [[Damuwa na zamantakewa|matsala mai tsanani ta damuwa ta zamantakewa]] ko kuma [[Hauka|schizophrenia]] na iya zama cikas ga neman tallafi ko ayyuka, haka kuma wataƙila fasaha da alaƙar mutum da shi wajen amfani da hanyoyin [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|sadarwa]] masu cutarwa za su iya taimakawa. Waɗannan an ƙayyade su a matakin daga 0-4 kamar haka, 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Shingaye da Masu Gudanarwa Masu Cancanta
! Mai cancanta
! Bayanin Shamaki
! Bayanin Mai Gudanarwa
|-
| 0
| Babu shingaye
| Babu mai taimakawa
|-
| 1
| Shimfidu masu sauƙi
| Mai sauƙin gyarawa
|-
| 2
| Shinge-shingaye masu matsakaici
| Mai gudanarwa matsakaici
|-
| 3
| Shimfidu masu tsanani
| Mai taimako mai tsanani
|-
| 4
| Cikakkun shingayen
| Cikakken mai gudanarwa
|}
''Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli'' sune dukkan yanayin jiki, zamantakewa da kuma yanayin da mutane ke rayuwa da kuma gudanar da rayuwarsu, gami da waɗanda suka shafi mutum ɗaya. Ta wannan hanyar, wasu nakasa na iya wanzuwa ta hanyar abubuwan zamantakewa kawai, waɗanda suka zama abin da ke sauƙaƙa wa nakasa, da kuma toshe wasu abubuwan muhalli. Abin lura ne mai ban sha'awa cewa ana iya ɗaukar ƙungiyar asiri a matsayin wani nau'in ƙungiyar nakasa wanda ba shi da ƙarfi a cikin muhallinsa. 

== fa'idodi ==
Akwai fa'idodin amfani da ICF ga majiyyaci da kuma ƙwararren likita. Babban fa'ida ga majiyyaci shine haɗakar ɓangarorin jiki, tunani, da zamantakewa na yanayin lafiyarsa. Duk fannoni na rayuwar mutum (ci gaba, shiga da muhalli) an haɗa su cikin ICF maimakon kawai mai da hankali kan ganewar asali. Ganewar asali ba ta bayyana komai game da iyawar aiki ba. Ganewar asali tana da mahimmanci don bayyana dalili da hasashen, amma gano iyakokin aiki galibi shine bayanin da ake amfani da shi don tsara da aiwatar da hanyoyin magancewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lollar&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lollar |first=Donald J. |last2=Simeonsson |first2=Rune J. |date=August 2005 |title=Diagnosis to function: classification for children and youths |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1234806 |url-status=live |journal=Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=323–330 |doi=10.1097/00004703-200508000-00012 |pmid=16100508 |s2cid=37136446 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025210249/https://zenodo.org/records/1234806 |archive-date=Oct 25, 2023 |via=Zenodo}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da zarar ƙungiyar gyara ta san ayyukan yau da kullun da ake buƙatar abokin ciniki ya shiga, ana iya amfani da jerin hanyoyin magance matsaloli da ICF ta tsara. Misali, mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali na sana'a zai lura da majiyyaci yana gudanar da ayyukansa na yau da kullun kuma ya lura da iyawar aikin majiyyaci. Sannan za a yi amfani da wannan bayanin don tantance yadda za a iya inganta iyawar mutum ta hanyar magani da kuma yadda za a iya canza yanayin don sauƙaƙe aikin mutum. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bornman&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bornman |first=J. |date=4 February 2004 |title=The World Health Organization's terminology and classification: application to severe disability |journal=Disability and Rehabilitation |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=182–188 |doi=10.1080/09595230020029365 |pmid=14754630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shiga tsakani a mataki ɗaya (ƙwarewa na yanzu) yana da yuwuwar hana ko gyara abubuwan da suka faru a matakin da ke tafe (halartar). Misali, koyar da yara kurma alamun hannu zai haɓaka hulɗa mai inganci da kuma ƙara yawan shiga tare da iyalansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bornman&quot; /&gt;

Masu ilimin gyaran hali za su sami ƙarfin gwiwa tare da ICF ba kawai a cikin ayyukansu na yau da kullun tare da marasa lafiyarsu ba, har ma lokacin da suke aiki tare da wasu fannoni na likitanci; asibitoci da sauran hukumomin kula da lafiya; hukumomin lafiya da masu tsara manufofi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stucki |first=G. |last2=Ewert |first2=T. |last3=Cieza |first3=A. |date=20 November 2002 |title=Value and application of the ICF in rehabilitation medicine |journal=Disability and Rehabilitation |volume=24 |issue=17 |pages=932–938 |doi=10.1080/09638280210148594 |pmid=12523361 |s2cid=19946846}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk abubuwan an bayyana su ta hanyar aiki tare da bayyanannun bayanai waɗanda za a iya amfani da su ga kimantawa na rayuwa ta ainihi cikin sauƙi da haske. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Üstün |first=T. B. |last2=Chatterji |first2=S. |last3=Bickenbach |first3=J. |last4=Kostanjsek |first4=N. |last5=Schneider |first5=M. |date=3 June 2003 |title=The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: A new tool for understanding disability and health |journal=Disability and Rehabilitation |volume=25 |issue=11–12 |pages=565–571 |doi=10.1080/0963828031000137063 |pmid=12959329 |s2cid=29134879}}&lt;/ref&gt; Harshen da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ICF yana taimakawa wajen sauƙaƙe sadarwa tsakanin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin mutane.

== Muhimmancin asibiti ==
Sanin yadda cuta ke shafar aikin mutum yana ba da damar tsara ayyuka, magani, da kuma gyara ga mutanen da ke da nakasa ta dogon lokaci ko kuma cututtuka na yau da kullun. ICF na yanzu yana ƙirƙirar fahimtar lafiya mai haɗaka wanda ke samar da cikakken bayanin mutum maimakon mai da hankali kan cutar, rashin lafiya, ko nakasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hemmingsson |first=Helena |last2=Jonsson |first2=Hans |date=September 2005 |title=An occupational perspective on the concept of participation in the international classification of functioning, disability and health – some critical remarks |journal=The American Journal of Occupational Therapy |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=569–576 |doi=10.5014/ajot.59.5.569 |pmid=16268024 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abubuwan da ke tattare da amfani da ICF sun haɗa da ƙarfafa ƙarfin mutane, taimaka wa mutane su shiga cikin al'umma sosai ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin da aka yi niyya don haɓaka iyawarsu, da kuma la'akari da abubuwan da ke haifar da muhalli da na mutum waɗanda za su iya kawo cikas ga shiga cikin su. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bornman&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bornman |first=J. |date=4 February 2004 |title=The World Health Organization's terminology and classification: application to severe disability |journal=Disability and Rehabilitation |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=182–188 |doi=10.1080/09595230020029365 |pmid=14754630}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBornman2004&quot;&gt;Bornman, J. (4 February 2004). &quot;The World Health Organization's terminology and classification: application to severe disability&quot;. ''Disability and Rehabilitation''. '''26''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;182–&lt;/span&gt;188. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/09595230020029365|10.1080/09595230020029365]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14754630 14754630].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Masu Cancanta: Masu Cancanta na ICF &quot;za a iya fassara su a asibiti a matsayin matakan aiki da ake gani a cikin yanayin asibiti ko na yau da kullun&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Reed |first=Geoffrey M. |last2=Lux |first2=Jayne B. |last3=Bufka |first3=Lynn F. |last4=Trask |first4=Christine |last5=Peterson |first5=David B. |last6=Stark |first6=Susan |last7=Threats |first7=Travis T. |last8=Jacobson |first8=John W. |last9=Hawley |first9=Judy A. |date=May 2005 |title=Operationalizing the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health in Clinical Settings |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/39734204/Reed_Article_48__Reed_et_al_Rehab_Psych_2005.pdf |journal=Rehabilitation Psychology |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=122–131 |doi=10.1037/0090-5550.50.2.122 |quote=The Capacity and Performance qualifiers as outlined in the ICF Activities and Participation section may be best translated clinically as the levels of functioning seen in a standardized or clinic setting (Capacity) and in everyday environments (Performance).}}{{Dead link|date=July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu Cancanta suna tallafawa daidaito da fahimtar aiki a cikin kimantawa da yawa. Suna ba wa duk membobin ƙungiyar damar auna girman matsalolin, har ma a fannoni na aiki inda mutum ba ƙwararre ba ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rauch&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rauch |first=A. |last2=Cieza |first2=A. |last3=Stucki |first3=G. |date=September 2008 |title=How to apply the International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (ICF) for rehabilitation management in clinical practice |url=http://www.minervamedica.it/en/journals/europa-medicophysica/article.php?cod=R33Y2008N03A0329 |journal=European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=329–342 |pmid=18762742}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba tare da masu cancanta ba, lambobin cancanta ba su da ma'ana ta asali. An ƙayyade nakasa, ƙuntatawa ko ƙuntatawa daga 0 (Babu matsala; 0-4%), 1 (Matsala mai sauƙi: 5-24%), 2 (Matsala matsakaici: 25-49%), 3 (Matsala mai tsanani: 50-95%) zuwa 4 (Cikakken matsala: 96-100%). Ana ƙididdige abubuwan muhalli da sikelin mara kyau da mai kyau wanda ke nuna girman yadda muhalli ke aiki a matsayin shinge ko mai gudanarwa.  Don dalilan inshora, masu cancantar za su iya bayyana ingancin magani. Mutum zai iya fassara raguwar maki na cancanta a matsayin ƙaruwa a cikin ikon aiki na majiyyaci.

== Amfani da yara ==
Yayin da likitoci da masu bincike ke amfani da ICF, sun fahimci iyakokinsa. ICF ba ta da ikon rarraba halayen aiki na yaro mai tasowa. Ana buƙatar lambobin ICF daban-daban a cikin shekarun farko na rayuwar yaro don gano girma da ci gaban nakasa koda lokacin da ganewar yaron bai canza ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Simeonsson |first=R. J. |last2=Scarborough |first2=A. A. |last3=Hebbeler |first3=K. M. |date=April 2006 |title=ICF and ICD codes provide a standard language of disability in young children |journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=365–373 |doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2005.09.009 |pmid=16549258}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin lambar na iya samar da muhimman bayanai game da tsananin yanayin lafiya dangane da tasirinsa ga aiki. Wannan na iya zama muhimmiyar rawa ga masu ba da kulawa ga yara masu fama da cututtukan bakan gizo kamar autism ko cerebral palsy. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ogonowski |first=J. |last2=Kronk |first2=R. |last3=Rice |first3=C. |last4=Feldman |first4=H. |date=18 March 2004 |title=Inter-rater reliability in assigning ICF codes to children with disabilities |journal=Disability and Rehabilitation |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=353–361 |doi=10.1080/09638280410001658658 |pmid=15204487 |s2cid=36534370}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yara masu waɗannan yanayin na iya samun irin wannan ganewar, amma iyawarsu da matakan aikinsu sun bambanta sosai a cikin mutane da kuma a cikin lokaci.

An kammala daftarin farko na ''Rarraba Aiki, Nakasa, da Lafiya ga Yara da Matasa'' (ICF-CY) a shekara ta 2003 kuma an buga shi a shekara ta 2007. An haɓaka ICF-CY don ya yi daidai da tsarin ICF ga manya. Babban bambanci tsakanin ICF-CY da ICF shine cewa cancantar gabaɗaya daga ICF na manya yanzu sun haɗa da ɓangarorin ci gaba ga yara da matasa a cikin ICF-CY. An sake duba kuma an faɗaɗa bayanin lambobin a cikin ICF-CY kuma an ƙara sabon abun ciki zuwa lambobin da ba a yi amfani da su ba a baya. An ƙara lambobin zuwa halayen takardu kamar daidaitawa, amsawa, hasashen abubuwa, juriya, da kusanci. An faɗaɗa lambobin &quot;jin&quot; da &quot;binciken abubuwa&quot; da kuma &quot;muhimmancin koyo&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lollar&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lollar |first=Donald J. |last2=Simeonsson |first2=Rune J. |date=August 2005 |title=Diagnosis to function: classification for children and youths |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1234806 |url-status=live |journal=Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=323–330 |doi=10.1097/00004703-200508000-00012 |pmid=16100508 |s2cid=37136446 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025210249/https://zenodo.org/records/1234806 |archive-date=Oct 25, 2023 |via=Zenodo}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLollarSimeonsson2005&quot;&gt;Lollar, Donald J.; Simeonsson, Rune J. (August 2005). [https://zenodo.org/record/1234806 &quot;Diagnosis to function: classification for children and youths&quot;]. ''Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics''. '''26''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;323–&lt;/span&gt;330. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1097/00004703-200508000-00012|10.1097/00004703-200508000-00012]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16100508 16100508]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37136446 37136446]&lt;/span&gt;. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231025210249/https://zenodo.org/records/1234806 Archived] from the original on Oct 25, 2023 &amp;#x2013; via Zenodo.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tunda babban aikin yaro shine wasa, yana da mahimmanci a haɗa da ƙarin lambobi a wannan fanni. Matakan wasa daban-daban suna da lambobi daban-daban a cikin ICF-CY (keɓewa, mai kallo, layi ɗaya). Wannan ya bambanta da ICF na manya domin akwai lamba ɗaya kawai dangane da nishaɗi ko nishaɗi.

Canje-canje a cikin lambobin ICF-CY akan lokaci suna nuna tasirin ci gaba wanda ya danganta da hulɗar yaron da muhalli. Abubuwan muhalli suna shafar aiki da ci gaba kuma ana iya rubuta su azaman shinge ko masu sauƙaƙewa ta amfani da ICF-CY. Muhimmin yanayin yara da matasa sun haɗa da gidajensu, cibiyoyin kula da yara, makarantu da wuraren nishaɗi na filin wasa, wuraren shakatawa, da filayen ƙwallo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Simeonsson&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Simeonsson |first=Rune J. |last2=Lollar |first2=Donald |last3=Hollowell |first3=Joseph |last4=Adams |first4=Mike |date=February 2000 |title=Revision of the international classification of impairments, disabilities, and handicaps: Developmental issues |journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=113–124 |doi=10.1016/S0895-4356(99)00133-X |pmid=10729683}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yara za su canza tsakanin yanayi daban-daban sau da yawa yayin da suke girma. Misali, yaro zai canza zuwa makarantar firamare ko sakandare ko daga wani wurin sabis ko hukuma zuwa wani. An gano kula da waɗannan sauye-sauyen yara masu nakasa a matsayin muhimmiyar rawa ga masu samar da kiwon lafiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Simeonsson&quot; /&gt; Sauyawa yana buƙatar shiri da shiri don nemo wuri mai dacewa da dacewa don buƙatun yaro. Tare da tsarin lambar kamar ICF-CY, sauyin zai yi sauƙi kuma tsoma baki na iya farawa inda mai ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya na baya ya tsaya.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Kifin Cape needlefish''' ( '''''Petalichthys capensis''''' ) nau'in kifin allura ne da ya shahara a bakin tekun [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Wannan nau'in yana girma zuwa tsayin da aka saba da shi na {{Cvt|35|cm|in}} . Ana samun ''P. capensis'' a manyan makarantu a cikin yanayin pelagic-teku a cikin yanayin zafi.  Tsawon wannan nau'in yawanci yana da kusan {{Cvt|30|cm}} . Launin jiki launin azurfa ne da shuɗi. Ana iya samun ƙwai na wannan nau'in a rataye a kan abubuwa a cikin ruwa, domin suna da jijiyar da ke manne da abubuwan. 

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'''Kifin Cape needlefish''' ( '''''Petalichthys capensis''''' ) nau'in kifin allura ne da ya shahara a bakin tekun [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Wannan nau'in yana girma zuwa tsayin da aka saba da shi na {{Cvt|35|cm|in}} . Ana samun ''P. capensis'' a manyan makarantu a cikin yanayin pelagic-teku a cikin yanayin zafi.  Tsawon wannan nau'in yawanci yana da kusan {{Cvt|30|cm}} . Launin jiki launin azurfa ne da shuɗi. Ana iya samun ƙwai na wannan nau'in a rataye a kan abubuwa a cikin ruwa, domin suna da jijiyar da ke manne da abubuwan. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>The Witness (2026 TV series)</title>
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        <id>45735</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359544713|The Witness (2026 TV series)]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Episode table}} {{Episode table}}

== Masu ba da labari ==

=== Hannun hannu ===

* Jordan Bolger a matsayin André Hanscombe

* Max Fincham a matsayin Alex Hanscombe Jahsaiah Williams a matsayin Young Alex
** Jahsaiah Williams a matsayin Matashi Alex
* Kerry Godliman a matsayin Grandma Yuni
* Eleanor Williams a matsayin Rachel Nickell[[Kashe Rachel Nickell|Rahila Nickell]]
* Neil Maskell a matsayin DI Keith Pedder
* Kevin Eldon a matsayin DCI Mick Wickerson
* Mark Stanley a matsayin DS Ivan Agnew
* Jon Pointing a matsayin DC Nick Sparshatt
* [[James Dryden (actor)|James Dryden]] a matsayin DC Paul Miller
* James Bradshaw a matsayin DCI Tony Nash
* Claire Rushbrook a matsayin Dokta Jean Harris-Hendriks
* Paul Chahidi a matsayin Farfesa Paul Britton
* Oliver Devoti a matsayin Detective Jackaman
* Tom Ashley a matsayin Philip Tandy
* Sean Gilder a matsayin DCS Nicholas Campbell
* Matt Green a matsayin Dokta Richard Shephard
* Tony Aitken a matsayin Michael Murray
* Adam Howden a matsayin DC Grant Johnson
* Jamie Bisping a matsayin Colin Stag
* Katharine Pearson a matsayin Samantha Bisset
* Holly Hawgood a matsayin Lizzie James
* Hunter Moore a matsayin Jazmine Bisset
* Ben Cartwright a matsayin DS Micky Banks
* Steve Stamp a matsayin Robert Napper
* Jack Shalloo a matsayin DI John Pearse

Yana da simintin da Jordan Bolger ya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Peter |date=28 April 2026 |title=Netflix drops first look at new true crime series inspired by harrowing case |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/tv/netflix-drops-first-look-new-33851147.amp |access-date=28 May 2026 |website=manchestereveningnews.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Har ila yau, simintin sun hada da Neil Maskell, Kevin Eldon, Jon Pointing, Kerry Godliman, Paul Chahidi, Claire Rushbrook da Mark Stanley.&lt;ref&gt; {{Cite web |last=Sarrubba |first=Stefania |date=28 April 2026 |title=Netflix drama about the &quot;unimaginable tragedy&quot; of Rachel Nickell gets first look and release date |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/a71147081/netflix-the-witness-rachel-nickell-trailer-release/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |website=Digital Spy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Morris |first=Nicky |date=29 April 2026 |title=Netflix's 3-part drama about 'unimaginable tragedy' is a true crime must-watch |url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/film/898570/netflix-3-part-drama-the-witness-true-crime-must-watch/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260528170115/https://www.hellomagazine.com/film/898570/netflix-3-part-drama-the-witness-true-crime-must-watch/ |archive-date=28 May 2026 |access-date=28 May 2026 |website=Hellomagazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wrigley |first=Lucy |date=28 April 2026 |title=Netflix’s The Witness is must-watch for true crime fans, based on real murder case that shocked the nation |url=https://www.womanandhome.com/life/news-entertainment/the-witness-netflix-true-story-crime-drama/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260521005129/https://www.womanandhome.com/life/news-entertainment/the-witness-netflix-true-story-crime-drama/ |archive-date=21 May 2026 |access-date=28 May 2026 |website=Women and Home}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Saki ==

== Karɓar baƙi ==
Shafin yanar gizon mai tarawa na Rotten Tomatoes ya ba da rahoton amincewar 100%, bisa ga sake dubawa goma masu sukar tare da matsakaicin darajar 7.3/10.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Witness: Season 1 {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/the_witness/s01 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=Rotten Tomatoes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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        <id>45735</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359544713|The Witness (2026 TV series)]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Episode table}} {{Episode table}}

== Masu ba da labari ==

=== Hannun hannu ===

* Jordan Bolger a matsayin André Hanscombe

* Max Fincham a matsayin Alex Hanscombe Jahsaiah Williams a matsayin Young Alex
** Jahsaiah Williams a matsayin Matashi Alex
* Kerry Godliman a matsayin Grandma Yuni
* Eleanor Williams a matsayin Rachel Nickell[[Kashe Rachel Nickell|Rahila Nickell]]
* Neil Maskell a matsayin DI Keith Pedder
* Kevin Eldon a matsayin DCI Mick Wickerson
* Mark Stanley a matsayin DS Ivan Agnew
* Jon Pointing a matsayin DC Nick Sparshatt
* [[James Dryden (actor)|James Dryden]] a matsayin DC Paul Miller
* James Bradshaw a matsayin DCI Tony Nash
* Claire Rushbrook a matsayin Dokta Jean Harris-Hendriks
* Paul Chahidi a matsayin Farfesa Paul Britton
* Oliver Devoti a matsayin Detective Jackaman
* Tom Ashley a matsayin Philip Tandy
* Sean Gilder a matsayin DCS Nicholas Campbell
* Matt Green a matsayin Dokta Richard Shephard
* Tony Aitken a matsayin Michael Murray
* Adam Howden a matsayin DC Grant Johnson
* Jamie Bisping a matsayin Colin Stag
* Katharine Pearson a matsayin Samantha Bisset
* Holly Hawgood a matsayin Lizzie James
* Hunter Moore a matsayin Jazmine Bisset
* Ben Cartwright a matsayin DS Micky Banks
* Steve Stamp a matsayin Robert Napper
* Jack Shalloo a matsayin DI John Pearse

Yana da simintin da Jordan Bolger ya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Peter |date=28 April 2026 |title=Netflix drops first look at new true crime series inspired by harrowing case |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/tv/netflix-drops-first-look-new-33851147.amp |access-date=28 May 2026 |website=manchestereveningnews.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Har ila yau, simintin sun hada da Neil Maskell, Kevin Eldon, Jon Pointing, Kerry Godliman, Paul Chahidi, Claire Rushbrook da Mark Stanley.&lt;ref&gt; {{Cite web |last=Sarrubba |first=Stefania |date=28 April 2026 |title=Netflix drama about the &quot;unimaginable tragedy&quot; of Rachel Nickell gets first look and release date |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/a71147081/netflix-the-witness-rachel-nickell-trailer-release/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |website=Digital Spy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Morris |first=Nicky |date=29 April 2026 |title=Netflix's 3-part drama about 'unimaginable tragedy' is a true crime must-watch |url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/film/898570/netflix-3-part-drama-the-witness-true-crime-must-watch/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260528170115/https://www.hellomagazine.com/film/898570/netflix-3-part-drama-the-witness-true-crime-must-watch/ |archive-date=28 May 2026 |access-date=28 May 2026 |website=Hellomagazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wrigley |first=Lucy |date=28 April 2026 |title=Netflix’s The Witness is must-watch for true crime fans, based on real murder case that shocked the nation |url=https://www.womanandhome.com/life/news-entertainment/the-witness-netflix-true-story-crime-drama/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260521005129/https://www.womanandhome.com/life/news-entertainment/the-witness-netflix-true-story-crime-drama/ |archive-date=21 May 2026 |access-date=28 May 2026 |website=Women and Home}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Reflist}}Williams a matsayin Young Alex

== Saki ==

== Karɓar baƙi ==
Shafin yanar gizon mai tarawa na Rotten Tomatoes ya ba da rahoton amincewar 100%, bisa ga sake dubawa goma masu sukar tare da matsakaicin darajar 7.3/10.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Witness: Season 1 {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/the_witness/s01 |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=Rotten Tomatoes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dabbobin karamar Afirka</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1313777305|African dwarf skate]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Katin skate na Afirka''' ( ''Neoraja stehmanni'' ), ko kuma '''kati na pygmy na Afirka ta Kudu''', nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Rajidae . Yana da yawa a Afirka ta Kudu. Wurin zama na halitta shine tekuna a buɗe.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>861467</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:25:50Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="249" sha1="pvkmpch66kbe9u9xv0sbdid5mbz6oje" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Katin skate na Afirka''' ( ''Neoraja stehmanni'' ), ko kuma '''kati na pygmy na Afirka ta Kudu''', nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Rajidae . Yana da yawa a Afirka ta Kudu. Wurin zama na halitta shine tekuna a buɗe.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Guelta Zemmur</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349964544|Guelta Zemmur]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2310" sha1="tuzruwfvjpq2eyep1wonr6aovyx3zwy" xml:space="preserve">'''Guelta Zemmur''' (ko '''Guelta Zemour''', [[Abzinanci|Tamazight]] don &quot;tafkin itacen zaitun&quot;  ) ƙaramin gari ne ko ƙauye a yankin da [[Moroko|Maroko]] ta mamaye na yankin Yammacin Sahara .

Garin yana kewaye da wani sansanin 'yan gudun hijira ko kuma wani wurin shakatawa, inda ruwan sama ke dawwama na tsawon lokaci. Wurin sansanin makiyaya na [[Sahrawis|Sahrawi]] na yankin ya kasance sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na tsawon ɗaruruwan shekaru.

Ta yi aiki a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin muhimman wuraren soja ga ' yan tawayen [[Polisario Front]] na asali bayan janyewar [[Ispaniya|Spain]] daga yankin Sahara na Spain a wancan lokacin. Yayin da [[Moroko|Morocco]] da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] suka tabbatar da iko kan tsohuwar ƙasar Spain daga arewa da kudu bisa ga yarjejeniyar Madrid, Guelta Zemmur ta zama wurin tsayawa ga [[Ƴan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]] da ke kan hanyarsu ta zuwa [[Sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira na Sahrawi|sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira]] na Sahrawi da ke [[Tindouf]], [[Aljeriya|Algeria]] .

An kuma yi la'akari da taron Guelta Zemmur a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 1975, bayan taron Ain Ben Tili . An gudanar da taron Djema'a wanda a da ke goyon bayan Spain a garin (a lokacin yana ƙarƙashin ikon Polisario), inda suka amince su goyi bayan Polisario su kuma wargaza kanta don barin sarari ga gwamnatin Yammacin Sahara ta gaba. Polisario ta yi jayayya cewa wannan ita ce Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyya ta Larabawa ta Sahrawi, wacce ke aiki a Tindouf, wadda aka ayyana a watan Fabrairu a shekara mai zuwa.

A lokacin yakin 1975-91 tsakanin Polisario da Morocco, an yi yaƙe-yaƙe da dama kan ikon Guelta Zemmur, wanda ya fi kowanne muni a tsakanin 24-27 ga Maris da 13 ga Oktoba, 1981. A halin yanzu, Morocco ce ke mamaye garin a matsayin wani ɓangare na abin da take ikirarin cewa [[Yankunan Kudancin|Lardunan Kudancinta]] ne, amma har yanzu ba a tantance matsayinsa na ƙarshe ba. Yanzu tana da sansanin soja na Morocco tare da cibiyar sadarwa [[Tauraron dan adam|ta tauraron dan adam]], kuma yankunan da ke kewaye da garin (wanda ke kusa da Berm na Morocco ) suna da yawan haƙar ma'adinai .

Garin shine wurin haifuwar [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|mai kare haƙƙin ɗan adam]] na [[Sahrawis|Sahrawi]] Mohammed Daddach, wanda shine fursunan siyasa mafi daɗewa a Morocco.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="2322" sha1="4tj721pc37p0jkjktaerqfqgyerd0bw" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Guelta Zemmur''' (ko '''Guelta Zemour''', [[Abzinanci|Tamazight]] don &quot;tafkin itacen zaitun&quot;  ) ƙaramin gari ne ko ƙauye a yankin da [[Moroko|Maroko]] ta mamaye na yankin Yammacin Sahara .

Garin yana kewaye da wani sansanin 'yan gudun hijira ko kuma wani wurin shakatawa, inda ruwan sama ke dawwama na tsawon lokaci. Wurin sansanin makiyaya na [[Sahrawis|Sahrawi]] na yankin ya kasance sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na tsawon ɗaruruwan shekaru.

Ta yi aiki a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin muhimman wuraren soja ga ' yan tawayen [[Polisario Front]] na asali bayan janyewar [[Ispaniya|Spain]] daga yankin Sahara na Spain a wancan lokacin. Yayin da [[Moroko|Morocco]] da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] suka tabbatar da iko kan tsohuwar ƙasar Spain daga arewa da kudu bisa ga yarjejeniyar Madrid, Guelta Zemmur ta zama wurin tsayawa ga [[Ƴan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]] da ke kan hanyarsu ta zuwa [[Sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira na Sahrawi|sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira]] na Sahrawi da ke [[Tindouf]], [[Aljeriya|Algeria]] .

An kuma yi la'akari da taron Guelta Zemmur a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 1975, bayan taron Ain Ben Tili . An gudanar da taron Djema'a wanda a da ke goyon bayan Spain a garin (a lokacin yana ƙarƙashin ikon Polisario), inda suka amince su goyi bayan Polisario su kuma wargaza kanta don barin sarari ga gwamnatin Yammacin Sahara ta gaba. Polisario ta yi jayayya cewa wannan ita ce Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyya ta Larabawa ta Sahrawi, wacce ke aiki a Tindouf, wadda aka ayyana a watan Fabrairu a shekara mai zuwa.

A lokacin yakin 1975-91 tsakanin Polisario da Morocco, an yi yaƙe-yaƙe da dama kan ikon Guelta Zemmur, wanda ya fi kowanne muni a tsakanin 24-27 ga Maris da 13 ga Oktoba, 1981. A halin yanzu, Morocco ce ke mamaye garin a matsayin wani ɓangare na abin da take ikirarin cewa [[Yankunan Kudancin|Lardunan Kudancinta]] ne, amma har yanzu ba a tantance matsayinsa na ƙarshe ba. Yanzu tana da sansanin soja na Morocco tare da cibiyar sadarwa [[Tauraron dan adam|ta tauraron dan adam]], kuma yankunan da ke kewaye da garin (wanda ke kusa da Berm na Morocco ) suna da yawan haƙar ma'adinai .

Garin shine wurin haifuwar [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|mai kare haƙƙin ɗan adam]] na [[Sahrawis|Sahrawi]] Mohammed Daddach, wanda shine fursunan siyasa mafi daɗewa a Morocco.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Mogadishu</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337551791|Port of Mogadishu]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tashar jiragen ruwa na Mogadishu''', ( [[Harshen Somaliya|Somaliya]] : ''Dekada Muqdisho'', [[Italiyanci]] : ''Porto di Mogadiscio'' ) wanda kuma aka sani da '''tashar jiragen ruwa ta Mogadishu International Port''', &lt;ref name=&quot;Towotmip&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Official Website of the Mogadishu International Port |url=http://www.mogadishoport.com/pages/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010313/http://www.mogadishoport.com/pages/ |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=1 December 2013 |publisher=Mogadishu Port}}&lt;/ref&gt; ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa ta hukuma ta [[Mogadishu]], babban birnin [[Somaliya|Somalia]] . An lasafta shi azaman babbar tashar jiragen ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;Icsti&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Istanbul conference on Somalia 21 – 23 May 2010 - Draft discussion paper for Round Table &quot;Transport infrastructure&quot; |url=http://www.somalitalk.com/2010/may/istambul/transport.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619064427/http://www.somalitalk.com/2010/may/istambul/transport.pdf |archive-date=19 June 2020 |access-date=31 August 2013 |publisher=Government of Somalia}}&lt;/ref&gt; ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma a cikin ƙasar. 

== Bayanin tarihi ==
Tun daga Daular Romawa, tashar jiragen ruwa ta kasuwanci mai suna Sarapion ta wanzu a cikin abin da yanzu ake kira Mogadishu ta zamani. Duk da haka, a zamanin [[Zamanin Tsakiya|Tsakiyar Zamani,]] tashar jiragen ruwa ta Mogasdishu ƙarama ce kuma da isowar Italiya a 1890 ne aka fara samun ci gaba na farko don ƙirƙirar tashar jiragen ruwa ta zamani. Tun daga lokacin, tashar jiragen ruwa ta ƙaru a ƙarfinta ta zama tashar jiragen ruwa mafi mahimmanci a [[Somaliya]] kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa a gabashin Afirka.

=== Porto di Mogadiscio ===
An ƙirƙiri Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Mogadishu a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa ta zamani (wanda ake kira da ''Porto di Mogadiscio'' ta Italiya) tare da mujallu da tashoshin jiragen ruwa a ƙarshen shekarun 1920 ta hannun gwamnatin Italiya ta Somaliya . A shekarar 1930, an yi wani jirgin ruwa mai kariya tare da hanyoyin shiga ruwa a gaban babban tashar jiragen ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Map of the Mogadiscio port |url=https://mogadishuimages.files.wordpress.com/2008/05/1911map1.gif |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603094228/https://mogadishuimages.files.wordpress.com/2008/05/1911map1.gif |archive-date=2021-06-03 |access-date=2015-09-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda aka haɗa shi da cikin Somaliya ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa har ma da sabuwar &quot;hanyar mulkin mallaka&quot; (daga [[Mogadishu]] zuwa [[Addis Ababa]] ). 

A shekarar 1934, tashar jiragen ruwa ta Mogadiscio ta Italiya ta fitar da tan 43.467 na kayayyakin noma (galibi ayaba) zuwa [[Italiya]] da Turai. Don wannan jigilar kasuwanci, an yi amfani da jiragen ruwa na musamman da ake kira &quot; ''RAMB'' &quot; (waɗanda aka gina da yuwuwar a mayar da su jirgin ruwa mai taimako ). Jirgin ruwan ''Ramb II'' jirgin ruwa ne na ayaba da ke Mogadishu. Wannan shi ne na biyu daga cikin jiragen ruwa guda huɗu da aka gina bisa tsari ɗaya: sauran jiragen sune ''Ramb I'', ''Ramb III'', da ''Ramb IV'' . An gina jiragen ruwa guda huɗu don Royal Banana Monopoly (&quot;Regia Azienda Monopolio Banane&quot;) don jigilar ayaba mai sanyi daga Italiya Somaliya zuwa Italiya.

A shekarar 1936, tashar jiragen ruwa ta fara samun layin jiragen ruwa na duniya na mako-mako ga fasinjoji, wanda ke haɗa Mogadishu da Massawa da [[Genoa]] tare da Lloyd Triestino na Italiya da kuma Layin Italiya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ship lines of Mogadishu port (in Italian) |url=http://www.ilcornodafrica.it/st-porti.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111131005/http://www.ilcornodafrica.it/st-porti.htm |archive-date=2020-01-11 |access-date=2015-09-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; MS &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwag&quot;&gt;Vulcania&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; jirgin ruwa ne na transatlantic wanda ke hidimar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Mogadiscio. Daga baya, a shekarar 1941, jiragen ruwan Birtaniya sun lalata tashar jiragen ruwa sakamakon hare-haren bam a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] .

== Aikin Gyaran Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Mogadishu ==
[[Fayil:Mogadishu_sea_port.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px|Wani mutum yana kula da kayan aikin sarrafa kaya yayin da suke sauke kaya.]]
Bayan ta yi barna a lokacin yakin basasa, Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Somaliya ta ƙaddamar da Aikin Gyaran Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Mogadishu, &lt;ref name=&quot;Towotmip&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Official Website of the Mogadishu International Port |url=http://www.mogadishoport.com/pages/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010313/http://www.mogadishoport.com/pages/ |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=1 December 2013 |publisher=Mogadishu Port}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010313/http://www.mogadishoport.com/pages/ &quot;The Official Website of the Mogadishu International Port&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; wani shiri na sake ginawa, haɓakawa da kuma sabunta tashar.  Gyaran ya haɗa da shigar da fasahar Alpha Logistics. &lt;ref name=&quot;Noidpauim&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Number of Infrastructure Development Projects are underway in Mogadishu |url=http://www.actforsomalia.com/the-number-of-infrastructure-development-projects-that-are-underway-in-mogadishu/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195151/http://www.actforsomalia.com/the-number-of-infrastructure-development-projects-that-are-underway-in-mogadishu/ |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=24 January 2014 |publisher=Act For Somalia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tawagar haɗin gwiwa ta ƙasashen duniya wadda ta ƙunshi Daraktan Tashar [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Djibouti|Jiragen Ruwa ta Djibouti]] da jami'an [[Sin|China]] waɗanda suka ƙware a fannin sake gina kayayyakin more rayuwa sun ziyarci cibiyar a watan Yunin 2013. A cewar manajan Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Mogadishu Abdullahi Ali Nur, wakilan tare da jami'an Somaliya na gida sun sami rahotanni kan ayyukan tashar a matsayin wani ɓangare na matakan tsara aikin sake ginawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Adctrmp&quot; /&gt; 

A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2014, Ministan Sufuri Said Jama Mohamed ya ƙaddamar da wani sabon shiri na gyaran sufuri a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Mogadishu. Ministan ya gana da jami'an ƙungiyar sufuri ta yankin domin tattauna yadda za a inganta aiwatar da sabon tsarin, tabbatar da gaskiya da riƙon amana, da kuma auna buƙatunsu da na masu kayayyakin da ake jigilar su da suke wakilta. A cewar Mohamed, babban burin aikin shine a kafa tsarin sufuri mai adalci. Ya kuma jaddada cewa masu sufuri ya kamata su tabbatar da cewa motocinsu suna cikin kyakkyawan yanayi kuma su cimma matsayin masu kayayyaki. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Tashar jiragen ruwa na Mogadishu''', ( [[Harshen Somaliya|Somaliya]] : ''Dekada Muqdisho'', [[Italiyanci]] : ''Porto di Mogadiscio'' ) wanda kuma aka sani da '''tashar jiragen ruwa ta Mogadishu International Port''', &lt;ref name=&quot;Towotmip&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Official Website of the Mogadishu International Port |url=http://www.mogadishoport.com/pages/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010313/http://www.mogadishoport.com/pages/ |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=1 December 2013 |publisher=Mogadishu Port}}&lt;/ref&gt; ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa ta hukuma ta [[Mogadishu]], babban birnin [[Somaliya|Somalia]] . An lasafta shi azaman babbar tashar jiragen ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;Icsti&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Istanbul conference on Somalia 21 – 23 May 2010 - Draft discussion paper for Round Table &quot;Transport infrastructure&quot; |url=http://www.somalitalk.com/2010/may/istambul/transport.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619064427/http://www.somalitalk.com/2010/may/istambul/transport.pdf |archive-date=19 June 2020 |access-date=31 August 2013 |publisher=Government of Somalia}}&lt;/ref&gt; ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma a cikin ƙasar. 

== Bayanin tarihi ==
Tun daga Daular Romawa, tashar jiragen ruwa ta kasuwanci mai suna Sarapion ta wanzu a cikin abin da yanzu ake kira Mogadishu ta zamani. Duk da haka, a zamanin [[Zamanin Tsakiya|Tsakiyar Zamani,]] tashar jiragen ruwa ta Mogasdishu ƙarama ce kuma da isowar Italiya a 1890 ne aka fara samun ci gaba na farko don ƙirƙirar tashar jiragen ruwa ta zamani. Tun daga lokacin, tashar jiragen ruwa ta ƙaru a ƙarfinta ta zama tashar jiragen ruwa mafi mahimmanci a [[Somaliya]] kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa a gabashin Afirka.

=== Porto di Mogadiscio ===
An ƙirƙiri Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Mogadishu a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa ta zamani (wanda ake kira da ''Porto di Mogadiscio'' ta Italiya) tare da mujallu da tashoshin jiragen ruwa a ƙarshen shekarun 1920 ta hannun gwamnatin Italiya ta Somaliya . A shekarar 1930, an yi wani jirgin ruwa mai kariya tare da hanyoyin shiga ruwa a gaban babban tashar jiragen ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Map of the Mogadiscio port |url=https://mogadishuimages.files.wordpress.com/2008/05/1911map1.gif |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603094228/https://mogadishuimages.files.wordpress.com/2008/05/1911map1.gif |archive-date=2021-06-03 |access-date=2015-09-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda aka haɗa shi da cikin Somaliya ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa har ma da sabuwar &quot;hanyar mulkin mallaka&quot; (daga [[Mogadishu]] zuwa [[Addis Ababa]] ). 

A shekarar 1934, tashar jiragen ruwa ta Mogadiscio ta Italiya ta fitar da tan 43.467 na kayayyakin noma (galibi ayaba) zuwa [[Italiya]] da Turai. Don wannan jigilar kasuwanci, an yi amfani da jiragen ruwa na musamman da ake kira &quot; ''RAMB'' &quot; (waɗanda aka gina da yuwuwar a mayar da su jirgin ruwa mai taimako ). Jirgin ruwan ''Ramb II'' jirgin ruwa ne na ayaba da ke Mogadishu. Wannan shi ne na biyu daga cikin jiragen ruwa guda huɗu da aka gina bisa tsari ɗaya: sauran jiragen sune ''Ramb I'', ''Ramb III'', da ''Ramb IV'' . An gina jiragen ruwa guda huɗu don Royal Banana Monopoly (&quot;Regia Azienda Monopolio Banane&quot;) don jigilar ayaba mai sanyi daga Italiya Somaliya zuwa Italiya.

A shekarar 1936, tashar jiragen ruwa ta fara samun layin jiragen ruwa na duniya na mako-mako ga fasinjoji, wanda ke haɗa Mogadishu da Massawa da [[Genoa]] tare da Lloyd Triestino na Italiya da kuma Layin Italiya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ship lines of Mogadishu port (in Italian) |url=http://www.ilcornodafrica.it/st-porti.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111131005/http://www.ilcornodafrica.it/st-porti.htm |archive-date=2020-01-11 |access-date=2015-09-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; MS &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwag&quot;&gt;Vulcania&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; jirgin ruwa ne na transatlantic wanda ke hidimar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Mogadiscio. Daga baya, a shekarar 1941, jiragen ruwan Birtaniya sun lalata tashar jiragen ruwa sakamakon hare-haren bam a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] .

== Aikin Gyaran Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Mogadishu ==
[[Fayil:Mogadishu_sea_port.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px|Wani mutum yana kula da kayan aikin sarrafa kaya yayin da suke sauke kaya.]]
Bayan ta yi barna a lokacin yakin basasa, Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Somaliya ta ƙaddamar da Aikin Gyaran Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Mogadishu, &lt;ref name=&quot;Towotmip&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Official Website of the Mogadishu International Port |url=http://www.mogadishoport.com/pages/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010313/http://www.mogadishoport.com/pages/ |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=1 December 2013 |publisher=Mogadishu Port}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010313/http://www.mogadishoport.com/pages/ &quot;The Official Website of the Mogadishu International Port&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; wani shiri na sake ginawa, haɓakawa da kuma sabunta tashar.  Gyaran ya haɗa da shigar da fasahar Alpha Logistics. &lt;ref name=&quot;Noidpauim&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Number of Infrastructure Development Projects are underway in Mogadishu |url=http://www.actforsomalia.com/the-number-of-infrastructure-development-projects-that-are-underway-in-mogadishu/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195151/http://www.actforsomalia.com/the-number-of-infrastructure-development-projects-that-are-underway-in-mogadishu/ |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=24 January 2014 |publisher=Act For Somalia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tawagar haɗin gwiwa ta ƙasashen duniya wadda ta ƙunshi Daraktan Tashar [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Djibouti|Jiragen Ruwa ta Djibouti]] da jami'an [[Sin|China]] waɗanda suka ƙware a fannin sake gina kayayyakin more rayuwa sun ziyarci cibiyar a watan Yunin 2013. A cewar manajan Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Mogadishu Abdullahi Ali Nur, wakilan tare da jami'an Somaliya na gida sun sami rahotanni kan ayyukan tashar a matsayin wani ɓangare na matakan tsara aikin sake ginawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Adctrmp&quot; /&gt; 

A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2014, Ministan Sufuri Said Jama Mohamed ya ƙaddamar da wani sabon shiri na gyaran sufuri a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Mogadishu. Ministan ya gana da jami'an ƙungiyar sufuri ta yankin domin tattauna yadda za a inganta aiwatar da sabon tsarin, tabbatar da gaskiya da riƙon amana, da kuma auna buƙatunsu da na masu kayayyakin da ake jigilar su da suke wakilta. A cewar Mohamed, babban burin aikin shine a kafa tsarin sufuri mai adalci. Ya kuma jaddada cewa masu sufuri ya kamata su tabbatar da cewa motocinsu suna cikin kyakkyawan yanayi kuma su cimma matsayin masu kayayyaki. 

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    <title>Kogin Sand (Limpopo)</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: '''Kogin Yashi''' ko Kogin Polokwane[3] (Afrikaans: Sandrivier) mashigar ruwa ce a lardin Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu, gaɓar hannun dama na Kogin Limpopo. Sabon sunanta &quot;Kogin Polokwane&quot; yana da alaƙa da sunan garin Polokwane, wanda a da Pietersburg, kimanin kilomita 200 (120 mi) ta tashi daga bakinsa. Kogin Yashi yana gudana ta gefen yammacin wannan garin.  == Hakika == Tana da tushenta kudu da Mokopane kuma tana gudana zuwa arewa ta tsakiyar Lardin Limpopo har sai ta ratsa Sout...</comment>
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      <text bytes="1712" sha1="pq3cgut9mgi0rw9jksvippj5ta0kjkw" xml:space="preserve">'''Kogin Yashi''' ko Kogin Polokwane[3] (Afrikaans: Sandrivier) mashigar ruwa ce a lardin Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu, gaɓar hannun dama na Kogin Limpopo. Sabon sunanta &quot;Kogin Polokwane&quot; yana da alaƙa da sunan garin Polokwane, wanda a da Pietersburg, kimanin kilomita 200 (120 mi) ta tashi daga bakinsa. Kogin Yashi yana gudana ta gefen yammacin wannan garin.

== Hakika ==
Tana da tushenta kudu da Mokopane kuma tana gudana zuwa arewa ta tsakiyar Lardin Limpopo har sai ta ratsa Soutpansberg ta wani kwazazzabo mai zurfi, Waterpoort. Sannan ta nufi arewa ta haye Lowveld har sai ta shiga hannun dama na bankin Limpopo mai tazarar kilomita 7 (4 mi) gabas da Musina.[4] Ko da yake an yi la'akari da kogin perennial sau da yawa ya bushe a cikin hunturu.

Wuraren da ke cikin rafin Kogin Sand ya sami lalacewa da yawa, musamman saboda kiwo. Akwai wasu yankuna masu dausayi a cikin kwandon. Waɗannan yankuna sune mahimman halittun halittu ga wasu tsire-tsire da ba kasafai ba ko da ke cikin haɗari, da kuma nau'in kwaɗi da nau'in tsuntsaye. Akwai ma'adinai 18 a cikin kogin Sand.[5]

=== Dams da tributary ===
Babban madatsar ruwa daya tilo a cikin kwarin kogin Sand shine Dam Mathala, wanda kuma aka sani da Dam din Houtrivier, akan kogin Hout, bangaren hannun hagu na Yashi.[6] Kogin Diep ya hadu da hannun dama na Kogin Sand a arewa maso gabashin garin Polokwane. Kogin Mulaudzi, wanda kuma aka sani da &quot;Kogin Jini&quot;, ya haɗu da Kogin Sand daga hagu a arewacin Polokwane. Dam din Seshego karamin dam ne akan Mulaudzi.[7] Kogin Brak rafi ne na tsaka-tsakin rafi da ke gudana tsakanin Blouberg da Soutpansberg, yana haɗuwa da gefen hagu na Kogin Sand kusan kilomita 35 (22 mi) daga Kogin Limpopo.

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'''Kogin Yashi''' ko Kogin Polokwane[3] (Afrikaans: Sandrivier) mashigar ruwa ce a lardin Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu, gaɓar hannun dama na Kogin Limpopo. Sabon sunanta &quot;Kogin Polokwane&quot; yana da alaƙa da sunan garin Polokwane, wanda a da Pietersburg, kimanin kilomita 200 (120 mi) ta tashi daga bakinsa. Kogin Yashi yana gudana ta gefen yammacin wannan garin.

== Hakika ==
Tana da tushenta kudu da Mokopane kuma tana gudana zuwa arewa ta tsakiyar Lardin Limpopo har sai ta ratsa Soutpansberg ta wani kwazazzabo mai zurfi, Waterpoort. Sannan ta nufi arewa ta haye Lowveld har sai ta shiga hannun dama na bankin Limpopo mai tazarar kilomita 7 (4 mi) gabas da Musina.[4] Ko da yake an yi la'akari da kogin perennial sau da yawa ya bushe a cikin hunturu.

Wuraren da ke cikin rafin Kogin Sand ya sami lalacewa da yawa, musamman saboda kiwo. Akwai wasu yankuna masu dausayi a cikin kwandon. Waɗannan yankuna sune mahimman halittun halittu ga wasu tsire-tsire da ba kasafai ba ko da ke cikin haɗari, da kuma nau'in kwaɗi da nau'in tsuntsaye. Akwai ma'adinai 18 a cikin kogin Sand.[5]

=== Dams da tributary ===
Babban madatsar ruwa daya tilo a cikin kwarin kogin Sand shine Dam Mathala, wanda kuma aka sani da Dam din Houtrivier, akan kogin Hout, bangaren hannun hagu na Yashi.[6] Kogin Diep ya hadu da hannun dama na Kogin Sand a arewa maso gabashin garin Polokwane. Kogin Mulaudzi, wanda kuma aka sani da &quot;Kogin Jini&quot;, ya haɗu da Kogin Sand daga hagu a arewacin Polokwane. Dam din Seshego karamin dam ne akan Mulaudzi.[7] Kogin Brak rafi ne na tsaka-tsakin rafi da ke gudana tsakanin Blouberg da Soutpansberg, yana haɗuwa da gefen hagu na Kogin Sand kusan kilomita 35 (22 mi) daga Kogin Limpopo.

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'''Kogin Yashi''' ko Kogin Polokwane&lt;ref&gt;Olifants River now called Lepelle&lt;/ref&gt; (Afrikaans: Sandrivier) mashigar ruwa ce a lardin Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu, gaɓar hannun dama na Kogin Limpopo. Sabon sunanta &quot;Kogin Polokwane&quot; yana da alaƙa da sunan garin Polokwane, wanda a da Pietersburg, kimanin kilomita 200 (120 mi) ta tashi daga bakinsa. Kogin Yashi yana gudana ta gefen yammacin wannan garin.

== Hakika ==
Tana da tushenta kudu da Mokopane kuma tana gudana zuwa arewa ta tsakiyar Lardin Limpopo har sai ta ratsa Soutpansberg ta wani kwazazzabo mai zurfi, Waterpoort. Sannan ta nufi arewa ta haye Lowveld har sai ta shiga hannun dama na bankin Limpopo mai tazarar kilomita 7 (4 mi) gabas da Musina.[4] Ko da yake an yi la'akari da kogin perennial sau da yawa ya bushe a cikin hunturu.

Wuraren da ke cikin rafin Kogin Sand ya sami lalacewa da yawa, musamman saboda kiwo. Akwai wasu yankuna masu dausayi a cikin kwandon. Waɗannan yankuna sune mahimman halittun halittu ga wasu tsire-tsire da ba kasafai ba ko da ke cikin haɗari, da kuma nau'in kwaɗi da nau'in tsuntsaye. Akwai ma'adinai 18 a cikin kogin Sand.[5]

=== Dams da tributary ===
Babban madatsar ruwa daya tilo a cikin kwarin kogin Sand shine Dam Mathala, wanda kuma aka sani da Dam din Houtrivier, akan kogin Hout, bangaren hannun hagu na Yashi.[6] Kogin Diep ya hadu da hannun dama na Kogin Sand a arewa maso gabashin garin Polokwane. Kogin Mulaudzi, wanda kuma aka sani da &quot;Kogin Jini&quot;, ya haɗu da Kogin Sand daga hagu a arewacin Polokwane. Dam din Seshego karamin dam ne akan Mulaudzi.[7] Kogin Brak rafi ne na tsaka-tsakin rafi da ke gudana tsakanin Blouberg da Soutpansberg, yana haɗuwa da gefen hagu na Kogin Sand kusan kilomita 35 (22 mi) daga Kogin Limpopo.

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'''Kogin Yashi''' ko Kogin Polokwane&lt;ref&gt;Olifants River now called Lepelle&lt;/ref&gt; (Afrikaans: Sandrivier) mashigar ruwa ce a lardin Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu, gaɓar hannun dama na Kogin Limpopo. Sabon sunanta &quot;Kogin Polokwane&quot; yana da alaƙa da sunan garin Polokwane, wanda a da Pietersburg, kimanin kilomita 200 (120 mi) ta tashi daga bakinsa. Kogin Yashi yana gudana ta gefen yammacin wannan garin.

== Hakika ==
Tana da tushenta kudu da Mokopane kuma tana gudana zuwa arewa ta tsakiyar Lardin Limpopo har sai ta ratsa Soutpansberg ta wani kwazazzabo mai zurfi, Waterpoort. Sannan ta nufi arewa ta haye Lowveld har sai ta shiga hannun dama na bankin Limpopo mai tazarar kilomita 7 (4 mi) gabas da Musina.&lt;ref&gt;Major rivers and streams within the Limpopo River Basin&lt;/ref&gt; Ko da yake an yi la'akari da kogin perennial sau da yawa ya bushe a cikin hunturu.

Wuraren da ke cikin rafin Kogin Sand ya sami lalacewa da yawa, musamman saboda kiwo. Akwai wasu yankuna masu dausayi a cikin kwandon. Waɗannan yankuna sune mahimman halittun halittu ga wasu tsire-tsire da ba kasafai ba ko da ke cikin haɗari, da kuma nau'in kwaɗi da nau'in tsuntsaye. Akwai ma'adinai 18 a cikin kogin Sand.[5]

=== Dams da tributary ===
Babban madatsar ruwa daya tilo a cikin kwarin kogin Sand shine Dam Mathala, wanda kuma aka sani da Dam din Houtrivier, akan kogin Hout, bangaren hannun hagu na Yashi.[6] Kogin Diep ya hadu da hannun dama na Kogin Sand a arewa maso gabashin garin Polokwane. Kogin Mulaudzi, wanda kuma aka sani da &quot;Kogin Jini&quot;, ya haɗu da Kogin Sand daga hagu a arewacin Polokwane. Dam din Seshego karamin dam ne akan Mulaudzi.[7] Kogin Brak rafi ne na tsaka-tsakin rafi da ke gudana tsakanin Blouberg da Soutpansberg, yana haɗuwa da gefen hagu na Kogin Sand kusan kilomita 35 (22 mi) daga Kogin Limpopo.

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'''Kogin Yashi''' ko Kogin Polokwane&lt;ref&gt;Olifants River now called Lepelle&lt;/ref&gt; (Afrikaans: Sandrivier) mashigar ruwa ce a lardin Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu, gaɓar hannun dama na Kogin Limpopo. Sabon sunanta &quot;Kogin Polokwane&quot; yana da alaƙa da sunan garin Polokwane, wanda a da Pietersburg, kimanin kilomita 200 (120 mi) ta tashi daga bakinsa. Kogin Yashi yana gudana ta gefen yammacin wannan garin.

== Hakika ==
Tana da tushenta kudu da Mokopane kuma tana gudana zuwa arewa ta tsakiyar Lardin Limpopo har sai ta ratsa Soutpansberg ta wani kwazazzabo mai zurfi, Waterpoort. Sannan ta nufi arewa ta haye Lowveld har sai ta shiga hannun dama na bankin Limpopo mai tazarar kilomita 7 (4 mi) gabas da Musina.&lt;ref&gt;Major rivers and streams within the Limpopo River Basin&lt;/ref&gt; Ko da yake an yi la'akari da kogin perennial sau da yawa ya bushe a cikin hunturu.

Wuraren da ke cikin rafin Kogin Sand ya sami lalacewa da yawa, musamman saboda kiwo. Akwai wasu yankuna masu dausayi a cikin kwandon. Waɗannan yankuna sune mahimman halittun halittu ga wasu tsire-tsire da ba kasafai ba ko da ke cikin haɗari, da kuma nau'in kwaɗi da nau'in tsuntsaye. Akwai ma'adinai 18 a cikin kogin Sand.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sand Sub-basin&quot;. Archived from the original on 2012-04-20. Retrieved 2012-03-24.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dams da tributary ===
Babban madatsar ruwa daya tilo a cikin kwarin kogin Sand shine Dam Mathala, wanda kuma aka sani da Dam din Houtrivier, akan kogin Hout, bangaren hannun hagu na Yashi.[6] Kogin Diep ya hadu da hannun dama na Kogin Sand a arewa maso gabashin garin Polokwane. Kogin Mulaudzi, wanda kuma aka sani da &quot;Kogin Jini&quot;, ya haɗu da Kogin Sand daga hagu a arewacin Polokwane. Dam din Seshego karamin dam ne akan Mulaudzi.[7] Kogin Brak rafi ne na tsaka-tsakin rafi da ke gudana tsakanin Blouberg da Soutpansberg, yana haɗuwa da gefen hagu na Kogin Sand kusan kilomita 35 (22 mi) daga Kogin Limpopo.

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'''Kogin Yashi''' ko Kogin Polokwane&lt;ref&gt;Olifants River now called Lepelle&lt;/ref&gt; (Afrikaans: Sandrivier) mashigar ruwa ce a lardin Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu, gaɓar hannun dama na Kogin Limpopo. Sabon sunanta &quot;Kogin Polokwane&quot; yana da alaƙa da sunan garin Polokwane, wanda a da Pietersburg, kimanin kilomita 200 (120 mi) ta tashi daga bakinsa. Kogin Yashi yana gudana ta gefen yammacin wannan garin.

== Hakika ==
Tana da tushenta kudu da Mokopane kuma tana gudana zuwa arewa ta tsakiyar Lardin Limpopo har sai ta ratsa Soutpansberg ta wani kwazazzabo mai zurfi, Waterpoort. Sannan ta nufi arewa ta haye Lowveld har sai ta shiga hannun dama na bankin Limpopo mai tazarar kilomita 7 (4 mi) gabas da Musina.&lt;ref&gt;Major rivers and streams within the Limpopo River Basin&lt;/ref&gt; Ko da yake an yi la'akari da kogin perennial sau da yawa ya bushe a cikin hunturu.

Wuraren da ke cikin rafin Kogin Sand ya sami lalacewa da yawa, musamman saboda kiwo. Akwai wasu yankuna masu dausayi a cikin kwandon. Waɗannan yankuna sune mahimman halittun halittu ga wasu tsire-tsire da ba kasafai ba ko da ke cikin haɗari, da kuma nau'in kwaɗi da nau'in tsuntsaye. Akwai ma'adinai 18 a cikin kogin Sand.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sand Sub-basin&quot;. Archived from the original on 2012-04-20. Retrieved 2012-03-24.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dams da tributary ===
Babban madatsar ruwa daya tilo a cikin kwarin kogin Sand shine Dam Mathala, wanda kuma aka sani da Dam din Houtrivier, akan kogin Hout, bangaren hannun hagu na Yashi.&lt;ref&gt;Sand River&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin Diep ya hadu da hannun dama na Kogin Sand a arewa maso gabashin garin Polokwane. Kogin Mulaudzi, wanda kuma aka sani da &quot;Kogin Jini&quot;, ya haɗu da Kogin Sand daga hagu a arewacin Polokwane. Dam din Seshego karamin dam ne akan Mulaudzi.[7] Kogin Brak rafi ne na tsaka-tsakin rafi da ke gudana tsakanin Blouberg da Soutpansberg, yana haɗuwa da gefen hagu na Kogin Sand kusan kilomita 35 (22 mi) daga Kogin Limpopo.

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'''Kogin Yashi''' ko Kogin Polokwane&lt;ref&gt;Olifants River now called Lepelle&lt;/ref&gt; (Afrikaans: Sandrivier) mashigar ruwa ce a lardin Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu, gaɓar hannun dama na Kogin Limpopo. Sabon sunanta &quot;Kogin Polokwane&quot; yana da alaƙa da sunan garin Polokwane, wanda a da Pietersburg, kimanin kilomita 200 (120 mi) ta tashi daga bakinsa. Kogin Yashi yana gudana ta gefen yammacin wannan garin.

== Hakika ==
Tana da tushenta kudu da Mokopane kuma tana gudana zuwa arewa ta tsakiyar Lardin Limpopo har sai ta ratsa Soutpansberg ta wani kwazazzabo mai zurfi, Waterpoort. Sannan ta nufi arewa ta haye Lowveld har sai ta shiga hannun dama na bankin Limpopo mai tazarar kilomita 7 (4 mi) gabas da Musina.&lt;ref&gt;Major rivers and streams within the Limpopo River Basin&lt;/ref&gt; Ko da yake an yi la'akari da kogin perennial sau da yawa ya bushe a cikin hunturu.

Wuraren da ke cikin rafin Kogin Sand ya sami lalacewa da yawa, musamman saboda kiwo. Akwai wasu yankuna masu dausayi a cikin kwandon. Waɗannan yankuna sune mahimman halittun halittu ga wasu tsire-tsire da ba kasafai ba ko da ke cikin haɗari, da kuma nau'in kwaɗi da nau'in tsuntsaye. Akwai ma'adinai 18 a cikin kogin Sand.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sand Sub-basin&quot;. Archived from the original on 2012-04-20. Retrieved 2012-03-24.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dams da tributary ===
Babban madatsar ruwa daya tilo a cikin kwarin kogin Sand shine Dam Mathala, wanda kuma aka sani da Dam din Houtrivier, akan kogin Hout, bangaren hannun hagu na Yashi.&lt;ref&gt;Sand River&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin Diep ya hadu da hannun dama na Kogin Sand a arewa maso gabashin garin Polokwane. Kogin Mulaudzi, wanda kuma aka sani da &quot;Kogin Jini&quot;, ya haɗu da Kogin Sand daga hagu a arewacin Polokwane. Dam din Seshego karamin dam ne akan Mulaudzi.&lt;ref&gt;Polokwane Municipality&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin Brak rafi ne na tsaka-tsakin rafi da ke gudana tsakanin Blouberg da Soutpansberg, yana haɗuwa da gefen hagu na Kogin Sand kusan kilomita 35 (22 mi) daga Kogin Limpopo.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>861503</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:43:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nnamadee</username>
        <id>31123</id>
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[[File:DeHoop.png | thumb | right | alt=A diagram of potential dam construction | A diagram of potential construction of a Dam on the De Hoop river ]]
'''Kogin Yashi''' ko Kogin Polokwane&lt;ref&gt;Olifants River now called Lepelle&lt;/ref&gt; (Afrikaans: Sandrivier) mashigar ruwa ce a lardin Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu, gaɓar hannun dama na Kogin Limpopo. Sabon sunanta &quot;Kogin Polokwane&quot; yana da alaƙa da sunan garin Polokwane, wanda a da Pietersburg, kimanin kilomita 200 (120 mi) ta tashi daga bakinsa. Kogin Yashi yana gudana ta gefen yammacin wannan garin.

== Hakika ==
Tana da tushenta kudu da Mokopane kuma tana gudana zuwa arewa ta tsakiyar Lardin Limpopo har sai ta ratsa Soutpansberg ta wani kwazazzabo mai zurfi, Waterpoort. Sannan ta nufi arewa ta haye Lowveld har sai ta shiga hannun dama na bankin Limpopo mai tazarar kilomita 7 (4 mi) gabas da Musina.&lt;ref&gt;Major rivers and streams within the Limpopo River Basin&lt;/ref&gt; Ko da yake an yi la'akari da kogin perennial sau da yawa ya bushe a cikin hunturu.

Wuraren da ke cikin rafin Kogin Sand ya sami lalacewa da yawa, musamman saboda kiwo. Akwai wasu yankuna masu dausayi a cikin kwandon. Waɗannan yankuna sune mahimman halittun halittu ga wasu tsire-tsire da ba kasafai ba ko da ke cikin haɗari, da kuma nau'in kwaɗi da nau'in tsuntsaye. Akwai ma'adinai 18 a cikin kogin Sand.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sand Sub-basin&quot;. Archived from the original on 2012-04-20. Retrieved 2012-03-24.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dams da tributary ===
Babban madatsar ruwa daya tilo a cikin kwarin kogin Sand shine Dam Mathala, wanda kuma aka sani da Dam din Houtrivier, akan kogin Hout, bangaren hannun hagu na Yashi.&lt;ref&gt;Sand River&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin Diep ya hadu da hannun dama na Kogin Sand a arewa maso gabashin garin Polokwane. Kogin Mulaudzi, wanda kuma aka sani da &quot;Kogin Jini&quot;, ya haɗu da Kogin Sand daga hagu a arewacin Polokwane. Dam din Seshego karamin dam ne akan Mulaudzi.&lt;ref&gt;Polokwane Municipality&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin Brak rafi ne na tsaka-tsakin rafi da ke gudana tsakanin Blouberg da Soutpansberg, yana haɗuwa da gefen hagu na Kogin Sand kusan kilomita 35 (22 mi) daga Kogin Limpopo.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Merca</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:31:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1305872312|Port of Merca]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4417" sha1="en315r93jmecr5by0jxzbseweepq0k4" xml:space="preserve">'''Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Merca''' ( [[Harshen Somaliya|Somali]] : ''Dekada Marka'', [[Italiyanci]] : ''Porto di Merca'' ) wanda kuma aka sani da '''Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Merca''', ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa ta hukuma ta Merca, wacce take a kudu maso gabashin [[Somaliya]] . An sanya ta a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa ta aji . &lt;ref name=&quot;Icsti&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Istanbul conference on Somalia 21 – 23 May 2010 - Draft discussion paper for Round Table &quot;Transport infrastructure&quot; |url=http://www.somalitalk.com/2010/may/istambul/transport.pdf |publisher=Government of Somalia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da tashar jiragen ruwa da kuma tashar jiragen ruwa da ke shiga Tekun Somaliya. 

== Tarihi ==
Da farko - kuma tsawon ƙarni da yawa - ayyukan kamun kifi ne kawai ake yi a bakin tekun ƙaramin ƙauyen bakin teku da ake kira Merca yanzu.

=== Porto di Merca ===
Tashar jiragen ruwa ƙaramar hanyar shiga kamun kifi ce a farkon shekarun 1900, amma a shekarun 1920 gwamnan Italiya De Vecchi ya ƙirƙiri wani tashar jiragen ruwa &quot;na gaske&quot;, wanda aka kira shi a hukumance a ''Porto di Merca'' [[Italiyanci|ta Italiya]], tare da tashar jiragen ruwa don jigilar ayaba ta Italiya a Somaliya . 

A ƙarshen shekarun 1920 kuma galibi a shekarun 1930 akwai wani yanki na mazauna Italiya a birnin Merca mai tashar jiragen ruwa, wanda aka inganta sosai. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Merca ita ce ta biyu a Somaliya ta Italiya kuma ana yi mata lakabi da &quot;tashar ayaba&quot; (porto bananiero) saboda daga can ake fitar da ita zuwa ƙasashen waje a waɗannan shekarun. A wancan lokacin, ana fitar da ayaba mai yawa zuwa [[Italiya]] da [[Turai]] . 

A birnin Merca, an sami babban ci gaba a fannin tattalin arziki a shekarun 1930, musamman saboda karuwar kasuwancin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Merca da aka haɗa ta hanyar ƙaramin layin dogo zuwa yankin gona na Genale da Villabruzzi .  A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu,]] Turawan Birtaniya sun yi wa Merca da tashar jiragen ruwa barna.
{{Blockquote|''The &quot;Giuliana Fassio&quot; and other ships (from [[Italy]] to Somalia) mainly transported mechanical equipment, furniture, household appliances such as refrigerators and the first washing machines, cars and wine. After the landing of these products in Mogadishu, they continued on to Merca, an important port of call south of the capital and the first port for loading bananas. Not even here there was a real port and the boarding took place with the use of maone and the strength of the arms of a hundred Somalis who in a relatively short time and under the supervision of the crew carried out an operation that it was less simple than one might imagine, given the precautions that had to be taken to ensure that the bananas, once stowed with a specific criterion, reach their destination in the best possible way. Then another stop in Chisimaio, an important coastal emporium and crossroads of many communication routes that led to the large plantations in the interior of the country. Here the loading of the ship was completed and the first passengers of the return journey were embarked (in Chisimaio &amp; Merca), to which would be added those who were waiting to board in Mogadishu''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.informazionimarittime.com/post/le-navi-che-dallitalia-andavano-nel-corno-dafrica Banana ships in Merca (in Italian)]&lt;/ref&gt;.}}
Cinikin ayaba ya ci gaba a cikin shekarun farko bayan yaƙin, musamman a cikin shekaru goma (1950-1960) na Amincewar Italiya ta Somaliya.

=== Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Merca bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] ===
Tashar jiragen ruwa ba ta da wani aiki a shekarun 1950, 1960 da 1970. An lalata tashar jiragen ruwa ta Merca a lokacin yakin basasa a shekarun 1990, tare da sauran kayayyakin da ake amfani da su wajen fitar da ayaba.

Sojojin gwamnati sun yi watsi da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Merca (da birnin) kuma [[Al-Shabaab (ƙungiyar Mayaƙa)|Al-Shabaab]] ta kwace ta a watan Fabrairun 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2016 |title=Al-Shabaab militants retake Somali port |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/05/al-shabaab-militants-retake-somali-port-merka-african-union}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sojojin ƙasar Somaliya tare da sojojin Tarayyar Afirka sun sake kwace ta, kwanaki kaɗan bayan haka. An yi ƙaramin yaƙi inda wani soja ɗan Somaliya, 'yan bindiga da dama, da fararen hula huɗu suka mutu. 

== Duba kuma ==

* Sufuri a Somaliya
* Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Mogadishu

== Manazarta ==</text>
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        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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'''Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Merca''' ( [[Harshen Somaliya|Somali]] : ''Dekada Marka'', [[Italiyanci]] : ''Porto di Merca'' ) wanda kuma aka sani da '''Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Merca''', ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa ta hukuma ta Merca, wacce take a kudu maso gabashin [[Somaliya]] . An sanya ta a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa ta aji . &lt;ref name=&quot;Icsti&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Istanbul conference on Somalia 21 – 23 May 2010 - Draft discussion paper for Round Table &quot;Transport infrastructure&quot; |url=http://www.somalitalk.com/2010/may/istambul/transport.pdf |publisher=Government of Somalia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da tashar jiragen ruwa da kuma tashar jiragen ruwa da ke shiga Tekun Somaliya. 

== Tarihi ==
Da farko - kuma tsawon ƙarni da yawa - ayyukan kamun kifi ne kawai ake yi a bakin tekun ƙaramin ƙauyen bakin teku da ake kira Merca yanzu.

=== Porto di Merca ===
Tashar jiragen ruwa ƙaramar hanyar shiga kamun kifi ce a farkon shekarun 1900, amma a shekarun 1920 gwamnan Italiya De Vecchi ya ƙirƙiri wani tashar jiragen ruwa &quot;na gaske&quot;, wanda aka kira shi a hukumance a ''Porto di Merca'' [[Italiyanci|ta Italiya]], tare da tashar jiragen ruwa don jigilar ayaba ta Italiya a Somaliya . 

A ƙarshen shekarun 1920 kuma galibi a shekarun 1930 akwai wani yanki na mazauna Italiya a birnin Merca mai tashar jiragen ruwa, wanda aka inganta sosai. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Merca ita ce ta biyu a Somaliya ta Italiya kuma ana yi mata lakabi da &quot;tashar ayaba&quot; (porto bananiero) saboda daga can ake fitar da ita zuwa ƙasashen waje a waɗannan shekarun. A wancan lokacin, ana fitar da ayaba mai yawa zuwa [[Italiya]] da [[Turai]] . 

A birnin Merca, an sami babban ci gaba a fannin tattalin arziki a shekarun 1930, musamman saboda karuwar kasuwancin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Merca da aka haɗa ta hanyar ƙaramin layin dogo zuwa yankin gona na Genale da Villabruzzi .  A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu,]] Turawan Birtaniya sun yi wa Merca da tashar jiragen ruwa barna.
{{Blockquote|''The &quot;Giuliana Fassio&quot; and other ships (from [[Italy]] to Somalia) mainly transported mechanical equipment, furniture, household appliances such as refrigerators and the first washing machines, cars and wine. After the landing of these products in Mogadishu, they continued on to Merca, an important port of call south of the capital and the first port for loading bananas. Not even here there was a real port and the boarding took place with the use of maone and the strength of the arms of a hundred Somalis who in a relatively short time and under the supervision of the crew carried out an operation that it was less simple than one might imagine, given the precautions that had to be taken to ensure that the bananas, once stowed with a specific criterion, reach their destination in the best possible way. Then another stop in Chisimaio, an important coastal emporium and crossroads of many communication routes that led to the large plantations in the interior of the country. Here the loading of the ship was completed and the first passengers of the return journey were embarked (in Chisimaio &amp; Merca), to which would be added those who were waiting to board in Mogadishu''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.informazionimarittime.com/post/le-navi-che-dallitalia-andavano-nel-corno-dafrica Banana ships in Merca (in Italian)]&lt;/ref&gt;.}}
Cinikin ayaba ya ci gaba a cikin shekarun farko bayan yaƙin, musamman a cikin shekaru goma (1950-1960) na Amincewar Italiya ta Somaliya.

=== Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Merca bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] ===
Tashar jiragen ruwa ba ta da wani aiki a shekarun 1950, 1960 da 1970. An lalata tashar jiragen ruwa ta Merca a lokacin yakin basasa a shekarun 1990, tare da sauran kayayyakin da ake amfani da su wajen fitar da ayaba.

Sojojin gwamnati sun yi watsi da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Merca (da birnin) kuma [[Al-Shabaab (ƙungiyar Mayaƙa)|Al-Shabaab]] ta kwace ta a watan Fabrairun 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 February 2016 |title=Al-Shabaab militants retake Somali port |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/05/al-shabaab-militants-retake-somali-port-merka-african-union}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sojojin ƙasar Somaliya tare da sojojin Tarayyar Afirka sun sake kwace ta, kwanaki kaɗan bayan haka. An yi ƙaramin yaƙi inda wani soja ɗan Somaliya, 'yan bindiga da dama, da fararen hula huɗu suka mutu. 

== Duba kuma ==

* Sufuri a Somaliya
* Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Mogadishu

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bamidele Salam</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>861480</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:34:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359943924|Bamidele Salam]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Bamidele Salam''' (an haife shi 1 ga watan Octoban 1969) [[Lauya|lawya]] ne kuma dan jarida kuma dan siyasa.1........ya yi aiki a matsayin Memba na [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|House of Representatives]] na [[Jerin Sunayen 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya, 2019–2023|9th]] da [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|10th]]  [[Majalisar Najeriya|a Nigeria National Assembly]]. ya kuma  jagoranci [[Ede ta Arewa|yankin Ede North]], [[Ede ta Kudu|Ede South]], [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] matakin kasa na [[Osun|Osun State]].2 3........

== Ayyuka ==
Bamidele ta fara ne a matsayin mai ba da labarai na Rediyo da Talabijin na [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Ogun|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Osun]], [[Osogbo|Oṣogbo]] (1994-2003). A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Tarayyar 'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya (1997-2000) kuma daga baya ya zama Shugaban Tarayyar' yan Jarida ta Nigeria (2000-2003).4 5........An nada shi a matsayin mataimakin kafofin watsa labarai ga Gwamnan Jihar Osun na lokacin, [[Olagunsoye Oyinlola]], kuma ya yi aiki kai tsaye tare da Babban Jami'in Jihar daga 2003 zuwa 2007.6 7........

== Siyasa ==
Bamidele ta fara aikin siyasa ne a matsayin memba na tsohuwar jam'iyyar Peoples Solidarity Party . A shekara ta 2008, an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Egbedore (2008-2010) a dandalin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party .2........An nada shi Shugaban kafofin watsa labarai a ofishin Babban Mataimakin Musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan Harkokin Jama'a, [[Doyin Okupe]] (2012-2015). 8........A shekara ta 2015, ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sani da Children of Africa Leadership and Values Development Initiative (CALDEV); inda yake shugaban kasa.9 10 11........

A cikin 2019, Bamidele ya yi takara kuma ya lashe kujerar Ede North, Ede South, [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] Tarayyar Tarayya a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 2023.2........Daga nan sai ya sake yin takara don wannan kujerar a 2023 kuma ya sake lashe.3 12........ Daga cikin mukamai da yawa, ya rike mukamin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dokoki ta 10,13........  a matsayin memba na Majalisar [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] tun Maris 2020, kuma a kan aikin lura da zabe a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Gambiya]].13........

=== Takardun kudi da motsi da aka motsa ===
A matsayinta na memba na Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta 9 [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|Na 10]], Bamidele ta dauki nauyin kuma ta motsa motsi. Wasu daga cikin takardunsa da motsi masu motsawa sune:

* (HB.700) Dokar Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Sa kai ta Kasa, 2020. 14 15........
* (HB.708) Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan Kwayoyin Cutar Kasa da sauran Cututtukani na Jinin Gida (Kariya da Magunguna) Bill, 202014........
* (HB.709) Dokar Daraktan Ayyuka ta Kasa (Amend-ment) Bill, 202014........
* (HB. 909) Asusun Haraji na Ƙananan Kudin, 2020 16........
* (HB. 1221) Asibitocin Koyarwa na Jami'o'i (Sake Tsarin Kwamitoci Etc.) Dokar (Gwamma) Bill, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1222) Dokar Godiya ta Kasa don Hukumar Tsaro, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1369) Dokar Gyara Fensho (Gwamma) BIll, 2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BILL PROGRESSION CHART OF THE 9TH HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES |url=https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf |access-date=May 11, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB. 1370) Dokar Ma'aikatan Jama'a (Regulation), 2021.15........

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
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      <id>861482</id>
      <parentid>861480</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:34:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359943924|Bamidele Salam]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Bamidele Salam''' (an haife shi 1 ga watan Octoban 1969) [[Lauya|lawya]] ne kuma dan jarida kuma dan siyasa.1........ya yi aiki a matsayin Memba na [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|House of Representatives]] na [[Jerin Sunayen 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya, 2019–2023|9th]] da [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|10th]]  [[Majalisar Najeriya|a Nigeria National Assembly]]. ya kuma  jagoranci [[Ede ta Arewa|yankin Ede North]], [[Ede ta Kudu|Ede South]], [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] matakin kasa na [[Osun|Osun State]].2 3........

== Ayyuka ==
Bamidele ta fara ne a matsayin mai ba da labarai na Rediyo da Talabijin na [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Ogun|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Osun]], [[Osogbo|Oṣogbo]] (1994-2003). A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Tarayyar 'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya daga (1997-2000) kuma daga baya ya zama Shugaban Tarayyar' yan Jarida ta Nigeria daga (2000-2003).4 5........An nada shi a matsayin mataimakin kafofin watsa labarai ga Gwamnan Jihar Osun na lokacin, [[Olagunsoye Oyinlola]], kuma ya yi aiki kai tsaye tare da Babban Jami'in Jihar daga 2003 zuwa 2007.6 7........

== Siyasa ==
Bamidele ta fara aikin siyasa ne a matsayin memba na tsohuwar jam'iyyar Peoples Solidarity Party . A shekara ta 2008, an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Egbedore (2008-2010) a dandalin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party .2........An nada shi Shugaban kafofin watsa labarai a ofishin Babban Mataimakin Musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan Harkokin Jama'a, [[Doyin Okupe]] (2012-2015). 8........A shekara ta 2015, ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sani da Children of Africa Leadership and Values Development Initiative (CALDEV); inda yake shugaban kasa.9 10 11........

A cikin 2019, Bamidele ya yi takara kuma ya lashe kujerar Ede North, Ede South, [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] Tarayyar Tarayya a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 2023.2........Daga nan sai ya sake yin takara don wannan kujerar a 2023 kuma ya sake lashe.3 12........ Daga cikin mukamai da yawa, ya rike mukamin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dokoki ta 10,13........  a matsayin memba na Majalisar [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] tun Maris 2020, kuma a kan aikin lura da zabe a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Gambiya]].13........

=== Takardun kudi da motsi da aka motsa ===
A matsayinta na memba na Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta 9 [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|Na 10]], Bamidele ta dauki nauyin kuma ta motsa motsi. Wasu daga cikin takardunsa da motsi masu motsawa sune:

* (HB.700) Dokar Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Sa kai ta Kasa, 2020. 14 15........
* (HB.708) Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan Kwayoyin Cutar Kasa da sauran Cututtukani na Jinin Gida (Kariya da Magunguna) Bill, 202014........
* (HB.709) Dokar Daraktan Ayyuka ta Kasa (Amend-ment) Bill, 202014........
* (HB. 909) Asusun Haraji na Ƙananan Kudin, 2020 16........
* (HB. 1221) Asibitocin Koyarwa na Jami'o'i (Sake Tsarin Kwamitoci Etc.) Dokar (Gwamma) Bill, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1222) Dokar Godiya ta Kasa don Hukumar Tsaro, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1369) Dokar Gyara Fensho (Gwamma) BIll, 2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BILL PROGRESSION CHART OF THE 9TH HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES |url=https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf |access-date=May 11, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB. 1370) Dokar Ma'aikatan Jama'a (Regulation), 2021.15........

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
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        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
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      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
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'''Bamidele Salam''' (an haife shi 1 ga watan Octoban 1969) [[Lauya|lawya]] ne kuma dan jarida kuma dan siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://rayopost.com/meet-rep-bamidele-salam-journalist-lawyer-politician-and-advocate-for-progress/&lt;/ref&gt;ya yi aiki a matsayin Memba na [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|House of Representatives]] na [[Jerin Sunayen 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya, 2019–2023|9th]] da [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|10th]]  [[Majalisar Najeriya|a Nigeria National Assembly]]. ya kuma  jagoranci [[Ede ta Arewa|yankin Ede North]], [[Ede ta Kudu|Ede South]], [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] matakin kasa na [[Osun|Osun State]].2 3........

== Ayyuka ==
Bamidele ta fara ne a matsayin mai ba da labarai na Rediyo da Talabijin na [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Ogun|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Osun]], [[Osogbo|Oṣogbo]] (1994-2003). A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Tarayyar 'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya daga (1997-2000) kuma daga baya ya zama Shugaban Tarayyar' yan Jarida ta Nigeria daga (2000-2003).4 5........An nada shi a matsayin mataimakin kafofin watsa labarai ga Gwamnan Jihar Osun na lokacin, [[Olagunsoye Oyinlola]], kuma ya yi aiki kai tsaye tare da Babban Jami'in Jihar daga 2003 zuwa 2007.6 7........

== Siyasa ==
Bamidele ta fara aikin siyasa ne a matsayin memba na tsohuwar jam'iyyar Peoples Solidarity Party . A shekara ta 2008, an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Egbedore (2008-2010) a dandalin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party .2........An nada shi Shugaban kafofin watsa labarai a ofishin Babban Mataimakin Musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan Harkokin Jama'a, [[Doyin Okupe]] (2012-2015). 8........A shekara ta 2015, ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sani da Children of Africa Leadership and Values Development Initiative (CALDEV); inda yake shugaban kasa.9 10 11........

A cikin 2019, Bamidele ya yi takara kuma ya lashe kujerar Ede North, Ede South, [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] Tarayyar Tarayya a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 2023.2........Daga nan sai ya sake yin takara don wannan kujerar a 2023 kuma ya sake lashe.3 12........ Daga cikin mukamai da yawa, ya rike mukamin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dokoki ta 10,13........  a matsayin memba na Majalisar [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] tun Maris 2020, kuma a kan aikin lura da zabe a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Gambiya]].13........

=== Takardun kudi da motsi da aka motsa ===
A matsayinta na memba na Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta 9 [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|Na 10]], Bamidele ta dauki nauyin kuma ta motsa motsi. Wasu daga cikin takardunsa da motsi masu motsawa sune:

* (HB.700) Dokar Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Sa kai ta Kasa, 2020. 14 15........
* (HB.708) Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan Kwayoyin Cutar Kasa da sauran Cututtukani na Jinin Gida (Kariya da Magunguna) Bill, 202014........
* (HB.709) Dokar Daraktan Ayyuka ta Kasa (Amend-ment) Bill, 202014........
* (HB. 909) Asusun Haraji na Ƙananan Kudin, 2020 16........
* (HB. 1221) Asibitocin Koyarwa na Jami'o'i (Sake Tsarin Kwamitoci Etc.) Dokar (Gwamma) Bill, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1222) Dokar Godiya ta Kasa don Hukumar Tsaro, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1369) Dokar Gyara Fensho (Gwamma) BIll, 2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BILL PROGRESSION CHART OF THE 9TH HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES |url=https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf |access-date=May 11, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB. 1370) Dokar Ma'aikatan Jama'a (Regulation), 2021.15........

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
      <sha1>0o5ze6cyplgsiada8w43uxpszpwhnaz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861485</id>
      <parentid>861484</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:37:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
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'''Bamidele Salam''' (an haife shi 1 ga watan Octoban 1969) [[Lauya|lawya]] ne kuma dan jarida kuma dan siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://rayopost.com/meet-rep-bamidele-salam-journalist-lawyer-politician-and-advocate-for-progress/&lt;/ref&gt;ya yi aiki a matsayin Memba na [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|House of Representatives]] na [[Jerin Sunayen 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya, 2019–2023|9th]] da [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|10th]]  [[Majalisar Najeriya|a Nigeria National Assembly]]. ya kuma  jagoranci [[Ede ta Arewa|yankin Ede North]], [[Ede ta Kudu|Ede South]], [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] matakin kasa na [[Osun|Osun State]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bamidele ta fara ne a matsayin mai ba da labarai na Rediyo da Talabijin na [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Ogun|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Osun]], [[Osogbo|Oṣogbo]] (1994-2003). A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Tarayyar 'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya daga (1997-2000) kuma daga baya ya zama Shugaban Tarayyar' yan Jarida ta Nigeria daga (2000-2003).4 5........An nada shi a matsayin mataimakin kafofin watsa labarai ga Gwamnan Jihar Osun na lokacin, [[Olagunsoye Oyinlola]], kuma ya yi aiki kai tsaye tare da Babban Jami'in Jihar daga 2003 zuwa 2007.6 7........

== Siyasa ==
Bamidele ta fara aikin siyasa ne a matsayin memba na tsohuwar jam'iyyar Peoples Solidarity Party . A shekara ta 2008, an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Egbedore (2008-2010) a dandalin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party .2........An nada shi Shugaban kafofin watsa labarai a ofishin Babban Mataimakin Musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan Harkokin Jama'a, [[Doyin Okupe]] (2012-2015). 8........A shekara ta 2015, ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sani da Children of Africa Leadership and Values Development Initiative (CALDEV); inda yake shugaban kasa.9 10 11........

A cikin 2019, Bamidele ya yi takara kuma ya lashe kujerar Ede North, Ede South, [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] Tarayyar Tarayya a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 2023.2........Daga nan sai ya sake yin takara don wannan kujerar a 2023 kuma ya sake lashe.3 12........ Daga cikin mukamai da yawa, ya rike mukamin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dokoki ta 10,13........  a matsayin memba na Majalisar [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] tun Maris 2020, kuma a kan aikin lura da zabe a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Gambiya]].13........

=== Takardun kudi da motsi da aka motsa ===
A matsayinta na memba na Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta 9 [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|Na 10]], Bamidele ta dauki nauyin kuma ta motsa motsi. Wasu daga cikin takardunsa da motsi masu motsawa sune:

* (HB.700) Dokar Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Sa kai ta Kasa, 2020. 14 15........
* (HB.708) Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan Kwayoyin Cutar Kasa da sauran Cututtukani na Jinin Gida (Kariya da Magunguna) Bill, 202014........
* (HB.709) Dokar Daraktan Ayyuka ta Kasa (Amend-ment) Bill, 202014........
* (HB. 909) Asusun Haraji na Ƙananan Kudin, 2020 16........
* (HB. 1221) Asibitocin Koyarwa na Jami'o'i (Sake Tsarin Kwamitoci Etc.) Dokar (Gwamma) Bill, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1222) Dokar Godiya ta Kasa don Hukumar Tsaro, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1369) Dokar Gyara Fensho (Gwamma) BIll, 2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BILL PROGRESSION CHART OF THE 9TH HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES |url=https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf |access-date=May 11, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB. 1370) Dokar Ma'aikatan Jama'a (Regulation), 2021.15........

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
      <sha1>izgo02lxgtgpeamvkjukb7e8j713pvx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861508</id>
      <parentid>861485</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:46:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
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      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
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'''Bamidele Salam''' (an haife shi 1 ga watan Octoban 1969) [[Lauya|lawya]] ne kuma dan jarida kuma dan siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://rayopost.com/meet-rep-bamidele-salam-journalist-lawyer-politician-and-advocate-for-progress/&lt;/ref&gt;ya yi aiki a matsayin Memba na [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|House of Representatives]] na [[Jerin Sunayen 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya, 2019–2023|9th]] da [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|10th]]  [[Majalisar Najeriya|a Nigeria National Assembly]]. ya kuma  jagoranci [[Ede ta Arewa|yankin Ede North]], [[Ede ta Kudu|Ede South]], [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] matakin kasa na [[Osun|Osun State]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/salam-wins-for-second-term-beats-apcs-atanda-bello-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bamidele ta fara ne a matsayin mai ba da labarai na Rediyo da Talabijin na [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Ogun|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Osun]], [[Osogbo|Oṣogbo]] (1994-2003). A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Tarayyar 'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya daga (1997-2000) kuma daga baya ya zama Shugaban Tarayyar' yan Jarida ta Nigeria daga (2000-2003).&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-pdp-house-of-reps-ticket-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;An nada shi a matsayin mataimakin kafofin watsa labarai ga Gwamnan Jihar Osun na lokacin, [[Olagunsoye Oyinlola]], kuma ya yi aiki kai tsaye tare da Babban Jami'in Jihar daga 2003 zuwa 2007.6 7........

== Siyasa ==
Bamidele ta fara aikin siyasa ne a matsayin memba na tsohuwar jam'iyyar Peoples Solidarity Party . A shekara ta 2008, an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Egbedore (2008-2010) a dandalin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party .2........An nada shi Shugaban kafofin watsa labarai a ofishin Babban Mataimakin Musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan Harkokin Jama'a, [[Doyin Okupe]] (2012-2015). 8........A shekara ta 2015, ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sani da Children of Africa Leadership and Values Development Initiative (CALDEV); inda yake shugaban kasa.9 10 11........

A cikin 2019, Bamidele ya yi takara kuma ya lashe kujerar Ede North, Ede South, [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] Tarayyar Tarayya a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 2023.2........Daga nan sai ya sake yin takara don wannan kujerar a 2023 kuma ya sake lashe.3 12........ Daga cikin mukamai da yawa, ya rike mukamin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dokoki ta 10,13........  a matsayin memba na Majalisar [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] tun Maris 2020, kuma a kan aikin lura da zabe a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Gambiya]].13........

=== Takardun kudi da motsi da aka motsa ===
A matsayinta na memba na Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta 9 [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|Na 10]], Bamidele ta dauki nauyin kuma ta motsa motsi. Wasu daga cikin takardunsa da motsi masu motsawa sune:

* (HB.700) Dokar Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Sa kai ta Kasa, 2020. 14 15........
* (HB.708) Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan Kwayoyin Cutar Kasa da sauran Cututtukani na Jinin Gida (Kariya da Magunguna) Bill, 202014........
* (HB.709) Dokar Daraktan Ayyuka ta Kasa (Amend-ment) Bill, 202014........
* (HB. 909) Asusun Haraji na Ƙananan Kudin, 2020 16........
* (HB. 1221) Asibitocin Koyarwa na Jami'o'i (Sake Tsarin Kwamitoci Etc.) Dokar (Gwamma) Bill, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1222) Dokar Godiya ta Kasa don Hukumar Tsaro, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1369) Dokar Gyara Fensho (Gwamma) BIll, 2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BILL PROGRESSION CHART OF THE 9TH HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES |url=https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf |access-date=May 11, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB. 1370) Dokar Ma'aikatan Jama'a (Regulation), 2021.15........

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
      <sha1>haoc5go43aei3mlknafgddwc4o4ig6l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861510</id>
      <parentid>861508</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:47:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>861510</origin>
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'''Bamidele Salam''' (an haife shi 1 ga watan Octoban 1969) [[Lauya|lawya]] ne kuma dan jarida kuma dan siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://rayopost.com/meet-rep-bamidele-salam-journalist-lawyer-politician-and-advocate-for-progress/&lt;/ref&gt;ya yi aiki a matsayin Memba na [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|House of Representatives]] na [[Jerin Sunayen 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya, 2019–2023|9th]] da [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|10th]]  [[Majalisar Najeriya|a Nigeria National Assembly]]. ya kuma  jagoranci [[Ede ta Arewa|yankin Ede North]], [[Ede ta Kudu|Ede South]], [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] matakin kasa na [[Osun|Osun State]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/salam-wins-for-second-term-beats-apcs-atanda-bello-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bamidele ta fara ne a matsayin mai ba da labarai na Rediyo da Talabijin na [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Ogun|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Osun]], [[Osogbo|Oṣogbo]] (1994-2003). A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Tarayyar 'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya daga (1997-2000) kuma daga baya ya zama Shugaban Tarayyar' yan Jarida ta Nigeria daga (2000-2003).&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-pdp-house-of-reps-ticket-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-rep-seat-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt; An nada shi a matsayin mataimakin kafofin watsa labarai ga Gwamnan Jihar Osun na lokacin, [[Olagunsoye Oyinlola]], kuma ya yi aiki kai tsaye tare da Babban Jami'in Jihar daga 2003 zuwa 2007.6 7........

== Siyasa ==
Bamidele ta fara aikin siyasa ne a matsayin memba na tsohuwar jam'iyyar Peoples Solidarity Party . A shekara ta 2008, an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Egbedore (2008-2010) a dandalin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party .2........An nada shi Shugaban kafofin watsa labarai a ofishin Babban Mataimakin Musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan Harkokin Jama'a, [[Doyin Okupe]] (2012-2015). 8........A shekara ta 2015, ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sani da Children of Africa Leadership and Values Development Initiative (CALDEV); inda yake shugaban kasa.9 10 11........

A cikin 2019, Bamidele ya yi takara kuma ya lashe kujerar Ede North, Ede South, [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] Tarayyar Tarayya a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 2023.2........Daga nan sai ya sake yin takara don wannan kujerar a 2023 kuma ya sake lashe.3 12........ Daga cikin mukamai da yawa, ya rike mukamin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dokoki ta 10,13........  a matsayin memba na Majalisar [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] tun Maris 2020, kuma a kan aikin lura da zabe a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Gambiya]].13........

=== Takardun kudi da motsi da aka motsa ===
A matsayinta na memba na Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta 9 [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|Na 10]], Bamidele ta dauki nauyin kuma ta motsa motsi. Wasu daga cikin takardunsa da motsi masu motsawa sune:

* (HB.700) Dokar Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Sa kai ta Kasa, 2020. 14 15........
* (HB.708) Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan Kwayoyin Cutar Kasa da sauran Cututtukani na Jinin Gida (Kariya da Magunguna) Bill, 202014........
* (HB.709) Dokar Daraktan Ayyuka ta Kasa (Amend-ment) Bill, 202014........
* (HB. 909) Asusun Haraji na Ƙananan Kudin, 2020 16........
* (HB. 1221) Asibitocin Koyarwa na Jami'o'i (Sake Tsarin Kwamitoci Etc.) Dokar (Gwamma) Bill, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1222) Dokar Godiya ta Kasa don Hukumar Tsaro, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1369) Dokar Gyara Fensho (Gwamma) BIll, 2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BILL PROGRESSION CHART OF THE 9TH HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES |url=https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf |access-date=May 11, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB. 1370) Dokar Ma'aikatan Jama'a (Regulation), 2021.15........

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
      <sha1>t7p8lgcuj11nh43f87i6spzvwqerzcm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861512</id>
      <parentid>861510</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:48:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>861512</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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'''Bamidele Salam''' (an haife shi 1 ga watan Octoban 1969) [[Lauya|lawya]] ne kuma dan jarida kuma dan siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://rayopost.com/meet-rep-bamidele-salam-journalist-lawyer-politician-and-advocate-for-progress/&lt;/ref&gt;ya yi aiki a matsayin Memba na [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|House of Representatives]] na [[Jerin Sunayen 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya, 2019–2023|9th]] da [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|10th]]  [[Majalisar Najeriya|a Nigeria National Assembly]]. ya kuma  jagoranci [[Ede ta Arewa|yankin Ede North]], [[Ede ta Kudu|Ede South]], [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] matakin kasa na [[Osun|Osun State]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/salam-wins-for-second-term-beats-apcs-atanda-bello-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bamidele ta fara ne a matsayin mai ba da labarai na Rediyo da Talabijin na [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Ogun|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Osun]], [[Osogbo|Oṣogbo]] (1994-2003). A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Tarayyar 'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya daga (1997-2000) kuma daga baya ya zama Shugaban Tarayyar' yan Jarida ta Nigeria daga (2000-2003).&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-pdp-house-of-reps-ticket-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-rep-seat-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt; An nada shi a matsayin mataimakin kafofin watsa labarai ga Gwamnan Jihar Osun na lokacin, [[Olagunsoye Oyinlola]], kuma ya yi aiki kai tsaye tare da Babban Jami'in Jihar daga 2003 zuwa 2007.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Bamidele ta fara aikin siyasa ne a matsayin memba na tsohuwar jam'iyyar Peoples Solidarity Party . A shekara ta 2008, an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Egbedore (2008-2010) a dandalin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party .2........An nada shi Shugaban kafofin watsa labarai a ofishin Babban Mataimakin Musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan Harkokin Jama'a, [[Doyin Okupe]] (2012-2015). 8........A shekara ta 2015, ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sani da Children of Africa Leadership and Values Development Initiative (CALDEV); inda yake shugaban kasa.9 10 11........

A cikin 2019, Bamidele ya yi takara kuma ya lashe kujerar Ede North, Ede South, [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] Tarayyar Tarayya a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 2023.2........Daga nan sai ya sake yin takara don wannan kujerar a 2023 kuma ya sake lashe.3 12........ Daga cikin mukamai da yawa, ya rike mukamin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dokoki ta 10,13........  a matsayin memba na Majalisar [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] tun Maris 2020, kuma a kan aikin lura da zabe a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Gambiya]].13........

=== Takardun kudi da motsi da aka motsa ===
A matsayinta na memba na Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta 9 [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|Na 10]], Bamidele ta dauki nauyin kuma ta motsa motsi. Wasu daga cikin takardunsa da motsi masu motsawa sune:

* (HB.700) Dokar Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Sa kai ta Kasa, 2020. 14 15........
* (HB.708) Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan Kwayoyin Cutar Kasa da sauran Cututtukani na Jinin Gida (Kariya da Magunguna) Bill, 202014........
* (HB.709) Dokar Daraktan Ayyuka ta Kasa (Amend-ment) Bill, 202014........
* (HB. 909) Asusun Haraji na Ƙananan Kudin, 2020 16........
* (HB. 1221) Asibitocin Koyarwa na Jami'o'i (Sake Tsarin Kwamitoci Etc.) Dokar (Gwamma) Bill, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1222) Dokar Godiya ta Kasa don Hukumar Tsaro, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1369) Dokar Gyara Fensho (Gwamma) BIll, 2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BILL PROGRESSION CHART OF THE 9TH HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES |url=https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf |access-date=May 11, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB. 1370) Dokar Ma'aikatan Jama'a (Regulation), 2021.15........

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
      <sha1>pn953zlxubjfvm73e9rwt75319t5mez</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861514</id>
      <parentid>861512</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:48:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>861514</origin>
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      <text bytes="4280" sha1="czw2s5fansnao7rvg2wjbeo2652uef6" xml:space="preserve">
'''Bamidele Salam''' (an haife shi 1 ga watan Octoban 1969) [[Lauya|lawya]] ne kuma dan jarida kuma dan siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://rayopost.com/meet-rep-bamidele-salam-journalist-lawyer-politician-and-advocate-for-progress/&lt;/ref&gt;ya yi aiki a matsayin Memba na [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|House of Representatives]] na [[Jerin Sunayen 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya, 2019–2023|9th]] da [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|10th]]  [[Majalisar Najeriya|a Nigeria National Assembly]]. ya kuma  jagoranci [[Ede ta Arewa|yankin Ede North]], [[Ede ta Kudu|Ede South]], [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] matakin kasa na [[Osun|Osun State]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/salam-wins-for-second-term-beats-apcs-atanda-bello-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bamidele ta fara ne a matsayin mai ba da labarai na Rediyo da Talabijin na [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Ogun|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Osun]], [[Osogbo|Oṣogbo]] (1994-2003). A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Tarayyar 'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya daga (1997-2000) kuma daga baya ya zama Shugaban Tarayyar' yan Jarida ta Nigeria daga (2000-2003).&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-pdp-house-of-reps-ticket-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-rep-seat-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt; An nada shi a matsayin mataimakin kafofin watsa labarai ga Gwamnan Jihar Osun na lokacin, [[Olagunsoye Oyinlola]], kuma ya yi aiki kai tsaye tare da Babban Jami'in Jihar daga 2003 zuwa 2007.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://premiumtimesng.com/tag/media-assistant-to-governor-olagunsoye-oyinlola&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Bamidele ta fara aikin siyasa ne a matsayin memba na tsohuwar jam'iyyar Peoples Solidarity Party . A shekara ta 2008, an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Egbedore (2008-2010) a dandalin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party .2........An nada shi Shugaban kafofin watsa labarai a ofishin Babban Mataimakin Musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan Harkokin Jama'a, [[Doyin Okupe]] (2012-2015). 8........A shekara ta 2015, ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sani da Children of Africa Leadership and Values Development Initiative (CALDEV); inda yake shugaban kasa.9 10 11........

A cikin 2019, Bamidele ya yi takara kuma ya lashe kujerar Ede North, Ede South, [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] Tarayyar Tarayya a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 2023.2........Daga nan sai ya sake yin takara don wannan kujerar a 2023 kuma ya sake lashe.3 12........ Daga cikin mukamai da yawa, ya rike mukamin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dokoki ta 10,13........  a matsayin memba na Majalisar [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] tun Maris 2020, kuma a kan aikin lura da zabe a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Gambiya]].13........

=== Takardun kudi da motsi da aka motsa ===
A matsayinta na memba na Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta 9 [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|Na 10]], Bamidele ta dauki nauyin kuma ta motsa motsi. Wasu daga cikin takardunsa da motsi masu motsawa sune:

* (HB.700) Dokar Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Sa kai ta Kasa, 2020. 14 15........
* (HB.708) Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan Kwayoyin Cutar Kasa da sauran Cututtukani na Jinin Gida (Kariya da Magunguna) Bill, 202014........
* (HB.709) Dokar Daraktan Ayyuka ta Kasa (Amend-ment) Bill, 202014........
* (HB. 909) Asusun Haraji na Ƙananan Kudin, 2020 16........
* (HB. 1221) Asibitocin Koyarwa na Jami'o'i (Sake Tsarin Kwamitoci Etc.) Dokar (Gwamma) Bill, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1222) Dokar Godiya ta Kasa don Hukumar Tsaro, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1369) Dokar Gyara Fensho (Gwamma) BIll, 2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BILL PROGRESSION CHART OF THE 9TH HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES |url=https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf |access-date=May 11, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB. 1370) Dokar Ma'aikatan Jama'a (Regulation), 2021.15........

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
      <sha1>czw2s5fansnao7rvg2wjbeo2652uef6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861516</id>
      <parentid>861514</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:49:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>861516</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="4298" sha1="jpw00fs34qhl852ps95lg183cjh7qej" xml:space="preserve">
'''Bamidele Salam''' (an haife shi 1 ga watan Octoban 1969) [[Lauya|lawya]] ne kuma dan jarida kuma dan siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://rayopost.com/meet-rep-bamidele-salam-journalist-lawyer-politician-and-advocate-for-progress/&lt;/ref&gt;ya yi aiki a matsayin Memba na [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|House of Representatives]] na [[Jerin Sunayen 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya, 2019–2023|9th]] da [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|10th]]  [[Majalisar Najeriya|a Nigeria National Assembly]]. ya kuma  jagoranci [[Ede ta Arewa|yankin Ede North]], [[Ede ta Kudu|Ede South]], [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] matakin kasa na [[Osun|Osun State]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/salam-wins-for-second-term-beats-apcs-atanda-bello-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bamidele ta fara ne a matsayin mai ba da labarai na Rediyo da Talabijin na [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Ogun|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Osun]], [[Osogbo|Oṣogbo]] (1994-2003). A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Tarayyar 'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya daga (1997-2000) kuma daga baya ya zama Shugaban Tarayyar' yan Jarida ta Nigeria daga (2000-2003).&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-pdp-house-of-reps-ticket-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-rep-seat-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt; An nada shi a matsayin mataimakin kafofin watsa labarai ga Gwamnan Jihar Osun na lokacin, [[Olagunsoye Oyinlola]], kuma ya yi aiki kai tsaye tare da Babban Jami'in Jihar daga 2003 zuwa 2007.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://premiumtimesng.com/tag/media-assistant-to-governor-olagunsoye-oyinlola&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Bamidele ta fara aikin siyasa ne a matsayin memba na tsohuwar jam'iyyar Peoples Solidarity Party . A shekara ta 2008, an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Egbedore (2008-2010) a dandalin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;An nada shi Shugaban kafofin watsa labarai a ofishin Babban Mataimakin Musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan Harkokin Jama'a, [[Doyin Okupe]] (2012-2015). 8........A shekara ta 2015, ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sani da Children of Africa Leadership and Values Development Initiative (CALDEV); inda yake shugaban kasa.9 10 11........

A cikin 2019, Bamidele ya yi takara kuma ya lashe kujerar Ede North, Ede South, [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] Tarayyar Tarayya a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 2023.2........Daga nan sai ya sake yin takara don wannan kujerar a 2023 kuma ya sake lashe.3 12........ Daga cikin mukamai da yawa, ya rike mukamin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dokoki ta 10,13........  a matsayin memba na Majalisar [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] tun Maris 2020, kuma a kan aikin lura da zabe a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Gambiya]].13........

=== Takardun kudi da motsi da aka motsa ===
A matsayinta na memba na Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta 9 [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|Na 10]], Bamidele ta dauki nauyin kuma ta motsa motsi. Wasu daga cikin takardunsa da motsi masu motsawa sune:

* (HB.700) Dokar Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Sa kai ta Kasa, 2020. 14 15........
* (HB.708) Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan Kwayoyin Cutar Kasa da sauran Cututtukani na Jinin Gida (Kariya da Magunguna) Bill, 202014........
* (HB.709) Dokar Daraktan Ayyuka ta Kasa (Amend-ment) Bill, 202014........
* (HB. 909) Asusun Haraji na Ƙananan Kudin, 2020 16........
* (HB. 1221) Asibitocin Koyarwa na Jami'o'i (Sake Tsarin Kwamitoci Etc.) Dokar (Gwamma) Bill, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1222) Dokar Godiya ta Kasa don Hukumar Tsaro, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1369) Dokar Gyara Fensho (Gwamma) BIll, 2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BILL PROGRESSION CHART OF THE 9TH HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES |url=https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf |access-date=May 11, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB. 1370) Dokar Ma'aikatan Jama'a (Regulation), 2021.15........

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
      <sha1>jpw00fs34qhl852ps95lg183cjh7qej</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861518</id>
      <parentid>861516</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:50:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>861518</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4417" sha1="75013jfqwn2h18m30n2dvaltuqmzgv6" xml:space="preserve">
'''Bamidele Salam''' (an haife shi 1 ga watan Octoban 1969) [[Lauya|lawya]] ne kuma dan jarida kuma dan siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://rayopost.com/meet-rep-bamidele-salam-journalist-lawyer-politician-and-advocate-for-progress/&lt;/ref&gt;ya yi aiki a matsayin Memba na [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|House of Representatives]] na [[Jerin Sunayen 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya, 2019–2023|9th]] da [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|10th]]  [[Majalisar Najeriya|a Nigeria National Assembly]]. ya kuma  jagoranci [[Ede ta Arewa|yankin Ede North]], [[Ede ta Kudu|Ede South]], [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] matakin kasa na [[Osun|Osun State]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/salam-wins-for-second-term-beats-apcs-atanda-bello-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bamidele ta fara ne a matsayin mai ba da labarai na Rediyo da Talabijin na [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Ogun|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Osun]], [[Osogbo|Oṣogbo]] (1994-2003). A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Tarayyar 'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya daga (1997-2000) kuma daga baya ya zama Shugaban Tarayyar' yan Jarida ta Nigeria daga (2000-2003).&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-pdp-house-of-reps-ticket-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-rep-seat-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt; An nada shi a matsayin mataimakin kafofin watsa labarai ga Gwamnan Jihar Osun na lokacin, [[Olagunsoye Oyinlola]], kuma ya yi aiki kai tsaye tare da Babban Jami'in Jihar daga 2003 zuwa 2007.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://premiumtimesng.com/tag/media-assistant-to-governor-olagunsoye-oyinlola&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Bamidele ta fara aikin siyasa ne a matsayin memba na tsohuwar jam'iyyar Peoples Solidarity Party . A shekara ta 2008, an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Egbedore (2008-2010) a dandalin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An nada shi Shugaban kafofin watsa labarai a ofishin Babban Mataimakin Musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan Harkokin Jama'a, [[Doyin Okupe]] (2012-2015).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.channelstv.com/2014/01/09/new-security-architecture-will-tackle-boko-haram-kidnapping-others-presidency/&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2015, ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sani da Children of Africa Leadership and Values Development Initiative (CALDEV); inda yake shugaban kasa.9 10 11........

A cikin 2019, Bamidele ya yi takara kuma ya lashe kujerar Ede North, Ede South, [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] Tarayyar Tarayya a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 2023.2........Daga nan sai ya sake yin takara don wannan kujerar a 2023 kuma ya sake lashe.3 12........ Daga cikin mukamai da yawa, ya rike mukamin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dokoki ta 10,13........  a matsayin memba na Majalisar [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] tun Maris 2020, kuma a kan aikin lura da zabe a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Gambiya]].13........

=== Takardun kudi da motsi da aka motsa ===
A matsayinta na memba na Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta 9 [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|Na 10]], Bamidele ta dauki nauyin kuma ta motsa motsi. Wasu daga cikin takardunsa da motsi masu motsawa sune:

* (HB.700) Dokar Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Sa kai ta Kasa, 2020. 14 15........
* (HB.708) Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan Kwayoyin Cutar Kasa da sauran Cututtukani na Jinin Gida (Kariya da Magunguna) Bill, 202014........
* (HB.709) Dokar Daraktan Ayyuka ta Kasa (Amend-ment) Bill, 202014........
* (HB. 909) Asusun Haraji na Ƙananan Kudin, 2020 16........
* (HB. 1221) Asibitocin Koyarwa na Jami'o'i (Sake Tsarin Kwamitoci Etc.) Dokar (Gwamma) Bill, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1222) Dokar Godiya ta Kasa don Hukumar Tsaro, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1369) Dokar Gyara Fensho (Gwamma) BIll, 2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BILL PROGRESSION CHART OF THE 9TH HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES |url=https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf |access-date=May 11, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB. 1370) Dokar Ma'aikatan Jama'a (Regulation), 2021.15........

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>861519</id>
      <parentid>861518</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:51:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
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'''Bamidele Salam''' (an haife shi 1 ga watan Octoban 1969) [[Lauya|lawya]] ne kuma dan jarida kuma dan siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://rayopost.com/meet-rep-bamidele-salam-journalist-lawyer-politician-and-advocate-for-progress/&lt;/ref&gt;ya yi aiki a matsayin Memba na [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|House of Representatives]] na [[Jerin Sunayen 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya, 2019–2023|9th]] da [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|10th]]  [[Majalisar Najeriya|a Nigeria National Assembly]]. ya kuma  jagoranci [[Ede ta Arewa|yankin Ede North]], [[Ede ta Kudu|Ede South]], [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] matakin kasa na [[Osun|Osun State]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/salam-wins-for-second-term-beats-apcs-atanda-bello-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bamidele ta fara ne a matsayin mai ba da labarai na Rediyo da Talabijin na [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Ogun|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Osun]], [[Osogbo|Oṣogbo]] (1994-2003). A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Tarayyar 'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya daga (1997-2000) kuma daga baya ya zama Shugaban Tarayyar' yan Jarida ta Nigeria daga (2000-2003).&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-pdp-house-of-reps-ticket-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-rep-seat-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt; An nada shi a matsayin mataimakin kafofin watsa labarai ga Gwamnan Jihar Osun na lokacin, [[Olagunsoye Oyinlola]], kuma ya yi aiki kai tsaye tare da Babban Jami'in Jihar daga 2003 zuwa 2007.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://premiumtimesng.com/tag/media-assistant-to-governor-olagunsoye-oyinlola&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Bamidele ta fara aikin siyasa ne a matsayin memba na tsohuwar jam'iyyar Peoples Solidarity Party . A shekara ta 2008, an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Egbedore (2008-2010) a dandalin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An nada shi Shugaban kafofin watsa labarai a ofishin Babban Mataimakin Musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan Harkokin Jama'a, [[Doyin Okupe]] (2012-2015).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.channelstv.com/2014/01/09/new-security-architecture-will-tackle-boko-haram-kidnapping-others-presidency/&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2015, ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sani da Children of Africa Leadership and Values Development Initiative (CALDEV); inda yake shugaban kasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/caldev-building-leadership-qualities-among-nigerian-children/&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2019, Bamidele ya yi takara kuma ya lashe kujerar Ede North, Ede South, [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] Tarayyar Tarayya a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 2023.2........Daga nan sai ya sake yin takara don wannan kujerar a 2023 kuma ya sake lashe.3 12........ Daga cikin mukamai da yawa, ya rike mukamin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dokoki ta 10,13........  a matsayin memba na Majalisar [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] tun Maris 2020, kuma a kan aikin lura da zabe a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Gambiya]].13........

=== Takardun kudi da motsi da aka motsa ===
A matsayinta na memba na Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta 9 [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|Na 10]], Bamidele ta dauki nauyin kuma ta motsa motsi. Wasu daga cikin takardunsa da motsi masu motsawa sune:

* (HB.700) Dokar Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Sa kai ta Kasa, 2020. 14 15........
* (HB.708) Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan Kwayoyin Cutar Kasa da sauran Cututtukani na Jinin Gida (Kariya da Magunguna) Bill, 202014........
* (HB.709) Dokar Daraktan Ayyuka ta Kasa (Amend-ment) Bill, 202014........
* (HB. 909) Asusun Haraji na Ƙananan Kudin, 2020 16........
* (HB. 1221) Asibitocin Koyarwa na Jami'o'i (Sake Tsarin Kwamitoci Etc.) Dokar (Gwamma) Bill, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1222) Dokar Godiya ta Kasa don Hukumar Tsaro, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1369) Dokar Gyara Fensho (Gwamma) BIll, 2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BILL PROGRESSION CHART OF THE 9TH HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES |url=https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf |access-date=May 11, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB. 1370) Dokar Ma'aikatan Jama'a (Regulation), 2021.15........

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>861520</id>
      <parentid>861519</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:51:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
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'''Bamidele Salam''' (an haife shi 1 ga watan Octoban 1969) [[Lauya|lawya]] ne kuma dan jarida kuma dan siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://rayopost.com/meet-rep-bamidele-salam-journalist-lawyer-politician-and-advocate-for-progress/&lt;/ref&gt;ya yi aiki a matsayin Memba na [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|House of Representatives]] na [[Jerin Sunayen 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya, 2019–2023|9th]] da [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|10th]]  [[Majalisar Najeriya|a Nigeria National Assembly]]. ya kuma  jagoranci [[Ede ta Arewa|yankin Ede North]], [[Ede ta Kudu|Ede South]], [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] matakin kasa na [[Osun|Osun State]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/salam-wins-for-second-term-beats-apcs-atanda-bello-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bamidele ta fara ne a matsayin mai ba da labarai na Rediyo da Talabijin na [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Ogun|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Osun]], [[Osogbo|Oṣogbo]] (1994-2003). A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Tarayyar 'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya daga (1997-2000) kuma daga baya ya zama Shugaban Tarayyar' yan Jarida ta Nigeria daga (2000-2003).&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-pdp-house-of-reps-ticket-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-rep-seat-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt; An nada shi a matsayin mataimakin kafofin watsa labarai ga Gwamnan Jihar Osun na lokacin, [[Olagunsoye Oyinlola]], kuma ya yi aiki kai tsaye tare da Babban Jami'in Jihar daga 2003 zuwa 2007.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://premiumtimesng.com/tag/media-assistant-to-governor-olagunsoye-oyinlola&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Bamidele ta fara aikin siyasa ne a matsayin memba na tsohuwar jam'iyyar Peoples Solidarity Party . A shekara ta 2008, an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Egbedore (2008-2010) a dandalin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An nada shi Shugaban kafofin watsa labarai a ofishin Babban Mataimakin Musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan Harkokin Jama'a, [[Doyin Okupe]] (2012-2015).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.channelstv.com/2014/01/09/new-security-architecture-will-tackle-boko-haram-kidnapping-others-presidency/&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2015, ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sani da Children of Africa Leadership and Values Development Initiative (CALDEV); inda yake shugaban kasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/caldev-building-leadership-qualities-among-nigerian-children/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://sunnewsonline.com/caldev-to-honour-exceptional-youths-at-national-children-leadership-conference-in-abuja/&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2019, Bamidele ya yi takara kuma ya lashe kujerar Ede North, Ede South, [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] Tarayyar Tarayya a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 2023.2........Daga nan sai ya sake yin takara don wannan kujerar a 2023 kuma ya sake lashe.3 12........ Daga cikin mukamai da yawa, ya rike mukamin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dokoki ta 10,13........  a matsayin memba na Majalisar [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] tun Maris 2020, kuma a kan aikin lura da zabe a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Gambiya]].13........

=== Takardun kudi da motsi da aka motsa ===
A matsayinta na memba na Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta 9 [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|Na 10]], Bamidele ta dauki nauyin kuma ta motsa motsi. Wasu daga cikin takardunsa da motsi masu motsawa sune:

* (HB.700) Dokar Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Sa kai ta Kasa, 2020. 14 15........
* (HB.708) Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan Kwayoyin Cutar Kasa da sauran Cututtukani na Jinin Gida (Kariya da Magunguna) Bill, 202014........
* (HB.709) Dokar Daraktan Ayyuka ta Kasa (Amend-ment) Bill, 202014........
* (HB. 909) Asusun Haraji na Ƙananan Kudin, 2020 16........
* (HB. 1221) Asibitocin Koyarwa na Jami'o'i (Sake Tsarin Kwamitoci Etc.) Dokar (Gwamma) Bill, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1222) Dokar Godiya ta Kasa don Hukumar Tsaro, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1369) Dokar Gyara Fensho (Gwamma) BIll, 2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BILL PROGRESSION CHART OF THE 9TH HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES |url=https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf |access-date=May 11, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB. 1370) Dokar Ma'aikatan Jama'a (Regulation), 2021.15........

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
      <sha1>9wku2a1vny0zatu261ci5ynxuxblx7z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861522</id>
      <parentid>861520</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:52:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
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'''Bamidele Salam''' (an haife shi 1 ga watan Octoban 1969) [[Lauya|lawya]] ne kuma dan jarida kuma dan siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://rayopost.com/meet-rep-bamidele-salam-journalist-lawyer-politician-and-advocate-for-progress/&lt;/ref&gt;ya yi aiki a matsayin Memba na [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|House of Representatives]] na [[Jerin Sunayen 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya, 2019–2023|9th]] da [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|10th]]  [[Majalisar Najeriya|a Nigeria National Assembly]]. ya kuma  jagoranci [[Ede ta Arewa|yankin Ede North]], [[Ede ta Kudu|Ede South]], [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] matakin kasa na [[Osun|Osun State]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/salam-wins-for-second-term-beats-apcs-atanda-bello-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bamidele ta fara ne a matsayin mai ba da labarai na Rediyo da Talabijin na [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Ogun|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Osun]], [[Osogbo|Oṣogbo]] (1994-2003). A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Tarayyar 'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya daga (1997-2000) kuma daga baya ya zama Shugaban Tarayyar' yan Jarida ta Nigeria daga (2000-2003).&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-pdp-house-of-reps-ticket-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-rep-seat-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt; An nada shi a matsayin mataimakin kafofin watsa labarai ga Gwamnan Jihar Osun na lokacin, [[Olagunsoye Oyinlola]], kuma ya yi aiki kai tsaye tare da Babban Jami'in Jihar daga 2003 zuwa 2007.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://premiumtimesng.com/tag/media-assistant-to-governor-olagunsoye-oyinlola&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Bamidele ta fara aikin siyasa ne a matsayin memba na tsohuwar jam'iyyar Peoples Solidarity Party . A shekara ta 2008, an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Egbedore (2008-2010) a dandalin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An nada shi Shugaban kafofin watsa labarai a ofishin Babban Mataimakin Musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan Harkokin Jama'a, [[Doyin Okupe]] (2012-2015).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.channelstv.com/2014/01/09/new-security-architecture-will-tackle-boko-haram-kidnapping-others-presidency/&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2015, ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sani da Children of Africa Leadership and Values Development Initiative (CALDEV); inda yake shugaban kasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/caldev-building-leadership-qualities-among-nigerian-children/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://sunnewsonline.com/caldev-to-honour-exceptional-youths-at-national-children-leadership-conference-in-abuja/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://leadership.ng/caldev-to-honour-exceptional-teenagers-at-national-children-leadership-conference/&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2019, Bamidele ya yi takara kuma ya lashe kujerar Ede North, Ede South, [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] Tarayyar Tarayya a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 2023.2........Daga nan sai ya sake yin takara don wannan kujerar a 2023 kuma ya sake lashe.3 12........ Daga cikin mukamai da yawa, ya rike mukamin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dokoki ta 10,13........  a matsayin memba na Majalisar [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] tun Maris 2020, kuma a kan aikin lura da zabe a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Gambiya]].13........

=== Takardun kudi da motsi da aka motsa ===
A matsayinta na memba na Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta 9 [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|Na 10]], Bamidele ta dauki nauyin kuma ta motsa motsi. Wasu daga cikin takardunsa da motsi masu motsawa sune:

* (HB.700) Dokar Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Sa kai ta Kasa, 2020. 14 15........
* (HB.708) Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan Kwayoyin Cutar Kasa da sauran Cututtukani na Jinin Gida (Kariya da Magunguna) Bill, 202014........
* (HB.709) Dokar Daraktan Ayyuka ta Kasa (Amend-ment) Bill, 202014........
* (HB. 909) Asusun Haraji na Ƙananan Kudin, 2020 16........
* (HB. 1221) Asibitocin Koyarwa na Jami'o'i (Sake Tsarin Kwamitoci Etc.) Dokar (Gwamma) Bill, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1222) Dokar Godiya ta Kasa don Hukumar Tsaro, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1369) Dokar Gyara Fensho (Gwamma) BIll, 2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BILL PROGRESSION CHART OF THE 9TH HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES |url=https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf |access-date=May 11, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB. 1370) Dokar Ma'aikatan Jama'a (Regulation), 2021.15........

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
      <sha1>izzuqxry0m9lcpkpdql330er41rrcdn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861523</id>
      <parentid>861522</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:53:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
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'''Bamidele Salam''' (an haife shi 1 ga watan Octoban 1969) [[Lauya|lawya]] ne kuma dan jarida kuma dan siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://rayopost.com/meet-rep-bamidele-salam-journalist-lawyer-politician-and-advocate-for-progress/&lt;/ref&gt;ya yi aiki a matsayin Memba na [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|House of Representatives]] na [[Jerin Sunayen 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya, 2019–2023|9th]] da [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|10th]]  [[Majalisar Najeriya|a Nigeria National Assembly]]. ya kuma  jagoranci [[Ede ta Arewa|yankin Ede North]], [[Ede ta Kudu|Ede South]], [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] matakin kasa na [[Osun|Osun State]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/salam-wins-for-second-term-beats-apcs-atanda-bello-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bamidele ta fara ne a matsayin mai ba da labarai na Rediyo da Talabijin na [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Ogun|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Osun]], [[Osogbo|Oṣogbo]] (1994-2003). A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Tarayyar 'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya daga (1997-2000) kuma daga baya ya zama Shugaban Tarayyar' yan Jarida ta Nigeria daga (2000-2003).&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-pdp-house-of-reps-ticket-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-rep-seat-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt; An nada shi a matsayin mataimakin kafofin watsa labarai ga Gwamnan Jihar Osun na lokacin, [[Olagunsoye Oyinlola]], kuma ya yi aiki kai tsaye tare da Babban Jami'in Jihar daga 2003 zuwa 2007.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://premiumtimesng.com/tag/media-assistant-to-governor-olagunsoye-oyinlola&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Bamidele ta fara aikin siyasa ne a matsayin memba na tsohuwar jam'iyyar Peoples Solidarity Party . A shekara ta 2008, an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Egbedore (2008-2010) a dandalin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An nada shi Shugaban kafofin watsa labarai a ofishin Babban Mataimakin Musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan Harkokin Jama'a, [[Doyin Okupe]] (2012-2015).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.channelstv.com/2014/01/09/new-security-architecture-will-tackle-boko-haram-kidnapping-others-presidency/&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2015, ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sani da Children of Africa Leadership and Values Development Initiative (CALDEV); inda yake shugaban kasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/caldev-building-leadership-qualities-among-nigerian-children/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://sunnewsonline.com/caldev-to-honour-exceptional-youths-at-national-children-leadership-conference-in-abuja/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://leadership.ng/caldev-to-honour-exceptional-teenagers-at-national-children-leadership-conference/&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2019, Bamidele ya yi takara kuma ya lashe kujerar Ede North, Ede South, [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] Tarayyar Tarayya a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Daga nan sai ya sake yin takara don wannan kujerar a 2023 kuma ya sake lashe.3 12........ Daga cikin mukamai da yawa, ya rike mukamin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dokoki ta 10,13........  a matsayin memba na Majalisar [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] tun Maris 2020, kuma a kan aikin lura da zabe a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Gambiya]].13........

=== Takardun kudi da motsi da aka motsa ===
A matsayinta na memba na Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta 9 [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|Na 10]], Bamidele ta dauki nauyin kuma ta motsa motsi. Wasu daga cikin takardunsa da motsi masu motsawa sune:

* (HB.700) Dokar Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Sa kai ta Kasa, 2020. 14 15........
* (HB.708) Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan Kwayoyin Cutar Kasa da sauran Cututtukani na Jinin Gida (Kariya da Magunguna) Bill, 202014........
* (HB.709) Dokar Daraktan Ayyuka ta Kasa (Amend-ment) Bill, 202014........
* (HB. 909) Asusun Haraji na Ƙananan Kudin, 2020 16........
* (HB. 1221) Asibitocin Koyarwa na Jami'o'i (Sake Tsarin Kwamitoci Etc.) Dokar (Gwamma) Bill, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1222) Dokar Godiya ta Kasa don Hukumar Tsaro, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1369) Dokar Gyara Fensho (Gwamma) BIll, 2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BILL PROGRESSION CHART OF THE 9TH HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES |url=https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf |access-date=May 11, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB. 1370) Dokar Ma'aikatan Jama'a (Regulation), 2021.15........

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861525</id>
      <parentid>861523</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:53:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>861525</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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'''Bamidele Salam''' (an haife shi 1 ga watan Octoban 1969) [[Lauya|lawya]] ne kuma dan jarida kuma dan siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://rayopost.com/meet-rep-bamidele-salam-journalist-lawyer-politician-and-advocate-for-progress/&lt;/ref&gt;ya yi aiki a matsayin Memba na [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|House of Representatives]] na [[Jerin Sunayen 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya, 2019–2023|9th]] da [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|10th]]  [[Majalisar Najeriya|a Nigeria National Assembly]]. ya kuma  jagoranci [[Ede ta Arewa|yankin Ede North]], [[Ede ta Kudu|Ede South]], [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] matakin kasa na [[Osun|Osun State]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/salam-wins-for-second-term-beats-apcs-atanda-bello-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bamidele ta fara ne a matsayin mai ba da labarai na Rediyo da Talabijin na [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Ogun|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Osun]], [[Osogbo|Oṣogbo]] (1994-2003). A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Tarayyar 'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya daga (1997-2000) kuma daga baya ya zama Shugaban Tarayyar' yan Jarida ta Nigeria daga (2000-2003).&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-pdp-house-of-reps-ticket-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-rep-seat-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt; An nada shi a matsayin mataimakin kafofin watsa labarai ga Gwamnan Jihar Osun na lokacin, [[Olagunsoye Oyinlola]], kuma ya yi aiki kai tsaye tare da Babban Jami'in Jihar daga 2003 zuwa 2007.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://premiumtimesng.com/tag/media-assistant-to-governor-olagunsoye-oyinlola&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Bamidele ta fara aikin siyasa ne a matsayin memba na tsohuwar jam'iyyar Peoples Solidarity Party . A shekara ta 2008, an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Egbedore (2008-2010) a dandalin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An nada shi Shugaban kafofin watsa labarai a ofishin Babban Mataimakin Musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan Harkokin Jama'a, [[Doyin Okupe]] (2012-2015).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.channelstv.com/2014/01/09/new-security-architecture-will-tackle-boko-haram-kidnapping-others-presidency/&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2015, ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sani da Children of Africa Leadership and Values Development Initiative (CALDEV); inda yake shugaban kasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/caldev-building-leadership-qualities-among-nigerian-children/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://sunnewsonline.com/caldev-to-honour-exceptional-youths-at-national-children-leadership-conference-in-abuja/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://leadership.ng/caldev-to-honour-exceptional-teenagers-at-national-children-leadership-conference/&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2019, Bamidele ya yi takara kuma ya lashe kujerar Ede North, Ede South, [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] Tarayyar Tarayya a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Daga nan sai ya sake yin takara don wannan kujerar a 2023 kuma ya sake lashe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin mukamai da yawa, ya rike mukamin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dokoki ta 10,13........  a matsayin memba na Majalisar [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] tun Maris 2020, kuma a kan aikin lura da zabe a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Gambiya]].13........

=== Takardun kudi da motsi da aka motsa ===
A matsayinta na memba na Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta 9 [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|Na 10]], Bamidele ta dauki nauyin kuma ta motsa motsi. Wasu daga cikin takardunsa da motsi masu motsawa sune:

* (HB.700) Dokar Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Sa kai ta Kasa, 2020. 14 15........
* (HB.708) Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan Kwayoyin Cutar Kasa da sauran Cututtukani na Jinin Gida (Kariya da Magunguna) Bill, 202014........
* (HB.709) Dokar Daraktan Ayyuka ta Kasa (Amend-ment) Bill, 202014........
* (HB. 909) Asusun Haraji na Ƙananan Kudin, 2020 16........
* (HB. 1221) Asibitocin Koyarwa na Jami'o'i (Sake Tsarin Kwamitoci Etc.) Dokar (Gwamma) Bill, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1222) Dokar Godiya ta Kasa don Hukumar Tsaro, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1369) Dokar Gyara Fensho (Gwamma) BIll, 2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BILL PROGRESSION CHART OF THE 9TH HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES |url=https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf |access-date=May 11, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB. 1370) Dokar Ma'aikatan Jama'a (Regulation), 2021.15........

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
      <sha1>abznf6ajf6nsyx5wd4w7pxwhssfxuc2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861526</id>
      <parentid>861525</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:54:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>861526</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="4774" sha1="63blqq8lk6gjacrf2yuw49pwh5ow71r" xml:space="preserve">
'''Bamidele Salam''' (an haife shi 1 ga watan Octoban 1969) [[Lauya|lawya]] ne kuma dan jarida kuma dan siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://rayopost.com/meet-rep-bamidele-salam-journalist-lawyer-politician-and-advocate-for-progress/&lt;/ref&gt;ya yi aiki a matsayin Memba na [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|House of Representatives]] na [[Jerin Sunayen 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya, 2019–2023|9th]] da [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|10th]]  [[Majalisar Najeriya|a Nigeria National Assembly]]. ya kuma  jagoranci [[Ede ta Arewa|yankin Ede North]], [[Ede ta Kudu|Ede South]], [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] matakin kasa na [[Osun|Osun State]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/salam-wins-for-second-term-beats-apcs-atanda-bello-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bamidele ta fara ne a matsayin mai ba da labarai na Rediyo da Talabijin na [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Ogun|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Osun]], [[Osogbo|Oṣogbo]] (1994-2003). A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Tarayyar 'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya daga (1997-2000) kuma daga baya ya zama Shugaban Tarayyar' yan Jarida ta Nigeria daga (2000-2003).&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-pdp-house-of-reps-ticket-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-rep-seat-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt; An nada shi a matsayin mataimakin kafofin watsa labarai ga Gwamnan Jihar Osun na lokacin, [[Olagunsoye Oyinlola]], kuma ya yi aiki kai tsaye tare da Babban Jami'in Jihar daga 2003 zuwa 2007.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://premiumtimesng.com/tag/media-assistant-to-governor-olagunsoye-oyinlola&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Bamidele ta fara aikin siyasa ne a matsayin memba na tsohuwar jam'iyyar Peoples Solidarity Party . A shekara ta 2008, an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Egbedore (2008-2010) a dandalin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An nada shi Shugaban kafofin watsa labarai a ofishin Babban Mataimakin Musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan Harkokin Jama'a, [[Doyin Okupe]] (2012-2015).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.channelstv.com/2014/01/09/new-security-architecture-will-tackle-boko-haram-kidnapping-others-presidency/&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2015, ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sani da Children of Africa Leadership and Values Development Initiative (CALDEV); inda yake shugaban kasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/caldev-building-leadership-qualities-among-nigerian-children/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://sunnewsonline.com/caldev-to-honour-exceptional-youths-at-national-children-leadership-conference-in-abuja/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://leadership.ng/caldev-to-honour-exceptional-teenagers-at-national-children-leadership-conference/&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2019, Bamidele ya yi takara kuma ya lashe kujerar Ede North, Ede South, [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] Tarayyar Tarayya a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Daga nan sai ya sake yin takara don wannan kujerar a 2023 kuma ya sake lashe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin mukamai da yawa, ya rike mukamin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dokoki ta 10,13........  a matsayin memba na Majalisar [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] tun Maris 2020, kuma a kan aikin lura da zabe a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Gambiya]].13........

=== Takardun kudi da motsi da aka motsa ===
A matsayinta na memba na Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta 9 [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|Na 10]], Bamidele ta dauki nauyin kuma ta motsa motsi. Wasu daga cikin takardunsa da motsi masu motsawa sune:

* (HB.700) Dokar Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Sa kai ta Kasa, 2020. 14 15........
* (HB.708) Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan Kwayoyin Cutar Kasa da sauran Cututtukani na Jinin Gida (Kariya da Magunguna) Bill, 202014........
* (HB.709) Dokar Daraktan Ayyuka ta Kasa (Amend-ment) Bill, 202014........
* (HB. 909) Asusun Haraji na Ƙananan Kudin, 2020 16........
* (HB. 1221) Asibitocin Koyarwa na Jami'o'i (Sake Tsarin Kwamitoci Etc.) Dokar (Gwamma) Bill, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1222) Dokar Godiya ta Kasa don Hukumar Tsaro, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1369) Dokar Gyara Fensho (Gwamma) BIll, 2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BILL PROGRESSION CHART OF THE 9TH HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES |url=https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf |access-date=May 11, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB. 1370) Dokar Ma'aikatan Jama'a (Regulation), 2021.15........

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
      <sha1>63blqq8lk6gjacrf2yuw49pwh5ow71r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861530</id>
      <parentid>861526</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:57:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>861530</origin>
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'''Bamidele Salam''' (an haife shi 1 ga watan Octoban 1969) [[Lauya|lawya]] ne kuma dan jarida kuma dan siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://rayopost.com/meet-rep-bamidele-salam-journalist-lawyer-politician-and-advocate-for-progress/&lt;/ref&gt;ya yi aiki a matsayin Memba na [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|House of Representatives]] na [[Jerin Sunayen 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya, 2019–2023|9th]] da [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|10th]]  [[Majalisar Najeriya|a Nigeria National Assembly]]. ya kuma  jagoranci [[Ede ta Arewa|yankin Ede North]], [[Ede ta Kudu|Ede South]], [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] matakin kasa na [[Osun|Osun State]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/salam-wins-for-second-term-beats-apcs-atanda-bello-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bamidele ta fara ne a matsayin mai ba da labarai na Rediyo da Talabijin na [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Ogun|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Osun]], [[Osogbo|Oṣogbo]] (1994-2003). A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Tarayyar 'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya daga (1997-2000) kuma daga baya ya zama Shugaban Tarayyar' yan Jarida ta Nigeria daga (2000-2003).&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-pdp-house-of-reps-ticket-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-rep-seat-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt; An nada shi a matsayin mataimakin kafofin watsa labarai ga Gwamnan Jihar Osun na lokacin, [[Olagunsoye Oyinlola]], kuma ya yi aiki kai tsaye tare da Babban Jami'in Jihar daga 2003 zuwa 2007.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://premiumtimesng.com/tag/media-assistant-to-governor-olagunsoye-oyinlola&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Bamidele ta fara aikin siyasa ne a matsayin memba na tsohuwar jam'iyyar Peoples Solidarity Party . A shekara ta 2008, an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Egbedore (2008-2010) a dandalin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An nada shi Shugaban kafofin watsa labarai a ofishin Babban Mataimakin Musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan Harkokin Jama'a, [[Doyin Okupe]] (2012-2015).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.channelstv.com/2014/01/09/new-security-architecture-will-tackle-boko-haram-kidnapping-others-presidency/&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2015, ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sani da Children of Africa Leadership and Values Development Initiative (CALDEV); inda yake shugaban kasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/caldev-building-leadership-qualities-among-nigerian-children/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://sunnewsonline.com/caldev-to-honour-exceptional-youths-at-national-children-leadership-conference-in-abuja/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://leadership.ng/caldev-to-honour-exceptional-teenagers-at-national-children-leadership-conference/&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2019, Bamidele ya yi takara kuma ya lashe kujerar Ede North, Ede South, [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] Tarayyar Tarayya a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Daga nan sai ya sake yin takara don wannan kujerar a 2023 kuma ya sake lashe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin mukamai da yawa, ya rike mukamin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dokoki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; sannan yayi matsayin memba na Majalisar [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] tun Maris 2020, kuma a kan aikin lura da zabe a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Gambiya]].13........

=== Takardun kudi da motsi da aka motsa ===
A matsayinta na memba na Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta 9 [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|Na 10]], Bamidele ta dauki nauyin kuma ta motsa motsi. Wasu daga cikin takardunsa da motsi masu motsawa sune:

* (HB.700) Dokar Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Sa kai ta Kasa, 2020. 14 15........
* (HB.708) Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan Kwayoyin Cutar Kasa da sauran Cututtukani na Jinin Gida (Kariya da Magunguna) Bill, 202014........
* (HB.709) Dokar Daraktan Ayyuka ta Kasa (Amend-ment) Bill, 202014........
* (HB. 909) Asusun Haraji na Ƙananan Kudin, 2020 16........
* (HB. 1221) Asibitocin Koyarwa na Jami'o'i (Sake Tsarin Kwamitoci Etc.) Dokar (Gwamma) Bill, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1222) Dokar Godiya ta Kasa don Hukumar Tsaro, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1369) Dokar Gyara Fensho (Gwamma) BIll, 2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BILL PROGRESSION CHART OF THE 9TH HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES |url=https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf |access-date=May 11, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB. 1370) Dokar Ma'aikatan Jama'a (Regulation), 2021.15........

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861533</id>
      <parentid>861530</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:58:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>861533</origin>
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      <text bytes="4898" sha1="b0hlhb5vjh8bcw3uo8wbo08imloyq1g" xml:space="preserve">
'''Bamidele Salam''' (an haife shi 1 ga watan Octoban 1969) [[Lauya|lawya]] ne kuma dan jarida kuma dan siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://rayopost.com/meet-rep-bamidele-salam-journalist-lawyer-politician-and-advocate-for-progress/&lt;/ref&gt;ya yi aiki a matsayin Memba na [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|House of Representatives]] na [[Jerin Sunayen 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya, 2019–2023|9th]] da [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|10th]]  [[Majalisar Najeriya|a Nigeria National Assembly]]. ya kuma  jagoranci [[Ede ta Arewa|yankin Ede North]], [[Ede ta Kudu|Ede South]], [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] matakin kasa na [[Osun|Osun State]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/salam-wins-for-second-term-beats-apcs-atanda-bello-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bamidele ta fara ne a matsayin mai ba da labarai na Rediyo da Talabijin na [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Ogun|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Osun]], [[Osogbo|Oṣogbo]] (1994-2003). A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Tarayyar 'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya daga (1997-2000) kuma daga baya ya zama Shugaban Tarayyar' yan Jarida ta Nigeria daga (2000-2003).&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-pdp-house-of-reps-ticket-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-rep-seat-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt; An nada shi a matsayin mataimakin kafofin watsa labarai ga Gwamnan Jihar Osun na lokacin, [[Olagunsoye Oyinlola]], kuma ya yi aiki kai tsaye tare da Babban Jami'in Jihar daga 2003 zuwa 2007.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://premiumtimesng.com/tag/media-assistant-to-governor-olagunsoye-oyinlola&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Bamidele ta fara aikin siyasa ne a matsayin memba na tsohuwar jam'iyyar Peoples Solidarity Party . A shekara ta 2008, an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Egbedore (2008-2010) a dandalin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An nada shi Shugaban kafofin watsa labarai a ofishin Babban Mataimakin Musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan Harkokin Jama'a, [[Doyin Okupe]] (2012-2015).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.channelstv.com/2014/01/09/new-security-architecture-will-tackle-boko-haram-kidnapping-others-presidency/&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2015, ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sani da Children of Africa Leadership and Values Development Initiative (CALDEV); inda yake shugaban kasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/caldev-building-leadership-qualities-among-nigerian-children/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://sunnewsonline.com/caldev-to-honour-exceptional-youths-at-national-children-leadership-conference-in-abuja/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://leadership.ng/caldev-to-honour-exceptional-teenagers-at-national-children-leadership-conference/&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2019, Bamidele ya yi takara kuma ya lashe kujerar Ede North, Ede South, [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] Tarayyar Tarayya a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Daga nan sai ya sake yin takara don wannan kujerar a 2023 kuma ya sake lashe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin mukamai da yawa, ya rike mukamin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dokoki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://guardian.ng/news/reps-panel-chief-salam-decry-non-implementation-of-child-rights-act/&lt;/ref&gt; sannan yayi matsayin memba na Majalisar [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] tun Maris 2020, kuma a kan aikin lura da zabe a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Gambiya]].13........

=== Takardun kudi da motsi da aka motsa ===
A matsayinta na memba na Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta 9 [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|Na 10]], Bamidele ta dauki nauyin kuma ta motsa motsi. Wasu daga cikin takardunsa da motsi masu motsawa sune:

* (HB.700) Dokar Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Sa kai ta Kasa, 2020. 14 15........
* (HB.708) Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan Kwayoyin Cutar Kasa da sauran Cututtukani na Jinin Gida (Kariya da Magunguna) Bill, 202014........
* (HB.709) Dokar Daraktan Ayyuka ta Kasa (Amend-ment) Bill, 202014........
* (HB. 909) Asusun Haraji na Ƙananan Kudin, 2020 16........
* (HB. 1221) Asibitocin Koyarwa na Jami'o'i (Sake Tsarin Kwamitoci Etc.) Dokar (Gwamma) Bill, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1222) Dokar Godiya ta Kasa don Hukumar Tsaro, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1369) Dokar Gyara Fensho (Gwamma) BIll, 2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BILL PROGRESSION CHART OF THE 9TH HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES |url=https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf |access-date=May 11, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB. 1370) Dokar Ma'aikatan Jama'a (Regulation), 2021.15........

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861535</id>
      <parentid>861533</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:58:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>861535</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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'''Bamidele Salam''' (an haife shi 1 ga watan Octoban 1969) [[Lauya|lawya]] ne kuma dan jarida kuma dan siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://rayopost.com/meet-rep-bamidele-salam-journalist-lawyer-politician-and-advocate-for-progress/&lt;/ref&gt;ya yi aiki a matsayin Memba na [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|House of Representatives]] na [[Jerin Sunayen 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya, 2019–2023|9th]] da [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|10th]]  [[Majalisar Najeriya|a Nigeria National Assembly]]. ya kuma  jagoranci [[Ede ta Arewa|yankin Ede North]], [[Ede ta Kudu|Ede South]], [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] matakin kasa na [[Osun|Osun State]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/salam-wins-for-second-term-beats-apcs-atanda-bello-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bamidele ta fara ne a matsayin mai ba da labarai na Rediyo da Talabijin na [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Ogun|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Osun]], [[Osogbo|Oṣogbo]] (1994-2003). A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Tarayyar 'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya daga (1997-2000) kuma daga baya ya zama Shugaban Tarayyar' yan Jarida ta Nigeria daga (2000-2003).&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-pdp-house-of-reps-ticket-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-rep-seat-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt; An nada shi a matsayin mataimakin kafofin watsa labarai ga Gwamnan Jihar Osun na lokacin, [[Olagunsoye Oyinlola]], kuma ya yi aiki kai tsaye tare da Babban Jami'in Jihar daga 2003 zuwa 2007.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://premiumtimesng.com/tag/media-assistant-to-governor-olagunsoye-oyinlola&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Bamidele ta fara aikin siyasa ne a matsayin memba na tsohuwar jam'iyyar Peoples Solidarity Party . A shekara ta 2008, an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Egbedore (2008-2010) a dandalin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An nada shi Shugaban kafofin watsa labarai a ofishin Babban Mataimakin Musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan Harkokin Jama'a, [[Doyin Okupe]] (2012-2015).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.channelstv.com/2014/01/09/new-security-architecture-will-tackle-boko-haram-kidnapping-others-presidency/&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2015, ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sani da Children of Africa Leadership and Values Development Initiative (CALDEV); inda yake shugaban kasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/caldev-building-leadership-qualities-among-nigerian-children/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://sunnewsonline.com/caldev-to-honour-exceptional-youths-at-national-children-leadership-conference-in-abuja/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://leadership.ng/caldev-to-honour-exceptional-teenagers-at-national-children-leadership-conference/&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2019, Bamidele ya yi takara kuma ya lashe kujerar Ede North, Ede South, [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] Tarayyar Tarayya a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Daga nan sai ya sake yin takara don wannan kujerar a 2023 kuma ya sake lashe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin mukamai da yawa, ya rike mukamin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dokoki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;https://guardian.ng/news/reps-panel-chief-salam-decry-non-implementation-of-child-rights-act/&lt;/ref&gt; sannan yayi matsayin memba na Majalisar [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] tun Maris 2020, kuma a kan aikin lura da zabe a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Gambiya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Takardun kudi da motsi da aka motsa ===
A matsayinta na memba na Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta 9 [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|Na 10]], Bamidele ta dauki nauyin kuma ta motsa motsi. Wasu daga cikin takardunsa da motsi masu motsawa sune:

* (HB.700) Dokar Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Sa kai ta Kasa, 2020. 14 15........
* (HB.708) Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan Kwayoyin Cutar Kasa da sauran Cututtukani na Jinin Gida (Kariya da Magunguna) Bill, 202014........
* (HB.709) Dokar Daraktan Ayyuka ta Kasa (Amend-ment) Bill, 202014........
* (HB. 909) Asusun Haraji na Ƙananan Kudin, 2020 16........
* (HB. 1221) Asibitocin Koyarwa na Jami'o'i (Sake Tsarin Kwamitoci Etc.) Dokar (Gwamma) Bill, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1222) Dokar Godiya ta Kasa don Hukumar Tsaro, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1369) Dokar Gyara Fensho (Gwamma) BIll, 2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BILL PROGRESSION CHART OF THE 9TH HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES |url=https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf |access-date=May 11, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB. 1370) Dokar Ma'aikatan Jama'a (Regulation), 2021.15........

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861536</id>
      <parentid>861535</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:00:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
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'''Bamidele Salam''' (an haife shi 1 ga watan Octoban 1969) [[Lauya|lawya]] ne kuma dan jarida kuma dan siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://rayopost.com/meet-rep-bamidele-salam-journalist-lawyer-politician-and-advocate-for-progress/&lt;/ref&gt;ya yi aiki a matsayin Memba na [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|House of Representatives]] na [[Jerin Sunayen 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya, 2019–2023|9th]] da [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|10th]]  [[Majalisar Najeriya|a Nigeria National Assembly]]. ya kuma  jagoranci [[Ede ta Arewa|yankin Ede North]], [[Ede ta Kudu|Ede South]], [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] matakin kasa na [[Osun|Osun State]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/salam-wins-for-second-term-beats-apcs-atanda-bello-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bamidele ta fara ne a matsayin mai ba da labarai na Rediyo da Talabijin na [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Ogun|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Osun]], [[Osogbo|Oṣogbo]] (1994-2003). A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Tarayyar 'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya daga (1997-2000) kuma daga baya ya zama Shugaban Tarayyar' yan Jarida ta Nigeria daga (2000-2003).&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-pdp-house-of-reps-ticket-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-rep-seat-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt; An nada shi a matsayin mataimakin kafofin watsa labarai ga Gwamnan Jihar Osun na lokacin, [[Olagunsoye Oyinlola]], kuma ya yi aiki kai tsaye tare da Babban Jami'in Jihar daga 2003 zuwa 2007.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://premiumtimesng.com/tag/media-assistant-to-governor-olagunsoye-oyinlola&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Bamidele ta fara aikin siyasa ne a matsayin memba na tsohuwar jam'iyyar Peoples Solidarity Party . A shekara ta 2008, an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Egbedore (2008-2010) a dandalin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An nada shi Shugaban kafofin watsa labarai a ofishin Babban Mataimakin Musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan Harkokin Jama'a, [[Doyin Okupe]] (2012-2015).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.channelstv.com/2014/01/09/new-security-architecture-will-tackle-boko-haram-kidnapping-others-presidency/&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2015, ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sani da Children of Africa Leadership and Values Development Initiative (CALDEV); inda yake shugaban kasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/caldev-building-leadership-qualities-among-nigerian-children/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://sunnewsonline.com/caldev-to-honour-exceptional-youths-at-national-children-leadership-conference-in-abuja/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://leadership.ng/caldev-to-honour-exceptional-teenagers-at-national-children-leadership-conference/&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2019, Bamidele ya yi takara kuma ya lashe kujerar Ede North, Ede South, [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] Tarayyar Tarayya a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Daga nan sai ya sake yin takara don wannan kujerar a 2023 kuma ya sake lashe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin mukamai da yawa, ya rike mukamin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dokoki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;https://guardian.ng/news/reps-panel-chief-salam-decry-non-implementation-of-child-rights-act/&lt;/ref&gt; sannan yayi matsayin memba na Majalisar [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] tun Maris 2020, kuma a kan aikin lura da zabe a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Gambiya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Takardun kudi da motsi da aka motsa ===
A matsayinta na memba na Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta 9 [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|Na 10]], Bamidele ta dauki nauyin kuma ta motsa motsi. Wasu daga cikin takardunsa da motsi masu motsawa sune:

* (HB.700) Dokar Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Sa kai ta Kasa, 2020.&lt;ref&gt;https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/House-of-Reps-order-paper-Thursday-13th-February-2020.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB.708) Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan Kwayoyin Cutar Kasa da sauran Cututtukani na Jinin Gida (Kariya da Magunguna) Bill, 202014........
* (HB.709) Dokar Daraktan Ayyuka ta Kasa (Amend-ment) Bill, 202014........
* (HB. 909) Asusun Haraji na Ƙananan Kudin, 2020 16........
* (HB. 1221) Asibitocin Koyarwa na Jami'o'i (Sake Tsarin Kwamitoci Etc.) Dokar (Gwamma) Bill, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1222) Dokar Godiya ta Kasa don Hukumar Tsaro, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1369) Dokar Gyara Fensho (Gwamma) BIll, 2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BILL PROGRESSION CHART OF THE 9TH HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES |url=https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf |access-date=May 11, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB. 1370) Dokar Ma'aikatan Jama'a (Regulation), 2021.15........

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861538</id>
      <parentid>861536</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:01:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
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'''Bamidele Salam''' (an haife shi 1 ga watan Octoban 1969) [[Lauya|lawya]] ne kuma dan jarida kuma dan siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://rayopost.com/meet-rep-bamidele-salam-journalist-lawyer-politician-and-advocate-for-progress/&lt;/ref&gt;ya yi aiki a matsayin Memba na [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|House of Representatives]] na [[Jerin Sunayen 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya, 2019–2023|9th]] da [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|10th]]  [[Majalisar Najeriya|a Nigeria National Assembly]]. ya kuma  jagoranci [[Ede ta Arewa|yankin Ede North]], [[Ede ta Kudu|Ede South]], [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] matakin kasa na [[Osun|Osun State]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/salam-wins-for-second-term-beats-apcs-atanda-bello-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bamidele ta fara ne a matsayin mai ba da labarai na Rediyo da Talabijin na [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Ogun|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Osun]], [[Osogbo|Oṣogbo]] (1994-2003). A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Tarayyar 'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya daga (1997-2000) kuma daga baya ya zama Shugaban Tarayyar' yan Jarida ta Nigeria daga (2000-2003).&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-pdp-house-of-reps-ticket-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-rep-seat-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt; An nada shi a matsayin mataimakin kafofin watsa labarai ga Gwamnan Jihar Osun na lokacin, [[Olagunsoye Oyinlola]], kuma ya yi aiki kai tsaye tare da Babban Jami'in Jihar daga 2003 zuwa 2007.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://premiumtimesng.com/tag/media-assistant-to-governor-olagunsoye-oyinlola&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Bamidele ta fara aikin siyasa ne a matsayin memba na tsohuwar jam'iyyar Peoples Solidarity Party . A shekara ta 2008, an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Egbedore (2008-2010) a dandalin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An nada shi Shugaban kafofin watsa labarai a ofishin Babban Mataimakin Musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan Harkokin Jama'a, [[Doyin Okupe]] (2012-2015).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.channelstv.com/2014/01/09/new-security-architecture-will-tackle-boko-haram-kidnapping-others-presidency/&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2015, ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sani da Children of Africa Leadership and Values Development Initiative (CALDEV); inda yake shugaban kasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/caldev-building-leadership-qualities-among-nigerian-children/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://sunnewsonline.com/caldev-to-honour-exceptional-youths-at-national-children-leadership-conference-in-abuja/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://leadership.ng/caldev-to-honour-exceptional-teenagers-at-national-children-leadership-conference/&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2019, Bamidele ya yi takara kuma ya lashe kujerar Ede North, Ede South, [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] Tarayyar Tarayya a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Daga nan sai ya sake yin takara don wannan kujerar a 2023 kuma ya sake lashe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin mukamai da yawa, ya rike mukamin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dokoki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;https://guardian.ng/news/reps-panel-chief-salam-decry-non-implementation-of-child-rights-act/&lt;/ref&gt; sannan yayi matsayin memba na Majalisar [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] tun Maris 2020, kuma a kan aikin lura da zabe a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Gambiya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Takardun kudi da motsi da aka motsa ===
A matsayinta na memba na Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta 9 [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|Na 10]], Bamidele ta dauki nauyin kuma ta motsa motsi. Wasu daga cikin takardunsa da motsi masu motsawa sune:

* (HB.700) Dokar Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Sa kai ta Kasa, 2020.&lt;ref&gt;https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/House-of-Reps-order-paper-Thursday-13th-February-2020.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB.708) Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan Kwayoyin Cutar Kasa da sauran Cututtukani na Jinin Gida (Kariya da Magunguna) Bill, 202014........
* (HB.709) Dokar Daraktan Ayyuka ta Kasa (Amend-ment) Bill, 202014........
* (HB. 909) Asusun Haraji na Ƙananan Kudin, 2020 16........
* (HB. 1221) Asibitocin Koyarwa na Jami'o'i (Sake Tsarin Kwamitoci Etc.) Dokar (Gwamma) Bill, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1222) Dokar Godiya ta Kasa don Hukumar Tsaro, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1369) Dokar Gyara Fensho (Gwamma) BIll, 2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BILL PROGRESSION CHART OF THE 9TH HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES |url=https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf |access-date=May 11, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB. 1370) Dokar Ma'aikatan Jama'a (Regulation), 2021.15........

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
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'''Bamidele Salam''' (an haife shi 1 ga watan Octoban 1969) [[Lauya|lawya]] ne kuma dan jarida kuma dan siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://rayopost.com/meet-rep-bamidele-salam-journalist-lawyer-politician-and-advocate-for-progress/&lt;/ref&gt;ya yi aiki a matsayin Memba na [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|House of Representatives]] na [[Jerin Sunayen 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya, 2019–2023|9th]] da [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|10th]]  [[Majalisar Najeriya|a Nigeria National Assembly]]. ya kuma  jagoranci [[Ede ta Arewa|yankin Ede North]], [[Ede ta Kudu|Ede South]], [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] matakin kasa na [[Osun|Osun State]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/salam-wins-for-second-term-beats-apcs-atanda-bello-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bamidele ta fara ne a matsayin mai ba da labarai na Rediyo da Talabijin na [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Ogun|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Osun]], [[Osogbo|Oṣogbo]] (1994-2003). A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Tarayyar 'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya daga (1997-2000) kuma daga baya ya zama Shugaban Tarayyar' yan Jarida ta Nigeria daga (2000-2003).&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-pdp-house-of-reps-ticket-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-rep-seat-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt; An nada shi a matsayin mataimakin kafofin watsa labarai ga Gwamnan Jihar Osun na lokacin, [[Olagunsoye Oyinlola]], kuma ya yi aiki kai tsaye tare da Babban Jami'in Jihar daga 2003 zuwa 2007.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://premiumtimesng.com/tag/media-assistant-to-governor-olagunsoye-oyinlola&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Bamidele ta fara aikin siyasa ne a matsayin memba na tsohuwar jam'iyyar Peoples Solidarity Party . A shekara ta 2008, an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Egbedore (2008-2010) a dandalin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An nada shi Shugaban kafofin watsa labarai a ofishin Babban Mataimakin Musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan Harkokin Jama'a, [[Doyin Okupe]] (2012-2015).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.channelstv.com/2014/01/09/new-security-architecture-will-tackle-boko-haram-kidnapping-others-presidency/&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2015, ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sani da Children of Africa Leadership and Values Development Initiative (CALDEV); inda yake shugaban kasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/caldev-building-leadership-qualities-among-nigerian-children/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://sunnewsonline.com/caldev-to-honour-exceptional-youths-at-national-children-leadership-conference-in-abuja/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://leadership.ng/caldev-to-honour-exceptional-teenagers-at-national-children-leadership-conference/&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2019, Bamidele ya yi takara kuma ya lashe kujerar Ede North, Ede South, [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] Tarayyar Tarayya a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Daga nan sai ya sake yin takara don wannan kujerar a 2023 kuma ya sake lashe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin mukamai da yawa, ya rike mukamin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dokoki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;https://guardian.ng/news/reps-panel-chief-salam-decry-non-implementation-of-child-rights-act/&lt;/ref&gt; sannan yayi matsayin memba na Majalisar [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] tun Maris 2020, kuma a kan aikin lura da zabe a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Gambiya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Takardun kudi da motsi da aka motsa ===
A matsayinta na memba na Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta 9 [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|Na 10]], Bamidele ta dauki nauyin kuma ta motsa motsi. Wasu daga cikin takardunsa da motsi masu motsawa sune:

* (HB.700) Dokar Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Sa kai ta Kasa, 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/House-of-Reps-order-paper-Thursday-13th-February-2020.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB.708) Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan Kwayoyin Cutar Kasa da sauran Cututtukani na Jinin Gida (Kariya da Magunguna) Bill, 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
* (HB.709) Dokar Daraktan Ayyuka ta Kasa (Amend-ment) Bill, 202014........
* (HB. 909) Asusun Haraji na Ƙananan Kudin, 2020 16........
* (HB. 1221) Asibitocin Koyarwa na Jami'o'i (Sake Tsarin Kwamitoci Etc.) Dokar (Gwamma) Bill, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1222) Dokar Godiya ta Kasa don Hukumar Tsaro, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1369) Dokar Gyara Fensho (Gwamma) BIll, 2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BILL PROGRESSION CHART OF THE 9TH HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES |url=https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf |access-date=May 11, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB. 1370) Dokar Ma'aikatan Jama'a (Regulation), 2021.15........

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>861541</id>
      <parentid>861540</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:02:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
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'''Bamidele Salam''' (an haife shi 1 ga watan Octoban 1969) [[Lauya|lawya]] ne kuma dan jarida kuma dan siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://rayopost.com/meet-rep-bamidele-salam-journalist-lawyer-politician-and-advocate-for-progress/&lt;/ref&gt;ya yi aiki a matsayin Memba na [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|House of Representatives]] na [[Jerin Sunayen 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya, 2019–2023|9th]] da [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|10th]]  [[Majalisar Najeriya|a Nigeria National Assembly]]. ya kuma  jagoranci [[Ede ta Arewa|yankin Ede North]], [[Ede ta Kudu|Ede South]], [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] matakin kasa na [[Osun|Osun State]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/salam-wins-for-second-term-beats-apcs-atanda-bello-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bamidele ta fara ne a matsayin mai ba da labarai na Rediyo da Talabijin na [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Ogun|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Osun]], [[Osogbo|Oṣogbo]] (1994-2003). A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Tarayyar 'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya daga (1997-2000) kuma daga baya ya zama Shugaban Tarayyar' yan Jarida ta Nigeria daga (2000-2003).&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-pdp-house-of-reps-ticket-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-rep-seat-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt; An nada shi a matsayin mataimakin kafofin watsa labarai ga Gwamnan Jihar Osun na lokacin, [[Olagunsoye Oyinlola]], kuma ya yi aiki kai tsaye tare da Babban Jami'in Jihar daga 2003 zuwa 2007.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://premiumtimesng.com/tag/media-assistant-to-governor-olagunsoye-oyinlola&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Bamidele ta fara aikin siyasa ne a matsayin memba na tsohuwar jam'iyyar Peoples Solidarity Party . A shekara ta 2008, an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Egbedore (2008-2010) a dandalin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An nada shi Shugaban kafofin watsa labarai a ofishin Babban Mataimakin Musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan Harkokin Jama'a, [[Doyin Okupe]] (2012-2015).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.channelstv.com/2014/01/09/new-security-architecture-will-tackle-boko-haram-kidnapping-others-presidency/&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2015, ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sani da Children of Africa Leadership and Values Development Initiative (CALDEV); inda yake shugaban kasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/caldev-building-leadership-qualities-among-nigerian-children/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://sunnewsonline.com/caldev-to-honour-exceptional-youths-at-national-children-leadership-conference-in-abuja/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://leadership.ng/caldev-to-honour-exceptional-teenagers-at-national-children-leadership-conference/&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2019, Bamidele ya yi takara kuma ya lashe kujerar Ede North, Ede South, [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] Tarayyar Tarayya a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Daga nan sai ya sake yin takara don wannan kujerar a 2023 kuma ya sake lashe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin mukamai da yawa, ya rike mukamin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dokoki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;https://guardian.ng/news/reps-panel-chief-salam-decry-non-implementation-of-child-rights-act/&lt;/ref&gt; sannan yayi matsayin memba na Majalisar [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] tun Maris 2020, kuma a kan aikin lura da zabe a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Gambiya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Takardun kudi da motsi da aka motsa ===
A matsayinta na memba na Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta 9 [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|Na 10]], Bamidele ta dauki nauyin kuma ta motsa motsi. Wasu daga cikin takardunsa da motsi masu motsawa sune:

* (HB.700) Dokar Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Sa kai ta Kasa, 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/House-of-Reps-order-paper-Thursday-13th-February-2020.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB.708) Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan Kwayoyin Cutar Kasa da sauran Cututtukani na Jinin Gida (Kariya da Magunguna) Bill, 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
* (HB.709) Dokar Daraktan Ayyuka ta Kasa (Amend-ment) Bill, 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
* (HB. 909) Asusun Haraji na Ƙananan Kudin, 2020 16........
* (HB. 1221) Asibitocin Koyarwa na Jami'o'i (Sake Tsarin Kwamitoci Etc.) Dokar (Gwamma) Bill, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1222) Dokar Godiya ta Kasa don Hukumar Tsaro, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1369) Dokar Gyara Fensho (Gwamma) BIll, 2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BILL PROGRESSION CHART OF THE 9TH HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES |url=https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf |access-date=May 11, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB. 1370) Dokar Ma'aikatan Jama'a (Regulation), 2021.15........

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>861543</id>
      <parentid>861541</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:03:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
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'''Bamidele Salam''' (an haife shi 1 ga watan Octoban 1969) [[Lauya|lawya]] ne kuma dan jarida kuma dan siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://rayopost.com/meet-rep-bamidele-salam-journalist-lawyer-politician-and-advocate-for-progress/&lt;/ref&gt;ya yi aiki a matsayin Memba na [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|House of Representatives]] na [[Jerin Sunayen 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya, 2019–2023|9th]] da [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|10th]]  [[Majalisar Najeriya|a Nigeria National Assembly]]. ya kuma  jagoranci [[Ede ta Arewa|yankin Ede North]], [[Ede ta Kudu|Ede South]], [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] matakin kasa na [[Osun|Osun State]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/salam-wins-for-second-term-beats-apcs-atanda-bello-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bamidele ta fara ne a matsayin mai ba da labarai na Rediyo da Talabijin na [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Ogun|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Osun]], [[Osogbo|Oṣogbo]] (1994-2003). A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Tarayyar 'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya daga (1997-2000) kuma daga baya ya zama Shugaban Tarayyar' yan Jarida ta Nigeria daga (2000-2003).&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-pdp-house-of-reps-ticket-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-rep-seat-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt; An nada shi a matsayin mataimakin kafofin watsa labarai ga Gwamnan Jihar Osun na lokacin, [[Olagunsoye Oyinlola]], kuma ya yi aiki kai tsaye tare da Babban Jami'in Jihar daga 2003 zuwa 2007.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://premiumtimesng.com/tag/media-assistant-to-governor-olagunsoye-oyinlola&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Bamidele ta fara aikin siyasa ne a matsayin memba na tsohuwar jam'iyyar Peoples Solidarity Party . A shekara ta 2008, an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Egbedore (2008-2010) a dandalin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An nada shi Shugaban kafofin watsa labarai a ofishin Babban Mataimakin Musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan Harkokin Jama'a, [[Doyin Okupe]] (2012-2015).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.channelstv.com/2014/01/09/new-security-architecture-will-tackle-boko-haram-kidnapping-others-presidency/&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2015, ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sani da Children of Africa Leadership and Values Development Initiative (CALDEV); inda yake shugaban kasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/caldev-building-leadership-qualities-among-nigerian-children/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://sunnewsonline.com/caldev-to-honour-exceptional-youths-at-national-children-leadership-conference-in-abuja/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://leadership.ng/caldev-to-honour-exceptional-teenagers-at-national-children-leadership-conference/&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2019, Bamidele ya yi takara kuma ya lashe kujerar Ede North, Ede South, [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] Tarayyar Tarayya a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Daga nan sai ya sake yin takara don wannan kujerar a 2023 kuma ya sake lashe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin mukamai da yawa, ya rike mukamin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dokoki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;https://guardian.ng/news/reps-panel-chief-salam-decry-non-implementation-of-child-rights-act/&lt;/ref&gt; sannan yayi matsayin memba na Majalisar [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] tun Maris 2020, kuma a kan aikin lura da zabe a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Gambiya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Takardun kudi da motsi da aka motsa ===
A matsayinta na memba na Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta 9 [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|Na 10]], Bamidele ta dauki nauyin kuma ta motsa motsi. Wasu daga cikin takardunsa da motsi masu motsawa sune:

* (HB.700) Dokar Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Sa kai ta Kasa, 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/House-of-Reps-order-paper-Thursday-13th-February-2020.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB.708) Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan Kwayoyin Cutar Kasa da sauran Cututtukani na Jinin Gida (Kariya da Magunguna) Bill, 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
* (HB.709) Dokar Daraktan Ayyuka ta Kasa (Amend-ment) Bill, 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
* (HB. 909) Asusun Haraji na Ƙananan Kudin, 2020 16........
* (HB. 1221) Asibitocin Koyarwa na Jami'o'i (Sake Tsarin Kwamitoci Etc.) Dokar (Gwamma) Bill, 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
* (HB. 1222) Dokar Godiya ta Kasa don Hukumar Tsaro, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1369) Dokar Gyara Fensho (Gwamma) BIll, 2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BILL PROGRESSION CHART OF THE 9TH HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES |url=https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf |access-date=May 11, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB. 1370) Dokar Ma'aikatan Jama'a (Regulation), 2021.15........

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>861546</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:05:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
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'''Bamidele Salam''' (an haife shi 1 ga watan Octoban 1969) [[Lauya|lawya]] ne kuma dan jarida kuma dan siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://rayopost.com/meet-rep-bamidele-salam-journalist-lawyer-politician-and-advocate-for-progress/&lt;/ref&gt;ya yi aiki a matsayin Memba na [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|House of Representatives]] na [[Jerin Sunayen 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya, 2019–2023|9th]] da [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|10th]]  [[Majalisar Najeriya|a Nigeria National Assembly]]. ya kuma  jagoranci [[Ede ta Arewa|yankin Ede North]], [[Ede ta Kudu|Ede South]], [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] matakin kasa na [[Osun|Osun State]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/salam-wins-for-second-term-beats-apcs-atanda-bello-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bamidele ta fara ne a matsayin mai ba da labarai na Rediyo da Talabijin na [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Ogun|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Osun]], [[Osogbo|Oṣogbo]] (1994-2003). A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Tarayyar 'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya daga (1997-2000) kuma daga baya ya zama Shugaban Tarayyar' yan Jarida ta Nigeria daga (2000-2003).&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-pdp-house-of-reps-ticket-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-rep-seat-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt; An nada shi a matsayin mataimakin kafofin watsa labarai ga Gwamnan Jihar Osun na lokacin, [[Olagunsoye Oyinlola]], kuma ya yi aiki kai tsaye tare da Babban Jami'in Jihar daga 2003 zuwa 2007.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://premiumtimesng.com/tag/media-assistant-to-governor-olagunsoye-oyinlola&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Bamidele ta fara aikin siyasa ne a matsayin memba na tsohuwar jam'iyyar Peoples Solidarity Party . A shekara ta 2008, an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Egbedore (2008-2010) a dandalin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An nada shi Shugaban kafofin watsa labarai a ofishin Babban Mataimakin Musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan Harkokin Jama'a, [[Doyin Okupe]] (2012-2015).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.channelstv.com/2014/01/09/new-security-architecture-will-tackle-boko-haram-kidnapping-others-presidency/&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2015, ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sani da Children of Africa Leadership and Values Development Initiative (CALDEV); inda yake shugaban kasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/caldev-building-leadership-qualities-among-nigerian-children/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://sunnewsonline.com/caldev-to-honour-exceptional-youths-at-national-children-leadership-conference-in-abuja/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://leadership.ng/caldev-to-honour-exceptional-teenagers-at-national-children-leadership-conference/&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2019, Bamidele ya yi takara kuma ya lashe kujerar Ede North, Ede South, [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] Tarayyar Tarayya a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Daga nan sai ya sake yin takara don wannan kujerar a 2023 kuma ya sake lashe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin mukamai da yawa, ya rike mukamin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dokoki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;https://guardian.ng/news/reps-panel-chief-salam-decry-non-implementation-of-child-rights-act/&lt;/ref&gt; sannan yayi matsayin memba na Majalisar [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] tun Maris 2020, kuma a kan aikin lura da zabe a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Gambiya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Takardun kudi da motsi da aka motsa ===
A matsayinta na memba na Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta 9 [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|Na 10]], Bamidele ta dauki nauyin kuma ta motsa motsi. Wasu daga cikin takardunsa da motsi masu motsawa sune:

* (HB.700) Dokar Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Sa kai ta Kasa, 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/House-of-Reps-order-paper-Thursday-13th-February-2020.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB.708) Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan Kwayoyin Cutar Kasa da sauran Cututtukani na Jinin Gida (Kariya da Magunguna) Bill, 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
* (HB.709) Dokar Daraktan Ayyuka ta Kasa (Amend-ment) Bill, 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
* (HB. 909) Asusun Haraji na Ƙananan Kudin, 2020.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theconclaveng.com/plenary-proceedings-of-the-house-of-representatives-for-thursday-july-2-2020-the-speaker-of-the-house-rep-femi-gbajabiamila-presiding/&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB. 1221) Asibitocin Koyarwa na Jami'o'i (Sake Tsarin Kwamitoci Etc.) Dokar (Gwamma) Bill, 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
* (HB. 1222) Dokar Godiya ta Kasa don Hukumar Tsaro, 2021.15........
* (HB. 1369) Dokar Gyara Fensho (Gwamma) BIll, 2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BILL PROGRESSION CHART OF THE 9TH HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES |url=https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf |access-date=May 11, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB. 1370) Dokar Ma'aikatan Jama'a (Regulation), 2021.15........

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861548</id>
      <parentid>861546</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:06:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>861548</origin>
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'''Bamidele Salam''' (an haife shi 1 ga watan Octoban 1969) [[Lauya|lawya]] ne kuma dan jarida kuma dan siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://rayopost.com/meet-rep-bamidele-salam-journalist-lawyer-politician-and-advocate-for-progress/&lt;/ref&gt;ya yi aiki a matsayin Memba na [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|House of Representatives]] na [[Jerin Sunayen 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya, 2019–2023|9th]] da [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|10th]]  [[Majalisar Najeriya|a Nigeria National Assembly]]. ya kuma  jagoranci [[Ede ta Arewa|yankin Ede North]], [[Ede ta Kudu|Ede South]], [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] matakin kasa na [[Osun|Osun State]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/salam-wins-for-second-term-beats-apcs-atanda-bello-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bamidele ta fara ne a matsayin mai ba da labarai na Rediyo da Talabijin na [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Ogun|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Osun]], [[Osogbo|Oṣogbo]] (1994-2003). A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Tarayyar 'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya daga (1997-2000) kuma daga baya ya zama Shugaban Tarayyar' yan Jarida ta Nigeria daga (2000-2003).&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-pdp-house-of-reps-ticket-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-rep-seat-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt; An nada shi a matsayin mataimakin kafofin watsa labarai ga Gwamnan Jihar Osun na lokacin, [[Olagunsoye Oyinlola]], kuma ya yi aiki kai tsaye tare da Babban Jami'in Jihar daga 2003 zuwa 2007.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://premiumtimesng.com/tag/media-assistant-to-governor-olagunsoye-oyinlola&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Bamidele ta fara aikin siyasa ne a matsayin memba na tsohuwar jam'iyyar Peoples Solidarity Party . A shekara ta 2008, an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Egbedore (2008-2010) a dandalin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An nada shi Shugaban kafofin watsa labarai a ofishin Babban Mataimakin Musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan Harkokin Jama'a, [[Doyin Okupe]] (2012-2015).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.channelstv.com/2014/01/09/new-security-architecture-will-tackle-boko-haram-kidnapping-others-presidency/&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2015, ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sani da Children of Africa Leadership and Values Development Initiative (CALDEV); inda yake shugaban kasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/caldev-building-leadership-qualities-among-nigerian-children/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://sunnewsonline.com/caldev-to-honour-exceptional-youths-at-national-children-leadership-conference-in-abuja/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://leadership.ng/caldev-to-honour-exceptional-teenagers-at-national-children-leadership-conference/&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2019, Bamidele ya yi takara kuma ya lashe kujerar Ede North, Ede South, [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] Tarayyar Tarayya a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Daga nan sai ya sake yin takara don wannan kujerar a 2023 kuma ya sake lashe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin mukamai da yawa, ya rike mukamin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dokoki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;https://guardian.ng/news/reps-panel-chief-salam-decry-non-implementation-of-child-rights-act/&lt;/ref&gt; sannan yayi matsayin memba na Majalisar [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] tun Maris 2020, kuma a kan aikin lura da zabe a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Gambiya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Takardun kudi da motsi da aka motsa ===
A matsayinta na memba na Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta 9 [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|Na 10]], Bamidele ta dauki nauyin kuma ta motsa motsi. Wasu daga cikin takardunsa da motsi masu motsawa sune:

* (HB.700) Dokar Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Sa kai ta Kasa, 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/House-of-Reps-order-paper-Thursday-13th-February-2020.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB.708) Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan Kwayoyin Cutar Kasa da sauran Cututtukani na Jinin Gida (Kariya da Magunguna) Bill, 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
* (HB.709) Dokar Daraktan Ayyuka ta Kasa (Amend-ment) Bill, 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
* (HB. 909) Asusun Haraji na Ƙananan Kudin, 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;https://www.theconclaveng.com/plenary-proceedings-of-the-house-of-representatives-for-thursday-july-2-2020-the-speaker-of-the-house-rep-femi-gbajabiamila-presiding/&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB. 1221) Asibitocin Koyarwa na Jami'o'i (Sake Tsarin Kwamitoci Etc.) Dokar (Gwamma) Bill, 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
* (HB. 1222) Dokar Godiya ta Kasa don Hukumar Tsaro, 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
* (HB. 1369) Dokar Gyara Fensho (Gwamma) BIll, 2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BILL PROGRESSION CHART OF THE 9TH HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES |url=https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf |access-date=May 11, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB. 1370) Dokar Ma'aikatan Jama'a (Regulation), 2021.15........

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861549</id>
      <parentid>861548</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:07:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
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'''Bamidele Salam''' (an haife shi 1 ga watan Octoban 1969) [[Lauya|lawya]] ne kuma dan jarida kuma dan siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://rayopost.com/meet-rep-bamidele-salam-journalist-lawyer-politician-and-advocate-for-progress/&lt;/ref&gt;ya yi aiki a matsayin Memba na [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|House of Representatives]] na [[Jerin Sunayen 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya, 2019–2023|9th]] da [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|10th]]  [[Majalisar Najeriya|a Nigeria National Assembly]]. ya kuma  jagoranci [[Ede ta Arewa|yankin Ede North]], [[Ede ta Kudu|Ede South]], [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] matakin kasa na [[Osun|Osun State]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/salam-wins-for-second-term-beats-apcs-atanda-bello-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bamidele ta fara ne a matsayin mai ba da labarai na Rediyo da Talabijin na [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Ogun|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Osun]], [[Osogbo|Oṣogbo]] (1994-2003). A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Tarayyar 'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya daga (1997-2000) kuma daga baya ya zama Shugaban Tarayyar' yan Jarida ta Nigeria daga (2000-2003).&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-pdp-house-of-reps-ticket-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-rep-seat-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt; An nada shi a matsayin mataimakin kafofin watsa labarai ga Gwamnan Jihar Osun na lokacin, [[Olagunsoye Oyinlola]], kuma ya yi aiki kai tsaye tare da Babban Jami'in Jihar daga 2003 zuwa 2007.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://premiumtimesng.com/tag/media-assistant-to-governor-olagunsoye-oyinlola&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Bamidele ta fara aikin siyasa ne a matsayin memba na tsohuwar jam'iyyar Peoples Solidarity Party . A shekara ta 2008, an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Egbedore (2008-2010) a dandalin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An nada shi Shugaban kafofin watsa labarai a ofishin Babban Mataimakin Musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan Harkokin Jama'a, [[Doyin Okupe]] (2012-2015).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.channelstv.com/2014/01/09/new-security-architecture-will-tackle-boko-haram-kidnapping-others-presidency/&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2015, ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sani da Children of Africa Leadership and Values Development Initiative (CALDEV); inda yake shugaban kasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/caldev-building-leadership-qualities-among-nigerian-children/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://sunnewsonline.com/caldev-to-honour-exceptional-youths-at-national-children-leadership-conference-in-abuja/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://leadership.ng/caldev-to-honour-exceptional-teenagers-at-national-children-leadership-conference/&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2019, Bamidele ya yi takara kuma ya lashe kujerar Ede North, Ede South, [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] Tarayyar Tarayya a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Daga nan sai ya sake yin takara don wannan kujerar a 2023 kuma ya sake lashe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin mukamai da yawa, ya rike mukamin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dokoki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;https://guardian.ng/news/reps-panel-chief-salam-decry-non-implementation-of-child-rights-act/&lt;/ref&gt; sannan yayi matsayin memba na Majalisar [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] tun Maris 2020, kuma a kan aikin lura da zabe a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Gambiya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Takardun kudi da motsi da aka motsa ===
A matsayinta na memba na Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta 9 [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|Na 10]], Bamidele ta dauki nauyin kuma ta motsa motsi. Wasu daga cikin takardunsa da motsi masu motsawa sune:

* (HB.700) Dokar Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Sa kai ta Kasa, 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/House-of-Reps-order-paper-Thursday-13th-February-2020.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB.708) Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan Kwayoyin Cutar Kasa da sauran Cututtukani na Jinin Gida (Kariya da Magunguna) Bill, 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
* (HB.709) Dokar Daraktan Ayyuka ta Kasa (Amend-ment) Bill, 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
* (HB. 909) Asusun Haraji na Ƙananan Kudin, 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;https://www.theconclaveng.com/plenary-proceedings-of-the-house-of-representatives-for-thursday-july-2-2020-the-speaker-of-the-house-rep-femi-gbajabiamila-presiding/&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB. 1221) Asibitocin Koyarwa na Jami'o'i (Sake Tsarin Kwamitoci Etc.) Dokar (Gwamma) Bill, 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
* (HB. 1222) Dokar Godiya ta Kasa don Hukumar Tsaro, 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
* (HB. 1369) Dokar Gyara Fensho (Gwamma) BIll, 2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BILL PROGRESSION CHART OF THE 9TH HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES |url=https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf |access-date=May 11, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB. 1370) Dokar Ma'aikatan Jama'a (Regulation), 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
      <sha1>94nu5v36ufebwavvca13uh3ke8l1ixy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861550</id>
      <parentid>861549</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:09:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>861550</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5390" sha1="bhcdfeqql0mya87cwed5hw3gc27imon" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Bamidele Salam''' (an haife shi 1 ga watan Octoban 1969) [[Lauya|lawya]] ne kuma dan jarida kuma dan siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://rayopost.com/meet-rep-bamidele-salam-journalist-lawyer-politician-and-advocate-for-progress/&lt;/ref&gt;ya yi aiki a matsayin Memba na [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|House of Representatives]] na [[Jerin Sunayen 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya, 2019–2023|9th]] da [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|10th]]  [[Majalisar Najeriya|a Nigeria National Assembly]]. ya kuma  jagoranci [[Ede ta Arewa|yankin Ede North]], [[Ede ta Kudu|Ede South]], [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] matakin kasa na [[Osun|Osun State]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/salam-wins-for-second-term-beats-apcs-atanda-bello-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bamidele ta fara ne a matsayin mai ba da labarai na Rediyo da Talabijin na [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Ogun|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Osun]], [[Osogbo|Oṣogbo]] (1994-2003). A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Tarayyar 'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya daga (1997-2000) kuma daga baya ya zama Shugaban Tarayyar' yan Jarida ta Nigeria daga (2000-2003).&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-pdp-house-of-reps-ticket-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-rep-seat-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt; An nada shi a matsayin mataimakin kafofin watsa labarai ga Gwamnan Jihar Osun na lokacin, [[Olagunsoye Oyinlola]], kuma ya yi aiki kai tsaye tare da Babban Jami'in Jihar daga 2003 zuwa 2007.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://premiumtimesng.com/tag/media-assistant-to-governor-olagunsoye-oyinlola&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Bamidele ta fara aikin siyasa ne a matsayin memba na tsohuwar jam'iyyar Peoples Solidarity Party . A shekara ta 2008, an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Egbedore (2008-2010) a dandalin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An nada shi Shugaban kafofin watsa labarai a ofishin Babban Mataimakin Musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan Harkokin Jama'a, [[Doyin Okupe]] (2012-2015).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.channelstv.com/2014/01/09/new-security-architecture-will-tackle-boko-haram-kidnapping-others-presidency/&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2015, ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sani da Children of Africa Leadership and Values Development Initiative (CALDEV); inda yake shugaban kasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/caldev-building-leadership-qualities-among-nigerian-children/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://sunnewsonline.com/caldev-to-honour-exceptional-youths-at-national-children-leadership-conference-in-abuja/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://leadership.ng/caldev-to-honour-exceptional-teenagers-at-national-children-leadership-conference/&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2019, Bamidele ya yi takara kuma ya lashe kujerar Ede North, Ede South, [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] Tarayyar Tarayya a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Daga nan sai ya sake yin takara don wannan kujerar a 2023 kuma ya sake lashe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin mukamai da yawa, ya rike mukamin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dokoki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;https://guardian.ng/news/reps-panel-chief-salam-decry-non-implementation-of-child-rights-act/&lt;/ref&gt; sannan yayi matsayin memba na Majalisar [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] tun Maris 2020, kuma a kan aikin lura da zabe a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Gambiya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Takardun kudi da motsi da aka motsa ===
A matsayinta na memba na Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta 9 [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|Na 10]], Bamidele ta dauki nauyin kuma ta motsa motsi. Wasu daga cikin takardunsa da motsi masu motsawa sune:

* (HB.700) Dokar Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Sa kai ta Kasa, 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/House-of-Reps-order-paper-Thursday-13th-February-2020.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB.708) Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan Kwayoyin Cutar Kasa da sauran Cututtukani na Jinin Gida (Kariya da Magunguna) Bill, 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
* (HB.709) Dokar Daraktan Ayyuka ta Kasa (Amend-ment) Bill, 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
* (HB. 909) Asusun Haraji na Ƙananan Kudin, 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;https://www.theconclaveng.com/plenary-proceedings-of-the-house-of-representatives-for-thursday-july-2-2020-the-speaker-of-the-house-rep-femi-gbajabiamila-presiding/&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB. 1221) Asibitocin Koyarwa na Jami'o'i (Sake Tsarin Kwamitoci Etc.) Dokar (Gwamma) Bill, 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
* (HB. 1222) Dokar Godiya ta Kasa don Hukumar Tsaro, 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
* (HB. 1369) Dokar Gyara Fensho (Gwamma) BIll, 2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BILL PROGRESSION CHART OF THE 9TH HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES |url=https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf |access-date=May 11, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB. 1370) Dokar Ma'aikatan Jama'a (Regulation), 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
      <sha1>bhcdfeqql0mya87cwed5hw3gc27imon</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861567</id>
      <parentid>861550</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:20:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>861567</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5399" sha1="8nfkdwu25ydhjpcerzrvjj6u8ayii41" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Bamidele Salam''' (an haife shi 1 ga watan Octoban 1969) [[Lauya|lawya]] ne kuma dan jarida kuma dan siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://rayopost.com/meet-rep-bamidele-salam-journalist-lawyer-politician-and-advocate-for-progress/&lt;/ref&gt;ya yi aiki a matsayin Memba na [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|House of Representatives]] na [[Jerin Sunayen 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya, 2019–2023|9th]] da [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|10th]]  [[Majalisar Najeriya|a Nigeria National Assembly]]. ya kuma  jagoranci [[Ede ta Arewa|yankin Ede North]], [[Ede ta Kudu|Ede South]], [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] matakin kasa na [[Osun|Osun State]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/salam-wins-for-second-term-beats-apcs-atanda-bello-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bamidele ta fara ne a matsayin mai ba da labarai na Rediyo da Talabijin na [[Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Ogun|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Osun]], [[Osogbo|Oṣogbo]] (1994-2003). A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Tarayyar 'Yan Jarida ta Najeriya daga (1997-2000) kuma daga baya ya zama Shugaban Tarayyar' yan Jarida ta Nigeria daga (2000-2003).&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-pdp-house-of-reps-ticket-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/journalist-wins-rep-seat-in-osun/&lt;/ref&gt; An nada shi a matsayin mataimakin kafofin watsa labarai ga Gwamnan Jihar Osun na lokacin, [[Olagunsoye Oyinlola]], kuma ya yi aiki kai tsaye tare da Babban Jami'in Jihar daga 2003 zuwa 2007.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/315947-pdps-bamidele-salam-wins-ede-federal-constituency.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://premiumtimesng.com/tag/media-assistant-to-governor-olagunsoye-oyinlola&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Bamidele ya fara aikin siyasa ne a matsayin memba na tsohuwar jam'iyyar Peoples Solidarity Party . A shekara ta 2008, an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Egbedore (2008-2010) a dandalin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An nada shi Shugaban kafofin watsa labarai a ofishin Babban Mataimakin Musamman ga Shugaban kasa kan Harkokin Jama'a, [[Doyin Okupe]] (2012-2015).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.channelstv.com/2014/01/09/new-security-architecture-will-tackle-boko-haram-kidnapping-others-presidency/&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2015, ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sani da Children of Africa Leadership and Values Development Initiative (CALDEV); inda yake shugaban kasa.&lt;ref&gt;https://punchng.com/caldev-building-leadership-qualities-among-nigerian-children/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://sunnewsonline.com/caldev-to-honour-exceptional-youths-at-national-children-leadership-conference-in-abuja/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://leadership.ng/caldev-to-honour-exceptional-teenagers-at-national-children-leadership-conference/&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2019, Bamidele ya yi takara kuma ya lashe kujerar Ede North, Ede South, [[Egbedore]], da [[Ejigbo]] Tarayyar Tarayya a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Daga nan sai ya sake yin takara don wannan kujerar a 2023 kuma ya sake lashe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin mukamai da yawa, ya rike mukamin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dokoki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;https://guardian.ng/news/reps-panel-chief-salam-decry-non-implementation-of-child-rights-act/&lt;/ref&gt; sannan yayi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] tun watan Maris 2020, da kuma a kan aikin lura da zabe a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Gambiya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Takardun kudi da motsi da aka motsa ===
A matsayin shi na memba na Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta 9 [[Jerin mambobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023-2027|Na 10]], Bamidele ya dauki nauyin kuma ya motsa motsi. Wasu daga cikin takardunsa masu motsawa sune:

* (HB.700) Dokar Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Sa kai ta Kasa, 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/House-of-Reps-order-paper-Thursday-13th-February-2020.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB.708) Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan Kwayoyin Cutar Kasa da sauran Cututtukani na Jinin Gida (Kariya da Magunguna) Bill, 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
* (HB.709) Dokar Daraktan Ayyuka ta Kasa (Amend-ment) Bill, 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
* (HB. 909) Asusun Haraji na Ƙananan Kudin, 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;https://www.theconclaveng.com/plenary-proceedings-of-the-house-of-representatives-for-thursday-july-2-2020-the-speaker-of-the-house-rep-femi-gbajabiamila-presiding/&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB. 1221) Asibitocin Koyarwa na Jami'o'i (Sake Tsarin Kwamitoci Etc.) Dokar (Gwamma) Bill, 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
* (HB. 1222) Dokar Godiya ta Kasa don Hukumar Tsaro, 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
* (HB. 1369) Dokar Gyara Fensho (Gwamma) BIll, 2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BILL PROGRESSION CHART OF THE 9TH HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES |url=https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/House-of-Representatives-Bill-Progression-Chart-June-2019-June-2021.pdf |access-date=May 11, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (HB. 1370) Dokar Ma'aikatan Jama'a (Regulation), 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
      <sha1>8nfkdwu25ydhjpcerzrvjj6u8ayii41</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ciwon ajiyar alkama</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:34:50Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1240530061|Wheat warehouse itch]]&quot;</comment>
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{| class=&quot;infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc; color:inherit;&quot; |Ciwon ajiyar alkama
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Dermatology|Kimiyyar fata]]
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;'''Ciwon ajiyar alkama''' wani ciwo ne na fata wanda ya haifar da ƙwaro, ''[[Cheyletus malaccensis]]'' . 

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Murine typhus]]
* Jerin yanayin fata

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bonamia ostreae</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345270216|Bonamia ostreae]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Speciesbox|genus=Bonamia (protist)|species=ostreae|authority=Pichot, Comps, Tigé, Grizel &amp; Rabouin, 1980}}

'''''Bonamia ostreae''''' wani rhizarian ne wanda zai iya haifar da cututtukan cututtuka a cikin kifi, musamman ma oyster na Turai, ''Ostrea edulis'' . Cutar a cikin oysters da wuya ta haifar da alamun asibiti na cuta kuma sau da yawa kawai alamar kamuwa da cuta ita ce karuwar mutuwa.

== Cututtuka ==
Kwayoyin ''Bonamia ostreae'' suna auna 2-3 μm a diamita kuma ana samun su a cikin haemocytes na oyster. Raunin yana faruwa ne tare da shigar da haemocytes a cikin kwayar da ke haɗi na mantle da gills, da kuma a cikin sinuses na vascular kusa da glandar narkewa, hanji da ciki. Cutar tana da alaƙa da lalacewar haemocyte da diapedesis.&amp;nbsp;

== Yaduwar cututtuka ==
Wani binciken da aka yi a cikin [[Holand|Netherlands]] game da yaduwar cututtukan oyster na Turai, ''Ostrea edulis'', wanda ya kamu da ''Bonamia ostreae'' ya nuna cewa kwayar cutar ta kasance a ko'ina cikin shekara kuma an gano ta a duk nau'ikan nauyin oyster. Binciken ya bincika yaduwar da ke da alaƙa da ''O. edulis'' density, biomass da kewayon sigogi na muhalli. Yaduwar ta fi girma a cikin manyan oysters kuma ta fi girma da bazara fiye da kaka, watakila saboda mutuwar waɗannan kifi a lokacin rani. Mutuwa da alama tana da alaƙa da yanayin zafi na ruwa mafi girma kuma oysters sun fi saukin kamuwa da cuta bayan lokutan da ke da karancin abinci ko ƙananan matakan salinity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Engelsma |first=Marc Y. |last2=Kerkhoff |first2=Sonja |last3=Roozenburg |first3=Ineke |last4=Haenen |first4=Olga L. M. |last5=van Gool |first5=Ad |last6=Sistermans |first6=Wil |last7=Wijnhoven |first7=Sander |last8=Hummel |first8=Herman |year=2010 |title=Epidemiology of Bonamia ostreae infecting European flat oysters Ostrea edulis from Lake Grevelingen, the Netherlands |journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series |volume=409 |pages=131–42 |bibcode=2010MEPS..409..131E |doi=10.3354/meps08594 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Binciken kwayar halitta ta amfani da lambobin kwafin kwayar halitta don gwajin PCR na musamman na jinsin ya nuna cewa ''''Bonamia'' ostreae'' yana haifar da kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani fiye da Bonamia exitiosa a cikin ''Ostrea chilensis.'' na New Zealand.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lane-2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lane |first=Henry S. |last2=Bilewitch |first2=Jaret P. |last3=Brooks |first3=Amber |last4=Smith |first4=Lisa |last5=Pomarède |first5=Marine |last6=Dymond |first6=Megan |last7=Michael |first7=Keith |last8=Zareie-Vaux |first8=Felix |year=2025 |title=Concurrent infections by ''Bonamia'' species (Haplosporidia) do not cause more intense infections |journal=Parasitology |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi=10.1017/S0031182025100978 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, [[Coinfection|kamuwa da cuta a lokaci guda]] na duka kwayar cutar Bonamia a cikin ''O. chilensis'' sun yi kama da ƙarfi ga kamuwa da cututtukan jinsuna guda ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lane-2025&quot; /&gt;

''Ostrea angasi'', ya kamu da kwayar cutar ta Australiya, tare da irin wannan kwayar cutar ''Bonamia'' guda biyu, Bonamia exitiosa da ''B. roughleyi''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Carnegie |first=Ryan B. |last2=Hill |first2=Kristina M. |last3=Stokes |first3=Nancy A. |last4=Burreson |first4=Eugene M. |year=2014 |title=The haplosporidian ''Bonamia exitiosa'' is present in Australia, but the identity of the parasite described as &quot;Bonamia&quot; (formerly Mikrocytos) roughleyi is uncertain |journal=Journal of Invertebrate Pathology |volume=115 |pages=33–40 |doi=10.1016/j.jip.2013.10.017 |pmid=24211185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rarraba ==
A Turai, rarraba kwayar cutar tana tare da gabar tekun Atlantika daga Spain zuwa Denmark. A Amurka ana samun sa a bakin tekun Atlantika a Maine da bakin tekun Pacific daga California zuwa Washington. An gabatar da ''B. Ostreae'' a New Zealand kuma an fara gano shi a cikin Marlborough Sounds a cikin 2015, kuma an gano shi a Big Glory Bay a Tsibirin Stewart tun daga 2017 . &lt;ref name=&quot;Lane-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lane |first=Henry S. |last2=Webb |first2=Stephen C. |last3=Duncan |first3=John |year=2016 |title=''Bonamia ostreae'' in the New Zealand oyster ''Ostrea chilensis'': A new host and geographic record for this haplosporidian parasite |journal=Diseases of Aquatic Organisms |volume=118 |issue= |pages=55-63 |doi=10.3354/dao02960}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lane-2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lane |first=Henry S. |last2=Bilewitch |first2=Jaret P. |last3=Brooks |first3=Amber |last4=Smith |first4=Lisa |last5=Pomarède |first5=Marine |last6=Dymond |first6=Megan |last7=Michael |first7=Keith |last8=Zareie-Vaux |first8=Felix |year=2025 |title=Concurrent infections by ''Bonamia'' species (Haplosporidia) do not cause more intense infections |journal=Parasitology |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi=10.1017/S0031182025100978 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
An yi wani bincike a cikin shekara ta 2001 a cikin dangi mai saukin kamuwa da nau'ikan ''Ostrea edulis'' daban-daban ga kwayar cutar ''Bonamia ostreae'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Culloty |first=S |last2=Cronin |first2=M |last3=Mulcahy |first3=M |author-link3=Máire Mulcahy |year=2004 |title=Potential resistance of a number of populations of the oyster ''Ostrea edulis'' to the parasite ''Bonamia ostreae'' |journal=[[Aquaculture (journal)|Aquaculture]] |volume=237 |issue=1–4 |pages=41–58 |doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.04.007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An sake yin wani bincike a shekara ta 2004 a cikin abin da ya faru na kamuwa da cuta ta ''Bonamia ostrea'' a cikin al'ummomi daban-daban na ''Ostrea edulis'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Culloty |first=Sarah C. |last2=Cronin |first2=Michelle A. |last3=Mulcahy |first3=Máire F. |author-link3=Máire Mulcahy |year=2001 |title=An investigation into the relative resistance of Irish flat oysters ''Ostrea edulis'' L. to the parasite ''Bonamia ostreae'' (Pichot et al., 1980) |journal=[[Aquaculture (journal)|Aquaculture]] |volume=199 |issue=3–4 |pages=229–44 |doi=10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00569-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani binciken da aka yi a cikin 2010 ya yi niyyar kimanta ''Bonamia spp.'' Yanayin kamuwa da cuta na ''Ostrea stentina'' a cikin Bahar Rum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hill |first=Kristina M. |last2=Carnegie |first2=Ryan B. |last3=Aloui-Bejaoui |first3=Nejla |last4=Gharsalli |first4=Refka El |last5=White |first5=Delonna M. |last6=Stokes |first6=Nancy A. |last7=Burreson |first7=Eugene M. |year=2010 |title=Observation of a ''Bonamia'' sp. Infecting the oyster ''Ostrea stentina'' in Tunisia, and a consideration of its phylogenetic affinities |journal=[[Journal of Invertebrate Pathology]] |volume=103 |issue=3 |pages=179–85 |doi=10.1016/j.jip.2009.12.011 |pmid=20036670}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bincike da aka yi a shekara ta 2010 ya bincika ko oyster na Pacific, ''Crassostrea gigas'', na iya aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto ko tafkin ''Bonamia ostreae'' kuma ya watsa kamuwa da cutar zuwa ''Ostrea edulis''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lynch |first=S. A. |last2=Abollo |first2=E. |last3=Ramilo |first3=A. |last4=Cao |first4=A. |last5=Culloty |first5=S. C. |last6=Villalba |first6=A. |year=2010 |title=Observations raise the question if the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, can act as either a carrier or a reservoir for ''Bonamia ostreae'' or ''Bonamia exitiosa'' |journal=[[Parasitology (journal)|Parasitology]] |volume=137 |issue=10 |pages=1515–26 |doi=10.1017/S0031182010000326 |pmid=20388237}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An tsara takamaiman gwaje-gwaje na ddPCR na jinsuna kuma an tabbatar da su don ''B. Ostreae'' da B. exitiosa da kuma a cikin New Zealand flat oysters don tsaron halittu da kula da kayan kifi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bilewitch-2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bilewitch |first=Jaret P. |last2=Lane |first2=Henry S. |last3=Wiltshire |first3=Kathryn H. |last4=Deveney |first4=Marty R. |last5=Brooks |first5=Amber R. |last6=Michael |first6=Keith P. |year=2025 |title=''Genetic detection and discrimination of closely related oyster pathogens for biosecurity surveillance and shellfish stock management'' |journal=Diseases of Aquatic Organisms |volume=162 |issue= |pages=51-70 |doi=10.3354/dao03850}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110311213524/http://www.fish.wa.gov.au/docs/pub/FHSlideofQuarter/200603.php?0408 Ostrea angasi tare da kwayar cutar Bonamia.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090714044912/http://www.fish.wa.gov.au/Images/art/FHSlideofMonth/200603-fig03.jpg Hoton kwayar cutar Bonamia a cikin haemocytes.]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Plasmodium girardi</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1287722141|Plasmodium girardi]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Speciesbox|genus=Plasmodium|species=girardi|authority=Buck, Coudurier and Quesnel, 1952}}

'''''''Plasmodium'' girardi''''' kwayar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro ce da ke shafar lemurs. An bayyana shi a Madagascar a cikin 1951 a cikin ''Eulemur rufus'', da jan-fronted lemur. An sanya masa suna ne bayan Georges Girard, shugaban Institut Pasteur a [[Antananarivo]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Plasmodium girardi |url=https://mcdinternational.org/trainings/malaria/english/dpdx5/HTML/PDF_Files/PrimateMalariasChapters/chap_27.pdf |access-date=9 August 2020 |website=mcdinternational.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana daya daga cikin nau'ikan Plasmodium guda huɗu da aka bayyana a cikin lemurs kafin 1975; wasu sune ''Plasmodium foleyi'' da ''Plasmodium lemuris''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=GARNHAM |first=P. C. C. |last2=UILENBERG |first2=G. |year=1975 |title=Malaria parasites of lemurs |url=https://www.parasite-journal.org/articles/parasite/pdf/1975/04/parasite1975504p409.pdf |journal=Annales de Parasitologie |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=409–418 |doi=10.1051/parasite/1975504409 |pmid=813552 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kismayo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:38:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360166220|Port of Kismayo]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2467" sha1="ka1ynio74zvxr76iqvdni9sdtt1xn1r" xml:space="preserve">'''Tashar jiragen ruwa na Kismayo''' ( Somali  , Italian   ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Kismayo''', ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa ta hukuma ta Kismayo, wadda take a kudancin [[Somaliya]] . An rarraba ta a matsayin babbar tashar jiragen ruwa mai daraja. &lt;ref name=&quot;Icsti&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Istanbul conference on Somalia 21 – 23 May 2010 - Draft discussion paper for Round Table &quot;Transport infrastructure&quot; |url=http://www.somalitalk.com/2010/may/istambul/transport.pdf |access-date=31 August 2013 |publisher=Government of Somalia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da tashar jiragen ruwa da kuma tashar jiragen ruwa da ke shiga Tekun Somaliya. 

== Tushe ==
Wurin da aka gina a kusa da Kismayo wataƙila ya yi daidai da tsohon gidan tarihi na Nikon, wanda Arrian na ƙarni na 1 AD ya ambata a cikin Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. Kalmar Kismayo da kanta wani abu ne mai kama da juna wanda aka samo daga kalmomin Somaliya ''kis'', ma'ana ''ƙaramin abu'', da ''mayo'', ma'ana ''ba'' .  

== Bayani ==
[[Fayil:Rising_Eagle_Kismayo_10_August_2021.jpg|left|thumb|Jirgin ruwa mai ɗauke da manyan jiragen ruwa na Rising Eagle a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kismayo, 10 ga Agusta 2021.]]
Manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Kismayo suna kan wani yanki a gabar tekun Somaliya. A da can ɗaya ce daga cikin Tsibiran Bajuni, daga baya aka haɗa yankin ta wata kunkuntar hanya lokacin da aka gina tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kismayo ta zamani a shekarar 1964 tare da taimakon Amurka. A shekarar 1966, ''Littafin Leken Asiri na CIA don Ayyuka na Musamman - Jamhuriyar Somaliya'' ya bayyana tashar jiragen ruwa a matsayin hanyar fita ta [[ayaba]] da sauran amfanin gona. Jiragen ruwa masu &quot;ƙaramin tsari&quot; ne kawai za a iya ɗaukar su; dole ne a yi amfani da fitilun wuta a kan manyan hanyoyi . Wuraren da aka kare guda huɗu don hidimar jiragen ruwa masu nauyin tan 10,000 tare da zayyanar har zuwa ƙafa 31 sun kasance ɓangare na shirin faɗaɗa tashar jiragen ruwa. Za a gina tashar wutar lantarki, tsarin ruwa, da kayan aiki kafin shekarar 1967. 

An kafa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kismayo a hukumance a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin riƙon ƙwarya ta Juba a watan Agusta na 2013. Bisa yarjejeniyar, an tsara za a mayar da kula da tashar ga gwamnatin tarayya ta Somaliya bayan watanni shida. Za a ware kuɗaɗen shiga da albarkatun da aka samu daga tashar jiragen ruwa, kamar filin jirgin saman Kismayo, don samar da ayyukan yi da tsaro na Jubaland da kuma ci gaban cibiyoyin gida. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Tashar jiragen ruwa na Kismayo''' ( Somali  , Italian   ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Kismayo''', ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa ta hukuma ta Kismayo, wadda take a kudancin [[Somaliya]] . An rarraba ta a matsayin babbar tashar jiragen ruwa mai daraja. &lt;ref name=&quot;Icsti&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Istanbul conference on Somalia 21 – 23 May 2010 - Draft discussion paper for Round Table &quot;Transport infrastructure&quot; |url=http://www.somalitalk.com/2010/may/istambul/transport.pdf |access-date=31 August 2013 |publisher=Government of Somalia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da tashar jiragen ruwa da kuma tashar jiragen ruwa da ke shiga Tekun Somaliya. 

== Tushe ==
Wurin da aka gina a kusa da Kismayo wataƙila ya yi daidai da tsohon gidan tarihi na Nikon, wanda Arrian na ƙarni na 1 AD ya ambata a cikin Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. Kalmar Kismayo da kanta wani abu ne mai kama da juna wanda aka samo daga kalmomin Somaliya ''kis'', ma'ana ''ƙaramin abu'', da ''mayo'', ma'ana ''ba'' .  

== Bayani ==
[[Fayil:Rising_Eagle_Kismayo_10_August_2021.jpg|left|thumb|Jirgin ruwa mai ɗauke da manyan jiragen ruwa na Rising Eagle a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kismayo, 10 ga Agusta 2021.]]
Manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Kismayo suna kan wani yanki a gabar tekun Somaliya. A da can ɗaya ce daga cikin Tsibiran Bajuni, daga baya aka haɗa yankin ta wata kunkuntar hanya lokacin da aka gina tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kismayo ta zamani a shekarar 1964 tare da taimakon Amurka. A shekarar 1966, ''Littafin Leken Asiri na CIA don Ayyuka na Musamman - Jamhuriyar Somaliya'' ya bayyana tashar jiragen ruwa a matsayin hanyar fita ta [[ayaba]] da sauran amfanin gona. Jiragen ruwa masu &quot;ƙaramin tsari&quot; ne kawai za a iya ɗaukar su; dole ne a yi amfani da fitilun wuta a kan manyan hanyoyi . Wuraren da aka kare guda huɗu don hidimar jiragen ruwa masu nauyin tan 10,000 tare da zayyanar har zuwa ƙafa 31 sun kasance ɓangare na shirin faɗaɗa tashar jiragen ruwa. Za a gina tashar wutar lantarki, tsarin ruwa, da kayan aiki kafin shekarar 1967. 

An kafa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kismayo a hukumance a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin riƙon ƙwarya ta Juba a watan Agusta na 2013. Bisa yarjejeniyar, an tsara za a mayar da kula da tashar ga gwamnatin tarayya ta Somaliya bayan watanni shida. Za a ware kuɗaɗen shiga da albarkatun da aka samu daga tashar jiragen ruwa, kamar filin jirgin saman Kismayo, don samar da ayyukan yi da tsaro na Jubaland da kuma ci gaban cibiyoyin gida. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Peter Preiser</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1292687704|Peter Preiser]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1777" sha1="0d1unhrtl4z1dc6ij33g00e4b04swbl" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Peter_Preiser_at_AAAS_2025_03.jpg|thumb|Mai cin nama a cikin 2025]]
'''Peter Preiser''' shi ne shugaban Makarantar Kimiyya ta Biological kuma farfesa a fannin kwayoyin halitta da ilmin halitta a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Nanyang (NTU) a Singapore. Ya ƙware a cikin nazarin Kwayar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NTU: Academic Profile: Prof Peter Preiser |url=http://research.ntu.edu.sg/expertise/academicprofile/Pages/StaffProfile.aspx?ST_EMAILID=PRPREISER&amp;CategoryDescription=nanotechnologynanoscience |access-date=17 November 2017 |website=Research.ntu.edu.sg}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma shine shugaban ƙungiyar a NTU wanda ya gano hanyar zuwa yiwuwar allurar rigakafin cutar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.sbs.ntu.edu.sg/aboutus/Faculty/PRPreiser/Pages/Home.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117175012/http://www.sbs.ntu.edu.sg/aboutus/Faculty/PRPreiser/Pages/Home.aspx |archive-date=2017-11-17 |access-date=2017-11-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NTU scientists discover potential vaccine for malaria |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-12/ntu-ns121613.php |access-date=17 November 2017 |website=EurekAlert.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 December 2013 |title=NTU study makes key find towards malaria vaccine |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/ntu-study-makes-key-find-towards-malaria-vaccine |access-date=17 November 2017 |website=Straitstimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Cite web |title=Peter R Preiser - Nanyang Technological University (ntu) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Peter_Preiser |access-date=17 November 2017 |website=ResearchGate}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dots na Schüffner</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340722489|Schüffner's dots]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:Microphotograph_of_Plasmodium_ovale_microgametocyte_in_Giemsa-stained_thin_blood_film,_with_Schüffner's_dots_and_hemozoin_pigment.png|thumb|Plasmodium ovale microgametocyte a cikin fim din jini mai laushi na Giemsa, tare da maɓallin Schüffner da launi na hemozoin]]
[[Fayil:P_ovale_troph3.jpg|thumb|Trophozoites na ''P. Oval'' a cikin ƙananan jini. Ana iya ganin maɓallin Schüffner.]]
'''Dots na Schüffner''' yana nufin binciken haematological wanda ke da alaƙa da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]], &lt;ref name=&quot;urlRoyal Perth Hospital - Malaria Diagnosis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Royal Perth Hospital - Malaria Diagnosis |url=http://www.rph.wa.gov.au/malaria/diagnosis.html |access-date= |website=}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda aka samo shi ne kawai a cikin cututtukan da Plasmodium ovale ko ''Plasmodium vivax'' suka haifar. &lt;ref name=&quot;urlMicroscopy of Plasmodium species&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Microscopy of Plasmodium species |url=https://www.msu.edu/course/zol/316/psppscope.htm |access-date= |website=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Plasmodium vivax'' yana haifar da canje-canje na morphologic a cikin masu kamuwa da cutar erythrocytes waɗanda ke bayyane ta hanyar microscopy na haske a cikin jini mai laushi na Romanowsky a matsayin dots masu yawa. Wadannan canje-canje na morphologic, wanda ake kira dots na Schüffner, suna da mahimmanci wajen gano wannan nau'in kwayar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro kuma an haɗa su da microscopy na lantarki tare da hadaddun caveolavesicle tare da erythrocyte plasmalemma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Udagama |first=P. V. |last2=Atkinson |first2=C. T. |last3=Peiris |first3=J. S. |last4=David |first4=P. H. |last5=Mendis |first5=K. N. |last6=Aikawa |first6=M. |year=1988 |title=Immunoelectron microscopy of Schüffner's dots in Plasmodium vivax-infected human erythrocytes |journal=The American Journal of Pathology |volume=131 |issue=1 |pages=48–52 |pmc=1880566 |pmid=3281470}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An sanya musu suna ne don Wilhelm Schüffner, wanda ya bayyana su a shekara ta 1904.&lt;ref name=&quot;urlSchuffners+dots - Definition from Merriam-Websters Medical Dictionary&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Schuffner's+dots - Definition from Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary |url=http://medical.merriam-webster.com/medical/schuffner |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922013300/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/schuffner |archive-date=2012-09-22 |access-date= |website= |format=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Bosaso</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335800294|Port of Bosaso]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Bosaso''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Bosaso''', ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa ta hukuma ta Bosaso, babban birnin kasuwanci na yankin Puntland mai cin gashin kansa a arewa maso gabashin [[Somaliya]] . An sanya ta a matsayin babbar tashar jiragen ruwa mai daraja. &lt;ref name=&quot;Icsti&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Istanbul conference on Somalia 21 – 23 May 2010 - Draft discussion paper for Round Table &quot;Transport infrastructure&quot; |url=http://www.somalitalk.com/2010/may/istambul/transport.pdf |access-date=31 August 2013 |publisher=Government of Somalia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin P&amp;amp;amp;O Ports ne ke gudanar da tashar jiragen ruwa tun daga shekarar 2017. Amma a watan Yulin 2022, Dubai Ports World (DP World), wacce ke aiki a duk duniya a tashoshin jiragen ruwa da sufuri, ta koma Bosaso.

== Tarihi ==
An gina Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta zamani ta Bosaso A Puntlant a tsakiyar shekarun 1980 ta hannun gwamnatin Siad Barre don jigilar dabbobi zuwa [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] a kowace shekara. A watan Janairun 2012, an ƙaddamar da wani aikin gyara a Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Bosaso, inda KMC ta ɗauki nauyin haɓaka tashar. Mataki na farko na shirin ya ga tsaftace kayan da ba a so daga tashar jiragen ruwa kuma an kammala shi cikin wata. Mataki na biyu ya haɗa da sake gina tashar jiragen ruwa da ke maƙwabtaka da ita, da nufin ɗaukar manyan jiragen ruwa.

A ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 2017, kamfanin P&amp;amp;amp;O Ports da ke [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]] ya lashe yarjejeniyar shekaru 30 don gudanar da aikin tashar jiragen ruwa mai amfani da yawa. Kimanin jarin da aka kashe don wannan cibiya mai amfani da yawa ya kai dala miliyan 336. Shugaban Puntland, Abdiweli Mohamed Ali, da Ma'aikatar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Puntland, Said Mohamed Rage, sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a Dubai a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 2017. Aikin da za a yi kan wannan aiki zai kunshi gina tashar jiragen ruwa mai tsawon mita 450 da kuma wani yanki mai fadin hekta 5, haƙa rami mai zurfin mita 12 tare da aikin sake ginawa ta amfani da kayan aikin haƙa rami. Haka kuma za a zuba jari mai yawa a fannin IT da Tsarin Aiki na Tashar (TOS), cranes na tashar jiragen ruwa ta hannu da kayan aikin sarrafa kwantena. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 April 2017 |title=P&amp;O Ports wins USD $ 336m 30-year concession for port of Bosasso in Somalia's Puntland |url=http://wam.ae/en/details/1395302607294 |publisher=Emirates News Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2019, wasu 'yan bindigar [[Al-Shabaab (ƙungiyar Mayaƙa)|Al Shabab]] guda biyu da suka yi shigar kama kifi suka harbe manajan tashar jiragen ruwan suka kashe shi. Manajan yana kan hanyarsa ta zuwa aiki lokacin da aka harbe shi aka kashe shi a kasuwar kifi. Masu gadi biyu a tashar jiragen ruwan sun kuma ji rauni a harin.  Tashar jiragen ruwan P&amp;O da ke Dubai ta tabbatar da mutuwar manajan da kuma raunin wasu uku.  Kungiyar 'yan bindigar Shabab ta dauki alhakin kai harin kuma ta ce sun kai hari kan P&amp;O Ports ne saboda suna &quot;mamaye&quot; tashar jiragen ruwan Bosaso. Sun ce manajan, wanda dan kasar Malta ne, &quot;ba bisa doka ba ne a Somalia&quot;. 

== Sufuri ==
Titin Garowe-Bosaso babbar hanya ce a yankin Puntland mai cin gashin kansa a arewa maso gabashin Somaliya. Ya haɗu da babban birnin gudanarwa na Garowe da cibiyar kasuwanci ta Bosaaso, tazarar kusan 450&amp;nbsp;kilomita (279.1)&amp;nbsp;mi). An gina babbar hanyar Garoowe-Bosaso a shekarar 1988, bayan da aka ba wani kamfanin Italiya mai suna Merzario kwangilar gina babbar hanyar, gami da magudanar ruwa da gadoji. Daga baya an kammala aikin shimfida layin jirgin a shekarar 1990. Abdirizak Jurile ne ke da alhakin gudanarwa da kuma aikin gina Babbar hanyar Garoowe-Bosaso da kuma Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Bosaso a lardin Bari. Babbar hanyar ta fara ne daga Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Bosaso kuma ta ci gaba da kudu a matsayin hanyar mota guda ɗaya da ta haura tsaunukan Al-Miskat zuwa ƙasa zuwa Qardho. Ta ci gaba daga nan kimanin 205.&amp;nbsp;kilomita (127.6)&amp;nbsp;mi) zuwa kudu zuwa Garoowe bayan haka hanyar ta haɗu da babbar hanyar [[Mogadishu]] - Berbera .

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Bosaso''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Bosaso''', ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa ta hukuma ta Bosaso, babban birnin kasuwanci na yankin Puntland mai cin gashin kansa a arewa maso gabashin [[Somaliya]] . An sanya ta a matsayin babbar tashar jiragen ruwa mai daraja. &lt;ref name=&quot;Icsti&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Istanbul conference on Somalia 21 – 23 May 2010 - Draft discussion paper for Round Table &quot;Transport infrastructure&quot; |url=http://www.somalitalk.com/2010/may/istambul/transport.pdf |access-date=31 August 2013 |publisher=Government of Somalia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin P&amp;amp;amp;O Ports ne ke gudanar da tashar jiragen ruwa tun daga shekarar 2017. Amma a watan Yulin 2022, Dubai Ports World (DP World), wacce ke aiki a duk duniya a tashoshin jiragen ruwa da sufuri, ta koma Bosaso.

== Tarihi ==
An gina Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta zamani ta Bosaso A Puntlant a tsakiyar shekarun 1980 ta hannun gwamnatin Siad Barre don jigilar dabbobi zuwa [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] a kowace shekara. A watan Janairun 2012, an ƙaddamar da wani aikin gyara a Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Bosaso, inda KMC ta ɗauki nauyin haɓaka tashar. Mataki na farko na shirin ya ga tsaftace kayan da ba a so daga tashar jiragen ruwa kuma an kammala shi cikin wata. Mataki na biyu ya haɗa da sake gina tashar jiragen ruwa da ke maƙwabtaka da ita, da nufin ɗaukar manyan jiragen ruwa.

A ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 2017, kamfanin P&amp;amp;amp;O Ports da ke [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]] ya lashe yarjejeniyar shekaru 30 don gudanar da aikin tashar jiragen ruwa mai amfani da yawa. Kimanin jarin da aka kashe don wannan cibiya mai amfani da yawa ya kai dala miliyan 336. Shugaban Puntland, Abdiweli Mohamed Ali, da Ma'aikatar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Puntland, Said Mohamed Rage, sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a Dubai a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 2017. Aikin da za a yi kan wannan aiki zai kunshi gina tashar jiragen ruwa mai tsawon mita 450 da kuma wani yanki mai fadin hekta 5, haƙa rami mai zurfin mita 12 tare da aikin sake ginawa ta amfani da kayan aikin haƙa rami. Haka kuma za a zuba jari mai yawa a fannin IT da Tsarin Aiki na Tashar (TOS), cranes na tashar jiragen ruwa ta hannu da kayan aikin sarrafa kwantena. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 April 2017 |title=P&amp;O Ports wins USD $ 336m 30-year concession for port of Bosasso in Somalia's Puntland |url=http://wam.ae/en/details/1395302607294 |publisher=Emirates News Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2019, wasu 'yan bindigar [[Al-Shabaab (ƙungiyar Mayaƙa)|Al Shabab]] guda biyu da suka yi shigar kama kifi suka harbe manajan tashar jiragen ruwan suka kashe shi. Manajan yana kan hanyarsa ta zuwa aiki lokacin da aka harbe shi aka kashe shi a kasuwar kifi. Masu gadi biyu a tashar jiragen ruwan sun kuma ji rauni a harin.  Tashar jiragen ruwan P&amp;O da ke Dubai ta tabbatar da mutuwar manajan da kuma raunin wasu uku.  Kungiyar 'yan bindigar Shabab ta dauki alhakin kai harin kuma ta ce sun kai hari kan P&amp;O Ports ne saboda suna &quot;mamaye&quot; tashar jiragen ruwan Bosaso. Sun ce manajan, wanda dan kasar Malta ne, &quot;ba bisa doka ba ne a Somalia&quot;. 

== Sufuri ==
Titin Garowe-Bosaso babbar hanya ce a yankin Puntland mai cin gashin kansa a arewa maso gabashin Somaliya. Ya haɗu da babban birnin gudanarwa na Garowe da cibiyar kasuwanci ta Bosaaso, tazarar kusan 450&amp;nbsp;kilomita (279.1)&amp;nbsp;mi). An gina babbar hanyar Garoowe-Bosaso a shekarar 1988, bayan da aka ba wani kamfanin Italiya mai suna Merzario kwangilar gina babbar hanyar, gami da magudanar ruwa da gadoji. Daga baya an kammala aikin shimfida layin jirgin a shekarar 1990. Abdirizak Jurile ne ke da alhakin gudanarwa da kuma aikin gina Babbar hanyar Garoowe-Bosaso da kuma Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Bosaso a lardin Bari. Babbar hanyar ta fara ne daga Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Bosaso kuma ta ci gaba da kudu a matsayin hanyar mota guda ɗaya da ta haura tsaunukan Al-Miskat zuwa ƙasa zuwa Qardho. Ta ci gaba daga nan kimanin 205.&amp;nbsp;kilomita (127.6)&amp;nbsp;mi) zuwa kudu zuwa Garoowe bayan haka hanyar ta haɗu da babbar hanyar [[Mogadishu]] - Berbera .

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Malaria a Benin</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1178967505|Malaria in Benin]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2408" sha1="4gazpce30qj0ub5g9446wv7rwuzd8kt" xml:space="preserve">'''[[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|Malaria]] a [[Benin]]''' shine babban dalilin mutuwa tsakanin yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru biyar da [[Cuta|cututtukan]] tsakanin manya. Malaria tana da kashi 40 cikin 100 na shawarwari na marasa lafiya da kashi 25 cikin 100 na duk shigar asibiti. Malaria ya sanya babbar matsalar tattalin arziki a ci gaban Benin. Bankin Duniya ya kiyasta cewa iyalai a Benin suna kashe kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na kuɗin da suke samu na shekara-shekara akan rigakafi da maganin zazzabin cizon sauro. Manufar Benin ta dogon lokaci ita ce rage nauyin zazzabin cizon sauro don inganta ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na kasa.

Babban aiwatar da maganin haɗin gwiwar artemisinin (ACTs) da maganin rigakafi na lokaci-lokaci ga mata masu juna biyu (IPTp) ya fara ne a Benin a cikin 2007 kuma ya ci gaba da sauri. Ana amfani da Gwaje-gwaje masu saurin ganewa, ACTs, da IPTp a wuraren kiwon lafiya na jama'a a duk faɗin ƙasar kuma ana gabatar da su a cikin asibitoci masu zaman kansu. Fiye da miliyan 6 da aka yi amfani da maganin kwari na dogon lokaci an rarraba su ta hanyar taro da tashoshin rarraba na ci gaba. Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na al'umma suna aiki a matakin da ke kewaye na tsarin kiwon lafiya ya kasa kuma ana horar da su a cikin maganin zazzabin cizon sauro da kuma shiga tsakani mai tasiri.{{Efn|Benin's national health system has a pyramid structure with three levels: central, intermediate, and peripheral.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;}} Wani binciken kasa na baya-bayan nan ya gano cewa kashi 70 cikin 100 na duk tallace-tallace na rigakafin zazzabin cizon sauro suna faruwa ne a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Benin ta nuna gagarumin ci gaba a cikin mahimman alamun zazzabin cizon sauro da yawa, kamar mallakar net da amfani da kuma ɗaukar IPTp.

Malaria yana da yawa a Benin, kuma yayin da yaduwar ta kasance mai ɗorewa, abubuwa da yawa suna rinjayar ta, gami da nau'in vector, [[Yanayin yanayi na Benin|yanayi]] ƙasa, yanayi, da hydrography. Babban kwayar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro a Benin shine ''Anopheles gambiae s.s.'', amma ƙananan kwayar cutar ma suna da mahimmanci ga [[Yaduwar kwayar cuta|watsawa]]. Kula da Kwayoyin cuta ya tabbatar da juriya ga ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin daji ga carbamates tsakanin yawan sauro a wasu sassan ƙasar.

== Bayani ==
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== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cutar splenomegaly ta wurare masu zafi</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1298577908|Tropical splenomegaly syndrome]]&quot;</comment>
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Ciwon [[Sifa|splenomegaly]] na wurare masu zafi, wanda aka fi hanci da splenomégaly na malarial mai haɗari, yana faruwa ne saboda yawan rigakafin rigakafi ta hanyar maimaita hare-haren kamuwa da cutar malarial na dogon lokaci. Yawancin lokaci ana ganin yanayin a yankunan da zazzabin cizon sauro ya zama ruwan dare, kamar Afirka da yankin Indiya. '''Cutar splenomegaly ta wurare masu zafi''' tana da alamar splenomégaly mai yawa, hepatomegaly, da kuma matakan IgM da magungunan rigakafin cutar malaria. Maganin ya karu sosai. Yana nuna sinusoids da aka shimfiɗa tare da sel na reticulum. Akwai alamar erythrophagocytosis da infiltration na lymphocytic na kwayar. Maganin farfajiyar [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|cutar zazzabin cizon sauro]] yawanci ba shi da kyau.

Yanayin na iya nuna siffofin [[Sifa|hypersplenism]] a cikin nau'o'i masu tsanani, kamar anemia da thrombocytopenia.

Magani da cutar splenomegaly ta wurare masu zafi ya haɗa da gudanar da maganin rigakafin zazzabin cizon sauro wanda ya biyo bayan rigakafi na dogon lokaci. Wannan yana cire ƙarin antigenic na maimaita cututtukan zazzabin cizon sauro kuma yana ba da damar tsarin reticuloendothelial ya koma al'ada.

== Bayani ==
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== Manazarta ==

# Greenwood B, Fakunle Y. Cutar splenomegaly ta wurare masu zafi. A cikin: Matsayin spleen a cikin rigakafin cututtukan cututtukani. Basel: Schwabe, 1979: 229-251.
# Fakunle Y. Tropical splenomegaly. A cikin: Luzzatto L, ed. Asibitoci a cikin haematology. London: WB Saunders, 1981: 963-975.
# Neelam Raval, Neela Shah da S. N. Vani: Tropical splenomegaly syndrome, Indian Journal of Pediatrics, Volume 58, Number 5, 679-681, doi:{{Doi|10.1007/BF02820190}}
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  <page>
    <title>Eimeria falciformis</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1300938052|Eimeria falciformis]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Speciesbox|image=|image_caption=|genus=Eimeria|species=falciformis|authority=Eimer, 1870|synonyms=*''Eimeria pragensis''}}

'''''Eimeria falciformis''''' kwayar cuta ce ta intracellular wacce ta fara kamuwa da nau'in linzamin kwamfuta ''Mus Musculus'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Günay-Esiyok |first=Özlem |last2=Gupta |first2=Nishith |date=October 2024 |title=Eimeria falciformis |journal=Trends in Parasitology |volume=40 |issue=12 |pages=1197–1198 |doi=10.1016/j.pt.2024.09.008 |issn=1471-4922 |pmc=7616687}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayin wani ɓangare na Apicomplexa phylum, yana da rikitarwa na rayuwa a cikin mai masaukin sa, yana haifar da necrosis da kumburi, musamman a cikin cecum. Wannan yana haifar da coccidiosis, cuta da ke nuna alamun bayyanar cututtuka kamar [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]] da asarar nauyi. E. falciformis yana daya daga cikin nau'o'in 1,700 a cikin nau'in Eimeria, wanda ke kamuwa da ƙwayoyin epithelial na hanji na dabbobi daban-daban, gami da kaji da dabbobi.

== Tsarin rayuwa ==
Ana watsawa ta hanyar oocysts, waɗanda aka zubar a cikin datti. A karkashin yanayin muhalli mai dacewa - kamar zafin jiki mai kyau, danshi, da matakan iskar oxygen - waɗannan oocysts suna ƙwayoyin cuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mesfin |first=G. M. |last2=Bellamy |first2=J. E. C. |date=1978 |title=The Life Cycle of Eimeria falciformis var. Pragensis (Sporozoa: Coccidia) in the Mouse, Mus musculus |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3279963 |journal=The Journal of Parasitology |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=696–705 |doi=10.2307/3279963 |issn=0022-3395 |jstor=3279963 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da sabon mai masaukin ya ci oocysts, ana saki sporozoites kuma su mamaye sel epithelial cecal. A cikin mai karɓar bakuncin, sporozoites suna tasowa cikin trophozoites sannan kuma merozoites, waɗanda ke fuskantar zagaye na haihuwar jima'i (schizogony), wanda ke haifar da fashewar tantanin halitta. Wasu merozoites sun zama jima'i gametes, wanda ya haɗu don samar da oocysts marasa ƙwayoyi. Wadannan suna fitowa cikin datti, suna kammala sake zagayowar rayuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schmid |first=Manuela |last2=Heitlinger |first2=Emanuel |last3=Spork |first3=Simone |last4=Mollenkopf |first4=Hans-Joachim |last5=Lucius |first5=Richard |last6=Gupta |first6=Nishith |date=July 2014 |title=Eimeria falciformis infection of the mouse caecum identifies opposing roles of IFNγ-regulated host pathways for the parasite development |journal=Mucosal Immunology |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=969–982 |doi=10.1038/mi.2013.115 |issn=1935-3456 |pmid=24368565 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cututtuka da cututtuka ==
Mice masu kamuwa da cutar suna haifar da coccidiosis, wanda ke bayyana ta hanyar zawo da asarar nauyi saboda lalacewar epithelial. Rashin lafiyar ya dogara da dalilai kamar adadin kamuwa da cuta, shekarun mai karɓar bakuncin, da kuma yanayin rigakafi. Takaitaccen, mai ba da gudummawa guda ɗaya (monoxenous) sake zagayowar rayuwa na E. falciformis ya sa ya zama misali mai mahimmanci don nazarin cututtukan cututtukani da hulɗar mai ba da izini a cikin jiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Balard |first=Alice |last2=Jarquín-Díaz |first2=Víctor Hugo |last3=Jost |first3=Jenny |last4=Mittné |first4=Vivian |last5=Böhning |first5=Francisca |last6=Ďureje |first6=Ľudovít |last7=Piálek |first7=Jaroslav |last8=Heitlinger |first8=Emanuel |date=2020-11-12 |title=Coupling between tolerance and resistance for two related Eimeria parasite species |journal=Ecology and Evolution |volume=10 |issue=24 |pages=13938–13948 |doi=10.1002/ece3.6986 |issn=2045-7758 |pmc=7771152 |pmid=33391692}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhimmancin bincike ==
Ana amfani da samfurin ''Eimeria falciformis''-mouse don nazarin parasitism na intracellular, gami da schizogony, gametogenesis, da kuma tsarin oocyst. Yana ba da kyakkyawar fahimta game da coccidiosis a cikin kaji da dabbobi wanda wasu nau'in Eimeria suka haifar. Masu bincike kuma suna amfani da wannan samfurin don nazarin hulɗar mai karɓar bakuncin, rigakafin mucosal, da kuma martani na rigakafin cututtukan cututtukani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Heitlinger |first=Emanuel |last2=Spork |first2=Simone |last3=Lucius |first3=Richard |last4=Dieterich |first4=Christoph |date=2014-08-20 |title=The genome of Eimeria falciformis--reduction and specialization in a single host apicomplexan parasite |journal=BMC Genomics |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=696 |doi=10.1186/1471-2164-15-696 |issn=1471-2164 |pmc=4287421 |pmid=25142335 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tare da karamin kwayar halitta na 44 Mb a fadin 14 chromosomes, E. falciformis ya kasance mai mayar da hankali ga nazarin kwayar halitta wanda ke nuna karbuwa ga mai masaukin guda ɗaya. Bincike ya nuna cewa yana amfani da hanyoyin metabolism, kamar su tryptophan catabolism, don ci gaba da rayuwarsa. Misali na E. falciformis ya kasance tsakiya ga kokarin da aka yi niyyar bunkasa maganin rigakafi don coccidiosis a cikin dabbobi masu mahimmanci na tattalin arziki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ren |first=Bingjian |last2=Schmid |first2=Manuela |last3=Scheiner |first3=Mattea |last4=Mollenkopf |first4=Hans-Joachim |last5=Lucius |first5=Richard |last6=Heitlinger |first6=Emanuel |last7=Gupta |first7=Nishith |date=2021 |title=Toxoplasma and Eimeria co-opt the host cFos expression for intracellular development in mammalian cells |journal=Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal |volume=19 |pages=719–731 |doi=10.1016/j.csbj.2020.12.045 |issn=2001-0370 |pmc=7817532 |pmid=33510872}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tsibirin Socotra da wuraren da ke cikin daji</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1315892932|Socotra Island xeric shrublands]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tsibirin Socotra''' wani yanki ne na muhalli wanda ya mamaye babban tsibirin [[Socotra]] da kuma wasu ƙananan tsibirai da suka ƙunshi tsibirin Socotra . Tsibirin yana cikin yammacin [[Tekun Indiya]], gabashin Afirka da kuma kudancin [[yankin Larabawa]] . A siyasance, tsibirin wani ɓangare ne na [[Yemen]], kuma yana kudu da babban yankin Yemen.

Socotra tana da yanayi daban-daban na musamman. Tsibiran suna da adadi mai yawa na nau'ikan halittu masu rai ; har zuwa kashi ɗaya bisa uku na rayuwar tsirrai suna da yawa. An bayyana ta a matsayin &quot;wuri mafi ban mamaki a Duniya.&quot; 

Ana ɗaukar Socotra a matsayin jauharin [[bambancin halittu]] a [[Tekun Larabawa]] .  A shekarun 1990, wata ƙungiyar masana kimiyyar halittu ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta gudanar da bincike kan tsirrai da fauna na tsibirin. Sun ƙidaya kusan nau'ikan halittu 700 da suka fi yawa, waɗanda ba a samu a wani wuri a duniya ba; sai dai [[New Zealand]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Taonga |first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu |title=1 – Native plants and animals – overview – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/native-plants-and-animals-overview/page-1 |access-date=2017-06-09 |website=www.teara.govt.nz |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hawaii]], New Caledonia, da Tsibirin Galápagos ne kawai ke da adadi mai ban sha'awa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Burdick2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Burdick |first=Alan |date=25 March 2007 |title=The Wonder Land of Socotra |url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/03/25/travel/tmagazine/03well.socotra.t.html |access-date=9 November 2009 |website=T Magazine |publisher=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2008 an amince da Socotra a matsayin [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Wurin Tarihi na Duniya]] [[UNESCO|na UNESCO]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 April 2008 |title=EU to protect Socotra archipelago environment |url=http://www.sabanews.net/en/news151852.htm |website=Saba Net |publisher=Yemen News Agency (SABA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Socotra ita ce tsibiri mafi gabas a cikin Tafkin Socotra, kuma tana da kusan kashi 95% na faɗin ƙasar tarin tsibiran. Tsibirin yana da faɗin kusan kilomita &lt;sup&gt;3,600&lt;/sup&gt;,  kuma yana da tsawon {{Convert|132|km|mi}} a tsayi da {{Convert|49.7|km|mi}} faɗinsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abrams |first=Avi |date=4 September 2008 |title=The Most Alien-Looking Place on Earth |url=http://www.darkroastedblend.com/2008/09/most-alien-looking-place-on-earth.html |website=Dark Roasted Blend}}&lt;/ref&gt; Socotra tana da nisan {{Convert|240|km|mi}} gabashin gabar tekun [[Somaliya]] da {{Convert|380|km|mi}} kudu da [[yankin Larabawa]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 April 2008 |title=Socotra islands scenery in Yemen |url=https://en.youth.cn/yculture/200911/t20091118_1085530.htm |website=en.youth.cn |publisher=China Youth International}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Filin bakin teku, mai faɗin kilomita 5, ya mamaye yawancin Socotra. Ƙasashen bakin teku galibi tarin duwatsu ne masu kauri da yashi mai kauri. Filin Noged da ke gefen kudu na tsibirin yana da wuraren tuddai na yashi. Tsakiyar tsibirin wani fili ne mai tsayin mita 300 zuwa 700, wanda galibi ya ƙunshi dutse mai launin Cretaceous. [[Duwatsun Hajhir|Dutsen Hajhir]] da ke arewa maso yammacin Socotra sun ƙunshi granites na precambrian da duwatsu masu kama da juna, kuma sun haɗa da Mashanig, mafi girman wurin tsibirin (mita 1,519). &lt;ref name=&quot;wwf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Islands east of the Horn of Africa and south of Yemen |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at1318 |access-date=4 February 2019 |publisher=WWF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sauran tsibiran da ke cikin tsibiran sune Samhah da Darsah, waɗanda aka fi sani da 'Yan'uwa, da [[Abd al Kuri]] . Abd al Kuri shine tsibirin yamma mafi kusa kuma yana kusa da babban yankin Afirka, kilomita 90 kacal daga nan. Abd al Kuri yana da yanki na kilomita &lt;sup&gt;133&lt;/sup&gt; kuma yana mamaye da tudun dutse mai tsayin mita 740. Samhah yana da nisan kilomita 50 kudu maso yammacin Socotra tare da yanki na kilomita &lt;sup&gt;41&lt;/sup&gt; kuma yana da tudun dutse mai tsayin mita 680. Darsah yana gabashin Samhah kuma shine mafi ƙanƙanta a tsayin kilomita 17 da &lt;sup&gt;tsayin&lt;/sup&gt; mita 350. Abd al Kuri da Samhah suna zaune, amma galibi sun yi ƙaura a lokacin damina na hunturu. 

== Yanayi ==
Yanayin yanayin muhalli yana da zafi sosai kuma galibi busasshe ne. Iskar damina ta Tekun Indiya ce ke tasiri a gare shi. Damina ta kudu maso yamma daga Afrilu zuwa Oktoba tana kawo iska mai zafi daga yankin Afirka. Damina ta Arewa maso Gabas tana zuwa a lokacin hunturu, daga Nuwamba zuwa Maris, kuma tana kawo ƙarancin yanayin zafi da ƙarin danshi. &lt;ref name=&quot;wwf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Islands east of the Horn of Africa and south of Yemen |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at1318 |access-date=4 February 2019 |publisher=WWF}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at1318 &quot;Islands east of the Horn of Africa and south of Yemen&quot;]. WWF&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;4 February&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana farawa daga mm 150 a bakin teku zuwa sama da mm 1,000 a tsaunuka. Ruwan sama ba ya faruwa lokaci-lokaci kuma ba a iya hasashensa. Guguwar wurare masu zafi ba ta da yawa. Raɓar dare muhimmin tushen ruwa ne ga shuke-shuken tsibiran. &lt;ref name=&quot;wwf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Islands east of the Horn of Africa and south of Yemen |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at1318 |access-date=4 February 2019 |publisher=WWF}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at1318 &quot;Islands east of the Horn of Africa and south of Yemen&quot;]. WWF&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;4 February&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Duwatsu suna hana iska mai ɗauke da danshi, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin gajimare, hazo, da ruwan sama na orographic . Duwatsun kuma sun fi ƙasa sanyi. Ƙananan kogunan dutse suna tallafawa wuraren zama na ruwa, kuma suna iya gudana ta cikin ƙasa a lokacin hunturu mai sanyi da danshi da kuma lokacin ruwan sama mai yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;wwf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Islands east of the Horn of Africa and south of Yemen |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at1318 |access-date=4 February 2019 |publisher=WWF}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at1318 &quot;Islands east of the Horn of Africa and south of Yemen&quot;]. WWF&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;4 February&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Gandun da ke fuskantar teku da duwatsu kuma suna samun ƙarin danshi daga hazo na teku da ruwan sama na orographic fiye da sauran yankunan ƙasa. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Tsibirin Socotra''' wani yanki ne na muhalli wanda ya mamaye babban tsibirin [[Socotra]] da kuma wasu ƙananan tsibirai da suka ƙunshi tsibirin Socotra . Tsibirin yana cikin yammacin [[Tekun Indiya]], gabashin Afirka da kuma kudancin [[yankin Larabawa]] . A siyasance, tsibirin wani ɓangare ne na [[Yemen]], kuma yana kudu da babban yankin Yemen.

Socotra tana da yanayi daban-daban na musamman. Tsibiran suna da adadi mai yawa na nau'ikan halittu masu rai ; har zuwa kashi ɗaya bisa uku na rayuwar tsirrai suna da yawa. An bayyana ta a matsayin &quot;wuri mafi ban mamaki a Duniya.&quot; 

Ana ɗaukar Socotra a matsayin jauharin [[bambancin halittu]] a [[Tekun Larabawa]] .  A shekarun 1990, wata ƙungiyar masana kimiyyar halittu ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta gudanar da bincike kan tsirrai da fauna na tsibirin. Sun ƙidaya kusan nau'ikan halittu 700 da suka fi yawa, waɗanda ba a samu a wani wuri a duniya ba; sai dai [[New Zealand]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Taonga |first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu |title=1 – Native plants and animals – overview – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/native-plants-and-animals-overview/page-1 |access-date=2017-06-09 |website=www.teara.govt.nz |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hawaii]], New Caledonia, da Tsibirin Galápagos ne kawai ke da adadi mai ban sha'awa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Burdick2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Burdick |first=Alan |date=25 March 2007 |title=The Wonder Land of Socotra |url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/03/25/travel/tmagazine/03well.socotra.t.html |access-date=9 November 2009 |website=T Magazine |publisher=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2008 an amince da Socotra a matsayin [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Wurin Tarihi na Duniya]] [[UNESCO|na UNESCO]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 April 2008 |title=EU to protect Socotra archipelago environment |url=http://www.sabanews.net/en/news151852.htm |website=Saba Net |publisher=Yemen News Agency (SABA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Socotra ita ce tsibiri mafi gabas a cikin Tafkin Socotra, kuma tana da kusan kashi 95% na faɗin ƙasar tarin tsibiran. Tsibirin yana da faɗin kusan kilomita &lt;sup&gt;3,600&lt;/sup&gt;,  kuma yana da tsawon {{Convert|132|km|mi}} a tsayi da {{Convert|49.7|km|mi}} faɗinsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abrams |first=Avi |date=4 September 2008 |title=The Most Alien-Looking Place on Earth |url=http://www.darkroastedblend.com/2008/09/most-alien-looking-place-on-earth.html |website=Dark Roasted Blend}}&lt;/ref&gt; Socotra tana da nisan {{Convert|240|km|mi}} gabashin gabar tekun [[Somaliya]] da {{Convert|380|km|mi}} kudu da [[yankin Larabawa]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 April 2008 |title=Socotra islands scenery in Yemen |url=https://en.youth.cn/yculture/200911/t20091118_1085530.htm |website=en.youth.cn |publisher=China Youth International}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Filin bakin teku, mai faɗin kilomita 5, ya mamaye yawancin Socotra. Ƙasashen bakin teku galibi tarin duwatsu ne masu kauri da yashi mai kauri. Filin Noged da ke gefen kudu na tsibirin yana da wuraren tuddai na yashi. Tsakiyar tsibirin wani fili ne mai tsayin mita 300 zuwa 700, wanda galibi ya ƙunshi dutse mai launin Cretaceous. [[Duwatsun Hajhir|Dutsen Hajhir]] da ke arewa maso yammacin Socotra sun ƙunshi granites na precambrian da duwatsu masu kama da juna, kuma sun haɗa da Mashanig, mafi girman wurin tsibirin (mita 1,519). &lt;ref name=&quot;wwf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Islands east of the Horn of Africa and south of Yemen |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at1318 |access-date=4 February 2019 |publisher=WWF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sauran tsibiran da ke cikin tsibiran sune Samhah da Darsah, waɗanda aka fi sani da 'Yan'uwa, da [[Abd al Kuri]] . Abd al Kuri shine tsibirin yamma mafi kusa kuma yana kusa da babban yankin Afirka, kilomita 90 kacal daga nan. Abd al Kuri yana da yanki na kilomita &lt;sup&gt;133&lt;/sup&gt; kuma yana mamaye da tudun dutse mai tsayin mita 740. Samhah yana da nisan kilomita 50 kudu maso yammacin Socotra tare da yanki na kilomita &lt;sup&gt;41&lt;/sup&gt; kuma yana da tudun dutse mai tsayin mita 680. Darsah yana gabashin Samhah kuma shine mafi ƙanƙanta a tsayin kilomita 17 da &lt;sup&gt;tsayin&lt;/sup&gt; mita 350. Abd al Kuri da Samhah suna zaune, amma galibi sun yi ƙaura a lokacin damina na hunturu. 

== Yanayi ==
Yanayin yanayin muhalli yana da zafi sosai kuma galibi busasshe ne. Iskar damina ta Tekun Indiya ce ke tasiri a gare shi. Damina ta kudu maso yamma daga Afrilu zuwa Oktoba tana kawo iska mai zafi daga yankin Afirka. Damina ta Arewa maso Gabas tana zuwa a lokacin hunturu, daga Nuwamba zuwa Maris, kuma tana kawo ƙarancin yanayin zafi da ƙarin danshi. &lt;ref name=&quot;wwf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Islands east of the Horn of Africa and south of Yemen |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at1318 |access-date=4 February 2019 |publisher=WWF}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at1318 &quot;Islands east of the Horn of Africa and south of Yemen&quot;]. WWF&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;4 February&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana farawa daga mm 150 a bakin teku zuwa sama da mm 1,000 a tsaunuka. Ruwan sama ba ya faruwa lokaci-lokaci kuma ba a iya hasashensa. Guguwar wurare masu zafi ba ta da yawa. Raɓar dare muhimmin tushen ruwa ne ga shuke-shuken tsibiran. &lt;ref name=&quot;wwf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Islands east of the Horn of Africa and south of Yemen |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at1318 |access-date=4 February 2019 |publisher=WWF}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at1318 &quot;Islands east of the Horn of Africa and south of Yemen&quot;]. WWF&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;4 February&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Duwatsu suna hana iska mai ɗauke da danshi, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin gajimare, hazo, da ruwan sama na orographic . Duwatsun kuma sun fi ƙasa sanyi. Ƙananan kogunan dutse suna tallafawa wuraren zama na ruwa, kuma suna iya gudana ta cikin ƙasa a lokacin hunturu mai sanyi da danshi da kuma lokacin ruwan sama mai yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;wwf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Islands east of the Horn of Africa and south of Yemen |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at1318 |access-date=4 February 2019 |publisher=WWF}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at1318 &quot;Islands east of the Horn of Africa and south of Yemen&quot;]. WWF&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;4 February&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Gandun da ke fuskantar teku da duwatsu kuma suna samun ƙarin danshi daga hazo na teku da ruwan sama na orographic fiye da sauran yankunan ƙasa. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>8pfmhe26udvar4sgkcxmyb0dpgvk3db</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>UCSC Malaria Genome Browser</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158702</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861504</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:43:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320640242|UCSC Malaria Genome Browser]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2817" sha1="h060unf6gjcdcgqs1m7izw038enqhw5" xml:space="preserve">'''UCSC Malaria Genome Browser''' kayan aiki ne na bincike na bioinformatic don nazarin kwayar cutar [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]], wanda Hughes Undergraduate Research Laboratory ya haɓaka tare da dakin gwaje-gwaje na Farfesa Manuel Ares Jr. a Jami'ar California, Santa Cruz . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chakrabarti K. |last2=Pearson |first2=M |last3=Grate |first3=L |last4=Sterne-Weiler |first4=T |last5=Deans |first5=J |last6=Donohue |first6=JP |last7=Ares Jr |first7=M |year=2007 |title=Structural RNAs of known and unknown function identified in malaria parasites by comparative genomics and RNA analysis |journal=RNA |volume=13 |issue=11 |pages=923–39 |doi=10.1261/rna.751807 |pmc=2040097 |pmid=17901154}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin yanar gizo da tsarin bayanai ya dogara ne akan UCSC Genome Browser . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mangan, M. |last2=Williams J. |last3=Lathe, S. |last4=Karolchik, D. |last5=Lathe, W. |year=2008 |title=UCSC genome browser: deep support for molecular biomedical research. |journal=Biotechnology Annual Review |volume=14 |pages=63–108 |doi=10.1016/S1387-2656(08)00003-3 |isbn=9780444532268 |pmid=18606360}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kuhn, R. |display-authors=etal |year=2009 |title=The UCSC Genome Browser Database: update 2009 |url= |journal=Nucleic Acids Research |volume=37 |issue=Database issue |pages=D755–D761 |doi=10.1093/nar/gkn875 |pmc=2686463 |pmid=18996895}}
&lt;/ref&gt; UCSC Malaria Genome Browser ya haɗu a kan allo ɗaya cikakken jerin DNA na nau'ikan nau'ikan Kwayar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro (''''Plasmodium'' sp.''), tare da sakamakon gwaji da kuma abubuwan da aka gano a baya da aka tattara daga wallafe-wallafen. Shirin yana bawa masu amfani damar bincika ta hanyar chromosomes 14 na kwayar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro, shigar da bayanan su da bayanan su, da kuma kwatanta binciken da aka samu a cikin jinsuna. Malaria Genome Browser kuma yana tallafawa rubutu da bincike na jerin abubuwan da ke ba da sauri, daidai damar zuwa kowane yanki na takamaiman sha'awa a cikin kwayar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro. Wannan shafin ya ƙunshi jerin kwayoyin halitta da kuma aikin aiki don ''Plasmodium falciparum'' daga PlasmoDb,  bayanan Plasmodium na gina 5.0.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Plasmodium genome resource |url=http://www.plasmodb.org/ |access-date=2015-05-07 |publisher=PlasmoDB.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://areslab.ucsc.edu UCSC Malaria Genome Browser]
* [http://genome.ucsc.edu UCSC Genome Browser don ɗan adam, dabbobi, dabbobi marasa rai da sauran nau'o'in]
* [http://ribonode.ucsc.edu Shafin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Ares]
* [http://www.openhelix.com/downloads/ucsc/ucsc_home.shtml Koyarwar UCSC Genome Browser]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>h060unf6gjcdcgqs1m7izw038enqhw5</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Shirin Kula da Malaria</title>
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    <id>158703</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861507</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:45:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314199043|Malaria Control Project]]&quot;</comment>
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 &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;'''''malariacontrol.net''''' wani aikin lissafi ne na sa kai don kwaikwayon yaduwar yaduwa da tasirin kiwon lafiya na zazzabin cizon sauro. Ya kasance wani ɓangare na aikin Africa@home .  An dakatar da aikin a ranar 21 ga Yuni 2016.

== Tarihi ==
An fara rajista sunan yankin malariacontrol.net a ranar 19 ga Mayu 2005 a ƙarƙashin Cibiyar Tropical na Swiss.[1] Wannan aikin yana ƙarƙashin Africa@home inda ƙungiyar Turai don Binciken Nukiliya (CERN) ta ɗauki ciki kuma ta haɓaka ta. malariacontrol.net ita ce ta farko da ta fara amfani da kwamfuta na sa kai don yin koyi da cututtuka. Samfurin ya kwatanta kamuwa da cutar zazzabin cizon sauro a cikin mutane 50,000 zuwa 100,000. Kowace sashin aikin ya kasance na tsawon awa daya a cikin kwamfutoci masu zaman kansu kuma an mayar da sakamakon zuwa Jami'ar Geneva don kimantawa ta masu bincike.[2][3] malariacontrol.net ya gudanar da duk simintin ta hanyar amfani da samfurin siminti na stochastic.[4]

Tun daga 4 ga Nuwamba 2010, ta amfani da tallafin kuɗi daga Gidauniyar Bill &amp;amp;amp; Melinda Gates, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=A Smith |date=20 April 2017 |title=Open Malaria |url=https://github.com/SwissTPH/openmalaria/wiki |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710032517/https://github.com/swisstph/openmalaria/wiki |archive-date=10 July 2017 |access-date=14 June 2017 |publisher=[[GitHub]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malariacontrol.net ta haɓaka software mai buɗewa mai suna &quot;Open Malaria&quot; wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don kwaikwayon sakamako a cikin nau'ikan saitunan watsa zazzabin cizon sauro. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Open Malaria releases |url=https://github.com/SwissTPH/openmalaria/wiki/Changelog#schema-version-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719210639/https://github.com/SwissTPH/openmalaria/wiki/Changelog#schema-version-23 |archive-date=19 July 2017 |access-date=14 June 2017 |publisher=GitHub}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 21 ga Yuni 2016, ''malariacontrol.net'' ta ba da sanarwar cewa an dakatar da aikin saboda matsalolin kudi wajen inganta sabobin su don ƙarin ayyukan lissafi na sa kai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maire |date=21 June 2016 |title=Status and plans as of June 2016 |url=http://www.malariacontrol.net/forum_thread.php?id=1472 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722220548/http://www.malariacontrol.net/forum_thread.php?id=1472 |archive-date=22 July 2016 |access-date=10 June 2017 |website=malariacontrol.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasirin ==
Fiye da shekaru 10, ''malariacontrol.net'' ya samar da labaran da aka sake dubawa 30.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Publications by BOINC projects - malariacontrol.net |url=http://boinc.berkeley.edu/wiki/Publications_by_BOINC_projects |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718041645/http://boinc.berkeley.edu/wiki/Publications_by_BOINC_projects#malariacontrol.net |archive-date=18 July 2016 |access-date=12 June 2017 |publisher=BOINC wiki}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekara ta 2008, daga cikin binciken da aka yi akwai tasirin nau'ikan allurar rigakafin Malaria daban-daban a cikin saitunan yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Melissa |first=A |last2=Nicholas |first2=Maire |last3=Alain |first3=Studer |last4=Allan |first4=Schapira |last5=Thomas |first5=A Smith |date=11 September 2008 |title=What Should Vaccine Developers Ask? Simulation of the Effectiveness of Malaria Vaccines |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=3 |issue=9 |bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.3193P |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0003193 |pmc=2527129 |pmid=18784833 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; tasirin Sulfadoxine / pyrimethamine a cikin maganin rigakafin zazzabin sauro a cikin jarirai, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Amanda |first=Ross |last2=Melissa |first2=Penny |last3=Nicholas |first3=Maire |last4=Alain |first4=Studer |last5=Ilona |first5=Carneiro |last6=David |first6=Schellenberg |last7=Brian |first7=Greenwood |last8=Marcel |first8=Tanner |last9=Thomas |first9=Smith |date=16 July 2008 |title=Modelling the Epidemiological Impact of Intermittent Preventive Treatment against Malaria in Infants |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=4 |issue=3 |bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.2661R |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002661 |pmc=2441827 |pmid=18628828 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma amfani da simulations na mutum-mutumi a cikin kulawar ''Plasmodium falciparum''. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=T |display-authors=etal |date=11 August 2008 |title=Towards a comprehensive simulation model of malaria epidemiology and control |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/301303/files/S0031182008000371.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Parasitology |volume=135 |issue=13 |pages=1507–1516 |doi=10.1017/S0031182008000371 |pmid=18694530 |s2cid=25923103 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722174418/http://doc.rero.ch/record/301303/files/S0031182008000371.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2018 |access-date=28 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2012, ''malariacontrol.net'' ya yi nazarin tasirin amfani da rigakafin RTS, S a cikin Shirin Ƙarin Kula da Lafiya na Duniya kan Rigakafi (EPI) a cikin saitunan watsa zazzabin cizon sauro daban-daban kuma ya ba da rahoton cewa irin wannan shirin yana da fa'idodi kaɗan ne kawai a cikin shekaru 14. Binciken ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da allurar rigakafin RTS,S a cikin allurar rigakawa mai yawa a cikin ƙananan saitunan yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro don samun mafi yawan fa'idodi daga gare ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 March 2012 |title=Status update |url=http://www.malariacontrol.net/forum_thread.php?id=1264 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327012309/http://www.malariacontrol.net/forum_thread.php?id=1264 |archive-date=27 March 2016 |access-date=14 June 2017 |website=malariacontrol.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2013, ''malariacontrol.net'' ya bincika tasirin gwaje-gwaje na Rapid Diagnostic (RDT) da sauran kayan aikin sa ido wajen gano kamuwa da cutar zazzabin cizon sauro tsakanin manyan da ƙananan watsawar ''Plasmodium falciparum''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 July 2013 |title=Science update part I: till January 2013 |url=http://www.malariacontrol.net/forum_thread.php?id=1351 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327034710/http://www.malariacontrol.net/forum_thread.php?id=1351 |archive-date=27 March 2016 |access-date=14 June 2017 |website=malariacontrol.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, aikin ya ba da shawarar cewa tantance dukkan jama'ar mutane don zazzabin cizon sauro kafin a kula da su zai zama mafi tsada idan aka kwatanta da maganin rashin nuna bambanci ga dukan jama'a tare da magungunan zazzabin jiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 July 2013 |title=Science update part II: till March 2013 |url=http://www.malariacontrol.net/forum_thread.php?id=1352 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327015443/http://www.malariacontrol.net/forum_thread.php?id=1352 |archive-date=27 March 2016 |access-date=14 June 2017 |website=malariacontrol.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani binciken ya kuma bayyana cewa duka sauro na Pyrethroid-kawai da sauro na Piperonyl butoxide suna da tsada sosai wajen hana kamuwa da cutar zazzabin cizon sauro a cikin sauro masu tsayayya da Pyrethroid.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 July 2013 |title=Science update part III: till June 2013 |url=http://www.malariacontrol.net/forum_thread.php?id=1353 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327053305/http://www.malariacontrol.net/forum_thread.php?id=1353 |archive-date=27 March 2016 |access-date=14 June 2017 |website=malariacontrol.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karɓar baƙi ==
Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, ''malariacontrol.net'' yana da kusan masu amfani 10,000 masu aiki tare da mambobi 37,002 masu rijista. Kamar yadda ake amfani da BOINC gabaɗaya, ''malariacontrol.net'' galibi yana da tushen sa kai na maza daga shekaru 20 zuwa 50, galibi suna zaune a ƙasashen Turai da Arewacin Amurka. Yawancin su sun koyi game da wannan aikin ta hanyar shafin yanar gizon BOINC kuma babban dalilin da ya sa suka yi shi ne gamsuwa da yin wani abu mai kyau don inganta bil'adama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Krebs |first=Viola |date=1 February 2010 |title=Motivations of cyber-volunteers in applied volunteer computing environment: Malariacontrol.net as an example. |url=http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2783/2452#author |url-status=live |journal=[[First Monday (journal)|First Monday]] |volume=15 |issue=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403093734/http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2783/2452/#author |archive-date=3 April 2017 |access-date=11 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* {{URL|https://web.archive.org/web/20121205084825/http://www.malariacontrol.net/|malariacontrol.net archive}}
* {{YouTube|title=malariacontrol.net screensaver video}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{BOINC projects}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Malaria a Madagascar</title>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1178967768|Malaria in Madagascar]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861511</origin>
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      <text bytes="1515" sha1="tbn4i4fv1r47sbpaljlnrzsre1mmcp4" xml:space="preserve">Duk da ci gaban da aka samu kwanan nan, '''[[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] a [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]]''' ya kasance babbar matsalar kiwon lafiya, kuma zazzabin sauro mai tsanani yana daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka haifar da mutuwar gaba ɗaya. Ilimin yaduwar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro ya bambanta sosai a yankuna daban-daban na Madagascar; duk da haka, ana ɗaukar dukan jama'a a cikin haɗari ga cutar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Yawancin shari'o'in sun samo asali ne daga kwayar cutar ''Plasmodium falciparum'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A cikin 2017, an tsara Shirin Dabarun Kasa na Malaria na 2018-2022, wanda ya rarraba ƙasar cikin tarin cututtukan zazzabin cizon sauro bisa ga tsananin yaduwar zazzabin sauro. Za a bayyana kula da zazzabin cizon sauro da kuma kawar da shi bisa ga kowane tarin annoba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Daga shekara ta 2003 zuwa shekara ta 2013, an lura da tasirin da aka samu daga saka hannun jari na shirin kula da zazzabin cizon sauro, gami da raguwar kamuwa da zazzabar cizon sa ido da mutuwar da aka ruwaito ta hanyar tsarin kula da kiwon lafiya na kasa. Wannan yanayin ya ci gaba kamar yadda bayanan MIS na 2016 ya nuna raguwar zazzabin cizon sauro da aka gano ta hanyar gwajin bincike mai sauri daga kashi 10 cikin 100 a 2013 zuwa kashi 5.2 cikin 100 a 2016 tsakanin yara kasa da shekaru biyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Lafiya a Madagascar

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Jaridar Malaria</title>
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        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1188035118|Malaria Journal]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="6478" sha1="btzcmkg6kublg3o0dcca6djnixjcoam" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox journal|title=Malaria Journal|cover=|former_name=|abbreviation=Malar. J.|discipline=[[Malaria]]|editor=[[Marcel Hommel]]|publisher=[[BioMed Central]]|country=|history=2002-present|frequency=|openaccess=Yes|license=[[Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0]]|impact=3.109|impact-year=2014|ISSN=|eISSN=1475-2875|CODEN=MJAOAZ|JSTOR=|LCCN=|OCLC=891213153|website=http://www.malariajournal.com/|link1=http://www.malariajournal.com/content|link1-name=Online access|link2=&lt;!-- up to |link5= --&gt;|link2-name=&lt;!-- up to |link5-name= --&gt;|boxwidth=}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox hproduct&quot;
|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot; |''&lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Jaridar Malaria&lt;/span&gt;''
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Hanyar horo
| class=&quot;infobox-data category&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |[[Malaria]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Harshe
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Turanci
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |An shirya shi ta hanyar&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |[[Marcel Hommel]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#dfc;color:#000;&quot; |Bayani game da bugawa
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Tarihi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |2002-ya zuwa yanzu
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Mai bugawa
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;[[BioMed Central|BioMed ta Tsakiya]]&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[Open access|Budewa]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Haka ne,
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Lasisi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |[[Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0|Lasisin Bayarwa na Creative Commons 4.0]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[Impact factor|Matsayi na tasiri]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |3.109 (2014)
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#dfc;color:#000;&quot; |Abun taƙaice &lt;span class=&quot;infobox-journal-search plainlinks&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;[https://marcinwrochna.github.io/abbrevIso/?search=Malaria_Journal ISO 4] ([http://www.issn.org/services/online-services/access-to-the-ltwa/ Alt]) '''&amp;#xB7;''' Bluebook ([https://westerncriminology.org/publications/bluebook-abbreviations/ Alt]) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=1475-2875%5BISSN%5D NLM] ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=Malaria+Journal%5BJournal%5D Alt]) • [https://mathscinet.ams.org/msnhtml/serials.pdf MathSciNet] ([https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/search/journals.html?journalName=1475-2875&amp;Submit=Search Alt]) &amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20;[[File:Lock-red-alt-2.svg|link=|14x14px|Paid subscription required]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[ISO 4 (infobox)|ISO 4]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data identifier&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |''Malar. J.''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#dfc;color:#000;&quot; |IndexingCODEN (alt) · JSTOR (alt) • LCCN (alt) MIAR · NLM (alt) ↑ Scopus · W&amp;L&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;infobox-journal-search plainlinks&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;CODEN ([https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=titles&amp;c=WIy460-R_DY&amp;searchFor=Malaria+Journal Alt]) '''&amp;#xB7;''' [[jstor:14752875|JSTOR]] ([https://www.jstor.org/action/showJournals?browseType=title Alt]) • [https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg1=1475-2875&amp;argType1=all&amp;searchCode1=KNUM&amp;searchType=2 LCCN] ([https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg1=Malaria+Journal&amp;argType1=all&amp;searchCode1=KTIL&amp;searchType=2 Alt]) MIAR '''&amp;#xB7;''' [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=1475-2875%5BISSN%5D NLM] ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=Malaria+Journal%5BJournal%5D Alt]) &gt; [https://www.scopus.com/sources?sortField=citescore&amp;sortDirection=desc&amp;isHiddenField=false&amp;field=issn&amp;issn=1475-2875 Scopus] '''&amp;#xB7;''' [https://managementtools4.wlu.edu/LawJournals/ W&amp;L]&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;type&quot;&gt;[[CODEN (identifier)|Rashin lafiya]]&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |[https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=codens&amp;exactMatch=y&amp;c=WIy460-R_DY&amp;searchFor=MJAOAZ MJAOAZ]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;type&quot;&gt;[[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |[https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&amp;q=n2:1475-2875 1475-2875]&lt;br /&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;type&quot;&gt;[[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] ba.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |[[oclc:891213153|891213153]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#dfc;color:#000;&quot; |Haɗin kai
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |
* &lt;span class=&quot;url&quot;&gt;[http://www.malariajournal.com/ Shafin farko na jarida]&lt;/span&gt;
* [http://www.malariajournal.com/content Samun damar kan layi]
|}
'''''Jaridar Malaria''''' wata mujallar kiwon lafiya ce da An sake dubawa da BioMed Central ta buga. An kafa shi a shekara ta 2002 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hommel |first=Marcel |date=2010 |title=10 years of Malaria Journal: how did Open Access change publication patterns? |journal=Malaria Journal |volume=9 |pages=284 |doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-284 |issn=1475-2875 |pmc=3020680 |pmid=20946649 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma yana rufe bincike kan [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] da batutuwa masu alaƙa. Babban edita shine Marcel Hommel (Jami'ar Liverpool).

== Abstracting da indexing ==
An cire mujallar kuma an jera ta a cikin:&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Columns-list|* [[CAB International]]
* [[Chemical Abstracts Service]]
* [[Current Contents]]/Clinical Medicine
* [[Embase]]
* [[Global Health (database)|Global Health]]
* [[MEDLINE]]/[[PubMed]]
* [[Science Citation Index]]
* [[Scopus]]
* [[Zoological Record]]}}A cewar Jaridar Citation Reports, mujallar tana da tasirin tasirin 2014 na 2.80 . 

== Manazarta ==
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== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Official website|http://www.malariajournal.com}}
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    <title>Haemoproteus columbae</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1302003630|Haemoproteus columbae]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Speciesbox|taxon=Haemoproteus columbae|authority=Kruse, 1890}}

'''''Haemoproteus columbae''''' wani nau'in kwayar cutar jini ne wanda ke da alaƙa da ''Plasmodium'' da sauran kwayar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cox FE |year=2010 |title=History of the discovery of the malaria parasites and their vectors |journal=[[Parasites &amp; Vectors]] |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=5 |doi=10.1186/1756-3305-3-5 |pmc=2825508 |pmid=20205846 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dangantakar phylogenetic tsakanin Haemosporidia ==
Haemoproteus columbae memba ne na gaske na halittar Haemoproteus, basal ga sauran nau'in Parahaemoproteus na avian.[1] An raba nau'in Parahaemoproteus daga baya daga Haemoproteus kuma an gane su a matsayin nasu jinsin, 'yar'uwar Plasmodium malaria parasites.

== Rarraba ==
''Haemoproteus columbae'' yana yaduwa ta hanyar kwari, ''Pseudolynchia canariensis''. 

== Pathology ko tasirin mai karɓar cuta tare da ''H. columbae'' ==
[[Fayil:Male_and_female_haem_columbae.jpg|alt=Male (upper left, more pink) and female (lower right, more blue) Haemoproteus columbae parasites in Rock Pigeon nucleated red blood cells.|thumb|Maza (sama hagu, mafi ruwan hoda) da mata (ƙasa dama, mafi shuɗi) ''H. columbae'' parasites a cikin Rock Pigeon nucleated red blood cells. ]]
''Haemoproteus columbae'' yana kamuwa da kurciya. Yawancin lokaci yana da kyau kuma baya rage rayuwar mai masaukin sa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Knutie |first=Sarah A. |last2=Waite |first2=Jessica L. |last3=Clayton |first3=Dale H. |date=2013 |title=Does avian malaria reduce fledging success: an experimental test of the selection hypothesis |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10682-012-9578-y |journal=Evolutionary Ecology |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=185–191 |bibcode=2013EvEco..27..185K |doi=10.1007/s10682-012-9578-y |issn=0269-7653 |s2cid=254468163 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani lokacin yana iya zama mai haɗari ga ƙananan kurciya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Markus |first=Miles B. |last2=Oosthuizen |first2=J.H. |date=1972 |title=Pathogenicity of Haemoproteus columbae |url=https://academic.oup.com/trstmh/article-lookup/doi/10.1016/0035-9203(72)90072-7 |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |language=en |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=186–187 |doi=10.1016/0035-9203(72)90072-7 |pmid=4625895 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An tsara shi don tsara tsarin kwayar halitta.

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    <title>Malaria a cikin Caribbean</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1304666017|Malaria in the Caribbean]]&quot;</comment>
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'''[[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|Malaria]]''' ya yi tasiri sosai a tarihin '''Caribbean''', saboda tasirin da yake da shi a kan mulkin mallaka na tsibirin da kuma tasirin da ya dace da al'umma da tattalin arziki.

Ba a samun zazzabin cizon sauro a Amurka kafin Turawa suka gano sabuwar Duniya. Don haka akwai karancin rigakafi a tsakanin al’ummar kasar fiye da na Turawa.[1] Saboda kwayoyin halittarsu, bayin Afirka sun fi samun kariya daga cutar malaria ta falciparum, kuma wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa aka kawo bayi da yawa daga Afirka. 

Creoles sun ji cewa cututtuka irin su zazzabin cizon sauro kayan aiki ne da ke hana Turawa mamaye yankunansu. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2020}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Kasashen Caribbean da zazzabin cizon sauro ya fi shafa sune tsibirin Greater Antilles da sauran tsibirai masu zafi kamar Martinique da [[Trinidad da Tobago]]. Sauro na Anopheles suna bunƙasa mafi yawa a yankunan zafi da ruwa mai kyau, don haka ba a sami cutar a tsibirai kamar [[Bahamas]] da Antigua ba. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2020}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ya zuwa 2019, lokuta da yawa na zazzabin cizon sauro suna faruwa a kowace shekara a Trinidad da Tobago . 

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Yaduwar cututtuka a cikin Caribbean|Rashin kamuwa da cuta a cikin Caribbean]]

== Manazarta ==
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*  
* {{Cite web |date=May 14, 2019 |title=CARPHA urges region to deal seriously to eradicate mosquitoes |url=https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/carpha-urges-region-to-deal-seriously-to-eradicate-mosquitoes_164690?profile=1373}}
{{Americas topic|Malaria in}}{{Caribbean topics|state=collapsed}}
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    <title>Eimeria arloingi</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1264354224|Eimeria arloingi]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Speciesbox|image=|image_alt=|image_caption=|genus=Eimeria|species=arloingi|authority=(Marotel, 1905) Martin, 1909|synonyms=|synonyms_ref=}}

Eimeria arlongi wani nau'in Eimeria ne wanda ke haifar da coccidiosis na asibiti a cikin awaki.[1][2] Ita da Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae su ne nau'ikan nau'ikan cututtukan da ke haifar da cututtukan awaki.[1] Yana da yawa musamman a cikin yaran akuya a Iran.[1] An kuma ba da rahoton batutuwan da suka shafi coccidiosis musamman saboda Eimeria arloingi a Masar da Portugal.[3][4] Babu tabbas ko wannan nau'in yana cikin Amurka saboda yawancin rahotanni na coccidiosis a waɗannan yankuna ba su bambanta nau'in cutar da ke haifar da cutar ba. Cututtuka da wannan nau'in yawanci suna haɗuwa da kamuwa da cuta tare da wasu nau'in Eimeria a cikin &quot;cututtuka masu gauraya.&quot;[4] Wannan nau'in yana da alaƙa da Eimeria bovis da Eimeria zuernii waɗanda dukkansu suna da saurin kamuwa da cuta a cikin shanu'[5] Cutar cututtuka da wannan nau'in suna da alaƙa da raunuka musamman a cikin jejunum, amma kuma ilium da cecum wanda ke haifar da gudawa[6]. Oocysts sun fara zubarwa tsakanin kwanaki 16 zuwa 18 bayan cutar da dabba wanda shine lokacin da kwayar cutar ta yadu.[6]. Zubar da ciki na iya ɗaukar tsawon kwanaki 15.[2] Wannan parasite yana haifar da amsawar rigakafi a cikin rundunarsa wanda ya haɗa da tarin ruwa a cikin ramukan jiki, kasancewar yawan adadin leukocytes a cikin ƙananan hanji, da necrosis na nama na ƙananan hanji. Pale yellow plaques (tasowa faci na epithelium) ana iya gani a kan ƙananan hanji na yara da abin ya shafa a necropsy.[2]

== Magani ==
Magunguna masu yuwuwa sun haɗa da decoquinate, lasalocid, sulfonamides, chlortetracycline, amprolium, Monensin, Toltrazuril, da [[diclazuril]]. Decoquinate, toltrazuril, da diclazuril suna aiki a kan ''Eimeria'' a kowane mataki na rayuwa. Ba a yi takamaiman bincike don tantance mafi kyawun magani ga cututtukan ''Eimeria arloingi'' ba. Dukkanin jiyya ya kamata su zama jiyya ta rukuni tare da motsi na dabbobi zuwa wuri mai tsabta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Khodakaram-Tafti A, Hashemnia M |date=January 2017 |title=An overview of intestinal coccidiosis in sheep and goats |url=https://www.revmedvet.com/2017/RMV168_9_20.pdf |url-status=usurped |journal=Rev. Med. Vet. |location=Toulouse |volume=167 |pages=9–20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126141944/http://www.revmedvet.com/2017/RMV168_9_20.pdf |archive-date=November 26, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dukkanin shirye-shiryen magani ya kamata likitan dabbobi ya amince da su.

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Cutar cizon sauro</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322584815|Malarial nephropathy]]&quot;</comment>
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| name          = 
| synonym       = 
| image         = &lt;!-- Just the filename without File: or |thumb, etc. --&gt;
| image_size    = 
| alt           = 
| caption       = 
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = nephrology
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = 
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 
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|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Nephrology
|}
 
Malaria nephropathy shine gazawar koda wanda aka danganta da kamuwa da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|cutar zazzabin cizon sauro]]. Daga cikin matsaloli daban-daban saboda kamuwa da cuta, cututtukan da suka shafi koda galibi sune mafi haɗari ga rayuwa. Ciki har da cututtukan koda da zazzabin cizon sauro ya haifar, kamuwa da cuta na iya haifar da lalacewar Tubulointerstitial da glomerulonephritis. Bugu da kari, ciwon koda mai tsanani ya fito ne a matsayin matsala mai tsanani saboda yawan mace-mace da ke cikin marasa lafiya marasa lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Das&quot; /&gt;

== Hanyar aiki ==
Saboda rikitarwa na cutar zazzabin cizon sauro, akwai ma'amala da yawa da ke haifar da gazawar koda, kamar su hypovolemia, intravascular hemolysis da yaduwar intravascular coagulation. Rashin gagarumin koda na zazzabin cizon sauro yana hana koda cire ruwa mai yawa, electrolytes da kayan sharar gida daga jini.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barsoum&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Das&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Manan&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mayo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Acute kidney failure - Symptoms and causes |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/kidney-failure/DS00280}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tattara waɗannan ruwa da kayan zai haifar da mummunan sakamako ga mai haƙuri ciki har da, ƙarancin electrolyte da ƙaruwar furotin na fitsari.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mayo&quot; /&gt;

== Binciken ganewa ==
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== Magani ==
Marasa lafiya marasa magani galibi suna fuskantar matsaloli masu yawa na jiki, amma ganewar asali da inganci na iya rage haɗarin mutuwa a cikin marasa lafiya. Ana buƙatar hanyar da ta shafi uku game da kamuwa da cuta akai-akai don samun nasarar magani. maganin maganin rigakafi na zazzabin cizon sauro (misali, kayan aikin artemisinin), maye gurbin ruwa (misali., maganin rehydration na baki), kuma idan an buƙata, maganin maye gurbin koda. &lt;ref name=&quot;Barsoum&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Das&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Manan&quot; /&gt;

== Yaduwar cututtuka ==
Ana bayar da rahoton cutar zazzabin cizon sauro a yankunan da ke fama da cutar, kamar su kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Indiya, da Afirka ta kudu da Sahara.   Pathogenesis na [[Rashin rauni mai tsanani na koda|mummunan rauni na koda]] a cikin zazzabin cizon sauro mai tsanani ba shi da mahimmanci kuma yana da dalilai da yawa - yana shafar ƙasa da kashi 4.8 cikin dari na shari'o'in, amma yana ba da rahoton babban haɗarin mutuwa (kashi 15 zuwa 45 cikin dari).&lt;ref name=&quot;Barsoum&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Das&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Manan&quot; /&gt; Shaidar tarihi ta nuna babban haɗuwa da hanyoyin cututtukan cututtuka a wasa - acute tubular necrosis, Interstitial nephritis da glomeroneulphritis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barsoum&quot; /&gt; Abubuwan haɗari na raunin koda na malaria sun haɗa da jinkirin ganewar asali, babban parasitemia, da gabatarwar asibiti na oliguria, ƙananan hawan jini, mummunan anemia, da [[Shawara|jaundice]]. Bugu da kari, marasa lafiya da suka riga sun sha wahala daga zawo, hepatitis, ko matsalar numfashi suna da mummunar hangen nesa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barsoum&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Das&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Manan&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>t5snkpm8s8uin1fiyglxiilmczr1dsm</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Haemoproteus plataleae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158710</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861529</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:57:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1218787597|Haemoproteus plataleae]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861529</origin>
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{{Speciesbox|taxon=Haemoproteus plataleae|authority=de Mello, 1935}}

'''''Haemoproteus plataleae''''' wani nau'in alveolate eukaryotes ne wanda ke kamuwa da ibises da spoonbills. An dawo da shi daga manya da matasa Fararen Ibises na Amurka a Florida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Forrester |first=Donald J. |year=1980 |title=Hematozoa and Mallophaga from the White Ibis, ''Eudocimus albus'' L., in Florida |journal=The Journal of Parasitology |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=58–59 |doi=10.2307/3280589 |jstor=3280589 |pmid=6767833}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Haplosporidium nelsoni</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158711</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861534</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T19:58:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1299748350|Haplosporidium nelsoni]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861534</origin>
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{{Speciesbox|genus=Haplosporidium|species=nelsoni|authority=Haskin, Stauber &amp; Mackin, 1966}}

Haplosporidium nelsoni cuta ce ta kawa wacce asali ta haifar da yawan mace-macen kawa a cikin shekarun 1950, [1] kuma har yanzu tana yaduwa a yau. Cutar da H. nelsoni ke haifarwa kuma ana kiranta da MSX (wanda ba a sani ba ko kuma sphere X multinuclear). Ana tsammanin an gabatar da MSX ta hanyar canja wurin gwaji na Pacific kawa (Crassostrea gigas), wanda ke da juriya ga wannan cuta.

An fara bayyana MSX a shekara ta 1957, lokacin da ya haifar da mummunar mutuwa a Delaware Bay. Ta hanyar bincike mai zurfi, kimanin kashi 50% na mutuwar oyster na gabas (''C. virginica'') a cikin ƙananan Delaware Bay tun daga shekarun 1960 za a iya danganta su da kamuwa da cutar MSX, asarar lalacewa ga yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;springerlink&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Day |first=Michael |last2=Franklin, Dean E. |last3=Brown, Bonnie L. |year=2000 |title=Use of Competitive PCR to Detect and Quantify ''Haplosporidium nelsoni'' Infection (MSX disease) in the Eastern Oyster (''Crassostrea virginica'') |journal=Marine Biotechnology |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=456–465 |doi=10.1007/s101260000021 |pmid=11246412}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawanci masu mutuwa suna da yawa a lokacin rani, kuma suna ƙaruwa a cikin ruwan gishiri. MSX yana rage yawan ciyar da oysters masu kamuwa da cuta, wanda ke haifar da rage adadin carbohydrates da aka adana. Ragewa a cikin carbohydrates da aka adana yana hana gametogenesis na al'ada a cikin bazara, tare da raguwa a cikin haihuwa.

== Chesapeake Bay ==
A cikin bazara na 1959, MSX ya bayyana a cikin Chesapeake Bay. A cikin shekaru 3, fiye da 90% na oysters a cikin ƙananan bay sun shafa. Salinities na akalla 15 ppt ana ɗaukar su da muhimmanci don kamuwa da MSX, kuma salinities na kusan 20 ppt yawanci ana buƙata don haifar da yawan cututtukan oyster.&lt;ref name=&quot;springerlink&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Day |first=Michael |last2=Franklin, Dean E. |last3=Brown, Bonnie L. |year=2000 |title=Use of Competitive PCR to Detect and Quantify ''Haplosporidium nelsoni'' Infection (MSX disease) in the Eastern Oyster (''Crassostrea virginica'') |journal=Marine Biotechnology |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=456–465 |doi=10.1007/s101260000021 |pmid=11246412}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kasancewar ''H. nelsoni'' a cikin Chesapeake Bay ya hana yunkurin dawo da girbi na oyster na gabas zuwa matakan tarihi. Musamman mummunan tasirin ya kasance a kan kiwon kifi na oyster, wanda ba a yi shi a kan babban sikelin a cikin Chesapeake Bay na tsawon shekaru 25 bayan gabatar da kwayar cutar, kuma a halin yanzu an tsare shi da farko a yankunan da ba su da gishiri na bay.

== Tsayayya ==
Bayan fiye da shekaru 50 na matsin lamba, wasu al'ummomin ''C. virginica'' sun zama masu tsayayya da MSX. Suna iya jure wa kamuwa da cuta na dogon lokaci kafin su mutu. Zaɓin wucin gadi yana iya cimma irin wannan sakamako.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-12-04 |title=''Haplosporidium nelsoni'' (MSX) of Oysters |url=https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/science/aah-saa/diseases-maladies/hapneloy-eng.html |website=Fisheries and Oceans Canada |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* ''Perkinsus marinus'', wanda aka fi sani da &quot;dermo&quot;, wani kwayar cuta ce ta oyster.

== Manazarta ==

=== Bayani ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

=== Sauran tushe ===

* Wanene Ya Kashe Crassostrea virginica? Fall and Rise of Chesapeake Bay Oysters (2011), Maryland Sea Grant College (fim na 60 min) 

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Cite web |last=Susan Bower, Fisheries and Oceans Canada |date=October 2007 |title=''Haplosporidium nelsoni'' (MSX) of Oysters |url=https://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/science/species-especes/shellfish-coquillages/diseases-maladies/pages/hapneloy-eng.htm |access-date=2009-04-05}}
* {{Cite web |title=Oyster Diseases |url=https://portal.ct.gov/doag/aquaculture1/aquaculture/oyster-and-clam-diseases |access-date=2009-04-05 |website=[[Connecticut Department of Agriculture]]}}
{{Rhizaria}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q5652087}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Babesia ya bambanta</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158712</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861537</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:00:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1315997687|Babesia divergens]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Speciesbox|image=Babesia-divergens.jpg|genus=Babesia|species=divergens|authority=M'Fadyean &amp; Stockman, 1911}}

Babesia divergens kwayar cuta ce ta intraerythrocytic, wacce ake watsawa ta hanyar tick ''Ixodes ricinus'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ita ce sanannen dalilin Babesiosis na ɗan adam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dictionnaire médical de l'Académie de Médecine |url=https://www.academie-medecine.fr/le-dictionnaire/index.php?q=Babesia+divergens |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=www.academie-medecine.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne babban wakili na bovine Babesiosis, ko &quot;redwater fever&quot;, a Turai. Ƙananan shanu ba su da saukin kamuwa. Ana iya haifar da karuwar yawan mutanen da ke dauke da cutar a Turai a kan [[Noma mai daurewa|Aikin noma mai ɗorewa]] da fadadawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Zintl, A |last2=Mulcahy, G |last3=Skerrett, HE |last4=Taylor, SM |last5=Gray, JS |year=2003 |title=''Babesia divergens'', a Bovine Blood Parasite of Veterinary and Zoonotic Importance |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=622–36 |doi=10.1128/CMR.16.4.622-636.2003 |pmc=207107 |pmid=14557289}}&lt;/ref&gt; B. divergens kuma yana da yawa (rashin kamuwa da cuta na 11-23%) a cikin zomo a tsibirin Nantucket, Massachusetts, Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=[[Heidi K. Goethert]] &amp; [[Sam R. 3rd Telford]] |year=2003 |title=Enzootic transmission of Babesia divergens among cottontail rabbits on Nantucket Island, Massachusetts |journal=[[The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene]] |volume=69 |issue=5 |pages=455–460 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2003.69.455 |pmid=14695079 |s2cid=2418317 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cututtukan mutane ba su da yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Uguen1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Uguen, C |last2=Girard, L |last3=Brasseur, P |last4=Leblay, R |year=1997 |title=La babésiose humaine en 1997 |trans-title=Human Babesiosis in 1997 |journal=La Revue de Médecine Interne |language=French |volume=18 |issue=12 |pages=945–51 |doi=10.1016/S0248-8663(97)80114-2 |pmid=9499998}}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana mafi tsanani, cututtukan da ke barazana ga rayuwa a cikin marasa lafiya na asplenic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Uguen1997&quot; /&gt; An kuma lura da kamuwa da cuta a cikin marasa lafiya masu iya rigakafi, kuma an bayyana su a matsayin &quot;mummunar cutar mura&quot; wanda ke buƙatar magani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Martinot, M |last2=Zadeh, MM |last3=Hansmann, Y |last4=Grawey, I |last5=Christmann, D |last6=Aguillon, S |last7=Jouglin, M |last8=Chauvin, A |last9=de Briel, D |year=2011 |title=Babesiosis in Immunocompetent Patients, Europe |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=114–6 |doi=10.3201/eid1701.100737 |pmc=3204631 |pmid=21192869}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

* {{Cite journal |last=Castro |first=Emma |last2=Gonzalez |first2=Luis Miguel |last3=Rubio |first3=Jose Miguel |last4=Ramiro |first4=Raquel |last5=Girones |first5=Nuria |last6=Montero |first6=Estrella |date=September 2014 |title=The efficacy of the ultraviolet C pathogen inactivation system in the reduction of Babesia divergens in pooled buffy coat platelets |journal=Transfusion |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=2207–2216 |doi=10.1111/TRF.12598 |pmid=24666393 |s2cid=23879006}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Lobo |first=Cheryl-Ann |date=January 2005 |title=Babesia divergens and Plasmodium falciparum Use Common Receptors, Glycophorins A and B, To Invade the Human Red Blood Cell |url= |journal=Infection and Immunity |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=649–651 |doi=10.1128/IAI.73.1.649-651.2005 |pmc=538995 |pmid=15618210}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Rar |first=V.A. |last2=Epikhina |first2=T.I. |last3=Suntsova |first3=O.V. |last4=Kozlova |first4=I.V. |last5=Lisak |first5=O.V. |last6=Pukhovskaya |first6=N.M. |last7=Vysochina |first7=N.P. |last8=Ivanov |first8=L.I. |last9=Tikunova |first9=N.V. |date=December 2014 |title=Genetic variability of Babesia parasites in Haemaphysalis spp. and Ixodes persulcatus ticks in the Baikal region and Far East of Russia |journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution |volume=28 |pages=270–275 |bibcode=2014InfGE..28..270R |doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2014.10.010 |pmid=25460820}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Rodriguez |first=Marilis |last2=Alhassan |first2=Andy |last3=Ord |first3=Rosalynn |last4=Cursino-Santos |first4=Jeny |last5=Singh |first5=Manpreet |last6=Gray |first6=Jeremy |last7=Lobo |first7=Cheryl |date=September 2014 |title=Identification and Characterization of the RouenBd1987 Babesia divergens Rhopty-Associated Protein 1 |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=9 |issue=9 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j7727R |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0107727 |pmc=4166668 |pmid=25226276 |doi-access=free}}


[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Histomonas</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>861539</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:01:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314321697|Histomonas]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Histomonas meleagridis''''' wani nau'in kwayar cuta ne wanda ke kamuwa da [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]] da yawa ciki har da [[Kaza|kaji]], [[Talo-talo|turkeys]], peafowl, quail da pheasants, wanda ke haifar da enterohepatitis mai kamuwa, ko histomoniasis (cututtukan baki). ''H. meleagridis'' na iya kamuwa da tsuntsaye da yawa, amma ya fi kisa a cikin turkeys. Yana zaune a cikin lumen na [[Cecum|cecal]]&quot; id=&quot;mwFw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Cecum&quot;&gt;cecum da parenchyma na hanta, inda yake haifar da necrosis mai yawa. Ana yaduwa ta hanyar wani kwayar cuta, Nematode Heterakis gallinarum .

== Bayyanawa ==
''Histomonas meleagridis'' microscopic ne, pleomorphic protozoan, kuma yana iya kasancewa a cikin nau'o'i biyu, [[Tsutsa|amoeboid]] da [[Fuskar da aka yi wa bulala|flagellated]]. A cikin nama, yana nan a matsayin [[Tsutsa|amoeboid]] protozoan, yayin da yake cikin lumen ko kyauta a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin cecum, yana rayuwa a matsayin nau'in [[Fuskar da aka yi wa bulala|flagellated]] mai tsawo. Tsarin [[Tsutsa|amoeboid]] yawanci 8-15 μm ne a diamita, yayin da nau'in [[Fuskar da aka yi wa bulala|flagellated]] na iya kaiwa har zuwa 30 μm a diamita. Histomonads ba su da mitochondria, amma a maimakon haka suna samar da makamashi a cikin hydrogenosomes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Transmission electron microscopic s&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mielewczik |first=Michael |last2=Mehlhorn |first2=Heinz |last3=Al-Quraishy |first3=Saleh |last4=Grabensteiner |first4=E. |last5=Hess |first5=M. |date=1 September 2008 |title=Transmission electron microscopic studies of stages of Histomonas meleagridis from clonal cultures |journal=Parasitology Research |language=en |volume=103 |issue=4 |pages=745–50 |doi=10.1007/s00436-008-1009-1 |issn=0932-0113 |pmid=18626664 |s2cid=2331300}}&lt;/ref&gt; Flagellum yana nuna nau'in 9x2 + 2.&lt;ref name=&quot;Transmission electron microscopic s&quot; /&gt;

== Rayuwa ==
''Histomonas meleagridis'' ya haifu ta hanyar fission binary. trophozoites kyauta suna da matukar damuwa kuma suna iya rayuwa ne kawai na 'yan sa'o'i a cikin yanayin waje. Koyaya, lokacin da aka watsa su tsakanin garken a cikin ƙwai na Heterakis gallinarum, wani [[Nematode]]&quot; id=&quot;mwRg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Nematode&quot;&gt;ceca Nematode, wanda kuma za'a iya watsa shi ta hanyar ƙwayoyin ƙasa waɗanda suka cinye ƙwai na nematode, suna samun shiga cikin ƙwai. Kwayoyin da ke da trophozoites suna wucewa cikin muhalli ta hanyar datti. Ta wannan hanyar, trophozoites na iya ci gaba da rayuwa har zuwa shekaru biyu a cikin yanayin waje. A cikin garken turkey ''H. meleagridis'' an kuma san shi da kai tsaye daga tsuntsu zuwa tsuntsu. Histomonads, ko dai an sake su daga [[Kashi|magunguna]] heterakid nematode a cikin ceca ko bayan kamuwa da cuta kai tsaye ta hanyar cloaca, suna maimaitawa cikin sauri a cikin kyallen cecal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hu J, McDougald LR |year=2003 |title=Direct lateral transmission of ''Histomonas meleagridis'' in turkeys |journal=Avian Diseases |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=489–492 |doi=10.1637/0005-2086(2003)047[0489:DLTOHM]2.0.CO;2 |pmid=12887212 |s2cid=22568033}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna ƙaura zuwa submucosa da muscularis mucosae kuma suna haifar da mummunan necrosis. Kwayoyin suna motsawa zuwa hanta ta hanyar tsarin jijiyoyi. A can, suna haifar da cututtukan necrotic na yau da kullun.&lt;ref name=&quot;MCD&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McDougald LR |year=2005 |title=Blackhead disease (histomoniasis) in poultry: a critical review |journal=Avian Diseases |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=462–476 |doi=10.1637/7420-081005R.1 |pmid=16404985 |s2cid=43031620}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutuwa a cikin garken turkey na iya zama mai girma (80-100%). &lt;ref name=&quot;MCDG&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McDougald LR |year=1998 |title=Intestinal protozoa important to poultry |url=http://ps.fass.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=9706082 |journal=Poultry Science |volume=77 |issue=8 |pages=1156–1158 |doi=10.1093/ps/77.8.1156 |pmid=9706082 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Halin cuta ==
''Histomonas meleagridis'' shine kwayar cutar histomoniasis na [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]]. Yana haifar da necrosis mai yawa da tsanani na ƙwayoyin mucosa da submucosa na cecum da parenchyma na hanta. Wasu lokuta wasu cututtukan kamar su ''Escherichia coli'' da coccidia suna kara tsanantawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ganapathy K, Salamat MH, Lee CC, Johara MY 2000 639–642&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ganapathy K, Salamat MH, Lee CC, Johara MY |year=2000 |title=Concurrent occurrence of salmonellosis, colibaccillosis and histomoniasis in a broiler flock fed with antibiotic-free commercial feed |journal=Avian Pathology |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=639–642 |doi=10.1080/03079450020016000 |pmid=19184862 |s2cid=25256520 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alamomin sun bayyana a cikin kwanaki bakwai zuwa 12 bayan kamuwa da cuta, kuma sun haɗa da baƙin ciki, rage yawan Abinci, ƙarancin ƙishirwa, [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]] mai rauni sulfur-yellow, rashin la'akari, fuka-fuki masu fuka-fuka, da fuka-fuffuka marasa kyau.&lt;ref name=&quot;MCD&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McDougald LR |year=2005 |title=Blackhead disease (histomoniasis) in poultry: a critical review |journal=Avian Diseases |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=462–476 |doi=10.1637/7420-081005R.1 |pmid=16404985 |s2cid=43031620}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alamomin suna da mummunar lahani ga turkeys, amma suna haifar da ƙananan lalacewa a cikin kaji. Koyaya, [[Annoba|barkewar cutar]] a cikin kaji na iya haifar da babban cututtuka, matsakaiciyar mutuwa, da kuma kashewa mai yawa, wanda ke haifar da aikin garken mara kyau.&lt;ref name=&quot;MCDG&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McDougald LR |year=1998 |title=Intestinal protozoa important to poultry |url=http://ps.fass.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=9706082 |journal=Poultry Science |volume=77 |issue=8 |pages=1156–1158 |doi=10.1093/ps/77.8.1156 |pmid=9706082 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gano haɗuwa da ''[[Salmonella]] typhmurium'' da ''E. coli'' don haifar da mutuwa mai yawa a cikin kaji.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ganapathy K, Salamat MH, Lee CC, Johara MY 2000 639–642&quot; /&gt; Ƙananan tsuntsaye, musamman waɗanda suke da makonni uku zuwa 12, sun fi kamuwa da cutar. Gabaɗaya, alamun suna da zurfi a cikin turkeys, yayin da kaji yawanci ba su da alamun.

== Bincike da sarrafawa ==
Ana iya yin ganewar asali cikin sauƙi ta hanyar Binciken gawa da aka adana ko kuma an adana shi, musamman a hanta. Kwanan nan hukumomin Italiya sun amince da paromomycin don magani (Paromomicina 200 mg / g Huvepharma). Koyaya kyakkyawan gudanar da [[gona]] da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] sune mahimman dabarun da suka dace don sarrafa yaduwar kamuwa da cuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Callait-Cardinal MP, Gilot-Fromont E, Chossat L, Gonthier A, Chauve C, Zenne L |year=2010 |title=Flock management and histomoniasis in free-range turkeys in France: description and search for potential risk factors |journal=Epidemiology and Infection |volume=138 |issue=3 |pages=353–363 |doi=10.1017/S0950268809990562 |pmid=19664306 |s2cid=11535496 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* PoultryHub{{Cite web |title=Histomoniasis |url=https://www.poultryhub.org/all-about-poultry/health-management/disease/histomoniasis |access-date=30 July 2024}}
* {{Cite web |title=Histomoniasis in Poultry |url=https://www.merckvetmanual.com/poultry/histomoniasis/histomoniasis-in-poultry |access-date=30 July 2024 |website=Merck Veterinary Manual}}
* {{Cite web |date=28 January 2011 |title=www.agbiosecurity.ca &amp;#124; Agbiosecurity |url=http://www.agbiosecurity.ca/aspx/main.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128065954/http://www.agbiosecurity.ca/aspx/main.aspx |archive-date=28 January 2011 |access-date=30 July 2024}}
* Organicvet{{Cite web |date=30 October 2011 |title=Histomoniasis |url=http://www.organicvet.co.uk/Poultryweb/disease/hist/Print.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030004610/http://www.organicvet.co.uk/Poultryweb/disease/hist/Print.htm |archive-date=30 October 2011 |access-date=30 July 2024}}
* Gidan yanar gizon kaji{{Cite web |title=Histomonosis and the Differential Survival of Poultry Species |url=https://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/histomonosis-and-the-differential-survival-of-poultry-species |access-date=30 July 2024 |website=www.thepoultrysite.com}}

== Ƙarin karantawa ==
{{Cite journal |last=Hauck |first=Ruediger |last2=Hafez |first2=Hafez M. |date=2012 |title=Pigeons are Not Susceptible to Intracloacal Infection with Histomonas meleagridis |url=http://www.pvj.com.pk/pdf-files/32_4/597-600.pdf |journal=Pakistan Veterinary Journal |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=597–600 |access-date=24 July 2016}}

{{Cite journal |last=Billic |first=Ivana |last2=Jaskulska |first2=Barbara |last3=Souillard |first3=Rozenn |last4=Liebhart |first4=Dieter |last5=Hess |first5=Michael |date=21 March 2014 |title=Multi-Locus Typing of Histomonas meleagridis Isolates Demonstrates the Existence of Two Different Genotypes |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=9 |issue=3 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...992438B |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0092438 |pmc=3962415 |pmid=24658534 |doi-access=free}}

{{Cite journal |last=Hauck |first=Ruediger |last2=Hafez |first2=Hafez M. |date=Jan 2013 |title=Experimental infections with the protozoan parasite Histomonas meleagridis: a review |journal=Parasitology Research |volume=1 |issue=112 |pages=19–34 |doi=10.1007/s00436-012-3190-5 |pmid=23160894 |s2cid=14662327}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q1834239|from2=Q18573111}}{{Authority control}}
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  <page>
    <title>Gishiri na Plasmodium</title>
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    <id>158714</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1304135437|Plasmodium gallinaceum]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Speciesbox|image=Malaria Plasmodium gallinaceum.jpg|image_alt=Scanning electron micrograph of invasion of mosquito midgut|image_caption=[[Scanning electron micrograph]] of invading mosquito [[midgut]]|genus=Plasmodium|species=gallinaceum|authority=[[Émile Josef Alexander Brumpt|Brumpt]], 1935}}

''Plasmodium'' gallinaceum wani nau'in jinsin Plasmodium ne (subgenus ''[[Haemamoeba]]'') wanda ke haifar da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] a cikin kaji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=''Plasmodium'' Infection |url=http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/200107.htm |access-date=2007-07-03 |website=The [[Merck Veterinary Manual]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayyanawa ==
Alexandre Joseph Emile Brumpt, farfesa na Faransanci na ilimin parasitology ne ya bayyana wannan nau'in daga samfurori a cikin 1935.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brumpt&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brumpt |first=Emile |author-link=Emile Brumpt |year=1936 |title=Etude Expérimentale du ''Plasmodium gallinaceum'' Parasite de la Poule Domestique. Transmission de ce Germe par ''Stegomyia fasciata'' et ''Stegomyia albopicta'' |trans-title=Experimental Study on the ''Plasmodium gallinaceum'' Parasite of the Domesticated Chicken : Transmission of the Pathogen by ''Stegomyia fasciata'' and ''Stegomyia albopicta'' |journal=[[Annales de Parasitologie]] |pages=597–620}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara mai zuwa, Brumpt ya ware kayan aiki yayin tafiya zuwa [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] (yanzu Sri is Lanka). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Avian malaria: clinical and chemical pathology of Plasmodium gallinaceum in the domesticated fowl Gallus gallus |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03079450400025430#d1e254 |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=Taylor and Francis Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Matakai ===
Oocysts dole ne su bunkasa a cikin mahalarta vector. Ba za a iya yaduwa ba - idan sun shiga rundunar [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]] ba za su bunkasa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stage-Manipulation-Intake&quot; /&gt;

Sporozoites sune matakin [[Yaduwar kwayar cuta|watsawa]]. Idan sun shiga wani mai karɓar tsuntsaye za su iya kamuwa da cuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stage-Manipulation-Intake&quot; /&gt;

== Vectors ==
''[[Aedes aegypti]]'' ne mai yaduwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghosh-Lorena-2009&quot;&gt;
 {{Cite journal |last=Ghosh |first=Anil Kumar |last2=Jacobs-Lorena |first2=Marcelo |date=2009-07-14 |title=''Plasmodium'' sporozoite invasion of the mosquito salivary gland |journal=[[Current Opinion in Microbiology]] |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=394–400 |doi=10.1016/j.mib.2009.06.010 |issn=1369-5274 |pmc=2759692 |pmid=19608457 |id=[[NIH Manuscript Submission|NIHMS]]# 124325}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''P. gallinaceum'' yana sarrafa ''A. aegypti'' don ƙarar damar samun nasara. Koella et al., 2002 sun gano cewa oocysts a ciki hanji suna ƙara girman kowane abinci na jini.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stage-Manipulation-Intake&quot; /&gt; Wannan yana rage damar fitar da kwayar cutar a cikin mai karɓar bakuncin karshe - [[kaza]] (''Gallus gallus domesticus'') - wanda ke da mahimmanci saboda oocysts ba za su iya kamuwa da cuta ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stage-Manipulation-Intake&quot; /&gt; Wannan yana tsawaita matsakaicin lokacin zama na oocyst a cikin vector, yana ƙara damar da suke da ita na samun nasara zuwa matakin [[Yaduwar kwayar cuta|watsawa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Stage-Manipulation-Intake&quot; /&gt;

A gefe guda sporozoites suna yin akasin haka: Suna rage yawan abinci, ƙara yawan abincin da aka ci, ta rage lokacin da dole ne su ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin vector, da kuma kara damar da za a samu nasarar fitar da su cikin mai masauki na ƙarshe. Saboda wannan shine matakin da za'a iya yaduwa (mai yaduwa) wanda ake so.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stage-Manipulation-Intake&quot; /&gt;

Wannan ya bayyana ya zama gama gari ga ''P. gallinaceum'' da duk wani haɗuwa da sauro da [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]].

== Abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar ==
Ana buƙatar furotin na Circumsporozoite (CSP) don mamayewar mai masaukin baki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghosh-Lorena-2009&quot; /&gt; Warburg et al., 1992 yana ba da maganin rigakafi na monoclonal akan CSP kuma yana nuna inganci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghosh-Lorena-2009&quot; /&gt; Cikakken hana mulkin mallaka na sporozoite na glandun salivary na ''Aedes aegypti'' da suka samu na iya zama saboda maganin rigakafi da kansa yana toshe hulɗa tsakanin sporozoites da glandar glandar, duk da haka an hana haɗin rigakafin ta wani dalili na CSP, yana ba da shawarar ingancin rigakafin saboda tasirin anti-CSP.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghosh-Lorena-2009&quot; /&gt; Wannan zane-zane na 15-[[Amino acid]] ''shine'' wanda aka samo daga asalin Dame et al., 1984 binciken CSP wanda ya ƙunshi 5-tsawon CSP Region I.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghosh-Lorena-2009&quot; /&gt; : 395–396 &lt;ref name=&quot;Baldacci-Menard-2004&quot;&gt;
 {{Cite journal |last=Baldacci |first=Patricia |last2=Ménard |first2=Robert |date=2004-08-31 |title=The elusive malaria sporozoite in the mammalian host |journal=[[Molecular Microbiology (journal)|Molecular Microbiology]] |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=298–306 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04275.x |issn=0950-382X |pmid=15469504 |s2cid=30488807 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cututtuka ==
Cutar tana haifar da canje-canje masu tsanani a cikin abun da ke cikin jini.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clinical-and-Chemical-Pathology&quot; /&gt; Williams 2005 ya sami manyan canje-canje a cikin sunadarai na plasma a kwanaki 8 bayan kamuwa da cuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clinical-and-Chemical-Pathology&quot; /&gt; Akwai raguwa a cikin albumin, α2-globulin, da creatinine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clinical-and-Chemical-Pathology&quot; /&gt; A halin yanzu, akwai karuwa a cikin γ1-globulin, γ2-globulin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Clinical-and-Chemical-Pathology&quot; /&gt;  (Ƙaruwar enzyme saboda ƙaruwar aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase, da γ-glutamyltransferase.) 

== Manazarta ==
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== Ƙarin karantawa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
{{Cite journal |last=Kumnuan |first=Rapeeporn |last2=Pattaradilokrat |first2=Sittiporn |last3=Chumpolbanchornc |first3=Kamlang |date=November 2013 |title=In vivo transmission blocking activities of artesunate on the avian malaria parasite ''Plasmodium gallinaceum'' |journal=[[Veterinary Parasitology]] |volume=197 |issue=3–4 |pages=447–454 |doi=10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.07.024 |pmid=23937960}}{{Alveolata}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q7201888}}{{Authority control}}
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  <page>
    <title>Klossiella</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:05:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1317077764|Klossiella]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861547</origin>
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{{Automatic taxobox}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;'''''Klossiella''''' wani nau'i ne na alveolates na phylum Apicomplexa . Dabbobi a cikin wannan nau'in sun kamu da jijiyoyin koda na dabbobi masu shayarwa da kuma hanji na [[Maciji|macizai]].

Irin nau'in shine ''Klossiella muris'' .

== Tarihi ==
Smith ne ya gano memba na farko na wannan nau'in a cikin 1889 a cikin koda na fararen linzamin kwamfuta. Wani fadada binciken wannan kwayar cutar daga baya Smith da Johnson suka buga shi a cikin 1902 inda suka ba da shawarar sunan ''Klossiella muris'' . 

== Tarihin lissafi ==
A halin yanzu akwai nau'o'i 17 da aka gane a cikin wannan nau'in. Dukkanin sai dai daya (''Klossiella boae'') sun kamu da koda na dabbobi masu shayarwa.

== Bayyanawa ==
Wannan nau'in yana da ban mamaki saboda yana da mai masauki guda ɗaya a cikin rayuwarsa.

Ana cinye kwayar cutar kuma a cikin hanji sporozoites suna tserewa daga Sorocysts kuma suna mamaye jini. Bayan ya kai koda, a cikin epithelium na koda sporozoite yana fuskantar merogony sannan gametogony da sporogony. Yana samar da oocysts na polysporocystic ba tare da bango mai tsayayya ba. Ana zubar da sporocysts masu tsayayya a cikin [[fitsari]].

Oocysts suna da sassauci, suna da santsi kuma suna auna 22-24 μm da 20-21 μm.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Asibiti ==
''K. boae'' yana faruwa a cikin hanji da koda na boa constrictor. Zai iya haifar da anorexia, rashin kwanciyar hankali, hemorrhagic enteritis da intussusception.

== Rubuce-rubucen masu karɓar bakuncin ==

* ''K. bettongiae'' - Tasmanian bettong (''Btongia gaimardi'') 
* ''K. beveridgei'' - mai ban sha'awa hare-wallaby (''Lagorchestes conspicillatus'') 
* ''K. boae'' - boa constrictor (Boa constrictor) 
* ''K. callitris'' - yammacin launin toka kangaroo (''Macropus fuliginosus'') 
* ''K. cobayae'' - alade (''Cavia porcellus'') 
* ''K. dulcis n.sp.'' - mai sauka sukari (Petaurus breviceps) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Maria Arciada |last2=Mark D. Bennett |last3=Andres Montesinos |last4=Carles Juan-Salles |last5=Mario Soriano-Navarro |date=1 June 2016 |title=''Klossiella dulcis n. sp.'' (Apicomplexa: Klossiellidae) in the kidneys of ''Petaurus breviceps'' (Marsupialia: Petauridae) |journal=Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=622–627 |doi=10.1638/2015-0258.1 |pmid=27468038}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''K. equi'' - doki (''Equus ferus caballus'') 
* ''K. hydromyos'' - Rukunin ruwa na Australiya (''Hydromys chrysogaster'') 
* ''K. mabokensis'' - Murid na Afirka (''[[Praomys jsoni]]'') 
* ''K. muris'' - linzamin kwamfuta (''Mus Musculus'') 
* ''K. quimrensis'' - yammacin bandikoot (''Perameles bougainville'') 
* ''K. rufi'' - ja kangaroo (''Macropus rufus'') 
* ''K. rufogrisei'' - Bennett's wallaby (''Macropus rufogriseus'') 
* ''K. schoinobatis'' - petaurid mafi girma glider (''Petauroides volans'') 
* ''K. serendipensis'' - wallaby mai santsi (''Wallabia bicolor'') 
* K. tejerai - opossum (''Didelphis marsupialis'') 
* ''K. thylogale'' - Tasmanian pedelon (''Thylogale billardierii'') 

=== Bayani ===
An kuma samo wannan nau'in a cikin koda na jemagu amma ba a gano nau'in ba.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
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  <page>
    <title>Acanthocephaliasis</title>
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      <id>861551</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:09:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345202229|Acanthocephaliasis]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1641" sha1="a3iaslqo69g0y0aildgu9jjiwpcy51f" xml:space="preserve">'''Acanthocephaliasis''' cuta ce ta ɗan adam da ke haifar da tsutsotsi a cikin phylum Acanthoceptionhala . Ba sa kamuwa da mutane. Kyakkyawan rundunonin tsutsotsi sune racoons, beraye, da alade, amma yana iya rayuwa a cikin mutane. ''Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus'', ''Macracanthorhynchus ingens'', ''Moniliformis moniliformis'', Acanthocephala rauschi, ''Pseudoacanthocephalus bufonis'', da ''Corynosoma strumosum'' sune nau'in da ake samu a cikin mutane.

Ana samun shi ta hanyar cinye [[Buzuzu|kwari]] ko kwari, gami da tsutsotsi na kwari. An rarraba kwayar cutar a ko'ina, amma lokuta suna faruwa inda Ana cin kwari. Da zarar mutum ya ci, tsutsotsi za su sami hanyar zuwa hanji kuma su girma. Akwai alamomi masu tsanani saboda rushewar inji na lumen. [[Ciwon ciki]] ya zama ruwan dare. Ana iya gano Acanthocephaliasis ta hanyar kasancewar ƙwai a cikin turare.

Babu daidaitattun magani, amma an sami wasu nasarori tare da pyrantel pamoate, levamisole, niclosamide, mebendazole, ivermectin, [[paracetamol]], Tiabendazole, da piperazine citrate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mathison |first=Blaine A. |last2=Mehta |first2=Ninad |last3=Couturier |first3=Marc Roger |date=2021 |title=Human Acanthocephaliasis: A Thorn in the Side of Parasite Diagnostics |url=https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.02691-20 |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=59 |issue=11 |pages=e0269120 |doi=10.1128/jcm.02691-20 |pmc=8525584 |pmid=34076470}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yanayi ne mai ban mamaki, kuma wallafe-wallafen kan batun a fagen ba su da yawa.

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Cutar da ke fama da kwayar cuta</title>
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      <id>861552</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:10:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1221798846|Capillariasis]]&quot;</comment>
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Capillariasis cuta ce da Nematodes ke haifar a cikin jinsin Capillaria .  Babban nau'ikan ''Cutar ruwa'' biyu sune:

* Cutar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwa, wanda ''Capillaria philippinensis'' ya haifar
* Hepatic capillariasis, wanda ya haifar da ''Capillaria hepatica''

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Cutar Nematode</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:11:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1175316190|Nematode infection]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861553</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1679" sha1="dkvb2lsbcehsfae66ljrc0fmy2fcy0q" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = Nematode infection
| synonym       = 
| image         = Intestinal nematode infections world map-Deaths per million persons-WHO2012.svg
| caption       = Deaths due to intestinal nematode infections per million persons in 2012 {{Div col|small=yes|colwidth=10em}}{{legend|#ffff20|0-0}}{{legend|#d85010|1-1}}{{legend|#d02010|2-2}}{{div col end}}
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = 
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = 
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 
| deaths        = 
}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}'''Cutar Nematode''' wani nau'in helminthiasis ne wanda kwayoyin halitta ke haifar da shi a cikin phylum na nematode . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 July 2019 |title=Nematode Infections: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/224011-overview |access-date=22 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An example is [[Tsutsan ciki|enterobiasis]]. Several antinematodal agents are available.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2019}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Medical resources|DiseasesDB=|ICD10={{ICD10|B|72||b|65}}-{{ICD10|B|80||b|65}}|ICD9={{ICD9|124}}-{{ICD9|127}}|ICDO=|OMIM=|MedlinePlus=|eMedicineSubj=|eMedicineTopic=|MeshID=D009349}}{{Helminthiases}}

== Haɗin waje ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rashin zazzabi na lokaci-lokaci</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158719</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861560</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:16:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1299857026|Intermittent fever]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861560</origin>
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[[Fayil:Febbre.gif|right|thumb|Ayyukan nau'ikan zazzabi daban-daban a) Zazzabi ya ci gaba da b) Zazzabin ya ci gaba zuwa farawa da raguwa c) Zazzabe mai dawowa d) Zazzabar da ba ta dace ba e) Zazzafin jiki mai dawowa f) Zazzabuwar da ta dawo&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;]]
Rashin [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]] wani nau'i ne ko tsari na zazzabi wanda akwai wani lokaci inda [[Temperature|zafin jiki]] ya tashi na sa'o'i da yawa sannan ya biyo bayan wani lokaci lokacin da zafin jiki ke sauka zuwa al'ada. Irin wannan zazzabi yawanci yana faruwa ne a lokacin da ake fama da cutar cututtuka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Le Moing V, Leport C |date=Jan 2002 |title=[Intermittent fever of infectious origin] |journal=La Revue du Praticien |publisher=Rev Prat |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=139–44 |pmc=3257674 |pmid=11915556}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken zazzabi na lokaci-lokaci yana dogara ne akan tarihin asibiti amma ana amfani da wasu gwaje-gwaje na halitta kamar ƙididdigar jini da al'adun jini. Bugu da ƙari binciken radiological kamar X-ray na kirji, ana iya amfani da Ultrasoundography na ciki don kafa ganewar asali.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid11915561&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vidal |first=E |last2=Liozon |first2=E |last3=Loustaud-Ratti |first3=V |year=2002 |title=Prise en charge d'une fièvre intermittente chez l'adulte: Fièvres intermittentes |trans-title=Management of intermittent fever in the adult |journal=La Revue du Praticien |language=fr |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=167–71 |pmid=11915561}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid11915560&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hachulla |first=E |year=2002 |title=Fièvre intermittente symptomatique des maladies inflammatoires: Fièvres intermittentes |trans-title=Symptomatic intermittent fever of inflammatory diseases |journal=La Revue du Praticien |language=fr |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=160–66 |pmid=11915560}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rashin zazzabi a cikin zazzabin cizon sauro ==
[[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|Malaria]] sanannen sanadin zazzabi ne kuma yana da nau'ikan da suka biyo baya.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid2682735&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wittern |first=R |year=1989 |title=Die Wechselfieber bei Galen |trans-title=Galen's intermittent fever |journal=History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences |language=de |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3–22 |jstor=23330279 |pmid=2682735}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rashin zazzabi na yau da kullun ===
Rashin zazzabi da ke faruwa a kowace rana (lokaci na awanni 24) na 'yan sa'o'i, irin na ''Plasmodium falciparum''.

=== Rashin zazzabi na uku ===
Zafin yana faruwa ne bayan kwana uku (lokaci 72), wanda ya dace da ''Plasmodium falciparum''.

=== Rashin zazzabi na Quartan ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
Zafin yana faruwa ne bayan kwana biyu (48-hour periodicity), irin na ''Plasmodium vivax'' da Plasmodium ovale.

== Misalan ==

=== Abubuwan da ke haifar da zazzabi mai saurin kamuwa ===
Wadannan misalai ne na cututtukan cututtuka waɗanda zasu iya nuna zazzabi mai saurin wucewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid11915556&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Le Moing |first=V |last2=Leport |first2=C |year=2002 |title=Fièvres intermittentes d'origine infectieuse: Fièvres intermittentes |trans-title=Intermittent fever of infectious origin |journal=La Revue du Praticien |language=fr |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=139–44 |pmid=11915556}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid1240348&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kameya |first=K |last2=Tsuchiya |first2=M |last3=Mie |first3=K |year=1975 |title=Butterfly-like erythematous lesions and intermittent fever: Miliary tuberculosis |journal=Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine |volume=Spec No |pages=726–27, 1040–43 |pmid=1240348}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|Malaria]]
* [[Tarin fuka|Cutar tarin fuka]]
* [[Sepsis|Cutar cututtuka]]
* Kala azar
* Borreliosis (Cutar Lyme) 
* [[Zazzabin cizon Bera|Rashin zazzabin cizon sauro]]
* Kwayar cutar Epstein-barr
* Meningococcemia mai tsanani.

=== Abubuwan da ke haifar da zazzabi na lokaci-lokaci ===
Cutar Still ta fara da manya cuta ce mai kumburi wacce zata iya haifar da zazzabi mai saurin wucewa, wanda ke haifar da zafin jiki na yau da kullun wanda ke tashi sau ɗaya ko sau biyu a ƙarshen rana zuwa maraice.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adult-onset Still's disease 2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gerfaud-Valentin |first=Mathieu |last2=Jamilloux |first2=Yvan |last3=Iwaz |first3=Jean |last4=Sève |first4=Pascal |date=2014 |title=Adult-onset Still's disease |journal=Autoimmunity Reviews |volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=708–722 |doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.058 |pmid=24657513 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudanarwa ==
Ana amfani da Magungunan rigakafi kamar ibuprofen da [[paracetamol]] don zazzabi da ciwon jiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15184213&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Perrott |first=David A |last2=Piira |first2=Tiina |last3=Goodenough |first3=Belinda |last4=Champion |first4=G. David |year=2004 |title=Efficacy and Safety of Acetaminophen vs Ibuprofen for Treating Children's Pain or Fever |journal=Archives of Pediatrics &amp; Adolescent Medicine |volume=158 |issue=6 |pages=521–26 |doi=10.1001/archpedi.158.6.521 |pmid=15184213 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kuma amfani da maganin rigakafi don duk wani kamuwa da cuta. Don magance zazzabin cizon sauro, ana ba da magungunan rigakafin zazzabin kamar quinine, [[chloroquine]] da primaquine.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19463069&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=d'Alessandro |first=Umberto |year=2009 |title=Existing antimalarial agents and malaria-treatment strategies |journal=Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=1291–306 |doi=10.1517/14656560902942319 |pmid=19463069 |s2cid=22114286}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Ci gaba da zazzabi
* Rashin zazzabi
* [[Brucellosis|Rashin zazzabi]]
* Rashin zazzabi
* Rashin zazzabi
* Cyclic zazzabi; ana kiransa zazzabi na Pel-Ebstein a cikin Hodgkin's lymphoma

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>861702</id>
      <parentid>861560</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T22:53:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1299857026|Intermittent fever]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861702</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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[[Fayil:Febbre.gif|right|thumb|Ayyukan nau'ikan zazzabi daban-daban a) Zazzabi ya ci gaba da b) Zazzabin ya ci gaba zuwa farawa da raguwa c) Zazzabe mai dawowa d) Zazzabar da ba ta dace ba e) Zazzafin jiki mai dawowa f) Zazzabuwar da ta dawo&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;]]
Rashin [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]] wani nau'i ne ko tsari na zazzabi wanda akwai wani lokaci inda [[Temperature|zafin jiki]] ya tashi na sa'o'i da yawa sannan ya biyo bayan wani lokaci lokacin da zafin jiki ke sauka zuwa al'ada. Irin wannan zazzabi yawanci yana faruwa ne a lokacin da ake fama da cutar cututtuka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Le Moing V, Leport C |date=Jan 2002 |title=[Intermittent fever of infectious origin] |journal=La Revue du Praticien |publisher=Rev Prat |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=139–44 |pmc=3257674 |pmid=11915556}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken zazzabi na lokaci-lokaci yana dogara ne akan tarihin asibiti amma ana amfani da wasu gwaje-gwaje na halitta kamar ƙididdigar jini da al'adun jini. Bugu da ƙari binciken radiological kamar X-ray na kirji, ana iya amfani da Ultrasoundography na ciki don kafa ganewar asali.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid11915561&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vidal |first=E |last2=Liozon |first2=E |last3=Loustaud-Ratti |first3=V |year=2002 |title=Prise en charge d'une fièvre intermittente chez l'adulte: Fièvres intermittentes |trans-title=Management of intermittent fever in the adult |journal=La Revue du Praticien |language=fr |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=167–71 |pmid=11915561}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid11915560&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hachulla |first=E |year=2002 |title=Fièvre intermittente symptomatique des maladies inflammatoires: Fièvres intermittentes |trans-title=Symptomatic intermittent fever of inflammatory diseases |journal=La Revue du Praticien |language=fr |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=160–66 |pmid=11915560}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rashin zazzabi a cikin zazzabin cizon sauro ==
[[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|Malaria]] sanannen sanadin zazzabi ne kuma yana da nau'ikan da suka biyo baya.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid2682735&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wittern |first=R |year=1989 |title=Die Wechselfieber bei Galen |trans-title=Galen's intermittent fever |journal=History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences |language=de |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3–22 |jstor=23330279 |pmid=2682735}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rashin zazzabi na yau da kullun ===
Rashin zazzabi da ke faruwa a kowace rana (lokaci na awanni 24) na 'yan sa'o'i, irin na ''Plasmodium falciparum''.

=== Rashin zazzabi na uku ===
Zafin yana faruwa ne bayan kwana uku (lokaci 72), wanda ya dace da ''Plasmodium falciparum''.

=== Rashin zazzabi na Quartan ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
Zafin yana faruwa ne bayan kwana biyu (48-hour periodicity), irin na ''Plasmodium vivax'' da Plasmodium ovale.

== Misalan ==

=== Abubuwan da ke haifar da zazzabi mai saurin kamuwa ===
Wadannan misalai ne na cututtukan cututtuka waɗanda zasu iya nuna zazzabi mai saurin wucewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid11915556&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Le Moing |first=V |last2=Leport |first2=C |year=2002 |title=Fièvres intermittentes d'origine infectieuse: Fièvres intermittentes |trans-title=Intermittent fever of infectious origin |journal=La Revue du Praticien |language=fr |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=139–44 |pmid=11915556}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid1240348&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kameya |first=K |last2=Tsuchiya |first2=M |last3=Mie |first3=K |year=1975 |title=Butterfly-like erythematous lesions and intermittent fever: Miliary tuberculosis |journal=Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine |volume=Spec No |pages=726–27, 1040–43 |pmid=1240348}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|Malaria]]
* [[Tarin fuka|Cutar tarin fuka]]
* [[Sepsis|Cutar cututtuka]]
* Kala azar
* Borreliosis (Cutar Lyme) 
* [[Zazzabin cizon Bera|Rashin zazzabin cizon sauro]]
* Kwayar cutar Epstein-barr
* Meningococcemia mai tsanani.

=== Abubuwan da ke haifar da zazzabi na lokaci-lokaci ===
Cutar har ila yau ta fara da manya cuta ce mai kumburi wacce zata iya haifar da zazzabi mai saurin wucewa, wanda ke haifar da zafin jiki na yau da kullun wanda ke tashi sau ɗaya ko sau biyu a ƙarshen rana zuwa maraice.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adult-onset Still's disease 2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gerfaud-Valentin |first=Mathieu |last2=Jamilloux |first2=Yvan |last3=Iwaz |first3=Jean |last4=Sève |first4=Pascal |date=2014 |title=Adult-onset Still's disease |journal=Autoimmunity Reviews |volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=708–722 |doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.058 |pmid=24657513 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudanarwa ==
Ana amfani da Magungunan rigakafi kamar ibuprofen da [[paracetamol]] don zazzabi da ciwon jiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15184213&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Perrott |first=David A |last2=Piira |first2=Tiina |last3=Goodenough |first3=Belinda |last4=Champion |first4=G. David |year=2004 |title=Efficacy and Safety of Acetaminophen vs Ibuprofen for Treating Children's Pain or Fever |journal=Archives of Pediatrics &amp; Adolescent Medicine |volume=158 |issue=6 |pages=521–26 |doi=10.1001/archpedi.158.6.521 |pmid=15184213 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kuma amfani da maganin rigakafi don duk wani kamuwa da cuta. Don magance zazzabin cizon sauro, ana ba da magungunan rigakafin zazzabin kamar quinine, [[chloroquine]] da primaquine.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19463069&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=d'Alessandro |first=Umberto |year=2009 |title=Existing antimalarial agents and malaria-treatment strategies |journal=Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=1291–306 |doi=10.1517/14656560902942319 |pmid=19463069 |s2cid=22114286}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Ci gaba da zazzabi
* Rashin zazzabi
* [[Brucellosis|Rashin zazzabi]]
* Rashin zazzabi
* Rashin zazzabi
* Cyclic zazzabi; ana kiransa zazzabi na Pel-Ebstein a cikin Hodgkin's lymphoma

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Helminth da aka watsa daga ƙasa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158720</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861563</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:17:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314609825|Soil-transmitted helminth]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Helminths da aka matasa daga ƙasa''' (wanda ake kira '''geohelminths''') rukuni ne na kwayar cuta na hanji na phylum Nematoda waɗanda ake watsawa da farko ta hanyar gurbataccen ƙasa. Ana kiransu haka ne saboda suna da sake zagayowar rayuwa kai tsaye wanda ba ya buƙatar matsakaicin runduna ko [[Mai yaduwar cuta|vectors]], kuma kamuwa da kwayar cuta tana faruwa ta hanyar gurɓataccen ƙasa, abinci da wadataccen ruwa. Siffofin manya sune ainihin kwayar cutar mutane, suna haifar da helminthiasis (STH), amma kuma suna kamuwa da dabbobi masu shayarwa. Yaran sune siffofin kamuwa da cuta kuma suna fuskantar matakan ƙaura na ƙwayoyin cuta a lokacin da suke mamaye muhimman gabobin kamar [[huhu]] da hanta. Don haka bayyanar cutar na iya zama na gidaje da na tsarin. Geohelminths tare suna gabatar da babban nauyin kamuwa da cuta a kan bil'adama, wanda ya kai mutuwar 135,000 a kowace shekara, da kuma ci gaba da kamuwa da cutar sama da mutane biliyan biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;bet&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bethony J, Brooker S, Albonico M, Geiger SM, Loukas A, Diemert D, Hotez PJ |year=2006 |title=Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm |journal=The Lancet |volume=367 |issue=9521 |pages=1521–1532 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68653-4 |pmid=16679166 |s2cid=8425278}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nau'o'in ==
Soil-transmitted helminths are typically from the following families of nematodes, namely:{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2016}}

* Roundworms (gidan Ascarididae), misali ''Ascaris lumbricoides''
* Whipworms (iyali Trichuridae), misali ''Trichuris trichiura''
* Hookworms (iyali Ancylostomatidae), misali ''Ancylostoma duodenal'' da ''Necator americanus''
* Threadworms (iyali Strongyloididae), misali ''Strongyloides stercoralis'' 

== Cututtuka ==

=== Helminthiasis da aka watsa daga ƙasa ===
Helminthiasis da ke kamuwa da ƙasa sunan gamayya ne na cututtukan da ascaris, whipworm da hookworms ke haifarwa a cikin mutane. Ya haɗa da takamaiman cututtuka irin su [ana hujja hujja]

* Ascariasis, wanda ''Ascaris lumbricoides'' ya haifar
* Cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta (ancylostomiasis da Necatoriasis), waɗanda ''Necator americanus'' da ''Ancylostoma duodenal'' ke haifar da su
* Trichuriasis, wanda ''Trichuris trichiura'' ya haifar

An rarraba helminthiasis da aka watsa a ƙasa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su na wurare masu zafi waɗanda aka tsara za a sarrafa su / a kawar da su ta hanyar 2020 ta hanyar Sanarwar London kan Cututtukan Tropical da aka yi wa watsi da su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=London Declaration (2012) |date=30 January 2012 |title=London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases |url=http://www.dfid.gov.uk/Documents/publications1/NTD%20Event%20-%20London%20Declaration%20on%20NTDs.pdf |access-date=2013-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Strongyloidiasis ====
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Wannan ya samo asali ne daga ''Strongyloides stercoralis'' . Kodayake cutar galibi tana da cutar helminthiasis da ke yaduwa daga ƙasa, ana yin amfani da kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar gurbataccen ƙasa, duk da haka ana watsi da ita a cikin ayyukan asibiti da shirye-shiryen sarrafawa saboda (wanda ake zargin) tasirin da ba shi da yawa a kan kiwon lafiya da yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Har ila yau, ba a iyakance shi ga mutane ba, kamar yadda ya zama ruwan dare a cikin dabbobi. Amma akwai ciwon kamuwa da cuta mai tasowa wanda ''S. stercoralis'' ya haifar, wanda ke nuna Yawan mace-mace (15% zuwa 87%).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Marcos LA, Terashima A, Dupont HL, Gotuzzo E |year=2013 |title=Strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome: an emerging global infectious disease |journal=Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg |volume=102 |issue=4 |pages=314–318 |doi=10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.01.020 |pmid=18321548}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;buo&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Buonfrate D, Requena-Mendez A, Angheben A, Muñoz J, Gobbi F, Van Den Ende J, Bisoffi Z |year=2013 |title=Severe strongyloidiasis: a systematic review of case reports |journal=BMC Infect Dis |volume=13 |page=78 |doi=10.1186/1471-2334-13-78 |pmc=3598958 |pmid=23394259 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasirin Gabaɗaya ==
Cutar Geohelminth babbar matsala ce ta kiwon lafiya musamman a [[Countryside|yankunan karkara]] na [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]] kamar Afirka ta Kudu, [[Indiya]] da sauran kasashen Kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Yana da muhimmiyar dalilin kamuwa da cuta a cikin yara masu zuwa makaranta waɗanda ke da mafi girman ƙwayoyin cuta. Wasu daga cikin muhimman [[Cuta|cututtukan]] da aka danganta da helminthiasis na hanji sune [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], [[Girman da ya ragu|jinkirin girma]], [[Rashin jini|Anaemia]], karancin bitamin A da Rashin aikin hankali.&lt;ref name=&quot;bet&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bethony J, Brooker S, Albonico M, Geiger SM, Loukas A, Diemert D, Hotez PJ |year=2006 |title=Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm |journal=The Lancet |volume=367 |issue=9521 |pages=1521–1532 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68653-4 |pmid=16679166 |s2cid=8425278}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan sarrafawa ==
Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya tana inganta kula da cutar helminthiasis da aka watsa a ƙasa tare da babban sikelin, rarrabawar anthelminthics (albendazole ko mebendazole) na yau da kullun ga kungiyoyin jama'a da ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cuta (yara da mata masu shekarun haihuwa). Adadin yara masu zuwa makaranta da aka kula da su tare da PC ya ci gaba daga kasa da miliyan 120 a 2008 zuwa sama da miliyan 450 a 2018 kuma yana ci gaba da fadadawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Montresor |first=Antonio |last2=Mupfasoni |first2=Denise |last3=Mikhailov |first3=Alexei |last4=Mwinzi |first4=Pauline |last5=Lucianez |first5=Ana |last6=Jamsheed |first6=Mohamed |last7=Gasimov |first7=Elkan |last8=Warusavithana |first8=Supriya |last9=Yajima |first9=Aya |last10=Bisoffi |first10=Zeno |last11=Buonfrate |first11=Dora |last12=Steinmann |first12=Peter |last13=Utzinger |first13=Jürg |last14=Levecke |first14=Bruno |last15=Vlaminck |first15=Johnny |date=2020-08-10 |editor-last=Babu |editor-first=Subash |title=The global progress of soil-transmitted helminthiases control in 2020 and World Health Organization targets for 2030 |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |language=en |volume=14 |issue=8 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0008505 |issn=1935-2735 |pmc=7446869 |pmid=32776942 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Metastrongylosis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158721</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861564</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:18:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1209064724|Metastrongylosis]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = Metastrongylosis
| synonym       = 
| image         = 
| caption       = 
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = 
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = 
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc; color:inherit;&quot; |Metastrongylosis
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Cututtukan cututtuka]], masanin ilimin helminthology&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;penicon autoconfirmed-show&quot;&gt;[[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2559038?uselang=en#P1995|text-top|frameless|10x10px|Edit this on Wikidata]]&lt;/span&gt;
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;'''Metastrongylosis''' cuta ce mai cutarwa wacce ke shafar [[aladu]] da aladu waɗanda ke zaune a waje.&lt;sup class=&quot;mw-ref reference&quot; mwda=&quot;&quot;&gt;Metastrongylus&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; spp.) in wild boar (&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Sus scrofa&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;) in southwestern Spain&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;journal&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;Journal of Wildlife Diseases&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;date&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;January 2013&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;volume&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;49&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;issue&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;1&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;pages&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;157–162&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;doi&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;10.7589/2011-07-217&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;doi-access&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;pmid&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;23307382&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;s2cid&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;38998791&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;}},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;i&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:0}}]}\&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=\&quot;true\&quot; id=\&quot;mwMA\&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;cite about=\&quot;#mwt4\&quot; class=\&quot;citation journal cs1\&quot; id=\&quot;CITEREFGarcía-GonzálezPérez-MartínGamito-SantosCalero-Bernal2013\&quot; data-ve-ignore=\&quot;\&quot;&gt;García-González, Ángela María; Pérez-Martín, Juan Enrique; Gamito-Santos, José Antonio; Calero-Bernal, Rafael; Alonso, María Alcaide; Carrión, Eva María Frontera (January 2013). \&quot;Epidemiologic study of lung parasites (&lt;i id=\&quot;mwMQ\&quot;&gt;Metastrongylus&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; spp.) in wild boar (&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=\&quot;mwMg\&quot;&gt;Sus scrofa&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;) in southwestern Spain\&quot;. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=\&quot;mwMw\&quot;&gt;Journal of Wildlife Diseases&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b id=\&quot;mwNA\&quot;&gt;49&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (1): &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=\&quot;nowrap\&quot; id=\&quot;mwNQ\&quot;&gt;157–&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;162. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;mw-redirect cx-link\&quot; data-linkid=\&quot;32\&quot; href=\&quot;./Doi_(identifier)\&quot; id=\&quot;mwNg\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:WikiLink\&quot; title=\&quot;Doi (identifier)\&quot;&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;external text\&quot; href=\&quot;https://doi.org/10.7589%2F2011-07-217\&quot; id=\&quot;mwNw\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot;&gt;10.7589/2011-07-217&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;mw-redirect cx-link\&quot; data-linkid=\&quot;33\&quot; href=\&quot;./PMID_(identifier)\&quot; id=\&quot;mwOA\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:WikiLink\&quot; title=\&quot;PMID (identifier)\&quot;&gt;PMID&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span id=\&quot;mwOQ\&quot; typeof=\&quot;mw:Entity\&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;external text\&quot; href=\&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23307382\&quot; id=\&quot;mwOg\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot;&gt;23307382&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;mw-redirect cx-link\&quot; data-linkid=\&quot;34\&quot; href=\&quot;./S2CID_(identifier)\&quot; id=\&quot;mwOw\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:WikiLink\&quot; title=\&quot;S2CID (identifier)\&quot;&gt;S2CID&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span id=\&quot;mwPA\&quot; typeof=\&quot;mw:Entity\&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;external text\&quot; href=\&quot;https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38998791\&quot; id=\&quot;mwPQ\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot;&gt;38998791&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}}&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-Garcia_2013_1-0&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;[./Metastrongylosis#cite_note-Garcia_2013-1 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; An samo asali ne daga nau'o'in ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na jinsin Metastrongylus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Iowa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lungworm infection (Metastrongylosis) |url=https://vetmed.iastate.edu/vdpam/FSVD/swine/index-diseases/metastrongylosis |access-date=2018-11-25 |website=Iowa State University}}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayar da rahoton wasu lokuta na metastrongylosis a cikin mutane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Caballero 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Caballero |first=Henry |last2=Calvopina |first2=Manuel |last3=Korenaga |first3=Masataka |last4=Morita |first4=Tatsushi |date=5 October 2016 |title=Human pulmonary infection by the zoonotic ''Metastrongylus salmi'' nematode The first reported case in the Americas |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=95 |issue=4 |pages=871–873 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.16-0247 |pmc=5062791 |pmid=27382078 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dabbobi na ''Metastrongylus'' suna da sake zagayowar rayuwa wanda ya haɗa da tsutsotsi a matsayin matsakaici. Aladu suna da tushe don tsutsotsi a cikin [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]], kuma suna cinye tsutsotsi na ''Metastrongylus'' waɗanda ke mamaye tsutsotsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Iowa&quot; /&gt; Magungunan suna ƙaura zuwa huhu, kuma suna sa alade ya tari kuma suna da wahalar numfashi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jackson 2007&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Medical resources|DiseasesDB=|ICD10={{ICD10|B|83|8|b|65}}|ICD9=|ICDO=|OMIM=|MedlinePlus=|eMedicineSubj=|eMedicineTopic=|MeshID=}}{{Helminthiases|state=collapsed}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Eosinophilia na huhu na wurare masu zafi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158722</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861573</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:28:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1295365154|Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861573</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9962" sha1="4rufascb9hcmbnn157h0d4phcxlk2nc" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia
| synonym       = Weingarten's syndrome
| image         = Blausen 0352 Eosinophil (crop).png
| alt           = 
| caption       = [[Eosinophil]]
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = [[Respirology]]
| symptoms      = 
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{{Reflist|2}}Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia ('''TPE''', tropical eosinophiliya, ko Weingarten's syndrome) ana nuna shi da tari, bronchospasm, wheezing, ciwon ciki, da kuma karuwar spleen. Yana faruwa akai-akai a cikin [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Yankin Indiya]] da Kudu maso gabashin Asiya, TPE bayyanar asibiti ce ta [[Elephantiasis|lymphatic filariasis]], kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar Filarial roundworms da ke zaune a cikin tasoshin lymphatic, lymph nodes, spleen, da jini. Nau'o'i uku na filarial roundworms, duk daga dangin Onchocercidae, suna haifar da filariasis na lymphatic na mutum: ''[[Wuchereria bancrofti]]'', ''[[Brugia malayi|Brugia Malai]]'', da ''Brugia timori'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=CDC - Lymphatic Filariasis - Epidemiology &amp; Risk Factors |url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/lymphaticfilariasis/epi.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia cuta ce mai ban sha'awa wacce ke nunawa ta hanyar interstitial infiltrates na huhu da kuma alamar eosinophiliya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yong&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yong |first=M. |last2=Marshall |first2=C. |last3=Eisen |first3=D. |year=2007 |title=Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia: A rare cause of cough in immigrants to Australia |journal=The Medical Journal of Australia |volume=187 |issue=7 |pages=416–18 |doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.2007.tb01316.x |pmid=17908009 |s2cid=28071413}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yanayin ya fi ganewa kuma an gano shi da sauri a yankunan filariasis, kamar su yankin Indiya, Afirka, Asiya da Amurka ta Kudu. A cikin ƙasashe marasa iyaka, ana zaton marasa lafiya suna da asma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boggild&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Boggild |first=A. K. |last2=Keystone |first2=J. S. |last3=Kain |first3=K. C. |year=2004 |title=Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia: A Case Series in a Setting of Nonendemicity |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=39 |issue=8 |pages=1123–28 |doi=10.1086/423964 |pmid=15486834 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jiva&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jiva |first=T. |last2=Israel |first2=R. |last3=Poe |first3=R. |year=1996 |title=Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia masquerading as acute bronchial asthma |journal=Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=55–8 |doi=10.1159/000196517 |pmid=8833995}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alamomin cututtuka na iya jinkirta ganewar asali har zuwa shekaru biyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boggild&quot; /&gt; Sanarwa da magani da farko tare da maganin rigakafilarial, [[diethylcarbamazine]], yana da mahimmanci, kamar yadda jinkiri kafin magani na iya haifar da ci gaba da ci gaba na interstitial fibrosis da raunin da ba za a iya juyawa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ong&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ong |first=R. |last2=Doyle |first2=R. |year=1998 |title=Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia |journal=Chest |volume=113 |issue=6 |pages=1673–9 |doi=10.1378/chest.113.6.1673 |pmid=9631810 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yanayin alama eosinophilia tare da sa hannu na huhu an fara kiransa eosinophiliya na huhu na wurare masu zafi a cikin 1950. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ball&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ball |first=J. |year=1950 |title=Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=237–58 |doi=10.1016/0035-9203(50)90053-8 |pmid=14809749}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cutar ta samo asali ne daga wani nau'i na rigakafi na microfilariae na ''[[Wuchereria bancrofti|W. bancrofti]]'' da ''[[Brugia malayi|Brugia Malai]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ong&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ong |first=R. |last2=Doyle |first2=R. |year=1998 |title=Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia |journal=Chest |volume=113 |issue=6 |pages=1673–9 |doi=10.1378/chest.113.6.1673 |pmid=9631810 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, ƙananan kashi (&lt; 0.5%)  ne kawai na mutane miliyan 130 a duniya waɗanda suka kamu da Filariasis a bayyane suke haɓaka wannan amsawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |year=1992 |title=Lymphatic filariasis: The disease and its control. Fifth report of the WHO Expert Committee on Filariasis |journal=World Health Organization Technical Report Series |volume=821 |pages=1–71 |pmid=1441569}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cire microfilariae da sauri daga jini yana haifar da tsarin rigakafi mai saurin ji da kuma karɓar eosinophils, kamar yadda aka nuna ta matakan IgE masu yawa sama da 1000 kU / L.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Ong&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ottensen&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ottesen |first=E. A. |last2=Nutman |first2=T. B. |year=1992 |title=Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia |journal=Annual Review of Medicine |volume=43 |pages=417–24 |doi=10.1146/annurev.me.43.020192.002221 |pmid=1580599}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mai haƙuri na yau da kullun saurayi ne daga yankin Indiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Udwaida&quot; /&gt;

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
Ciwo mai ɗorewa ko maimaitawa wanda ke kara muni da dare, tare da gajiya, asarar nauyi da ƙananan zazzabi a cikin mutumin da ya rayu ko ya yi tafiya a yankin da filariasis ke da alaƙa yana nuna ganewar asali na wannan cuta. Wasu mutanen da ke fama da wannan cuta na iya samun karuwar lymph nodes a wuyan, axillae ko wuraren inguinal. Sauran na iya samun tari wanda ke haifar da jini mai jini kuma yana iya samun wheeze.&lt;ref name=&quot;urlPulmonary Eosinophilia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pulmonary Eosinophilia |url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/301070-overview |access-date=2011-04-16 |format=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Binciken ganewa ==
Ka'idodin bincike don TPE sun haɗa da: &lt;ref name=&quot;Ottensen&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ottesen |first=E. A. |last2=Nutman |first2=T. B. |year=1992 |title=Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia |journal=Annual Review of Medicine |volume=43 |pages=417–24 |doi=10.1146/annurev.me.43.020192.002221 |pmid=1580599}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* tarihin goyon bayan bayyanar cutar lymphatic Filariasis;
* ƙididdigar eosinophil ta kewaye fiye da biliyan 3 / L);
* matakan IgE masu girma (&gt; 1000 kU / L);
* karuwar sunayen rigakafin rigakafi;
* Rashin jinin da ba shi da kyau ga microfilariae; da
* amsawar asibiti ga [[diethylcarbamazine]].

Babban antifilarial IgG titers zuwa microfilariae sau da yawa yana haifar da haɗin kai tare da sauran antigens na helminth marasa ƙarfi, [1] [2] irin su Strongyloides da Schistosoma antigens, kamar yadda aka nuna a lokuta da aka ruwaito. Yana da mahimmanci a ware wasu cututtuka na parasitic kafin a gano TPE, ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen serological, nazarin samfurori na stool a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da aka samu a cikin cututtuka na parasitic, ko gwajin maganin anthelmintic. Sauran cututtuka na parasitic, irin su zoonotic filariae, dirofilariasis, ascariasis, strongyloidiasis, visceral larva migrans da cutar hookworm, na iya rikicewa tare da TPE saboda rikice-rikice na asibiti, bayanan serological da amsa ga diethylcarbamazine.[3][4][2][5] Binciken rediyo ba takamaiman ba ne, tare da bayyanar al'ada akan X-ray na ƙirji a cikin kashi 20% na marasa lafiya.[6] Biopsy huhu baya cikin aikin bincike na yau da kullun na eosinophilia na huhu na wurare masu zafi.[7]

== Magani ==
Amsa mai ban mamaki ga [[diethylcarbamazine]], magani da aka saba amfani dashi don filariasis, kusan ya tabbatar da ganewar asali. Ba a kafa jagororin magani na duniya ba don eosinophilia na huhu na wurare masu zafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boggild&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Boggild |first=A. K. |last2=Keystone |first2=J. S. |last3=Kain |first3=K. C. |year=2004 |title=Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia: A Case Series in a Setting of Nonendemicity |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=39 |issue=8 |pages=1123–28 |doi=10.1086/423964 |pmid=15486834 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Antifilarial diethylcarbamazine (6 mg / kg / rana a cikin kashi uku da aka raba  na kwanaki 21 &lt;ref name=&quot;Yong&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yong |first=M. |last2=Marshall |first2=C. |last3=Eisen |first3=D. |year=2007 |title=Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia: A rare cause of cough in immigrants to Australia |journal=The Medical Journal of Australia |volume=187 |issue=7 |pages=416–18 |doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.2007.tb01316.x |pmid=17908009 |s2cid=28071413}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya kasance babban wakili na warkewa, kuma gabaɗaya ana jurewa sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |year=1992 |title=Lymphatic filariasis: The disease and its control. Fifth report of the WHO Expert Committee on Filariasis |journal=World Health Organization Technical Report Series |volume=821 |pages=1–71 |pmid=1441569}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sakamakon da aka ruwaito sun hada da ciwon kai, zazzabi, pruritus da damuwa na gastrointestinal.&lt;ref name=&quot;McLaugh&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McLaughlin |first=S. |last2=Radday |first2=J. |last3=Michel |first3=M. |last4=Addiss |first4=D. |last5=Beach |first5=M. |last6=Lammie |first6=P. |last7=Lammie |first7=J. |last8=Rheingans |first8=R. |last9=Lafontant |first9=J. |year=2003 |title=Frequency, severity, and costs of adverse reactions following mass treatment for lymphatic filariasis using diethylcarbamazine and albendazole in Leogane, Haiti, 2000 |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=68 |issue=5 |pages=568–73 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2003.68.568 |pmid=12812348 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawan eosinophil sau da yawa yakan faɗi sosai a cikin kwanaki 7-10 na fara magani. &lt;ref name=&quot;Yong&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Ong&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ong |first=R. |last2=Doyle |first2=R. |year=1998 |title=Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia |journal=Chest |volume=113 |issue=6 |pages=1673–9 |doi=10.1378/chest.113.6.1673 |pmid=9631810 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Ciwon huhu na eosinophilic
* Cutar Löffler
* Rashin huhu mai cutarwa

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist|2}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>4rufascb9hcmbnn157h0d4phcxlk2nc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cutar Copra</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158723</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861576</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:29:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1224340813|Copra itch]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861576</origin>
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{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = 
| synonym       = 
| image         = 
| caption       = 
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = [[Dermatology]]
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = 
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 
| deaths        = 
}}
{{Arthropod infestations}}{{Reflist}}copra itch wani yanayi ne na fata wanda ke faruwa a kan mutanen da ke kula da copra waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin cinyewar ''Tyrophagus longior'' mite.&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrews&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 454 {{Rp|454}}

== Dubi kuma ==

* Cutar Coolie
* [[Yanayin fata|Rashin rauni a fata]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>ijxub9rm1y9ow90v08d7s0k5mh20gih</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Cutar Coolie</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158724</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861579</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:30:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1224248136|Coolie itch]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861579</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="888" sha1="1oxnv94jajfik256fbmuhhjqk9i0g8e" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = 
| synonym       = 
| image         = 
| image_size    = 
| alt           = 
| caption       = 
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = [[Dermatology]]
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = 
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 
| deaths        = 
}}
{{Reflist}}{{Arthropod infestations}}Coolie itch wani yanayi ne na fata wanda ''[[Rhizoglyphus parasiticus]]'' ya haifar, wanda ke da mummunar pruritus. Ana samunsa a Indiya a kan shuke-shuke na shayi kuma yana haifar da ciwon ƙafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrews&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 454 {{Rp|454}}

''Rhizoglyphus parasiticus'' wani nau'in ƙwaro ne.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Cutar Copra
* [[Yanayin fata|Rashin rauni a fata]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>1oxnv94jajfik256fbmuhhjqk9i0g8e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jirgin sintiri na Namacurra</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158725</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861580</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:31:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1331082052|Namacurra-class patrol boat]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861580</origin>
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'''Jiragen ruwan sintiri na aji na Namacurra''' jerin ƙananan jiragen ruwa ne na sintiri a tashar jiragen ruwa da ke aiki a yanzu haka tare da Afirka ta Kudu, Namibia, [[Malawi]] da Mozambique .

== Bayani da Bayani ==
Ajin Namacurra {{Sfn|Saunders|2009}} (wanda kuma aka rubuta &quot;Namicurra&quot;) {{Sfn|Wertheim|2013}} jerin ƙananan jiragen ruwa ne na sintiri na tashar jiragen ruwa da aka tsara kuma aka gina a Afirka ta Kudu. An yi su ne da filastik mai ƙarfi da gilashi . Suna da haske mai nauyin  {{Convert|4|t|LT}}   3.9  da kuma nauyi mai {{Cvt|5.2|t|LT}} an cika shi da kaya kuma yana da tsawon {{Convert|9.5|m|ftin}} tare da katako na {{Cvt|2.7|m|ftin}} da kuma zare na {{Cvt|0.8|m|ftin}} . Jiragen ruwan suna amfani da [[BMW|motocin BMW]] guda biyu ko [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]]  {{Convert|380|bhp}}   injunan mai suna juya propellers guda biyu, suna ba jiragen ruwa matsakaicin gudu na  {{Convert|30|kn}}  Tare da ma'aikata huɗu, suna da matsakaicin nisan  {{Convert|180|nmi}} na ruwa  a {{Convert|20|kn}} . {{Sfn|Wertheim|2013}}

Jiragen ruwan sintiri suna hawa wani [[radar]] bincike na saman Furuno wanda ke aiki a kan rukunin I. Suna dauke da makamai masu {{Convert|12.7|mm}} bindigar injin ko biyu {{Cvt|7.62|mm|2}} bindigogi masu sauƙi. {{Sfn|Du Toit|1992}} Idan aka sanya bindiga mai girman 12.7 mm, ana sanya ta a saman gidan gwaji yana fuskantar gaba kuma ana ɗora bindigogi masu girman 7.62 mm suna fuskantar baya. {{Sfn|Wertheim|2013}} Ƙaramin girmansu yana ba da damar jigilar jiragen ruwa ta tirela da jigilar su ta hanya. {{Sfn|Saunders|2009}}

== Gine-gine da aiki ==
An gina jiragen ruwa 33 na sintiri a Afirka ta Kudu tsakanin 1980 da 1981 don yin aiki tare da Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Afirka ta Kudu . Da farko an fara musu lamba da ''Y 1500'', amma daga baya aka sake musu suna a rundunar sojojin Afirka ta Kudu, inda aka fara ajiye lambobi biyu na ƙarshe na sunayensu na farko, waɗanda suka fara da ''Y 02.'' {{Sfn|Saunders|2009}} {{Sfn|Wertheim|2013}} Ana amfani da waɗannan jiragen ruwa tare da rundunar sintiri ta tashar jiragen ruwa a [[Cape Town]], [[Port Elizabeth]], [[Durban]] da [[Walvis Bay]] . {{Sfn|Saunders|2009}} An ɓata ''Y 1506'' a teku a Port Elizabeth. {{Sfn|Du Toit|1992}} An canja jiragen ruwa da dama zuwa wasu ƙasashe. An sake gyara biyar don ayyukan ci gaba a kogin a matsayin wani ɓangare na Aikin Xena. {{Sfn|Wertheim|2013}} An sarrafa uku a [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] . {{Sfn|Saunders|2009}}

== Fitarwa ==
An mayar da jirgin ''Y 1520'' zuwa Malawi a watan Oktoban 1988. An sake sanya wa jirgin suna ''Kaning'a'' . An sake sanya wa ''Kaning'a'' kaya a shekarar 2007. An mayar da jirgin ruwa na biyu a watan Oktoban 2008. {{Sfn|Saunders|2009}} {{Sfn|Wertheim|2013}} An mayar da jirgin biyu, ''Y 1501'' da ''Y 1510'' zuwa Namibia a ranar 29 ga Oktoban 2002. An sake sanya musu suna ''Y 01'' da ''Y 10'' bi da bi. {{Sfn|Wertheim|2013}} An ba da gudummawar ''Y 1507'' da ''Y 1530'' ga Mozambique a ranar 14 ga Satumban 2004. An kuma sake sanya musu suna ''Y 07'' da ''Y 30.'' {{Sfn|Wertheim|2013}} A shekarar 2006, an ba da gudummawar wasu biyu ga Angola. {{Sfn|Saunders|2009}} {{Sfn|Wertheim|2013}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <id>861588</id>
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      <origin>861588</origin>
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      <text bytes="3186" sha1="36c2ffvmjerljehisirbuk5ckz3zb2v" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Jiragen ruwan sintiri na aji na Namacurra''' jerin ƙananan jiragen ruwa ne na sintiri a tashar jiragen ruwa da ke aiki a yanzu haka tare da Afirka ta Kudu, Namibia, [[Malawi]] da Mozambique .

== Bayani da Bayani ==
Ajin Namacurra {{Sfn|Saunders|2009}} (wanda kuma aka rubuta &quot;Namicurra&quot;) {{Sfn|Wertheim|2013}} jerin ƙananan jiragen ruwa ne na sintiri na tashar jiragen ruwa da aka tsara kuma aka gina a Afirka ta Kudu. An yi su ne da filastik mai ƙarfi da gilashi . Suna da haske mai nauyin  {{Convert|4|t|LT}}   3.9  da kuma nauyi mai {{Cvt|5.2|t|LT}} an cika shi da kaya kuma yana da tsawon {{Convert|9.5|m|ftin}} tare da katako na {{Cvt|2.7|m|ftin}} da kuma zare na {{Cvt|0.8|m|ftin}} . Jiragen ruwan suna amfani da [[BMW|motocin BMW]] guda biyu ko [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]]  {{Convert|380|bhp}}   injunan mai suna juya propellers guda biyu, suna ba jiragen ruwa matsakaicin gudu na  {{Convert|30|kn}}  Tare da ma'aikata huɗu, suna da matsakaicin nisan  {{Convert|180|nmi}} na ruwa  a {{Convert|20|kn}} . {{Sfn|Wertheim|2013}}

Jiragen ruwan sintiri suna hawa wani [[radar]] bincike na saman Furuno wanda ke aiki a kan rukunin I. Suna dauke da makamai masu {{Convert|12.7|mm}} bindigar injin ko biyu {{Cvt|7.62|mm|2}} bindigogi masu sauƙi. {{Sfn|Du Toit|1992}} Idan aka sanya bindiga mai girman 12.7 mm, ana sanya ta a saman gidan gwaji yana fuskantar gaba kuma ana ɗora bindigogi masu girman 7.62 mm suna fuskantar baya. {{Sfn|Wertheim|2013}} Ƙaramin girmansu yana ba da damar jigilar jiragen ruwa ta tirela da jigilar su ta hanya. {{Sfn|Saunders|2009}}

== Gine-gine da aiki ==
An gina jiragen ruwa 33 na sintiri a Afirka ta Kudu tsakanin 1980 da 1981 don yin aiki tare da Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Afirka ta Kudu . Da farko an fara musu lamba da ''Y 1500'', amma daga baya aka sake musu suna a rundunar sojojin Afirka ta Kudu, inda aka fara ajiye lambobi biyu na ƙarshe na sunayensu na farko, waɗanda suka fara da ''Y 02.'' {{Sfn|Saunders|2009}} {{Sfn|Wertheim|2013}} Ana amfani da waɗannan jiragen ruwa tare da rundunar sintiri ta tashar jiragen ruwa a [[Cape Town]], [[Port Elizabeth]], [[Durban]] da [[Walvis Bay]] . {{Sfn|Saunders|2009}} An ɓata ''Y 1506'' a teku a Port Elizabeth. {{Sfn|Du Toit|1992}} An canja jiragen ruwa da dama zuwa wasu ƙasashe. An sake gyara biyar don ayyukan ci gaba a kogin a matsayin wani ɓangare na Aikin Xena. {{Sfn|Wertheim|2013}} An sarrafa uku a [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] . {{Sfn|Saunders|2009}}

== Fitarwa ==
An mayar da jirgin ''Y 1520'' zuwa Malawi a watan Oktoban 1988. An sake sanya wa jirgin suna ''Kaning'a'' . An sake sanya wa ''Kaning'a'' kaya a shekarar 2007. An mayar da jirgin ruwa na biyu a watan Oktoban 2008. {{Sfn|Saunders|2009}} {{Sfn|Wertheim|2013}} An mayar da jirgin biyu, ''Y 1501'' da ''Y 1510'' zuwa Namibia a ranar 29 ga Oktoban 2002. An sake sanya musu suna ''Y 01'' da ''Y 10'' bi da bi. {{Sfn|Wertheim|2013}} An ba da gudummawar ''Y 1507'' da ''Y 1530'' ga Mozambique a ranar 14 ga Satumban 2004. An kuma sake sanya musu suna ''Y 07'' da ''Y 30.'' {{Sfn|Wertheim|2013}} A shekarar 2006, an ba da gudummawar wasu biyu ga Angola. {{Sfn|Saunders|2009}} {{Sfn|Wertheim|2013}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>36c2ffvmjerljehisirbuk5ckz3zb2v</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Nematode dermatitis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158726</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861581</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:31:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322589814|Nematode dermatitis]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861581</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="721" sha1="27ai65sf8a5nnizzgxd1g1vrigigrky" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = 
| synonym       = 
| image         = 
| image_size    = 
| alt           = 
| caption       = 
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = [[Dermatology]]
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = 
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 
| deaths        = 
}}
{{Reflist}}'''Nematode dermatitis''' wani ciwo ne na fata wanda ke nuna yaduwar folliculitis wanda ''Ancylostoma caninum'' ya haifar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrews&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 435 {{Rp|435}}

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Yanayin fata|Rashin rauni a fata]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>27ai65sf8a5nnizzgxd1g1vrigigrky</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rashin jin daɗin mai girma</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158727</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861584</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:32:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1271006118|Grocer's itch]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861584</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1635" sha1="5sd5yibgyz1w9j5jdu974ay7oayknn6" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = 
| synonym       = 
| image         = 
| image_size    = 
| alt           = 
| caption       = 
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = [[Dermatology]]
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = contact with [[mite]]s such as ''Carpoglyphus passularum'' and ''[[Glycyphagus]] domesticus''
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = [[corticosteroid]]s or oral [[antihistamine]]s, Antimicrobial therapy such as permethrin &lt;ref name=&quot;Barish 2022 h316&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Barish | first=Robert A. | title=Mite Bites - Injuries; Poisoning | website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition | date=2022-01-11 | url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/bites-and-stings/mite-bites | access-date=2023-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 
| deaths        = 
}}
{{Mite-related diseases and infestations}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Grocer's itch wani yanayi ne na fata wanda ke da cututtukan cututtukansun cututtukas da ke faruwa daga shiga cikin hulɗa da ƙwayoyin cuta kamar ''Carpoglyphus passularum'' (ƙwayoyin 'ya'yan itace) ko ''Glycyphagus domesticus'' (ƙwayoyen gida na yau da kullun). Saduwa yawanci yana faruwa ne lokacin da ake sarrafa abinci tare da ƙwayoyin cuta a ciki, kamar ɓaure, kwanakin, prunes, hatsi, cuku, ko sauran busassun abinci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrews&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|454}}

== Dubi kuma ==

* Girgizar hatsi
* Gamasoidosis
* Jerin ƙwayoyin cuta da ke da alaƙa da halayen fata

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pthirus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158728</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861587</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:33:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354866164|Pthirus]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861587</origin>
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{{Automatic taxobox}}{{clade|{{clade
|1=''[[Polyplax serrata]]''
|sublabel2=27.4
|2={{clade
   |sublabel1=16.2
   |1={{clade
      |sublabel1=5.9
      |1={{clade
         |sublabel1=0.8
         |1={{clade|''Pediculus humanus capitis''|''Pediculus humanus humanus''}}
         |2=''Pediculus schaeffi''
         }}
      |sublabel2=2.9
      |2={{clade
         |1=''Pthirus pubis''
         |2=''Pthirus gorillae''
         }}
      }}
   |sublabel2=17.2
   |2={{clade
      |1=''Pedicinus hamadryas''
      |sublabel2=4.3
      |2={{clade
         |1=''Pedicinus badii''
         |2=''Pedicinus pictus''
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}|style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%|sublabel1=47.6}}'''''Pthirus''''' wani nau'i ne na tsutsa. Akwai nau'o'i biyu kawai, kuma su ne kawai sanannun membobin iyali '''Pthiridae'''. Pthirus gorillae ya mamaye gorillas,  kuma ''Pthirus pubis'' yana fama da mutane, kuma an fi sani da crab louse ko pubic louse. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Reed |first=David L. |last2=Light |first2=Jessica E. |last3=Allen |first3=Julie M. |last4=Kirchman |first4=Jeremy J. |year=2007 |title=Pair of lice lost or parasites regained: the evolutionary history of anthropoid primate lice |journal=[[BMC Biology]] |volume=5 |issue=1 |bibcode=2007BMCB....5....7R |doi=10.1186/1741-7007-5-7 |pmc=1828715 |pmid=17343749 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan nau'o'in biyu sun rabu da kimanin shekaru miliyan 3.3 da suka gabata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Weiss, RA |year=2009 |title=Apes, lice and prehistory |journal=J. Biol. |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=20 |doi=10.1186/jbiol114 |pmc=2687769 |pmid=19232074 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga shekara ta 1958 an rubuta sunan ''''pth'''' tare da pth maimakon ''phth'', duk da cewa wannan ya dogara ne akan kuskuren rubutun ''phthirus'' da aka samo daga Girkanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;PhthirapteraInfo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Taxonomy of Human Lice |url=http://phthiraptera.info/content/taxonomy-human-lice |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414211109/http://phthiraptera.info/content/taxonomy-human-lice |archive-date=April 14, 2020 |website=Phthiraptera.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=1957 |editor-last=Hemming |editor-first=Francis |title=Direction 63. Completion and in certain Cases correction of entries relating to the names of genera belonging to the class Insecta made in the ''Official List of Generic Names in Zoology'' in the period up to the end of 1936 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34611265 |journal=Opinions and Declarations Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature |volume=1E |issue=3 |page=32}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Halitta mai kwayar halitta guda uku (wanda aka sake bugawa a cikin binciken phylogenomic na baya, wanda ya haɗa da ƙananan ƙididdigar wannan nau'in) shine: &lt;ref name=&quot;Light11&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Light |first=JE |last2=Smith |first2=VS |last3=Allen |first3=JM |last4=Durden |first4=LA |last5=Reed |first5=DL |date=22 September 2010 |title=Evolutionary history of mammalian sucking lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura). |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=10 |pages=292 |bibcode=2010BMCEE..10..292L |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-10-292 |pmc=2949877 |pmid=20860811 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;deMoya2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=de Moya |first=Robert S |last2=Yoshizawa |first2=Kazunori |last3=Walden |first3=Kimberly K O |last4=Sweet |first4=Andrew D |last5=Dietrich |first5=Christopher H |last6=Kevin P |first6=Johnson |date=2021-06-16 |editor-last=Buckley |editor-first=Thomas |title=Phylogenomics of Parasitic and Nonparasitic Lice (Insecta: Psocodea): Combining Sequence Data and Exploring Compositional Bias Solutions in Next Generation Data Sets |url=https://academic.oup.com/sysbio/article/70/4/719/5912026 |journal=Systematic Biology |language=en |volume=70 |issue=4 |pages=719–738 |doi=10.1093/sysbio/syaa075 |issn=1063-5157 |pmid=32979270 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Alamomin da ke ƙasa da nodes an kiyasta lokutan bambance-bambance (Mya).


== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Psocodea|2}}

== Haɗin waje ==

*  
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q7257036|from2=Q14673305}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>nvltsldbm654j7om4jh678x8mvbbbdr</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Leucocytozoon andrewsi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158729</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861589</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:34:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345268303|Leucocytozoon andrewsi]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861589</origin>
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{{Speciesbox|image=|image_alt=|image_caption=|genus=Leucocytozoon|species=andrewsi|authority=Atchley, 1951|synonyms=|synonyms_ref=}}

'''''''Leucocytozoon'' andrewsi''''' kwayar cuta ce ta jinsin Leucocytezoon .

Kamar dukkan nau'ikan ''Leucocytozoon'' ''L. andrewsi'' yana da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da kwari. Kwayoyin da ba su da ƙwayoyin cuta na cikin ƙwayoyin ''Simulium''. Abokan da ke dauke da wannan kwayar cutar sune [[Kaza|kaji]].

== Bayyanawa ==
Atchley ne ya fara bayyana kwayar cutar a shekarar 1951.

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Ana samun wannan nau'in a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]].

== Abubuwan asibiti da cututtukan mai karɓar bakuncin ==
Wannan nau'in yana kamuwa da kaji (''[[Kaza|Gallus gallus domesticus]]'').

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>5hiyzv3pjz4p8ax48ieiimcp1axbrwa</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>SAS Drakensberg</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158730</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861591</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:35:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327362179|SAS Drakensberg]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861591</origin>
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'''SAS ''Drakensberg'' (A301)''' jirgin ruwa ne mai cike gibin jiragen ruwa (AOR) na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Afirka ta Kudu (SAN), wanda ke da babban aikin taimakawa da tallafawa jiragen ruwan yaƙi na SAN a teku. An gina shi a ƙarƙashin Sandock Austral Shipyards a [[Durban]], &lt;ref name=&quot;AuxShips&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Auxiliary Equipment |url=http://www.navy.mil.za/equipment/auxiliaries.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710005007/http://www.navy.mil.za/equipment/auxiliaries.htm |archive-date=2012-07-10 |access-date=2012-08-03 |publisher=Navy.mil.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; shi ne jirgin ruwan yaƙi mafi girma kuma mafi inganci da aka gina a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] .

== Zane ==
Tsarin Tafelberg da gazawarsa sun yi tasiri sosai ga masu tsara jirgin ''Drakensberg'' . ''Drakensberg'' yana iya ɗaukar tan 5,500 na man dizal, tan 210 na ruwan sha, tan 100 na busassun abinci, tan 30 na abinci mai daskarewa, tan 230 na kayan da aka sanya a cikin kwantena ko tan 1,000 na kayan da aka sassaka da na gama gari. Ana iya ɗaukar kaya da sauke wannan kaya ta amfani da crane ɗaya mai tan 20, crane huɗu masu tan 2 da kuma ɗagawa mai tan 5, tare da taimakon lif biyu na tan 2.5 da 7.5 bi da bi. Cikowa a cikin teku (RAS) yana daga wurare biyu na abeam ko daga saman jirgin RAS, tare da ikon yin famfo tan 40 na mai a kowace awa da tan 15 na ruwan sha a kowace awa. Bugu da ƙari, wani kamfanin da ke cikin jirgin yana ba wa jirgin damar samar da {{Convert|50000|L}} na ruwan sha mai tsafta daga ruwan teku kowace rana.

Jirgin yana ɗauke da [[Jirgin ruwa mai iska mai ƙarfi|jiragen ruwa guda biyu masu ƙarfi waɗanda ake iya huda su]] (RHIB) waɗanda ake kira 'Stingrays' don ayyukan ƙananan jiragen ruwa, da kuma Delta-80 LCU guda biyu don amfani da su a cikin ruwa kaɗan.

== Tarihin aiki ==
A shekarar 1988, ''Drakensberg'' ya tashi tare da SAS ''Frans Erasmus'' zuwa Chile a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, inda ya koma Afirka ta Kudu a ranar 15 ga Afrilu. Wannan ya biyo bayan shekaru biyu bayan haka a watan Mayu na 1990, lokacin da ''Drakensberg'' ya raka jirgin ruwan yaki SAS ''Jan Smuts'' da ''Hendrik Mentz'' a kan tafiya zuwa Keelung a [[Taiwan]], ba tare da tsayawa a kowace tashar jiragen ruwa ba a kan hanya (wani tsari da ya zama dole saboda keɓewar siyasa ta Afirka ta Kudu a lokacin). Wannan shi ne karo na farko tun daga shekarar 1945 da wani jirgin ruwan sojojin ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu ya &quot;nuna tutar&quot; a Gabas Mai Nisa ; &lt;ref name=&quot;NavyAmb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wessels, Andre |title=Unlikely Ambassadors |url=http://www.navy.mil.za/aboutus/history/ambassadors.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528121948/http://www.navy.mil.za/aboutus/history/ambassadors.htm |archive-date=May 28, 2019 |access-date=July 24, 2014 |publisher=South African Navy}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya kuma ba da dama ga atisaye na haɗin gwiwa tare da Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Taiwan .

A ƙarƙashin Operation Pullen a shekarar 1990, ''Drakensberg'' ya zama jirgin ruwan sojojin ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu na farko da ya ziyarci Zaire a wancan lokacin cikin sama da shekaru 30, inda ya shimfida harsashin wasu ƙarin ziyara zuwa ƙasashen Afirka, wanda hakan ke nuna dawowar Afirka ta Kudu a hankali daga keɓewa. A shekara mai zuwa, ta fara aikin agajin jin kai, inda ta sauke tan 630 na kayayyaki a [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh, da kuma tan 35 na kayayyaki a [[Mersin]], Turkiyya. A shekarar 1992, ta zama jirgin ruwan SAN na farko da ya ci gaba da tafiya kudu fiye da digiri 54 na kudu, a wani aiki na taimakawa ''SA Agulhas'' da ya lalace. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SA Navy in the regional context |url=http://www.navy.mil.za/aboutus/role/page2.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725034920/http://www.navy.mil.za/aboutus/role/page2.htm |archive-date=25 July 2010 |access-date=18 June 2014 |publisher=[[South African Navy]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An fara aikin Operation Narsau a watan Mayun 1994, bayan zaɓen farko na dimokuraɗiyya a Afirka ta Kudu da kuma zaɓen [[Nelson Mandela]] . Cikin watanni uku, ta ziyarci [[Lisbon]], Rosyth, [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]], [[Rotterdam]], Zeebrugge, [[Rouen]], [[Landan|London]], Cádiz, [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe|São Tomé da Príncipe]], [[Bioko|Tsibirin Bioko]] da [[Gabon|Gabon,]] inda ta zama jirgin ruwa na farko da ya ziyarci Denmark da Belgium. Duk da cewa ba ta cika ka'idojin da aka gindaya wa tafiyar 1994 ba,  Tafiyar 1995 zuwa [[Abu Dhabi (birni)|Abu Dhabi]], [[Karachi]], [[Mumbai]] da [[Muskat|Muscat]] abin lura ne saboda bambancin da ke tsakaninta da wurare daban-daban.

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>loic0d2ulqd89kpgx34e12dlc2gekn0</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>861593</id>
      <parentid>861591</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:36:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>861593</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="4588" sha1="oxtwrhni43m8mg0sgupiiismc08tyo8" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''SAS ''Drakensberg'' (A301)''' jirgin ruwa ne mai cike gibin jiragen ruwa (AOR) na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Afirka ta Kudu (SAN), wanda ke da babban aikin taimakawa da tallafawa jiragen ruwan yaƙi na SAN a teku. An gina shi a ƙarƙashin Sandock Austral Shipyards a [[Durban]], &lt;ref name=&quot;AuxShips&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Auxiliary Equipment |url=http://www.navy.mil.za/equipment/auxiliaries.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710005007/http://www.navy.mil.za/equipment/auxiliaries.htm |archive-date=2012-07-10 |access-date=2012-08-03 |publisher=Navy.mil.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; shi ne jirgin ruwan yaƙi mafi girma kuma mafi inganci da aka gina a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] .

== Zane ==
Tsarin Tafelberg da gazawarsa sun yi tasiri sosai ga masu tsara jirgin ''Drakensberg'' . ''Drakensberg'' yana iya ɗaukar tan 5,500 na man dizal, tan 210 na ruwan sha, tan 100 na busassun abinci, tan 30 na abinci mai daskarewa, tan 230 na kayan da aka sanya a cikin kwantena ko tan 1,000 na kayan da aka sassaka da na gama gari. Ana iya ɗaukar kaya da sauke wannan kaya ta amfani da crane ɗaya mai tan 20, crane huɗu masu tan 2 da kuma ɗagawa mai tan 5, tare da taimakon lif biyu na tan 2.5 da 7.5 bi da bi. Cikowa a cikin teku (RAS) yana daga wurare biyu na abeam ko daga saman jirgin RAS, tare da ikon yin famfo tan 40 na mai a kowace awa da tan 15 na ruwan sha a kowace awa. Bugu da ƙari, wani kamfanin da ke cikin jirgin yana ba wa jirgin damar samar da {{Convert|50000|L}} na ruwan sha mai tsafta daga ruwan teku kowace rana.

Jirgin yana ɗauke da [[Jirgin ruwa mai iska mai ƙarfi|jiragen ruwa guda biyu masu ƙarfi waɗanda ake iya huda su]] (RHIB) waɗanda ake kira 'Stingrays' don ayyukan ƙananan jiragen ruwa, da kuma Delta-80 LCU guda biyu don amfani da su a cikin ruwa kaɗan.

== Tarihin aiki ==
A shekarar 1988, ''Drakensberg'' ya tashi tare da SAS ''Frans Erasmus'' zuwa Chile a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, inda ya koma Afirka ta Kudu a ranar 15 ga Afrilu. Wannan ya biyo bayan shekaru biyu bayan haka a watan Mayu na 1990, lokacin da ''Drakensberg'' ya raka jirgin ruwan yaki SAS ''Jan Smuts'' da ''Hendrik Mentz'' a kan tafiya zuwa Keelung a [[Taiwan]], ba tare da tsayawa a kowace tashar jiragen ruwa ba a kan hanya (wani tsari da ya zama dole saboda keɓewar siyasa ta Afirka ta Kudu a lokacin). Wannan shi ne karo na farko tun daga shekarar 1945 da wani jirgin ruwan sojojin ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu ya &quot;nuna tutar&quot; a Gabas Mai Nisa ; &lt;ref name=&quot;NavyAmb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wessels, Andre |title=Unlikely Ambassadors |url=http://www.navy.mil.za/aboutus/history/ambassadors.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528121948/http://www.navy.mil.za/aboutus/history/ambassadors.htm |archive-date=May 28, 2019 |access-date=July 24, 2014 |publisher=South African Navy}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya kuma ba da dama ga atisaye na haɗin gwiwa tare da Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Taiwan .

A ƙarƙashin Operation Pullen a shekarar 1990, ''Drakensberg'' ya zama jirgin ruwan sojojin ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu na farko da ya ziyarci Zaire a wancan lokacin cikin sama da shekaru 30, inda ya shimfida harsashin wasu ƙarin ziyara zuwa ƙasashen Afirka, wanda hakan ke nuna dawowar Afirka ta Kudu a hankali daga keɓewa. A shekara mai zuwa, ta fara aikin agajin jin kai, inda ta sauke tan 630 na kayayyaki a [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh, da kuma tan 35 na kayayyaki a [[Mersin]], Turkiyya. A shekarar 1992, ta zama jirgin ruwan SAN na farko da ya ci gaba da tafiya kudu fiye da digiri 54 na kudu, a wani aiki na taimakawa ''SA Agulhas'' da ya lalace. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SA Navy in the regional context |url=http://www.navy.mil.za/aboutus/role/page2.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725034920/http://www.navy.mil.za/aboutus/role/page2.htm |archive-date=25 July 2010 |access-date=18 June 2014 |publisher=[[South African Navy]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An fara aikin Operation Narsau a watan Mayun 1994, bayan zaɓen farko na dimokuraɗiyya a Afirka ta Kudu da kuma zaɓen [[Nelson Mandela]] . Cikin watanni uku, ta ziyarci [[Lisbon]], Rosyth, [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]], [[Rotterdam]], Zeebrugge, [[Rouen]], [[Landan|London]], Cádiz, [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe|São Tomé da Príncipe]], [[Bioko|Tsibirin Bioko]] da [[Gabon|Gabon,]] inda ta zama jirgin ruwa na farko da ya ziyarci Denmark da Belgium. Duk da cewa ba ta cika ka'idojin da aka gindaya wa tafiyar 1994 ba,  Tafiyar 1995 zuwa [[Abu Dhabi (birni)|Abu Dhabi]], [[Karachi]], [[Mumbai]] da [[Muskat|Muscat]] abin lura ne saboda bambancin da ke tsakaninta da wurare daban-daban.

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>oxtwrhni43m8mg0sgupiiismc08tyo8</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Rashin lafiyar ƙwayoyin cuta</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158731</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861592</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:36:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1292176575|Rodent mite dermatitis]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = 
| synonym       = Rat mite dermatitis
| image         = 
| image_size    = 
| image_thumbtime = 
| alt           = 
| caption       = 
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = Dermatology
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = 
}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc; color:inherit;&quot; |Rashin lafiyar ƙwayoyin cuta
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Sauran sunaye
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Rashin lafiyar ƙwayoyin cuta
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Kimiyyar fata
|}
&lt;references /&gt;
Rashin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta (wanda aka fi sani da cututtuken ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta) wani nau'in ectoparasitosis ne wanda ba a san shi ba wanda ke faruwa bayan hulɗar ɗan adam tare da ƙwayoyin haematophagous mestigmatid waɗanda ke mamaye ƙwayoyin, kamar [[Ɓera|beraye]] gida, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Reeves |first=Will K. |last2=Cobb |first2=Kristin D. |date=2005-07-01 |title=Ectoparasites of House Mice (Mus musculus) from Pet Stores in South Carolina, U.S.A |journal=Comparative Parasitology |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=193–195 |doi=10.1654/4178 |issn=1525-2647 |s2cid=85650971}}&lt;/ref&gt; da hamsters. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Engel |first=Peter M. |last2=Welzel |first2=J. |last3=Maass |first3=M. |last4=Schramm |first4=U. |last5=Wolff |first5=H. H. |date=1998 |title=Tropical Rat Mite Dermatitis: Case Report and Review |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |language=en |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=1465–1469 |doi=10.1086/515016 |issn=1058-4838 |pmid=9868661 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Creel |first=Naomi B. |last2=Crowe |first2=Mark A. |last3=Mullen |first3=Gary R. |date=2003 |title=Pet hamsters as a source of rat mite dermatitis |journal=Cutis |volume=71 |issue=6 |pages=457–461 |issn=0011-4162 |pmid=12839256}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yanayin yana da alaƙa da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na wurare masu zafi (''Ornithonyssus bacoti''), ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta (''[[Laelaps echidnina]]'') da ƙwayoyan ƙwayar gida (''Liponyssoides sanguineus'')  waɗanda ke cin abinci a kan mutane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Watson |first=J. |date=2008-01-01 |title=New Building, Old Parasite: Mesostigmatid Mites--An Ever-Present Threat to Barrier Rodent Facilities |journal=ILAR Journal |language=en |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=303–309 |doi=10.1093/ilar.49.3.303 |issn=1084-2020 |pmc=7108606 |pmid=18506063 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rukunin ƙwayoyin suna iya rayuwa na dogon lokaci ba tare da ciyarwa ba kuma suna tafiya mai nisa yayin neman runduna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An bayar da rahoton kamuwa da cutar a gidaje, ɗakunan karatu, asibitoci da gidajen kulawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chung |first=Sang Lip |last2=Hwang |first2=Sung Joo |last3=Kwon |first3=Soon Baek |last4=Kim |first4=Do Won |last5=Jun |first5=Jae Bok |last6=Cho |first6=Baik Kee |date=1998 |title=Outbreak of rat mite dermatitis in medical students |journal=International Journal of Dermatology |language=en |volume=37 |issue=8 |pages=591–594 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-4362.1998.00558.x |issn=0011-9059 |pmid=9732004 |s2cid=34760181}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Haggard |first=Carl N. |date=1955-03-01 |title=Rat Mite Dermatitis in Children |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/15/3/322 |journal=Pediatrics |language=en |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=322–324 |doi=10.1542/peds.15.3.322 |issn=0031-4005 |pmid=14356805 |s2cid=32691957 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Baumstark |first=J. |last2=Beck |first2=W. |last3=Hofmann |first3=H. |date=2007 |title=Outbreak of Tropical Rat Mite ''(Ornithonyssus bacoti)'' Dermatitis in a Home for Disabled Persons |url=https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/16889/1/10_1159_000102037.pdf |journal=Dermatology |language=english |volume=215 |issue=1 |pages=66–68 |doi=10.1159/000102037 |issn=1018-8665 |pmid=17587843 |s2cid=3124223}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBaumstarkBeckHofmann2007&quot;&gt;Baumstark, J.; Beck, W.; Hofmann, H. (2007). [https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/16889/1/10_1159_000102037.pdf &quot;Outbreak of Tropical Rat Mite ''(Ornithonyssus bacoti)'' Dermatitis in a Home for Disabled Persons&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''Dermatology''. '''215''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;66–&lt;/span&gt;68. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1159/000102037|10.1159/000102037]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1018-8665 1018-8665]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17587843 17587843]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3124223 3124223].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Irin wannan yanayin, wanda aka sani da gamasoidosis, ya samo asali ne daga ƙwayoyin tsuntsaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kowalska |first=M. |last2=Kupis |first2=B. |date=1976 |title=Gamasoidosis (gamasidiosis)-not infrequent skin reactions, frequently unrecognized |journal=Polish Medical Sciences and History Bulletin |volume=15–16 |issue=4 |pages=391–394 |issn=0301-0236 |pmid=826895}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
Rukunin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta suna barin ƙungiyoyi da yawa ko ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwa (kimanin 1-2 mm a diamita) &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Baumstark |first=J. |last2=Beck |first2=W. |last3=Hofmann |first3=H. |date=2007 |title=Outbreak of Tropical Rat Mite ''(Ornithonyssus bacoti)'' Dermatitis in a Home for Disabled Persons |url=https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/16889/1/10_1159_000102037.pdf |journal=Dermatology |language=english |volume=215 |issue=1 |pages=66–68 |doi=10.1159/000102037 |issn=1018-8665 |pmid=17587843 |s2cid=3124223}}&lt;/ref&gt; a kan fata (papular urticaria). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Engel |first=P. M. |last2=Welzel |first2=J. |last3=Maass |first3=M. |last4=Schramm |first4=U. |last5=Wolff |first5=H. H. |date=1998 |title=Tropical rat mite dermatitis: case report and review |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=1465–1469 |doi=10.1086/515016 |issn=1058-4838 |pmid=9868661 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Beck |first=W. |date=2007-11-01 |title=Tropical Rat Mites as newly emerging disease pathogens in rodents and man |journal=Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease |language=en |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=403 |doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2007.09.016 |issn=1477-8939}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan ana samun su galibi &quot;a kan iyakar sama, wuyansa, saman akwati da fuska&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;

== Binciken ganewa ==
Binciken yana buƙatar gano nau'in kwayar cutar, wanda za'a iya samun shi a cikin mahalli na mai masaukin sa maimakon a kan fatar mai masaukin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Beck |first=W. |date=2007-11-01 |title=Tropical Rat Mites as newly emerging disease pathogens in rodents and man |journal=Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease |language=en |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=403 |doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2007.09.016 |issn=1477-8939}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rukunin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin suna da ƙanƙanta sosai, don O. bacoti &quot;ƙwayoyin ƙwararrun mata sun kai girman tsakanin 0.75 da 1.40 mm, maza sun ɗan ƙarami&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Baumstark |first=J. |last2=Beck |first2=W. |last3=Hofmann |first3=H. |date=2007 |title=Outbreak of Tropical Rat Mite ''(Ornithonyssus bacoti)'' Dermatitis in a Home for Disabled Persons |url=https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/16889/1/10_1159_000102037.pdf |journal=Dermatology |language=english |volume=215 |issue=1 |pages=66–68 |doi=10.1159/000102037 |issn=1018-8665 |pmid=17587843 |s2cid=3124223}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Magani ==
Dole ne a sami asalin ƙwayoyin cuta kuma a kawar da su, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fox |first=James G. |date=1982-09-01 |title=Outbreak of Tropical Rat Mite Dermatitis in Laboratory Personnel |journal=Archives of Dermatology |language=en |volume=118 |issue=9 |pages=676–8 |doi=10.1001/archderm.1982.01650210056019 |issn=0003-987X |pmid=7114872}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a cire gidajensu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Parasitic Mites of Humans {{!}} Entomology |url=https://entomology.ca.uky.edu/ef637 |access-date=2018-06-05 |website=entomology.ca.uky.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kamata a dauki matakai don hana kamuwa da cuta a nan gaba, kamar ta hanyar toshe hanyoyin shiga cikin ginin. Ya kamata a kula da yanayin mai haƙuri,  ta amfani da magungunan kashe kwari da ba su da raguwa, ana iya cire ƙwayoyin da ke yawo a buɗe ta hanyar wankewa ko tare da zane da aka tsoma da barasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ana iya magance cizon tare da antihistamines da corticosteroids, don sauƙaƙa ƙishirwa da halayen rashin lafiyan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Baumstark |first=J. |last2=Beck |first2=W. |last3=Hofmann |first3=H. |date=2007 |title=Outbreak of Tropical Rat Mite ''(Ornithonyssus bacoti)'' Dermatitis in a Home for Disabled Persons |url=https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/16889/1/10_1159_000102037.pdf |journal=Dermatology |language=english |volume=215 |issue=1 |pages=66–68 |doi=10.1159/000102037 |issn=1018-8665 |pmid=17587843 |s2cid=3124223}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yaduwar cututtuka ==
''L. sanguineus'' yana da alaƙa da yaduwar Rickettsialpox . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Azad |first=A. F. |last2=Beard |first2=C. B. |date=1998 |title=Rickettsial pathogens and their arthropod vectors |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=179–186 |doi=10.3201/eid0402.980205 |pmc=2640117 |pmid=9621188}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Cutar cututtuka
* Gamasoidosis

== Manazarta ==
{{Mite-related diseases and infestations}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sclerodermus domesticus</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345465293|Sclerodermus domesticus]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''''Sclerodermus'' domesticus''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''''''''''''''Scleroderma domestica''''''''''''''', Sclerodermo domesticum, Scleroterma domestica ko &quot;abokin tsohuwar tsohuwar tsohuwa&quot;, nau'in wasp ne a cikin nau'in kwari Scleroderms . Pierre André Latreille ne ya fara bayyana shi a cikin 1809.

== Bayyanawa ==
[[Fayil:Scleroderma_domesticum.jpg|thumb|Hoton ''Sclerodermus domesticus'']]
''Sclerodermus domesticus'' yana cin nama a kan Coleoptera ciki har da ''Anobium punctatum'', Stegobium paniceum, ''Lasioderma serricorne'', ''Hylotrupes bajulus'' da ''Nicobium castaneum'', ko kuma wani lokaci Lepidoptera.

Maza suna da fuka-fuki amma ba su da ƙanshi. Mata suna da tsawon 2-5 mm; suna da ƙanshi amma ba su da fuka-fuki. Suna da baki / launin ruwan kasa, kuma suna da kamannin tururuwa. Mata suna shiga ramukan itace, suna gurgunta tsutsotsi na itace tare da guba na stinger kuma suna sa qwai a cikin gawawwakin, wanda ke samar da abinci ga tsutsotsi na ''S. domesticus''. Wannan hali yana haifar da sunan gama gari na &quot;abokin antiquarian&quot;.&amp;nbsp;

== Rarraba da mazaunin ==
[[Fayil:Sclerodermus_domesticus_2014-05-21.jpg|thumb|''Sclerodermus domesticus'']]
''S. domesticus'' wani nau'in halittu ne na duniya. Ya fi son yanayi mai sauƙi. Akwai rahotanni game da nau'in a Spain, Italiya, Faransa, Portugal, (Jamus), Ingila, tsohuwar Yugoslavia, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Amurka da Costa Rica. Ana iya samunsa a cikin gidaje, galibi a cikin tsoffin kayan ɗaki, tare da ƙwayoyin katako. Stings suna da zafi kuma suna iya haifar da rash ko dermatitis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sclerodermus domesticus infestation. |url=http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Sclerodermus-domesticus-infestation/21139548.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104073114/http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Sclerodermus-domesticus-infestation/21139548.html |archive-date=4 January 2018 |access-date=6 June 2018 |website=biomedsearch.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mohar |first=N. |last2=Dujmović |first2=R. |last3=Uremović |first3=V. |date=6 June 1985 |title=Season dermatitis ex insectis caused by stings of Sclerodermus domesticus |journal=Dermatologica |volume=171 |issue=6 |pages=446–449 |doi=10.1159/000249471 |pmid=4092800}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jirón |first=Luis F. |last2=Hanson |first2=Paul |last3=Zeledón |first3=Rodrigo |date=2016 |title=Un brote de dermatitis producido por picaduras de Sclerodermus sp. (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) en Costa Rica, América Central |trans-title=An outbreak of dermatitis caused by Sclerodermus sp. (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) bites in Costa Rica, Central America |url=http://actamedica.medicos.cr/index.php/Acta_Medica/article/view/932 |journal=Acta Médica Costarricense |language=Spanish |volume=58 |issue=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Ƙarin karantawa ==

* {{Cite journal |last=Papini |first=Roberto |date=2014 |title=A case of stings in humans caused by Sclerodermus sp. in Italy |journal=Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=11 |doi=10.1186/1678-9199-20-11 |pmc=3973378 |pmid=24685279 |doi-access=free}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3952467}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>SS Uniwaleco</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350442082|SS Uniwaleco]]&quot;</comment>
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Jirgin ruwa '''na SS ''Uniwaleco''''' wani jirgin ruwa ne na Afirka ta Kudu da aka kera da Whale Factory wanda jirgin ruwan karkashin ruwa na Jamus &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwDA&quot;&gt;U-161&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ya yi wa turpedo a Tekun Caribbean {{Convert|45|nmi|km}} yamma da Saint Vincent Passage a ranar 7 ga Maris 1942 yayin da take tafiya daga [[Curacao|Curaçao]] zuwa [[Freetown]] tare da tsayawa a [[Trinidad]] yayin da take ɗauke da kayan mai tan 8800 na mai. &lt;ref name=&quot;NHE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=SS Uniwaleco (+1942) |url=https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?15542 |access-date=1 July 2020 |publisher=wrecksite.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gine-gine ==
An gina ''Uniwaleco'' a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Harland &amp; Wolff da ke Belfast, [[Birtaniya]] a watan Agusta na 1905. A inda aka harba ta aka kuma kammala ta a wannan shekarar. Jirgin ruwan ya kai {{Convert|147.5|m|ftin}}, yana da katako mai tsawon {{Convert|17.8|m|ftin}} kuma yana da zurfin {{Convert|9.5|m|ftin}} . An tantance ta a 9,755 GRT kuma tana da silinda 1 x 4. Injin tururi mai faɗaɗawa sau huɗu yana tuƙa propellers guda biyu. Jirgin ruwan zai iya samar da 658 nhp tare da saurin knots 12 godiya ga tukunyar tukunya biyu biyu, tukunyar tukunya guda biyu da kuma tanderu 18 masu murfi. &lt;ref name=&quot;NHE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=SS Uniwaleco (+1942) |url=https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?15542 |access-date=1 July 2020 |publisher=wrecksite.eu}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?15542 &quot;SS Uniwaleco (+1942)&quot;]. wrecksite.eu&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 July&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nitsewa ==
''Uniwaleco'' tana tafiya ba tare da rakiya ba daga [[Curacao|Curaçao]] zuwa [[Freetown]] tare da tsayawa a [[Trinidad]] yayin da take ɗauke da kayan mai tan 8800 na mai, a ranar 7 ga Maris 1942 da ƙarfe 17:59 na dare, ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwa biyu na jirgin ruwa na Jamus &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwLQ&quot;&gt;U-161&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; a Tekun Caribbean ya buge ta da {{Convert|45|nmi|km}} yamma da Saint Vincent Passage . Jirgin ruwan da ya lalace ya zama ba za a iya sarrafa shi ba kuma ya zauna a cikin ruwa yayin da yake tafiya a da'ira, amma ba ta nutse ba. Jirgin ruwan U-boat ya harba juyin mulki a ''Uniwaleco'' mintuna 15 bayan harin farko kuma ya buge ta a [[Jerin hanyoyin jirgin ruwa|bayan]] jirgin wanda ya karya ta gida biyu ya kuma nutsar da ita cikin mintuna uku. Nitsewar jirgin ta kashe ma'aikatan jirgin 18, yayin da 33 da suka tsira suka tafi da jirgin ceton rai suka sauka a St. Vincent . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="2552" sha1="9ma6uieha4fcf4i3fxe5rt1ewu2nab5" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Jirgin ruwa '''na SS ''Uniwaleco''''' wani jirgin ruwa ne na Afirka ta Kudu da aka kera da Whale Factory wanda jirgin ruwan karkashin ruwa na Jamus &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwDA&quot;&gt;U-161&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ya yi wa turpedo a Tekun Caribbean {{Convert|45|nmi|km}} yamma da Saint Vincent Passage a ranar 7 ga Maris 1942 yayin da take tafiya daga [[Curacao|Curaçao]] zuwa [[Freetown]] tare da tsayawa a [[Trinidad]] yayin da take ɗauke da kayan mai tan 8800 na mai. &lt;ref name=&quot;NHE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=SS Uniwaleco (+1942) |url=https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?15542 |access-date=1 July 2020 |publisher=wrecksite.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gine-gine ==
An gina ''Uniwaleco'' a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Harland &amp; Wolff da ke Belfast, [[Birtaniya]] a watan Agusta na 1905. A inda aka harba ta aka kuma kammala ta a wannan shekarar. Jirgin ruwan ya kai {{Convert|147.5|m|ftin}}, yana da katako mai tsawon {{Convert|17.8|m|ftin}} kuma yana da zurfin {{Convert|9.5|m|ftin}} . An tantance ta a 9,755 GRT kuma tana da silinda 1 x 4. Injin tururi mai faɗaɗawa sau huɗu yana tuƙa propellers guda biyu. Jirgin ruwan zai iya samar da 658 nhp tare da saurin knots 12 godiya ga tukunyar tukunya biyu biyu, tukunyar tukunya guda biyu da kuma tanderu 18 masu murfi. &lt;ref name=&quot;NHE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=SS Uniwaleco (+1942) |url=https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?15542 |access-date=1 July 2020 |publisher=wrecksite.eu}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?15542 &quot;SS Uniwaleco (+1942)&quot;]. wrecksite.eu&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 July&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nitsewa ==
''Uniwaleco'' tana tafiya ba tare da rakiya ba daga [[Curacao|Curaçao]] zuwa [[Freetown]] tare da tsayawa a [[Trinidad]] yayin da take ɗauke da kayan mai tan 8800 na mai, a ranar 7 ga Maris 1942 da ƙarfe 17:59 na dare, ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwa biyu na jirgin ruwa na Jamus &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwLQ&quot;&gt;U-161&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; a Tekun Caribbean ya buge ta da {{Convert|45|nmi|km}} yamma da Saint Vincent Passage . Jirgin ruwan da ya lalace ya zama ba za a iya sarrafa shi ba kuma ya zauna a cikin ruwa yayin da yake tafiya a da'ira, amma ba ta nutse ba. Jirgin ruwan U-boat ya harba juyin mulki a ''Uniwaleco'' mintuna 15 bayan harin farko kuma ya buge ta a [[Jerin hanyoyin jirgin ruwa|bayan]] jirgin wanda ya karya ta gida biyu ya kuma nutsar da ita cikin mintuna uku. Nitsewar jirgin ta kashe ma'aikatan jirgin 18, yayin da 33 da suka tsira suka tafi da jirgin ceton rai suka sauka a St. Vincent . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ciwon daji na Sea anemone</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322593966|Sea anemone dermatitis]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="8234" sha1="jy5aj28a919i7z3rw7866wqecw14ik4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = 
| synonym       = 
| image         = &lt;!-- Just the filename without File: or |thumb, etc. --&gt;
| image_size    = 
| alt           = 
| caption       = 
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = [[Dermatology]]
| symptoms      = Itch, Swelling
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = Sea Anemone contact
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 
| deaths        = 
}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc; color:inherit;&quot; |Ciwon daji na Sea anemone
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Dermatology|Kimiyyar fata]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Signs and symptoms|Alamomi]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Ƙishirwa, kumbura
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Cause (medicine)|Dalilan da suka haifar]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Saduwar Anemone na Tekun
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Sea anemone dermatitis wani yanayi ne na fata wanda ya samo asali ne daga hulɗa da wasu Anemone na teku, kama da yanayin jellyfish- da hydroid dermatitis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrews&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tammaro |first=Antonella |last2=Pigliacelli |first2=Flavia |last3=D’Arino |first3=Andrea |last4=Persechino |first4=Flavia |last5=Parisella |first5=Francesca Romana |last6=Persechino |first6=Severino |date=March 2016 |title=Sea Anemone: A Rare Case of Contact Dermatitis in Italy |url=https://journals.lww.com/dermatitis/Citation/2016/03000/Sea_Anemone__A_Rare_Case_of_Contact_Dermatitis_in.8.aspx |journal=Dermatitis |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=73–75 |doi=10.1097/DER.0000000000000166 |pmid=26983095 |s2cid=43736999 |url-access=subscription |access-date=7 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rarraba ==
Wannan yanayin yana yaduwa ta hanyar anemones na teku, ƙungiyar da ke da Nematocysts, wani ɓangaren jiki wanda ke da wani abu mai kaifi kuma yana iya yin allura, kuma ya wuce kan guba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Elston |first=Dirk M. |date=July 2006 |title=Aquatic Antagonists: Sea Anemone Dermatitis |url=https://cdn.mdedge.com/files/s3fs-public/Document/September-2017/078010031.pdf |journal=Cutis |volume=78 |access-date=30 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Freudenthal |first=Anita R. |last2=Barbagallo |first2=Joseph S. |date=November 2002 |title=Ghost anemone dermatitis |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190962202001524 |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=722–726 |doi=10.1067/mjd.2002.125071 |pmid=12399764 |url-access=subscription |access-date=30 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yadda ake amfani da nematocyst a cikin mai karɓa zai iya bambanta bisa ga nau'in anemone.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Elston |first=Dirk M. |date=July 2006 |title=Aquatic Antagonists: Sea Anemone Dermatitis |url=https://cdn.mdedge.com/files/s3fs-public/Document/September-2017/078010031.pdf |journal=Cutis |volume=78 |access-date=30 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kazalika da watsawa daga anemone mai girma, fushin fata na iya haifar da magungunan planula ko matakin rayuwa na farko na anemones, waɗanda suke da ƙanƙanta kuma suna iyo a cikin ruwa, sabili da haka suna iya fusata ƙarin fata, kamar a ƙarƙashin kayan wanka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Elston |first=Dirk M. |date=July 2006 |title=Aquatic Antagonists: Sea Anemone Dermatitis |url=https://cdn.mdedge.com/files/s3fs-public/Document/September-2017/078010031.pdf |journal=Cutis |volume=78 |access-date=30 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wadanda zasu iya kasancewa cikin haɗari sun haɗa da masu iyo, masu tseren ruwa, masu tsere, masu aiki da ƙananan jiragen ruwa, masu clammers, da sauransu waɗanda zasu iya kasancewa a cikin ruwa mai zurfi a yankunan da abin ya shafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Freudenthal |first=Anita R. |last2=Barbagallo |first2=Joseph S. |date=November 2002 |title=Ghost anemone dermatitis |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190962202001524 |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=722–726 |doi=10.1067/mjd.2002.125071 |pmid=12399764 |url-access=subscription |access-date=30 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; An lura da cututtukan anemone na teku a cikin mutane masu shekaru daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Freudenthal |first=Anita R. |last2=Barbagallo |first2=Joseph S. |date=November 2002 |title=Ghost anemone dermatitis |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190962202001524 |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=722–726 |doi=10.1067/mjd.2002.125071 |pmid=12399764 |url-access=subscription |access-date=30 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An haɗa nau'in Haloclava producta tare da cututtukan anemone na teku a cikin clammers a bakin tekun Long Island, New York.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Elston |first=Dirk M. |date=July 2006 |title=Aquatic Antagonists: Sea Anemone Dermatitis |url=https://cdn.mdedge.com/files/s3fs-public/Document/September-2017/078010031.pdf |journal=Cutis |volume=78 |access-date=30 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Freudenthal |first=Anita R. |last2=Barbagallo |first2=Joseph S. |date=November 2002 |title=Ghost anemone dermatitis |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190962202001524 |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=722–726 |doi=10.1067/mjd.2002.125071 |pmid=12399764 |url-access=subscription |access-date=30 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana iya hana watsawa tsakanin clammers ta hanyar rufe kafafu don hana hulɗa kai tsaye da yashi ko ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Freudenthal |first=Anita R. |last2=Barbagallo |first2=Joseph S. |date=November 2002 |title=Ghost anemone dermatitis |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190962202001524 |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=722–726 |doi=10.1067/mjd.2002.125071 |pmid=12399764 |url-access=subscription |access-date=30 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamomi ==
Alamomin yawanci suna faruwa ba kasa da awanni 12 ba bayan watsawa.

Sea anemone dermatitis na iya haifar da pruritic, ko ƙishirwa, amsawa, da jin zafi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Freudenthal |first=Anita R. |last2=Barbagallo |first2=Joseph S. |date=November 2002 |title=Ghost anemone dermatitis |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190962202001524 |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=722–726 |doi=10.1067/mjd.2002.125071 |pmid=12399764 |url-access=subscription |access-date=30 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alamomin suna da tsananin tsanani, kuma suna iya haɗawa da [[kumburi]] ko necrosis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Elston |first=Dirk M. |date=July 2006 |title=Aquatic Antagonists: Sea Anemone Dermatitis |url=https://cdn.mdedge.com/files/s3fs-public/Document/September-2017/078010031.pdf |journal=Cutis |volume=78 |access-date=30 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafi munin shari'o'i na iya haɗawa da gazawar koda, amma galibi yanayin yana da ɗan lahani kuma ba ya ci gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Elston |first=Dirk M. |date=July 2006 |title=Aquatic Antagonists: Sea Anemone Dermatitis |url=https://cdn.mdedge.com/files/s3fs-public/Document/September-2017/078010031.pdf |journal=Cutis |volume=78 |access-date=30 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gabaɗaya, shari'o'i suna warwarewa cikin mako ɗaya ko ƙasa da haka. Mutanen da ke da wasu yanayi kamar asma ko rashin lafiyan na iya samun alamun bayyanar cututtuka masu tsanani a matsakaici.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Freudenthal |first=Anita R. |last2=Barbagallo |first2=Joseph S. |date=November 2002 |title=Ghost anemone dermatitis |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190962202001524 |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=722–726 |doi=10.1067/mjd.2002.125071 |pmid=12399764 |url-access=subscription |access-date=30 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Yanayin fata|Rashin rauni a fata]]
* Jerin yanayin fata

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>YWAM Koha</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326948879|YWAM Koha]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''YWAM Koha''''' wani [[Medical Aid Ship|jirgin ruwa]] ne mai rijista a New Zealand wanda aka gina a shekarar 1968 a matsayin ''Konrad Meisel'' mai laushi ga Gwamnatin Jamus kuma daga baya aka mallaka a Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin ''Isibane'' . A matsayinta na ''Claymore II,'' ta samar da hanyoyin sufuri masu mahimmanci zuwa yankin Pacific mai nisa na Tsibirin Pitcairn daga [[New Zealand]] da Faransa Polynesia, wanda gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba da kuɗinsa har zuwa 2018 lokacin da aka maye gurbinta da ''[[Silver Supporter]]'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vessel details for: SILVER SUPPORTER (General Cargo) - IMO 9165944, MMSI 236578000, Call Sign ZDJY7 Registered in Gibraltar {{!}} AIS Marine Traffic |url=http://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ships/shipid:206363/mmsi:236578000/imo:9165944/vessel:SILVER_SUPPORTER |access-date=2019-08-13 |website=MarineTraffic.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Buoy tender ==
An gina ''Konrad Meisel'' a shekarar 1968  ta hannun Jadewerft Wilhelmshaven GmbH, Wilhelmshaven don Wasser-und Schiffahrtsamt Cuxhaven (Hanyoyin Ruwa da Ofishin Jigilar Kaya na Cuxhaven) na [[Jamus|Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Jamus]] .  &lt;ref name=&quot;Miramar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Konrad Meisel |url=http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/show?nameid=293261&amp;shipid=160075 |url-access=registration |access-date=27 June 2014 |website=Miramar Ship Index |publisher=R S Haworth}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da aka gina ta, ta auna jimlar tan 514 tare da girman LOA miliyan 48.82, LBP miliyan 44.30, katako mita 9.56 da zurfin mita 4.65, da kuma iska mai tsawon mita 3.25. An samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar injunan dizal guda biyu na Deutz mai silinda 8, jimillarsu 1103.&amp;nbsp;kW (1500)&amp;nbsp;bhp), an haɗa shi da injin propeller guda ɗaya. A kan maƙallin guda ɗaya an sanya crane mai tan goma sha ɗaya. 

== Jirgin ruwa mai ɗaukar kaya na fasinja ==
A watan Agusta na 2009, Nigel Jolly, na Stoney Creek Shipping Co Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand, ya sayi ''Isibane'', an gyara shi zuwa ɗaukar kaya da fasinjoji 12, sannan aka sake masa suna ''Claymore II'' .   Stoney Creek Shipping yana samar da hanyar haɗin fasinja da kaya zuwa Pitcairn bisa buƙatar Gwamnatin Burtaniya tun daga 2002 tare da ''Braveheart'', wani tsohon jirgin ruwa na binciken kamun kifi na Japan. &lt;ref name=&quot;SunLive&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Zealand Maritime Index |url=http://www.nzmaritimeindex.org.nz/izvessel.php?ID=80030018&amp;name=BRAVEHEART |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924053745/http://www.nzmaritimeindex.org.nz/izvessel.php?ID=80030018&amp;name=BRAVEHEART |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=28 June 2014 |publisher=New Zealand Maritime Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Majalisar Tsibirin Pitcairn ce ta ba da kwangilar ''Claymore II'', kuma gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba ta tallafi, don yin tafiye-tafiyen zagaye-zagaye sau huɗu a shekara don isar da kaya da kayayyaki zuwa Tsibirin Pitcairn daga New Zealand, suna lodawa a Tauranga .  &lt;ref name=&quot;Hansard&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 October 2012 |title=Pitcairn Island |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmhansrd/cm121029/text/121029w0001.htm |access-date=28 June 2014 |publisher=House of Commons Hansard |at=c25W}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;PISDP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Pitcairn Islands Strategic Development Plan 2012-2016 |url=http://www.government.pn/policies/Pitcairn%20Island%20SDP%202012-2016.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705134639/http://www.government.pn/policies/Pitcairn%20Island%20SDP%202012-2016.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2015 |access-date=6 July 2014 |publisher=Government of Pitcairn |pages=10, 35}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;PISC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pitcairn Islands Study Center, Pacific Union College |date=2014 |title=Transportation to Pitcairn Island |url=http://library.puc.edu/pitcairn/studycenter/cruiseship.shtml |access-date=5 July 2014 |publisher=Pacific Union College}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma yi tafiye-tafiyen zagaye-zagaye guda takwas da aka ba da tallafi kowace shekara, daga Pitcairn zuwa Mangareva, French Polynesia, filin jirgin sama mafi kusa, don fasinjoji su haɗu da jiragen sama zuwa Tahiti. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hansard&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;PISDP&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;PISC&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shipping Schedule |url=http://www.visitpitcairn.pn/visitpitcairn/shipping/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921071653/http://www.visitpitcairn.pn/visitpitcairn/shipping/index.html |archive-date=21 September 2014 |access-date=28 June 2014 |publisher=Pitcairn Islands Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Banda waɗannan ayyukan da aka tsara, jirgin yana samuwa don haya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Koldeway |first=Heather |date=May 2013 |title=Pitcairn Marine Research Outline Plan |url=http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/Imported-and-Legacy/uploadedfiles/peg/publications/report/PitcairnMarineResearchOutlinePlanpdf.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714205456/http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/Imported-and-Legacy/uploadedfiles/peg/publications/report/PitcairnMarineResearchOutlinePlanpdf.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=28 June 2014 |publisher=Pew Charitable Trusts |page=10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ganin cewa Pitcairn ba shi da kayan aiki na tashar jiragen ruwa, duk kaya da fasinjoji an sauka a tsibirin daga ''Claymore II'' ta jirgin ruwa mai tsayi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About the Claymore II, Pitcairn's Government Chartered Passenger / Cargo Vessel |url=http://www.visitpitcairn.pn/visitpitcairn/claymore2/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921054157/http://www.visitpitcairn.pn/visitpitcairn/claymore2/index.html |archive-date=21 September 2014 |access-date=28 June 2014 |publisher=Pitcairn Islands Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2014}} , akwai damuwa game da ci gaba da samun wurin ɗaukar kaya a Tauranga .  Duk da haka, jirgin ruwan yana ci gaba da hidimar Pitcairn daga Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Tauranga {{As of|2016}}  

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''''YWAM Koha''''' wani [[Medical Aid Ship|jirgin ruwa]] ne mai rijista a New Zealand wanda aka gina a shekarar 1968 a matsayin ''Konrad Meisel'' mai laushi ga Gwamnatin Jamus kuma daga baya aka mallaka a Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin ''Isibane'' . A matsayinta na ''Claymore II,'' ta samar da hanyoyin sufuri masu mahimmanci zuwa yankin Pacific mai nisa na Tsibirin Pitcairn daga [[New Zealand]] da Faransa Polynesia, wanda gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba da kuɗinsa har zuwa 2018 lokacin da aka maye gurbinta da ''[[Silver Supporter]]'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vessel details for: SILVER SUPPORTER (General Cargo) - IMO 9165944, MMSI 236578000, Call Sign ZDJY7 Registered in Gibraltar {{!}} AIS Marine Traffic |url=http://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ships/shipid:206363/mmsi:236578000/imo:9165944/vessel:SILVER_SUPPORTER |access-date=2019-08-13 |website=MarineTraffic.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Buoy tender ==
An gina ''Konrad Meisel'' a shekarar 1968  ta hannun Jadewerft Wilhelmshaven GmbH, Wilhelmshaven don Wasser-und Schiffahrtsamt Cuxhaven (Hanyoyin Ruwa da Ofishin Jigilar Kaya na Cuxhaven) na [[Jamus|Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Jamus]] .  &lt;ref name=&quot;Miramar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Konrad Meisel |url=http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/show?nameid=293261&amp;shipid=160075 |url-access=registration |access-date=27 June 2014 |website=Miramar Ship Index |publisher=R S Haworth}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da aka gina ta, ta auna jimlar tan 514 tare da girman LOA miliyan 48.82, LBP miliyan 44.30, katako mita 9.56 da zurfin mita 4.65, da kuma iska mai tsawon mita 3.25. An samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar injunan dizal guda biyu na Deutz mai silinda 8, jimillarsu 1103.&amp;nbsp;kW (1500)&amp;nbsp;bhp), an haɗa shi da injin propeller guda ɗaya. A kan maƙallin guda ɗaya an sanya crane mai tan goma sha ɗaya. 

== Jirgin ruwa mai ɗaukar kaya na fasinja ==
A watan Agusta na 2009, Nigel Jolly, na Stoney Creek Shipping Co Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand, ya sayi ''Isibane'', an gyara shi zuwa ɗaukar kaya da fasinjoji 12, sannan aka sake masa suna ''Claymore II'' .   Stoney Creek Shipping yana samar da hanyar haɗin fasinja da kaya zuwa Pitcairn bisa buƙatar Gwamnatin Burtaniya tun daga 2002 tare da ''Braveheart'', wani tsohon jirgin ruwa na binciken kamun kifi na Japan. &lt;ref name=&quot;SunLive&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Zealand Maritime Index |url=http://www.nzmaritimeindex.org.nz/izvessel.php?ID=80030018&amp;name=BRAVEHEART |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924053745/http://www.nzmaritimeindex.org.nz/izvessel.php?ID=80030018&amp;name=BRAVEHEART |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=28 June 2014 |publisher=New Zealand Maritime Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Majalisar Tsibirin Pitcairn ce ta ba da kwangilar ''Claymore II'', kuma gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba ta tallafi, don yin tafiye-tafiyen zagaye-zagaye sau huɗu a shekara don isar da kaya da kayayyaki zuwa Tsibirin Pitcairn daga New Zealand, suna lodawa a Tauranga .  &lt;ref name=&quot;Hansard&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 October 2012 |title=Pitcairn Island |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmhansrd/cm121029/text/121029w0001.htm |access-date=28 June 2014 |publisher=House of Commons Hansard |at=c25W}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;PISDP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Pitcairn Islands Strategic Development Plan 2012-2016 |url=http://www.government.pn/policies/Pitcairn%20Island%20SDP%202012-2016.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705134639/http://www.government.pn/policies/Pitcairn%20Island%20SDP%202012-2016.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2015 |access-date=6 July 2014 |publisher=Government of Pitcairn |pages=10, 35}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;PISC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pitcairn Islands Study Center, Pacific Union College |date=2014 |title=Transportation to Pitcairn Island |url=http://library.puc.edu/pitcairn/studycenter/cruiseship.shtml |access-date=5 July 2014 |publisher=Pacific Union College}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma yi tafiye-tafiyen zagaye-zagaye guda takwas da aka ba da tallafi kowace shekara, daga Pitcairn zuwa Mangareva, French Polynesia, filin jirgin sama mafi kusa, don fasinjoji su haɗu da jiragen sama zuwa Tahiti. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hansard&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;PISDP&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;PISC&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shipping Schedule |url=http://www.visitpitcairn.pn/visitpitcairn/shipping/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921071653/http://www.visitpitcairn.pn/visitpitcairn/shipping/index.html |archive-date=21 September 2014 |access-date=28 June 2014 |publisher=Pitcairn Islands Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; Banda waɗannan ayyukan da aka tsara, jirgin yana samuwa don haya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Koldeway |first=Heather |date=May 2013 |title=Pitcairn Marine Research Outline Plan |url=http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/Imported-and-Legacy/uploadedfiles/peg/publications/report/PitcairnMarineResearchOutlinePlanpdf.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714205456/http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/Imported-and-Legacy/uploadedfiles/peg/publications/report/PitcairnMarineResearchOutlinePlanpdf.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=28 June 2014 |publisher=Pew Charitable Trusts |page=10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ganin cewa Pitcairn ba shi da kayan aiki na tashar jiragen ruwa, duk kaya da fasinjoji an sauka a tsibirin daga ''Claymore II'' ta jirgin ruwa mai tsayi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About the Claymore II, Pitcairn's Government Chartered Passenger / Cargo Vessel |url=http://www.visitpitcairn.pn/visitpitcairn/claymore2/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921054157/http://www.visitpitcairn.pn/visitpitcairn/claymore2/index.html |archive-date=21 September 2014 |access-date=28 June 2014 |publisher=Pitcairn Islands Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2014}} , akwai damuwa game da ci gaba da samun wurin ɗaukar kaya a Tauranga .  Duk da haka, jirgin ruwan yana ci gaba da hidimar Pitcairn daga Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Tauranga {{As of|2016}}  

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fashewar Seabather</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320875839|Seabather's eruption]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:Seabathers_eruption.jpg|thumb|Fashewar Seabather]]
Fitarwar Seabather cuta ce mai ƙishirwa &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid8336754&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Freudenthal AR, Joseph PR |date=August 1993 |title=Seabather's eruption |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=329 |issue=8 |pages=542–4 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199308193290805 |pmid=8336754 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da amsawar hypersensitivity ga Nematocysts marasa girma na larval-stage thimble jellyfish (''Linuche unguiculata''), sea anemones (''Edwardsiella lineata'') da sauran larval cnidarians. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid8616313&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=MacSween RM, Williams HC |date=April 1996 |title=Seabather's eruption--a case of Caribbean itch |journal=[[BMJ]] |volume=312 |issue=7036 |pages=957–8 |doi=10.1136/bmj.312.7036.957 |pmc=2350763 |pmid=8616313}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wasu lokuta ana danganta fashewar ga &quot;tsuntsaye na teku&quot; ko &quot;'''Tsuntsu na teku'''&quot;, amma Tsuntsu na teku (Caligidae) sune cututtukan kifi kawai.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid8455301&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tomchik RS, Russell MT, [[Alina Szmant|Szmant AM]], Black NA |date=April 1993 |title=Clinical perspectives on seabather's eruption, also known as 'sea lice' |journal=JAMA |volume=269 |issue=13 |pages=1669–72 |doi=10.1001/jama.269.13.1669 |pmid=8455301}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bai kamata a rikita shi da ƙishirwa na mai iyo ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;urlSwimmers itch. DermNet NZ&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 October 2023 |title=Swimmer's itch. DermNet NZ |url=http://dermnetnz.org/arthropods/swimmers-itch.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
Alamun gabaɗaya suna tasowa daga baya bayan shawa. Yana da sabon abu a lura da fashewar nan da nan. Alamun na iya wucewa daga ƴan kwanaki har zuwa, na musamman, makonni biyu. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]

Ana gano cutar ta hanyar ƙaiƙayi mai tsanani a kusa da ƙananan jajayen papules mai girman 1mm zuwa 1.5 cm a girman kan wuraren fata waɗanda ke rufe da tufafin da ba za a iya zubar da ruwa ko gashi yayin yin iyo a cikin teku. Fuskantar ɗan wasan ninkaya na farko ga tsutsa masu yawo a cikin 'yanci ba ta haifar da wani tasiri, saboda kowace halitta tana da nematocyst guda ɗaya da ba ta ci gaba ba wacce ba ta aiki yayin da aka dakatar da ita a cikin ruwan teku. Duk da haka, saboda girmansu na ɗan ƙaramin abu da jikinsu masu ɗaure, babban taro na tsutsa na iya zama tarko a cikin tazarar mintuna tsakanin fata da tufafi ko gashi. Da zarar mai ninkaya ya bar teku, kwayoyin halittar da ke makale da fata su mutu, kuma suna fitar da nematocyst dinsu kai tsaye lokacin da aka niƙa, bushewa, ko fallasa ga ruwa mai daɗi. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa yawanci bayyanar cututtuka ba su bayyana har sai mai yin iyo ya bushe, ko kuma ya yi wanka, ba tare da cire tufafin da abin ya shafa ba. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]

== Magani ==
Jiyya alama ce, [1] tare da mafi yawan abin da aka shafa ta amfani da kirim mai hana ƙaiƙayi (diphenhydramine) da maganin cortisone (hydrocortisone). [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]

== Sakamakon ==
Fashewar Seabather ta zama ruwan dare a ko'ina cikin ''Linuche unguiculata'' a cikin [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]], [[Florida]], [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]], da Gulf States.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid11452328&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Haddad V, Cardoso JL, Silveira FL |year=2001 |title=Seabather's eruption: report of five cases in southeast region of Brazil |journal=Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=171–2 |doi=10.1590/S0036-46652001000300011 |pmid=11452328 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara gano masu kamuwa da cutar a Brazil a shekara ta 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid11452328&quot; /&gt; An kuma san ''Linuche aquila'' mai alaƙa da juna, wanda aka samo a ko'ina tsakanin Malaysia, Philippines da gabar gabashin Afirka, wanda ke haifar da yanayin.

Masu iyo a Queensland, Ostiraliya, sun ba da rahoton fashewar jirgin ruwa a lokacin watanni na rani na shekara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sea lice: What are the tiny ocean irritants? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2015/02/03/4173206.htm?site=goldcoast |access-date=2020-12-27 |website=www.abc.net.au |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu iyo a gabar gabas na [[Auckland]] da sauran Gulf na Hauraki a New Zealand na iya haifar da fashewar teku, yawanci a lokacin rani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fact sheet: Jellyfish stings |url=http://www.arphs.govt.nz/Portals/0/Health%20Information/HealthyEnvironments/Factsheets/Recreational%20Water/Jellyfish%20stings/Jellyfish%20Stings%20-%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208084916/http://www.arphs.govt.nz/Portals/0/Health%20Information/HealthyEnvironments/Factsheets/Recreational%20Water/Jellyfish%20stings/Jellyfish%20Stings%20-%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf |archive-date=8 February 2013 |access-date=6 March 2013 |publisher=Auckland Regional Public Health Service}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==
{{Medical resources|DiseasesDB=|ICD10=|ICD9=|ICDO=|OMIM=|MedlinePlus=|eMedicineSubj=article|eMedicineTopic=1088160|MeshID=}}{{Animal bites and stings}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sowda</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1224868550|Sowda]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1202" sha1="kzlc0rcx9nonplbvbj49hehrqcym6v1" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = 
| synonym       = 
| image         = 
| image_size    = 
| alt           = 
| caption       = 
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = [[Dermatology]]
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = 
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = 
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| prognosis     = 
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc; color:inherit;&quot; |Sowda
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Dermatology|Kimiyyar fata]]
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}'''Sowda''' yanayin fata ne, wani nau'in onchocerciasis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrews&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; :{{Rp|440}} Wannan galibi ana ganinsa a cikin marasa lafiya da cutar daga Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Gabas da Yammacin Afirka

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Yanayin fata|Rashin rauni a fata]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Ophthalmia nodosa</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1229278201|Ophthalmia nodosa]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Infobox medical condition
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| image         = 
| image_size    = 
| alt           = 
| caption       = 
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = [[dermatology]]
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = 
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = 
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| prognosis     = 
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{{Reflist}}'''Ophthalmia nodosa''' wani yanayi ne na fata wanda ke nuna kumburi na ido saboda zama (alal misali) gashin caterpillar a cikin conjunctiva, cornea, ko iris.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Answers - the Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/ophthalmia-nodosa |website=[[Answers.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Bristleworm sting
* Jerin yanayin fata

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Chrysoblephus gibbiceps</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354743912|Chrysoblephus gibbiceps]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Chrysoblephus gibbiceps''''', '''red stumpnose''', '''red stumpnose seabream''' ko '''Miss Lucy''', nau'in kifi ne mai kama da na teku wanda dangin Sparidae ne, seabreams da porgies suka mallaka. Wannan kifi yana da yawa a kudu maso yammacin Tekun Indiya a bakin tekun Afirka ta Kudu. Ƙungiyar Kare Yanayi ta Duniya ta rarraba wannan nau'in a matsayin [[Dokar Nau'in Halittu|Mai Haɗari]] .

== Tsarin Haraji ==
An fara bayyana ''Chrysoblephus gibbiceps'' a hukumance a shekarar 1830 a matsayin ''Chrysophrys gibbiceps'' ta [[Zoology|masanin dabbobi]] na Faransa Achille Valenciennes, inda aka ba shi irin wurin da ake kira [[Cape of Good Hope]] a Afirka ta Kudu.  A shekara ta 1839, William Swainson ya rarraba Valenciennes' ''C. gibbericeps'' a cikin wani sabon nau'in ''Chrysophrys'' da ya kira ''Chrysoblephus'' kuma ya sanya masa suna a matsayin nau'insa guda ɗaya, wanda hakan ya sa wannan nau'in nau'in ''Chrysoblephus'' ya zama nau'insa na monotypy .  An sanya nau'in ''Chrysoblephus'' a cikin dangin Sparidae a cikin tsarin Spariformes ta bugu na 5 na ''Fishes of the World'' .  Wasu hukumomi sun rarraba wannan nau'in a cikin ƙaramin iyali na Sparinae, &lt;ref name=&quot;Parenti&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Parenti, P. |year=2019 |title=An annotated checklist of the fishes of the family Sparidae |url=https://fishtaxa.com/menuscript/index.php/ft/article/view/49/52 |journal=FishTaxa |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=47–98}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma bugu na 5 na Fishes of the World bai san ƙananan iyalai a cikin Sparidae ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nelson5&quot; /&gt;

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
''Chrysoblephus gibbiceps'' yana da takamaiman suna ''gibbiceps'', wanda haɗin ''gibbus'' ne, ma'ana &quot;ƙugu&quot;, tare da ''ceps'' . wanda ke nufin &quot;kai&quot;. Wannan yana nufin goshin mai ƙwanƙwasa a cikin mazan manya na wannan nau'in. &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 December 2023 |title=Order SPARIFORMES: Families LETHRINIDAE, NEMIPTERIDAE and SPARIDAE |url=https://etyfish.org/spariformes/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030165034/https://etyfish.org/spariformes/ |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
''Chrysoblephus gibbiceps'' yana da jiki mai zurfi da matsewa, tsawonsa na yau da kullun yana tsakanin ninki 2 zuwa 2.4 na zurfinsa. Fifin bayan yana da kashin baya 11 ko 12 da haskoki masu laushi 10 ko 11 yayin da fifin dubura yana ɗauke da kashin baya 3 da kuma tsakanin haskoki masu laushi 7 zuwa 9. Tsarin bayan kai yana da tsayi sosai tsakanin hanci da hanci. Yayin da suke girma, kumburi yana tasowa a yankin da ke tsakanin idanu kuma a cikin manya akwai babban ƙugiya a kan cinya, yana haifar da goshi mai fitowa. Yana da jiki ja mai launin lemu mai launin zinare, mai ɗan haske a launi, tare da sandunan ja masu tsayi 5 zuwa 7 marasa bambanci da kuma wurare masu duhu da yawa a saman jiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;WIOF&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=and}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ja mai launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa yana da matsakaicin tsawon da aka buga na {{Cvt|75|cm}}, kodayake {{Cvt|50|cm}} ya fi kama da na yau da kullun. 

== Rarrabawa da wurin zama ==
Ana samun ''Chrysoblephus gibbiceps'' a kudu maso gabashin Atlantika da kudu maso yammacin Tekun Indiya daga gabar tekun kudancin Afirka ta Kudu tsakanin [[False Bay]] da Gabashin London, tare da tarihin har zuwa arewacin Margate, Afirka ta Kudu, kodayake waɗannan na iya zama kuskuren gano nau'ikan halittu masu kama da ''C. anglicus'' .  Wannan nau'in yana faruwa a cikin ruwan bakin teku a zurfin tsakanin {{Cvt|10|and|100|m}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;WIOF&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=and}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFYukio_IwatsukiPhillip_C_Heemstra2022&quot;&gt;Yukio Iwatsuki and Phillip C Heemstra (2022). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ana samun manya a kan tekuna na teku yayin da ƙananan yara ke tafiya a kan duwatsu a cikin ruwa mara zurfi. 

== Ilimin halittu ==
''Chrysoblephus gibbiceps'', ba kamar wasu daga cikin danginsa ba, da alama yana da gonochoristic, ba hermaphroditic ba. Suna haihuwa daga Oktoba zuwa Janairu, suna kololuwa a watan Disamba a Bankin Agulhas .  Maza suna da ƙarancin gonadosomatic index (GSI) na 1.6% kuma wannan yana nuna cewa suna da mata fiye da ɗaya kuma suna fafatawa da sauran maza don samun damar shiga mata. &lt;ref name=&quot;Attwood&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Attwood, CG |last2=Dawson, ME |last3=Kerwath, Sven |last4=Wilke, C. |name-list-style=&amp; |year=2019 |title=Life history, distribution and seasonal movements of a threatened South African endemic seabream, ''Chrysoblephus gibbiceps'' |journal=African Journal of Marine Science |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=395–411 |doi=10.2989/1814232X.2019.1686423}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mafarauci ne akan halittu masu cin nama kuma an rubuta cewa yana cin crustaceans, molluscs da ƙananan kifaye, &lt;ref name=&quot;WIOF&quot; /&gt; kodayake babban abincinsa taurari ne masu rauni . &lt;ref name=&quot;Attwood&quot; /&gt; Manya suna da yanki, amma za su taru su haihu, lokacin da suka shigo bakin teku. &lt;ref name=&quot;Beukes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Francis Beukes |date=November 2020 |title=Catching Miss Lucy |url=https://issuu.com/sheenacarnie/docs/ski-boat_november_2020/s/11209750 |access-date=9 January 2024 |publisher=Ski Boat}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Anoplodiscus cirrusspiralis]]'' mai kama da juna shine ectoparasite na wannan nau'in. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>861608</id>
      <parentid>861607</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:43:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <text bytes="5327" sha1="gh1xvxjlqpwlqevv5sg0gb8lql6s63j" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Chrysoblephus gibbiceps''''', '''red stumpnose''', '''red stumpnose seabream''' ko '''Miss Lucy''', nau'in kifi ne mai kama da na teku wanda dangin Sparidae ne, seabreams da porgies suka mallaka. Wannan kifi yana da yawa a kudu maso yammacin Tekun Indiya a bakin tekun Afirka ta Kudu. Ƙungiyar Kare Yanayi ta Duniya ta rarraba wannan nau'in a matsayin [[Dokar Nau'in Halittu|Mai Haɗari]] .

== Tsarin Haraji ==
An fara bayyana ''Chrysoblephus gibbiceps'' a hukumance a shekarar 1830 a matsayin ''Chrysophrys gibbiceps'' ta [[Zoology|masanin dabbobi]] na Faransa Achille Valenciennes, inda aka ba shi irin wurin da ake kira [[Cape of Good Hope]] a Afirka ta Kudu.  A shekara ta 1839, William Swainson ya rarraba Valenciennes' ''C. gibbericeps'' a cikin wani sabon nau'in ''Chrysophrys'' da ya kira ''Chrysoblephus'' kuma ya sanya masa suna a matsayin nau'insa guda ɗaya, wanda hakan ya sa wannan nau'in nau'in ''Chrysoblephus'' ya zama nau'insa na monotypy .  An sanya nau'in ''Chrysoblephus'' a cikin dangin Sparidae a cikin tsarin Spariformes ta bugu na 5 na ''Fishes of the World'' .  Wasu hukumomi sun rarraba wannan nau'in a cikin ƙaramin iyali na Sparinae, &lt;ref name=&quot;Parenti&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Parenti, P. |year=2019 |title=An annotated checklist of the fishes of the family Sparidae |url=https://fishtaxa.com/menuscript/index.php/ft/article/view/49/52 |journal=FishTaxa |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=47–98}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma bugu na 5 na Fishes of the World bai san ƙananan iyalai a cikin Sparidae ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nelson5&quot; /&gt;

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
''Chrysoblephus gibbiceps'' yana da takamaiman suna ''gibbiceps'', wanda haɗin ''gibbus'' ne, ma'ana &quot;ƙugu&quot;, tare da ''ceps'' . wanda ke nufin &quot;kai&quot;. Wannan yana nufin goshin mai ƙwanƙwasa a cikin mazan manya na wannan nau'in. &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 December 2023 |title=Order SPARIFORMES: Families LETHRINIDAE, NEMIPTERIDAE and SPARIDAE |url=https://etyfish.org/spariformes/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030165034/https://etyfish.org/spariformes/ |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
''Chrysoblephus gibbiceps'' yana da jiki mai zurfi da matsewa, tsawonsa na yau da kullun yana tsakanin ninki 2 zuwa 2.4 na zurfinsa. Fifin bayan yana da kashin baya 11 ko 12 da haskoki masu laushi 10 ko 11 yayin da fifin dubura yana ɗauke da kashin baya 3 da kuma tsakanin haskoki masu laushi 7 zuwa 9. Tsarin bayan kai yana da tsayi sosai tsakanin hanci da hanci. Yayin da suke girma, kumburi yana tasowa a yankin da ke tsakanin idanu kuma a cikin manya akwai babban ƙugiya a kan cinya, yana haifar da goshi mai fitowa. Yana da jiki ja mai launin lemu mai launin zinare, mai ɗan haske a launi, tare da sandunan ja masu tsayi 5 zuwa 7 marasa bambanci da kuma wurare masu duhu da yawa a saman jiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;WIOF&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=and}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ja mai launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa yana da matsakaicin tsawon da aka buga na {{Cvt|75|cm}}, kodayake {{Cvt|50|cm}} ya fi kama da na yau da kullun. 

== Rarrabawa da wurin zama ==
Ana samun ''Chrysoblephus gibbiceps'' a kudu maso gabashin Atlantika da kudu maso yammacin Tekun Indiya daga gabar tekun kudancin Afirka ta Kudu tsakanin [[False Bay]] da Gabashin London, tare da tarihin har zuwa arewacin Margate, Afirka ta Kudu, kodayake waɗannan na iya zama kuskuren gano nau'ikan halittu masu kama da ''C. anglicus'' .  Wannan nau'in yana faruwa a cikin ruwan bakin teku a zurfin tsakanin {{Cvt|10|and|100|m}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;WIOF&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=and}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFYukio_IwatsukiPhillip_C_Heemstra2022&quot;&gt;Yukio Iwatsuki and Phillip C Heemstra (2022). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ana samun manya a kan tekuna na teku yayin da ƙananan yara ke tafiya a kan duwatsu a cikin ruwa mara zurfi. 

== Ilimin halittu ==
''Chrysoblephus gibbiceps'', ba kamar wasu daga cikin danginsa ba, da alama yana da gonochoristic, ba hermaphroditic ba. Suna haihuwa daga Oktoba zuwa Janairu, suna kololuwa a watan Disamba a Bankin Agulhas .  Maza suna da ƙarancin gonadosomatic index (GSI) na 1.6% kuma wannan yana nuna cewa suna da mata fiye da ɗaya kuma suna fafatawa da sauran maza don samun damar shiga mata. &lt;ref name=&quot;Attwood&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Attwood, CG |last2=Dawson, ME |last3=Kerwath, Sven |last4=Wilke, C. |name-list-style=&amp; |year=2019 |title=Life history, distribution and seasonal movements of a threatened South African endemic seabream, ''Chrysoblephus gibbiceps'' |journal=African Journal of Marine Science |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=395–411 |doi=10.2989/1814232X.2019.1686423}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mafarauci ne akan halittu masu cin nama kuma an rubuta cewa yana cin crustaceans, molluscs da ƙananan kifaye, &lt;ref name=&quot;WIOF&quot; /&gt; kodayake babban abincinsa taurari ne masu rauni . &lt;ref name=&quot;Attwood&quot; /&gt; Manya suna da yanki, amma za su taru su haihu, lokacin da suka shigo bakin teku. &lt;ref name=&quot;Beukes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Francis Beukes |date=November 2020 |title=Catching Miss Lucy |url=https://issuu.com/sheenacarnie/docs/ski-boat_november_2020/s/11209750 |access-date=9 January 2024 |publisher=Ski Boat}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Anoplodiscus cirrusspiralis]]'' mai kama da juna shine ectoparasite na wannan nau'in. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cutar ƙwayoyin cuta</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158740</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861610</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:44:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1224389338|Pulicosis]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861610</origin>
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      <text bytes="2445" sha1="ht0qm8kviuogd0qb5avleaagvh4j9fv" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; {{Infobox medical condition
| name          = Pulicosis
| synonym       = Flea bites
| image         = Fleabite.JPG
| alt           = 
| caption       = Flea bites on the back of a human
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = 
| symptoms      = [[Edema|Swelling]], [[soreness]]
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = [[Fleas]]
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 
| deaths        = 
}}
{{Reflist}}{{Medical resources|DiseasesDB=|ICD10=W57|ICD9={{ICD9|919.4}}|ICDO=|OMIM=|MedlinePlus=|eMedicineSubj=|eMedicineTopic=|MeshID=|GeneReviewsName=}}Pulicosis yanayin [[fata]] ne wanda ke haifar da nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa, gami da ƙwayoyin cat (''Ctenocephalides felis'') da ƙwayoyen kare (Ctenoceptionhalides canis). Wannan yanayin na iya kasancewa daga ɗan gajeren fushi zuwa matsananciyar fushi. A wasu lokuta, awanni 48 zuwa 72 bayan an ciji shi, matsanancin haushi mai kama da rash na iya fara yaduwa a fadin jiki. Alamomin sun haɗa da kumburi na yankin da aka cinye, erythema, ulcers na baki da makogwaro, rashin kwanciyar hankali, da jin zafi na areolae.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fleas: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001329.htm |access-date=2020-11-16 |website=medlineplus.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin matsanancin yanayi, a cikin mako 1 bayan an ciji shi, yanayin na iya yaduwa ta hanyar lymph nodes kuma ya fara shafar tsarin juyayi na tsakiya. Rashin jijiyoyi na dindindin na iya faruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrews&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 450 {{Rp|450}}

Idan sun sami adadin cizon da ya wuce kima, dabbobi kuma na iya haifar da rashin lafiyar ƙuma, wanda zai iya zama mai mutuwa idan ba a ɗauki mataki ba. [ana ruwa hujja] [citation need] Amma, ba karnuka da kuliyoyi kadai ke cikin hatsari ba. Mutane na iya shan wahala daga cizon ƙuma kuma, dangane da dalilai daban-daban, cizon na iya haifar da ciwo mai yawa da rashin jin daɗi. [ana yanayi hujja]

== Dubi kuma ==

* Ciwon kai

== Manazarta ==
{{Animal bites and stings}}{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==
{{Medical resources|DiseasesDB=|ICD10=W57|ICD9={{ICD9|919.4}}|ICDO=|OMIM=|MedlinePlus=|eMedicineSubj=|eMedicineTopic=|MeshID=|GeneReviewsName=}}{{Animal bites and stings}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dagetichthys marginatus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158741</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861611</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:45:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345139761|Dagetichthys marginatus]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Dagetichthys marginatus''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''farin-margined sole''', nau'in kifi ne mai faɗi wanda aka samo asali daga gabashin Tekun Atlantika.  Ba a san yawan ko halayen wannan kifi ba, kuma Ƙungiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya ta ƙididdige matsayin kiyaye shi a matsayin &quot; rashin bayanai &quot;. 

== Bayani ==
Tafin fari mai gefuna yana girma zuwa tsayin da aka saba da shi na kimanin {{Cvt|50|cm|in|0}} .Siffar gabaɗaya ita ce ta tafin ƙafa . Kamar sauran kifin da ba su da tsayi, jikin yana kwance a gefe kuma kifin yana kwance a gefensa. Fifin bayansa yana farawa daga gefen kai kuma yana da haskoki masu laushi 70 zuwa 76. Fifin dubura yana da haskoki masu laushi 54 zuwa 63. Waɗannan fin suna ci gaba da gefuna masu launin fari; fin gefen dama yana da baƙi. Gefen sama na kifin yana da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, wani lokacin yana da dige-dige masu duhu. 

== Rarrabawa ==
Tafin ƙafa mai launin fari ya samo asali ne daga ƙaramin yanki a cikin ruwan bakin teku mai zurfi na Afirka ta Kudu. 

Kifi ne mai zurfi, yana rayuwa a cikin ruwa mai zurfi a zurfin ƙasa da {{Cvt|2|m|ft|0}} . 

== Matsayi ==
A mafi yawan wuraren da ake nomawa, ana girbe tafin da aka yi da farin gemu, musamman a lokacin rani, a wuraren kamun kifi na nishaɗi kuma yana iya zama wani ɓangare na kama kifi a cikin teku, wuraren kamun kifi na ƙasa. Babu wani bayani game da adadin kifin da aka ɗauka, kuma ba a san jimlar yawan wannan kifin ba, don haka Ƙungiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya ta ƙididdige matsayin kiyaye shi a matsayin &quot; rashin bayanai &quot;. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>861613</id>
      <parentid>861611</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:46:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <origin>861613</origin>
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      <text bytes="1583" sha1="s2uzsvvedc7ij3xb3kxfpiy366bzuii" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Dagetichthys marginatus''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''farin-margined sole''', nau'in kifi ne mai faɗi wanda aka samo asali daga gabashin Tekun Atlantika.  Ba a san yawan ko halayen wannan kifi ba, kuma Ƙungiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya ta ƙididdige matsayin kiyaye shi a matsayin &quot; rashin bayanai &quot;. 

== Bayani ==
Tafin fari mai gefuna yana girma zuwa tsayin da aka saba da shi na kimanin {{Cvt|50|cm|in|0}} .Siffar gabaɗaya ita ce ta tafin ƙafa . Kamar sauran kifin da ba su da tsayi, jikin yana kwance a gefe kuma kifin yana kwance a gefensa. Fifin bayansa yana farawa daga gefen kai kuma yana da haskoki masu laushi 70 zuwa 76. Fifin dubura yana da haskoki masu laushi 54 zuwa 63. Waɗannan fin suna ci gaba da gefuna masu launin fari; fin gefen dama yana da baƙi. Gefen sama na kifin yana da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, wani lokacin yana da dige-dige masu duhu. 

== Rarrabawa ==
Tafin ƙafa mai launin fari ya samo asali ne daga ƙaramin yanki a cikin ruwan bakin teku mai zurfi na Afirka ta Kudu. 

Kifi ne mai zurfi, yana rayuwa a cikin ruwa mai zurfi a zurfin ƙasa da {{Cvt|2|m|ft|0}} . 

== Matsayi ==
A mafi yawan wuraren da ake nomawa, ana girbe tafin da aka yi da farin gemu, musamman a lokacin rani, a wuraren kamun kifi na nishaɗi kuma yana iya zama wani ɓangare na kama kifi a cikin teku, wuraren kamun kifi na ƙasa. Babu wani bayani game da adadin kifin da aka ɗauka, kuma ba a san jimlar yawan wannan kifin ba, don haka Ƙungiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya ta ƙididdige matsayin kiyaye shi a matsayin &quot; rashin bayanai &quot;. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Girgizar hatsi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158742</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861612</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:45:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314755372|Grain itch]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861612</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1418" sha1="6jpd7dilqh78p6ma6tooxg5mjri1ckl" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = 
| synonym       = Barley itch, mattress itch, prairie itch, straw itch.
| image         = 
| image_size    = 
| alt           = 
| caption       = 
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = [[Dermatology]]
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = 
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 
| deaths        = 
}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc; color:inherit;&quot; |Girgizar hatsi
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Sauran sunaye
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Barley itch, mattress itch, prairie itch, straw itch.
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Dermatology|Kimiyyar fata]]
|}
{{Reflist}}Girbi yana da yanayin [[fata]] wanda ya haifar da nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa, kuma ana nuna shi da tsananin tsananin ƙwayoyin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrews&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 454 {{Rp|454}}

== Dubi kuma ==

* Rashin jin daɗin mai girma
* Jerin yanayin fata
* Jerin ƙwayoyin cuta da ke da alaƙa da halayen fata

== Manazarta ==
{{Mite-related diseases and infestations}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Viscerotropic leishmaniasis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158743</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861614</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:46:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322596314|Viscerotropic leishmaniasis]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861614</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1301" sha1="njge6orjbtutnl9x7yye8u7n1pnipup" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = 
| synonym       = 
| image         = 
| image_size    = 
| alt           = 
| caption       = 
| pronounce     = 
| specialty     = [[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious diseases]]
| symptoms      = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = 
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 
| deaths        = 
}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc; color:inherit;&quot; |Viscerotropic leishmaniasis
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Cututtukan cututtuka]]
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Infobox/styles-images.css&quot; /&gt;'''Viscerotropic leishmaniasis''' kamuwa ne da cuta a cikin sojoji da ke fada a Operation Desert Storm a [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Andrews&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 427 {{Rp|427}}

== Dubi kuma ==

* Leishmaniasis
* [[Yanayin fata|Rashin rauni a fata]]

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Diloxanide</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158744</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861618</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:47:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337356593|Diloxanide]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861618</origin>
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{{Drugbox|Verifiedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=470454750|image=Diloxanide furoate.svg|image_class=skin-invert-image|alt=&lt;!--Clinical data--&gt;|tradename=Furamide|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|CONS|diloxanide}}|pregnancy_AU=&lt;!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X --&gt;|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=[[Oral administration|by mouth]]|ATC_prefix=P01|ATC_suffix=AC01|ATC_supplemental={{ATC|P01|AB52}}, {{ATC|P01|AB53}}|legal_AU=&lt;!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled--&gt;|legal_CA_comment=&lt;!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII --&gt;|legal_UK=&lt;!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_US_comment=&lt;!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V --&gt;|legal_status=&lt;!--Pharmacokinetic data--&gt;|bioavailability=90% (diloxanide)|protein_bound=|metabolism=[[hydrolysis|Hydrolyzed]] to furoic acid and diloxanide, which undergoes extensive [[glucuronidation]]|elimination_half-life=3 hours|excretion=[[Kidney]] (90%), fecal (10%)

&lt;!--Identifiers--&gt;|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|changed|??}}|CAS_number=3736-81-0|PubChem=19529|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=DB14638|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=18400|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=YP4N72IW34|KEGG_Ref={{keggcite|correct|kegg}}|KEGG=D02480|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|changed|EBI}}|ChEMBL=1334860

&lt;!--Chemical data--&gt;|IUPAC_name=4-[(Dichloroacetyl)(methyl)amino]phenyl furan-2-carboxylate|C=14|H=11|Cl=2|N=1|O=4|smiles=O=C(Oc1ccc(N(C(=O)C(Cl)Cl)C)cc1)c2occc2|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C14H11Cl2NO4/c1-17(13(18)12(15)16)9-4-6-10(7-5-9)21-14(19)11-3-2-8-20-11/h2-8,12H,1H3|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=BDYYDXJSHYEDGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N|melting_point=112.5|melting_high=114}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Infobox drug/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Reflist}}'''Diloxanide''' magani ne da ake amfani da shi don magance cututtukan amoeba. A wuraren da kamuwa da cuta ba ta zama ruwan dare ba, magani ne na biyu bayan paromomycin lokacin da mutum ba shi da alamun bayyanar cututtuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nat2006rev&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Farthing MJ |date=August 2006 |title=Treatment options for the eradication of intestinal protozoa |journal=Nature Clinical Practice. Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=436–445 |doi=10.1038/ncpgasthep0557 |pmid=16883348 |s2cid=19657328}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ga mutanen da ke da alamomi, ana amfani da shi bayan magani tare da metronidazole ko tinidazole.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nat2006rev&quot; /&gt; Ana shan shi ta baki.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot; /&gt;

Diloxanide gabaɗaya yana da sakamako mai sauƙi. Sakamakon sakamako na iya haɗawa da flatulence, amai, da ƙishirwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin daukar [[Juna biyu|ciki]] ana ba da shawarar cewa a sha shi bayan farkon watanni uku. Yana da luminal amebicide ma'ana cewa yana aiki ne kawai akan kamuwa da cuta a cikin hanji.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nat2006rev&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Farthing MJ |date=August 2006 |title=Treatment options for the eradication of intestinal protozoa |journal=Nature Clinical Practice. Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=436–445 |doi=10.1038/ncpgasthep0557 |pmid=16883348 |s2cid=19657328}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Diloxanide ya shiga amfani da magani a shekarar 1956.  Yana cikin Jerin Magunguna Masu Muhimmanci na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. Ba a samun sa a kasuwanci a yawancin ƙasashe masu tasowa tun daga shekarar 2012.

== Amfani da kiwon lafiya ==
Diloxanide furoate yana aiki ne kawai a cikin narkewar abinci kuma yana da lumenal amebicide.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nat2006rev&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Farthing MJ |date=August 2006 |title=Treatment options for the eradication of intestinal protozoa |journal=Nature Clinical Practice. Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=436–445 |doi=10.1038/ncpgasthep0557 |pmid=16883348 |s2cid=19657328}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ɗaukar magani na layi na biyu don kamuwa da cuta tare da amoebas lokacin da babu alamun bayyanar cututtuka amma mutumin yana wucewa, a wuraren da kamuwa da cututtuka ba su da yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nat2006rev&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid1520794&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=McAuley JB, Herwaldt BL, Stokes SL, Becher JA, Roberts JM, Michelson MK, Juranek DD |date=September 1992 |title=Diloxanide furoate for treating asymptomatic Entamoeba histolytica cyst passers: 14 years' experience in the United States |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=464–468 |doi=10.1093/clind/15.3.464 |pmid=1520794}}&lt;/ref&gt; Paromomycin an dauke shi magani na farko don waɗannan lokuta. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ga mutanen da ke da alamomi, ana amfani da shi bayan magani tare da ambecides wanda zai iya shiga cikin nama, kamar metronidazole ko tinidazole. Diloxanide ana ɗaukarsa layin na biyu, yayin da paromomycin ana ɗaukarsa layi na farko don wannan amfani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nat2006rev&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Farthing MJ |date=August 2006 |title=Treatment options for the eradication of intestinal protozoa |journal=Nature Clinical Practice. Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=436–445 |doi=10.1038/ncpgasthep0557 |pmid=16883348 |s2cid=19657328}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sakamakon da ba daidai ba ==
Sakamakon sakamako sun hada da flatulence, ƙishirwa, da ƙwayoyin cuta. Gabaɗaya, ana jure amfani da diloxanide sosai tare da ƙarancin guba. Kodayake babu wani hadarin cutarwa lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a lokacin daukar ciki, ya kamata a guje wa diloxanide a cikin watanni uku na farko idan ya yiwu. [me ya sa?] &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The reason for this is unclear. (December 2022)&quot;&gt;why?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Diloxanide furoate ba a ba da shawarar a cikin mata da ke shayarwa, kuma a cikin yara &lt;2 shekaru.

== Ilimin Magunguna ==
Diloxanide furoate yana lalata trophozoites na ''E. histolytica'' kuma yana hana samar da amoebic cyst.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gupta2004rev&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gupta YK, Gupta M, Aneja S, Kohli K |date=January 2004 |title=Current drug therapy of protozoal diarrhoea |journal=Indian Journal of Pediatrics |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=55–58 |doi=10.1007/BF02725657 |pmid=14979387 |s2cid=39637437}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba a san ainihin hanyar diloxanide ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;UKlabel2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 March 2015 |title=Diloxanide 500 mg Tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics |url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/10787 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111191427/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/10787 |archive-date=11 November 2016 |access-date=11 November 2016 |publisher=UK Electronic Medicines Compendium}}&lt;/ref&gt; Diloxanide yana da alaƙa da chloramphenicol kuma yana iya aiki a cikin irin wannan salon ta hanyar rushe ribosome 

magunguna, diloxanide furoate, ana sarrafa shi a cikin gastrointestinal tract don saki magani mai aiki, diloxanides . &lt;ref name=&quot;UKlabel2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 March 2015 |title=Diloxanide 500 mg Tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics |url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/10787 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111191427/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/10787 |archive-date=11 November 2016 |access-date=11 November 2016 |publisher=UK Electronic Medicines Compendium}}&lt;/ref&gt;

90% na kowane sashi ana fitar da shi a cikin fitsari kuma sauran 10% ana fitar da su a cikin datti.&lt;ref name=&quot;UKlabel2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 March 2015 |title=Diloxanide 500 mg Tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics |url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/10787 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111191427/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/10787 |archive-date=11 November 2016 |access-date=11 November 2016 |publisher=UK Electronic Medicines Compendium}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Al'umma da al'adu ==
Yana cikin Jerin Magunguna Masu Muhimmanci na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya.

Boots UK ce ta gano maganin a 1956, kuma ta gabatar da shi a matsayin ''Furamide''; ba a samuwa a yawancin ƙasashe masu tasowa ba tun daga shekarar 2012.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Furazolidone</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158745</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861622</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T20:48:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329255314|Furazolidone]]&quot;</comment>
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&lt;!--Clinical data--&gt;|tradename=|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|CONS|furazolidone}}|pregnancy_category=|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=Oral-Local
&lt;!--Pharmacokinetic data--&gt;|bioavailability=|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=&lt;!--Identifiers--&gt;|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|??}}|CAS_number=67-45-8|ATC_prefix=G01|ATC_suffix=AX06|ATC_supplemental={{ATCvet|J01|XE90}}|PubChem=3435|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=DB00614|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=3317|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=5J9CPU3RE0|KEGG_Ref={{keggcite|changed|kegg}}|KEGG=C07999|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|changed|EBI}}|ChEMBL=1103
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| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Furazolidone.svg|alt=Structural formula of furazolidone|class=skin-invert-image|frameless]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Furazolidone_3D_spacefill.png|alt=Space-filling model of the furazolidone model|class=bg-transparent|frameless]]
|-
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|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;www.drugs.com&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/cons/furazolidone.html Micromedex Bayani Mai Amfani]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[Route of administration|Hanyoyin gudanarwa&lt;br /&gt;]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Magana da Gida
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System|Lambar ATC]]
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* G01AX06 (&lt;span title=&quot;www.whocc.no&quot;&gt;[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=G01AX06 WHO]&lt;/span&gt;) QJ01XE90 (&lt;span title=&quot;www.whocc.no/atcvet&quot;&gt;[https://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QJ01XE90 WHO]&lt;/span&gt;) &amp;#x20;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x20;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Bayyanawa
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Sunan IUPAC&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 97%;&quot;&gt;3-[ (5-nitrofuran-2-yl) methylideneamino]-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Lambar CAS
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;commonchemistry.cas.org&quot;&gt;[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=67-45-8 67-45-8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
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|-
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* &lt;span title=&quot;pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&quot;&gt;[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3435 3435]&lt;/span&gt;
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|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Bankin Magunguna
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.drugbank.ca&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00614 DB00614]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
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* &lt;span title=&quot;www.chemspider.com&quot;&gt;[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.3317.html 3317]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
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* &lt;span title=&quot;precision.fda.gov&quot;&gt;[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/5J9CPU3RE0 5J9CPU3RE0]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |KEGG
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;www.kegg.jp&quot;&gt;[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C07999 C07999]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&amp;#x2612;|8x8px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
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! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |ChEMBL
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* &lt;span title=&quot;www.ebi.ac.uk&quot;&gt;[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL1103 ChEMBL1103]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&amp;#x2612;|8x8px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
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! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |CompTox Dashboard &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt; (&lt;abbr title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;EPA&lt;/abbr&gt;) &lt;/span&gt; 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
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! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;echa.europa.eu&quot;&gt;ECHA InfoCard&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
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|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Tsarin
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;Carbon&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Hydrogen&quot;&gt;H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Nitrogen&quot;&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Oxygen&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;225.160&lt;/span&gt; g·mol-1&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |Tsarin 3D (JSmol) 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span title=&quot;chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)&quot;&gt;[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=C1COC%28%3DO%29N1N%3DCC2%3DCC%3DC%28O2%29%5BN%2B%5D%28%3DO%29%5BO-%5D Hoton hulɗa]&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Rashin kunya&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;C1COC (=O) N1N=CC2=CC=C (O2) [N+] (=O) [O-]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;InChI&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;InChI=1S/C8H7N3O5/c12-8-10 (3-4-15-8) 9-5-6-1-2-7 (16-6) 11 (13) 14/h1-2,5H,3-4H2 &lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
* &lt;div style=&quot;word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;&quot;&gt;Maɓalli: PLHJDBGFXBMTGZ-UHFFFAO&lt;sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;-N Y&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Nobold/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;[[Fayil:X_mark.svg|link=|alt=&amp;#x2612;|8x8px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp; (mece wannan?) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Nobold/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&amp;rev1=461105422&amp;page2=Furazolidone  (Gaskiya)]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}
'''Furazolidone''' wakili ne na nitrofuran antibacterial da kuma monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). &lt;ref name=&quot;PMID12623758&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Timperio AM, Kuiper HA, Zolla L |date=February 2003 |title=Identification of a furazolidone metabolite responsible for the inhibition of amino oxidases |journal=Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=153–167 |doi=10.1080/0049825021000038459 |pmid=12623758 |s2cid=35868007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Roberts Laboratories ne ke tallata shi a ƙarƙashin sunan '''Furoxone''' kuma GlaxoSmithKline a matsayin '''Dependal-M'''.

== Amfani da kiwon lafiya ==
An yi amfani da Furazolidone a cikin maganin mutane da na dabbobi. Yana da faffadan ayyuka, yana aiki da: [ana binciken hujja]

* Kwayoyin cuta masu guba
** ''Clostridium perfringens''
** ''Corynebacterium pyogenes''
** Streptococci
** Staphylococci
* Kwayoyin cuta masu guba
** ''Escherichia coli''
** ''[[Salmonella dublin]]''
** ''Salmonella typhimurium''
** ''[[Shigella]]''
* Protozoa
** ''Giardia lamblia''
** Nau'in ''Eimeria''
** ''Histomonas meleagridis''

=== Amfani a dakin gwaje-gwaje ===
A cikin mutane, an yi amfani da shi don magance gudawa da ciwon ciki wanda kwayoyin cuta ko protozoan ke haifar da su, ciki har da zawo na matafiyi, kwalara, da salmonellosis na bacteremic.

A shekara ta 2002, wani labarin mujallar ya ba da shawarar amfani da shi wajen magance cututtukan ''H. pylori'' a cikin yara. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18372934&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Machado RS, Silva MR, Viriato A |year=2008 |title=Furazolidone, tetracycline and omeprazole: a low-cost alternative for Helicobacter pylori eradication in children |journal=Jornal de Pediatria |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=160–165 |doi=10.2223/JPED.1772 |pmid=18372934 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma yi amfani da Furazolidone don giardiasis (saboda ''Giardia lamblia''), amoebiasis, da shigellosis, kodayake ba magani ne na farko ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15625030&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Petri WA |date=February 2005 |title=Treatment of Giardiasis |journal=Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=13–17 |doi=10.1007/s11938-005-0047-3 |pmid=15625030 |s2cid=22893579}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga farkon shekarun 1970s, an yi amfani da shi a kasar Sin don magance cututtukan cututtukani, inda tsarin shine maganin cutar ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]''.

=== Amfani da mutane ===
A matsayin magungunan dabbobi, an yi amfani da furazolidone tare da wasu nasarori don magance salmonids don cututtuka na Myxobolus cerebralis. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]

An kuma yi amfani da shi a cikin Kiwon kifi.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid10694929&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Meng J, Mangat SS, Grudzinski IP, Law FC |year=1998 |title=Evidence of 14C-furazolidone metabolite binding to the hepatic DNA of trout |journal=Drug Metabolism and Drug Interactions |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=209–219 |doi=10.1515/DMDI.1998.14.4.209 |pmid=10694929 |s2cid=20792443}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun da yake furazolidone maganin rigakafi ne na nitrofuran, FDA ta haramta amfani da shi a cikin dabbobi na abinci a halin yanzu a karkashin Dokar Bayyana Amfani da Magunguna ta Dabbobi, 1994.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Drugs Prohibited from Extralabel Use in Animals |url=http://extension.usu.edu/dairy/files/uploads/htms/drugs.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416035403/http://extension.usu.edu/dairy/files/uploads/htms/drugs.htm |archive-date=16 April 2014 |access-date=14 April 2014 |website=Utah State University Extension}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Furazolidone baya samuwa a Amurka kuma. [hujja ta tushe] [abubuwan da ake bukata]

=== Amfani da dabbobi ===
Ana amfani dashi don bambance micrococci da staphylococci. [hujja ta tushe] [abubuwan da ake bukata]

== Hanyar aiki ==
An yi imanin cewa yana aiki ne ta hanyar crosslinking na DNA.&lt;ref name=&quot;urlDrugBank: Showing Furazolidone (DB00614)&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Furazolidone (DB00614) |url=http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00614 |access-date=2008-12-19 |website=DrugBank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sakamakon sakamako ==
Kodayake maganin rigakafi ne mai tasiri lokacin da duk wasu suka kasa, a kan cututtukan da ke tsayayya da miyagun ƙwayoyi, yana da sakamako masu yawa. ciki har da hana monoamine oxidase, &lt;ref name=&quot;PMID12623758&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Timperio AM, Kuiper HA, Zolla L |date=February 2003 |title=Identification of a furazolidone metabolite responsible for the inhibition of amino oxidases |journal=Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=153–167 |doi=10.1080/0049825021000038459 |pmid=12623758 |s2cid=35868007}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma kamar yadda yake tare da sauran nitrofurans gabaɗaya, mafi ƙarancin ƙuntatawa yana haifar da guba ta tsarin, wanda ke haifar da girgizar ƙasa, convulsions, neuritis na gefe, rikice-rikice na gastrointestinal, da baƙin ciki na spermatogenesis. FDA ta gane Nitrofurans a matsayin mutagens / carcinogens, kuma ba za a iya amfani da su a cikin dabbobi masu samar da abinci a Amurka ba tun daga shekarar 1991.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 August 2000 |title=Declaring a Ban/Phase-Out of the Use of Nitrofurans in Food-Producing Animals. |url=http://caraga.da.gov.ph/services/banmed-Nitrofurans.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070924183919/http://caraga.da.gov.ph/services/banmed-Nitrofurans.htm |archive-date=September 24, 2007 |website=Department of Health, Department of Agriculture |publisher=Republic of the Philippines}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Nitrofurazone
* Nitrofurantoin
* ''Norwich Pharmacal Co. &amp;amp;amp; Sauran da Kwastam da Kwamishinonin Haraji''
* Ciwon ƙwaƙwalwa da Helicobacter pylori

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist|2}}{{Gynecological anti-infectives and antiseptics}}{{Excavata antiparasitics}}{{Other antibacterials}}{{Monoamine metabolism modulators}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Phanquinone</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1297292920|Phanquinone]]&quot;</comment>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Chembox/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 

'''Phanquinone''' wani fili ne na kwayoyin halitta tare da tsari . An samo shi ne ta hanyar oxidation na 4,7-phenanthroline. 

An bincika shi a matsayin wakili na antiprotozoal da kuma aikinsa na kashe ƙwayoyin cuta . &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid6236746&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mett H, Gyr K, Zak O, Vosbeck K |date=July 1984 |title=Duodeno-pancreatic secretions enhance bactericidal activity of antimicrobial drugs |url= |journal=Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=35–8 |doi=10.1128/aac.26.1.35 |pmc=179912 |pmid=6236746}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da babban rawar da yake takawa a matsayin ligand a cikin ilmin sunadarai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eckert |first=Timothy S. |last2=Bruice |first2=Thomas C. |date=1983 |title=Chemical properties of phenanthrolinequinones and the mechanism of amine oxidation by o-quinones of medium redox potentials |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |volume=105 |issue=13 |pages=4431–4441 |bibcode=1983JAChS.105.4431E |doi=10.1021/ja00351a049}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ksenofontov |first=Vadim |last2=Gaspar |first2=Ana B. |last3=Niel |first3=Virginie |last4=Reiman |first4=Sergey |last5=Real |first5=José A. |last6=Gütlich |first6=Philipp |date=2004 |title=On the Nature of the Plateau in Two-Step Dinuclear Spin-Crossover Complexes |journal=Chemistry – A European Journal |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=1291–1298 |doi=10.1002/chem.200305275 |pmid=15007819}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwan da suka danganci ==

* 1,10-Phenanthroline-5,6-dione

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Agents against amoebozoa}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;
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    <title>Natal shyshark</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355303430|Natal shyshark]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Natal shyshark''', '''gabashin shyshark''' ko '''happy chappie''' &lt;ref name=&quot;compagno et al&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=amp}}&lt;/ref&gt; ( ''Haploblepharus kistnasamyi'' ) nau'in shark ne na dangin Pentanchidae, catsharks masu zurfi a cikin ruwa. An taɓa ɗaukarsa a matsayin nau'in &quot;Natal&quot; na puffadder shyshark ( ''H. edwardsii'' ). Wannan kifin shark yana da yawa a wani ƙaramin yanki a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] daga Yammacin Cape zuwa KwaZulu-Natal . Ana samunsa kusa da bakin teku, daga yankin hawan igiyar ruwa zuwa zurfin {{Convert|30|m|ft}}, kuma yana da halaye masu kama da benthic . Yana kaiwa {{Convert|50|cm|in}} tsawonsa, Natal shyshark yayi kama da puffadder shyshark a bayyanarsa amma yana da jiki mai tsayi, kai mai laushi sosai, peduncle mai matsewa, da kuma launi daban-daban. Kasancewar ba kasafai ake samunsa ba kuma yana fuskantar barazanar [[Rashin mazaunin|lalacewar muhalli]] da kamun kifi na kasuwanci, an kimanta shi a matsayin mai rauni ta Ƙungiyar Kare Yanayi ta Duniya (IUCN).

== Tsarin Haraji ==
An taɓa ɗaukar wannan nau'in a matsayin nau'in &quot;Natal&quot; na puffadder shyshark, wanda ya bambanta da babban siffar &quot;Cape&quot; a cikin bayyanar da fifikon mazauninsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;compagno et al&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=amp}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCompagno,_L.J.V.M._DandoS._Fowler2005&quot;&gt;Compagno, L.J.V.; M. Dando &amp; S. Fowler (2005). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2006, Brett A. Human da Leonard JV Compagno sun bayyana wannan kifin shark a matsayin sabon nau'in, a cikin wani labarin da aka buga a mujallar kimiyya ''ta Zootaxa'' . Sun sanya masa suna bayan mai binciken kifin shark na Afirka ta Kudu Nat Kistnasamy, wanda ya gano asalin Natal shyshark. 

== Rarrabawa da wurin zama ==
Yaɗuwar Natal shyshark ta takaita ne ga ruwan da ke gefen KwaZulu-Natal, da kuma wataƙila Lardunan Yammacin Cape da Gabashin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kiyasta cewa jimillar fadinta ya ƙunshi yanki ƙasa da {{Convert|100|km2|mi2}}     .  Nau'in benthic ne, ana iya samunsa a yankin hawan igiyar ruwa da kuma a kan ƙananan duwatsu masu zurfi. &lt;ref name=&quot;compagno et al&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=amp}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCompagno,_L.J.V.M._DandoS._Fowler2005&quot;&gt;Compagno, L.J.V.; M. Dando &amp; S. Fowler (2005). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Sabanin puffadder shyshark, wanda ke zaune a cikin ruwa mai zurfi da sanyi a sassan arewa maso gabashin yankinsa, a waɗannan yankunan Natal shyshark yana faruwa a cikin ruwan teku mai dumi a zurfin {{Convert|0|-|30|m|ft}} . 

== Bayani ==
Natal shyshark yayi kama da puffadder shyshark, amma yana da jiki mai ƙarfi, kai mara faɗi, da kuma peduncle mai matsewa a gefe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Human, B.A. |last2=Compagno, L.J.V. |name-list-style=amp |date=2006 |title=Description of ''Haploblepharus kistnasamyi'', a new catshark (Chondrichthyes: Scyliorhinidae) from South Africa |journal=Zootaxa |volume=1318 |pages=41&amp;ndash;58 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1318.1.2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hancin yana da faɗi da zagaye, yana da manyan hanci da kuma faffadan fatar hanci mai siffar uku waɗanda suka isa bakin. Akwai ramuka biyu masu zurfi, waɗanda aka rufe da murfin hanci, waɗanda ke gudana daga buɗewar hanci zuwa baki. Bakin yana da ƙusoshi a kusurwoyin a kan muƙamuƙi biyu, kuma yana ɗauke da haƙora masu maki &amp;#x2013; . Idanun suna da girma, tare da membrane mai laushi (kariya ta uku) da kuma wani babban tudu a ƙasa. Rage gill guda biyar suna tsaye a baya a jikin. 

== Ilimin halittu da ilimin halittu ==
Natal shyshark ya fi puffadder shyshark tsada kuma ba a san halayensa sosai ba. Maza sun girma a lokacin da suke da {{Convert|50|cm|in}} doguwa, kuma mata suna da {{Convert|48|cm|in}} tsayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;compagno et al&quot; /&gt; An sanya wa shysharks suna sosai saboda suna lanƙwasawa cikin zobe kuma suna rufe idanunsu da wutsiyoyinsu lokacin da ake barazana. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Natal shyshark''', '''gabashin shyshark''' ko '''happy chappie''' &lt;ref name=&quot;compagno et al&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=amp}}&lt;/ref&gt; ( ''Haploblepharus kistnasamyi'' ) nau'in shark ne na dangin Pentanchidae, catsharks masu zurfi a cikin ruwa. An taɓa ɗaukarsa a matsayin nau'in &quot;Natal&quot; na puffadder shyshark ( ''H. edwardsii'' ). Wannan kifin shark yana da yawa a wani ƙaramin yanki a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] daga Yammacin Cape zuwa KwaZulu-Natal . Ana samunsa kusa da bakin teku, daga yankin hawan igiyar ruwa zuwa zurfin {{Convert|30|m|ft}}, kuma yana da halaye masu kama da benthic . Yana kaiwa {{Convert|50|cm|in}} tsawonsa, Natal shyshark yayi kama da puffadder shyshark a bayyanarsa amma yana da jiki mai tsayi, kai mai laushi sosai, peduncle mai matsewa, da kuma launi daban-daban. Kasancewar ba kasafai ake samunsa ba kuma yana fuskantar barazanar [[Rashin mazaunin|lalacewar muhalli]] da kamun kifi na kasuwanci, an kimanta shi a matsayin mai rauni ta Ƙungiyar Kare Yanayi ta Duniya (IUCN).

== Tsarin Haraji ==
An taɓa ɗaukar wannan nau'in a matsayin nau'in &quot;Natal&quot; na puffadder shyshark, wanda ya bambanta da babban siffar &quot;Cape&quot; a cikin bayyanar da fifikon mazauninsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;compagno et al&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=amp}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCompagno,_L.J.V.M._DandoS._Fowler2005&quot;&gt;Compagno, L.J.V.; M. Dando &amp; S. Fowler (2005). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2006, Brett A. Human da Leonard JV Compagno sun bayyana wannan kifin shark a matsayin sabon nau'in, a cikin wani labarin da aka buga a mujallar kimiyya ''ta Zootaxa'' . Sun sanya masa suna bayan mai binciken kifin shark na Afirka ta Kudu Nat Kistnasamy, wanda ya gano asalin Natal shyshark. 

== Rarrabawa da wurin zama ==
Yaɗuwar Natal shyshark ta takaita ne ga ruwan da ke gefen KwaZulu-Natal, da kuma wataƙila Lardunan Yammacin Cape da Gabashin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kiyasta cewa jimillar fadinta ya ƙunshi yanki ƙasa da {{Convert|100|km2|mi2}}     .  Nau'in benthic ne, ana iya samunsa a yankin hawan igiyar ruwa da kuma a kan ƙananan duwatsu masu zurfi. &lt;ref name=&quot;compagno et al&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=amp}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCompagno,_L.J.V.M._DandoS._Fowler2005&quot;&gt;Compagno, L.J.V.; M. Dando &amp; S. Fowler (2005). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Sabanin puffadder shyshark, wanda ke zaune a cikin ruwa mai zurfi da sanyi a sassan arewa maso gabashin yankinsa, a waɗannan yankunan Natal shyshark yana faruwa a cikin ruwan teku mai dumi a zurfin {{Convert|0|-|30|m|ft}} . 

== Bayani ==
Natal shyshark yayi kama da puffadder shyshark, amma yana da jiki mai ƙarfi, kai mara faɗi, da kuma peduncle mai matsewa a gefe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Human, B.A. |last2=Compagno, L.J.V. |name-list-style=amp |date=2006 |title=Description of ''Haploblepharus kistnasamyi'', a new catshark (Chondrichthyes: Scyliorhinidae) from South Africa |journal=Zootaxa |volume=1318 |pages=41&amp;ndash;58 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1318.1.2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hancin yana da faɗi da zagaye, yana da manyan hanci da kuma faffadan fatar hanci mai siffar uku waɗanda suka isa bakin. Akwai ramuka biyu masu zurfi, waɗanda aka rufe da murfin hanci, waɗanda ke gudana daga buɗewar hanci zuwa baki. Bakin yana da ƙusoshi a kusurwoyin a kan muƙamuƙi biyu, kuma yana ɗauke da haƙora masu maki &amp;#x2013; . Idanun suna da girma, tare da membrane mai laushi (kariya ta uku) da kuma wani babban tudu a ƙasa. Rage gill guda biyar suna tsaye a baya a jikin. 

== Ilimin halittu da ilimin halittu ==
Natal shyshark ya fi puffadder shyshark tsada kuma ba a san halayensa sosai ba. Maza sun girma a lokacin da suke da {{Convert|50|cm|in}} doguwa, kuma mata suna da {{Convert|48|cm|in}} tsayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;compagno et al&quot; /&gt; An sanya wa shysharks suna sosai saboda suna lanƙwasawa cikin zobe kuma suna rufe idanunsu da wutsiyoyinsu lokacin da ake barazana. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Coelacanth</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359012776|Coelacanth]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Coelacanths''' / / ˈs iːləkæn θ /​​​ ⓘ SEE -lə-kanth ) tsohuwar ƙungiyar kifaye ne da aka yi da lobe finned (Sarcopterygii) a cikin ajin '''Actinistia''' .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Order Summary for Coelacanthiformes |url=https://www.fishbase.se/summary/OrdersSummary.php?order=Coelacanthiformes |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=fishbase.se}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinsu na sarcopterygians, suna da alaƙa ta kud da kud da lungfish da tetrapods (ƙananan halittu na ƙasa ciki har da masu rai amphibians, masu rarrafe, [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]] da dabbobi masu shayarwa ) fiye da kifayen da aka yi da ray finned . Akwai nau'in halittu guda ɗaya kawai, ''Latimeria'', tare da nau'ikan halittu guda biyu da aka bayyana.

Sunan '''coelacanth''' ya samo asali ne daga halittar Permian ''Coelacanthus'', wacce ita ce nau'in coelacanths na farko [[Nomenclature na binomial|da aka sanya wa suna a kimiyya]] (a shekara ta 1839), ta zama nau'in halittar '''Coelacanthiformes''' kamar yadda aka gano aka kuma sanya wa wasu nau'ikan suna. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Louis Agassiz}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Osterloff |first=Emily |title=Coelacanths: the fish that 'outdid' the Loch Ness Monster |url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/coelacanths-the-fish-that-outdid-the-loch-ness-monster.html |access-date=12 May 2025 |publisher=Natural History Museum, London}}&lt;/ref&gt; An wakilta shi sosai a cikin ma'adinan ruwa da ruwa tun farkon zamanin Devonian (fiye da 410){{Spaces}}shekaru miliyan da suka wuce ), ana tsammanin sun ɓace a ƙarshen Cretaceous, kimanin [[Abubuwan da suka faru na Cretaceous-Paleogene|shekaru 66.{{Spaces}}shekaru miliyan da suka wuce]] .

An bayyana nau'in halittar farko mai rai, ''Latimeria chalumnae'', coelacanth na [[Tekun Indiya]] ta Yamma, daga samfuran da aka kamo a bakin tekun [[Afirka ta Kudu]] tun daga 1938 zuwa gaba;  &lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lavett Smith |first=C. |last2=Rand |first2=Charles S. |last3=Schaeffer |first3=Bobb |last4=Atz |first4=James W. |year=1975 |title=Latimeria, the Living Coelacanth, is Ovoviviparous |journal=Science |volume=190 |issue=4219 |pages=1105–6 |bibcode=1975Sci...190.1105L |doi=10.1126/science.190.4219.1105 |s2cid=83943031}}&lt;/ref&gt; yanzu an san su da zama a cikin tekuna da ke kewaye da [[Tsibirin Comoro]] a [[Gabashin Afirka|gabashin gabar Afirka]] . Nau'in na biyu, ''Latimeria menadoensis'', coelacanth na Indonesia, an gano shi a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, wanda ke zaune a cikin tekuna na Gabashin Indonesia, daga Manado zuwa Papua . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yokoyama |first=Shozo |last2=Zhang |first2=Huan |last3=Radlwimmer |first3=F. Bernhard |last4=Blow |first4=Nathan S. |year=1999 |title=Adaptive evolution of color vision of the Comoran coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=96 |issue=11 |pages=6279–84 |bibcode=1999PNAS...96.6279Y |doi=10.1073/pnas.96.11.6279 |pmc=26872 |pmid=10339578 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
Kalmar ''Coelacanth'' an yi ta ne da sunan Latin {{Lang|la|Cœlacanthus}} na zamani. ('m kashin baya'), daga tsohuwar Girkanci {{Lang|grc|κοῖλ-ος}} ( {{Transl|grc|koilos}}, 'm') da {{Lang|grc|ἄκανθ-α}} ( {{Transl|grc|akantha}}, 'kashin baya'), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Coelancanth |url=http://www.actforlibraries.org/the-coelancanth/ |access-date=2015-10-30 |website=actforlibraries.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; yana nufin haskoki na kashin caudal mai zurfi na samfurin burbushin farko da [[Louis Agassiz]] ya bayyana kuma ya sanya masa suna a shekarar 1839, mallakar nau'in ''Coelacanthus'' .  {{Rp|1}}Sunan asalin ''Latimeria'' yana tunawa da Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer, wacce ta gano samfurin farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Smithsonian Institution – The Coelacanth: More Living than Fossil |url=http://vertebrates.si.edu/fishes/coelacanth/coelacanth_wider.html |access-date=2015-10-30 |website=vertebrates.si.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Coelacanths''' / / ˈs iːləkæn θ /​​​ ⓘ SEE -lə-kanth ) tsohuwar ƙungiyar kifaye ne da aka yi da lobe finned (Sarcopterygii) a cikin ajin '''Actinistia''' .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Order Summary for Coelacanthiformes |url=https://www.fishbase.se/summary/OrdersSummary.php?order=Coelacanthiformes |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=fishbase.se}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinsu na sarcopterygians, suna da alaƙa ta kud da kud da lungfish da tetrapods (ƙananan halittu na ƙasa ciki har da masu rai amphibians, masu rarrafe, [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]] da dabbobi masu shayarwa ) fiye da kifayen da aka yi da ray finned . Akwai nau'in halittu guda ɗaya kawai, ''Latimeria'', tare da nau'ikan halittu guda biyu da aka bayyana.

Sunan '''coelacanth''' ya samo asali ne daga halittar Permian ''Coelacanthus'', wacce ita ce nau'in coelacanths na farko [[Nomenclature na binomial|da aka sanya wa suna a kimiyya]] (a shekara ta 1839), ta zama nau'in halittar '''Coelacanthiformes''' kamar yadda aka gano aka kuma sanya wa wasu nau'ikan suna. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Louis Agassiz}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Osterloff |first=Emily |title=Coelacanths: the fish that 'outdid' the Loch Ness Monster |url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/coelacanths-the-fish-that-outdid-the-loch-ness-monster.html |access-date=12 May 2025 |publisher=Natural History Museum, London}}&lt;/ref&gt; An wakilta shi sosai a cikin ma'adinan ruwa da ruwa tun farkon zamanin Devonian (fiye da 410){{Spaces}}shekaru miliyan da suka wuce ), ana tsammanin sun ɓace a ƙarshen Cretaceous, kimanin [[Abubuwan da suka faru na Cretaceous-Paleogene|shekaru 66.{{Spaces}}shekaru miliyan da suka wuce]] .

An bayyana nau'in halittar farko mai rai, ''Latimeria chalumnae'', coelacanth na [[Tekun Indiya]] ta Yamma, daga samfuran da aka kamo a bakin tekun [[Afirka ta Kudu]] tun daga 1938 zuwa gaba;  &lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lavett Smith |first=C. |last2=Rand |first2=Charles S. |last3=Schaeffer |first3=Bobb |last4=Atz |first4=James W. |year=1975 |title=Latimeria, the Living Coelacanth, is Ovoviviparous |journal=Science |volume=190 |issue=4219 |pages=1105–6 |bibcode=1975Sci...190.1105L |doi=10.1126/science.190.4219.1105 |s2cid=83943031}}&lt;/ref&gt; yanzu an san su da zama a cikin tekuna da ke kewaye da [[Tsibirin Comoro]] a [[Gabashin Afirka|gabashin gabar Afirka]] . Nau'in na biyu, ''Latimeria menadoensis'', coelacanth na Indonesia, an gano shi a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, wanda ke zaune a cikin tekuna na Gabashin Indonesia, daga Manado zuwa Papua . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yokoyama |first=Shozo |last2=Zhang |first2=Huan |last3=Radlwimmer |first3=F. Bernhard |last4=Blow |first4=Nathan S. |year=1999 |title=Adaptive evolution of color vision of the Comoran coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=96 |issue=11 |pages=6279–84 |bibcode=1999PNAS...96.6279Y |doi=10.1073/pnas.96.11.6279 |pmc=26872 |pmid=10339578 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
Kalmar ''Coelacanth'' an yi ta ne da sunan Latin {{Lang|la|Cœlacanthus}} na zamani. ('m kashin baya'), daga tsohuwar Girkanci {{Lang|grc|κοῖλ-ος}} ( {{Transl|grc|koilos}}, 'm') da {{Lang|grc|ἄκανθ-α}} ( {{Transl|grc|akantha}}, 'kashin baya'), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Coelancanth |url=http://www.actforlibraries.org/the-coelancanth/ |access-date=2015-10-30 |website=actforlibraries.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; yana nufin haskoki na kashin caudal mai zurfi na samfurin burbushin farko da [[Louis Agassiz]] ya bayyana kuma ya sanya masa suna a shekarar 1839, mallakar nau'in ''Coelacanthus'' .  {{Rp|1}}Sunan asalin ''Latimeria'' yana tunawa da Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer, wacce ta gano samfurin farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Smithsonian Institution – The Coelacanth: More Living than Fossil |url=http://vertebrates.si.edu/fishes/coelacanth/coelacanth_wider.html |access-date=2015-10-30 |website=vertebrates.si.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Shortfin barb</title>
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    <revision>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1315198444|Shortfin barb]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Gajeren kifi''' ( '''''Enteromius brevipinnis''''' ) nau'in kifi ne na cyprinid da aka samo asali daga kudancin Afirka, inda yake samuwa a cikin wasu koguna a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da [[Eswatini]] . Yana zaune a cikin kwararowar ruwa mai kyau. Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa {{Convert|4.5|cm|in}} a tsawon da aka saba . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] .

== Tsarin Haraji ==
[[Reginald Arthur Jubb]] ne ya fara bayyana gajeriyar barb ɗin a shekarar 1966. An kuma ambaci shi da ma'anar ''Barbus brevipinnis'' da ''Barbus brevipennis'' .  An rarraba shi cikin dangin Cyprinidae (carps da minnows) a cikin ajin Actinopterygii . 

== Bayani ==
Wannan nau'in yana girma har zuwa {{Convert|4.5|cm|in}} a tsayin da aka saba . Fifin bayan yana da haskoki masu laushi 10-11 kuma fin ɗin dubura yana da haskoki masu laushi guda takwas. 

== Rarrabawa ==
Gajeren ramin yana faruwa ne a tsarin [[Kogin Sand (Mpumalanga)|kogin]] [[Kogin Sabie|Sabie]] -Yashi da kuma magudanar ruwan kogin Hlelo a lardin Mpumalanga na Afirka ta Kudu, magudanar [[Kogin Pongola|ruwan kogin Phongolo]] a Kwa-Zulu Natal na Afirka ta Kudu da kuma a [[Eswatini|Swaziland]], da kuma kogunan Shelangubu da Lomati (da magudanar ruwansu) a Swaziland.  

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Gajeren kifi''' ( '''''Enteromius brevipinnis''''' ) nau'in kifi ne na cyprinid da aka samo asali daga kudancin Afirka, inda yake samuwa a cikin wasu koguna a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da [[Eswatini]] . Yana zaune a cikin kwararowar ruwa mai kyau. Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa {{Convert|4.5|cm|in}} a tsawon da aka saba . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] .

== Tsarin Haraji ==
[[Reginald Arthur Jubb]] ne ya fara bayyana gajeriyar barb ɗin a shekarar 1966. An kuma ambaci shi da ma'anar ''Barbus brevipinnis'' da ''Barbus brevipennis'' .  An rarraba shi cikin dangin Cyprinidae (carps da minnows) a cikin ajin Actinopterygii . 

== Bayani ==
Wannan nau'in yana girma har zuwa {{Convert|4.5|cm|in}} a tsayin da aka saba . Fifin bayan yana da haskoki masu laushi 10-11 kuma fin ɗin dubura yana da haskoki masu laushi guda takwas. 

== Rarrabawa ==
Gajeren ramin yana faruwa ne a tsarin [[Kogin Sand (Mpumalanga)|kogin]] [[Kogin Sabie|Sabie]] -Yashi da kuma magudanar ruwan kogin Hlelo a lardin Mpumalanga na Afirka ta Kudu, magudanar [[Kogin Pongola|ruwan kogin Phongolo]] a Kwa-Zulu Natal na Afirka ta Kudu da kuma a [[Eswatini|Swaziland]], da kuma kogunan Shelangubu da Lomati (da magudanar ruwansu) a Swaziland.  

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kifi na Clanwilliam</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314078049|Clanwilliam sandfish]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kifin sandfish na Clanwilliam''' ( '''''Labeo seeberi''''' ) nau'in kifin da aka yi da hasken rana ne a cikin dangin Cyprinidae . Ana samunsa a cikin tsarin Kogin Olifants a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Yana ɗaya daga cikin kifin ruwa mai kyau da Afirka ta Kudu ke fuskantar barazana. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kifin sandfish na Clanwilliam''' ( '''''Labeo seeberi''''' ) nau'in kifin da aka yi da hasken rana ne a cikin dangin Cyprinidae . Ana samunsa a cikin tsarin Kogin Olifants a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Yana ɗaya daga cikin kifin ruwa mai kyau da Afirka ta Kudu ke fuskantar barazana. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chiloglanis Pretoriae</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314363706|Chiloglanis pretoriae]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Chiloglanis pretoriae''''', '''ɗan gajeren kifin suckermouth''', nau'in kifin kifin da ke juyewa ƙasa ne wanda aka samo asali daga [[Eswatini]], [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da [[Zimbabwe]], yana faruwa a cikin tsarin Kogin [[Kogin Limpopo|Limpopo]], [[Kogin Komati|Komati]], [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi]], [[Kogin Pungwe|Pungwe]] da [[Rio Buzi|Buzi]] . Yana girma zuwa {{Convert|6.5|cm|in}} a tsawon da aka saba . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
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        <id>44591</id>
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      <text bytes="462" sha1="f4hn84b7cfuxhjhtleutrmep8v4790a" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Chiloglanis pretoriae''''', '''ɗan gajeren kifin suckermouth''', nau'in kifin kifin da ke juyewa ƙasa ne wanda aka samo asali daga [[Eswatini]], [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da [[Zimbabwe]], yana faruwa a cikin tsarin Kogin [[Kogin Limpopo|Limpopo]], [[Kogin Komati|Komati]], [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi]], [[Kogin Pungwe|Pungwe]] da [[Rio Buzi|Buzi]] . Yana girma zuwa {{Convert|6.5|cm|in}} a tsawon da aka saba . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>f4hn84b7cfuxhjhtleutrmep8v4790a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sandelia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158752</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861643</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T21:11:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1215290536|Sandelia]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861643</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="384" sha1="8popu9225wqo8tv1clpgvkva3ep6zz7" xml:space="preserve">
'''''Sandelia''''' nau'in gourami ne na hawan dutse wanda aka samo asali daga wuraren zama na ruwa mai tsafta a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] .

A halin yanzu akwai nau'i biyu da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: 

* ''[[Dutsen Lardin Gabas|Sandelia bainsii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Castelnau, 1861&lt;/small&gt; (Rocky kurper)
* ''Sandelia capensis'' &lt;small&gt;( G. Cuvier, 1829)&lt;/small&gt; (Cape kurper)

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>8popu9225wqo8tv1clpgvkva3ep6zz7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861644</id>
      <parentid>861643</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T21:11:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>861644</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="395" sha1="1gp0kl7nnjbpvamnuwqxsleqahg2e4s" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Sandelia''''' nau'in gourami ne na hawan dutse wanda aka samo asali daga wuraren zama na ruwa mai tsafta a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] .

A halin yanzu akwai nau'i biyu da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: 

* ''[[Dutsen Lardin Gabas|Sandelia bainsii]]'' &lt;small&gt;Castelnau, 1861&lt;/small&gt; (Rocky kurper)
* ''Sandelia capensis'' &lt;small&gt;( G. Cuvier, 1829)&lt;/small&gt; (Cape kurper)

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>1gp0kl7nnjbpvamnuwqxsleqahg2e4s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Hamman123</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>158753</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861646</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T21:23:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>861646</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1193" sha1="ql1u0ilhmnip815dz9f4v31onpls0tk" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Hamman123! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Hamman123|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 19 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ql1u0ilhmnip815dz9f4v31onpls0tk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:𠥼迚 圕</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>158754</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861647</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T21:23:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>861647</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1197" sha1="j3vrc71bmrt3xqdjd4ohxmv67q43v49" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, 𠥼迚 圕! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/𠥼迚 圕|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 19 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>j3vrc71bmrt3xqdjd4ohxmv67q43v49</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Michaelt1964</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>158755</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861648</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T21:23:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>861648</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1199" sha1="n1ck6fiqc13whyumgz2pq0yy4fhssoc" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Michaelt1964! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Michaelt1964|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 19 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>n1ck6fiqc13whyumgz2pq0yy4fhssoc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Modyibrahem260</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>158756</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861649</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T21:23:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>861649</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1203" sha1="sdoo372oox53ls0neecnogybtbjf5bb" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Modyibrahem260! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Modyibrahem260|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 19 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>sdoo372oox53ls0neecnogybtbjf5bb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Momi Hauwa</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>158757</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861650</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T21:23:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>861650</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1195" sha1="ofkbn5vbkxb3wzvu1q1yrwr921aso9c" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Momi Hauwa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Momi Hauwa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 19 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ofkbn5vbkxb3wzvu1q1yrwr921aso9c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Redondo al cuadrado</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>158758</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861651</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T21:24:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>861651</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1213" sha1="1ekd0434ufr76imlx36v7j4v1i3xgs9" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Redondo al cuadrado! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Redondo al cuadrado|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 19 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>1ekd0434ufr76imlx36v7j4v1i3xgs9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Tanizakariya</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>158759</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861652</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T21:24:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>861652</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1199" sha1="9hffbbuphj78jj8m7vtnah80lqy9ktj" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Tanizakariya! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Tanizakariya|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 19 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>9hffbbuphj78jj8m7vtnah80lqy9ktj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Obuag</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>158760</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861653</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T21:24:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>861653</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1185" sha1="fh57h0m6ro2aqh7ew2tv9k35l91od4l" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Obuag! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Obuag|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 19 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>fh57h0m6ro2aqh7ew2tv9k35l91od4l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Rama4EL</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>158761</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861654</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T21:24:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>861654</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1189" sha1="2otliyxmojwxw8xtlbdasvch26ow4jy" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Rama4EL! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Rama4EL|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 19 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>2otliyxmojwxw8xtlbdasvch26ow4jy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Angeladamu</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>158762</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861655</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T21:24:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>861655</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1195" sha1="l2ycgxmt0vopwseif6oe13xncr4qxdg" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Angeladamu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Angeladamu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 19 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>l2ycgxmt0vopwseif6oe13xncr4qxdg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Smartchris999</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>158763</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861656</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T21:24:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>861656</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1201" sha1="bwkw2aty82xw3waplbgbr1syjmfhbzv" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Smartchris999! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Smartchris999|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 19 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>bwkw2aty82xw3waplbgbr1syjmfhbzv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Mustapha Usman Hassan</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>158764</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861657</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T21:25:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>861657</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1217" sha1="6jlgazpe3iahbb8n6l7wjf6abyqbvrp" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mustapha Usman Hassan! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mustapha Usman Hassan|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 19 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>6jlgazpe3iahbb8n6l7wjf6abyqbvrp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Bumpf</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>158765</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861658</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T21:25:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>861658</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1185" sha1="hmjss1diws2cjlvzdnbd966i77nq7uu" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bumpf! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bumpf|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 19 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>hmjss1diws2cjlvzdnbd966i77nq7uu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:MRL2026</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>158766</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861659</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T21:25:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>861659</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1189" sha1="cug5o76r8d8wa0mfmg2gx6juh9x21u8" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, MRL2026! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/MRL2026|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 19 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>cug5o76r8d8wa0mfmg2gx6juh9x21u8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Dilan Chryshantha</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>158767</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861660</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T21:25:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>861660</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1209" sha1="9k7wnwz2u5w12vzpt5akg4myxowzsvr" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Dilan Chryshantha! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Dilan Chryshantha|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 19 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>9k7wnwz2u5w12vzpt5akg4myxowzsvr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Abdullahi Aduwa</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>158768</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861661</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T21:25:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>861661</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1205" sha1="ntqni3zh2cqcx5awm0abhlwgybzb9t0" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Abdullahi Aduwa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Abdullahi Aduwa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 19 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ntqni3zh2cqcx5awm0abhlwgybzb9t0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Damnum</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>158769</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861662</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T21:25:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>861662</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1187" sha1="po3p6vroaikthx6bw4zu9eskaon75je" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Damnum! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Damnum|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 19 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>po3p6vroaikthx6bw4zu9eskaon75je</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Usernamemerish</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>158770</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861663</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T21:26:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>861663</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1203" sha1="qlkuu5uv07d35p2frlz1b9100xlvjpc" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Usernamemerish! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Usernamemerish|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 19 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>qlkuu5uv07d35p2frlz1b9100xlvjpc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Publicwalrus</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>158771</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861664</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T21:26:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>861664</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1199" sha1="p4vol302f9kcydseci3jo9mvrb9a2k8" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Publicwalrus! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Publicwalrus|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 19 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>p4vol302f9kcydseci3jo9mvrb9a2k8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Armanaziz</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>158772</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861665</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T21:26:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>861665</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1193" sha1="f2jgginejtnjaqm0fb9l7q1xpy4vi2f" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Armanaziz! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Armanaziz|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 19 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Mijkuo</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>158773</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-19T21:26:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>861666</origin>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mijkuo! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mijkuo|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 19 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Salarabdolmohamadian</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>158774</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861667</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T21:26:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
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      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>861667</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Salarabdolmohamadian! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Salarabdolmohamadian|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 19 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Mallamson</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>158775</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861668</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-19T21:26:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
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      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>861668</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mallamson! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mallamson|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 19 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cibiyar Nazarin Malaria ta Kasa</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-19T22:06:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351092607|National Institute of Malaria Research]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2327" sha1="5t0rqxr13o4z75ax2f0ptzpddi7jckx" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

'''Cibiyar Nazarin Malaria ta Kasa''' (NIMR), New Delhi, tana ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin bincike na Majalisar Binciken Kiwon Lafiya ta Indiya a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Binciken Lafiya, Ma'aikatu da Kula da Iyali, Gwamnatin Indiya, wanda aka kafa a 1977 a matsayin Cibiyar Binciken Malaria ta Duniya, wanda aka sake masa suna a matsayin Ci gaban Binciken Cibiyar Malaria ta ƙasa a watan Nuwamba 2005.
[[Fayil:NIMR_Delhi_building.jpg|thumb|Ginin NIMR]]
Babban aikin Cibiyar shine neman gajeren lokaci da kuma mafita na dogon lokaci ga matsalolin zazzabin cizon sauro ta hanyar bincike na asali, aikace-aikace da kuma aiki. Cibiyar kuma tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban ma'aikata ta hanyar horo / bita da canja wurin fasaha. Manyan fannoni na binciken da aka gudanar a cikin shekaru sun kasance a kan binciken dabbobin sauro, ci gaban alamun kwayoyin halitta da kwayoyin halitta don mahimman magungunan zazzabin cizon sauro da kwayar cuta, nazarin cytotaxonomic da ke gano manyan magungunan a matsayin nau'ikan jinsuna da kuma nazarin filin don bincika bambancin halittu tsakanin nau'ikan 'yan uwa, ci gaban fasahar gano kwayoyin ga' yan uwa, saka idanu kan juriya ta hanyar sararin samaniya da lokaci, shirye-shiryen aiki, da sauransu sun samar da bayanai masu mahimmanci. Binciken filin sabbin magungunan kashe kwari, magungunan halittu, tarkon gado da ke dauke da magungunan kwari, kwayoyi da kayan bincike sun samar da sabbin makamai ga kula da zazzabin cizon sauro. Da yawa daga cikin wadannan sun sami wuri a cikin shirin kula da zazzabin cizon sauro na kasa.

NIMR tana da cibiyar sadarwa ta dakunan gwaje-gwaje masu tasowa a Delhi da ke gudanar da bincike kan dukkan fannoni na zazzabin cizon sauro tare da dakunan gwage-gwaje 10 a yankunan da ke fama da zazzabin sauro, waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin filin gwaji don sabbin fasahohi da taimakawa wajen canja wurin fasahohi.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Cibiyar Binciken Magunguna ta Desert

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.nimr.org.in Cibiyar Nazarin Malaria ta Kasa, Shafin yanar gizon hukuma]
{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Juan Pablo Echeverri</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1290140992|Juan Pablo Echeverri]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Juan Pablo Echeverri Muñoz''' (22 Nuwamba 1978 - 15 Yuni 2022) ya kasance mai zane-zane na Colombia wanda aka sani da hotunan kansa da kuma tunani game da hoton kansa da kuma ra'ayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Juan Pablo Echeverri, el cuerpo y sus fantasías — Jaime Cerón Silva |url=https://ceronresumido.com/Juan-Pablo-Echeverri-el-cuerpo-y-sus-fantasias |website=ceronresumido.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Artnexus |url=https://www.artnexus.com/es/magazines/article-magazine-artnexus/5d64114690cc21cf7c0a3a9e/90/juan-pablo-echeverri |website=www.artnexus.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da aiki ==
An haifi Echeverri a [[Bogotá]], Colombia . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Juan Pablo Echeverri |url=https://revistaerrata.gov.co/autor/juan-pablo-echeverri |website=www.revistaerrata.gov.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kusa da 1995, yayin da ya fara karatun zane-zane a Jami'ar Pontifical Xavierian, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Juan Pablo Echeverri |url=http://sketchroom.co/juan-pablo-echeverri |website=www.sketchroom.co/}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya fara daukar hotuna 4×5 cm don rubutunsa. Lokacin da wannan ya zama al'ada ta yau da kullun, tarin hotunan ya zama aikin dogon lokaci mai taken ''Miss Fotojapon'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=¡Felices 15 miss Fotojapón! |url=https://www.vice.com/es/article/estas-invitado-a-los-15-de-miss-foto-japon/ |website=Vice.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shekara ɗaya bayan kammala karatunsa, a cikin 2003, Miss Fotojapón ta sami Echeverri wani wasan kwaikwayo na solo a gidan kayan tarihi na Bogotá na Art Modern.[1] [2] A cikin 2010, gidan kayan tarihi na Bankin Jamhuriyar ya sami wani yanki na wannan yanki don tarin dindindin.[3] A cikin 2022, Miss Fotojapón tana da hotuna sama da 8000, kuma an nuna ta a Saatchi Gallery a London a matsayin wani ɓangare na nunin Daga Selfie zuwa Nunin Kai a cikin 2017, [4] [5] [6] kuma an haɗa shi a cikin littattafan 500 Self-Portraits (2018) da Jesus (2018) wanda Phydon ya buga), kuma ku biyu (2018) Latsa.[8]

Echeverri ya kuma kirkiro gajerun jerin wadanda, a cewar masu sukar Jaime Cerón da Andrés Isaac, sun shafi gina mutum da kuma ra'ayi na &quot;sauran&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Juan Pablo Echeverri, el cuerpo y sus fantasías — Jaime Cerón Silva |url=https://ceronresumido.com/Juan-Pablo-Echeverri-el-cuerpo-y-sus-fantasias |website=ceronresumido.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Artnexus |url=https://www.artnexus.com/es/magazines/article-magazine-artnexus/5d64114690cc21cf7c0a3a9e/90/juan-pablo-echeverri |website=www.artnexus.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu daga cikin wadannan jerin - Fantasía de Macho maduro (2001), merengue glacé (2007), ''Supersonas'' (2011), futuroSEXtraños (2016) da Muertos Vivientes (2019) - an nuna su a wuraren da suka hada da Gidan Tarihi na Colombia a Bogotá, Biennial of Contemporary Art a Ireland (2018), da kuma Rencontres d'Arles a Faransa (2017).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=El Museo Nacional abre exposición que relata la crisis migratoria venezolana y global |url=https://www.museonacional.gov.co/noticias/Paginas/Juntos_Aparte.aspx |website=www.museonacional.gov.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BIENALSUR: Juntos Aparte en el Museo Nacional |url=https://bienalsur.org/es/single_agenda/296 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725220852/https://bienalsur.org/es/single_agenda/296 |archive-date=25 July 2021 |website=bienalsur.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Juan Pablo Echeverri |url=https://www.eva.ie/artist/juan-pablo-echeverri/ |website=EVA International}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Juan Pablo Echeverri |url=http://www.rencontres-arles.com//en/artistes/view/250/ |website=Rencontres d'Arles}}{{Dead link}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=La Vuelta |url=http://www.rencontres-arles.com//en/expositions/view/149/la-vuelta |website=Rencontres d'Arles}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Echeverri ya kasance mai haɗin gwiwa tare da mai daukar hoto na Jamus Wolfgang Tillmans daga 2012, dukansu suna kafa nune-nunen kuma a matsayin memba na wasu ayyukansa na kiɗa.

== Mutuwa ==
Echeverri ya mutu daga [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] a watan Yunin 2022 yana da shekaru 43. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tiempo |first=Casa Editorial El |date=16 June 2022 |title=Murió Juan Pablo Echeverri: artista colombiano famoso por Miss Foto Japón |url=https://www.eltiempo.com/cultura/arte-y-teatro/murio-juan-pablo-echeverri-el-artista-colombiano-que-revoluciono-el-arte-680727 |access-date=16 June 2022 |website=El Tiempo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

* {{Official website|https://juanpabloecheverri.com/}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>John Fleming (dan siyasa na Scotland)</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335069378|John Fleming (Scottish politician)]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1728" sha1="0qlgh1sj641mxm28jlthxpsw2oy1oif" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Sir_John_Fleming.jpeg|thumb|Sir John Fleming]]
'''Sir John Fleming''' DL (1847 - 25 Fabrairu 1925) ɗan siyasan Scottish Liberal ne kuma ɗan kasuwa.

== Rayuwa ==
An haifi Fleming a Dundee, ɗan John Fleming da Ann McIntosh . Mahaifinsa mai sayar da kayan masarufi ne, yana zaune da kasuwanci a 53 West Port a Dundee .  Ya yi karatu a Dundee a Brown Street School da kuma Makarantar Sakandare ta Dundee . Ya kafa kasuwanci a matsayin mai sayar da katako a Footdee a Aberdeen . 

Ya kasance Lord Provost na Aberdeen daga 1898 zuwa 1902 kuma MP na Aberdeen ta Kudu daga 1917 zuwa 1918. Shi ne Lord Lieutenant na farko na Aberdeen, kuma ƙaramin ɗan'uwan Robert Fleming. Ya sake tsayawa takarar Aberdeen ta Kudu a Babban zaben 1918 lokacin da yake da shekaru sama da 70, amma Unionist Frederick Thomson ya ci shi sosai. Ya kuma kasance Lord Lieutenant na farko na Aberdeen . 

Ya yi aure a 1870 Elizabeth, 'yar John Dow, na Dundee, kuma yana da' ya'ya maza uku da mata huɗu.

Ya mutu daga zazzabin cizon sauro a [[Pretoria]], Afirka ta Kudu, ya kamu da shi yayin da yake [[Rhodesia]].

== Sanarwar fasaha ==
Robert Brough ne ya nuna shi a cikin shekara ta 1897. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sir John Fleming |url=https://emuseum.aberdeencity.gov.uk/objects/3900/sir-john-fleming}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* Hansard1803–2005:gudummawa a majalisar ta John Fleming
{{S-start}}
{{S-par|uk}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Member of Parliament]] for [[Aberdeen South (UK Parliament constituency)|Aberdeen South]]}}
{{s-civic}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Lord Provost of Aberdeen]]}}
{{S-end}}{{Authority control}}
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  <page>
    <title>Raymond Keiller Butchart</title>
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    <id>158779</id>
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        <id>14817</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345979397|Raymond Keiller Butchart]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Raymond Keiller Butchart''' FRSE (1888-1930) ɗan gajeren lokaci ne ɗan lissafin Scotland. Ya yi aiki na shekaru biyu a matsayin Farfesa na Lissafi a Kwalejin Raffles a [[Singafora|Singapore]] . Ya rasa kafa a yakin duniya na farko.

== Rayuwa ==
An haife shi a Dundee a Scotland a ranar 4 ga Mayu 1888, ɗan Margaret da Robert K Butchart. Mahaifinsa ya kasance manajan a cikin ma'aikatar jute ta gida.

Ya halarci Kwalejin Morgan da Makarantar Sakandare ta Dundee kafin ya sami matsayi a Jami'ar St Andrews inda ya sami digiri na farko a lissafi a 1913. A wannan lokacin ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar, Dundee, yanzu Jami'ar Dundee ne, wanda a lokacin kwalejin jami'ar ne a St Andrews .  Bayan kammala karatunsa ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin dalibi a sashen lissafi na Kwalejin Jami'ar, Dundee har zuwa Disamba 1914. Daga nan sai ya ba da matsayi a Kwalejin Wilson da ke [[Mumbai|Bombay]] don a maimakon haka ya yi wa kasarsa hidima.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=RSE Obituary |url=http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Obits2/Butchart_RSE_Obituary.html |access-date=26 June 2015 |website=st-and.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sami kwamiti a matsayin mataimakin a cikin 14th battalion Royal Scots a ranar 24 ga Disamba 1915 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=29 December 1914 |title=List |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29021/page/11143/data.pdf |access-date=26 January 2017 |publisher=The London Gazette}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After training at Stobs in the Scottish Borders he got a position as brigade signals officer.  He left for France and Flanders in the summer of 1915. He rose to the rank of captain. He was seriously wounded and lost a leg.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=J. E. A. S. |date=January 1932 |title=Raymond Keiller Butchart, B.Sc., Ph.D. |department=Obituary Notices |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |volume=51 |pages=200–201 |doi=10.1017/S0370164600023154 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was not discharged from the army until 1920.
He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in February 1915 (shortly before being sent to France). His proposers included D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=July 2006 |title=Former Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh - 1783 – 2002 |url=https://www.rse.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf |access-date=25 January 2017 |publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yulin 1921 Jami'ar St Andrews ta ba shi PhD kuma ta ba shi sabon taken malami a lissafi.

Daga 1928 zuwa 1930 ya kasance farfesa na lissafi a Kwalejin Raffles a [[Singafora|Singapore]] kuma a bayyane yake yana jin daɗin yanayi a can. Ya bar Singapore tare da matarsa a ranar 24 ga Maris 1930, don tafiyarsu ta farko zuwa Scotland.

Ya mutu daga zazzabin cizon sauro, wanda ya bayyana ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya shiga jirgin. Ya mutu a [[Tekun Indiya]]. An binne shi a teku, kilomita 65 kudu maso gabashin [[Kolombo|Colombo]] a wannan rana, 30 Maris 1930. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Butchart biography |url=http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Butchart.html |access-date=26 June 2015 |website=st-and.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iyali ==
Ya auri Jean Ainslie Broome a 1921.

== Littattafai ==

* ''Rarraba Makamashi a cikin wayoyi masu sauƙi da yawa'' (1921) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Butchart |first=Raymond Keiller |year=1921 |title=The Dussipation of Energy in Simple and Compound Wires |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=donRYgEACAAJ |access-date=26 June 2015 |website=google.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tamim Bashir</title>
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        <id>14817</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1302971977|Tamim Bashir]]&quot;</comment>
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 &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;'''Tamim Bashir''' dan wasan crick ne na farko kuma List A daga Bangladesh wanda ya mutu daga [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] a ranar 18 ga Yuni 2004, yana da shekaru 19 kawai.

Ya kasance mai basira a hannun hagu wanda ya riga ya buga wasanni 15 na farko a Khulna Division kuma ya yi rashin lafiya yayin horo tare da ƙungiyar Bangladesh. Tamim Bashir, wanda ake kira &quot;Tushar&quot; a wasu takardu, ya yi ikirarin wickets 44 a 24.52, kuma ya kasance mai buga kwallo mai kyau, wanda aka makale a 98 ba tare da Chittagong Division a Jessore ba a watan Janairun shekara ta 2004. Mafi kyawun wasan bowling, shida ga 41, ya zo ne a kan Dhaka Division a Jessore a 2001-02, lokacin da yake dan shekara 16 kawai. Ya kuma dauki wicket biyar a cikin List A cricket . 

Bashir ya mutu bayan ya kamu da zazzabin cizon sauro a hutu zuwa Rangamati. Da ya dawo Dhaka, ya ci gaba da horo duk da cewa yana da zazzabi. A ranar 18 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2014, an kai shi asibitin Renal a Dhaka, inda ya mutu cikin sa'o'i kadan. Mutuwarsa ta haifar da kiran tsohon kyaftin din Bangladesh Naimur Rahman da kuma kyaftin din Habibul Bashar don yin kira ga wakilci mai karfi ga 'yan wasan Bangladesh ta hanyar ƙungiyar' yan wasan su.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Artesunate / mefloquine</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338188974|Artesunate/mefloquine]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Infobox drug|type=combo

&lt;!-- Combo data --&gt;|component1=Artesunate|class1=[[Artemisinin]]|component2=Mefloquine|class2=[[Antimalarial]]

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|pronounce=|tradename=|Drugs.com=|MedlinePlus=|DailyMedID=&lt;!-- DailyMed may use generic or brand name (generic name preferred) --&gt;|pregnancy_AU=&lt;!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X --&gt;|pregnancy_AU_comment=|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=|ATC_prefix=P01|ATC_suffix=BF02|ATC_supplemental=&lt;!-- Legal status --&gt;|legal_AU=&lt;!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled --&gt;|legal_AU_comment=|legal_BR=&lt;!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C5, D1, D2, E, F1, F2, F3, F4 --&gt;|legal_BR_comment=|legal_CA=&lt;!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII --&gt;|legal_CA_comment=|legal_DE=&lt;!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled --&gt;|legal_DE_comment=|legal_NZ=&lt;!-- Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_NZ_comment=|legal_UK=&lt;!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_UK_comment=|legal_US=&lt;!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V --&gt;|legal_US_comment=|legal_EU=|legal_EU_comment=|legal_UN=&lt;!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV --&gt;|legal_UN_comment=|legal_status=&lt;!-- For countries not listed above --&gt;

&lt;!-- Identifiers --&gt;|CAS_number=60473-87-2|PubChem=|IUPHAR_ligand=|DrugBank=|ChemSpiderID=|UNII=|KEGG=|ChEBI=|ChEMBL=|synonyms=}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Infobox drug/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
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|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;7&quot; |&lt;span title=&quot;International nonproprietary name (INN): &lt;nowiki&amp;gt;Artesunate/mefloquine&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;Artesunate/mefloquine&lt;/span&gt;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Haɗuwa da
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[Artesunate|Ayyuka]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Artemisinin]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[Mefloquine]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Antimalarial|Magungunan zazzabin cizon sauro]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Bayanan asibiti
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! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |[[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System|Lambar ATC]]
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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;color:inherit;&quot; |Bayyanawa
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* &lt;span title=&quot;commonchemistry.cas.org&quot;&gt;[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=60473-87-2 60473-87-2]&lt;/span&gt;
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! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.2em;&quot; |CompTox Dashboard &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt; (&lt;abbr title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;EPA&lt;/abbr&gt;) &lt;/span&gt; 
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* &lt;span title=&quot;comptox.epa.gov&quot;&gt;[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID50198067 DTXSID50198067][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28163619#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]&lt;/span&gt;
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|}
'''Artisunate / mefloquine''' magani ne da ake amfani da shi don magance [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]]. Yana da daidaitattun haɗuwa na artesunate da mefloquine.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot; /&gt; Musamman ana ba da shawarar don magance zazzabin cizon sauro mara rikitarwa. Ana shan shi da baki.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot; /&gt;

Sakamakon sakamako suna kama da magungunan da ake amfani da su daban. Ana ba da shawarar amfani yayin da yake rage yiwuwar amfani da magunguna kadai.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014Use&quot; /&gt; Hakanan ana samun nau'ikan maganin da suka dace da yara.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014Use&quot; /&gt;

Artesunate / mefloquine ya shiga amfani da kasuwanci a cikin 2008. &lt;ref name=&quot;St2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last2=Sanjeev Krishna}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana cikin Jerin Magunguna Masu Muhimmanci na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. An amince da shi don amfani da magani a Brazil, Indiya, da [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]]. Ba a samun sa a kasuwanci a Amurka.

== Amfani da kiwon lafiya ==
Artesunate / mefloquine magani ne da aka ba da shawarar a kudu maso gabashin Asiya yayin da a Afirka [[Artesunate / amodiaquine|Artesunate / Amodiaquine]], [[artemether / lumefantrine]], artesunate * sulfadoxine / pyrimethamine galibi ana son su.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Dihydroartemisinin / piperaquine

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Victor Demé</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344426437|Victor Démé]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Victor Demé''' (1962 - 21 Satumba 2015) ya kasance mawaƙi kuma mawaƙi-marubucin Burkinabé &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.afrik.com/article13598.html Afrik.com: Victor Démé &quot;Underground legend in Burkina Faso&quot;] {{In lang|fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya samo asali ne daga dangin Mandinka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Les Inrocks - Mort du chanteur du Burkina Faso, Victor Démé |url=http://www.lesinrocks.com/2015/09/21/musique/mort-du-chanteur-du-burkina-faso-victor-deme-11776129/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923060010/http://www.lesinrocks.com/2015/09/21/musique/mort-du-chanteur-du-burkina-faso-victor-deme-11776129/ |archive-date=2015-09-23 |website=www.lesinrocks.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutuwarsa ta samo asali ne daga cutar [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-09-21 |title=Mort du chanteur burkinabé Victor Démé, J.J. Cale des savanes – Libération |url=http://next.liberation.fr/musique/2015/09/21/mort-du-chanteur-burkinabe-victor-deme-jj-cale-des-savanes_1387661 |access-date=2022-08-30 |publisher=Next.liberation.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Victor Démé a [[Bobo-Dioulasso]], [[Burkina Faso]] . Mahaifiyarsa sanannen mawaƙi ne a lokutan zamantakewa a garinsu a cikin shekarun 1960. Mahaifinsa mai sa tufafi ne kuma mai salo kuma tare da kawunsa da kawunsa sun inganta layin tufafi na musamman ga kabilun Marka, wani ɓangare na mutanen Mandinka na Yammacin Afirka. Démé ya yi aiki a kasuwancin mahaifinsa da aka kafa a Abidjan, Ivory Coast tun yana saurayi. A cikin dare, ya kasance yana yin wasan kwaikwayo a kungiyoyi daban-daban na Abidjan tare da mawaƙa, musamman sanannen ƙungiyar Super Mandé da tauraronta Abdoulaye Diabaté .

Démé ya koma Burkina Faso a shekarar 1988 yana amfana daga sabunta 'yancin fasaha a kasar kuma yana da shekaru 26 ya sami shahara. Fitowarsa a cikin gasa ta musamman ta Cibiyar Al'adu ta Faransa ta Bobo-Dioulasso da Rediyon Faransa na Duniya ya sake watsawa a 1989 kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko a Makon Al'adu na Kasa a Burkina Faso a 1990 ya karfafa sunansa. A cikin shekarun 1990s, an zabi shi don kyautar a lokuta da yawa. Ya yi wasa tare da sanannun mawaƙa ciki har da l'Echo de l'Africa da kuma Suprême Comenba sananne a Ouagadougou .

A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, an yanke shi daga zane-zane kuma yana da mawuyacin lokaci yana komawa kulob din yana raira waƙoƙin gargajiya daga [[Salim Keita|Salif Keita]], Mory Kanté da sauransu. Duk da haka, bai taba daina rubuce-rubucen kansa ba, ya haɗu da abota da haɗin gwiwa tare da Camille Louvel, manajan Ouagajungle, wani karamin mashaya a Ouagadougou wanda ya shirya kide-kide na hadin gwiwa ga masu basira da yawa. A shekara ta 2007, ɗan jarida David Commeillas ya ba da rahoto game da kiɗa na Ouagadougou kuma ya ambaci Démé a tsawon lokaci wanda ya ƙarfafa shi ya saki kundi na farko na studio yana da shekaru 46 wanda ke nuna mafi kyawun kayan sa a cikin mutane da blues, waƙoƙin mandinka na soyayya da ke tasiri a wasu lokuta tare da Latin salsa da sauti na flamenco ta amfani da harshen [[Harshen Dyula|Dyula]], [[Harsunan Mande|Harshen Mande]] da aka yi amfani da shi a Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast da Mali. Rubutun sun yi kira ga hadin kan kasa, girmama mata, muhimmancin al'adu da nuna wadatar waƙoƙinsa da abun da ya tsara. Kundin da ake kira ''Victor Demé'' na 2008 ya hada da waƙarsa mafi sananne &quot;Djôn'maya&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=BURKINA FASO: Victor Démé - Victor Démé |url=https://www.200worldalbums.com/post/burkina-faso-victor-d%C3%A9m%C3%A9-victor-d%C3%A9m%C3%A9 |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=200worldalbums.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masu gabatar da Faransanci Camille Louvel da David Commeillas suna fatan rarraba kundin sa a duk faɗin Turai kuma suna fuskantar cikas daga manyan lakabin rikodin kuma ta hanyar masu fafutuka na Soundicate Romain Germa da Nicolas Maslowski, sun kafa lakabin rikodi mai zaman kansa, Chapa Blues Records, kuma sun sanya hannu kan Victor Démé a matsayin babban mai zane na farko tare da tallace-tallace na kundin da ya wuce 40,000. Mujallar Burtaniya Songlines ta zaba shi &quot;mafi kyawun kundin shekara ta 2008&quot;. A Faransa kundin ya kai lamba 76 a cikin SNEP Albums charts. Baya ga Faransa, Démé ya kuma yi a wasu wuraren kiɗa na duniya a Burtaniya, Jamus da kuma ko'ina cikin Turai, ya saki kundi na biyu ''Deli'' a cikin 2010 kuma a kan Chapa Blues Records. Wannan kundin ya kai lamba 138 a kan sigogi na Faransa.

== Bayanan da aka yi ==

=== Albums ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:10px;&quot; |Shekara
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:140px;&quot; |Album
! style=&quot;text-align:center; width:20px;&quot; |Matsayi mafi girma
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot; |FR&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Victor Démé discography |url=http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Victor+D%E9m%E9 |access-date=14 November 2014 |website=lescharts.com |publisher=Hung Medien}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2008
|''Victor Demé''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |76
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2010
|''Deli''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |138
|}

=== Ma'aurata ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:10px;&quot; |Shekara
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:150px;&quot; |Ɗaya daga cikin
! style=&quot;text-align:center; width:20px;&quot; |Matsayi mafi girma
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:100px;&quot; |Album
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot; |FR&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Victor Démé discography |url=http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Victor+D%E9m%E9 |access-date=14 November 2014 |website=lescharts.com |publisher=Hung Medien}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2010
|''Djôn'maya''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{Spaced en dash}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''Victor Demé''
|}

; An nuna shi a cikin

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:10px;&quot; |Shekara
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:150px;&quot; |Ɗaya daga cikin
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:20px;&quot; |Matsayi mafi girma
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:100px;&quot; |Album
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot; |FR&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Victor Démé discography |url=http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Victor+D%E9m%E9 |access-date=14 November 2014 |website=lescharts.com |publisher=Hung Medien}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot; |FR&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bel&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Victor Démé discography |url=http://ultratop.be/fr/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Victor+D%E9m%E9 |access-date=14 November 2014 |website=ultratop.be/fr/ |publisher=Hung Medien}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2014
|&quot;Djon Maya maï&quot; (Synapson feat. Victor Démé) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt; (Synapson feat, Victor Démé) &lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |12
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |9 &lt;small&gt; (Ultratip) &lt;/small&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
|}

== Manazarta ==
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[[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>1906 barkewar zazzabin cizon sauro a Ceylon</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354765921|1906 malaria outbreak in Ceylon]]&quot;</comment>
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Cutar [[Malaria]]&quot; id=&quot;mwEw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Malaria&quot;&gt;zazzabin cizon sauro ta 1906 a Ceylon, babbar barkewar zazzabin sauro ce a Ceylón a farkon karni na ashirin. An bayar da rahoton kamuwa da cutar na farko a farkon shekarun 1900 amma ba a rubuta su a hukumance ba har zuwa 1906. Malaria ta kasance a cikin tsibirin tun daga ƙarni na 3 BC Malaria ta haifar da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta guda ɗaya na ƙungiyar ''Plasmodium''. Wannan cuta yawanci ana yaduwa ta hanyar sauro na mata ''Anopheles''. Yawancin nau'ikan sauro na ''Anopheles'' 'yan asalin [[Sri Lanka]] ne. Akwai manyan nau'ikan sauro guda huɗu a tsibirin ciki har da: ''Anopheles culicifacies'', ''Anopheles subpictus'', ''Anopheles annularis'' da ''Anopheles varuna'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gayan Dharmasiri |first=A. G. |last2=Perera |first2=A. Yashan |last3=Harishchandra |first3=Jeevanie |last4=Herath |first4=Hemantha |last5=Aravindan |first5=Kandasamy |last6=Jayasooriya |first6=H. T. R. |last7=Ranawaka |first7=Gaya R. |last8=Hewavitharane |first8=Mihirini |date=2017-08-10 |title=First record of Anopheles stephensi in Sri Lanka: a potential challenge for prevention of malaria reintroduction |url= |journal=Malaria Journal |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=326 |doi=10.1186/s12936-017-1977-7 |issn=1475-2875 |pmc=5553605 |pmid=28797253 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
A zamanin mulkin mallaka babu rubuce-rubuce da suka shafi cutar zazzabin cizon sauro a Sri Lanka. A farkon karni na 13 ƙananan bayanai sun kafa Masarautar Polonnaruwa (1056-1236) kamar yadda 'yan [[Buddha]] suka rubuta a cikin tarihin Mahavams. Babu irin wannan rikodin da ya shafi zazzabin cizon sauro na Mulkin Anuradhapura (377 BC-1017 AD) amma wani rahoto na rashin lafiya da ba a bayyana ba wanda aka samo daga zamanin Anuradhipura rubuce-Rubutun dutse a Sri Lanka. Ba ta taɓa gane cutar da ke da alaƙa da zazzabin cizon sauro ba. A karkashin mulkin mallaka na Dutch Ceylon (1640-1796) wanda ke Lardin Kudancin (ba tare da Gundumar Hambanthota ba) a cikin yankin rigar da aka ruwaito yaduwar cutar da ba a sani ba. Ana kiranta kale una ko ''zazzabin daji''. Saboda yawancin cututtuka sun ruwaito kusa da wuraren gandun daji. Rubuce-rubucen hukuma na farko da aka samu a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya (1796-1948) ya bazu cikin sauri ya kai ga babban annoba a cikin 1934 zuwa 1935. Ana kiranta &quot;''Babban Cutar Malaria''&quot;. A wannan lokacin an kiyasta mutane miliyan biyar da suka kamu da cutar kuma kimanin mutane 80,000 sun mutu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta kaddamar da aikin da ake kira Anti-Malaria. Ya fara ne a 1911 amma ya fara ne a 1934. An kaddamar da kamfen na farko a cikin Gundumar Kurunagala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anti Malaria Campaign {{!}} Sri Lanka - Anti Malaria Campaign {{!}} Sri Lanka |url=http://www.malariacampaign.gov.lk/en/ |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=www.malariacampaign.gov.lk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Aikin Macha</title>
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        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1179629819|Macha Mission]]&quot;</comment>
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Macha Mission tashar mishan ce a cikin Gundumar Choma ta Lardin Kudancin [[Zambiya|Zambia]] . Duk da yake ya fara ne a matsayin wurin da za a juyar da jama'ar yankin zuwa [[Kiristanci]], ya girma ya zama cibiyar al'umma tare da coci, makarantu biyar, asibiti da cibiyar binciken [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]].

Macha Mission ya fara ne a matsayin tashar mishan ta Kirista a cikin 1906. [[Hannah Frances Davidson]], wata mishaneriyar Amurka daga cocin Brethren in Christ (BIC), ta yi tafiya a can daga Ofishin Jakadancin Matopo a Kudancin Rhodesia ([[Zimbabwe]] ta yanzu). Ta kasance tare da mataimakan Afirka guda biyu da Adda Engle, wani mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje. Davidson da sahabbansa daga baya sun fara aikin juyar da mutanen Tonga da Ila zuwa Kristanci. Sun kafa makaranta, coci, kuma a ƙarshe asibiti.

A cikin shekarun 1950 aikin likita na shafin ya fadada sosai saboda kasancewar Alvan Thuma, likita da mishan na BIC daga Amurka, da matarsa Ardys. Tarihin shigarsu a cikin Macha an rubuta shi a cikin littafin First a Friend 

Ofishin Jakadancin ya zama ma'auni ga aikin ofishin Jakadanci na Brethren in Christ a Kudancin Zambia tare da mishaneri da ke fadada zuwa Sikalongo da Choma. Manufar ta ci gaba da aiki a halin yanzu. Ya girma sosai kuma yanzu ya haɗa da asibiti, makarantar jinya, makarantun sakandare biyu da [[Makarantar Firamare|makarantun firamare]] biyu.

== Ci gaban da ya faru tun daga shekara ta 2000 ==
Binciken da ke gudana na dogon lokaci game da zazzabin cizon sauro ya sami karuwa a farkon shekara ta 2003, tare da kafa cibiyar bincike ta zazzabin sauro. Cibiyar Malaria a Macha (MIAM) tana aiki tare da Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Johns Hopkins Bloomberg &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Malaria Institute at Macha (MIAM) |url=http://malaria.jhsph.edu/programs/malaria_institute_macha/}}&lt;/ref&gt; don ci gaba da bincike kan zazzabin cizon sauro da cututtukan da suka danganci. Daga baya binciken ya hada da tarin fuka da kwayar cutar kanjamau, tare da kulawa ta musamman ga kwayar cutar HIV ta yara.

Macha Works, ƙungiyar hadin gwiwa, ta yi haɗin gwiwa a Macha Mission kuma ta aiwatar da filin jirgin sama, ABFA, gidan abinci, Care House, Library and Craft Shop, cibiyar horar da ICT, Macha Innovative Christian School, da wuraren zama a Ubuntu Campus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Flight Schedule and Availability |url=http://abfa.macha.org.zm/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050306213519/http://abfa.macha.org.zm/ |archive-date=6 March 2005 |access-date=14 January 2022 |website=abfa.macha.org.zm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da kari, an fara babban gonar Jatropha a Macha Mission ta Macha Works. Daga tushe a Macha, Macha Works ya fadada ayyukan a wasu yankunan karkara 8 a duk faɗin Zambia (yanayin tsakiyar shekara ta 2010). [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Vision Community Radio Macha, watsa shirye-shirye daga Vision House kawai kusa da Macha Mission, ana iya karɓa a cikin radiyo na kilomita 80 a kan 92.9 MHz, FM. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* 'Yan'uwa a cikin Kristi
* Sikalongo

== Bayani ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

* Engle, Anna R., J. A. Climenhaga da Leoda A. Buckwalter (1950). ''Babu Bambanci, Allah Yana aiki a Afirka da Indiya''. Nappanee, Ind.: E. V. Gidan bugawa.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Afirka ta Kudu da ta Tsakiya ta Kudu. Elgin, Ill.: Gidan Buga na 'Yan uwa. A cikin [[iarchive:southandsouthce00davigoog|Tarihin Intanet]]
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Neman Tsarkakewa da Biyayya: Labarin 'Yan'uwa a cikin Kristi . [Hasiya]

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050201140919/http://macha.org.zm/ Shafin yanar gizon Macha Mission]
* [http://www.machamalaria.org/ Macha Research Trust (MIAM)]
* [http://www.machaworks.org/ Shafin yanar gizon Macha Works]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100205194448/http://mmh.macha.org.zm/ Shafin yanar gizon asibiti]

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    <title>Shirin Atlas na Malaria</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351238031|Malaria Atlas Project]]&quot;</comment>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox organization|name=Malaria Atlas Project|abbreviation=MAP|type=|headquarters=[[Perth]], Australia|language=English}}
[[Fayil:The_spatial_distribution_of_Plasmodium_vivax_malaria_endemicity_map_in_2010_globally.png|thumb|Taswirar duniya na yaduwar ''Plasmodium vivax'' a cikin 2010]]
Malaria Atlas Project (MAP) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce Peter Gething, Kerry M Stokes Chair a cikin Kiwon Lafiyar Yara, a Cibiyar Kula da Yara ta Telethon, Perth, Yammacin Australia ke jagoranta. Gidauniyar Bill da Melinda Gates ce ke ba da kuɗin kungiyar, tare da kudaden da suka gabata kuma sun fito ne daga Majalisar Binciken Kiwon Lafiya da Wellcome Trust. MAP tana da niyyar yada bayanai kyauta, daidai, da kuma sabuntawa game da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] da batutuwa masu alaƙa, waɗanda aka shirya bisa ga yanayin ƙasa. Ayyukan MAP sun fada cikin fannoni uku:

* Kimanin rarraba sararin samaniya na yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro da abin da ya faru da kuma batutuwa masu alaƙa, kamar rarraba sarari na tarkon kashe kwari, magungunan rigakafin zazzabin sauro, da cututtukan jini na mutum
* Yada bayanai game da zazzabin cizon sauro ta hanyar aikin Repository for Open Access Data (ROAD-MAP) 
* Bayar da taswirar da suka shafi yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro da batutuwa masu alaƙa da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) da sauran hukumomi

Kungiyar MAP ta tara wani bayanan sararin samaniya na musamman akan bayanan da aka haɗa daga bayanan likita, bayanan yanayi na tauraron dan adam don ƙuntata iyakokin watsa zazzabin cizon sauro, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Weiss |first=D.J. |last2=Mappin |first2=B. |last3=Dalrymple |first3=U. |last4=Bhatt |first4=S. |last5=Cameron |first5=E. |last6=Hay |first6=S.I |last7=Gething |first7=P.W. |date=7 February 2015 |title=Re-examining environmental correlates of Plasmodium falciparum malaria endemicity: a data-intensive variable selection approach. |journal=Malaria Journal |volume=14 |issue=68 |page=68 |doi=10.1186/s12936-015-0574-x |pmc=4333887 |pmid=25890035 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma mafi girman tarihin ƙididdigar al'umma game da yaduwar kwayar cuta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gething |first=P.W. |last2=Elyazar |first2=I.R.F. |last3=Moyes |first3=C.M |last4=Smith |first4=D.L. |last5=Battle |first5=K.E. |last6=Guerra |first6=C.A. |last7=Patil |first7=A.P |last8=Tatem |first8=A.J. |last9=Howes |first9=R.E. |last10=Myers |first10=M.F. |last11=George |first11=D.B. |last12=Horby |first12=P. |last13=Wertheim |first13=H.F. |last14=Price |first14=R., Müller.I |last15=Baird |first15=J.K. |date=6 September 2012 |title=A long neglected world malaria map: Plasmodium vivax endemicity |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |volume=6 |issue=9 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001814 |pmc=3435256 |pmid=22970336 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan bayanan an tattara su kuma an bincika su ta hanyar ƙungiyar [[Masanin yanayin ƙasa|masu ilimin ƙasa]], masu lissafi, masu ilimin cututtukan cututtuka, masu ilimin halittu, da ƙwararrun likitocin jama'a. Bugu da ƙari, inda aka share waɗannan bayanan don saki, ana samun su ta hanyar kayan aikin binciken bayanai a shafin yanar gizon MAP.

== Tarihi ==
MAP was founded by Bob Snow and Simon Hay in 2005 to fill the niche for the [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|malaria]] control community at a global scale. Between 2012 and 2015, it was led by Peter Gething, Dave Smith, Catherine Moyes, and Simon Hay.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; The initial focus of MAP centred on predicting the endemicity of ''Plasmodium falciparum'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gething |first=P.W |last2=Patil |first2=A.P |last3=Smith |first3=D.L. |last4=Guerra |first4=C.A. |last5=Elyazar |first5=I.R.F. |last6=Johnston |first6=G.L. |last7=Tatem |first7=A.J. |last8=Hay |first8=S.I |date=20 December 2011 |title=A new world malaria map: Plasmodium falciparum endemicity in 2010 |journal=Malaria Journal |volume=10 |issue=378 |page=378 |doi=10.1186/1475-2875-10-378 |pmc=3274487 |pmid=22185615 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; the most deadly form of the malaria parasite, due to its global epidemiological significance and its better prospects for elimination and control. Work in 2009 began to map the extent and burden of the relatively neglected ''Plasmodium vivax''.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}}

The Repository for Open Access Data from the Malaria Atlas Project (ROAD-MAP) was established in 2011.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Aikin ya tashi daga [[Jami'ar Oxford]] a Burtaniya zuwa Cibiyar Telethon Kids a Perth, Yammacin Ostiraliya, a watan Satumbar 2019. 

A ƙarshen 2023, an kafa reshen MAP na Gabashin Afirka a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Ifakara a Dar es Salaam, Tanzania . 

== Binciken ilimi ==

=== Misali yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro ===
Wani muhimmin bangare na aikin MAP shine amfani da hanyoyin kididdiga don tsara yaduwar nau'ikan zazzabin cizon sauro daban-daban a sikelin duniya ta amfani da tsarin tsarin Bayesian.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Patil |first=Anand P. |last2=Gething |first2=Peter W. |last3=Piel |first3=Frédéric B. |last4=Hay |first4=Simon I. |year=2011 |title=Bayesian geostatistics in health cartography: The perspective of malaria |url= |journal=Trends in Parasitology |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=246–253 |doi=10.1016/j.pt.2011.01.003 |pmc=3109552 |pmid=21420361}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Taswirar yaduwar ''Plasmodium falciparum'' ====
A watan Satumbar 2015, binciken da MAP ya buga a cikin Nature ya ƙayyade tasirin tasirin ƙoƙarin kula da cutar zazzabin cizon sauro a Afirka. Sakamakon ya nuna yaduwar cutar ''Plasmodium falciparum'' a cikin Afirka ta ragu da rabi kuma abin da ya faru na cututtukan asibiti ya fadi da kashi 40% tsakanin 2000 da 2015. Kimanin mafi kyau shi ne cewa tsoma baki sun hana kamuwa da cutar asibiti miliyan 663 tun daga shekara ta 2000. Cibiyoyin da aka yi da maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, mafi yawan shiga tsakani, sun kasance mafi yawan masu ba da gudummawa. Kodayake har yanzu a ƙasa da matakan da aka yi niyya, tsoma baki na zazzabin cizon sauro na yanzu sun rage yawan cutar zazzabin sa a duk faɗin nahiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bhatt |first=S. |last2=Weiss |first2=D. J. |last3=Cameron |first3=E. |last4=Bisanzio |first4=D. |last5=Mappin |first5=B. |last6=Dalrymple |first6=U. |last7=Battle |first7=K. E. |last8=Moyes |first8=C. L. |last9=Henry |first9=A. |date=Oct 2015 |title=The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015 |journal=Nature |volume=526 |issue=7572 |pages=207–211 |bibcode=2015Natur.526..207B |doi=10.1038/nature15535 |pmc=4820050 |pmid=26375008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Taswirar yaduwar ''Plasmodium vivax'' ====
A cikin 2012, MAP ta buga taswirar duniya ta farko don yaduwar ''Plasmodium vivax'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gething |first=P.W. |last2=Elyazar |first2=I.R.F. |last3=Moyes |first3=C.M |last4=Smith |first4=D.L. |last5=Battle |first5=K.E. |last6=Guerra |first6=C.A. |last7=Patil |first7=A.P |last8=Tatem |first8=A.J. |last9=Howes |first9=R.E. |last10=Myers |first10=M.F. |last11=George |first11=D.B. |last12=Horby |first12=P. |last13=Wertheim |first13=H.F. |last14=Price |first14=R., Müller.I |last15=Baird |first15=J.K. |date=6 September 2012 |title=A long neglected world malaria map: Plasmodium vivax endemicity |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |volume=6 |issue=9 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001814 |pmc=3435256 |pmid=22970336 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka, Tattalin Arziki da Manufofin
* Shirin AfriPop

== Manazarta ==
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338040288|Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance]]&quot;</comment>
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Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance ('''MESA''') kungiya ce da aka kafa akan binciken da Malaria Eradication Research Agenda (malERA) ta gudanar. &quot;malERA&quot; wani aiki ne da masana kimiyya suka gudanar don gano matakai da bincike na gaba wanda dole ne a yi don kawar da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]]. An kirkireshi ne bayan taron Malaria a cikin shekara ta 2007, wanda Gidauniyar Bill da Melinda Gates ta shirya, ta sake kafa kawar da zazzabin cizon sauro a matsayin burin dogon lokaci.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO INT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Malaria Eradication Research Agenda (malERA) initiative |url=https://www.who.int/malaria/elimination/maleraupdate.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711000213/https://www.who.int/malaria/elimination/maleraupdate.pdf |archive-date=11 July 2017 |publisher=WHO International}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;malERA&quot; an fara ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2008, kuma ya haifar da tsarin bincike da ci gaba wanda aka buga a cikin mujallar PLoS Medicine a cikin 2011. &lt;ref name=&quot;PLOS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=MalERA-A Research Agenda for Malaria Education |url=http://collections.plos.org/malera |access-date=10 January 2016 |publisher=PLoS Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kafa MESA a cikin 2012 don ci gaba da burin malERA ta hanyar bincike da haɓaka hanyoyin yaki da zazzabin cizon sauro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alliance&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Scientific Alliance for Malaria Eradication |url=http://www.isglobal.org/-/malaria-eradication-scientific-alliance-mesa- |access-date=3 January 2016 |publisher=ISGlobal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sakatariyarta tana cikin Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya ta Barcelona .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rabinovich |first=R.N. |last2=Drakeley |first2=C. |last3=Djimde |first3=A.A. |last4=Hall |first4=B. F. |last5=Hay |first5=S.I. |last6=Hemingway |first6=J. |last7=Kaslow |first7=D.C. |last8=Noor |first8=A. |last9=Okumu |first9=F. |last10=Steketee |first10=R. |last11=Tanner |first11=M. |last12=Wells |first12=T.N.C. |last13=Whittaker |first13=M.A. |last14=Winzeler |first14=E.A. |last15=Wirth |first15=D.F. |year=2017 |title=malERA: An updated research agenda for malaria elimination and eradication |journal=PLOS Medicine |volume=14 |issue=11 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002456 |pmc=5708604 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manufofin ==
Kamar yadda aka bayyana a shafin yanar gizon MESA, MESA na da niyyar &quot;ci gaba da kimiyyar kawar da zazzabin cizon sauro ta hanyar samar da al'umma da cibiyar sadaukarwa don bin diddigin bincike, raba albarkatun da suka dace, da nuna misalai na shirye-shiryen kawarwa&quot;. MESA tana yin hakan ta hanyar gabatar da sababbin ra'ayoyi, sarrafa ilimi da bincike, tallafawa ayyukan bincike ta hanyar kudade, da saka idanu kan ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alliance&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Scientific Alliance for Malaria Eradication |url=http://www.isglobal.org/-/malaria-eradication-scientific-alliance-mesa- |access-date=3 January 2016 |publisher=ISGlobal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudanarwa ==
[[Kwamiti|Kwamitin Gudanarwa]] ne ke jagorantar MESA &lt;ref name=&quot;Steering Committee&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=MESA Steering Committee |url=http://www.isglobal.org/documents/10179/64729/MESA+Steering+Committee+members+June+2012.pdf/ba6467db-f57c-481e-8499-aefd9fdf5b60 |access-date=10 January 2016 |publisher=ISGlobal}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Dabarun MESA ce ke jagoranta. Alliance ta kunshi cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na duniya, ƙasashe inda zazzabin cizon sauro babbar matsala ce, da Shirin Malaria na Duniya na WHO. Yawancin kungiyar suna karbar bakuncin Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya ta Barcelona, kuma Alliance tana samun tallafi daga Gidauniyar Bill da Melinda Gates.&lt;ref name=&quot;Governance&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Governance |url=http://www.malariaeradication.org/about-us/governance |access-date=3 January 2017 |publisher=Manta Ray Media}}&lt;/ref&gt; MESA ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi 740 a cikin ƙasashe 94 kuma tana da ayyukan 806 da ke ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;MESA track&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=MESA Track |url=http://www.malariaeradication.org/mesa-track |access-date=10 January 2017 |publisher=Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayar da gudummawa ==
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin da MESA ke ba da gudummawa ga bincike shine ta hanyar tallafi don ayyukan da za su taimaka wajen yaki da zazzabin cizon sauro. Wadannan ayyukan suna fadawa cikin nau'o'i uku: Shirye-shiryen Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya, Ma'auni na watsawa, da Binciken Ayyuka. Ayyukan suna da matsakaicin shekaru biyu kuma suna aiki tare da matsakaitan kasafin kuɗi na $ 200,000. Jerin tallafi yana samuwa a shafin yanar gizon MESA.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grants&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Grants |url=http://www.malariaeradication.org/grants |access-date=3 January 2017 |publisher=Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ayyukan ==
An kirkiro MESA a wani taro na masana zazzabin cizon sauro a Sitges, Spain daga 28-29 Mayu 2012. 

A cikin 2012, MESA ta fara tsari don zaɓar ayyukan bincike na kimiyya da ke hulɗa da auna yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro da shirya tsarin kiwon lafiya don yaki da zazzabin sauro. An zaɓi ayyukan shida duka don karɓar kuɗi daga MESA kuma an tallafa wa wani don tara kuɗi daga wasu kungiyoyi. Ayyukan suna gudanar da bincike a Afirka, Asiya, Latin Amurka, da Australasia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alliance&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Scientific Alliance for Malaria Eradication |url=http://www.isglobal.org/-/malaria-eradication-scientific-alliance-mesa- |access-date=3 January 2016 |publisher=ISGlobal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2014, an zaɓi sabbin ayyukan hudu. Wadannan ayyukan sun hada da: sabbin kayan aiki don kula da vector da ganewar asali, amfani da sa ido da fasahar taswirar amsawa, da aikace-aikacen hannu don wahalar isa ga jama'a. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A watan Yunin 2015, MESA ta jagoranci wani tsari da ake kira &quot;malERA Refresh&quot; don sake dubawa da sabunta malERA. Wannan aikin yana nazarin batutuwa daban-daban guda 6: &quot;kimiyya ta asali da fasahar ba da damar, maganin kwari da juriya ta miyagun ƙwayoyi, nuna alamar tafkin da auna watsawa, kayan aiki don kawarwa, haɗuwa da shiga tsakani da ƙira, tsarin kiwon lafiya da bincike na manufofi. &quot; &quot; &quot; MalERA&quot; Ana sa ran sake farfadowa zai cika kuma yana samuwa don bugawa a ƙarshen 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;Refresh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 Nov 2016 |title=malERA Refresh: Updating the Malaria Eradication Research Agenda |url=http://www.malariaeradication.org/knowledge-hub/malera-refresh-updating-malaria-eradication-research-agenda |access-date=3 January 2017 |publisher=Manta Ray Media}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sauran ayyukan yanzu sun haɗa da burin MESA na kawar da ''Plasmodium falciparum'' da ''Plasmodium vivax'' a kasar Sin a shekarar 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;China&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The People's Republic of China |url=http://www.malariaeradication.org/elimination-programmes/peoples-republic-china |access-date=3 January 2017 |publisher=Manta Ray Media}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abokan hulɗa ==
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== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Malaria Ba za ta Ƙara ba</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349185056|Malaria No More]]&quot;</comment>
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Malaria No More kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke neman kawar da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]]. Kungiyar tana da ofisoshi a Amurka, da kuma masu alaƙa a Indiya, Japan da Ingila, kuma an san ta da shiga cikin ayyukan agaji na musamman na Idol Gives Back.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=AI Insider |date=5 October 2009 |title=Idol Gives Back Returns! |url=http://www.americanidol.com/news/view/pid/1931/ |access-date=3 April 2011 |website=americanidol.com |publisher=FOX}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Malaria No More an kafa ta ne a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2006 ta hanyar shugabannin kasuwanci da ke neman amfani da ƙwarewar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da hanyoyin kasuwanci don magance zazzabin cizon sauro. A shekara ta 2008, yana daya daga cikin kungiyoyin agaji guda shida da shirin talabijin na American Idol ya goyi bayan, a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen din &quot;Idol Gives Back&quot;.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}}

Tun lokacin da aka fara Malaria No More - a taron Fadar White House wanda ya kaddamar da shirin Malaria na Shugaban Amurka a 2006 - Malaria No Plus ya yi aiki don tattara jajircewar siyasa, kudade da kirkire-kirkire, tare da burin &quot;ƙarewa da zazzabin cizon sauro a cikin ƙarni namu&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fact Sheet: The White House Summit on Malaria |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/11/20061113.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yunin 2024, Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya ya lura cewa rahoton Malaria 'Dividend' na Malaria No More UK ya gano cewa rage zazzabin cizon sauro da kashi 90% nan da 2030 na iya &quot;ƙara GDP na Afirka da dala biliyan 126.9 - ko dala biliyan 16 a kowace shekara&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2024 |title=Here's how reducing malaria can add $16 billion to Africa's GDP every year |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/2024/06/malaria-global-health-economy-africa/ |website=[[World Economic Forum]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://www.malarianomore.org/ Malaria No More shafin yanar gizon hukuma]
* [https://forecastinghealthyfutures.org/ Yin Hasashen Kyakkyawan Makomar]
* Twittering don Dalili Mai Kyau, CNN, Afrilu 17, 2009
* Big Guns Enter Malaria Fight, Wall Street Journal, Satumba 26, 2008
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/11/opinion/11kristof.html?_r=1 Ceton Duniya a cikin Gidan Nazarin], New York Times, Mayu 11, 2008
{{malaria}}


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        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335298260|Malaria No More UK]]&quot;</comment>
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Malaria No More UK ƙungiya ce mai ba da agaji da ke aiki don yaki da zazzabin cizon sauro a Afirka. Ofishin Malaria No More na Burtaniya yana cikin London.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Help make malaria no more. |url=http://malarianomore.org.uk |access-date=2018-11-28 |website=Malaria No More UK |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani na gaba ɗaya ==
Malaria No More UK ta ƙaddamar a cikin shekara ta 2009. Ayyukan agaji sun ƙunshi ƙaramar ƙungiya da ke aiki a kan shawarwari, sadarwa da ayyukan tara kuɗi a duk faɗin Burtaniya da Afirka. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Kwamitin amintattu ==
Malaria No More UK tana gudana ne daga Babban Darakta, wanda ke ba da rahoto ga Kwamitin Amintattun ciki har da ɗan kasuwa Heather Rabbatts; Peter Chernin, wanda ya kafa Malaria No Plus da Simon Fuller, wanda ya kirkiro XIX Entertainment.

== Cibiyoyin sadarwa na kasa da kasa ==
Malaria No More an kafa ta ne a Amurka a taron koli na White House kan Malaria a shekara ta 2006 da tsohon shugaban kamfanin dillancin labarai Peter Chernin da kuma majagaba na Wall Street Ray Chambers, yanzu wakilin musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na farko kan Malaria. Malaria No More Affiliates suna aiki a Burtaniya, Amurka, Netherlands, Kanada da, Japan kuma tare suna cikin wani ɓangare na cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya da ke magance zazzabin cizon sauro a ƙarƙashin Roll Back Malaria Partnership, gami da Asusun Duniya don Yaki da AIDS, TB da Malaria da Bill da Melinda Gates Foundation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation |url=https://www.gatesfoundation.org/ |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Manufofin Malaria</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1042874185|Malaria Policy Advisory Committee]]&quot;</comment>
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An kafa '''Kungiyar Ba da Shawara kan Manufofin Malaria''' (MPAG) - wanda a baya aka sani da Kwamitin Ba da Shaware kan Manufofin Salaria (MPAC) a cikin 2011 don samar da shawarwari masu zaman kansu ga [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] a duk fannonin manufofi da suka shafi kula da kuma kawar da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Malaria Policy Advisory Group |url=https://www.who.int/groups/malaria-policy-advisory-group/about |access-date=7 September 2021 |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar tana taruwa sau biyu a kowace shekara kuma ta ƙunshi wasu daga cikin manyan masana a duniya kan zazzabin cizon sauro. MPAG ta jagorantar ci gaban dabarun fasaha na duniya don Malaria 2016-2030 kuma ta ba da shawara ta dabarun ga Shirin Malaria na Duniya na WHO kan batutuwan fasaha da yawa. Kungiyar tana samun goyon baya daga Ƙungiyar Ci gaban Jagora da Ƙungiyoyin Binciken Shaida na wucin gadi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Malaria Policy Advisory Group |url=https://www.who.int/groups/malaria-policy-advisory-group |access-date=7 September 2021 |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Magunguna don Malaria Venture</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350687534|Medicines for Malaria Venture]]&quot;</comment>
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Medicines for Malaria Venture ('''MMV''') haɗin gwiwa ne na jama'a da masu zaman kansu wanda ba don riba ba wanda aka kafa a matsayin tushe a Switzerland a cikin 1999 don rage [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] a cikin ƙasashe masu fama da cututtukan cututtuka ta amfani da magungunan zazzabin rigakafi.

== Tarihi ==
An ƙaddamar da MMV a cikin 1999, &lt;ref name=&quot;rid99&quot; /&gt; tare da kudade na dala miliyan 4 daga Gwamnatin Switzerland, Ma'aikatar Ci gaban Duniya (UK), Gwamnatin Netherlands, Bankin Duniya, da Gidauniyar Rockefeller. Wanda ya kafa kuma babban ma'aikaci na farko shi ne Dokta Robert Ridley wanda ya yi aiki a babban Jami'in Kimiyya har zuwa shekara ta 2001. &lt;ref name=&quot;rid99&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=July 2007 |title=Applying science to the diseases of poverty |url=https://www.scielosp.org/article/bwho/2007.v85n7/509-510/en/ |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |language=en |volume=85 |pages=509–510 |issn=0042-9686}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;robrid&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title=Robert Ridley |url=https://www.flametreeinitiative.org/bios/2018/7/12/robridley-r3tw4 |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Flame Tree Initiative |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudanarwa ==
kwamitin daraktoci ne ke jagorantar MMV. Shugaban a shekarar 2022 shine Alan Court . &lt;ref name=&quot;boardofdirectors&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors {{!}} Medicines for Malaria Venture |url=https://www.mmv.org/about-us/people-governance/board-directors |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501215528/https://www.mmv.org/about-us/people-governance/board-directors |archive-date=1 May 2024 |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=www.mmv.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; MMV tana da kwamitin daraktoci a Arewacin Amurka, kwamitin ba da shawara na ƙwararru na kimiyya wanda ke taimakawa wajen gano ayyukan, kwamitin bayar da shawara na samun dama da sarrafa kayan aiki da kwamitin tsaro na duniya wanda ke nazarin ayyukan.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=People &amp; governance {{!}} Medicines for Malaria Venture |url=https://www.mmv.org/about-us/people-governance |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501222218/https://www.mmv.org/about-us/people-governance |archive-date=1 May 2024 |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=www.mmv.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Kamfanin aikin MMV ya haɗa da, nau'ikan ''Plasmodium falciparum'' mai tsayayya da miyagun ƙwayoyi, aminci ga kananan yara (kasa da watanni 6) da kuma cikin ciki. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da ''Plasmodium vivax'', zazzabin cizon sauro mai tsanani da maganin toshewar yaduwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] MMV ta buga bututun mai da ke nuna magungunan da ci gaban da take da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mmvpipe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=MMV's pipeline of antimalarial drugs |url=https://www.mmv.org/mmv-pipeline-antimalarial-drugs |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Medicines for Malaria Venture |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2026}}

=== Malaria ta buɗe ===
MMV ta fara aikin Open Source Malaria, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 May 2017 |title=OpenSourceMalaria |url=http://openwetware.org/wiki/OpenSourceMalaria |publisher=[[OpenWetWare]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ke ƙarfafa mutane su raba hanyoyin da sakamakon binciken budewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=OpenSourceMalaria:FAQ |url=http://openwetware.org/wiki/OpenSourceMalaria:FAQ |website=OpenWetWare}}&lt;/ref&gt; Open Source Malaria, tare da masu bincike a Jami'ar Sydney, sun kula da daliban makarantar sakandare a Makarantar Grammar ta Sydney waɗanda suka daidaita kira na Daraprim (pyrimethamine) ta amfani da hanyar da ba ta da haɗari a cikin 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=University of Sydney |date=2016-11-30 |title=Breaking good: School students make costly drug cheaply using open source approach |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-11/uos-bgs113016.php |publisher=Eurekalert}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Knopf |first=Ehsan |date=2016-12-01 |title=Sydney high school students spend $27 to recreate drug that has retailed for $148k |url=http://www.9news.com.au/good-news/2016/12/01/07/06/sydney-high-school-students-recreate-drug-that-has-retailed-for-148k-for-27 |publisher=9news.com.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.mmv.org Shafin yanar gizon hukuma]
* [https://www.mmv.org/mmv-pipeline-antimalarial-drugs Magunguna don Malaria Venture's Project Portfolio]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100710064133/http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/ProgressImpactSeries/index.html Roll Back Ci gaban Malaria da Tasirin]
{{malaria}}{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Shirin Malaria na Afirka ta Kudu</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-19T22:43:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1112566655|South African Malaria Initiative]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1993" sha1="tuolpwx4zkop2t5yme6gg8p7gvapk7m" xml:space="preserve">[[File:SAMI_LOGO.jpg|right|frame|Alamar Malaria ta Afirka ta Kudu]]
An kafa Kungiyar Malaria ta [[Afirka ta Kudu]] (SAMI) don sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwar binciken [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] da haɓaka ƙarfin da ke da alaƙa a Afirka ta Kudu da sauran Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SAMI |url=http://www.sami.org.za |website=SAMI website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta hanyar SAMI an kafa cibiyar sadarwa ta ƙwarewa ta masu binciken zazzabin cizon sauro don magance matsalar zazzabin sauro yadda ya kamata.

Ma'aikatar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da ZAR miliyan 11.5 a cikin shekaru biyu da rabi don tallafawa shirye-shiryen bincike na hadin gwiwa a cikin SAMI.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Department of Science and Technology |url=http://www.dst.gov.za/media-room/speeches/archived/speech.2007-02-20.6369645050 |website=Address by the Honourable Minister of Science and Technology, Mr [[Mosibudi Mangena]] at the Launch of the South African Malaria Initiative}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manufar Kungiyar Malaria ta Afirka ta Kudu ita ce don sauƙaƙe shirin hadin gwiwa na binciken zazzabin cizon sauro da ci gaban iyawa a Afirka ta Kudu kuma a ƙarshe a sauran Afirka don inganta rigakafin zazzabin sauro da sarrafawa. Za a yi amfani da kayan aikin bincike na zamani don binciken zazzabin cizon sauro. Sakamakon zai hada da ganowa da tabbatar da magungunan miyagun ƙwayoyi da ƙwayoyi, ci gaban magungunan da 'yan takarar ƙwayoyi masu kashe ƙwayoyi. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.sami.org.za Shafin yanar gizon SAMI]
* [http://www.sami.org.za/members Shafin membobin SAMI]
{{malaria}}
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  <page>
    <title>A kan Cibiyar Malaria</title>
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        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348519064|Against Malaria Foundation]]&quot;</comment>
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Gidauniyar Against Malaria ('''AMF''') ƙungiya ce ta sadaka ta Burtaniya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=THE AGAINST MALARIA FOUNDATION - Charity 1105319 |url=https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-search/-/charity-details/4009810/charity-overview |access-date=12 February 2021 |website=register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; wacce ke ba da cibiyoyin kashe kwari na dogon lokaci ga mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]], da farko a Afirka. Gidauniyar ta rarraba fiye da taru miliyan 200 tun lokacin da aka kirkireshi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=$500,000,000 raised! |url=https://www.againstmalaria.com/NewsItem.aspx?newsitem=USD-500-000-000-raised |website=Against Malaria Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana rarraba net ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da [[Kungiyar Agaji Ta Red Cross Ta Duniya|Red Cross na Duniya]], Malaria Consortium da [[UNICEF]], tare da abokan hulɗa da ke da alhakin farashin rarraba. Rarrabawar ta haɗa da ilimin zazzabin cizon sauro ga jama'ar yankin, kuma ana rubuta su ta hanyar rahotanni, hotuna, da bidiyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 2023 |title=Against Malaria Foundation |url=https://www.givewell.org/charities/amf |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=[[GiveWell]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana gudanar da binciken bayan rarraba ta abokan bincike masu zaman kansu don tantance amfani da net da yanayi, yawanci bayan watanni 9, 18, 27 da 36.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

AMF tana da amintattu takwas da kwamitin ba da shawara daga masana zazzabin cizon sauro a duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;trustees&quot;&gt;
{{Cite web |title=Trustees |url=https://www.againstmalaria.com/Trustees.aspx |access-date=8 March 2021 |publisher=Against Malaria Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mag&quot;&gt;
{{Cite web |title=Malaria Advisory Group |url=https://www.againstmalaria.com/MAG.aspx |access-date=8 March 2021 |publisher=Against Malaria Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi rajistar sadaka a Ƙasar Ingila kuma ana gudanar da ita ta dokokin Ingila da Wales. An kuma yi rajista a wasu kasashe goma sha shida, gami da Amurka, Jamus, Kanada, Japan, da Koriya ta Kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;locations&quot;&gt;
{{Cite web |title=Registered Charity Status |url=https://www.againstmalaria.com/CharityStatus.aspx |access-date=14 December 2023 |publisher=Against Malaria Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kira shi babban sadaka ta hanyar GiveWell . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our Top Charities |url=https://www.givewell.org/charities/top-charities |publisher=[[GiveWell]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Women_and_children_receive_anti-malarial_nets_in_Malawi.jpg|thumb|Mutanen da ke karɓar cibiyar rigakafin zazzabin cizon sauro a [[Malawi]]]]
World Swim Against Malaria shine tunanin Rob Mather, mai ba da shawara kan dabarun da ke London. Mather a baya ya shirya yin iyo don tara kuɗi ga yarinya mai shekaru biyu wacce aka ƙone ta sosai a cikin wuta. An gudanar da shi a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2003, &quot;Swim for Terri&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;swim_for_Terri&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=homepage |url=http://www.swimforterri.org |publisher=Swim for Terri}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya fara ne a matsayin mai tara kuɗi na mutum uku kuma ya girma ya hada da masu iyo 10,000 a kasashe 73. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FAQ |url=http://www.worldswimagainstmalaria.com/faq.aspx#where |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218075225/http://www.worldswimagainstmalaria.com/FAQ.aspx#where |archive-date=18 February 2013 |access-date=8 July 2011 |publisher=World Swim Against Malaria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kafa AMF a shekara ta 2004 a London.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=THE AGAINST MALARIA FOUNDATION overview |url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/05175899 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kiyasta shi a matsayin sadaka mai tsada sosai ta hanyar GiveWell.&lt;ref name=&quot;Atlantic-EA-editorial&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Derek |author-link=Derek Thompson (journalist) |date=15 June 2015 |title=The Most Efficient Way to Save a Life |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/06/what-is-the-greatest-good/395768/#b06g25t20w15 |access-date=18 March 2017 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |publisher=The Atlantic Monthly Group}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;matthews-vox&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Matthews |first=Dylan |author-link=Dylan Matthews |date=24 April 2015 |title=You have $8 billion. You want to do as much good as possible. What do you do? |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/4/24/8457895/givewell-open-philanthropy-charity |access-date=18 March 2017 |website=Vox |publisher=[[Vox Media, Inc]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our Top Charities |url=https://www.givewell.org/charities/top-charities |access-date=12 February 2021 |website=GiveWell |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An zabi AMF a matsayin daya daga cikin kungiyoyin agaji guda biyu da aka ba da shawarar (tare da Shirin Kula da Schistosomiasis) a cikin 2011 kuma GiveWell ta ci gaba da ba da shawarar tun daga lokacin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fenwick |first=Alan |date=1 May 2017 |title=Schistosomiasis research and control since the retirement of Sir Patrick Manson in 1914 |url=https://academic.oup.com/trstmh/article/111/5/191/4056352 |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=111 |issue=5 |pages=191–198 |doi=10.1093/trstmh/trx036 |pmc=5914372 |pmid=28957468 |access-date=12 February 2021 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; GiveWell ya kiyasta a cikin 2023 cewa shirin AMF na gado yana da matsakaicin US $ 5,500 a kowace rayuwa da aka adana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our Top Charities {{!}} Nets to prevent malaria |url=https://www.givewell.org/charities/top-charities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822120236/https://www.givewell.org/charities/top-charities |archive-date=2024-08-22 |access-date=2021-02-12 |website=Givewell}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Kasashen da AMF ke aiki sun haɗa da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Ghana]], [[Gini|Guinea]], [[Malawi]], [[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa|Papua New Guinea]], [[Togo]], [[Uganda]], da [[Zambiya|Zambia]]. Kowane net yawanci yana da tsada a {{US$|5}} da US $ 5 don saya da rarrabawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our Top Charities {{!}} Nets to prevent malaria |url=https://www.givewell.org/charities/top-charities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822120236/https://www.givewell.org/charities/top-charities |archive-date=2024-08-22 |access-date=2021-02-12 |website=Givewell}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abokan hulɗa da magoya baya ==
Kamfanoni sama da 100 ne ke tallafawa AMF.&lt;ref name=&quot;Partners&quot;&gt;
{{Cite web |title=Pro bono support |url=https://www.againstmalaria.com/ProBonoSupport.aspx |access-date=8 March 2021 |publisher=Against Malaria Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abokan da suka kafa AMF sune PwC, Citigroup, Speedo, [[Microsoft]], Allen &amp;amp;amp; Overy, Attenda, Vestergaard Frandsen, da Sumitomo Chemical. Speedo ya kuma yi haɗin gwiwa tare da kungiyar AMF, World Swim Against Malaria, kuma ya ci gaba da tara kuɗi don raga ta hanyar abubuwan da suka faru.&lt;ref name=&quot;World_Swim&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Speedo World Swim |url=http://www.worldswimagainstmalaria.com/fundraiserevent.aspx?FundraiserEventID=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618033747/http://www.worldswimagainstmalaria.com/FundraiserEvent.aspx?FundraiserEventID=1 |archive-date=18 June 2013 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=Against Malaria Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt; AMF ta kuma sami fiye da dala miliyan 50 daga Open Philanthropy . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Grants |url=https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/?q=Against+malaria+foundation |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Open Philanthropy}}&lt;/ref&gt;

AMF tana aiki tare da abokan hulɗa kamar Concern Universal, IMA World Health, da Episcopal Relief &amp; Development . &lt;ref name=&quot;Distribution_Partners&quot;&gt;
{{Cite web |title=Distribution Partners |url=https://www.againstmalaria.com/Distribution_Partners.aspx |access-date=8 March 2021 |publisher=Against Malaria Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, AMF ta ba da rahoton wani muhimmin abu na tara kudade na dala miliyan 500, wanda ya fito ne daga gudummawa 919,371 daga mutane 185,318. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Against Malaria: $500,000,000 raised! |url=http://www.againstmalaria.com/NewsItem.aspx?newsitem=USD-500-000-000-raised |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=The Against Malaria Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Official website|https://www.againstmalaria.com/}}
* [https://www.againstmalaria.com/Default_kr.aspx Gidan yanar gizon AMF Koriya]
*  
{{malaria}}{{Effective altruism}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin Sir Ronald Ross</title>
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        <username>Aisha Yahuza</username>
        <id>14817</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353343223|Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Parasitology]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861693</origin>
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      <text bytes="5174" sha1="avls0eb72jupo7capmhbh5tos001z28" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox organization|name=Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Parasitology|map=|abbreviation=SRRIP|type=Public research institution|headquarters=|language=|budget=}}Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin Kwayoyin Kwayar cutar Sir Ronald Ross cibiyar bincike ce ta [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] da ke Begumpet, Secunderabad, [[Hyderabad]], Indiya. An kafa shi a shekara ta 1955, cibiyar ta kasance wani bangare ne na Jami'ar Osmania . An sanya wa cibiyar suna ne bayan Sir Ronald Ross, wanda ya lashe Kyautar Nobel ta Physiology ko Medicine, 1902. 

== Tarihi ==
Sir Ronald Ross an tura shi a matsayin babban jami'in kiwon lafiya a cikin rundunar da aka kafa a Secunderabad a cikin 1893. Kodayake ya kasance likitan tiyata ta hanyar cancanta, Ross ya janyo hankalin bincike a cikin cututtukan wurare masu zafi, musamman [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]]. A lokacin da yake aiki, ya yi aiki a kan bincikensa daga dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin tsohon asibitin soja na Begumpet. An gina shi a shekara ta 1895, wannan ginin ya kewaye da marshes wanda ya tabbatar da taimako ga gwaje-gwajen bincikensa. A cikin wannan ginin ne a ranar 20 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1897 ya gano kwayar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro a cikin jikin sauro. Daga baya 20 ga watan Agusta an yi bikin ne a matsayin Ranar Masarautar Duniya .  Binciken da ya yi ya tabbatar da cewa sauro ne ke dauke da kwayar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro. Don aikinsa na nuna yanayin rayuwa na kwayar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro a cikin sauro, kuma ta haka ne ya kafa ra'ayin Laveran da Manson, an ba Ross Kyautar Nobel a shekarar 1902. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ronald Ross – Biography |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1902/ross-bio.html |access-date=30 September 2010 |website=Nobelprize.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Ronald_Ross_1.jpg|thumb|Alamar ganowar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro[[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|Malaria]]]]
A shekara ta 1955, Satyanarayan Singh, Farfesa na Zoology a Jami'ar Osmania ta [[Hyderabad|Hyderabad ta]] sami ginin daga Deccan Airways na lokacin kuma ya kafa Cibiyar Binciken Malaria a cikin wannan ginin. Masanan bincike daga Jami'ar Osmania da Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Osmania sun yi aiki a nan har sai Hukumar Kula da Filin Jiragen Sama ta Indiya ta karɓi ginin. An kafa cibiyar horar da matukin jirgi a cikin wannan ginin. Tsohon Firayim Minista na Indiya, Rajiv Gandhi, an horar da shi a cikin wannan ginin. A shekara ta 1979, Jami'ar Osmania ta karɓi ginin kuma ta ci gaba da bincike a nan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Us – Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Parasitology |url=http://www.osmania.ac.in/srrip/about%20us.htm |access-date=30 September 2010 |website=Osmania.ac.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maido da al'adun ginin ==
A cikin 1935, Kwamitin Cantonment na Secunderabad, hukumar jama'a ta cikin gida, ta shigar da allon marmara don nuna godiya ga nasarar Ross. A shekara ta 1997, kimanin masana kimiyya 700 daga kasashe 30 sun taru a wannan ginin don tunawa da cika shekaru 100 da binciken Ronald Ross.&lt;ref name=&quot;100_years&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bagla |first=Pallava |date=5 September 1997 |title=Malaria Fighters Gather at Site of Early Victory |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/277/5331/1437 |journal=Science |volume=277 |issue=5331 |pages=1437–1438 |doi=10.1126/science.277.5331.1437 |pmid=9304213 |s2cid=545892 |url-access=subscription |access-date=30 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan lokacin, Babban Hukumar Burtaniya ta gyara ginin a farashin ₹ 4.1 miliyan .  Da yake gini ne na al'adun gargajiya, Binciken Archaeological na Indiya ya ba da ₹ 650,000 don ci gaba da ci gaba. Bugu da kari, an sanar da wani shiri don canza wurin zuwa cibiyar ƙwarewa da haɓaka shimfidar wuri a kusa da ginin. Duk da kashe kudi a kan gyare-gyare, ba a kula da ginin yadda ya kamata ba.

A shekara ta 2008, Gwamnatin jihar ta kafa kwamiti don maidowa, kiyayewa da inganta ginin a matsayin wurin yawon bude ido. Za a yi amfani da tallafin ₹ miliyan 4 don haɓaka wurin shakatawa na lambu da sake komawa ofisoshin filin jirgin sama. Bayan kammala gyaran, an kafa sashen yawon bude ido na gida don inganta ginin da al'adun sa a matsayin makoma ga masu yawon bude bude ido na kasa da na duniya. Duk da yunkurin da aka yi na farfado da wurin, ginin ya kasance a ɓoye kuma ba shi da aikin ilimi ko bincike kuma ba tare da ingantaccen tushen tallafin kuɗi ba. Rashin niyyar siyasa da rashin tsarin mulki an zarge shi da halin da yake ciki a yanzu.&amp;nbsp;

Kungiyoyi kamar Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene da masu bincike daga Jami'ar York sun nuna sha'awar haɗa kansu da cibiyar.

== Dubi kuma ==
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* Ronald Ross
* Cibiyar Sir Ronald Ross ta Cututtuka masu yaduwa da Cututtuka
* Kwarin kwayar halitta

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Yada Net</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349390375|Spread the Net]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="5494" sha1="4lz2ux6p73g3h1bc07s3ht3y8ffs9mu" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox organization|name=Spread the Net|founder=[[Belinda Stronach]] and [[Rick Mercer]]|type=|revenue=|owner=|dissolved=}}Spread the Net, kungiyar agaji ce dake da nufin rage zazzabin cizon sauro a kasashen Afirka. Rick Mercer, ɗan satirist na Kanada, da Belinda Stronach, tsohon ɗan majalisar Kanada kuma mai ba da agaji ne suka kafa shi. Haɗin gwiwa tare da UNICEF Kanada ya ba da damar Yaɗa Gidan Rafo--W-EU na y-Eit App na 2000 don cimma burin rarraba gidajen sauro 500,000 da aka yi wa maganin kwari zuwa Laberiya da Ruwanda.[1] Spread the Net yanzu yana aiki tare da abokan aikinsa don yaƙar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro. Gangamin ya ba da gudummawar gidajen sauro sama da 539,000 tun kafuwar sa. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]

== Tarihi ==
A shekara ta 2006, Rick Mercer da Belinda Stronach sun yi tafiya zuwa Afirka tare da Farfesa Jeffrey D. Sachs, darektan Shirin Millennium na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya,  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mission - The Earth Institute - Columbia University |url=https://www.earth.columbia.edu/articles/view/1791 |access-date=2020-02-15 |website=www.earth.columbia.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; a shirye-shiryen shirya taron Millennium Promise a Montreal a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 2006. A taron, Mercer da Stronach, tare da Jeffrey Sachs da Nigel Fisher, Shugaban kasa da Shugaba na UNICEF Kanada, sun sanar da niyyar su fara kamfen ɗin Spread the Net da tara dala miliyan 5 don a ba da tarkon gado ga yara da mata masu juna biyu a Laberiya da Rwanda. Ɗaya daga cikin wanda ya kafa X One Joey Adler da wanda ya kafa Millennium Promise Conference Daniel Germain kowannensu ya ba da $ 150,000 ga kamfen ɗin a taron. An yi umarni na farko don tarkon gado 33,000 a ranar 28 ga Maris, 2007. 

A watan Disamba na 2011, Spread the Net ya cimma burin kafa; An raba gidajen sauro 500,000 ga mata masu juna biyu da yara a Laberiya da Ruwanda. Yada Net ya haɗu tare da Plan Canada, tare da yin aiki tare don isar da wasu gidajen sauro 250,000, wannan lokacin zuwa Guinea.

A cikin 2012, Spread the Net ya haɗu tare da Mosquitoes Suck Tour, aikin wasan kwaikwayo na minti 60 ga ɗaliban makarantar sakandare a duk faɗin Kanada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fighting malaria a mission for David Peck {{!}} Humber Et Cetera |url=http://humberetc.com/2013/03/21/fighting-malaria-a-mission-for-david-peck/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102142746/http://humberetc.com/2013/03/21/fighting-malaria-a-mission-for-david-peck/ |archive-date=2013-11-02 |website=humberetc.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ƙalubalen Ɗalibi ===
A cikin shekara ta 2007, Spread the Net ya fara tara kudade a makarantun Kanada. Tsakanin 2007 da 2008 sama da makarantu 250 sun shiga tara $ 300,000. An gabatar da gasar ga makarantu a duk faɗin Kanada, kuma makarantar da ke tara mafi yawan don bayar da gudummawa za a ziyarta ta Rick Mercer. Kalubale ya haɗa da bangarorin makarantar sakandare, sakandare, da na firamare, da kuma wanda ya lashe katin daji. A cikin fitowar 2010, ƙalubalen ya nuna ƙarin karkatarwa ta hanyar gayyatar makarantu a gabas don yin gasa tare da takwarorinsu a yamma, wanda ya haifar da masu cin nasara biyu na matakin sakandare.

==== Wadanda suka ci nasara ====
[[Fayil:Rick_Mercer_Spread_the_Net.jpg|thumb|Rick Mercer yana yin fim a shekarar 2016 Yada sashin ƙalubalen ɗalibai na Net don ''Rahoton Rick Mercer'' a makarantar sakandare ta 2016, Makarantar Balmoral Hall]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Wanda ya ci nasara
|-
|2007
|Jami'ar Dalhousie
|-
|2008
|Jami'ar Dalhousie 
|-
|2009
|Cibiyar Kwalejin John F. Ross da Kwarewa
|-
|2010
|Jami'ar Simon Fraser&lt;br /&gt;Jami'ar Ottawa
|-
|2011
|Jami'ar Arewacin British Columbia   Makarantar Sakandare ta Espanola &lt;ref name=&quot;RMR 2011 winners&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rick And The Spread The Net Student Challenge Winners |url=http://www.cbc.ca/player/play/1861766971 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118163644/https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/1861766971 |archive-date=2016-11-18 |website=[[CBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RMR 2011 winners&quot; /&gt;
|-
|2012
|McGill UniversityPeterborough Kwalejin Kwalejin da Makarantar Kwarewa  Makarantar Firamare ta Lakefield&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-
|2013
|Kwalejin Algonquin  Makarantar Sakandare ta Almonte da Gundumar  Makarantar Pleasantdale &lt;ref name=&quot;algonquin&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-
|2014
|Kwalejin Algonquin  John F. Ross Kwalejin da Cibiyar Kwarewa Elbow Valley Elementary School&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-
|2015
|Kwalejin Algonquin John F. Ross Kwalejin Kwalejin da Cibiyar Kwarewa ta Kew Beach Junior Public School &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rick Mercer and Plan Canada announce Spread the Net winners - Plan International Canada |url=https://plancanada.ca/Rick-Mercer-announces-Spread-the-Net-winners}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-
|2016
|Kwalejin Algonquin Makarantar Balmoral Hall Makarantar Jama'a ta Macville Makarantar Sakandare ta Algoma&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-
|2017
|Langara CollegeFather Makarantar Sakandare ta Laraba Beaverly ElementaryR. Makarantar A. Riddell&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-
|2018
|Dalhousie Jami'ar Kincardine Makarantar Sakandare ta Gundumar Holy Names Makarantar Sakandaren Stewarttown&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|}

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jeffrey Sachs
* Babu Abin da Sai Net
* Alkawarin Shekara Dubu
* Malaria Ba za ta Ƙara ba

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.spreadthenet.org/ Shafin hukuma]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alessandro Franchi (kadanal)</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357292250|Alessandro Franchi (cardinal)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Alessandro Franchi''' (25 Yuni 1819 - 31 Yuli 1878) ya kasance babban limamin Italiya kuma babban bishop.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
Mahaifinsa ya kasance notary. Ya yi karatu a Pontifical Roman Seminary, inda ya sami digiri na Doctor of Theology a 1841, sannan ya sami digiri a utroque iure daga Jami'ar Sapienza ta Roma. A shekara ta 1842, an naɗa shi firist kuma an ɗauke shi a ƙarƙashin tallafin Luigi Lambruschini, Sakataren Gwamnati na Kaddada.

A cikin 1848, a lokacin Yaƙin Independence na Italiya na farko, an zaba shi ya zama wani ɓangare na aikin diflomasiyya mai mahimmanci ga Sarkin sarakuna Ferdinand I; ƙoƙari mara nasara na shawo kan Sarkin sarakunan cewa ya kamata ya bar yankunan Habsburg a Italiya. Shekaru biyar bayan haka, ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin mai kula da harkokin kasuwanci a Madrid. A shekara ta 1856, ya zama Bishop na Titular na Thessalonica . Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Paparoma Pius IX ya naɗa shi bishop. 

An kuma nada shi Nuncio na Apostolic na birnin Florence, wanda shine babban birnin Grand Duchy na Tuscany a lokacin. A wannan matsayin, ya yi tsayayya da kokarin hadin kan Count Camillo Cavour. Bayan korar Grand Duke Ferdinand IV, Grand Duchy ya zama wani ɓangare na Masarautar Sardinia, don haka Franchi ya koma Roma kuma an nada shi Sakataren Harkokin Ikilisiya.

A shekara ta 1868, ya koma Madrid, a wannan lokacin a matsayin Apostolic Nuncio, amma ya kasance a can kasa da shekara guda lokacin da aka kore shi bayan juyin juya halin Glorious . Bayan haka, ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen Majalisar Vatican ta farko. Lokacin da sanarwar Papal Infallibility ta haifar da rarrabuwa a cikin Cocin Katolika na Armenia, an aika shi zuwa Istanbul don shawo kan Sultan Abdülaziz cewa matsayin Vatican daidai ne kuma tabbatar da cewa Patriarch Anthony Petros IX Hassun zai kasance mai banƙyama. Godiya ga taimakon Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha, Babban Vizier, ya sami damar cimma wannan burin, amma mutuwar Vizier ta hana a yi amfani da yarjejeniyar a hukumance. 

An halicce shi a matsayin Kaddada a ranar 22 ga Disamba 1873 kuma, a watan da ya biyo baya, ya sami taken &quot;Santa Maria a Trastevere&quot;. A shekara ta 1875, an nada shi Prefect na &quot;Propaganda Fide&quot; (wanda yanzu ake kira Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples).

A taron papal da aka gudanar bayan mutuwar Pius IX, ya kasance mai goyon bayan Kadinal Pecci, wanda aka zaba kuma ya ɗauki sunan Leo XIII. Daga nan aka nada Franchi a matsayin Sakataren Gwamnati kuma ya bi tafarki mai matsakaici. Ya riga ya yi wasu hanyoyin diflomasiyya zuwa Bavaria da Prussia lokacin da ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani, daga [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] (ko da yake wasu suna zargin guba).

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist|30em}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church-Franchi @ Florida International University (Italiyanci na asali na Giuseppe Monsagrati) 
* Bayanan tarihin @ Catholic-Hierarchy.org [da kansa buga][[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|{{Sup|{{small|[''self-published'']}}}}]]
{{S-start}}
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{{Succession box|before=[[Giovanni Simeoni]]|title=[[Cardinal Secretary of State]]|years=5 March – 31 July 1878|after=[[Lorenzo Nina]]}}
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320820911|Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:CERMEL_Campus.jpg|thumb|Cibiyar CERMEL a Lambaréné]]
'''Cibiyar Binciken Kiwon Lafiya ta Lambaréné''' (CERMEL) cibiyar bincike ce mai zaman kanta a Lambaréné, [[Gabon]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=cermel.org |url=http://www.cermel.org/index.php |website=www.cermel.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cibiyar tana mai da hankali kan bincike game da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]],  [[tarin fuka]] mai tsayayya da yawa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-02-16 |title=New process allows tailor-made malaria research &amp;#124; University Tübingen |url=https://www.uni-tuebingen.de/en/university/news-and-publications/press-releases/press-releases/article/neues-verfahren-ermoeglicht-passgenaue-malariaforschung.html |access-date=2018-06-12 |publisher=Uni-tuebingen.de}}&lt;/ref&gt; da cututtukan tsutsotsi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bélard |first=S |last2=Remppis |first2=J |last3=Bootsma |first3=S |last4=Janssen |first4=S |last5=Kombila |first5=DU |last6=Beyeme |first6=JO |last7=Rossatanga |first7=EG |last8=Kokou |first8=C |last9=Osbak |first9=KK |last10=Obiang Mba |first10=RM |last11=Kaba |first11=HM |last12=Traoré |first12=AN |last13=Ehrhardt |first13=J |last14=Bache |first14=EB |last15=Flamen |first15=A |year=2016 |title=Tuberculosis Treatment Outcome and Drug Resistance in Lambaréné, Gabon: A Prospective Cohort Study |journal=Am J Trop Med Hyg |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=472–80 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.15-0668 |pmc=4973203 |pmid=27352879}}&lt;/ref&gt; CERMEL tana da alaƙa ta kusa da cibiyoyin ilimi a duk duniya, gami da Jami'ar Tübingen, Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiya ta Vienna da Jami'an Amsterdam. Shugaban CERMEL shine mai binciken Austrian Peter Gottfried Kremsner, wanda kuma shine shugaban Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tropical a Jami'ar Tübingen. Babban Sakatare shine mai binciken Gabonese Ghyslain Mombo-Ngoma . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=cermel.org/board of directors |url=http://www.cermel.org/boardofdirectors.php |website=www.cermel.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cibiyar tana samun kuɗi galibi ta hanyar ayyukan bincike da nazarin asibiti. Manyan masu ba da gudummawa sune [[Tarayyar Turai]], Gidauniyar Bill &amp;amp;amp; Melinda Gates da Gwamnatin Gabon. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=cermel.org/funders |url=http://www.cermel.org/html.fr/funders.php |website=www.cermel.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gine-ginen bincike da gudanarwa suna kusa da Hôpital Albert Schweitzer a arewacin [[Kogin Ogooué]]. A cikin 2017, cibiyar ta koma sabon harabar. A watan Yulin 2017, Gwamnatin Gabon, Cibiyar Nazarin Cututtuka ta Jamus (DZIF), Jami'ar Tübingen da Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiya ta Vienna sun amince da kafa makarantar ga masu sana'a a harabar CERMEL don horar da likitoci da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a can.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-07-03 |title=Tübingen joins with international partners to train medical staff in Africa &amp;#124; University Tübingen |url=https://www.uni-tuebingen.de/en/university/news-and-publications/press-releases/archive/archivfullview-press-releases/article/tuebingen-joins-with-international-partners-to-train-medical-staff-in-africa.html |access-date=2018-06-12 |publisher=Uni-tuebingen.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.cermel.org/index.php Shafin yanar gizon CERMEL]
* [http://www.lenouveaugabon.com/sante/2501-9859-40-projets-scientifiques-en-cours-au-centre-de-recherche-medicale-de-lambarene Rahoto game da aikin bincike a CERMEL]
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    <title>SurfAid International</title>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox organization|founder=Dr. Dave Jenkins|type=[[Charitable organization]]|headquarters=[[Medan]], [[North Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]]}}
[[Fayil:SurfAid_evacuating_an_injured_man_(10727844806).jpg|thumb|Masu sa kai na SurfAid suna kwashe mutumin da ya ji rauni a lokacin Girgizar ƙasa da tsunami ta Mentawai ta 2010]]
''''''SurfAid''' International''' (wanda ake kira kawai SurfAide) kungiya ce ta kasa da kasa da ke aiki a Tsibirin Mentawai na [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] . Dokta Dave Jenkins na [[New Zealand]] ne ya kafa shi a cikin 2000. A shekara ta 1999 ya kasance a kan tafiya a yankin kuma ya ga matsalolin kiwon lafiya na mutanen yankin. Kokarin farko na SurfAid an mayar da hankali kan samar da ilimin kiwon lafiya ga mutane da kuma sauro don hana yaduwar [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]].

SurfAid ya zo ga hankalin duniya bayan Girgizar kasa ta Tekun Indiya ta 2004 lokacin da ta ba da taimakon likita ga wadanda abin ya shafa. Ya sami damar isa ga mutane a kan ƙananan tsibirai, waɗanda suka kasance daga cikin waɗanda suka fi fama da su, saboda ya yi amfani da ƙananan jiragen ruwa kuma mutanenta sun saba da yankin. SurfAid ta sami tallafin kuɗi daga gwamnatin [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] da kuma masu ba da gudummawa na mutum da kamfanoni. Babban ofishinta yana cikin [[Medan|Medan, Indonesia]] kuma yana da ofisoshin reshe a Amurka, New Zealand da Australia.

A cikin 2007 SurfAid ta ba da sanarwar aikin shekaru da yawa don sarrafa zazzabin cizon sauro a duk Tsibirin Mentawai tare da hadin gwiwar gwamnatin Indonesia da [[UNICEF]].  A shekara ta 2009 SurfAid tana fadada aikinta zuwa Tsibirin Nias da ke kusa, ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa na kasa da kasa, kuma tana karɓar gudummawar kusan dala miliyan 3 a kowace shekara daga masu ba da gudummawa masu zaman kansu da kamfanoni, mafi yawan suna da hannu a cikin wasan [[Surfing|hawan igiyar ruwa]].

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Jhpiego</title>
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'''Jhpiego''' kungiya ce mai zaman kanta don kiwon lafiya ta duniya da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Johns Hopkins . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.jhpiego.org/about-us/ |access-date=10 February 2025 |website=jhpiego.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kafa kungiyar ne a shekara ta 1973  kuma da farko ana kiranta Shirin Johns Hopkins na Ilimi na Duniya a cikin Gynecology da Obstetrics, amma yanzu ana kiranta kawai da Jhpiego (mai suna &quot;ja-pie-go&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.jhpiego.org/about-us/ |access-date=10 February 2025 |website=jhpiego.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yankunan shirye-shiryen yanzu ==
A farkon shekarunta, an san Jhpiego a matsayin gwani a lafiyar uwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.jhpiego.org/about-us/ |access-date=10 February 2025 |website=jhpiego.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayinda kungiyar ta girma kuma ta zama mafi yawan filin, wuraren shirye-shiryenta sun girma kuma sun fadada. Ya zuwa 2025, yankunan shirin farko na Jhpiego sune: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our Expertise |url=https://www.jhpiego.org/our-expertise/ |access-date=10 February 2025 |website=jhpiego.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Matar uwa, jariri, da lafiyar yara
* HIV / AIDS da tarin fuka
* Rigakafin zazzabin cizon sauro da magani
* Ciwon daji na mata
* Lafiyar matasa da matasa
* Tsaro na Lafiya na Duniya
* Kula da lafiya na farko
* Nursing da kuma haihuwa
* Aikin tiyata mai aminci
* Koyon karatu da aiki
* Sabbin abubuwa

== Aiki a nahiyoyi daban-daban ==
Jhpiego yana aiki a kasashe sama da 38 a duk faɗin Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Countries We Support |url=https://www.jhpiego.org/countries-we-support/ |access-date=10 February 2025 |website=jhpiego.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afirka ===
A shekara ta  2023, Jhpiego yana aiki sosai a kasashe 30 na Afirka: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Countries We Support |url=https://www.jhpiego.org/countries-we-support/ |access-date=10 February 2025 |website=jhpiego.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Kasar
!Yankin Fasaha na Farko
|-
|Benin
|Rigakafin Malaria da Magani
|-
|Botswana
|HIV / AIDS &amp; TB
|-
|Burkina Faso
|Matasa da Lafiya ta Matasa, Tsaron Lafiya na Duniya, Rigakafin Zazzabin cizon sauro da Magunguna, Ciwon daji na Mata
|-
|Kamaru
|Tsaro na Lafiya na Duniya, HIV &amp; TB, Rigakafin Malaria &amp; Magani
|-
|Chadi
|HIV &amp; TB, Rigakafin Zazzabin cizon sauro &amp; Magani
|-
|Ivory Coast
|Matasa da Lafiya ta Matasa, HIV &amp; TB, rigakafi, Rigakafin Malaria da Magani, Lafiya ta Uwa, Jarirai da Yara, Kula da Lafiya na Farko, Ciwon daji na Mata
|-
|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo
|Tsaro na Lafiya na Duniya, rigakafi, Rigakafin Malaria da Magani, Lafiyar Uwa, Jarirai da Yara
|-
|Eswatini
|HIV &amp; TB
|-
|Habasha
|Ƙarfafa Tsarin Lafiya, Tsaron Lafiya na Duniya, HIV &amp; TB, Rigakafi, Lafiya ta Uwa, Jarirai &amp; Yara, Aiki Mai Tsaro
|-
|Ghana
|Tsaro na Lafiya na Duniya, HIV &amp; TB, rigakafi, Rigakafin Malaria da Magani, Lafiyar Uwa, Jarirai &amp; Yara
|-
|Guinea
|HIV &amp; TB, rigakafi, lafiyar uwa, jarirai &amp; jarirai
|-
|Kenya
|Matasa da Lafiya ta Matasa, HIV &amp; TB, rigakafi, sababbin abubuwa, Rigakafin Malaria da Magani, Lafiya ta Uwa, Jarirai da Yara, Aiki Mai Tsaro
|-
|Lesotho
|HIV &amp; TB, rigakafi, Kula da Lafiya ta Farko
|-
|Laberiya
|Matasa da Lafiya ta Matasa, Tsaron Lafiya na Duniya, HIV &amp; TB, rigakafi, Rigakafin Malaria da Magunguna, Lafiya ta Uwa, Jarirai da Yara
|-
|Madagascar
|Matar, Jarirai da Lafiyar Yara
|-
|Malawi
|Matasa da Lafiya ta Matasa, HIV &amp; TB, rigakafi, Matasa, Jarirai da Lafiya na Yara
|-
|Mali
|Tsaro na Lafiya na Duniya, Rigakafin Zazzabin cizon sauro da Magunguna, Lafiyar uwaye, jarirai da jarirai
|-
|Mozambique
|HIV &amp; TB, rigakafi, sababbin abubuwa, Ciwon daji na Mata
|-
|Namibia
|Tsaro na Lafiya na Duniya, HIV &amp; TB
|-
|Nijar
|Rigakafin Malaria da Magani, Lafiyar Uwa, Jarirai da Yara
|-
|Najeriya
|Tsaro na Lafiya na Duniya, HIV &amp; TB, rigakafi, Lafiyar uwaye, jarirai &amp; jarirai
|-
|Rwanda
|Matasa da Lafiya ta Matasa, HIV &amp; TB, Rigakafin Zazzabin cizon sauro da Magunguna, Lafiya ta Uwa, Jarirai da Yara
|-
|Saliyo
|Tsaro na Lafiya na Duniya, HIV &amp; TB, Innovation, Rigakafin Malaria &amp; Magani, Lafiya ta Uwa, Jarirai &amp; Yara, Ciwon daji na Mata
|-
|Afirka ta Kudu
|HIV &amp; TB
|-
|Sudan ta Kudu
|Matasa da Lafiya ta Matasa, HIV &amp; TB
|-
|Tanzania
|Matasa da Lafiya ta Matasa, HIV &amp; TB, rigakafi, Matasa, Jarirai da Lafiya na Yara
|-
|Togo
|Tsaro na Lafiya na Duniya, Rigakafi
|-
|Uganda
|HIV &amp; TB
|-
|Zambia
|HIV &amp; TB, rigakafi, rigakafin zazzabin cizon sauro da magani, lafiyar uwa, jarirai &amp; yara, cutar kansa ta mata
|-
|Zimbabwe
|Matasa da Lafiya ta Matasa, Tsaron Lafiya na Duniya, HIV &amp; TB, Rigakafin Malaria da Magani
|}

=== Asiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya ===
Ya zuwa 2025, Jhpiego yana aiki sosai a kasashe 7 na Asiya: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Countries We Support |url=https://www.jhpiego.org/countries-we-support/ |access-date=10 February 2025 |website=jhpiego.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Kasar
!Yankin Fasaha na Farko
|-
|Afghanistan
|Matar, Jarirai da Lafiyar Yara
|-
|Bangladesh
|Rigakafin rigakafi, Lafiyar Uwa, Jarirai &amp; Yara
|-
|Kambodiya
|Matar, Jarirai da Lafiyar Yara
|-
|Indiya
|Matasa da Lafiya ta Matasa, HIV &amp; TB, rigakafi, Sabuntawa, Lafiya ta Uwa, Jarirai da Yara, Kula da Lafiya na Farko, Ciwon daji na Mata
|-
|Indonesia
|Rigakafi, Sabuntawa, Lafiyar Uwa, Jarirai da Yara, Kula da Lafiyar Farko
|-
|Pakistan
|Tsaro na Lafiya na Duniya, Rigakafi
|-
|Philippines
|Matasa &amp; Lafiya ta Matasa, Lafiya ta Uwa, Jarirai &amp; Yara, Ciwon daji na Mata
|}

=== Amurka ===
Ya zuwa 2025, Jhpiego yana aiki sosai a kasashe 2 a Amurka: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Countries We Support |url=https://www.jhpiego.org/countries-we-support/ |access-date=10 February 2025 |website=jhpiego.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Kasar
!Yankin Fasaha na Farko
|-
|Ecuador
|COVID-19 da cututtukan da ke tasowa, Tsaron Lafiya na Duniya
|-
|Guatemala
|Matasa &amp; Lafiya ta Matasa, Lafiya ta Uwa, Jarirai &amp; Yara, Ciwon daji na Mata
|}

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Samar da ruwa da ayyukan tsaftar muhalli ta hanyar kai-da-kai</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: [[File:User of Rope Pump in Tanzania.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Wani mutum yana amfani da famfon igiya a karkaran Tanzaniya domin samun ruwan ƙasa daga rijiya]]  '''Self-supply''' (samar da kai) yana nufin ikon mai sayen kaya da ayyuka na samar da bukatunsa da kansa maimakon saye daga wani mai samarwa.&lt;ref&gt;Doyle, C., [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1373040 Small buyers], page 3, accessed on 21 March 2026&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan kalma tana da tarihi na musamman da amfani d...</comment>
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      <text bytes="4484" sha1="os5o6negal8cshbnmotrf8zc1olxjcx" xml:space="preserve">[[File:User of Rope Pump in Tanzania.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Wani mutum yana amfani da famfon igiya a karkaran Tanzaniya domin samun ruwan ƙasa daga rijiya]]

'''Self-supply''' (samar da kai) yana nufin ikon mai sayen kaya da ayyuka na samar da bukatunsa da kansa maimakon saye daga wani mai samarwa.&lt;ref&gt;Doyle, C., [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1373040 Small buyers], page 3, accessed on 21 March 2026&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan kalma tana da tarihi na musamman da amfani dangane da '''ruwa da tsaftar muhalli''', inda take nufin hanyar inganta ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a hankali, wanda mafi yawancin kuɗaɗen ana samun su ne daga mai amfani da shi da kansa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/self-supply|title=Rural Water Supply Network Self-supply site|last=Rural Water Supply Network|website=www.rural-water-supply.net/en/self-supply|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-03-19}}{{circular reference|reason=The cited page takes its definition from this Wikipedia article|date=March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sutton|first=Sally|title=Self-Supply: filling the gaps in public water supply provision.|date=2021|publisher=Practical Action Publishing|isbn=978-1-78044-819-0|oclc=1239689655}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wannan mahallin, ana kiran self-supply da '''samar da ruwa ƙarƙashin jagorancin gida''' ko '''samar da ruwa na kashin kai'''.&lt;ref name=richert /&gt;

Mutane a duk faɗin duniya sun daɗe suna amfani da wannan hanya cikin ƙarnuka da dama don inganta ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhallinsu a hankali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Olschewski, A. (2016). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3347 A business case for supported Self-supply as service delivery approach to achieve SDGs]. Skat Foundation, Switzerland, 7th RWSN Forum &quot;Water for Everyone&quot; 7ème Forum RWSN « L’eau pour tous » 29 Nov - 02 Dec 2016, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan tsari ba ya nufin wata takaitacciyar fasaha ko nau'in tushen ruwa ko sabis na tsaftar muhalli ba, kodayake dole ne ya zama mai sauƙin amfani da ginawa akan farashi mai sauƙi kuma galibi ta amfani da kayan aikin da ake samu a cikin gida. Maimakon haka, tsarin ya shafi ci gaba da haɓaka waɗannan ayyuka ne a hankali. Hanya ce ta dogaro da kasuwa kuma yawanci ba ta haɗa da tallafin kayayyaki ba.

&quot;Self-supply&quot; ya bambanta da &quot;supported self-supply&quot; (samar da kai mai tallafi). Kalmar farko tana nufin yanayin da mutane ke inganta ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhallinsu da kansu, yayin da kalma ta biyu tana nufin tsari da ake jagoranta da gangan, yawanci ta hanyar hukumar gwamnati ko ƙungiyar mai zaman kanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Misalai da yawa na bunkasar self-supply cikin ƙankanin lokaci suna fitowa ne daga yanayin da samar da ayyuka ƙarƙashin jagorancin gwamnati ya durƙushe, misali a ƙasashe na tsohuwar Tarayyar Sobiyet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Olschewski |first=Andre |year=2016 |title=Supported Self-supply – learning from 15 years of experiences |url= https://rwsnforum7.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/full_paper_0044_submitter_0121_olschewski_andre.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma, hukumomin gwamnati ko hukumomin tallafi na waje za su iya amfani da tsarin da gangan don dace da sauran nau'ikan samar da ayyuka, kamar samar da ruwa da al'umma ke gudanarwa.

Self-supply wani muhimmin tsari ne, wanda ake amfani da shi tare da sauran hanyoyi kamar ayyukan da al'umma ke gudanarwa, don cimma burin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa, musamman ga Burin na 6: &quot;Tabbatar da samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga kowa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ana amfani da kalmar galibi a fannin ruwa a cikin mahallin haɗin gwiwar ci gaba, amma ba a cika amfani da ita ba a fannin tsaftar muhalli. Wasu hanyoyi kamar tsaftar muhalli ta duka al'umma ƙarƙashin jagorancin al'umma ko tsarin tsaftar muhalli na cikin akwati suna da abubuwa da yawa masu kama da self-supply. Wasu ƙungiyoyin suna amfani da wasu sharuddan da ke nufin hanyoyin da gidaje ɗaya ke jagoranta. Misali, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya tana amfani da kalmar &quot;samar da ruwa na kashin kai&quot;.&lt;ref name=richert&gt;{{Citation |last=Richtert |display-authors=etal |first=Bettina |year=2016 |title=Status of Small-scale Water Supplies in the WHO European Region |url= http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/320511/Status-SSW-supplies-results-survey-en.pdf?ua=1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin mahallin ƙasashe masu tasowa, wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da wannan ana kiransa rayuwa &quot;baya ga tsarin babban grid&quot;.</text>
      <sha1>os5o6negal8cshbnmotrf8zc1olxjcx</sha1>
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      <text bytes="9543" sha1="nmkg5baogo6bysd447ike6hck11f0tv" xml:space="preserve">[[File:User of Rope Pump in Tanzania.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Wani mutum yana amfani da famfon igiya a karkaran Tanzaniya domin samun ruwan ƙasa daga rijiya]]

'''Self-supply''' (samar da kai) yana nufin ikon mai sayen kaya da ayyuka na samar da bukatunsa da kansa maimakon saye daga wani mai samarwa.&lt;ref&gt;Doyle, C., [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1373040 Small buyers], page 3, accessed on 21 March 2026&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan kalma tana da tarihi na musamman da amfani dangane da '''ruwa da tsaftar muhalli''', inda take nufin hanyar inganta ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a hankali, wanda mafi yawancin kuɗaɗen ana samun su ne daga mai amfani da shi da kansa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/self-supply|title=Rural Water Supply Network Self-supply site|last=Rural Water Supply Network|website=www.rural-water-supply.net/en/self-supply|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-03-19}}{{circular reference|reason=The cited page takes its definition from this Wikipedia article|date=March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sutton|first=Sally|title=Self-Supply: filling the gaps in public water supply provision.|date=2021|publisher=Practical Action Publishing|isbn=978-1-78044-819-0|oclc=1239689655}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wannan mahallin, ana kiran self-supply da '''samar da ruwa ƙarƙashin jagorancin gida''' ko '''samar da ruwa na kashin kai'''.&lt;ref name=richert /&gt;

Mutane a duk faɗin duniya sun daɗe suna amfani da wannan hanya cikin ƙarnuka da dama don inganta ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhallinsu a hankali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Olschewski, A. (2016). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3347 A business case for supported Self-supply as service delivery approach to achieve SDGs]. Skat Foundation, Switzerland, 7th RWSN Forum &quot;Water for Everyone&quot; 7ème Forum RWSN « L’eau pour tous » 29 Nov - 02 Dec 2016, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan tsari ba ya nufin wata takaitacciyar fasaha ko nau'in tushen ruwa ko sabis na tsaftar muhalli ba, kodayake dole ne ya zama mai sauƙin amfani da ginawa akan farashi mai sauƙi kuma galibi ta amfani da kayan aikin da ake samu a cikin gida. Maimakon haka, tsarin ya shafi ci gaba da haɓaka waɗannan ayyuka ne a hankali. Hanya ce ta dogaro da kasuwa kuma yawanci ba ta haɗa da tallafin kayayyaki ba.

&quot;Self-supply&quot; ya bambanta da &quot;supported self-supply&quot; (samar da kai mai tallafi). Kalmar farko tana nufin yanayin da mutane ke inganta ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhallinsu da kansu, yayin da kalma ta biyu tana nufin tsari da ake jagoranta da gangan, yawanci ta hanyar hukumar gwamnati ko ƙungiyar mai zaman kanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Misalai da yawa na bunkasar self-supply cikin ƙankanin lokaci suna fitowa ne daga yanayin da samar da ayyuka ƙarƙashin jagorancin gwamnati ya durƙushe, misali a ƙasashe na tsohuwar Tarayyar Sobiyet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Olschewski |first=Andre |year=2016 |title=Supported Self-supply – learning from 15 years of experiences |url= https://rwsnforum7.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/full_paper_0044_submitter_0121_olschewski_andre.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma, hukumomin gwamnati ko hukumomin tallafi na waje za su iya amfani da tsarin da gangan don dace da sauran nau'ikan samar da ayyuka, kamar samar da ruwa da al'umma ke gudanarwa.

Self-supply wani muhimmin tsari ne, wanda ake amfani da shi tare da sauran hanyoyi kamar ayyukan da al'umma ke gudanarwa, don cimma burin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa, musamman ga Burin na 6: &quot;Tabbatar da samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga kowa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ana amfani da kalmar galibi a fannin ruwa a cikin mahallin haɗin gwiwar ci gaba, amma ba a cika amfani da ita ba a fannin tsaftar muhalli. Wasu hanyoyi kamar tsaftar muhalli ta duka al'umma ƙarƙashin jagorancin al'umma ko tsarin tsaftar muhalli na cikin akwati suna da abubuwa da yawa masu kama da self-supply. Wasu ƙungiyoyin suna amfani da wasu sharuddan da ke nufin hanyoyin da gidaje ɗaya ke jagoranta. Misali, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya tana amfani da kalmar &quot;samar da ruwa na kashin kai&quot;.&lt;ref name=richert&gt;{{Citation |last=Richtert |display-authors=etal |first=Bettina |year=2016 |title=Status of Small-scale Water Supplies in the WHO European Region |url= http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/320511/Status-SSW-supplies-results-survey-en.pdf?ua=1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin mahallin ƙasashe masu tasowa, wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da wannan ana kiransa rayuwa &quot;baya ga tsarin babban grid&quot;.

==Ma'ana==
Gajeren ma'anar self-supply ita ce: &quot;Mutane suna inganta ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da kansu&quot;. Babban ra'ayin self-supply shine cewa mutane suna samar da ruwa da kansu ta hanyar hanyoyinsu na kashin kai ba tare da tallafin gwamnati kai tsaye ba. Ɗan adam ya daɗe yana inganta damarsa ta samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ba tare da tallafin gwamnati ba har tsawon shekaru dubbai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A matsayin hanyar inganta dama, tsari ne da ke mayar da hankali ga mai amfani wanda ya haɗa da haɓaka matakan sabis na yanzu a hankali, mafi yawancin lokuta kuma masu amfani da kansu ne ke ba da kuɗin. Gabaɗaya wannan yana nufin cewa ana samun ci gaba ga samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ko dai ta hanyar aikin kwadago na masu amfani da su ko kuma ta hanyar masu amfani da ke biyan masani ko kamfani don kammala aikin. Dalilai da fa'idodi ga masu amfani don inganta ayyukansu na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na kashin kai sun haɗa da: sauƙi, kusanci da gida, yawan ruwa mai yawa, ayyuka masu sauri fiye da tsarin ruwa na birni, mafi sauƙi fiye da tsarin ruwa na birni, rashin tsarin ruwa na birni, sirri, tsaro, da amincika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Babu wata fasaha ta musamman da ake ba da shawararta tare da self-supply. Maimakon haka, self-supply wata hanya ce ta yadda za a inganta damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, wanda aka fi sani da &quot;hawa matakan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/watsan-ladder/|title=The drinking water and sanitation ladders|website=WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation|access-date=19 March 2017|archive-date=2 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402170739/https://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/watsan-ladder/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙasan &quot;matakin ruwa&quot; akwai hanyoyin ruwa marasa kariya. Masu amfani suna &quot;hawa matakin ruwa&quot; ta hanyar ƙara kariya ga tushen ruwansu ko ƙarin fasaha don sauƙi. Misali, mai amfani da rijiya da aka haƙa da hannu ba tare da kariya ba tare da igiya da guga a matsayin na'urar ɗauka zai kasance a ƙasan matakin ruwa. Mai amfani da rijiya da aka gina bangon cikinta da kyau zai kasance mafi girma akan matakin ruwa tunda tushen ruwan yana da ƙananan haɗarin gurɓataccen abu saboda ginin bangon. Mai amfani da famfon hannu zai sami fa'idar samun damar samun ruwa mai yawa cikin sauri fiye da guga, kuma gurɓataccen tushen ruwan yana raguwa. Daga ƙarshe, mai amfani da famfo mai amfani da inji zai sami sauƙi na rashin yin amfani da wani ƙarfin hannu wajen hakar ruwa. Hatta kafofin da ke kan mafi ƙasankancin matakai na tsani za su ba da sabis tsawon yini, kowace rana, duk shekara.

Wajen amfani da self-supply a cikin tsaftar muhalli, hanya ɗaya da ake amfani da ita ita ce tallata tsaftar muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsp.org/toolkit/what-is-sanitation-marketing|title=What is Sanitation Marketing?|date=2017|website=Water and Sanitation Program|access-date=19 March 2017|archive-date=19 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319103101/http://wsp.org/toolkit/what-is-sanitation-marketing|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Barrington |first1=D. J. |last2=Sridharan |first2=S. |last3=Shields |first3=K. F. |last4=Saunders |first4=S. G. |last5=Souter |first5=R. T. |last6=Bartram |first6=J. |title=Sanitation marketing: A systematic review and theoretical critique using the capability approach |journal=Social Science &amp; Medicine |date=1 December 2017 |volume=194 |pages=128–134 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.10.021|hdl=10072/415142 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin raba abubuwa daban-daban (modularization) yana cikin hanyar tallata tsaftar muhalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Devine, J., Kullmann, C. (2011). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1258 Introductory Guide to Sanitation Marketing - WSP Scaling Up Rural Sanitation]. WSP, World Bank&lt;/ref&gt; An tsara samfurin tsaftar muhalli da za a tallata domin a iya yin gyare-gyare a hankali a kan lokaci, zuwa ingantaccen wurin tsaftar muhalli, gwargwadon yadda kasafi ya ba da dama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Fage ==
A cikin shekarar 2015, mutane miliyan 663 a duk duniya ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa kuma mutane miliyan 158 sun yi amfani da ruwan sama a matsayin babban tushen ruwan shansu (watau tushen ruwa &quot;marar inganci&quot;). Mutane 8 cikin 10 ba tare da ingantaccen tushen ruwan sha ba suna zaune ne a yankunan karkara. Haka zalika, mutum 1 cikin 8 a duk duniya suna yin ba-gari a sarari (mutane miliyan 946).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Joint Monitoring Programme |year=2015 |title=Key Facts from the JMP 2015 Report |url=https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP-2015-update-key-facts-English.pdf |access-date=2017-03-13 |archive-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623005346/https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP-2015-update-key-facts-English.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan alkaluma suna nuna cewa akwai buƙatar ci gaba da inganta waɗannan ayyuka ga miliyoyin mutane.</text>
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      <text bytes="14025" sha1="88imgm69cdabqsppqexyypospfn6fc3" xml:space="preserve">[[File:User of Rope Pump in Tanzania.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Wani mutum yana amfani da famfon igiya a karkaran Tanzaniya domin samun ruwan ƙasa daga rijiya]]

'''Self-supply''' (samar da kai) yana nufin ikon mai sayen kaya da ayyuka na samar da bukatunsa da kansa maimakon saye daga wani mai samarwa.&lt;ref&gt;Doyle, C., [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1373040 Small buyers], page 3, accessed on 21 March 2026&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan kalma tana da tarihi na musamman da amfani dangane da '''ruwa da tsaftar muhalli''', inda take nufin hanyar inganta ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a hankali, wanda mafi yawancin kuɗaɗen ana samun su ne daga mai amfani da shi da kansa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/self-supply|title=Rural Water Supply Network Self-supply site|last=Rural Water Supply Network|website=www.rural-water-supply.net/en/self-supply|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-03-19}}{{circular reference|reason=The cited page takes its definition from this Wikipedia article|date=March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sutton|first=Sally|title=Self-Supply: filling the gaps in public water supply provision.|date=2021|publisher=Practical Action Publishing|isbn=978-1-78044-819-0|oclc=1239689655}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wannan mahallin, ana kiran self-supply da '''samar da ruwa ƙarƙashin jagorancin gida''' ko '''samar da ruwa na kashin kai'''.&lt;ref name=richert /&gt;

Mutane a duk faɗin duniya sun daɗe suna amfani da wannan hanya cikin ƙarnuka da dama don inganta ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhallinsu a hankali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Olschewski, A. (2016). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3347 A business case for supported Self-supply as service delivery approach to achieve SDGs]. Skat Foundation, Switzerland, 7th RWSN Forum &quot;Water for Everyone&quot; 7ème Forum RWSN « L’eau pour tous » 29 Nov - 02 Dec 2016, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan tsari ba ya nufin wata takaitacciyar fasaha ko nau'in tushen ruwa ko sabis na tsaftar muhalli ba, kodayake dole ne ya zama mai sauƙin amfani da ginawa akan farashi mai sauƙi kuma galibi ta amfani da kayan aikin da ake samu a cikin gida. Maimakon haka, tsarin ya shafi ci gaba da haɓaka waɗannan ayyuka ne a hankali. Hanya ce ta dogaro da kasuwa kuma yawanci ba ta haɗa da tallafin kayayyaki ba.

&quot;Self-supply&quot; ya bambanta da &quot;supported self-supply&quot; (samar da kai mai tallafi). Kalmar farko tana nufin yanayin da mutane ke inganta ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhallinsu da kansu, yayin da kalma ta biyu tana nufin tsari da ake jagoranta da gangan, yawanci ta hanyar hukumar gwamnati ko ƙungiyar mai zaman kanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Misalai da yawa na bunkasar self-supply cikin ƙankanin lokaci suna fitowa ne daga yanayin da samar da ayyuka ƙarƙashin jagorancin gwamnati ya durƙushe, misali a ƙasashe na tsohuwar Tarayyar Sobiyet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Olschewski |first=Andre |year=2016 |title=Supported Self-supply – learning from 15 years of experiences |url= https://rwsnforum7.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/full_paper_0044_submitter_0121_olschewski_andre.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma, hukumomin gwamnati ko hukumomin tallafi na waje za su iya amfani da tsarin da gangan don dace da sauran nau'ikan samar da ayyuka, kamar samar da ruwa da al'umma ke gudanarwa.

Self-supply wani muhimmin tsari ne, wanda ake amfani da shi tare da sauran hanyoyi kamar ayyukan da al'umma ke gudanarwa, don cimma burin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa, musamman ga Burin na 6: &quot;Tabbatar da samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga kowa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ana amfani da kalmar galibi a fannin ruwa a cikin mahallin haɗin gwiwar ci gaba, amma ba a cika amfani da ita ba a fannin tsaftar muhalli. Wasu hanyoyi kamar tsaftar muhalli ta duka al'umma ƙarƙashin jagorancin al'umma ko tsarin tsaftar muhalli na cikin akwati suna da abubuwa da yawa masu kama da self-supply. Wasu ƙungiyoyin suna amfani da wasu sharuddan da ke nufin hanyoyin da gidaje ɗaya ke jagoranta. Misali, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya tana amfani da kalmar &quot;samar da ruwa na kashin kai&quot;.&lt;ref name=richert&gt;{{Citation |last=Richtert |display-authors=etal |first=Bettina |year=2016 |title=Status of Small-scale Water Supplies in the WHO European Region |url= http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/320511/Status-SSW-supplies-results-survey-en.pdf?ua=1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin mahallin ƙasashe masu tasowa, wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da wannan ana kiransa rayuwa &quot;baya ga tsarin babban grid&quot;.

==Ma'ana==
Gajeren ma'anar self-supply ita ce: &quot;Mutane suna inganta ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da kansu&quot;. Babban ra'ayin self-supply shine cewa mutane suna samar da ruwa da kansu ta hanyar hanyoyinsu na kashin kai ba tare da tallafin gwamnati kai tsaye ba. Ɗan adam ya daɗe yana inganta damarsa ta samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ba tare da tallafin gwamnati ba har tsawon shekaru dubbai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A matsayin hanyar inganta dama, tsari ne da ke mayar da hankali ga mai amfani wanda ya haɗa da haɓaka matakan sabis na yanzu a hankali, mafi yawancin lokuta kuma masu amfani da kansu ne ke ba da kuɗin. Gabaɗaya wannan yana nufin cewa ana samun ci gaba ga samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ko dai ta hanyar aikin kwadago na masu amfani da su ko kuma ta hanyar masu amfani da ke biyan masani ko kamfani don kammala aikin. Dalilai da fa'idodi ga masu amfani don inganta ayyukansu na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na kashin kai sun haɗa da: sauƙi, kusanci da gida, yawan ruwa mai yawa, ayyuka masu sauri fiye da tsarin ruwa na birni, mafi sauƙi fiye da tsarin ruwa na birni, rashin tsarin ruwa na birni, sirri, tsaro, da amincika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Babu wata fasaha ta musamman da ake ba da shawararta tare da self-supply. Maimakon haka, self-supply wata hanya ce ta yadda za a inganta damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, wanda aka fi sani da &quot;hawa matakan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/watsan-ladder/|title=The drinking water and sanitation ladders|website=WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation|access-date=19 March 2017|archive-date=2 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402170739/https://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/watsan-ladder/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙasan &quot;matakin ruwa&quot; akwai hanyoyin ruwa marasa kariya. Masu amfani suna &quot;hawa matakin ruwa&quot; ta hanyar ƙara kariya ga tushen ruwansu ko ƙarin fasaha don sauƙi. Misali, mai amfani da rijiya da aka haƙa da hannu ba tare da kariya ba tare da igiya da guga a matsayin na'urar ɗauka zai kasance a ƙasan matakin ruwa. Mai amfani da rijiya da aka gina bangon cikinta da kyau zai kasance mafi girma akan matakin ruwa tunda tushen ruwan yana da ƙananan haɗarin gurɓataccen abu saboda ginin bangon. Mai amfani da famfon hannu zai sami fa'idar samun damar samun ruwa mai yawa cikin sauri fiye da guga, kuma gurɓataccen tushen ruwan yana raguwa. Daga ƙarshe, mai amfani da famfo mai amfani da inji zai sami sauƙi na rashin yin amfani da wani ƙarfin hannu wajen hakar ruwa. Hatta kafofin da ke kan mafi ƙasankancin matakai na tsani za su ba da sabis tsawon yini, kowace rana, duk shekara.

Wajen amfani da self-supply a cikin tsaftar muhalli, hanya ɗaya da ake amfani da ita ita ce tallata tsaftar muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsp.org/toolkit/what-is-sanitation-marketing|title=What is Sanitation Marketing?|date=2017|website=Water and Sanitation Program|access-date=19 March 2017|archive-date=19 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319103101/http://wsp.org/toolkit/what-is-sanitation-marketing|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Barrington |first1=D. J. |last2=Sridharan |first2=S. |last3=Shields |first3=K. F. |last4=Saunders |first4=S. G. |last5=Souter |first5=R. T. |last6=Bartram |first6=J. |title=Sanitation marketing: A systematic review and theoretical critique using the capability approach |journal=Social Science &amp; Medicine |date=1 December 2017 |volume=194 |pages=128–134 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.10.021|hdl=10072/415142 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin raba abubuwa daban-daban (modularization) yana cikin hanyar tallata tsaftar muhalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Devine, J., Kullmann, C. (2011). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1258 Introductory Guide to Sanitation Marketing - WSP Scaling Up Rural Sanitation]. WSP, World Bank&lt;/ref&gt; An tsara samfurin tsaftar muhalli da za a tallata domin a iya yin gyare-gyare a hankali a kan lokaci, zuwa ingantaccen wurin tsaftar muhalli, gwargwadon yadda kasafi ya ba da dama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Fage ==
A cikin shekarar 2015, mutane miliyan 663 a duk duniya ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa kuma mutane miliyan 158 sun yi amfani da ruwan sama a matsayin babban tushen ruwan shansu (watau tushen ruwa &quot;marar inganci&quot;). Mutane 8 cikin 10 ba tare da ingantaccen tushen ruwan sha ba suna zaune ne a yankunan karkara. Haka zalika, mutum 1 cikin 8 a duk duniya suna yin ba-gari a sarari (mutane miliyan 946).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Joint Monitoring Programme |year=2015 |title=Key Facts from the JMP 2015 Report |url=https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP-2015-update-key-facts-English.pdf |access-date=2017-03-13 |archive-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623005346/https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP-2015-update-key-facts-English.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan alkaluma suna nuna cewa akwai buƙatar ci gaba da inganta waɗannan ayyuka ga miliyoyin mutane.

Self-supply ba ya cikin tsarin dabarun ruwa na yau da kullun don haɓaka damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin ruwa a yawancin ƙasashe masu tasowa kuma ba a cika lissafinsa a cikin bayanan samun damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa ba. Wannan yana da alaƙa da gaskiyar cewa self-supply ba ya nufin takamaiman fasaha ko matakin sabis. Koyaya, koda a ƙasashe inda aka ga gagarumin ayyuka na self-supply, yawanci ba a yin la'akari da su a cikin alkaluman hukuma na ɗaukar nauyin sabis. Kasashen Habasha (Ethiopia) da Zimbabwe sune keɓantattu ga wannan doka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Farashi ===
Bincike a ƙasashen Zambiya da Zimbabwe ya nuna cewa ta hanyar amfani da dabarun da ke haɗa samar da ruwa ƙarƙashin jagorancin al'umma da kuma self-supply, farashin rayuwa ga gwamnati zai ragu da kashi 50%, idan aka kwatanta da dabarun amfani da samar da ruwa ƙarƙashin jagorancin al'umma kawai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

==Hanyoyi don samar da ruwa==
[[File:SHIPO drilling.jpg|thumb|right|Haƙa rijiya da hannu a Tanzaniya]]

=== Rijiyoyin da aka haƙa da hannu ===

Mafi yawan fasahar haƙa rijiyoyi da hannu tana nan a ƙasashe masu tasowa. Rijiyoyin tube da ake haƙawa da hannu sun mamaye gabar tekun Madagascar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; EMAS a Bolivia tana amfani da wata hanya ta haɗin gwiwa ta bugawa-fesa-juyawa da hannu don shigar da rijiyoyin tube.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Haƙa rijiyar auger da hannu ya zama ruwan dare a Nijar inda aka yi amfani da shi cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Littafin Manual Drilling Compendium yana ba da kyakkyawan bayyani game da matsayin waɗannan fasahohi a duk duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/_ressources/documents/default/1-653-34-1442223588.pdf|title=Manual Drilling Compendium 2015|last=Danert|first=Kerstin|date=2015|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:MzuzuDrilling1280x768px.jpg|thumb|right|Haƙa rijiyar da hannu ta amfani da hanyar &quot;Mzuzu&quot;]]

===Rijiyoyin kashin kai, rijiyoyin tube, da ingantattun rijiyoyin iyali===
;Amurka
A Amurka, mutane miliyan 44 sun amfani da hanyar self-supply da kafofin ruwa na kashin kai a cikin shekarar 2010,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://water.usgs.gov/watuse/wudo.html|title=United States Geological Survey }}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma kusan kashi 22% na al'ummar karkara suna amfani da rijiyoyin kashin kai don samun ruwan ƙasa don samar da ruwansu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources-top/details/57|title=An Introduction to Self-Supply: Putting the User First. Rural Water Supply Series Field Note. Water and Sanitation Program and Rural Water Supply Network.|last=Sutton|first=Sally|date=2009|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

;Gabas da Turai
Kusan kashi 20-60% na al'ummar Gabashin Turai da tsohuwar Tarayyar Sobiyet sun dogara ne da self-supply don samun ruwa. Misali, kashi 35% na al'ummar Ukraine, kashi 57% a Moldova, kashi 38% a Romania, da kashi 22% a Albania sun dogara ne da self-supply a matsayin tushen ruwansu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title= Danube Utility Benchmarking and Information Sharing | url= http://www.danubis.org |last=World Bank and IAWD, the International Association of Water Supply Companies in the Danube River Catchment Area|date=2009|language=en-gb|access-date= 2017-03-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

;Asiya
Bangladesh tana ɗaya daga cikin lokuta inda self-supply ya kai ga babban matsayi, tare da miliyoyin rijiyoyin tube da famfo na hannu da ake amfani da su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/_ressources/documents/default/1-653-34-1442223588.pdf|title=Manual Drilling Compendium 2015|last=Danert|first=Kerstin|date=2015|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

;Afirka
Gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta aiwatar da shirin &quot;Ingantacciyar Rijiyar Iyali&quot; a yankunan karkara don inganta ingancin rijiyoyin self-supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Famfon igiya da famfon baki ===
[[File:Rope Pump model 1.jpg|thumb|right|Misali na Famfon Igiya]]
An ɓullo da famfon igiya (rope pump) don self-supply kuma an gabatar da shi a Nicaragua a cikin shekarar 1990. Tun daga lokacin, an sanya dubban famfo na igiya a rijiyoyin iyali. Misali, har zuwa shekarar 2004, an girka kusan famfuna 30,000 na igiya suna hidima ga aƙalla kashi 25 cikin ɗari na al'ummar karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Alberts|first=J.H.|year=2004|title=The rope pump – an example of technology transfer|url=http://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Alberts-2004-Rope.pdf|journal=Waterlines|volume=22|issue=3|pages=22–25|doi=10.3362/0262-8104.2004.010}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="18752" sha1="h8pri2g9inxhd6ryrxfsqx7a891vs65" xml:space="preserve">[[File:User of Rope Pump in Tanzania.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Wani mutum yana amfani da famfon igiya a karkaran Tanzaniya domin samun ruwan ƙasa daga rijiya]]

'''Self-supply''' (samar da kai) yana nufin ikon mai sayen kaya da ayyuka na samar da bukatunsa da kansa maimakon saye daga wani mai samarwa.&lt;ref&gt;Doyle, C., [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1373040 Small buyers], page 3, accessed on 21 March 2026&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan kalma tana da tarihi na musamman da amfani dangane da '''ruwa da tsaftar muhalli''', inda take nufin hanyar inganta ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a hankali, wanda mafi yawancin kuɗaɗen ana samun su ne daga mai amfani da shi da kansa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/self-supply|title=Rural Water Supply Network Self-supply site|last=Rural Water Supply Network|website=www.rural-water-supply.net/en/self-supply|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-03-19}}{{circular reference|reason=The cited page takes its definition from this Wikipedia article|date=March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sutton|first=Sally|title=Self-Supply: filling the gaps in public water supply provision.|date=2021|publisher=Practical Action Publishing|isbn=978-1-78044-819-0|oclc=1239689655}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wannan mahallin, ana kiran self-supply da '''samar da ruwa ƙarƙashin jagorancin gida''' ko '''samar da ruwa na kashin kai'''.&lt;ref name=richert /&gt;

Mutane a duk faɗin duniya sun daɗe suna amfani da wannan hanya cikin ƙarnuka da dama don inganta ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhallinsu a hankali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Olschewski, A. (2016). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3347 A business case for supported Self-supply as service delivery approach to achieve SDGs]. Skat Foundation, Switzerland, 7th RWSN Forum &quot;Water for Everyone&quot; 7ème Forum RWSN « L’eau pour tous » 29 Nov - 02 Dec 2016, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan tsari ba ya nufin wata takaitacciyar fasaha ko nau'in tushen ruwa ko sabis na tsaftar muhalli ba, kodayake dole ne ya zama mai sauƙin amfani da ginawa akan farashi mai sauƙi kuma galibi ta amfani da kayan aikin da ake samu a cikin gida. Maimakon haka, tsarin ya shafi ci gaba da haɓaka waɗannan ayyuka ne a hankali. Hanya ce ta dogaro da kasuwa kuma yawanci ba ta haɗa da tallafin kayayyaki ba.

&quot;Self-supply&quot; ya bambanta da &quot;supported self-supply&quot; (samar da kai mai tallafi). Kalmar farko tana nufin yanayin da mutane ke inganta ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhallinsu da kansu, yayin da kalma ta biyu tana nufin tsari da ake jagoranta da gangan, yawanci ta hanyar hukumar gwamnati ko ƙungiyar mai zaman kanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Misalai da yawa na bunkasar self-supply cikin ƙankanin lokaci suna fitowa ne daga yanayin da samar da ayyuka ƙarƙashin jagorancin gwamnati ya durƙushe, misali a ƙasashe na tsohuwar Tarayyar Sobiyet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Olschewski |first=Andre |year=2016 |title=Supported Self-supply – learning from 15 years of experiences |url= https://rwsnforum7.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/full_paper_0044_submitter_0121_olschewski_andre.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma, hukumomin gwamnati ko hukumomin tallafi na waje za su iya amfani da tsarin da gangan don dace da sauran nau'ikan samar da ayyuka, kamar samar da ruwa da al'umma ke gudanarwa.

Self-supply wani muhimmin tsari ne, wanda ake amfani da shi tare da sauran hanyoyi kamar ayyukan da al'umma ke gudanarwa, don cimma burin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa, musamman ga Burin na 6: &quot;Tabbatar da samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga kowa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ana amfani da kalmar galibi a fannin ruwa a cikin mahallin haɗin gwiwar ci gaba, amma ba a cika amfani da ita ba a fannin tsaftar muhalli. Wasu hanyoyi kamar tsaftar muhalli ta duka al'umma ƙarƙashin jagorancin al'umma ko tsarin tsaftar muhalli na cikin akwati suna da abubuwa da yawa masu kama da self-supply. Wasu ƙungiyoyin suna amfani da wasu sharuddan da ke nufin hanyoyin da gidaje ɗaya ke jagoranta. Misali, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya tana amfani da kalmar &quot;samar da ruwa na kashin kai&quot;.&lt;ref name=richert&gt;{{Citation |last=Richtert |display-authors=etal |first=Bettina |year=2016 |title=Status of Small-scale Water Supplies in the WHO European Region |url= http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/320511/Status-SSW-supplies-results-survey-en.pdf?ua=1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin mahallin ƙasashe masu tasowa, wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da wannan ana kiransa rayuwa &quot;baya ga tsarin babban grid&quot;.

==Ma'ana==
Gajeren ma'anar self-supply ita ce: &quot;Mutane suna inganta ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da kansu&quot;. Babban ra'ayin self-supply shine cewa mutane suna samar da ruwa da kansu ta hanyar hanyoyinsu na kashin kai ba tare da tallafin gwamnati kai tsaye ba. Ɗan adam ya daɗe yana inganta damarsa ta samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ba tare da tallafin gwamnati ba har tsawon shekaru dubbai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A matsayin hanyar inganta dama, tsari ne da ke mayar da hankali ga mai amfani wanda ya haɗa da haɓaka matakan sabis na yanzu a hankali, mafi yawancin lokuta kuma masu amfani da kansu ne ke ba da kuɗin. Gabaɗaya wannan yana nufin cewa ana samun ci gaba ga samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ko dai ta hanyar aikin kwadago na masu amfani da su ko kuma ta hanyar masu amfani da ke biyan masani ko kamfani don kammala aikin. Dalilai da fa'idodi ga masu amfani don inganta ayyukansu na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na kashin kai sun haɗa da: sauƙi, kusanci da gida, yawan ruwa mai yawa, ayyuka masu sauri fiye da tsarin ruwa na birni, mafi sauƙi fiye da tsarin ruwa na birni, rashin tsarin ruwa na birni, sirri, tsaro, da amincika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Babu wata fasaha ta musamman da ake ba da shawararta tare da self-supply. Maimakon haka, self-supply wata hanya ce ta yadda za a inganta damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, wanda aka fi sani da &quot;hawa matakan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/watsan-ladder/|title=The drinking water and sanitation ladders|website=WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation|access-date=19 March 2017|archive-date=2 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402170739/https://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/watsan-ladder/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙasan &quot;matakin ruwa&quot; akwai hanyoyin ruwa marasa kariya. Masu amfani suna &quot;hawa matakin ruwa&quot; ta hanyar ƙara kariya ga tushen ruwansu ko ƙarin fasaha don sauƙi. Misali, mai amfani da rijiya da aka haƙa da hannu ba tare da kariya ba tare da igiya da guga a matsayin na'urar ɗauka zai kasance a ƙasan matakin ruwa. Mai amfani da rijiya da aka gina bangon cikinta da kyau zai kasance mafi girma akan matakin ruwa tunda tushen ruwan yana da ƙananan haɗarin gurɓataccen abu saboda ginin bangon. Mai amfani da famfon hannu zai sami fa'idar samun damar samun ruwa mai yawa cikin sauri fiye da guga, kuma gurɓataccen tushen ruwan yana raguwa. Daga ƙarshe, mai amfani da famfo mai amfani da inji zai sami sauƙi na rashin yin amfani da wani ƙarfin hannu wajen hakar ruwa. Hatta kafofin da ke kan mafi ƙasankancin matakai na tsani za su ba da sabis tsawon yini, kowace rana, duk shekara.

Wajen amfani da self-supply a cikin tsaftar muhalli, hanya ɗaya da ake amfani da ita ita ce tallata tsaftar muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsp.org/toolkit/what-is-sanitation-marketing|title=What is Sanitation Marketing?|date=2017|website=Water and Sanitation Program|access-date=19 March 2017|archive-date=19 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319103101/http://wsp.org/toolkit/what-is-sanitation-marketing|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Barrington |first1=D. J. |last2=Sridharan |first2=S. |last3=Shields |first3=K. F. |last4=Saunders |first4=S. G. |last5=Souter |first5=R. T. |last6=Bartram |first6=J. |title=Sanitation marketing: A systematic review and theoretical critique using the capability approach |journal=Social Science &amp; Medicine |date=1 December 2017 |volume=194 |pages=128–134 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.10.021|hdl=10072/415142 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin raba abubuwa daban-daban (modularization) yana cikin hanyar tallata tsaftar muhalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Devine, J., Kullmann, C. (2011). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1258 Introductory Guide to Sanitation Marketing - WSP Scaling Up Rural Sanitation]. WSP, World Bank&lt;/ref&gt; An tsara samfurin tsaftar muhalli da za a tallata domin a iya yin gyare-gyare a hankali a kan lokaci, zuwa ingantaccen wurin tsaftar muhalli, gwargwadon yadda kasafi ya ba da dama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Fage ==
A cikin shekarar 2015, mutane miliyan 663 a duk duniya ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa kuma mutane miliyan 158 sun yi amfani da ruwan sama a matsayin babban tushen ruwan shansu (watau tushen ruwa &quot;marar inganci&quot;). Mutane 8 cikin 10 ba tare da ingantaccen tushen ruwan sha ba suna zaune ne a yankunan karkara. Haka zalika, mutum 1 cikin 8 a duk duniya suna yin ba-gari a sarari (mutane miliyan 946).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Joint Monitoring Programme |year=2015 |title=Key Facts from the JMP 2015 Report |url=https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP-2015-update-key-facts-English.pdf |access-date=2017-03-13 |archive-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623005346/https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP-2015-update-key-facts-English.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan alkaluma suna nuna cewa akwai buƙatar ci gaba da inganta waɗannan ayyuka ga miliyoyin mutane.

Self-supply ba ya cikin tsarin dabarun ruwa na yau da kullun don haɓaka damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin ruwa a yawancin ƙasashe masu tasowa kuma ba a cika lissafinsa a cikin bayanan samun damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa ba. Wannan yana da alaƙa da gaskiyar cewa self-supply ba ya nufin takamaiman fasaha ko matakin sabis. Koyaya, koda a ƙasashe inda aka ga gagarumin ayyuka na self-supply, yawanci ba a yin la'akari da su a cikin alkaluman hukuma na ɗaukar nauyin sabis. Kasashen Habasha (Ethiopia) da Zimbabwe sune keɓantattu ga wannan doka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Farashi ===
Bincike a ƙasashen Zambiya da Zimbabwe ya nuna cewa ta hanyar amfani da dabarun da ke haɗa samar da ruwa ƙarƙashin jagorancin al'umma da kuma self-supply, farashin rayuwa ga gwamnati zai ragu da kashi 50%, idan aka kwatanta da dabarun amfani da samar da ruwa ƙarƙashin jagorancin al'umma kawai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

==Hanyoyi don samar da ruwa==
[[File:SHIPO drilling.jpg|thumb|right|Haƙa rijiya da hannu a Tanzaniya]]

=== Rijiyoyin da aka haƙa da hannu ===

Mafi yawan fasahar haƙa rijiyoyi da hannu tana nan a ƙasashe masu tasowa. Rijiyoyin tube da ake haƙawa da hannu sun mamaye gabar tekun Madagascar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; EMAS a Bolivia tana amfani da wata hanya ta haɗin gwiwa ta bugawa-fesa-juyawa da hannu don shigar da rijiyoyin tube.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Haƙa rijiyar auger da hannu ya zama ruwan dare a Nijar inda aka yi amfani da shi cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Littafin Manual Drilling Compendium yana ba da kyakkyawan bayyani game da matsayin waɗannan fasahohi a duk duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/_ressources/documents/default/1-653-34-1442223588.pdf|title=Manual Drilling Compendium 2015|last=Danert|first=Kerstin|date=2015|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:MzuzuDrilling1280x768px.jpg|thumb|right|Haƙa rijiyar da hannu ta amfani da hanyar &quot;Mzuzu&quot;]]

===Rijiyoyin kashin kai, rijiyoyin tube, da ingantattun rijiyoyin iyali===
;Amurka
A Amurka, mutane miliyan 44 sun amfani da hanyar self-supply da kafofin ruwa na kashin kai a cikin shekarar 2010,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://water.usgs.gov/watuse/wudo.html|title=United States Geological Survey }}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma kusan kashi 22% na al'ummar karkara suna amfani da rijiyoyin kashin kai don samun ruwan ƙasa don samar da ruwansu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources-top/details/57|title=An Introduction to Self-Supply: Putting the User First. Rural Water Supply Series Field Note. Water and Sanitation Program and Rural Water Supply Network.|last=Sutton|first=Sally|date=2009|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

;Gabas da Turai
Kusan kashi 20-60% na al'ummar Gabashin Turai da tsohuwar Tarayyar Sobiyet sun dogara ne da self-supply don samun ruwa. Misali, kashi 35% na al'ummar Ukraine, kashi 57% a Moldova, kashi 38% a Romania, da kashi 22% a Albania sun dogara ne da self-supply a matsayin tushen ruwansu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title= Danube Utility Benchmarking and Information Sharing | url= http://www.danubis.org |last=World Bank and IAWD, the International Association of Water Supply Companies in the Danube River Catchment Area|date=2009|language=en-gb|access-date= 2017-03-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

;Asiya
Bangladesh tana ɗaya daga cikin lokuta inda self-supply ya kai ga babban matsayi, tare da miliyoyin rijiyoyin tube da famfo na hannu da ake amfani da su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/_ressources/documents/default/1-653-34-1442223588.pdf|title=Manual Drilling Compendium 2015|last=Danert|first=Kerstin|date=2015|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

;Afirka
Gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta aiwatar da shirin &quot;Ingantacciyar Rijiyar Iyali&quot; a yankunan karkara don inganta ingancin rijiyoyin self-supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Famfon igiya da famfon baki ===
[[File:Rope Pump model 1.jpg|thumb|right|Misali na Famfon Igiya]]
An ɓullo da famfon igiya (rope pump) don self-supply kuma an gabatar da shi a Nicaragua a cikin shekarar 1990. Tun daga lokacin, an sanya dubban famfo na igiya a rijiyoyin iyali. Misali, har zuwa shekarar 2004, an girka kusan famfuna 30,000 na igiya suna hidima ga aƙalla kashi 25 cikin ɗari na al'ummar karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Alberts|first=J.H.|year=2004|title=The rope pump – an example of technology transfer|url=http://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Alberts-2004-Rope.pdf|journal=Waterlines|volume=22|issue=3|pages=22–25|doi=10.3362/0262-8104.2004.010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Famfuna na baki (pitcher pumps) a kan rijiyoyin da aka kora sun mamaye ko'ina a gabar tekun Madagascar. Ƙasa mai yashi da maras zurfi suna sanya ta zama fasaha mai dacewa don amfani da ita wajen samun ruwa. Babban tashar jiragen ruwa ta Madagascar ta Tamatave, musamman, an kiyasta tana da aƙalla rijiyoyin famfo guda 9,000 suna yi wa mutane 170,000 hidima, wanda ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman misali na kasuwar famfo da ba a tallafa mata ba a yankin kudu da saharan Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Sauran mafita sun mayar da hankali kan sabbin tsarin famfo, gami da famfo na hannu, &quot;Play Pumps&quot; na Water for People,&lt;ref name=&quot;WFP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Water For People |url=http://www.waterforpeople.org/ |access-date=9 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; da &quot;Elephant Pumps&quot; na Pump Aid.&lt;ref name=&quot;PA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Pump Aid-Water For Life |url=http://pumpaid.org/ |access-date=9 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duka nau'ikan guda uku an gina su ne don taimakawa al'ummomi wajen hako tsaftataccen ruwa daga rijiya. Famfon hannu shine mafi sauƙi da sauƙin gyarawa, tare da sauƙin samun kayan mayarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;LWI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Living Water International |url=https://www.water.cc/ |access-date=9 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta amfani da madaidaiciyar hanya ta ƙirƙira, Play Pumps yana haɗa wasan yara da hakar tsaftataccen ruwa ta hanyar amfani da kayan wasan yara na filin wasa, wanda ake kira roundabout. Manufar wannan ita ce yayin da yara ke wasa akan roundabout, za a riƙa tura ruwa lokaci ɗaya daga tankin ajiya zuwa ko dai bayan gida, wuraren wanke hannu, ko na ruwan sha.&lt;ref name=&quot;PA&quot; /&gt; Wasu rashin amfani ga PlayPump, kodayake, shine rashin iyawar sa na magance yanayin ƙarancin ruwa na zahiri da haɗarin amfani da yara lokacin da wasan yara ya zama daidai da aikin tura ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=July 2010 |title=The Play Pump: What Went Wrong? |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2010/07/01/the-playpump-what-went-wrong/ |access-date=1 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; A madadin haka, Elephant Pumps famfo ne mai sauƙi na ruwan hannu. Bayan an shirya rijiya, sai a sanya na'urar famfo mai igiya wadda ke da sauƙin kulawa, tana amfani da sassa na gida, kuma tana iya aiki cikin kusan mako guda.&lt;ref name=&quot;PA&quot; /&gt; Famfon na Elephant na iya samar da mutane 250 da lita 40 na tsaftataccen ruwa kowane mutum a kowace rana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Elephant Pump |url=http://www.theafricatrust.org/elephant_pump.html |access-date=1 April 2013 |archive-date=20 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220013539/http://www.theafricatrust.org/elephant_pump.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tarin ruwan sama ===
[[File:Rainwater harvesting tank (5981896147).jpg|thumb|Tankin tarin ruwan sama daga saman rufi a wata makaranta kusa da Kigali, Rwanda]]
Tarin ruwan sama yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi sauƙi kuma mafi tsufa hanyoyin self-supply. Wannan zai iya zama mai sauƙi kamar sanya guga a gefen rufin kwanon rufi. Hakanan yana iya haɗawa da gina ƙananan madatsun ruwa da magudanun ruwa tare da gefen rufin don tattara ruwa mai yawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gdrc.org/uem/water/rainwater/|title=Rainwater Harvesting And Utilisation|website=Rainwater Harvesting|access-date=20 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An inganta dabarar tattara ruwan sama sosai a ƙasar Thailand kuma misali ne na yadda ayyukan self-supply zasu iya kaiwa ga babban siki (kodayake a matakin farko, aikin ya kasance aiwatarwa kai tsaye daga gwamnatin Thai), a cikin wannan yanayin da yawa miliyoyin gidajen karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;saladin2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/759|title=Rainwater Harvesting in Thailand - learning from the World Champions|last=Saladin|first=Matthias|date=2016|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tace ruwa na gida ===

Tace ruwa na gida wata hanya ce ta inganta ingancin ruwa kafin amfani da shi. Ana iya aiwatar da shi a ƙarƙashin hanyar self-supply, amma kuma a ƙarƙashin sauran hanyoyi. Hanya mafi dacewa ta tace ruwa na gida a duniya ita ce tafasawa. Sauran hanyoyin da aka ba da shawarar sune maganin chlorine a wurin amfani, SODIS, da nau'ikan tace ruwa daban-daban.

Ana iya samun fasahar tsaftatacen ruwa ta hanyar tace bambaron sha (drinking straw filtration). Kamar yadda Water Is Life ta yi amfani da shi azaman mafita, bambaron yana da ƙanƙanta, mai sauƙin ɗauka, kuma yana da darajar dalar Amurka $10 kowace raka'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;WIL&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Is Life |url=http://waterislife.com/ |access-date=9 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; An tsara na'urar tace ruwan ne don kawar da cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa, kuma a sakamakon haka, samar da ingantaccen ruwan sha ga mutum guda na tsawon shekara guda.&lt;ref name=&quot;WIL&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Emas pump Zambia.jpg|thumb|right|Famfon Emas]]</text>
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      <text bytes="22994" sha1="gb8xpvh6y4j2sia8j7hk4komdldl5nx" xml:space="preserve">[[File:User of Rope Pump in Tanzania.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Wani mutum yana amfani da famfon igiya a karkaran Tanzaniya domin samun ruwan ƙasa daga rijiya]]

'''Self-supply''' (samar da kai) yana nufin ikon mai sayen kaya da ayyuka na samar da bukatunsa da kansa maimakon saye daga wani mai samarwa.&lt;ref&gt;Doyle, C., [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1373040 Small buyers], page 3, accessed on 21 March 2026&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan kalma tana da tarihi na musamman da amfani dangane da '''ruwa da tsaftar muhalli''', inda take nufin hanyar inganta ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a hankali, wanda mafi yawancin kuɗaɗen ana samun su ne daga mai amfani da shi da kansa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/self-supply|title=Rural Water Supply Network Self-supply site|last=Rural Water Supply Network|website=www.rural-water-supply.net/en/self-supply|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-03-19}}{{circular reference|reason=The cited page takes its definition from this Wikipedia article|date=March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sutton|first=Sally|title=Self-Supply: filling the gaps in public water supply provision.|date=2021|publisher=Practical Action Publishing|isbn=978-1-78044-819-0|oclc=1239689655}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wannan mahallin, ana kiran self-supply da '''samar da ruwa ƙarƙashin jagorancin gida''' ko '''samar da ruwa na kashin kai'''.&lt;ref name=richert /&gt;

Mutane a duk faɗin duniya sun daɗe suna amfani da wannan hanya cikin ƙarnuka da dama don inganta ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhallinsu a hankali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Olschewski, A. (2016). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3347 A business case for supported Self-supply as service delivery approach to achieve SDGs]. Skat Foundation, Switzerland, 7th RWSN Forum &quot;Water for Everyone&quot; 7ème Forum RWSN « L’eau pour tous » 29 Nov - 02 Dec 2016, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan tsari ba ya nufin wata takaitacciyar fasaha ko nau'in tushen ruwa ko sabis na tsaftar muhalli ba, kodayake dole ne ya zama mai sauƙin amfani da ginawa akan farashi mai sauƙi kuma galibi ta amfani da kayan aikin da ake samu a cikin gida. Maimakon haka, tsarin ya shafi ci gaba da haɓaka waɗannan ayyuka ne a hankali. Hanya ce ta dogaro da kasuwa kuma yawanci ba ta haɗa da tallafin kayayyaki ba.

&quot;Self-supply&quot; ya bambanta da &quot;supported self-supply&quot; (samar da kai mai tallafi). Kalmar farko tana nufin yanayin da mutane ke inganta ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhallinsu da kansu, yayin da kalma ta biyu tana nufin tsari da ake jagoranta da gangan, yawanci ta hanyar hukumar gwamnati ko ƙungiyar mai zaman kanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Misalai da yawa na bunkasar self-supply cikin ƙankanin lokaci suna fitowa ne daga yanayin da samar da ayyuka ƙarƙashin jagorancin gwamnati ya durƙushe, misali a ƙasashe na tsohuwar Tarayyar Sobiyet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Olschewski |first=Andre |year=2016 |title=Supported Self-supply – learning from 15 years of experiences |url= https://rwsnforum7.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/full_paper_0044_submitter_0121_olschewski_andre.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma, hukumomin gwamnati ko hukumomin tallafi na waje za su iya amfani da tsarin da gangan don dace da sauran nau'ikan samar da ayyuka, kamar samar da ruwa da al'umma ke gudanarwa.

Self-supply wani muhimmin tsari ne, wanda ake amfani da shi tare da sauran hanyoyi kamar ayyukan da al'umma ke gudanarwa, don cimma burin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa, musamman ga Burin na 6: &quot;Tabbatar da samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga kowa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ana amfani da kalmar galibi a fannin ruwa a cikin mahallin haɗin gwiwar ci gaba, amma ba a cika amfani da ita ba a fannin tsaftar muhalli. Wasu hanyoyi kamar tsaftar muhalli ta duka al'umma ƙarƙashin jagorancin al'umma ko tsarin tsaftar muhalli na cikin akwati suna da abubuwa da yawa masu kama da self-supply. Wasu ƙungiyoyin suna amfani da wasu sharuddan da ke nufin hanyoyin da gidaje ɗaya ke jagoranta. Misali, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya tana amfani da kalmar &quot;samar da ruwa na kashin kai&quot;.&lt;ref name=richert&gt;{{Citation |last=Richtert |display-authors=etal |first=Bettina |year=2016 |title=Status of Small-scale Water Supplies in the WHO European Region |url= http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/320511/Status-SSW-supplies-results-survey-en.pdf?ua=1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin mahallin ƙasashe masu tasowa, wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da wannan ana kiransa rayuwa &quot;baya ga tsarin babban grid&quot;.

==Ma'ana==
Gajeren ma'anar self-supply ita ce: &quot;Mutane suna inganta ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da kansu&quot;. Babban ra'ayin self-supply shine cewa mutane suna samar da ruwa da kansu ta hanyar hanyoyinsu na kashin kai ba tare da tallafin gwamnati kai tsaye ba. Ɗan adam ya daɗe yana inganta damarsa ta samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ba tare da tallafin gwamnati ba har tsawon shekaru dubbai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A matsayin hanyar inganta dama, tsari ne da ke mayar da hankali ga mai amfani wanda ya haɗa da haɓaka matakan sabis na yanzu a hankali, mafi yawancin lokuta kuma masu amfani da kansu ne ke ba da kuɗin. Gabaɗaya wannan yana nufin cewa ana samun ci gaba ga samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ko dai ta hanyar aikin kwadago na masu amfani da su ko kuma ta hanyar masu amfani da ke biyan masani ko kamfani don kammala aikin. Dalilai da fa'idodi ga masu amfani don inganta ayyukansu na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na kashin kai sun haɗa da: sauƙi, kusanci da gida, yawan ruwa mai yawa, ayyuka masu sauri fiye da tsarin ruwa na birni, mafi sauƙi fiye da tsarin ruwa na birni, rashin tsarin ruwa na birni, sirri, tsaro, da amincika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Babu wata fasaha ta musamman da ake ba da shawararta tare da self-supply. Maimakon haka, self-supply wata hanya ce ta yadda za a inganta damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, wanda aka fi sani da &quot;hawa matakan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/watsan-ladder/|title=The drinking water and sanitation ladders|website=WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation|access-date=19 March 2017|archive-date=2 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402170739/https://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/watsan-ladder/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙasan &quot;matakin ruwa&quot; akwai hanyoyin ruwa marasa kariya. Masu amfani suna &quot;hawa matakin ruwa&quot; ta hanyar ƙara kariya ga tushen ruwansu ko ƙarin fasaha don sauƙi. Misali, mai amfani da rijiya da aka haƙa da hannu ba tare da kariya ba tare da igiya da guga a matsayin na'urar ɗauka zai kasance a ƙasan matakin ruwa. Mai amfani da rijiya da aka gina bangon cikinta da kyau zai kasance mafi girma akan matakin ruwa tunda tushen ruwan yana da ƙananan haɗarin gurɓataccen abu saboda ginin bangon. Mai amfani da famfon hannu zai sami fa'idar samun damar samun ruwa mai yawa cikin sauri fiye da guga, kuma gurɓataccen tushen ruwan yana raguwa. Daga ƙarshe, mai amfani da famfo mai amfani da inji zai sami sauƙi na rashin yin amfani da wani ƙarfin hannu wajen hakar ruwa. Hatta kafofin da ke kan mafi ƙasankancin matakai na tsani za su ba da sabis tsawon yini, kowace rana, duk shekara.

Wajen amfani da self-supply a cikin tsaftar muhalli, hanya ɗaya da ake amfani da ita ita ce tallata tsaftar muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsp.org/toolkit/what-is-sanitation-marketing|title=What is Sanitation Marketing?|date=2017|website=Water and Sanitation Program|access-date=19 March 2017|archive-date=19 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319103101/http://wsp.org/toolkit/what-is-sanitation-marketing|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Barrington |first1=D. J. |last2=Sridharan |first2=S. |last3=Shields |first3=K. F. |last4=Saunders |first4=S. G. |last5=Souter |first5=R. T. |last6=Bartram |first6=J. |title=Sanitation marketing: A systematic review and theoretical critique using the capability approach |journal=Social Science &amp; Medicine |date=1 December 2017 |volume=194 |pages=128–134 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.10.021|hdl=10072/415142 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin raba abubuwa daban-daban (modularization) yana cikin hanyar tallata tsaftar muhalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Devine, J., Kullmann, C. (2011). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1258 Introductory Guide to Sanitation Marketing - WSP Scaling Up Rural Sanitation]. WSP, World Bank&lt;/ref&gt; An tsara samfurin tsaftar muhalli da za a tallata domin a iya yin gyare-gyare a hankali a kan lokaci, zuwa ingantaccen wurin tsaftar muhalli, gwargwadon yadda kasafi ya ba da dama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Fage ==
A cikin shekarar 2015, mutane miliyan 663 a duk duniya ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa kuma mutane miliyan 158 sun yi amfani da ruwan sama a matsayin babban tushen ruwan shansu (watau tushen ruwa &quot;marar inganci&quot;). Mutane 8 cikin 10 ba tare da ingantaccen tushen ruwan sha ba suna zaune ne a yankunan karkara. Haka zalika, mutum 1 cikin 8 a duk duniya suna yin ba-gari a sarari (mutane miliyan 946).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Joint Monitoring Programme |year=2015 |title=Key Facts from the JMP 2015 Report |url=https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP-2015-update-key-facts-English.pdf |access-date=2017-03-13 |archive-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623005346/https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP-2015-update-key-facts-English.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan alkaluma suna nuna cewa akwai buƙatar ci gaba da inganta waɗannan ayyuka ga miliyoyin mutane.

Self-supply ba ya cikin tsarin dabarun ruwa na yau da kullun don haɓaka damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin ruwa a yawancin ƙasashe masu tasowa kuma ba a cika lissafinsa a cikin bayanan samun damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa ba. Wannan yana da alaƙa da gaskiyar cewa self-supply ba ya nufin takamaiman fasaha ko matakin sabis. Koyaya, koda a ƙasashe inda aka ga gagarumin ayyuka na self-supply, yawanci ba a yin la'akari da su a cikin alkaluman hukuma na ɗaukar nauyin sabis. Kasashen Habasha (Ethiopia) da Zimbabwe sune keɓantattu ga wannan doka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Farashi ===
Bincike a ƙasashen Zambiya da Zimbabwe ya nuna cewa ta hanyar amfani da dabarun da ke haɗa samar da ruwa ƙarƙashin jagorancin al'umma da kuma self-supply, farashin rayuwa ga gwamnati zai ragu da kashi 50%, idan aka kwatanta da dabarun amfani da samar da ruwa ƙarƙashin jagorancin al'umma kawai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

==Hanyoyi don samar da ruwa==
[[File:SHIPO drilling.jpg|thumb|right|Haƙa rijiya da hannu a Tanzaniya]]

=== Rijiyoyin da aka haƙa da hannu ===

Mafi yawan fasahar haƙa rijiyoyi da hannu tana nan a ƙasashe masu tasowa. Rijiyoyin tube da ake haƙawa da hannu sun mamaye gabar tekun Madagascar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; EMAS a Bolivia tana amfani da wata hanya ta haɗin gwiwa ta bugawa-fesa-juyawa da hannu don shigar da rijiyoyin tube.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Haƙa rijiyar auger da hannu ya zama ruwan dare a Nijar inda aka yi amfani da shi cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Littafin Manual Drilling Compendium yana ba da kyakkyawan bayyani game da matsayin waɗannan fasahohi a duk duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/_ressources/documents/default/1-653-34-1442223588.pdf|title=Manual Drilling Compendium 2015|last=Danert|first=Kerstin|date=2015|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:MzuzuDrilling1280x768px.jpg|thumb|right|Haƙa rijiyar da hannu ta amfani da hanyar &quot;Mzuzu&quot;]]

===Rijiyoyin kashin kai, rijiyoyin tube, da ingantattun rijiyoyin iyali===
;Amurka
A Amurka, mutane miliyan 44 sun amfani da hanyar self-supply da kafofin ruwa na kashin kai a cikin shekarar 2010,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://water.usgs.gov/watuse/wudo.html|title=United States Geological Survey }}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma kusan kashi 22% na al'ummar karkara suna amfani da rijiyoyin kashin kai don samun ruwan ƙasa don samar da ruwansu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources-top/details/57|title=An Introduction to Self-Supply: Putting the User First. Rural Water Supply Series Field Note. Water and Sanitation Program and Rural Water Supply Network.|last=Sutton|first=Sally|date=2009|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

;Gabas da Turai
Kusan kashi 20-60% na al'ummar Gabashin Turai da tsohuwar Tarayyar Sobiyet sun dogara ne da self-supply don samun ruwa. Misali, kashi 35% na al'ummar Ukraine, kashi 57% a Moldova, kashi 38% a Romania, da kashi 22% a Albania sun dogara ne da self-supply a matsayin tushen ruwansu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title= Danube Utility Benchmarking and Information Sharing | url= http://www.danubis.org |last=World Bank and IAWD, the International Association of Water Supply Companies in the Danube River Catchment Area|date=2009|language=en-gb|access-date= 2017-03-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

;Asiya
Bangladesh tana ɗaya daga cikin lokuta inda self-supply ya kai ga babban matsayi, tare da miliyoyin rijiyoyin tube da famfo na hannu da ake amfani da su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/_ressources/documents/default/1-653-34-1442223588.pdf|title=Manual Drilling Compendium 2015|last=Danert|first=Kerstin|date=2015|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

;Afirka
Gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta aiwatar da shirin &quot;Ingantacciyar Rijiyar Iyali&quot; a yankunan karkara don inganta ingancin rijiyoyin self-supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Famfon igiya da famfon baki ===
[[File:Rope Pump model 1.jpg|thumb|right|Misali na Famfon Igiya]]
An ɓullo da famfon igiya (rope pump) don self-supply kuma an gabatar da shi a Nicaragua a cikin shekarar 1990. Tun daga lokacin, an sanya dubban famfo na igiya a rijiyoyin iyali. Misali, har zuwa shekarar 2004, an girka kusan famfuna 30,000 na igiya suna hidima ga aƙalla kashi 25 cikin ɗari na al'ummar karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Alberts|first=J.H.|year=2004|title=The rope pump – an example of technology transfer|url=http://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Alberts-2004-Rope.pdf|journal=Waterlines|volume=22|issue=3|pages=22–25|doi=10.3362/0262-8104.2004.010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Famfuna na baki (pitcher pumps) a kan rijiyoyin da aka kora sun mamaye ko'ina a gabar tekun Madagascar. Ƙasa mai yashi da maras zurfi suna sanya ta zama fasaha mai dacewa don amfani da ita wajen samun ruwa. Babban tashar jiragen ruwa ta Madagascar ta Tamatave, musamman, an kiyasta tana da aƙalla rijiyoyin famfo guda 9,000 suna yi wa mutane 170,000 hidima, wanda ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman misali na kasuwar famfo da ba a tallafa mata ba a yankin kudu da saharan Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Sauran mafita sun mayar da hankali kan sabbin tsarin famfo, gami da famfo na hannu, &quot;Play Pumps&quot; na Water for People,&lt;ref name=&quot;WFP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Water For People |url=http://www.waterforpeople.org/ |access-date=9 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; da &quot;Elephant Pumps&quot; na Pump Aid.&lt;ref name=&quot;PA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Pump Aid-Water For Life |url=http://pumpaid.org/ |access-date=9 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duka nau'ikan guda uku an gina su ne don taimakawa al'ummomi wajen hako tsaftataccen ruwa daga rijiya. Famfon hannu shine mafi sauƙi da sauƙin gyarawa, tare da sauƙin samun kayan mayarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;LWI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Living Water International |url=https://www.water.cc/ |access-date=9 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta amfani da madaidaiciyar hanya ta ƙirƙira, Play Pumps yana haɗa wasan yara da hakar tsaftataccen ruwa ta hanyar amfani da kayan wasan yara na filin wasa, wanda ake kira roundabout. Manufar wannan ita ce yayin da yara ke wasa akan roundabout, za a riƙa tura ruwa lokaci ɗaya daga tankin ajiya zuwa ko dai bayan gida, wuraren wanke hannu, ko na ruwan sha.&lt;ref name=&quot;PA&quot; /&gt; Wasu rashin amfani ga PlayPump, kodayake, shine rashin iyawar sa na magance yanayin ƙarancin ruwa na zahiri da haɗarin amfani da yara lokacin da wasan yara ya zama daidai da aikin tura ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=July 2010 |title=The Play Pump: What Went Wrong? |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2010/07/01/the-playpump-what-went-wrong/ |access-date=1 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; A madadin haka, Elephant Pumps famfo ne mai sauƙi na ruwan hannu. Bayan an shirya rijiya, sai a sanya na'urar famfo mai igiya wadda ke da sauƙin kulawa, tana amfani da sassa na gida, kuma tana iya aiki cikin kusan mako guda.&lt;ref name=&quot;PA&quot; /&gt; Famfon na Elephant na iya samar da mutane 250 da lita 40 na tsaftataccen ruwa kowane mutum a kowace rana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Elephant Pump |url=http://www.theafricatrust.org/elephant_pump.html |access-date=1 April 2013 |archive-date=20 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220013539/http://www.theafricatrust.org/elephant_pump.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tarin ruwan sama ===
[[File:Rainwater harvesting tank (5981896147).jpg|thumb|Tankin tarin ruwan sama daga saman rufi a wata makaranta kusa da Kigali, Rwanda]]
Tarin ruwan sama yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi sauƙi kuma mafi tsufa hanyoyin self-supply. Wannan zai iya zama mai sauƙi kamar sanya guga a gefen rufin kwanon rufi. Hakanan yana iya haɗawa da gina ƙananan madatsun ruwa da magudanun ruwa tare da gefen rufin don tattara ruwa mai yawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gdrc.org/uem/water/rainwater/|title=Rainwater Harvesting And Utilisation|website=Rainwater Harvesting|access-date=20 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An inganta dabarar tattara ruwan sama sosai a ƙasar Thailand kuma misali ne na yadda ayyukan self-supply zasu iya kaiwa ga babban siki (kodayake a matakin farko, aikin ya kasance aiwatarwa kai tsaye daga gwamnatin Thai), a cikin wannan yanayin da yawa miliyoyin gidajen karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;saladin2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/759|title=Rainwater Harvesting in Thailand - learning from the World Champions|last=Saladin|first=Matthias|date=2016|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tace ruwa na gida ===

Tace ruwa na gida wata hanya ce ta inganta ingancin ruwa kafin amfani da shi. Ana iya aiwatar da shi a ƙarƙashin hanyar self-supply, amma kuma a ƙarƙashin sauran hanyoyi. Hanya mafi dacewa ta tace ruwa na gida a duniya ita ce tafasawa. Sauran hanyoyin da aka ba da shawarar sune maganin chlorine a wurin amfani, SODIS, da nau'ikan tace ruwa daban-daban.

Ana iya samun fasahar tsaftatacen ruwa ta hanyar tace bambaron sha (drinking straw filtration). Kamar yadda Water Is Life ta yi amfani da shi azaman mafita, bambaron yana da ƙanƙanta, mai sauƙin ɗauka, kuma yana da darajar dalar Amurka $10 kowace raka'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;WIL&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Is Life |url=http://waterislife.com/ |access-date=9 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; An tsara na'urar tace ruwan ne don kawar da cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa, kuma a sakamakon haka, samar da ingantaccen ruwan sha ga mutum guda na tsawon shekara guda.&lt;ref name=&quot;WIL&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Emas pump Zambia.jpg|thumb|right|Famfon Emas]]

=== Fasahar EMAS a Bolivia ===
EMAS (Makarantar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Tafi-da-gidanka - acronym na Sipaniya, Escuela Móvil de Agua y Saneamiento) tana haɓaka fasahohi daban-daban don inganta samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Bolivia tun shekarun 1980. Fasahar da EMAS ke haɓakawa a Bolivia sune famfuna na hannu don samar da ruwa ga gidaje, tarin ruwan sama, tankunan ajiya na gida masu aminci da aka yi da ferrocement, ramin bayan gida, da kuma hanyar haɗin gwiwa ta bugawa-fesa-juyawa da hannu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Introduction to EMAS Technologies|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/training-research/introduction-to-emas-technologies|publisher=Rural Water Supply Network}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarar 2013 an gudanar da wani bincike mai zaman kansa wanda ya bincika duk fasahohin da EMAS ke haɓakawa a Bolivia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=MacCarthy|first=Michael|title=EMAS Household Water Supply Technologies in Bolivia|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/_ressources/documents/default/1-518-3-1375685563.pdf|year=2013|location=Field Note No 2013-4|publisher=Rural Water Supply Network}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken ya gano cewa yawancin gidajen da aka bincika (53 cikin 86) sun sayi fasahar EMAS ba tare da tallafi ko rance ba. Haka kuma, yawancin gidajen da aka bincika suna da famfunan EMAS masu aiki (78 cikin 79) tare da duk famfunan da aka girka shekaru 11 ko fiye da haka da suka gabata (18 cikin 79) har yanzu suna aiki.

==Hanyoyi don tsaftar muhalli==
A fannin tsaftar muhalli, ba a cika amfani da kalmar &quot;self-supply&quot; ba. Koyaya, ra'ayi mai kama da wannan shine na tsaftar muhalli ta duka al'umma ƙarƙashin jagorancin al'umma. Wannan wata hanya ce ta canza dabi'a wacce ke sa mutane yin watsi da ba-gari a sarari, kuma yawanci suna gina tare da amfani da ramin bayan gida a maimakon haka.

Wata hanyar kuma da za a iya amfani da ita don self-supply a fannin tsaftar muhalli ita ce ta tsaftar muhalli ta cikin akwati, kodayake matakan tattarawa da jiyya yawanci ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar mai ba da sabis na waje, ba ta gidajen da kansu ba.

==Kalubale==
===Hadarin lafiya===
[[File:Groundwater Contamination Latin America Sm.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa na iya yaduwa ta hanyar rijiyar ruwan ƙasa wacce ta gurbata da kwayoyin cuta na bayan gida daga ramin bayan gida]]

Saboda ƙarancin ƙarfin gwamnatoci a ƙasashe da yawa na gudanar da gwajin ruwan kashin kai akai-akai, sau da yawa kuma haɗe da rashin fayyace nauyin da ke kansa na kula da ingancin ruwan kashin kai, haɗarin lafiya na waɗannan hanyoyin samar da ruwa yakan kasance mafi girma fiye da na manyan hanyoyin sadarwa. A sakamakon haka, gidajen da ke samar da nasu ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli na iya ƙarewa da gurbataccen ruwan sha. Misali ɗaya shine matsalar gurɓataccen ruwan ƙasa da arsenic a ƙasar Bangladesh.

===Talauci===
Sabanin hanyar shiga tsakani kai tsaye, inda ko dai hukumar gwamnati ko wani mai zaman kansa (yawanci ƙungiya mai zaman kanta) ke ba da takamaiman matakin sabis kai tsaye ga ƙungiyar da aka yi niyya, self-supply ya dogara ne akan kafa hanyoyin da zasu bar mutane da kansu su yanke shawara akan matakin, wuri da kuma lokacin sabis ɗin da za a bayar. Wannan yana buƙatar kulawa ta musamman ga haɓaka kasuwa, don ƙarfafa ƙarfin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu (a matsayin masu ba da sabis) da hukumomin gwamnati (misali, a matsayin hukumar kula da inganci). Don haka, yayin da ba ya yin hulɗa kai tsaye da kowane gidaje, self-supply ba ya nufin cewa an yi watsi da gidaje da daidaikun mutane mafi fama da talauci, amma yana haɓaka iyakancewar albarkatun da ake da su a duk matakai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A cikin yanayin da gwamnati ba za ta iya cika wannan rukunin na mai daidaitawa da sa ido ba, hanyoyin gudanarwa masu ƙarfi sun haifar da wuce gona da iri wajen hakar ruwan ƙasa (misali, a cikin birnin Legas) da kuma ƙara matsalolin lafiyar jama'a saboda amfani da ruwan ƙasa wanda a zahiri yake gurbataccen arsenic.

Koyaya, akwai kuma misalan da self-supply ya ba da gudummawa ga ingantaccen damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli har ma ga mafi talauci. Misali, ƙasar Thailand, inda miliyoyin mutanen karkara suka haɓaka matakin sabis na ruwansu ta hanyar siyan ƙarin manyan tuluna</text>
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      <text bytes="27074" sha1="f3qqbxd9r45f9bwvqlyddfja2qfp5ma" xml:space="preserve">[[File:User of Rope Pump in Tanzania.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Wani mutum yana amfani da famfon igiya a karkaran Tanzaniya domin samun ruwan ƙasa daga rijiya]]

'''Self-supply''' (samar da kai) yana nufin ikon mai sayen kaya da ayyuka na samar da bukatunsa da kansa maimakon saye daga wani mai samarwa.&lt;ref&gt;Doyle, C., [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1373040 Small buyers], page 3, accessed on 21 March 2026&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan kalma tana da tarihi na musamman da amfani dangane da '''ruwa da tsaftar muhalli''', inda take nufin hanyar inganta ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a hankali, wanda mafi yawancin kuɗaɗen ana samun su ne daga mai amfani da shi da kansa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/self-supply|title=Rural Water Supply Network Self-supply site|last=Rural Water Supply Network|website=www.rural-water-supply.net/en/self-supply|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-03-19}}{{circular reference|reason=The cited page takes its definition from this Wikipedia article|date=March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sutton|first=Sally|title=Self-Supply: filling the gaps in public water supply provision.|date=2021|publisher=Practical Action Publishing|isbn=978-1-78044-819-0|oclc=1239689655}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wannan mahallin, ana kiran self-supply da '''samar da ruwa ƙarƙashin jagorancin gida''' ko '''samar da ruwa na kashin kai'''.&lt;ref name=richert /&gt;

Mutane a duk faɗin duniya sun daɗe suna amfani da wannan hanya cikin ƙarnuka da dama don inganta ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhallinsu a hankali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Olschewski, A. (2016). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3347 A business case for supported Self-supply as service delivery approach to achieve SDGs]. Skat Foundation, Switzerland, 7th RWSN Forum &quot;Water for Everyone&quot; 7ème Forum RWSN « L’eau pour tous » 29 Nov - 02 Dec 2016, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan tsari ba ya nufin wata takaitacciyar fasaha ko nau'in tushen ruwa ko sabis na tsaftar muhalli ba, kodayake dole ne ya zama mai sauƙin amfani da ginawa akan farashi mai sauƙi kuma galibi ta amfani da kayan aikin da ake samu a cikin gida. Maimakon haka, tsarin ya shafi ci gaba da haɓaka waɗannan ayyuka ne a hankali. Hanya ce ta dogaro da kasuwa kuma yawanci ba ta haɗa da tallafin kayayyaki ba.

&quot;Self-supply&quot; ya bambanta da &quot;supported self-supply&quot; (samar da kai mai tallafi). Kalmar farko tana nufin yanayin da mutane ke inganta ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhallinsu da kansu, yayin da kalma ta biyu tana nufin tsari da ake jagoranta da gangan, yawanci ta hanyar hukumar gwamnati ko ƙungiyar mai zaman kanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Misalai da yawa na bunkasar self-supply cikin ƙankanin lokaci suna fitowa ne daga yanayin da samar da ayyuka ƙarƙashin jagorancin gwamnati ya durƙushe, misali a ƙasashe na tsohuwar Tarayyar Sobiyet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Olschewski |first=Andre |year=2016 |title=Supported Self-supply – learning from 15 years of experiences |url= https://rwsnforum7.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/full_paper_0044_submitter_0121_olschewski_andre.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma, hukumomin gwamnati ko hukumomin tallafi na waje za su iya amfani da tsarin da gangan don dace da sauran nau'ikan samar da ayyuka, kamar samar da ruwa da al'umma ke gudanarwa.

Self-supply wani muhimmin tsari ne, wanda ake amfani da shi tare da sauran hanyoyi kamar ayyukan da al'umma ke gudanarwa, don cimma burin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa, musamman ga Burin na 6: &quot;Tabbatar da samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga kowa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ana amfani da kalmar galibi a fannin ruwa a cikin mahallin haɗin gwiwar ci gaba, amma ba a cika amfani da ita ba a fannin tsaftar muhalli. Wasu hanyoyi kamar tsaftar muhalli ta duka al'umma ƙarƙashin jagorancin al'umma ko tsarin tsaftar muhalli na cikin akwati suna da abubuwa da yawa masu kama da self-supply. Wasu ƙungiyoyin suna amfani da wasu sharuddan da ke nufin hanyoyin da gidaje ɗaya ke jagoranta. Misali, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya tana amfani da kalmar &quot;samar da ruwa na kashin kai&quot;.&lt;ref name=richert&gt;{{Citation |last=Richtert |display-authors=etal |first=Bettina |year=2016 |title=Status of Small-scale Water Supplies in the WHO European Region |url= http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/320511/Status-SSW-supplies-results-survey-en.pdf?ua=1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin mahallin ƙasashe masu tasowa, wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da wannan ana kiransa rayuwa &quot;baya ga tsarin babban grid&quot;.

==Ma'ana==
Gajeren ma'anar self-supply ita ce: &quot;Mutane suna inganta ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da kansu&quot;. Babban ra'ayin self-supply shine cewa mutane suna samar da ruwa da kansu ta hanyar hanyoyinsu na kashin kai ba tare da tallafin gwamnati kai tsaye ba. Ɗan adam ya daɗe yana inganta damarsa ta samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ba tare da tallafin gwamnati ba har tsawon shekaru dubbai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A matsayin hanyar inganta dama, tsari ne da ke mayar da hankali ga mai amfani wanda ya haɗa da haɓaka matakan sabis na yanzu a hankali, mafi yawancin lokuta kuma masu amfani da kansu ne ke ba da kuɗin. Gabaɗaya wannan yana nufin cewa ana samun ci gaba ga samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ko dai ta hanyar aikin kwadago na masu amfani da su ko kuma ta hanyar masu amfani da ke biyan masani ko kamfani don kammala aikin. Dalilai da fa'idodi ga masu amfani don inganta ayyukansu na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na kashin kai sun haɗa da: sauƙi, kusanci da gida, yawan ruwa mai yawa, ayyuka masu sauri fiye da tsarin ruwa na birni, mafi sauƙi fiye da tsarin ruwa na birni, rashin tsarin ruwa na birni, sirri, tsaro, da amincika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Babu wata fasaha ta musamman da ake ba da shawararta tare da self-supply. Maimakon haka, self-supply wata hanya ce ta yadda za a inganta damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, wanda aka fi sani da &quot;hawa matakan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/watsan-ladder/|title=The drinking water and sanitation ladders|website=WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation|access-date=19 March 2017|archive-date=2 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402170739/https://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/watsan-ladder/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙasan &quot;matakin ruwa&quot; akwai hanyoyin ruwa marasa kariya. Masu amfani suna &quot;hawa matakin ruwa&quot; ta hanyar ƙara kariya ga tushen ruwansu ko ƙarin fasaha don sauƙi. Misali, mai amfani da rijiya da aka haƙa da hannu ba tare da kariya ba tare da igiya da guga a matsayin na'urar ɗauka zai kasance a ƙasan matakin ruwa. Mai amfani da rijiya da aka gina bangon cikinta da kyau zai kasance mafi girma akan matakin ruwa tunda tushen ruwan yana da ƙananan haɗarin gurɓataccen abu saboda ginin bangon. Mai amfani da famfon hannu zai sami fa'idar samun damar samun ruwa mai yawa cikin sauri fiye da guga, kuma gurɓataccen tushen ruwan yana raguwa. Daga ƙarshe, mai amfani da famfo mai amfani da inji zai sami sauƙi na rashin yin amfani da wani ƙarfin hannu wajen hakar ruwa. Hatta kafofin da ke kan mafi ƙasankancin matakai na tsani za su ba da sabis tsawon yini, kowace rana, duk shekara.

Wajen amfani da self-supply a cikin tsaftar muhalli, hanya ɗaya da ake amfani da ita ita ce tallata tsaftar muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsp.org/toolkit/what-is-sanitation-marketing|title=What is Sanitation Marketing?|date=2017|website=Water and Sanitation Program|access-date=19 March 2017|archive-date=19 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319103101/http://wsp.org/toolkit/what-is-sanitation-marketing|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Barrington |first1=D. J. |last2=Sridharan |first2=S. |last3=Shields |first3=K. F. |last4=Saunders |first4=S. G. |last5=Souter |first5=R. T. |last6=Bartram |first6=J. |title=Sanitation marketing: A systematic review and theoretical critique using the capability approach |journal=Social Science &amp; Medicine |date=1 December 2017 |volume=194 |pages=128–134 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.10.021|hdl=10072/415142 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin raba abubuwa daban-daban (modularization) yana cikin hanyar tallata tsaftar muhalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Devine, J., Kullmann, C. (2011). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1258 Introductory Guide to Sanitation Marketing - WSP Scaling Up Rural Sanitation]. WSP, World Bank&lt;/ref&gt; An tsara samfurin tsaftar muhalli da za a tallata domin a iya yin gyare-gyare a hankali a kan lokaci, zuwa ingantaccen wurin tsaftar muhalli, gwargwadon yadda kasafi ya ba da dama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Fage ==
A cikin shekarar 2015, mutane miliyan 663 a duk duniya ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa kuma mutane miliyan 158 sun yi amfani da ruwan sama a matsayin babban tushen ruwan shansu (watau tushen ruwa &quot;marar inganci&quot;). Mutane 8 cikin 10 ba tare da ingantaccen tushen ruwan sha ba suna zaune ne a yankunan karkara. Haka zalika, mutum 1 cikin 8 a duk duniya suna yin ba-gari a sarari (mutane miliyan 946).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Joint Monitoring Programme |year=2015 |title=Key Facts from the JMP 2015 Report |url=https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP-2015-update-key-facts-English.pdf |access-date=2017-03-13 |archive-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623005346/https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP-2015-update-key-facts-English.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan alkaluma suna nuna cewa akwai buƙatar ci gaba da inganta waɗannan ayyuka ga miliyoyin mutane.

Self-supply ba ya cikin tsarin dabarun ruwa na yau da kullun don haɓaka damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin ruwa a yawancin ƙasashe masu tasowa kuma ba a cika lissafinsa a cikin bayanan samun damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa ba. Wannan yana da alaƙa da gaskiyar cewa self-supply ba ya nufin takamaiman fasaha ko matakin sabis. Koyaya, koda a ƙasashe inda aka ga gagarumin ayyuka na self-supply, yawanci ba a yin la'akari da su a cikin alkaluman hukuma na ɗaukar nauyin sabis. Kasashen Habasha (Ethiopia) da Zimbabwe sune keɓantattu ga wannan doka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Farashi ===
Bincike a ƙasashen Zambiya da Zimbabwe ya nuna cewa ta hanyar amfani da dabarun da ke haɗa samar da ruwa ƙarƙashin jagorancin al'umma da kuma self-supply, farashin rayuwa ga gwamnati zai ragu da kashi 50%, idan aka kwatanta da dabarun amfani da samar da ruwa ƙarƙashin jagorancin al'umma kawai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

==Hanyoyi don samar da ruwa==
[[File:SHIPO drilling.jpg|thumb|right|Haƙa rijiya da hannu a Tanzaniya]]

=== Rijiyoyin da aka haƙa da hannu ===

Mafi yawan fasahar haƙa rijiyoyi da hannu tana nan a ƙasashe masu tasowa. Rijiyoyin tube da ake haƙawa da hannu sun mamaye gabar tekun Madagascar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; EMAS a Bolivia tana amfani da wata hanya ta haɗin gwiwa ta bugawa-fesa-juyawa da hannu don shigar da rijiyoyin tube.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Haƙa rijiyar auger da hannu ya zama ruwan dare a Nijar inda aka yi amfani da shi cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Littafin Manual Drilling Compendium yana ba da kyakkyawan bayyani game da matsayin waɗannan fasahohi a duk duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/_ressources/documents/default/1-653-34-1442223588.pdf|title=Manual Drilling Compendium 2015|last=Danert|first=Kerstin|date=2015|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:MzuzuDrilling1280x768px.jpg|thumb|right|Haƙa rijiyar da hannu ta amfani da hanyar &quot;Mzuzu&quot;]]

===Rijiyoyin kashin kai, rijiyoyin tube, da ingantattun rijiyoyin iyali===
;Amurka
A Amurka, mutane miliyan 44 sun amfani da hanyar self-supply da kafofin ruwa na kashin kai a cikin shekarar 2010,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://water.usgs.gov/watuse/wudo.html|title=United States Geological Survey }}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma kusan kashi 22% na al'ummar karkara suna amfani da rijiyoyin kashin kai don samun ruwan ƙasa don samar da ruwansu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources-top/details/57|title=An Introduction to Self-Supply: Putting the User First. Rural Water Supply Series Field Note. Water and Sanitation Program and Rural Water Supply Network.|last=Sutton|first=Sally|date=2009|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

;Gabas da Turai
Kusan kashi 20-60% na al'ummar Gabashin Turai da tsohuwar Tarayyar Sobiyet sun dogara ne da self-supply don samun ruwa. Misali, kashi 35% na al'ummar Ukraine, kashi 57% a Moldova, kashi 38% a Romania, da kashi 22% a Albania sun dogara ne da self-supply a matsayin tushen ruwansu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title= Danube Utility Benchmarking and Information Sharing | url= http://www.danubis.org |last=World Bank and IAWD, the International Association of Water Supply Companies in the Danube River Catchment Area|date=2009|language=en-gb|access-date= 2017-03-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

;Asiya
Bangladesh tana ɗaya daga cikin lokuta inda self-supply ya kai ga babban matsayi, tare da miliyoyin rijiyoyin tube da famfo na hannu da ake amfani da su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/_ressources/documents/default/1-653-34-1442223588.pdf|title=Manual Drilling Compendium 2015|last=Danert|first=Kerstin|date=2015|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

;Afirka
Gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta aiwatar da shirin &quot;Ingantacciyar Rijiyar Iyali&quot; a yankunan karkara don inganta ingancin rijiyoyin self-supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Famfon igiya da famfon baki ===
[[File:Rope Pump model 1.jpg|thumb|right|Misali na Famfon Igiya]]
An ɓullo da famfon igiya (rope pump) don self-supply kuma an gabatar da shi a Nicaragua a cikin shekarar 1990. Tun daga lokacin, an sanya dubban famfo na igiya a rijiyoyin iyali. Misali, har zuwa shekarar 2004, an girka kusan famfuna 30,000 na igiya suna hidima ga aƙalla kashi 25 cikin ɗari na al'ummar karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Alberts|first=J.H.|year=2004|title=The rope pump – an example of technology transfer|url=http://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Alberts-2004-Rope.pdf|journal=Waterlines|volume=22|issue=3|pages=22–25|doi=10.3362/0262-8104.2004.010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Famfuna na baki (pitcher pumps) a kan rijiyoyin da aka kora sun mamaye ko'ina a gabar tekun Madagascar. Ƙasa mai yashi da maras zurfi suna sanya ta zama fasaha mai dacewa don amfani da ita wajen samun ruwa. Babban tashar jiragen ruwa ta Madagascar ta Tamatave, musamman, an kiyasta tana da aƙalla rijiyoyin famfo guda 9,000 suna yi wa mutane 170,000 hidima, wanda ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman misali na kasuwar famfo da ba a tallafa mata ba a yankin kudu da saharan Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Sauran mafita sun mayar da hankali kan sabbin tsarin famfo, gami da famfo na hannu, &quot;Play Pumps&quot; na Water for People,&lt;ref name=&quot;WFP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Water For People |url=http://www.waterforpeople.org/ |access-date=9 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; da &quot;Elephant Pumps&quot; na Pump Aid.&lt;ref name=&quot;PA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Pump Aid-Water For Life |url=http://pumpaid.org/ |access-date=9 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duka nau'ikan guda uku an gina su ne don taimakawa al'ummomi wajen hako tsaftataccen ruwa daga rijiya. Famfon hannu shine mafi sauƙi da sauƙin gyarawa, tare da sauƙin samun kayan mayarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;LWI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Living Water International |url=https://www.water.cc/ |access-date=9 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta amfani da madaidaiciyar hanya ta ƙirƙira, Play Pumps yana haɗa wasan yara da hakar tsaftataccen ruwa ta hanyar amfani da kayan wasan yara na filin wasa, wanda ake kira roundabout. Manufar wannan ita ce yayin da yara ke wasa akan roundabout, za a riƙa tura ruwa lokaci ɗaya daga tankin ajiya zuwa ko dai bayan gida, wuraren wanke hannu, ko na ruwan sha.&lt;ref name=&quot;PA&quot; /&gt; Wasu rashin amfani ga PlayPump, kodayake, shine rashin iyawar sa na magance yanayin ƙarancin ruwa na zahiri da haɗarin amfani da yara lokacin da wasan yara ya zama daidai da aikin tura ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=July 2010 |title=The Play Pump: What Went Wrong? |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2010/07/01/the-playpump-what-went-wrong/ |access-date=1 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; A madadin haka, Elephant Pumps famfo ne mai sauƙi na ruwan hannu. Bayan an shirya rijiya, sai a sanya na'urar famfo mai igiya wadda ke da sauƙin kulawa, tana amfani da sassa na gida, kuma tana iya aiki cikin kusan mako guda.&lt;ref name=&quot;PA&quot; /&gt; Famfon na Elephant na iya samar da mutane 250 da lita 40 na tsaftataccen ruwa kowane mutum a kowace rana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Elephant Pump |url=http://www.theafricatrust.org/elephant_pump.html |access-date=1 April 2013 |archive-date=20 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220013539/http://www.theafricatrust.org/elephant_pump.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tarin ruwan sama ===
[[File:Rainwater harvesting tank (5981896147).jpg|thumb|Tankin tarin ruwan sama daga saman rufi a wata makaranta kusa da Kigali, Rwanda]]
Tarin ruwan sama yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi sauƙi kuma mafi tsufa hanyoyin self-supply. Wannan zai iya zama mai sauƙi kamar sanya guga a gefen rufin kwanon rufi. Hakanan yana iya haɗawa da gina ƙananan madatsun ruwa da magudanun ruwa tare da gefen rufin don tattara ruwa mai yawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gdrc.org/uem/water/rainwater/|title=Rainwater Harvesting And Utilisation|website=Rainwater Harvesting|access-date=20 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An inganta dabarar tattara ruwan sama sosai a ƙasar Thailand kuma misali ne na yadda ayyukan self-supply zasu iya kaiwa ga babban siki (kodayake a matakin farko, aikin ya kasance aiwatarwa kai tsaye daga gwamnatin Thai), a cikin wannan yanayin da yawa miliyoyin gidajen karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;saladin2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/759|title=Rainwater Harvesting in Thailand - learning from the World Champions|last=Saladin|first=Matthias|date=2016|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tace ruwa na gida ===

Tace ruwa na gida wata hanya ce ta inganta ingancin ruwa kafin amfani da shi. Ana iya aiwatar da shi a ƙarƙashin hanyar self-supply, amma kuma a ƙarƙashin sauran hanyoyi. Hanya mafi dacewa ta tace ruwa na gida a duniya ita ce tafasawa. Sauran hanyoyin da aka ba da shawarar sune maganin chlorine a wurin amfani, SODIS, da nau'ikan tace ruwa daban-daban.

Ana iya samun fasahar tsaftatacen ruwa ta hanyar tace bambaron sha (drinking straw filtration). Kamar yadda Water Is Life ta yi amfani da shi azaman mafita, bambaron yana da ƙanƙanta, mai sauƙin ɗauka, kuma yana da darajar dalar Amurka $10 kowace raka'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;WIL&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Is Life |url=http://waterislife.com/ |access-date=9 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; An tsara na'urar tace ruwan ne don kawar da cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa, kuma a sakamakon haka, samar da ingantaccen ruwan sha ga mutum guda na tsawon shekara guda.&lt;ref name=&quot;WIL&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Emas pump Zambia.jpg|thumb|right|Famfon Emas]]

=== Fasahar EMAS a Bolivia ===
EMAS (Makarantar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Tafi-da-gidanka - acronym na Sipaniya, Escuela Móvil de Agua y Saneamiento) tana haɓaka fasahohi daban-daban don inganta samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Bolivia tun shekarun 1980. Fasahar da EMAS ke haɓakawa a Bolivia sune famfuna na hannu don samar da ruwa ga gidaje, tarin ruwan sama, tankunan ajiya na gida masu aminci da aka yi da ferrocement, ramin bayan gida, da kuma hanyar haɗin gwiwa ta bugawa-fesa-juyawa da hannu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Introduction to EMAS Technologies|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/training-research/introduction-to-emas-technologies|publisher=Rural Water Supply Network}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarar 2013 an gudanar da wani bincike mai zaman kansa wanda ya bincika duk fasahohin da EMAS ke haɓakawa a Bolivia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=MacCarthy|first=Michael|title=EMAS Household Water Supply Technologies in Bolivia|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/_ressources/documents/default/1-518-3-1375685563.pdf|year=2013|location=Field Note No 2013-4|publisher=Rural Water Supply Network}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken ya gano cewa yawancin gidajen da aka bincika (53 cikin 86) sun sayi fasahar EMAS ba tare da tallafi ko rance ba. Haka kuma, yawancin gidajen da aka bincika suna da famfunan EMAS masu aiki (78 cikin 79) tare da duk famfunan da aka girka shekaru 11 ko fiye da haka da suka gabata (18 cikin 79) har yanzu suna aiki.

==Hanyoyi don tsaftar muhalli==
A fannin tsaftar muhalli, ba a cika amfani da kalmar &quot;self-supply&quot; ba. Koyaya, ra'ayi mai kama da wannan shine na tsaftar muhalli ta duka al'umma ƙarƙashin jagorancin al'umma. Wannan wata hanya ce ta canza dabi'a wacce ke sa mutane yin watsi da ba-gari a sarari, kuma yawanci suna gina tare da amfani da ramin bayan gida a maimakon haka.

Wata hanyar kuma da za a iya amfani da ita don self-supply a fannin tsaftar muhalli ita ce ta tsaftar muhalli ta cikin akwati, kodayake matakan tattarawa da jiyya yawanci ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar mai ba da sabis na waje, ba ta gidajen da kansu ba.

==Kalubale==
===Hadarin lafiya===
[[File:Groundwater Contamination Latin America Sm.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa na iya yaduwa ta hanyar rijiyar ruwan ƙasa wacce ta gurbata da kwayoyin cuta na bayan gida daga ramin bayan gida]]

Saboda ƙarancin ƙarfin gwamnatoci a ƙasashe da yawa na gudanar da gwajin ruwan kashin kai akai-akai, sau da yawa kuma haɗe da rashin fayyace nauyin da ke kansa na kula da ingancin ruwan kashin kai, haɗarin lafiya na waɗannan hanyoyin samar da ruwa yakan kasance mafi girma fiye da na manyan hanyoyin sadarwa. A sakamakon haka, gidajen da ke samar da nasu ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli na iya ƙarewa da gurbataccen ruwan sha. Misali ɗaya shine matsalar gurɓataccen ruwan ƙasa da arsenic a ƙasar Bangladesh.

===Talauci===
Sabanin hanyar shiga tsakani kai tsaye, inda ko dai hukumar gwamnati ko wani mai zaman kansa (yawanci ƙungiya mai zaman kanta) ke ba da takamaiman matakin sabis kai tsaye ga ƙungiyar da aka yi niyya, self-supply ya dogara ne akan kafa hanyoyin da zasu bar mutane da kansu su yanke shawara akan matakin, wuri da kuma lokacin sabis ɗin da za a bayar. Wannan yana buƙatar kulawa ta musamman ga haɓaka kasuwa, don ƙarfafa ƙarfin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu (a matsayin masu ba da sabis) da hukumomin gwamnati (misali, a matsayin hukumar kula da inganci). Don haka, yayin da ba ya yin hulɗa kai tsaye da kowane gidaje, self-supply ba ya nufin cewa an yi watsi da gidaje da daidaikun mutane mafi fama da talauci, amma yana haɓaka iyakancewar albarkatun da ake da su a duk matakai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A cikin yanayin da gwamnati ba za ta iya cika wannan rukunin na mai daidaitawa da sa ido ba, hanyoyin gudanarwa masu ƙarfi sun haifar da wuce gona da iri wajen hakar ruwan ƙasa (misali, a cikin birnin Legas) da kuma ƙara matsalolin lafiyar jama'a saboda amfani da ruwan ƙasa wanda a zahiri yake gurbataccen arsenic.

Koyaya, akwai kuma misalan da self-supply ya ba da gudummawa ga ingantaccen damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli har ma ga mafi talauci. Misali, ƙasar Thailand, inda miliyoyin mutanen karkara suka haɓaka matakin sabis na ruwansu ta hanyar siyan ƙarin manyan tuluna don adana ruwan sama, tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu daidaiton matakan samun ruwan sha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=WHO/UNICEF|title=Investing in Water and Sanitation: Increasing Access, reducing inequalities|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/139735/1/9789241508087_eng.pdf?ua=1|year=2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, a yawancin lokuta masu rijiyar kashin kai ko wani tushen ruwa ba su ne kaɗai mutanen da ke amfana da shi ba. Maƙwabta, waɗanda za su iya zama mafi talauci fiye da masu rijiyar, su ma suna amfana da tushen ruwan tunda sau da yawa ana ba su damar yin amfani da shi kuma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=MacCarthy|first=Michael|title=Low-Cost Household Groundwater Supply Systems for Developing Communities|url=http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5261/|year=2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

===Matsayin gwamnati===
Ba da shawarar inganta hanyoyin self-supply yana nufin tallafa wa al'ummar da aka yi niyya ta hanya daban da yadda shirye-shiryen WASH da yawa ke yi. Maimakon mayar da hankali kan gwamnati tana ba da takamaiman ayyuka kai tsaye, hakan yana nufin ƙarfafa ƙarfin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kuma yana da niyyar inganta ingancin sabis ɗinsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Baya ga haɓaka ƙarfin aiki, matsayin gwamnati na iya haɗawa da tabbatar da inganci, sa ido, da daidaitawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

===Hakkin ɗan adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli===
Sukan ya ginu ne a kan ra'ayin cewa haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli yana nufin cewa gwamnati kai tsaye dole ne ta kai ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga kowa da kowa. Koyaya, kamar yadda Wakilin Musamman na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam na Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ya yi nuni da cewa, gwamnati na iya zaɓar dabarar ƙarfafa ƙarfin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ƙarƙashin tsarin samar da kai mai tallafi (supported self-supply), wanda zai ba da damar yin amfani da albarkatunta yadda ya kamata da kuma kaiwa ga mutane a yankunan karkara masu yawan jama'a kalilan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/748|title=Human rights to water and Self-Supply – Potential and challenges.|last=Olschewski|first=André|date=2015|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tarihi==
Membobin rukunin sadarwa na samar da ruwa a karkara (RWSN) ne suka ƙirƙiri kalmar &quot;self-supply&quot; yayin taron dandalin RWSN a ƙasar Uganda a shekarar 2004. Daga baya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan jigogi na wannan rukunin sadarwa, wanda ke ci gaba da sabunta bayanai game da self-supply ƙarƙashin gidan yanar gizon su na jigo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Kusan shekarar 2010 ya bayyana cewa akwai buƙatar bambance tsakanin &quot;self-supply&quot; da &quot;accelerated self-supply&quot; (gaggauta samar da kai), wanda kuma galibi ana ambatonsa da &quot;supported self-supply&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/_ressources/documents/default/241.pdf|title=Accelerating Self-supply - A Case Study from Uganda. Rural Water Supply Series Field Note.|last=Sutton|first=Sally|date=2010|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayin da a ƙasashe da yawa da ba su bunƙasa ta fannin masana'antu ba self-supply tsari ne da ke faruwa ta dabi'a mafi yawancinsa ba tare da sa idon gwamnati ba, akwai kuma keɓantawa ga wannan doka. Misali, gwamnatin ƙasar Habasha (Ethiopia) ta amince da self-supply a hukumance a matsayin tsarin isar da sabis na ruwa a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/_ressources/documents/default/1-406-2-1350288088.pdf|title=A Hidden Resource - Household-led rural water supply in Ethiopia|last=Sutton |display-authors=etal |first=Sally|date=2012|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, abin da ya faru a ƙasar Thailand (duba misali kan Tattara Ruwan Sama)&lt;ref name=&quot;saladin2016&quot; /&gt; yana nuna yadda ƙasa zata iya farawa da tsarin da gwamnati ke jagoranta da kuma amfani da tallafi mai yawa zuwa tsarin self-supply da zarar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun yi ƙarfi sosai, kuma albarkatu da jaddadawa na hukumomin gwamnati zasu iya canzawa zuwa sa ido kan ingancin ruwa.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="27088" sha1="7hr2m8my2k9mizdzaph4fo5jn18wdj8" xml:space="preserve">[[File:User of Rope Pump in Tanzania.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Wani mutum yana amfani da famfon igiya a karkaran Tanzaniya domin samun ruwan ƙasa daga rijiya]]

'''Self-supply''' (samar da kai) yana nufin ikon mai sayen kaya da ayyuka na samar da bukatunsa da kansa maimakon saye daga wani mai samarwa.&lt;ref&gt;Doyle, C., [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1373040 Small buyers], page 3, accessed on 21 March 2026&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan kalma tana da tarihi na musamman da amfani dangane da '''ruwa da tsaftar muhalli''', inda take nufin hanyar inganta ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a hankali, wanda mafi yawancin kuɗaɗen ana samun su ne daga mai amfani da shi da kansa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/self-supply|title=Rural Water Supply Network Self-supply site|last=Rural Water Supply Network|website=www.rural-water-supply.net/en/self-supply|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-03-19}}{{circular reference|reason=The cited page takes its definition from this Wikipedia article|date=March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sutton|first=Sally|title=Self-Supply: filling the gaps in public water supply provision.|date=2021|publisher=Practical Action Publishing|isbn=978-1-78044-819-0|oclc=1239689655}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wannan mahallin, ana kiran self-supply da '''samar da ruwa ƙarƙashin jagorancin gida''' ko '''samar da ruwa na kashin kai'''.&lt;ref name=richert /&gt;

Mutane a duk faɗin duniya sun daɗe suna amfani da wannan hanya cikin ƙarnuka da dama don inganta ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhallinsu a hankali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Olschewski, A. (2016). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3347 A business case for supported Self-supply as service delivery approach to achieve SDGs]. Skat Foundation, Switzerland, 7th RWSN Forum &quot;Water for Everyone&quot; 7ème Forum RWSN « L’eau pour tous » 29 Nov - 02 Dec 2016, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan tsari ba ya nufin wata takaitacciyar fasaha ko nau'in tushen ruwa ko sabis na tsaftar muhalli ba, kodayake dole ne ya zama mai sauƙin amfani da ginawa akan farashi mai sauƙi kuma galibi ta amfani da kayan aikin da ake samu a cikin gida. Maimakon haka, tsarin ya shafi ci gaba da haɓaka waɗannan ayyuka ne a hankali. Hanya ce ta dogaro da kasuwa kuma yawanci ba ta haɗa da tallafin kayayyaki ba.

&quot;Self-supply&quot; ya bambanta da &quot;supported self-supply&quot; (samar da kai mai tallafi). Kalmar farko tana nufin yanayin da mutane ke inganta ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhallinsu da kansu, yayin da kalma ta biyu tana nufin tsari da ake jagoranta da gangan, yawanci ta hanyar hukumar gwamnati ko ƙungiyar mai zaman kanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Misalai da yawa na bunkasar self-supply cikin ƙankanin lokaci suna fitowa ne daga yanayin da samar da ayyuka ƙarƙashin jagorancin gwamnati ya durƙushe, misali a ƙasashe na tsohuwar Tarayyar Sobiyet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Olschewski |first=Andre |year=2016 |title=Supported Self-supply – learning from 15 years of experiences |url= https://rwsnforum7.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/full_paper_0044_submitter_0121_olschewski_andre.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma, hukumomin gwamnati ko hukumomin tallafi na waje za su iya amfani da tsarin da gangan don dace da sauran nau'ikan samar da ayyuka, kamar samar da ruwa da al'umma ke gudanarwa.

Self-supply wani muhimmin tsari ne, wanda ake amfani da shi tare da sauran hanyoyi kamar ayyukan da al'umma ke gudanarwa, don cimma burin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa, musamman ga Burin na 6: &quot;Tabbatar da samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga kowa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ana amfani da kalmar galibi a fannin ruwa a cikin mahallin haɗin gwiwar ci gaba, amma ba a cika amfani da ita ba a fannin tsaftar muhalli. Wasu hanyoyi kamar tsaftar muhalli ta duka al'umma ƙarƙashin jagorancin al'umma ko tsarin tsaftar muhalli na cikin akwati suna da abubuwa da yawa masu kama da self-supply. Wasu ƙungiyoyin suna amfani da wasu sharuddan da ke nufin hanyoyin da gidaje ɗaya ke jagoranta. Misali, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya tana amfani da kalmar &quot;samar da ruwa na kashin kai&quot;.&lt;ref name=richert&gt;{{Citation |last=Richtert |display-authors=etal |first=Bettina |year=2016 |title=Status of Small-scale Water Supplies in the WHO European Region |url= http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/320511/Status-SSW-supplies-results-survey-en.pdf?ua=1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin mahallin ƙasashe masu tasowa, wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da wannan ana kiransa rayuwa &quot;baya ga tsarin babban grid&quot;.

==Ma'ana==
Gajeren ma'anar self-supply ita ce: &quot;Mutane suna inganta ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da kansu&quot;. Babban ra'ayin self-supply shine cewa mutane suna samar da ruwa da kansu ta hanyar hanyoyinsu na kashin kai ba tare da tallafin gwamnati kai tsaye ba. Ɗan adam ya daɗe yana inganta damarsa ta samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ba tare da tallafin gwamnati ba har tsawon shekaru dubbai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A matsayin hanyar inganta dama, tsari ne da ke mayar da hankali ga mai amfani wanda ya haɗa da haɓaka matakan sabis na yanzu a hankali, mafi yawancin lokuta kuma masu amfani da kansu ne ke ba da kuɗin. Gabaɗaya wannan yana nufin cewa ana samun ci gaba ga samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ko dai ta hanyar aikin kwadago na masu amfani da su ko kuma ta hanyar masu amfani da ke biyan masani ko kamfani don kammala aikin. Dalilai da fa'idodi ga masu amfani don inganta ayyukansu na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na kashin kai sun haɗa da: sauƙi, kusanci da gida, yawan ruwa mai yawa, ayyuka masu sauri fiye da tsarin ruwa na birni, mafi sauƙi fiye da tsarin ruwa na birni, rashin tsarin ruwa na birni, sirri, tsaro, da amincika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Babu wata fasaha ta musamman da ake ba da shawararta tare da self-supply. Maimakon haka, self-supply wata hanya ce ta yadda za a inganta damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, wanda aka fi sani da &quot;hawa matakan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/watsan-ladder/|title=The drinking water and sanitation ladders|website=WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation|access-date=19 March 2017|archive-date=2 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402170739/https://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/watsan-ladder/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙasan &quot;matakin ruwa&quot; akwai hanyoyin ruwa marasa kariya. Masu amfani suna &quot;hawa matakin ruwa&quot; ta hanyar ƙara kariya ga tushen ruwansu ko ƙarin fasaha don sauƙi. Misali, mai amfani da rijiya da aka haƙa da hannu ba tare da kariya ba tare da igiya da guga a matsayin na'urar ɗauka zai kasance a ƙasan matakin ruwa. Mai amfani da rijiya da aka gina bangon cikinta da kyau zai kasance mafi girma akan matakin ruwa tunda tushen ruwan yana da ƙananan haɗarin gurɓataccen abu saboda ginin bangon. Mai amfani da famfon hannu zai sami fa'idar samun damar samun ruwa mai yawa cikin sauri fiye da guga, kuma gurɓataccen tushen ruwan yana raguwa. Daga ƙarshe, mai amfani da famfo mai amfani da inji zai sami sauƙi na rashin yin amfani da wani ƙarfin hannu wajen hakar ruwa. Hatta kafofin da ke kan mafi ƙasankancin matakai na tsani za su ba da sabis tsawon yini, kowace rana, duk shekara.

Wajen amfani da self-supply a cikin tsaftar muhalli, hanya ɗaya da ake amfani da ita ita ce tallata tsaftar muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsp.org/toolkit/what-is-sanitation-marketing|title=What is Sanitation Marketing?|date=2017|website=Water and Sanitation Program|access-date=19 March 2017|archive-date=19 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319103101/http://wsp.org/toolkit/what-is-sanitation-marketing|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Barrington |first1=D. J. |last2=Sridharan |first2=S. |last3=Shields |first3=K. F. |last4=Saunders |first4=S. G. |last5=Souter |first5=R. T. |last6=Bartram |first6=J. |title=Sanitation marketing: A systematic review and theoretical critique using the capability approach |journal=Social Science &amp; Medicine |date=1 December 2017 |volume=194 |pages=128–134 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.10.021|hdl=10072/415142 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin raba abubuwa daban-daban (modularization) yana cikin hanyar tallata tsaftar muhalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Devine, J., Kullmann, C. (2011). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1258 Introductory Guide to Sanitation Marketing - WSP Scaling Up Rural Sanitation]. WSP, World Bank&lt;/ref&gt; An tsara samfurin tsaftar muhalli da za a tallata domin a iya yin gyare-gyare a hankali a kan lokaci, zuwa ingantaccen wurin tsaftar muhalli, gwargwadon yadda kasafi ya ba da dama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Fage ==
A cikin shekarar 2015, mutane miliyan 663 a duk duniya ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa kuma mutane miliyan 158 sun yi amfani da ruwan sama a matsayin babban tushen ruwan shansu (watau tushen ruwa &quot;marar inganci&quot;). Mutane 8 cikin 10 ba tare da ingantaccen tushen ruwan sha ba suna zaune ne a yankunan karkara. Haka zalika, mutum 1 cikin 8 a duk duniya suna yin ba-gari a sarari (mutane miliyan 946).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Joint Monitoring Programme |year=2015 |title=Key Facts from the JMP 2015 Report |url=https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP-2015-update-key-facts-English.pdf |access-date=2017-03-13 |archive-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623005346/https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP-2015-update-key-facts-English.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan alkaluma suna nuna cewa akwai buƙatar ci gaba da inganta waɗannan ayyuka ga miliyoyin mutane.

Self-supply ba ya cikin tsarin dabarun ruwa na yau da kullun don haɓaka damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin ruwa a yawancin ƙasashe masu tasowa kuma ba a cika lissafinsa a cikin bayanan samun damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa ba. Wannan yana da alaƙa da gaskiyar cewa self-supply ba ya nufin takamaiman fasaha ko matakin sabis. Koyaya, koda a ƙasashe inda aka ga gagarumin ayyuka na self-supply, yawanci ba a yin la'akari da su a cikin alkaluman hukuma na ɗaukar nauyin sabis. Kasashen Habasha (Ethiopia) da Zimbabwe sune keɓantattu ga wannan doka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Farashi ===
Bincike a ƙasashen Zambiya da Zimbabwe ya nuna cewa ta hanyar amfani da dabarun da ke haɗa samar da ruwa ƙarƙashin jagorancin al'umma da kuma self-supply, farashin rayuwa ga gwamnati zai ragu da kashi 50%, idan aka kwatanta da dabarun amfani da samar da ruwa ƙarƙashin jagorancin al'umma kawai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

==Hanyoyi don samar da ruwa==
[[File:SHIPO drilling.jpg|thumb|right|Haƙa rijiya da hannu a Tanzaniya]]

=== Rijiyoyin da aka haƙa da hannu ===

Mafi yawan fasahar haƙa rijiyoyi da hannu tana nan a ƙasashe masu tasowa. Rijiyoyin tube da ake haƙawa da hannu sun mamaye gabar tekun Madagascar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; EMAS a Bolivia tana amfani da wata hanya ta haɗin gwiwa ta bugawa-fesa-juyawa da hannu don shigar da rijiyoyin tube.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Haƙa rijiyar auger da hannu ya zama ruwan dare a Nijar inda aka yi amfani da shi cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Littafin Manual Drilling Compendium yana ba da kyakkyawan bayyani game da matsayin waɗannan fasahohi a duk duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/_ressources/documents/default/1-653-34-1442223588.pdf|title=Manual Drilling Compendium 2015|last=Danert|first=Kerstin|date=2015|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:MzuzuDrilling1280x768px.jpg|thumb|right|Haƙa rijiyar da hannu ta amfani da hanyar &quot;Mzuzu&quot;]]

===Rijiyoyin kashin kai, rijiyoyin tube, da ingantattun rijiyoyin iyali===
;Amurka
A Amurka, mutane miliyan 44 sun amfani da hanyar self-supply da kafofin ruwa na kashin kai a cikin shekarar 2010,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://water.usgs.gov/watuse/wudo.html|title=United States Geological Survey }}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma kusan kashi 22% na al'ummar karkara suna amfani da rijiyoyin kashin kai don samun ruwan ƙasa don samar da ruwansu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources-top/details/57|title=An Introduction to Self-Supply: Putting the User First. Rural Water Supply Series Field Note. Water and Sanitation Program and Rural Water Supply Network.|last=Sutton|first=Sally|date=2009|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

;Gabas da Turai
Kusan kashi 20-60% na al'ummar Gabashin Turai da tsohuwar Tarayyar Sobiyet sun dogara ne da self-supply don samun ruwa. Misali, kashi 35% na al'ummar Ukraine, kashi 57% a Moldova, kashi 38% a Romania, da kashi 22% a Albania sun dogara ne da self-supply a matsayin tushen ruwansu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title= Danube Utility Benchmarking and Information Sharing | url= http://www.danubis.org |last=World Bank and IAWD, the International Association of Water Supply Companies in the Danube River Catchment Area|date=2009|language=en-gb|access-date= 2017-03-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

;Asiya
Bangladesh tana ɗaya daga cikin lokuta inda self-supply ya kai ga babban matsayi, tare da miliyoyin rijiyoyin tube da famfo na hannu da ake amfani da su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/_ressources/documents/default/1-653-34-1442223588.pdf|title=Manual Drilling Compendium 2015|last=Danert|first=Kerstin|date=2015|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

;Afirka
Gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta aiwatar da shirin &quot;Ingantacciyar Rijiyar Iyali&quot; a yankunan karkara don inganta ingancin rijiyoyin self-supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Famfon igiya da famfon baki ===
[[File:Rope Pump model 1.jpg|thumb|right|Misali na Famfon Igiya]]
An ɓullo da famfon igiya (rope pump) don self-supply kuma an gabatar da shi a Nicaragua a cikin shekarar 1990. Tun daga lokacin, an sanya dubban famfo na igiya a rijiyoyin iyali. Misali, har zuwa shekarar 2004, an girka kusan famfuna 30,000 na igiya suna hidima ga aƙalla kashi 25 cikin ɗari na al'ummar karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Alberts|first=J.H.|year=2004|title=The rope pump – an example of technology transfer|url=http://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Alberts-2004-Rope.pdf|journal=Waterlines|volume=22|issue=3|pages=22–25|doi=10.3362/0262-8104.2004.010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Famfuna na baki (pitcher pumps) a kan rijiyoyin da aka kora sun mamaye ko'ina a gabar tekun Madagascar. Ƙasa mai yashi da maras zurfi suna sanya ta zama fasaha mai dacewa don amfani da ita wajen samun ruwa. Babban tashar jiragen ruwa ta Madagascar ta Tamatave, musamman, an kiyasta tana da aƙalla rijiyoyin famfo guda 9,000 suna yi wa mutane 170,000 hidima, wanda ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman misali na kasuwar famfo da ba a tallafa mata ba a yankin kudu da saharan Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Sauran mafita sun mayar da hankali kan sabbin tsarin famfo, gami da famfo na hannu, &quot;Play Pumps&quot; na Water for People,&lt;ref name=&quot;WFP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Water For People |url=http://www.waterforpeople.org/ |access-date=9 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; da &quot;Elephant Pumps&quot; na Pump Aid.&lt;ref name=&quot;PA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Pump Aid-Water For Life |url=http://pumpaid.org/ |access-date=9 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duka nau'ikan guda uku an gina su ne don taimakawa al'ummomi wajen hako tsaftataccen ruwa daga rijiya. Famfon hannu shine mafi sauƙi da sauƙin gyarawa, tare da sauƙin samun kayan mayarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;LWI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Living Water International |url=https://www.water.cc/ |access-date=9 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta amfani da madaidaiciyar hanya ta ƙirƙira, Play Pumps yana haɗa wasan yara da hakar tsaftataccen ruwa ta hanyar amfani da kayan wasan yara na filin wasa, wanda ake kira roundabout. Manufar wannan ita ce yayin da yara ke wasa akan roundabout, za a riƙa tura ruwa lokaci ɗaya daga tankin ajiya zuwa ko dai bayan gida, wuraren wanke hannu, ko na ruwan sha.&lt;ref name=&quot;PA&quot; /&gt; Wasu rashin amfani ga PlayPump, kodayake, shine rashin iyawar sa na magance yanayin ƙarancin ruwa na zahiri da haɗarin amfani da yara lokacin da wasan yara ya zama daidai da aikin tura ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=July 2010 |title=The Play Pump: What Went Wrong? |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2010/07/01/the-playpump-what-went-wrong/ |access-date=1 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; A madadin haka, Elephant Pumps famfo ne mai sauƙi na ruwan hannu. Bayan an shirya rijiya, sai a sanya na'urar famfo mai igiya wadda ke da sauƙin kulawa, tana amfani da sassa na gida, kuma tana iya aiki cikin kusan mako guda.&lt;ref name=&quot;PA&quot; /&gt; Famfon na Elephant na iya samar da mutane 250 da lita 40 na tsaftataccen ruwa kowane mutum a kowace rana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Elephant Pump |url=http://www.theafricatrust.org/elephant_pump.html |access-date=1 April 2013 |archive-date=20 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220013539/http://www.theafricatrust.org/elephant_pump.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tarin ruwan sama ===
[[File:Rainwater harvesting tank (5981896147).jpg|thumb|Tankin tarin ruwan sama daga saman rufi a wata makaranta kusa da Kigali, Rwanda]]
Tarin ruwan sama yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi sauƙi kuma mafi tsufa hanyoyin self-supply. Wannan zai iya zama mai sauƙi kamar sanya guga a gefen rufin kwanon rufi. Hakanan yana iya haɗawa da gina ƙananan madatsun ruwa da magudanun ruwa tare da gefen rufin don tattara ruwa mai yawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gdrc.org/uem/water/rainwater/|title=Rainwater Harvesting And Utilisation|website=Rainwater Harvesting|access-date=20 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An inganta dabarar tattara ruwan sama sosai a ƙasar Thailand kuma misali ne na yadda ayyukan self-supply zasu iya kaiwa ga babban siki (kodayake a matakin farko, aikin ya kasance aiwatarwa kai tsaye daga gwamnatin Thai), a cikin wannan yanayin da yawa miliyoyin gidajen karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;saladin2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/759|title=Rainwater Harvesting in Thailand - learning from the World Champions|last=Saladin|first=Matthias|date=2016|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tace ruwa na gida ===

Tace ruwa na gida wata hanya ce ta inganta ingancin ruwa kafin amfani da shi. Ana iya aiwatar da shi a ƙarƙashin hanyar self-supply, amma kuma a ƙarƙashin sauran hanyoyi. Hanya mafi dacewa ta tace ruwa na gida a duniya ita ce tafasawa. Sauran hanyoyin da aka ba da shawarar sune maganin chlorine a wurin amfani, SODIS, da nau'ikan tace ruwa daban-daban.

Ana iya samun fasahar tsaftatacen ruwa ta hanyar tace bambaron sha (drinking straw filtration). Kamar yadda Water Is Life ta yi amfani da shi azaman mafita, bambaron yana da ƙanƙanta, mai sauƙin ɗauka, kuma yana da darajar dalar Amurka $10 kowace raka'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;WIL&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Is Life |url=http://waterislife.com/ |access-date=9 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; An tsara na'urar tace ruwan ne don kawar da cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa, kuma a sakamakon haka, samar da ingantaccen ruwan sha ga mutum guda na tsawon shekara guda.&lt;ref name=&quot;WIL&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Emas pump Zambia.jpg|thumb|right|Famfon Emas]]

=== Fasahar EMAS a Bolivia ===
EMAS (Makarantar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Tafi-da-gidanka - acronym na Sipaniya, Escuela Móvil de Agua y Saneamiento) tana haɓaka fasahohi daban-daban don inganta samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Bolivia tun shekarun 1980. Fasahar da EMAS ke haɓakawa a Bolivia sune famfuna na hannu don samar da ruwa ga gidaje, tarin ruwan sama, tankunan ajiya na gida masu aminci da aka yi da ferrocement, ramin bayan gida, da kuma hanyar haɗin gwiwa ta bugawa-fesa-juyawa da hannu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Introduction to EMAS Technologies|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/training-research/introduction-to-emas-technologies|publisher=Rural Water Supply Network}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarar 2013 an gudanar da wani bincike mai zaman kansa wanda ya bincika duk fasahohin da EMAS ke haɓakawa a Bolivia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=MacCarthy|first=Michael|title=EMAS Household Water Supply Technologies in Bolivia|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/_ressources/documents/default/1-518-3-1375685563.pdf|year=2013|location=Field Note No 2013-4|publisher=Rural Water Supply Network}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken ya gano cewa yawancin gidajen da aka bincika (53 cikin 86) sun sayi fasahar EMAS ba tare da tallafi ko rance ba. Haka kuma, yawancin gidajen da aka bincika suna da famfunan EMAS masu aiki (78 cikin 79) tare da duk famfunan da aka girka shekaru 11 ko fiye da haka da suka gabata (18 cikin 79) har yanzu suna aiki.

==Hanyoyi don tsaftar muhalli==
A fannin tsaftar muhalli, ba a cika amfani da kalmar &quot;self-supply&quot; ba. Koyaya, ra'ayi mai kama da wannan shine na tsaftar muhalli ta duka al'umma ƙarƙashin jagorancin al'umma. Wannan wata hanya ce ta canza dabi'a wacce ke sa mutane yin watsi da ba-gari a sarari, kuma yawanci suna gina tare da amfani da ramin bayan gida a maimakon haka.

Wata hanyar kuma da za a iya amfani da ita don self-supply a fannin tsaftar muhalli ita ce ta tsaftar muhalli ta cikin akwati, kodayake matakan tattarawa da jiyya yawanci ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar mai ba da sabis na waje, ba ta gidajen da kansu ba.

==Kalubale==
===Hadarin lafiya===
[[File:Groundwater Contamination Latin America Sm.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa na iya yaduwa ta hanyar rijiyar ruwan ƙasa wacce ta gurbata da kwayoyin cuta na bayan gida daga ramin bayan gida]]

Saboda ƙarancin ƙarfin gwamnatoci a ƙasashe da yawa na gudanar da gwajin ruwan kashin kai akai-akai, sau da yawa kuma haɗe da rashin fayyace nauyin da ke kansa na kula da ingancin ruwan kashin kai, haɗarin lafiya na waɗannan hanyoyin samar da ruwa yakan kasance mafi girma fiye da na manyan hanyoyin sadarwa. A sakamakon haka, gidajen da ke samar da nasu ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli na iya ƙarewa da gurbataccen ruwan sha. Misali ɗaya shine matsalar gurɓataccen ruwan ƙasa da arsenic a ƙasar Bangladesh.

===Talauci===
Sabanin hanyar shiga tsakani kai tsaye, inda ko dai hukumar gwamnati ko wani mai zaman kansa (yawanci ƙungiya mai zaman kanta) ke ba da takamaiman matakin sabis kai tsaye ga ƙungiyar da aka yi niyya, self-supply ya dogara ne akan kafa hanyoyin da zasu bar mutane da kansu su yanke shawara akan matakin, wuri da kuma lokacin sabis ɗin da za a bayar. Wannan yana buƙatar kulawa ta musamman ga haɓaka kasuwa, don ƙarfafa ƙarfin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu (a matsayin masu ba da sabis) da hukumomin gwamnati (misali, a matsayin hukumar kula da inganci). Don haka, yayin da ba ya yin hulɗa kai tsaye da kowane gidaje, self-supply ba ya nufin cewa an yi watsi da gidaje da daidaikun mutane mafi fama da talauci, amma yana haɓaka iyakancewar albarkatun da ake da su a duk matakai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A cikin yanayin da gwamnati ba za ta iya cika wannan rukunin na mai daidaitawa da sa ido ba, hanyoyin gudanarwa masu ƙarfi sun haifar da wuce gona da iri wajen hakar ruwan ƙasa (misali, a cikin birnin Legas) da kuma ƙara matsalolin lafiyar jama'a saboda amfani da ruwan ƙasa wanda a zahiri yake gurbataccen arsenic.

Koyaya, akwai kuma misalan da self-supply ya ba da gudummawa ga ingantaccen damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli har ma ga mafi talauci. Misali, ƙasar Thailand, inda miliyoyin mutanen karkara suka haɓaka matakin sabis na ruwansu ta hanyar siyan ƙarin manyan tuluna don adana ruwan sama, tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu daidaiton matakan samun ruwan sha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=WHO/UNICEF|title=Investing in Water and Sanitation: Increasing Access, reducing inequalities|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/139735/1/9789241508087_eng.pdf?ua=1|year=2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, a yawancin lokuta masu rijiyar kashin kai ko wani tushen ruwa ba su ne kaɗai mutanen da ke amfana da shi ba. Maƙwabta, waɗanda za su iya zama mafi talauci fiye da masu rijiyar, su ma suna amfana da tushen ruwan tunda sau da yawa ana ba su damar yin amfani da shi kuma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=MacCarthy|first=Michael|title=Low-Cost Household Groundwater Supply Systems for Developing Communities|url=http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5261/|year=2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

===Matsayin gwamnati===
Ba da shawarar inganta hanyoyin self-supply yana nufin tallafa wa al'ummar da aka yi niyya ta hanya daban da yadda shirye-shiryen WASH da yawa ke yi. Maimakon mayar da hankali kan gwamnati tana ba da takamaiman ayyuka kai tsaye, hakan yana nufin ƙarfafa ƙarfin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kuma yana da niyyar inganta ingancin sabis ɗinsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Baya ga haɓaka ƙarfin aiki, matsayin gwamnati na iya haɗawa da tabbatar da inganci, sa ido, da daidaitawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

===Hakkin ɗan adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli===
Sukan ya ginu ne a kan ra'ayin cewa haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli yana nufin cewa gwamnati kai tsaye dole ne ta kai ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga kowa da kowa. Koyaya, kamar yadda Wakilin Musamman na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam na Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ya yi nuni da cewa, gwamnati na iya zaɓar dabarar ƙarfafa ƙarfin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ƙarƙashin tsarin samar da kai mai tallafi (supported self-supply), wanda zai ba da damar yin amfani da albarkatunta yadda ya kamata da kuma kaiwa ga mutane a yankunan karkara masu yawan jama'a kalilan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/748|title=Human rights to water and Self-Supply – Potential and challenges.|last=Olschewski|first=André|date=2015|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tarihi==
Membobin rukunin sadarwa na samar da ruwa a karkara (RWSN) ne suka ƙirƙiri kalmar &quot;self-supply&quot; yayin taron dandalin RWSN a ƙasar Uganda a shekarar 2004. Daga baya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan jigogi na wannan rukunin sadarwa, wanda ke ci gaba da sabunta bayanai game da self-supply ƙarƙashin gidan yanar gizon su na jigo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Kusan shekarar 2010 ya bayyana cewa akwai buƙatar bambance tsakanin &quot;self-supply&quot; da &quot;accelerated self-supply&quot; (gaggauta samar da kai), wanda kuma galibi ana ambatonsa da &quot;supported self-supply&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/_ressources/documents/default/241.pdf|title=Accelerating Self-supply - A Case Study from Uganda. Rural Water Supply Series Field Note.|last=Sutton|first=Sally|date=2010|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayin da a ƙasashe da yawa da ba su bunƙasa ta fannin masana'antu ba self-supply tsari ne da ke faruwa ta dabi'a mafi yawancinsa ba tare da sa idon gwamnati ba, akwai kuma keɓantawa ga wannan doka. Misali, gwamnatin ƙasar Habasha (Ethiopia) ta amince da self-supply a hukumance a matsayin tsarin isar da sabis na ruwa a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/_ressources/documents/default/1-406-2-1350288088.pdf|title=A Hidden Resource - Household-led rural water supply in Ethiopia|last=Sutton |display-authors=etal |first=Sally|date=2012|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, abin da ya faru a ƙasar Thailand (duba misali kan Tattara Ruwan Sama)&lt;ref name=&quot;saladin2016&quot; /&gt; yana nuna yadda ƙasa zata iya farawa da tsarin da gwamnati ke jagoranta da kuma amfani da tallafi mai yawa zuwa tsarin self-supply da zarar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun yi ƙarfi sosai, kuma albarkatu da jaddadawa na hukumomin gwamnati zasu iya canzawa zuwa sa ido kan ingancin ruwa.

== Manazarta ==
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[[File:User of Rope Pump in Tanzania.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Wani mutum yana amfani da famfon igiya a karkaran Tanzaniya domin samun ruwan ƙasa daga rijiya]]

'''Self-supply''' (samar da kai) yana nufin ikon mai sayen kaya da ayyuka na samar da bukatunsa da kansa maimakon saye daga wani mai samarwa.&lt;ref&gt;Doyle, C., [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1373040 Small buyers], page 3, accessed on 21 March 2026&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan kalma tana da tarihi na musamman da amfani dangane da '''ruwa da tsaftar muhalli''', inda take nufin hanyar inganta ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a hankali, wanda mafi yawancin kuɗaɗen ana samun su ne daga mai amfani da shi da kansa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/self-supply|title=Rural Water Supply Network Self-supply site|last=Rural Water Supply Network|website=www.rural-water-supply.net/en/self-supply|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-03-19}}{{circular reference|reason=The cited page takes its definition from this Wikipedia article|date=March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sutton|first=Sally|title=Self-Supply: filling the gaps in public water supply provision.|date=2021|publisher=Practical Action Publishing|isbn=978-1-78044-819-0|oclc=1239689655}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wannan mahallin, ana kiran self-supply da '''samar da ruwa ƙarƙashin jagorancin gida''' ko '''samar da ruwa na kashin kai'''.&lt;ref name=richert /&gt;

Mutane a duk faɗin duniya sun daɗe suna amfani da wannan hanya cikin ƙarnuka da dama don inganta ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhallinsu a hankali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Olschewski, A. (2016). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3347 A business case for supported Self-supply as service delivery approach to achieve SDGs]. Skat Foundation, Switzerland, 7th RWSN Forum &quot;Water for Everyone&quot; 7ème Forum RWSN « L’eau pour tous » 29 Nov - 02 Dec 2016, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan tsari ba ya nufin wata takaitacciyar fasaha ko nau'in tushen ruwa ko sabis na tsaftar muhalli ba, kodayake dole ne ya zama mai sauƙin amfani da ginawa akan farashi mai sauƙi kuma galibi ta amfani da kayan aikin da ake samu a cikin gida. Maimakon haka, tsarin ya shafi ci gaba da haɓaka waɗannan ayyuka ne a hankali. Hanya ce ta dogaro da kasuwa kuma yawanci ba ta haɗa da tallafin kayayyaki ba.

&quot;Self-supply&quot; ya bambanta da &quot;supported self-supply&quot; (samar da kai mai tallafi). Kalmar farko tana nufin yanayin da mutane ke inganta ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhallinsu da kansu, yayin da kalma ta biyu tana nufin tsari da ake jagoranta da gangan, yawanci ta hanyar hukumar gwamnati ko ƙungiyar mai zaman kanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Misalai da yawa na bunkasar self-supply cikin ƙankanin lokaci suna fitowa ne daga yanayin da samar da ayyuka ƙarƙashin jagorancin gwamnati ya durƙushe, misali a ƙasashe na tsohuwar Tarayyar Sobiyet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Olschewski |first=Andre |year=2016 |title=Supported Self-supply – learning from 15 years of experiences |url= https://rwsnforum7.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/full_paper_0044_submitter_0121_olschewski_andre.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma, hukumomin gwamnati ko hukumomin tallafi na waje za su iya amfani da tsarin da gangan don dace da sauran nau'ikan samar da ayyuka, kamar samar da ruwa da al'umma ke gudanarwa.

Self-supply wani muhimmin tsari ne, wanda ake amfani da shi tare da sauran hanyoyi kamar ayyukan da al'umma ke gudanarwa, don cimma burin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa, musamman ga Burin na 6: &quot;Tabbatar da samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga kowa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ana amfani da kalmar galibi a fannin ruwa a cikin mahallin haɗin gwiwar ci gaba, amma ba a cika amfani da ita ba a fannin tsaftar muhalli. Wasu hanyoyi kamar tsaftar muhalli ta duka al'umma ƙarƙashin jagorancin al'umma ko tsarin tsaftar muhalli na cikin akwati suna da abubuwa da yawa masu kama da self-supply. Wasu ƙungiyoyin suna amfani da wasu sharuddan da ke nufin hanyoyin da gidaje ɗaya ke jagoranta. Misali, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya tana amfani da kalmar &quot;samar da ruwa na kashin kai&quot;.&lt;ref name=richert&gt;{{Citation |last=Richtert |display-authors=etal |first=Bettina |year=2016 |title=Status of Small-scale Water Supplies in the WHO European Region |url= http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/320511/Status-SSW-supplies-results-survey-en.pdf?ua=1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin mahallin ƙasashe masu tasowa, wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa da wannan ana kiransa rayuwa &quot;baya ga tsarin babban grid&quot;.

==Ma'ana==
Gajeren ma'anar self-supply ita ce: &quot;Mutane suna inganta ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da kansu&quot;. Babban ra'ayin self-supply shine cewa mutane suna samar da ruwa da kansu ta hanyar hanyoyinsu na kashin kai ba tare da tallafin gwamnati kai tsaye ba. Ɗan adam ya daɗe yana inganta damarsa ta samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ba tare da tallafin gwamnati ba har tsawon shekaru dubbai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A matsayin hanyar inganta dama, tsari ne da ke mayar da hankali ga mai amfani wanda ya haɗa da haɓaka matakan sabis na yanzu a hankali, mafi yawancin lokuta kuma masu amfani da kansu ne ke ba da kuɗin. Gabaɗaya wannan yana nufin cewa ana samun ci gaba ga samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ko dai ta hanyar aikin kwadago na masu amfani da su ko kuma ta hanyar masu amfani da ke biyan masani ko kamfani don kammala aikin. Dalilai da fa'idodi ga masu amfani don inganta ayyukansu na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na kashin kai sun haɗa da: sauƙi, kusanci da gida, yawan ruwa mai yawa, ayyuka masu sauri fiye da tsarin ruwa na birni, mafi sauƙi fiye da tsarin ruwa na birni, rashin tsarin ruwa na birni, sirri, tsaro, da amincika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Babu wata fasaha ta musamman da ake ba da shawararta tare da self-supply. Maimakon haka, self-supply wata hanya ce ta yadda za a inganta damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, wanda aka fi sani da &quot;hawa matakan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/watsan-ladder/|title=The drinking water and sanitation ladders|website=WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation|access-date=19 March 2017|archive-date=2 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402170739/https://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/watsan-ladder/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙasan &quot;matakin ruwa&quot; akwai hanyoyin ruwa marasa kariya. Masu amfani suna &quot;hawa matakin ruwa&quot; ta hanyar ƙara kariya ga tushen ruwansu ko ƙarin fasaha don sauƙi. Misali, mai amfani da rijiya da aka haƙa da hannu ba tare da kariya ba tare da igiya da guga a matsayin na'urar ɗauka zai kasance a ƙasan matakin ruwa. Mai amfani da rijiya da aka gina bangon cikinta da kyau zai kasance mafi girma akan matakin ruwa tunda tushen ruwan yana da ƙananan haɗarin gurɓataccen abu saboda ginin bangon. Mai amfani da famfon hannu zai sami fa'idar samun damar samun ruwa mai yawa cikin sauri fiye da guga, kuma gurɓataccen tushen ruwan yana raguwa. Daga ƙarshe, mai amfani da famfo mai amfani da inji zai sami sauƙi na rashin yin amfani da wani ƙarfin hannu wajen hakar ruwa. Hatta kafofin da ke kan mafi ƙasankancin matakai na tsani za su ba da sabis tsawon yini, kowace rana, duk shekara.

Wajen amfani da self-supply a cikin tsaftar muhalli, hanya ɗaya da ake amfani da ita ita ce tallata tsaftar muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsp.org/toolkit/what-is-sanitation-marketing|title=What is Sanitation Marketing?|date=2017|website=Water and Sanitation Program|access-date=19 March 2017|archive-date=19 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319103101/http://wsp.org/toolkit/what-is-sanitation-marketing|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Barrington |first1=D. J. |last2=Sridharan |first2=S. |last3=Shields |first3=K. F. |last4=Saunders |first4=S. G. |last5=Souter |first5=R. T. |last6=Bartram |first6=J. |title=Sanitation marketing: A systematic review and theoretical critique using the capability approach |journal=Social Science &amp; Medicine |date=1 December 2017 |volume=194 |pages=128–134 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.10.021|hdl=10072/415142 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin raba abubuwa daban-daban (modularization) yana cikin hanyar tallata tsaftar muhalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Devine, J., Kullmann, C. (2011). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1258 Introductory Guide to Sanitation Marketing - WSP Scaling Up Rural Sanitation]. WSP, World Bank&lt;/ref&gt; An tsara samfurin tsaftar muhalli da za a tallata domin a iya yin gyare-gyare a hankali a kan lokaci, zuwa ingantaccen wurin tsaftar muhalli, gwargwadon yadda kasafi ya ba da dama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Fage ==
A cikin shekarar 2015, mutane miliyan 663 a duk duniya ba su da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa kuma mutane miliyan 158 sun yi amfani da ruwan sama a matsayin babban tushen ruwan shansu (watau tushen ruwa &quot;marar inganci&quot;). Mutane 8 cikin 10 ba tare da ingantaccen tushen ruwan sha ba suna zaune ne a yankunan karkara. Haka zalika, mutum 1 cikin 8 a duk duniya suna yin ba-gari a sarari (mutane miliyan 946).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Joint Monitoring Programme |year=2015 |title=Key Facts from the JMP 2015 Report |url=https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP-2015-update-key-facts-English.pdf |access-date=2017-03-13 |archive-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623005346/https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP-2015-update-key-facts-English.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan alkaluma suna nuna cewa akwai buƙatar ci gaba da inganta waɗannan ayyuka ga miliyoyin mutane.

Self-supply ba ya cikin tsarin dabarun ruwa na yau da kullun don haɓaka damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin ruwa a yawancin ƙasashe masu tasowa kuma ba a cika lissafinsa a cikin bayanan samun damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa ba. Wannan yana da alaƙa da gaskiyar cewa self-supply ba ya nufin takamaiman fasaha ko matakin sabis. Koyaya, koda a ƙasashe inda aka ga gagarumin ayyuka na self-supply, yawanci ba a yin la'akari da su a cikin alkaluman hukuma na ɗaukar nauyin sabis. Kasashen Habasha (Ethiopia) da Zimbabwe sune keɓantattu ga wannan doka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Farashi ===
Bincike a ƙasashen Zambiya da Zimbabwe ya nuna cewa ta hanyar amfani da dabarun da ke haɗa samar da ruwa ƙarƙashin jagorancin al'umma da kuma self-supply, farashin rayuwa ga gwamnati zai ragu da kashi 50%, idan aka kwatanta da dabarun amfani da samar da ruwa ƙarƙashin jagorancin al'umma kawai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

==Hanyoyi don samar da ruwa==
[[File:SHIPO drilling.jpg|thumb|right|Haƙa rijiya da hannu a Tanzaniya]]

=== Rijiyoyin da aka haƙa da hannu ===

Mafi yawan fasahar haƙa rijiyoyi da hannu tana nan a ƙasashe masu tasowa. Rijiyoyin tube da ake haƙawa da hannu sun mamaye gabar tekun Madagascar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; EMAS a Bolivia tana amfani da wata hanya ta haɗin gwiwa ta bugawa-fesa-juyawa da hannu don shigar da rijiyoyin tube.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Haƙa rijiyar auger da hannu ya zama ruwan dare a Nijar inda aka yi amfani da shi cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Littafin Manual Drilling Compendium yana ba da kyakkyawan bayyani game da matsayin waɗannan fasahohi a duk duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/_ressources/documents/default/1-653-34-1442223588.pdf|title=Manual Drilling Compendium 2015|last=Danert|first=Kerstin|date=2015|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:MzuzuDrilling1280x768px.jpg|thumb|right|Haƙa rijiyar da hannu ta amfani da hanyar &quot;Mzuzu&quot;]]

===Rijiyoyin kashin kai, rijiyoyin tube, da ingantattun rijiyoyin iyali===
;Amurka
A Amurka, mutane miliyan 44 sun amfani da hanyar self-supply da kafofin ruwa na kashin kai a cikin shekarar 2010,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://water.usgs.gov/watuse/wudo.html|title=United States Geological Survey }}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma kusan kashi 22% na al'ummar karkara suna amfani da rijiyoyin kashin kai don samun ruwan ƙasa don samar da ruwansu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources-top/details/57|title=An Introduction to Self-Supply: Putting the User First. Rural Water Supply Series Field Note. Water and Sanitation Program and Rural Water Supply Network.|last=Sutton|first=Sally|date=2009|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

;Gabas da Turai
Kusan kashi 20-60% na al'ummar Gabashin Turai da tsohuwar Tarayyar Sobiyet sun dogara ne da self-supply don samun ruwa. Misali, kashi 35% na al'ummar Ukraine, kashi 57% a Moldova, kashi 38% a Romania, da kashi 22% a Albania sun dogara ne da self-supply a matsayin tushen ruwansu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title= Danube Utility Benchmarking and Information Sharing | url= http://www.danubis.org |last=World Bank and IAWD, the International Association of Water Supply Companies in the Danube River Catchment Area|date=2009|language=en-gb|access-date= 2017-03-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

;Asiya
Bangladesh tana ɗaya daga cikin lokuta inda self-supply ya kai ga babban matsayi, tare da miliyoyin rijiyoyin tube da famfo na hannu da ake amfani da su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/_ressources/documents/default/1-653-34-1442223588.pdf|title=Manual Drilling Compendium 2015|last=Danert|first=Kerstin|date=2015|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

;Afirka
Gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta aiwatar da shirin &quot;Ingantacciyar Rijiyar Iyali&quot; a yankunan karkara don inganta ingancin rijiyoyin self-supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Famfon igiya da famfon baki ===
[[File:Rope Pump model 1.jpg|thumb|right|Misali na Famfon Igiya]]
An ɓullo da famfon igiya (rope pump) don self-supply kuma an gabatar da shi a Nicaragua a cikin shekarar 1990. Tun daga lokacin, an sanya dubban famfo na igiya a rijiyoyin iyali. Misali, har zuwa shekarar 2004, an girka kusan famfuna 30,000 na igiya suna hidima ga aƙalla kashi 25 cikin ɗari na al'ummar karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Alberts|first=J.H.|year=2004|title=The rope pump – an example of technology transfer|url=http://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Alberts-2004-Rope.pdf|journal=Waterlines|volume=22|issue=3|pages=22–25|doi=10.3362/0262-8104.2004.010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Famfuna na baki (pitcher pumps) a kan rijiyoyin da aka kora sun mamaye ko'ina a gabar tekun Madagascar. Ƙasa mai yashi da maras zurfi suna sanya ta zama fasaha mai dacewa don amfani da ita wajen samun ruwa. Babban tashar jiragen ruwa ta Madagascar ta Tamatave, musamman, an kiyasta tana da aƙalla rijiyoyin famfo guda 9,000 suna yi wa mutane 170,000 hidima, wanda ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman misali na kasuwar famfo da ba a tallafa mata ba a yankin kudu da saharan Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Sauran mafita sun mayar da hankali kan sabbin tsarin famfo, gami da famfo na hannu, &quot;Play Pumps&quot; na Water for People,&lt;ref name=&quot;WFP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Water For People |url=http://www.waterforpeople.org/ |access-date=9 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; da &quot;Elephant Pumps&quot; na Pump Aid.&lt;ref name=&quot;PA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Pump Aid-Water For Life |url=http://pumpaid.org/ |access-date=9 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duka nau'ikan guda uku an gina su ne don taimakawa al'ummomi wajen hako tsaftataccen ruwa daga rijiya. Famfon hannu shine mafi sauƙi da sauƙin gyarawa, tare da sauƙin samun kayan mayarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;LWI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Living Water International |url=https://www.water.cc/ |access-date=9 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta amfani da madaidaiciyar hanya ta ƙirƙira, Play Pumps yana haɗa wasan yara da hakar tsaftataccen ruwa ta hanyar amfani da kayan wasan yara na filin wasa, wanda ake kira roundabout. Manufar wannan ita ce yayin da yara ke wasa akan roundabout, za a riƙa tura ruwa lokaci ɗaya daga tankin ajiya zuwa ko dai bayan gida, wuraren wanke hannu, ko na ruwan sha.&lt;ref name=&quot;PA&quot; /&gt; Wasu rashin amfani ga PlayPump, kodayake, shine rashin iyawar sa na magance yanayin ƙarancin ruwa na zahiri da haɗarin amfani da yara lokacin da wasan yara ya zama daidai da aikin tura ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=July 2010 |title=The Play Pump: What Went Wrong? |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2010/07/01/the-playpump-what-went-wrong/ |access-date=1 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; A madadin haka, Elephant Pumps famfo ne mai sauƙi na ruwan hannu. Bayan an shirya rijiya, sai a sanya na'urar famfo mai igiya wadda ke da sauƙin kulawa, tana amfani da sassa na gida, kuma tana iya aiki cikin kusan mako guda.&lt;ref name=&quot;PA&quot; /&gt; Famfon na Elephant na iya samar da mutane 250 da lita 40 na tsaftataccen ruwa kowane mutum a kowace rana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Elephant Pump |url=http://www.theafricatrust.org/elephant_pump.html |access-date=1 April 2013 |archive-date=20 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220013539/http://www.theafricatrust.org/elephant_pump.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tarin ruwan sama ===
[[File:Rainwater harvesting tank (5981896147).jpg|thumb|Tankin tarin ruwan sama daga saman rufi a wata makaranta kusa da Kigali, Rwanda]]
Tarin ruwan sama yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi sauƙi kuma mafi tsufa hanyoyin self-supply. Wannan zai iya zama mai sauƙi kamar sanya guga a gefen rufin kwanon rufi. Hakanan yana iya haɗawa da gina ƙananan madatsun ruwa da magudanun ruwa tare da gefen rufin don tattara ruwa mai yawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gdrc.org/uem/water/rainwater/|title=Rainwater Harvesting And Utilisation|website=Rainwater Harvesting|access-date=20 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An inganta dabarar tattara ruwan sama sosai a ƙasar Thailand kuma misali ne na yadda ayyukan self-supply zasu iya kaiwa ga babban siki (kodayake a matakin farko, aikin ya kasance aiwatarwa kai tsaye daga gwamnatin Thai), a cikin wannan yanayin da yawa miliyoyin gidajen karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;saladin2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/759|title=Rainwater Harvesting in Thailand - learning from the World Champions|last=Saladin|first=Matthias|date=2016|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tace ruwa na gida ===

Tace ruwa na gida wata hanya ce ta inganta ingancin ruwa kafin amfani da shi. Ana iya aiwatar da shi a ƙarƙashin hanyar self-supply, amma kuma a ƙarƙashin sauran hanyoyi. Hanya mafi dacewa ta tace ruwa na gida a duniya ita ce tafasawa. Sauran hanyoyin da aka ba da shawarar sune maganin chlorine a wurin amfani, SODIS, da nau'ikan tace ruwa daban-daban.

Ana iya samun fasahar tsaftatacen ruwa ta hanyar tace bambaron sha (drinking straw filtration). Kamar yadda Water Is Life ta yi amfani da shi azaman mafita, bambaron yana da ƙanƙanta, mai sauƙin ɗauka, kuma yana da darajar dalar Amurka $10 kowace raka'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;WIL&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Is Life |url=http://waterislife.com/ |access-date=9 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; An tsara na'urar tace ruwan ne don kawar da cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa, kuma a sakamakon haka, samar da ingantaccen ruwan sha ga mutum guda na tsawon shekara guda.&lt;ref name=&quot;WIL&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Emas pump Zambia.jpg|thumb|right|Famfon Emas]]

=== Fasahar EMAS a Bolivia ===
EMAS (Makarantar Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ta Tafi-da-gidanka - acronym na Sipaniya, Escuela Móvil de Agua y Saneamiento) tana haɓaka fasahohi daban-daban don inganta samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Bolivia tun shekarun 1980. Fasahar da EMAS ke haɓakawa a Bolivia sune famfuna na hannu don samar da ruwa ga gidaje, tarin ruwan sama, tankunan ajiya na gida masu aminci da aka yi da ferrocement, ramin bayan gida, da kuma hanyar haɗin gwiwa ta bugawa-fesa-juyawa da hannu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Introduction to EMAS Technologies|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/training-research/introduction-to-emas-technologies|publisher=Rural Water Supply Network}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarar 2013 an gudanar da wani bincike mai zaman kansa wanda ya bincika duk fasahohin da EMAS ke haɓakawa a Bolivia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=MacCarthy|first=Michael|title=EMAS Household Water Supply Technologies in Bolivia|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/_ressources/documents/default/1-518-3-1375685563.pdf|year=2013|location=Field Note No 2013-4|publisher=Rural Water Supply Network}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken ya gano cewa yawancin gidajen da aka bincika (53 cikin 86) sun sayi fasahar EMAS ba tare da tallafi ko rance ba. Haka kuma, yawancin gidajen da aka bincika suna da famfunan EMAS masu aiki (78 cikin 79) tare da duk famfunan da aka girka shekaru 11 ko fiye da haka da suka gabata (18 cikin 79) har yanzu suna aiki.

==Hanyoyi don tsaftar muhalli==
A fannin tsaftar muhalli, ba a cika amfani da kalmar &quot;self-supply&quot; ba. Koyaya, ra'ayi mai kama da wannan shine na tsaftar muhalli ta duka al'umma ƙarƙashin jagorancin al'umma. Wannan wata hanya ce ta canza dabi'a wacce ke sa mutane yin watsi da ba-gari a sarari, kuma yawanci suna gina tare da amfani da ramin bayan gida a maimakon haka.

Wata hanyar kuma da za a iya amfani da ita don self-supply a fannin tsaftar muhalli ita ce ta tsaftar muhalli ta cikin akwati, kodayake matakan tattarawa da jiyya yawanci ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar mai ba da sabis na waje, ba ta gidajen da kansu ba.

==Kalubale==
===Hadarin lafiya===
[[File:Groundwater Contamination Latin America Sm.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa na iya yaduwa ta hanyar rijiyar ruwan ƙasa wacce ta gurbata da kwayoyin cuta na bayan gida daga ramin bayan gida]]

Saboda ƙarancin ƙarfin gwamnatoci a ƙasashe da yawa na gudanar da gwajin ruwan kashin kai akai-akai, sau da yawa kuma haɗe da rashin fayyace nauyin da ke kansa na kula da ingancin ruwan kashin kai, haɗarin lafiya na waɗannan hanyoyin samar da ruwa yakan kasance mafi girma fiye da na manyan hanyoyin sadarwa. A sakamakon haka, gidajen da ke samar da nasu ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli na iya ƙarewa da gurbataccen ruwan sha. Misali ɗaya shine matsalar gurɓataccen ruwan ƙasa da arsenic a ƙasar Bangladesh.

===Talauci===
Sabanin hanyar shiga tsakani kai tsaye, inda ko dai hukumar gwamnati ko wani mai zaman kansa (yawanci ƙungiya mai zaman kanta) ke ba da takamaiman matakin sabis kai tsaye ga ƙungiyar da aka yi niyya, self-supply ya dogara ne akan kafa hanyoyin da zasu bar mutane da kansu su yanke shawara akan matakin, wuri da kuma lokacin sabis ɗin da za a bayar. Wannan yana buƙatar kulawa ta musamman ga haɓaka kasuwa, don ƙarfafa ƙarfin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu (a matsayin masu ba da sabis) da hukumomin gwamnati (misali, a matsayin hukumar kula da inganci). Don haka, yayin da ba ya yin hulɗa kai tsaye da kowane gidaje, self-supply ba ya nufin cewa an yi watsi da gidaje da daidaikun mutane mafi fama da talauci, amma yana haɓaka iyakancewar albarkatun da ake da su a duk matakai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A cikin yanayin da gwamnati ba za ta iya cika wannan rukunin na mai daidaitawa da sa ido ba, hanyoyin gudanarwa masu ƙarfi sun haifar da wuce gona da iri wajen hakar ruwan ƙasa (misali, a cikin birnin Legas) da kuma ƙara matsalolin lafiyar jama'a saboda amfani da ruwan ƙasa wanda a zahiri yake gurbataccen arsenic.

Koyaya, akwai kuma misalan da self-supply ya ba da gudummawa ga ingantaccen damar samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli har ma ga mafi talauci. Misali, ƙasar Thailand, inda miliyoyin mutanen karkara suka haɓaka matakin sabis na ruwansu ta hanyar siyan ƙarin manyan tuluna don adana ruwan sama, tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu daidaiton matakan samun ruwan sha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=WHO/UNICEF|title=Investing in Water and Sanitation: Increasing Access, reducing inequalities|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/139735/1/9789241508087_eng.pdf?ua=1|year=2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, a yawancin lokuta masu rijiyar kashin kai ko wani tushen ruwa ba su ne kaɗai mutanen da ke amfana da shi ba. Maƙwabta, waɗanda za su iya zama mafi talauci fiye da masu rijiyar, su ma suna amfana da tushen ruwan tunda sau da yawa ana ba su damar yin amfani da shi kuma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=MacCarthy|first=Michael|title=Low-Cost Household Groundwater Supply Systems for Developing Communities|url=http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5261/|year=2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

===Matsayin gwamnati===
Ba da shawarar inganta hanyoyin self-supply yana nufin tallafa wa al'ummar da aka yi niyya ta hanya daban da yadda shirye-shiryen WASH da yawa ke yi. Maimakon mayar da hankali kan gwamnati tana ba da takamaiman ayyuka kai tsaye, hakan yana nufin ƙarfafa ƙarfin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kuma yana da niyyar inganta ingancin sabis ɗinsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Baya ga haɓaka ƙarfin aiki, matsayin gwamnati na iya haɗawa da tabbatar da inganci, sa ido, da daidaitawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

===Hakkin ɗan adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli===
Sukan ya ginu ne a kan ra'ayin cewa haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli yana nufin cewa gwamnati kai tsaye dole ne ta kai ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga kowa da kowa. Koyaya, kamar yadda Wakilin Musamman na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam na Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli ya yi nuni da cewa, gwamnati na iya zaɓar dabarar ƙarfafa ƙarfin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ƙarƙashin tsarin samar da kai mai tallafi (supported self-supply), wanda zai ba da damar yin amfani da albarkatunta yadda ya kamata da kuma kaiwa ga mutane a yankunan karkara masu yawan jama'a kalilan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/748|title=Human rights to water and Self-Supply – Potential and challenges.|last=Olschewski|first=André|date=2015|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tarihi==
Membobin rukunin sadarwa na samar da ruwa a karkara (RWSN) ne suka ƙirƙiri kalmar &quot;self-supply&quot; yayin taron dandalin RWSN a ƙasar Uganda a shekarar 2004. Daga baya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan jigogi na wannan rukunin sadarwa, wanda ke ci gaba da sabunta bayanai game da self-supply ƙarƙashin gidan yanar gizon su na jigo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Kusan shekarar 2010 ya bayyana cewa akwai buƙatar bambance tsakanin &quot;self-supply&quot; da &quot;accelerated self-supply&quot; (gaggauta samar da kai), wanda kuma galibi ana ambatonsa da &quot;supported self-supply&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/_ressources/documents/default/241.pdf|title=Accelerating Self-supply - A Case Study from Uganda. Rural Water Supply Series Field Note.|last=Sutton|first=Sally|date=2010|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayin da a ƙasashe da yawa da ba su bunƙasa ta fannin masana'antu ba self-supply tsari ne da ke faruwa ta dabi'a mafi yawancinsa ba tare da sa idon gwamnati ba, akwai kuma keɓantawa ga wannan doka. Misali, gwamnatin ƙasar Habasha (Ethiopia) ta amince da self-supply a hukumance a matsayin tsarin isar da sabis na ruwa a yankunan karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/_ressources/documents/default/1-406-2-1350288088.pdf|title=A Hidden Resource - Household-led rural water supply in Ethiopia|last=Sutton |display-authors=etal |first=Sally|date=2012|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, abin da ya faru a ƙasar Thailand (duba misali kan Tattara Ruwan Sama)&lt;ref name=&quot;saladin2016&quot; /&gt; yana nuna yadda ƙasa zata iya farawa da tsarin da gwamnati ke jagoranta da kuma amfani da tallafi mai yawa zuwa tsarin self-supply da zarar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun yi ƙarfi sosai, kuma albarkatu da jaddadawa na hukumomin gwamnati zasu iya canzawa zuwa sa ido kan ingancin ruwa.

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist|2}}</text>
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    <title>Kogin Steenbras</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: '''Kogin Steenbras''' ƙaramin kogi ne a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tushensa kusa da Grabouw.[1] Tana tsakanin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da Kogelberg da magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin False Bay kudu da Gordon's Bay. An datse kogin a wurare biyu - Steenbras Upper and Lower Dams - don samar da ruwa ga birnin Cape Town. Dam din na sama ya kuma zama tafki na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bu...</comment>
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      <text bytes="1186" sha1="2dno7slnu61tjwt4ugbsvx9kxepmnha" xml:space="preserve">'''Kogin Steenbras''' ƙaramin kogi ne a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tushensa kusa da Grabouw.[1] Tana tsakanin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da Kogelberg da magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin False Bay kudu da Gordon's Bay. An datse kogin a wurare biyu - Steenbras Upper and Lower Dams - don samar da ruwa ga birnin Cape Town. Dam din na sama ya kuma zama tafki na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu da yawa.

== Kamawa da Hydrology ==
Babban magudanar ruwa yana da fadin kusan kilomita 70, ciki har da madatsun ruwa, kuma yana tsakanin tsaunin Hottentots Holland zuwa arewa maso yamma da Kogelberg zuwa kudu maso gabas, a cikin Cape Fold Belt. Kwarin da ke saman dam ɗin ya kasance wani fili mai faɗin gaskiya, buɗaɗɗen kwari. Kogin da ke ƙasan dam ɗin, kogin yana kwararowa ta wani tudu mai gangare, kwarin dutse zuwa ƴan ƴar ƴancin bakin tekun da ke gabashin gabar tekun False Bay.[2] Ana ciyar da madatsun ruwa ta babban kogin da kuma rafukan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba da layukan magudanan ruwa na yanayi[1]. Tsawon babban rafi, gami da madatsun ruwa, ya kai kimanin kilomita 17.[3]</text>
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      <text bytes="2036" sha1="mf55ce968y8sjkvdl0jyipbdwjiaazx" xml:space="preserve">'''Kogin Steenbras''' ƙaramin kogi ne a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tushensa kusa da Grabouw.[1] Tana tsakanin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da Kogelberg da magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin False Bay kudu da Gordon's Bay. An datse kogin a wurare biyu - Steenbras Upper and Lower Dams - don samar da ruwa ga birnin Cape Town. Dam din na sama ya kuma zama tafki na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu da yawa.

== Kamawa da Hydrology ==
Babban magudanar ruwa yana da fadin kusan kilomita 70, ciki har da madatsun ruwa, kuma yana tsakanin tsaunin Hottentots Holland zuwa arewa maso yamma da Kogelberg zuwa kudu maso gabas, a cikin Cape Fold Belt. Kwarin da ke saman dam ɗin ya kasance wani fili mai faɗin gaskiya, buɗaɗɗen kwari. Kogin da ke ƙasan dam ɗin, kogin yana kwararowa ta wani tudu mai gangare, kwarin dutse zuwa ƴan ƴar ƴancin bakin tekun da ke gabashin gabar tekun False Bay.[2] Ana ciyar da madatsun ruwa ta babban kogin da kuma rafukan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba da layukan magudanan ruwa na yanayi[1]. Tsawon babban rafi, gami da madatsun ruwa, ya kai kimanin kilomita 17.[3]

Tsarin ƙasa na kama ya ƙunshi galibin dutsen yashi quartzitic tare da siraran yadudduka na shale da conglomerate na Dutsen Dutsen Tebur.[3] Wannan ilimin geology ya samar da ruwa mai ruwa na Table Mountain, wani magudanar ruwa da ya karye tare da hadaddun hanyoyin ruwa na karkashin kasa, wanda ke sa yin cajin wucin gadi na birni ba zai yuwu ba a yankin.[4]

Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin tsawan lokaci na magudanar ruwa an kiyasta ya zama 50 × 106m3 a kowace shekara.[3] Koyaya, madatsun ruwa sun canza magudanar ruwa sosai. A cewar wani binciken Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabta ta 2009, fitar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar ruwa na Ecological (EWR) a cikin Yuli 2009 ya kasance 0.42 m³/s, kwatankwacin matsakaicin yau na wannan watan (0.41 m³/s) amma kusan ninki biyu na 0.26 m³/s da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin yanayi na halitta, marasa lahani[5].</text>
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      <text bytes="2858" sha1="3ghrcsvj30xkqa95yeiroxi1dkxrkx6" xml:space="preserve">'''Kogin Steenbras''' ƙaramin kogi ne a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tushensa kusa da Grabouw.[1] Tana tsakanin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da Kogelberg da magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin False Bay kudu da Gordon's Bay. An datse kogin a wurare biyu - Steenbras Upper and Lower Dams - don samar da ruwa ga birnin Cape Town. Dam din na sama ya kuma zama tafki na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu da yawa.

== Kamawa da Hydrology ==
Babban magudanar ruwa yana da fadin kusan kilomita 70, ciki har da madatsun ruwa, kuma yana tsakanin tsaunin Hottentots Holland zuwa arewa maso yamma da Kogelberg zuwa kudu maso gabas, a cikin Cape Fold Belt. Kwarin da ke saman dam ɗin ya kasance wani fili mai faɗin gaskiya, buɗaɗɗen kwari. Kogin da ke ƙasan dam ɗin, kogin yana kwararowa ta wani tudu mai gangare, kwarin dutse zuwa ƴan ƴar ƴancin bakin tekun da ke gabashin gabar tekun False Bay.[2] Ana ciyar da madatsun ruwa ta babban kogin da kuma rafukan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba da layukan magudanan ruwa na yanayi[1]. Tsawon babban rafi, gami da madatsun ruwa, ya kai kimanin kilomita 17.[3]

Tsarin ƙasa na kama ya ƙunshi galibin dutsen yashi quartzitic tare da siraran yadudduka na shale da conglomerate na Dutsen Dutsen Tebur.[3] Wannan ilimin geology ya samar da ruwa mai ruwa na Table Mountain, wani magudanar ruwa da ya karye tare da hadaddun hanyoyin ruwa na karkashin kasa, wanda ke sa yin cajin wucin gadi na birni ba zai yuwu ba a yankin.[4]

Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin tsawan lokaci na magudanar ruwa an kiyasta ya zama 50 × 106m3 a kowace shekara.[3] Koyaya, madatsun ruwa sun canza magudanar ruwa sosai. A cewar wani binciken Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabta ta 2009, fitar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar ruwa na Ecological (EWR) a cikin Yuli 2009 ya kasance 0.42 m³/s, kwatankwacin matsakaicin yau na wannan watan (0.41 m³/s) amma kusan ninki biyu na 0.26 m³/s da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin yanayi na halitta, marasa lahani[5].

Mafi yawan magudanar ruwa yana cikin iyakokin birnin Cape Town.[3] Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da aka rubuta a madatsar ruwa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1981 ya kai mm 984, amma ya fi girma a manyan magudanan ruwa, a cikin tsari na 2,000 mm kowace shekara.

=== Estuary ===
Bakin kogin ƙaramin kwari ne da aka yanke zuwa ƙunƙuntaccen tsiri na bakin teku, tare da tudu masu tudu na dutse da rairayin bakin teku masu zagaye da igiyar ruwa. Raƙuman ruwa sun kai ga maɓuɓɓugar ruwan kogin, wanda ke fuskantar kumbura na kudu maso yamma, yana mai da shi bakin teku mai ƙarfi.[3] Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da rahoton cewa ɗakin Steenbras yana nuna matsakaicin matsayi na lalata muhalli kuma yana da halaye waɗanda suka fi dacewa da ƙaramin fjord fiye da na al'ada.[6]

== ingancin ruwa ==</text>
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      <text bytes="4332" sha1="ngrgfaanymgjemdivtq8qrihts335co" xml:space="preserve">'''Kogin Steenbras''' ƙaramin kogi ne a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tushensa kusa da Grabouw.[1] Tana tsakanin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da Kogelberg da magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin False Bay kudu da Gordon's Bay. An datse kogin a wurare biyu - Steenbras Upper and Lower Dams - don samar da ruwa ga birnin Cape Town. Dam din na sama ya kuma zama tafki na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu da yawa.

== Kamawa da Hydrology ==
Babban magudanar ruwa yana da fadin kusan kilomita 70, ciki har da madatsun ruwa, kuma yana tsakanin tsaunin Hottentots Holland zuwa arewa maso yamma da Kogelberg zuwa kudu maso gabas, a cikin Cape Fold Belt. Kwarin da ke saman dam ɗin ya kasance wani fili mai faɗin gaskiya, buɗaɗɗen kwari. Kogin da ke ƙasan dam ɗin, kogin yana kwararowa ta wani tudu mai gangare, kwarin dutse zuwa ƴan ƴar ƴancin bakin tekun da ke gabashin gabar tekun False Bay.[2] Ana ciyar da madatsun ruwa ta babban kogin da kuma rafukan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba da layukan magudanan ruwa na yanayi[1]. Tsawon babban rafi, gami da madatsun ruwa, ya kai kimanin kilomita 17.[3]

Tsarin ƙasa na kama ya ƙunshi galibin dutsen yashi quartzitic tare da siraran yadudduka na shale da conglomerate na Dutsen Dutsen Tebur.[3] Wannan ilimin geology ya samar da ruwa mai ruwa na Table Mountain, wani magudanar ruwa da ya karye tare da hadaddun hanyoyin ruwa na karkashin kasa, wanda ke sa yin cajin wucin gadi na birni ba zai yuwu ba a yankin.[4]

Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin tsawan lokaci na magudanar ruwa an kiyasta ya zama 50 × 106m3 a kowace shekara.[3] Koyaya, madatsun ruwa sun canza magudanar ruwa sosai. A cewar wani binciken Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabta ta 2009, fitar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar ruwa na Ecological (EWR) a cikin Yuli 2009 ya kasance 0.42 m³/s, kwatankwacin matsakaicin yau na wannan watan (0.41 m³/s) amma kusan ninki biyu na 0.26 m³/s da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin yanayi na halitta, marasa lahani[5].

Mafi yawan magudanar ruwa yana cikin iyakokin birnin Cape Town.[3] Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da aka rubuta a madatsar ruwa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1981 ya kai mm 984, amma ya fi girma a manyan magudanan ruwa, a cikin tsari na 2,000 mm kowace shekara.

=== Estuary ===
Bakin kogin ƙaramin kwari ne da aka yanke zuwa ƙunƙuntaccen tsiri na bakin teku, tare da tudu masu tudu na dutse da rairayin bakin teku masu zagaye da igiyar ruwa. Raƙuman ruwa sun kai ga maɓuɓɓugar ruwan kogin, wanda ke fuskantar kumbura na kudu maso yamma, yana mai da shi bakin teku mai ƙarfi.[3] Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da rahoton cewa ɗakin Steenbras yana nuna matsakaicin matsayi na lalata muhalli kuma yana da halaye waɗanda suka fi dacewa da ƙaramin fjord fiye da na al'ada.[6]

== ingancin ruwa ==
Ruwan yana ɗan ɗanɗano acidic kuma a dabi'a yana da launin ruwan kasa ta hanyar tannins daga ciyawar fynbos.[1] Yana da ɗanɗano mai kyau da ƙarancin daskararrun da aka dakatar amma ana bi da shi don kawar da pH da cire launi, wani ɓangare don dalilai na kwaskwarima da wani ɓangare don rage lalata a cikin bututu.[3][7][1] Duk da acidity na halitta da launi, magudanar ruwa tana kula da ajin lafiyar kogin (Ajin A). Sa ido kan muhalli ya tabbatar da kasancewar haraji mai mahimmanci, irin su net-winged midges (Blephariceridae), waɗanda ke da matsakaicin makin Tsarin Maki na Afirka ta Kudu (SASS) na 15, yana nuna ingancin ruwa sosai.[8]

== Ilimin halittu ==
Yankin Steenbras Nature Reserve ya ƙunshi wani muhimmin yanki na kama.[9] Nau'o'in ciyayi na ƙasa da aka rubuta daga ƙasan ƙasa sun haɗa da dajin kogi, fynbos na tudun ruwa, goge kogin, da bushewar dutsen fynbos.[3] Hakanan ana samun Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos a cikin kama.[7]

Yankin riparian ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan palmiet (Prionium serratum), Pennisetum macrourum, Juncus effusus, Juncus lomatophyllus, Erica caffra, Calopsis paniculata, Elegia capensis, Blechnum capense, da Todea barbara. Mafi shahararren nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i ne na Cape myrtle (Metrosideros angustifolia). A 2009 report noted that while the riparian zone has a good diversity of species, its aerial cover and abundance have been reduced, partly due to the effects of damming and altered flooding regimes.[5][10]</text>
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      <text bytes="5870" sha1="cj99su1nsgur3fw6e8ztxs0484oibr7" xml:space="preserve">'''Kogin Steenbras''' ƙaramin kogi ne a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tushensa kusa da Grabouw.[1] Tana tsakanin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da Kogelberg da magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin False Bay kudu da Gordon's Bay. An datse kogin a wurare biyu - Steenbras Upper and Lower Dams - don samar da ruwa ga birnin Cape Town. Dam din na sama ya kuma zama tafki na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu da yawa.

== Kamawa da Hydrology ==
Babban magudanar ruwa yana da fadin kusan kilomita 70, ciki har da madatsun ruwa, kuma yana tsakanin tsaunin Hottentots Holland zuwa arewa maso yamma da Kogelberg zuwa kudu maso gabas, a cikin Cape Fold Belt. Kwarin da ke saman dam ɗin ya kasance wani fili mai faɗin gaskiya, buɗaɗɗen kwari. Kogin da ke ƙasan dam ɗin, kogin yana kwararowa ta wani tudu mai gangare, kwarin dutse zuwa ƴan ƴar ƴancin bakin tekun da ke gabashin gabar tekun False Bay.[2] Ana ciyar da madatsun ruwa ta babban kogin da kuma rafukan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba da layukan magudanan ruwa na yanayi[1]. Tsawon babban rafi, gami da madatsun ruwa, ya kai kimanin kilomita 17.[3]

Tsarin ƙasa na kama ya ƙunshi galibin dutsen yashi quartzitic tare da siraran yadudduka na shale da conglomerate na Dutsen Dutsen Tebur.[3] Wannan ilimin geology ya samar da ruwa mai ruwa na Table Mountain, wani magudanar ruwa da ya karye tare da hadaddun hanyoyin ruwa na karkashin kasa, wanda ke sa yin cajin wucin gadi na birni ba zai yuwu ba a yankin.[4]

Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin tsawan lokaci na magudanar ruwa an kiyasta ya zama 50 × 106m3 a kowace shekara.[3] Koyaya, madatsun ruwa sun canza magudanar ruwa sosai. A cewar wani binciken Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabta ta 2009, fitar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar ruwa na Ecological (EWR) a cikin Yuli 2009 ya kasance 0.42 m³/s, kwatankwacin matsakaicin yau na wannan watan (0.41 m³/s) amma kusan ninki biyu na 0.26 m³/s da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin yanayi na halitta, marasa lahani[5].

Mafi yawan magudanar ruwa yana cikin iyakokin birnin Cape Town.[3] Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da aka rubuta a madatsar ruwa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1981 ya kai mm 984, amma ya fi girma a manyan magudanan ruwa, a cikin tsari na 2,000 mm kowace shekara.

=== Estuary ===
Bakin kogin ƙaramin kwari ne da aka yanke zuwa ƙunƙuntaccen tsiri na bakin teku, tare da tudu masu tudu na dutse da rairayin bakin teku masu zagaye da igiyar ruwa. Raƙuman ruwa sun kai ga maɓuɓɓugar ruwan kogin, wanda ke fuskantar kumbura na kudu maso yamma, yana mai da shi bakin teku mai ƙarfi.[3] Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da rahoton cewa ɗakin Steenbras yana nuna matsakaicin matsayi na lalata muhalli kuma yana da halaye waɗanda suka fi dacewa da ƙaramin fjord fiye da na al'ada.[6]

== ingancin ruwa ==
Ruwan yana ɗan ɗanɗano acidic kuma a dabi'a yana da launin ruwan kasa ta hanyar tannins daga ciyawar fynbos.[1] Yana da ɗanɗano mai kyau da ƙarancin daskararrun da aka dakatar amma ana bi da shi don kawar da pH da cire launi, wani ɓangare don dalilai na kwaskwarima da wani ɓangare don rage lalata a cikin bututu.[3][7][1] Duk da acidity na halitta da launi, magudanar ruwa tana kula da ajin lafiyar kogin (Ajin A). Sa ido kan muhalli ya tabbatar da kasancewar haraji mai mahimmanci, irin su net-winged midges (Blephariceridae), waɗanda ke da matsakaicin makin Tsarin Maki na Afirka ta Kudu (SASS) na 15, yana nuna ingancin ruwa sosai.[8]

== Ilimin halittu ==
Yankin Steenbras Nature Reserve ya ƙunshi wani muhimmin yanki na kama.[9] Nau'o'in ciyayi na ƙasa da aka rubuta daga ƙasan ƙasa sun haɗa da dajin kogi, fynbos na tudun ruwa, goge kogin, da bushewar dutsen fynbos.[3] Hakanan ana samun Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos a cikin kama.[7]

Yankin riparian ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan palmiet (Prionium serratum), Pennisetum macrourum, Juncus effusus, Juncus lomatophyllus, Erica caffra, Calopsis paniculata, Elegia capensis, Blechnum capense, da Todea barbara. Mafi shahararren nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i ne na Cape myrtle (Metrosideros angustifolia). A 2009 report noted that while the riparian zone has a good diversity of species, its aerial cover and abundance have been reduced, partly due to the effects of damming and altered flooding regimes.[5][10]

== Hanyoyi ==
Babban titin bakin teku na lardin R44 daga Gordon's Bay zuwa Hermanus yana ratsa kogin kusan mita 200 daga bakin.[3] Babban titin N2 na kasa ya ratsa kogin da ke da nisan kilomita daga gabas da Sir Lowry's Pass.

== Tarihi ==
Injiniya mai ba da shawara Thomas Stewart ya fara bincikar yuwuwar wuraren dam akan kogin Steenbras a ƙarshen 1890 a matsayin tushen ruwa mai yuwuwa ga gundumomin Mowbray da Rondebosch.[11] Masu binciken Turai ne suka fara ketare kogin daga yankin Cape a tsakiyar karni na 17. Asalin sunansa na Dutch shine Steenbrazans rivier, wanda aka ɗauka ana kiransa da sunan ja steenbras (Petrus rupestris), wanda za'a iya kama shi daga bakin tekun da ke kusa da bakin kogin.[3]

An datse kogin a farkon karni na 20 a matsayin samar da ruwa ga Cape Town. An kammala madatsar ruwan Steenbras a cikin 1921 tare da ƙarfin asali na 2.9 × 106m3. An ɗaga bangon dam ɗin daga baya a cikin 1928 da 1952, yana ƙara ƙarfin zuwa 34.3 × 106m3.[3][11]

A cikin 1977, an gina Steenbras Upper Dam kai tsaye. Ana amfani da shi don tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu kololuwa.[12]

Matsalolin sun kasance wani ɓangare na Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape (WCWSS), tsarin haɗin kai na manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida, bututun ruwa, ramuka, hanyoyin rarraba, da ƙananan madatsun ruwa da yawa a cikin Western Cape. Wasu ma’aikatar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ce kuma ke sarrafa su, wasu kuma na birnin Cape Town ne.[13]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="5883" sha1="qtf2mnwforg9rulu32xfy7nlmcrhwon" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Kogin Steenbras''' ƙaramin kogi ne a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tushensa kusa da Grabouw.[1] Tana tsakanin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da Kogelberg da magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin False Bay kudu da Gordon's Bay. An datse kogin a wurare biyu - Steenbras Upper and Lower Dams - don samar da ruwa ga birnin Cape Town. Dam din na sama ya kuma zama tafki na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu da yawa.

== Kamawa da Hydrology ==
Babban magudanar ruwa yana da fadin kusan kilomita 70, ciki har da madatsun ruwa, kuma yana tsakanin tsaunin Hottentots Holland zuwa arewa maso yamma da Kogelberg zuwa kudu maso gabas, a cikin Cape Fold Belt. Kwarin da ke saman dam ɗin ya kasance wani fili mai faɗin gaskiya, buɗaɗɗen kwari. Kogin da ke ƙasan dam ɗin, kogin yana kwararowa ta wani tudu mai gangare, kwarin dutse zuwa ƴan ƴar ƴancin bakin tekun da ke gabashin gabar tekun False Bay.[2] Ana ciyar da madatsun ruwa ta babban kogin da kuma rafukan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba da layukan magudanan ruwa na yanayi[1]. Tsawon babban rafi, gami da madatsun ruwa, ya kai kimanin kilomita 17.[3]

Tsarin ƙasa na kama ya ƙunshi galibin dutsen yashi quartzitic tare da siraran yadudduka na shale da conglomerate na Dutsen Dutsen Tebur.[3] Wannan ilimin geology ya samar da ruwa mai ruwa na Table Mountain, wani magudanar ruwa da ya karye tare da hadaddun hanyoyin ruwa na karkashin kasa, wanda ke sa yin cajin wucin gadi na birni ba zai yuwu ba a yankin.[4]

Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin tsawan lokaci na magudanar ruwa an kiyasta ya zama 50 × 106m3 a kowace shekara.[3] Koyaya, madatsun ruwa sun canza magudanar ruwa sosai. A cewar wani binciken Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabta ta 2009, fitar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar ruwa na Ecological (EWR) a cikin Yuli 2009 ya kasance 0.42 m³/s, kwatankwacin matsakaicin yau na wannan watan (0.41 m³/s) amma kusan ninki biyu na 0.26 m³/s da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin yanayi na halitta, marasa lahani[5].

Mafi yawan magudanar ruwa yana cikin iyakokin birnin Cape Town.[3] Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da aka rubuta a madatsar ruwa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1981 ya kai mm 984, amma ya fi girma a manyan magudanan ruwa, a cikin tsari na 2,000 mm kowace shekara.

=== Estuary ===
Bakin kogin ƙaramin kwari ne da aka yanke zuwa ƙunƙuntaccen tsiri na bakin teku, tare da tudu masu tudu na dutse da rairayin bakin teku masu zagaye da igiyar ruwa. Raƙuman ruwa sun kai ga maɓuɓɓugar ruwan kogin, wanda ke fuskantar kumbura na kudu maso yamma, yana mai da shi bakin teku mai ƙarfi.[3] Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da rahoton cewa ɗakin Steenbras yana nuna matsakaicin matsayi na lalata muhalli kuma yana da halaye waɗanda suka fi dacewa da ƙaramin fjord fiye da na al'ada.[6]

== ingancin ruwa ==
Ruwan yana ɗan ɗanɗano acidic kuma a dabi'a yana da launin ruwan kasa ta hanyar tannins daga ciyawar fynbos.[1] Yana da ɗanɗano mai kyau da ƙarancin daskararrun da aka dakatar amma ana bi da shi don kawar da pH da cire launi, wani ɓangare don dalilai na kwaskwarima da wani ɓangare don rage lalata a cikin bututu.[3][7][1] Duk da acidity na halitta da launi, magudanar ruwa tana kula da ajin lafiyar kogin (Ajin A). Sa ido kan muhalli ya tabbatar da kasancewar haraji mai mahimmanci, irin su net-winged midges (Blephariceridae), waɗanda ke da matsakaicin makin Tsarin Maki na Afirka ta Kudu (SASS) na 15, yana nuna ingancin ruwa sosai.[8]

== Ilimin halittu ==
Yankin Steenbras Nature Reserve ya ƙunshi wani muhimmin yanki na kama.[9] Nau'o'in ciyayi na ƙasa da aka rubuta daga ƙasan ƙasa sun haɗa da dajin kogi, fynbos na tudun ruwa, goge kogin, da bushewar dutsen fynbos.[3] Hakanan ana samun Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos a cikin kama.[7]

Yankin riparian ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan palmiet (Prionium serratum), Pennisetum macrourum, Juncus effusus, Juncus lomatophyllus, Erica caffra, Calopsis paniculata, Elegia capensis, Blechnum capense, da Todea barbara. Mafi shahararren nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i ne na Cape myrtle (Metrosideros angustifolia). A 2009 report noted that while the riparian zone has a good diversity of species, its aerial cover and abundance have been reduced, partly due to the effects of damming and altered flooding regimes.[5][10]

== Hanyoyi ==
Babban titin bakin teku na lardin R44 daga Gordon's Bay zuwa Hermanus yana ratsa kogin kusan mita 200 daga bakin.[3] Babban titin N2 na kasa ya ratsa kogin da ke da nisan kilomita daga gabas da Sir Lowry's Pass.

== Tarihi ==
Injiniya mai ba da shawara Thomas Stewart ya fara bincikar yuwuwar wuraren dam akan kogin Steenbras a ƙarshen 1890 a matsayin tushen ruwa mai yuwuwa ga gundumomin Mowbray da Rondebosch.[11] Masu binciken Turai ne suka fara ketare kogin daga yankin Cape a tsakiyar karni na 17. Asalin sunansa na Dutch shine Steenbrazans rivier, wanda aka ɗauka ana kiransa da sunan ja steenbras (Petrus rupestris), wanda za'a iya kama shi daga bakin tekun da ke kusa da bakin kogin.[3]

An datse kogin a farkon karni na 20 a matsayin samar da ruwa ga Cape Town. An kammala madatsar ruwan Steenbras a cikin 1921 tare da ƙarfin asali na 2.9 × 106m3. An ɗaga bangon dam ɗin daga baya a cikin 1928 da 1952, yana ƙara ƙarfin zuwa 34.3 × 106m3.[3][11]

A cikin 1977, an gina Steenbras Upper Dam kai tsaye. Ana amfani da shi don tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu kololuwa.[12]

Matsalolin sun kasance wani ɓangare na Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape (WCWSS), tsarin haɗin kai na manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida, bututun ruwa, ramuka, hanyoyin rarraba, da ƙananan madatsun ruwa da yawa a cikin Western Cape. Wasu ma’aikatar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ce kuma ke sarrafa su, wasu kuma na birnin Cape Town ne.[13]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin Steenbras''' ƙaramin kogi ne a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tushensa kusa da Grabouw.[1] Tana tsakanin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da Kogelberg da magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin False Bay kudu da Gordon's Bay. An datse kogin a wurare biyu - Steenbras Upper and Lower Dams - don samar da ruwa ga birnin Cape Town. Dam din na sama ya kuma zama tafki na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu da yawa.

[[File:Steenbras river bridge R44.jpg|thumb|Bridge ([[R44 (South Africa)|R44]]) over the Steenbras River]]

== Kamawa da Hydrology ==
Babban magudanar ruwa yana da fadin kusan kilomita 70, ciki har da madatsun ruwa, kuma yana tsakanin tsaunin Hottentots Holland zuwa arewa maso yamma da Kogelberg zuwa kudu maso gabas, a cikin Cape Fold Belt. Kwarin da ke saman dam ɗin ya kasance wani fili mai faɗin gaskiya, buɗaɗɗen kwari. Kogin da ke ƙasan dam ɗin, kogin yana kwararowa ta wani tudu mai gangare, kwarin dutse zuwa ƴan ƴar ƴancin bakin tekun da ke gabashin gabar tekun False Bay.[2] Ana ciyar da madatsun ruwa ta babban kogin da kuma rafukan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba da layukan magudanan ruwa na yanayi[1]. Tsawon babban rafi, gami da madatsun ruwa, ya kai kimanin kilomita 17.[3]

Tsarin ƙasa na kama ya ƙunshi galibin dutsen yashi quartzitic tare da siraran yadudduka na shale da conglomerate na Dutsen Dutsen Tebur.[3] Wannan ilimin geology ya samar da ruwa mai ruwa na Table Mountain, wani magudanar ruwa da ya karye tare da hadaddun hanyoyin ruwa na karkashin kasa, wanda ke sa yin cajin wucin gadi na birni ba zai yuwu ba a yankin.[4]

Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin tsawan lokaci na magudanar ruwa an kiyasta ya zama 50 × 106m3 a kowace shekara.[3] Koyaya, madatsun ruwa sun canza magudanar ruwa sosai. A cewar wani binciken Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabta ta 2009, fitar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar ruwa na Ecological (EWR) a cikin Yuli 2009 ya kasance 0.42 m³/s, kwatankwacin matsakaicin yau na wannan watan (0.41 m³/s) amma kusan ninki biyu na 0.26 m³/s da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin yanayi na halitta, marasa lahani[5].

Mafi yawan magudanar ruwa yana cikin iyakokin birnin Cape Town.[3] Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da aka rubuta a madatsar ruwa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1981 ya kai mm 984, amma ya fi girma a manyan magudanan ruwa, a cikin tsari na 2,000 mm kowace shekara.

=== Estuary ===
Bakin kogin ƙaramin kwari ne da aka yanke zuwa ƙunƙuntaccen tsiri na bakin teku, tare da tudu masu tudu na dutse da rairayin bakin teku masu zagaye da igiyar ruwa. Raƙuman ruwa sun kai ga maɓuɓɓugar ruwan kogin, wanda ke fuskantar kumbura na kudu maso yamma, yana mai da shi bakin teku mai ƙarfi.[3] Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da rahoton cewa ɗakin Steenbras yana nuna matsakaicin matsayi na lalata muhalli kuma yana da halaye waɗanda suka fi dacewa da ƙaramin fjord fiye da na al'ada.[6]

== ingancin ruwa ==
Ruwan yana ɗan ɗanɗano acidic kuma a dabi'a yana da launin ruwan kasa ta hanyar tannins daga ciyawar fynbos.[1] Yana da ɗanɗano mai kyau da ƙarancin daskararrun da aka dakatar amma ana bi da shi don kawar da pH da cire launi, wani ɓangare don dalilai na kwaskwarima da wani ɓangare don rage lalata a cikin bututu.[3][7][1] Duk da acidity na halitta da launi, magudanar ruwa tana kula da ajin lafiyar kogin (Ajin A). Sa ido kan muhalli ya tabbatar da kasancewar haraji mai mahimmanci, irin su net-winged midges (Blephariceridae), waɗanda ke da matsakaicin makin Tsarin Maki na Afirka ta Kudu (SASS) na 15, yana nuna ingancin ruwa sosai.[8]

== Ilimin halittu ==
Yankin Steenbras Nature Reserve ya ƙunshi wani muhimmin yanki na kama.[9] Nau'o'in ciyayi na ƙasa da aka rubuta daga ƙasan ƙasa sun haɗa da dajin kogi, fynbos na tudun ruwa, goge kogin, da bushewar dutsen fynbos.[3] Hakanan ana samun Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos a cikin kama.[7]

Yankin riparian ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan palmiet (Prionium serratum), Pennisetum macrourum, Juncus effusus, Juncus lomatophyllus, Erica caffra, Calopsis paniculata, Elegia capensis, Blechnum capense, da Todea barbara. Mafi shahararren nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i ne na Cape myrtle (Metrosideros angustifolia). A 2009 report noted that while the riparian zone has a good diversity of species, its aerial cover and abundance have been reduced, partly due to the effects of damming and altered flooding regimes.[5][10]

== Hanyoyi ==
Babban titin bakin teku na lardin R44 daga Gordon's Bay zuwa Hermanus yana ratsa kogin kusan mita 200 daga bakin.[3] Babban titin N2 na kasa ya ratsa kogin da ke da nisan kilomita daga gabas da Sir Lowry's Pass.

== Tarihi ==
Injiniya mai ba da shawara Thomas Stewart ya fara bincikar yuwuwar wuraren dam akan kogin Steenbras a ƙarshen 1890 a matsayin tushen ruwa mai yuwuwa ga gundumomin Mowbray da Rondebosch.[11] Masu binciken Turai ne suka fara ketare kogin daga yankin Cape a tsakiyar karni na 17. Asalin sunansa na Dutch shine Steenbrazans rivier, wanda aka ɗauka ana kiransa da sunan ja steenbras (Petrus rupestris), wanda za'a iya kama shi daga bakin tekun da ke kusa da bakin kogin.[3]

An datse kogin a farkon karni na 20 a matsayin samar da ruwa ga Cape Town. An kammala madatsar ruwan Steenbras a cikin 1921 tare da ƙarfin asali na 2.9 × 106m3. An ɗaga bangon dam ɗin daga baya a cikin 1928 da 1952, yana ƙara ƙarfin zuwa 34.3 × 106m3.[3][11]

A cikin 1977, an gina Steenbras Upper Dam kai tsaye. Ana amfani da shi don tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu kololuwa.[12]

Matsalolin sun kasance wani ɓangare na Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape (WCWSS), tsarin haɗin kai na manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida, bututun ruwa, ramuka, hanyoyin rarraba, da ƙananan madatsun ruwa da yawa a cikin Western Cape. Wasu ma’aikatar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ce kuma ke sarrafa su, wasu kuma na birnin Cape Town ne.[13]

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'''Kogin Steenbras''' ƙaramin kogi ne a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tushensa kusa da Grabouw.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Integrated Reserve Management Plan: Steenbras Nature Reserve&quot; (PDF). City of Cape Town. June 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Tana tsakanin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da Kogelberg da magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin False Bay kudu da Gordon's Bay. An datse kogin a wurare biyu - Steenbras Upper and Lower Dams - don samar da ruwa ga birnin Cape Town. Dam din na sama ya kuma zama tafki na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu da yawa.

[[File:Steenbras river bridge R44.jpg|thumb|Bridge ([[R44 (South Africa)|R44]]) over the Steenbras River]]

== Kamawa da Hydrology ==
Babban magudanar ruwa yana da fadin kusan kilomita 70, ciki har da madatsun ruwa, kuma yana tsakanin tsaunin Hottentots Holland zuwa arewa maso yamma da Kogelberg zuwa kudu maso gabas, a cikin Cape Fold Belt. Kwarin da ke saman dam ɗin ya kasance wani fili mai faɗin gaskiya, buɗaɗɗen kwari. Kogin da ke ƙasan dam ɗin, kogin yana kwararowa ta wani tudu mai gangare, kwarin dutse zuwa ƴan ƴar ƴancin bakin tekun da ke gabashin gabar tekun False Bay.[2] Ana ciyar da madatsun ruwa ta babban kogin da kuma rafukan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba da layukan magudanan ruwa na yanayi[1]. Tsawon babban rafi, gami da madatsun ruwa, ya kai kimanin kilomita 17.[3]

Tsarin ƙasa na kama ya ƙunshi galibin dutsen yashi quartzitic tare da siraran yadudduka na shale da conglomerate na Dutsen Dutsen Tebur.[3] Wannan ilimin geology ya samar da ruwa mai ruwa na Table Mountain, wani magudanar ruwa da ya karye tare da hadaddun hanyoyin ruwa na karkashin kasa, wanda ke sa yin cajin wucin gadi na birni ba zai yuwu ba a yankin.[4]

Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin tsawan lokaci na magudanar ruwa an kiyasta ya zama 50 × 106m3 a kowace shekara.[3] Koyaya, madatsun ruwa sun canza magudanar ruwa sosai. A cewar wani binciken Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabta ta 2009, fitar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar ruwa na Ecological (EWR) a cikin Yuli 2009 ya kasance 0.42 m³/s, kwatankwacin matsakaicin yau na wannan watan (0.41 m³/s) amma kusan ninki biyu na 0.26 m³/s da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin yanayi na halitta, marasa lahani[5].

Mafi yawan magudanar ruwa yana cikin iyakokin birnin Cape Town.[3] Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da aka rubuta a madatsar ruwa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1981 ya kai mm 984, amma ya fi girma a manyan magudanan ruwa, a cikin tsari na 2,000 mm kowace shekara.

=== Estuary ===
Bakin kogin ƙaramin kwari ne da aka yanke zuwa ƙunƙuntaccen tsiri na bakin teku, tare da tudu masu tudu na dutse da rairayin bakin teku masu zagaye da igiyar ruwa. Raƙuman ruwa sun kai ga maɓuɓɓugar ruwan kogin, wanda ke fuskantar kumbura na kudu maso yamma, yana mai da shi bakin teku mai ƙarfi.[3] Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da rahoton cewa ɗakin Steenbras yana nuna matsakaicin matsayi na lalata muhalli kuma yana da halaye waɗanda suka fi dacewa da ƙaramin fjord fiye da na al'ada.[6]

== ingancin ruwa ==
Ruwan yana ɗan ɗanɗano acidic kuma a dabi'a yana da launin ruwan kasa ta hanyar tannins daga ciyawar fynbos.[1] Yana da ɗanɗano mai kyau da ƙarancin daskararrun da aka dakatar amma ana bi da shi don kawar da pH da cire launi, wani ɓangare don dalilai na kwaskwarima da wani ɓangare don rage lalata a cikin bututu.[3][7][1] Duk da acidity na halitta da launi, magudanar ruwa tana kula da ajin lafiyar kogin (Ajin A). Sa ido kan muhalli ya tabbatar da kasancewar haraji mai mahimmanci, irin su net-winged midges (Blephariceridae), waɗanda ke da matsakaicin makin Tsarin Maki na Afirka ta Kudu (SASS) na 15, yana nuna ingancin ruwa sosai.[8]

== Ilimin halittu ==
Yankin Steenbras Nature Reserve ya ƙunshi wani muhimmin yanki na kama.[9] Nau'o'in ciyayi na ƙasa da aka rubuta daga ƙasan ƙasa sun haɗa da dajin kogi, fynbos na tudun ruwa, goge kogin, da bushewar dutsen fynbos.[3] Hakanan ana samun Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos a cikin kama.[7]

Yankin riparian ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan palmiet (Prionium serratum), Pennisetum macrourum, Juncus effusus, Juncus lomatophyllus, Erica caffra, Calopsis paniculata, Elegia capensis, Blechnum capense, da Todea barbara. Mafi shahararren nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i ne na Cape myrtle (Metrosideros angustifolia). A 2009 report noted that while the riparian zone has a good diversity of species, its aerial cover and abundance have been reduced, partly due to the effects of damming and altered flooding regimes.[5][10]

== Hanyoyi ==
Babban titin bakin teku na lardin R44 daga Gordon's Bay zuwa Hermanus yana ratsa kogin kusan mita 200 daga bakin.[3] Babban titin N2 na kasa ya ratsa kogin da ke da nisan kilomita daga gabas da Sir Lowry's Pass.

== Tarihi ==
Injiniya mai ba da shawara Thomas Stewart ya fara bincikar yuwuwar wuraren dam akan kogin Steenbras a ƙarshen 1890 a matsayin tushen ruwa mai yuwuwa ga gundumomin Mowbray da Rondebosch.[11] Masu binciken Turai ne suka fara ketare kogin daga yankin Cape a tsakiyar karni na 17. Asalin sunansa na Dutch shine Steenbrazans rivier, wanda aka ɗauka ana kiransa da sunan ja steenbras (Petrus rupestris), wanda za'a iya kama shi daga bakin tekun da ke kusa da bakin kogin.[3]

An datse kogin a farkon karni na 20 a matsayin samar da ruwa ga Cape Town. An kammala madatsar ruwan Steenbras a cikin 1921 tare da ƙarfin asali na 2.9 × 106m3. An ɗaga bangon dam ɗin daga baya a cikin 1928 da 1952, yana ƙara ƙarfin zuwa 34.3 × 106m3.[3][11]

A cikin 1977, an gina Steenbras Upper Dam kai tsaye. Ana amfani da shi don tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu kololuwa.[12]

Matsalolin sun kasance wani ɓangare na Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape (WCWSS), tsarin haɗin kai na manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida, bututun ruwa, ramuka, hanyoyin rarraba, da ƙananan madatsun ruwa da yawa a cikin Western Cape. Wasu ma’aikatar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ce kuma ke sarrafa su, wasu kuma na birnin Cape Town ne.[13]

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'''Kogin Steenbras''' ƙaramin kogi ne a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tushensa kusa da Grabouw.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Integrated Reserve Management Plan: Steenbras Nature Reserve&quot; (PDF). City of Cape Town. June 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Tana tsakanin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da Kogelberg da magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin False Bay kudu da Gordon's Bay. An datse kogin a wurare biyu - Steenbras Upper and Lower Dams - don samar da ruwa ga birnin Cape Town. Dam din na sama ya kuma zama tafki na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu da yawa.

[[File:Steenbras river bridge R44.jpg|thumb|Bridge ([[R44 (South Africa)|R44]]) over the Steenbras River]]

== Kamawa da Hydrology ==
Babban magudanar ruwa yana da fadin kusan kilomita 70, ciki har da madatsun ruwa, kuma yana tsakanin tsaunin Hottentots Holland zuwa arewa maso yamma da Kogelberg zuwa kudu maso gabas, a cikin Cape Fold Belt. Kwarin da ke saman dam ɗin ya kasance wani fili mai faɗin gaskiya, buɗaɗɗen kwari. Kogin da ke ƙasan dam ɗin, kogin yana kwararowa ta wani tudu mai gangare, kwarin dutse zuwa ƴan ƴar ƴancin bakin tekun da ke gabashin gabar tekun False Bay.&lt;ref&gt;''SAN 1016 - Valsbaai'' (Map). Cape Town: SA Navy Hydrographic Office. 1978.&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ciyar da madatsun ruwa ta babban kogin da kuma rafukan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba da layukan magudanan ruwa na yanayi[1]. Tsawon babban rafi, gami da madatsun ruwa, ya kai kimanin kilomita 17.[3]

Tsarin ƙasa na kama ya ƙunshi galibin dutsen yashi quartzitic tare da siraran yadudduka na shale da conglomerate na Dutsen Dutsen Tebur.[3] Wannan ilimin geology ya samar da ruwa mai ruwa na Table Mountain, wani magudanar ruwa da ya karye tare da hadaddun hanyoyin ruwa na karkashin kasa, wanda ke sa yin cajin wucin gadi na birni ba zai yuwu ba a yankin.[4]

Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin tsawan lokaci na magudanar ruwa an kiyasta ya zama 50 × 106m3 a kowace shekara.[3] Koyaya, madatsun ruwa sun canza magudanar ruwa sosai. A cewar wani binciken Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabta ta 2009, fitar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar ruwa na Ecological (EWR) a cikin Yuli 2009 ya kasance 0.42 m³/s, kwatankwacin matsakaicin yau na wannan watan (0.41 m³/s) amma kusan ninki biyu na 0.26 m³/s da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin yanayi na halitta, marasa lahani[5].

Mafi yawan magudanar ruwa yana cikin iyakokin birnin Cape Town.[3] Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da aka rubuta a madatsar ruwa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1981 ya kai mm 984, amma ya fi girma a manyan magudanan ruwa, a cikin tsari na 2,000 mm kowace shekara.

=== Estuary ===
Bakin kogin ƙaramin kwari ne da aka yanke zuwa ƙunƙuntaccen tsiri na bakin teku, tare da tudu masu tudu na dutse da rairayin bakin teku masu zagaye da igiyar ruwa. Raƙuman ruwa sun kai ga maɓuɓɓugar ruwan kogin, wanda ke fuskantar kumbura na kudu maso yamma, yana mai da shi bakin teku mai ƙarfi.[3] Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da rahoton cewa ɗakin Steenbras yana nuna matsakaicin matsayi na lalata muhalli kuma yana da halaye waɗanda suka fi dacewa da ƙaramin fjord fiye da na al'ada.[6]

== ingancin ruwa ==
Ruwan yana ɗan ɗanɗano acidic kuma a dabi'a yana da launin ruwan kasa ta hanyar tannins daga ciyawar fynbos.[1] Yana da ɗanɗano mai kyau da ƙarancin daskararrun da aka dakatar amma ana bi da shi don kawar da pH da cire launi, wani ɓangare don dalilai na kwaskwarima da wani ɓangare don rage lalata a cikin bututu.[3][7][1] Duk da acidity na halitta da launi, magudanar ruwa tana kula da ajin lafiyar kogin (Ajin A). Sa ido kan muhalli ya tabbatar da kasancewar haraji mai mahimmanci, irin su net-winged midges (Blephariceridae), waɗanda ke da matsakaicin makin Tsarin Maki na Afirka ta Kudu (SASS) na 15, yana nuna ingancin ruwa sosai.[8]

== Ilimin halittu ==
Yankin Steenbras Nature Reserve ya ƙunshi wani muhimmin yanki na kama.[9] Nau'o'in ciyayi na ƙasa da aka rubuta daga ƙasan ƙasa sun haɗa da dajin kogi, fynbos na tudun ruwa, goge kogin, da bushewar dutsen fynbos.[3] Hakanan ana samun Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos a cikin kama.[7]

Yankin riparian ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan palmiet (Prionium serratum), Pennisetum macrourum, Juncus effusus, Juncus lomatophyllus, Erica caffra, Calopsis paniculata, Elegia capensis, Blechnum capense, da Todea barbara. Mafi shahararren nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i ne na Cape myrtle (Metrosideros angustifolia). A 2009 report noted that while the riparian zone has a good diversity of species, its aerial cover and abundance have been reduced, partly due to the effects of damming and altered flooding regimes.[5][10]

== Hanyoyi ==
Babban titin bakin teku na lardin R44 daga Gordon's Bay zuwa Hermanus yana ratsa kogin kusan mita 200 daga bakin.[3] Babban titin N2 na kasa ya ratsa kogin da ke da nisan kilomita daga gabas da Sir Lowry's Pass.

== Tarihi ==
Injiniya mai ba da shawara Thomas Stewart ya fara bincikar yuwuwar wuraren dam akan kogin Steenbras a ƙarshen 1890 a matsayin tushen ruwa mai yuwuwa ga gundumomin Mowbray da Rondebosch.[11] Masu binciken Turai ne suka fara ketare kogin daga yankin Cape a tsakiyar karni na 17. Asalin sunansa na Dutch shine Steenbrazans rivier, wanda aka ɗauka ana kiransa da sunan ja steenbras (Petrus rupestris), wanda za'a iya kama shi daga bakin tekun da ke kusa da bakin kogin.[3]

An datse kogin a farkon karni na 20 a matsayin samar da ruwa ga Cape Town. An kammala madatsar ruwan Steenbras a cikin 1921 tare da ƙarfin asali na 2.9 × 106m3. An ɗaga bangon dam ɗin daga baya a cikin 1928 da 1952, yana ƙara ƙarfin zuwa 34.3 × 106m3.[3][11]

A cikin 1977, an gina Steenbras Upper Dam kai tsaye. Ana amfani da shi don tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu kololuwa.[12]

Matsalolin sun kasance wani ɓangare na Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape (WCWSS), tsarin haɗin kai na manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida, bututun ruwa, ramuka, hanyoyin rarraba, da ƙananan madatsun ruwa da yawa a cikin Western Cape. Wasu ma’aikatar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ce kuma ke sarrafa su, wasu kuma na birnin Cape Town ne.[13]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin Steenbras''' ƙaramin kogi ne a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tushensa kusa da Grabouw.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Integrated Reserve Management Plan: Steenbras Nature Reserve&quot; (PDF). City of Cape Town. June 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Tana tsakanin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da Kogelberg da magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin False Bay kudu da Gordon's Bay. An datse kogin a wurare biyu - Steenbras Upper and Lower Dams - don samar da ruwa ga birnin Cape Town. Dam din na sama ya kuma zama tafki na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu da yawa.

[[File:Steenbras river bridge R44.jpg|thumb|Bridge ([[R44 (South Africa)|R44]]) over the Steenbras River]]

== Kamawa da Hydrology ==
Babban magudanar ruwa yana da fadin kusan kilomita 70, ciki har da madatsun ruwa, kuma yana tsakanin tsaunin Hottentots Holland zuwa arewa maso yamma da Kogelberg zuwa kudu maso gabas, a cikin Cape Fold Belt. Kwarin da ke saman dam ɗin ya kasance wani fili mai faɗin gaskiya, buɗaɗɗen kwari. Kogin da ke ƙasan dam ɗin, kogin yana kwararowa ta wani tudu mai gangare, kwarin dutse zuwa ƴan ƴar ƴancin bakin tekun da ke gabashin gabar tekun False Bay.&lt;ref&gt;''SAN 1016 - Valsbaai'' (Map). Cape Town: SA Navy Hydrographic Office. 1978.&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ciyar da madatsun ruwa ta babban kogin da kuma rafukan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba da layukan magudanan ruwa na yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tsawon babban rafi, gami da madatsun ruwa, ya kai kimanin kilomita 17.[3]

Tsarin ƙasa na kama ya ƙunshi galibin dutsen yashi quartzitic tare da siraran yadudduka na shale da conglomerate na Dutsen Dutsen Tebur.[3] Wannan ilimin geology ya samar da ruwa mai ruwa na Table Mountain, wani magudanar ruwa da ya karye tare da hadaddun hanyoyin ruwa na karkashin kasa, wanda ke sa yin cajin wucin gadi na birni ba zai yuwu ba a yankin.[4]

Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin tsawan lokaci na magudanar ruwa an kiyasta ya zama 50 × 106m3 a kowace shekara.[3] Koyaya, madatsun ruwa sun canza magudanar ruwa sosai. A cewar wani binciken Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabta ta 2009, fitar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar ruwa na Ecological (EWR) a cikin Yuli 2009 ya kasance 0.42 m³/s, kwatankwacin matsakaicin yau na wannan watan (0.41 m³/s) amma kusan ninki biyu na 0.26 m³/s da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin yanayi na halitta, marasa lahani[5].

Mafi yawan magudanar ruwa yana cikin iyakokin birnin Cape Town.[3] Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da aka rubuta a madatsar ruwa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1981 ya kai mm 984, amma ya fi girma a manyan magudanan ruwa, a cikin tsari na 2,000 mm kowace shekara.

=== Estuary ===
Bakin kogin ƙaramin kwari ne da aka yanke zuwa ƙunƙuntaccen tsiri na bakin teku, tare da tudu masu tudu na dutse da rairayin bakin teku masu zagaye da igiyar ruwa. Raƙuman ruwa sun kai ga maɓuɓɓugar ruwan kogin, wanda ke fuskantar kumbura na kudu maso yamma, yana mai da shi bakin teku mai ƙarfi.[3] Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da rahoton cewa ɗakin Steenbras yana nuna matsakaicin matsayi na lalata muhalli kuma yana da halaye waɗanda suka fi dacewa da ƙaramin fjord fiye da na al'ada.[6]

== ingancin ruwa ==
Ruwan yana ɗan ɗanɗano acidic kuma a dabi'a yana da launin ruwan kasa ta hanyar tannins daga ciyawar fynbos.[1] Yana da ɗanɗano mai kyau da ƙarancin daskararrun da aka dakatar amma ana bi da shi don kawar da pH da cire launi, wani ɓangare don dalilai na kwaskwarima da wani ɓangare don rage lalata a cikin bututu.[3][7][1] Duk da acidity na halitta da launi, magudanar ruwa tana kula da ajin lafiyar kogin (Ajin A). Sa ido kan muhalli ya tabbatar da kasancewar haraji mai mahimmanci, irin su net-winged midges (Blephariceridae), waɗanda ke da matsakaicin makin Tsarin Maki na Afirka ta Kudu (SASS) na 15, yana nuna ingancin ruwa sosai.[8]

== Ilimin halittu ==
Yankin Steenbras Nature Reserve ya ƙunshi wani muhimmin yanki na kama.[9] Nau'o'in ciyayi na ƙasa da aka rubuta daga ƙasan ƙasa sun haɗa da dajin kogi, fynbos na tudun ruwa, goge kogin, da bushewar dutsen fynbos.[3] Hakanan ana samun Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos a cikin kama.[7]

Yankin riparian ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan palmiet (Prionium serratum), Pennisetum macrourum, Juncus effusus, Juncus lomatophyllus, Erica caffra, Calopsis paniculata, Elegia capensis, Blechnum capense, da Todea barbara. Mafi shahararren nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i ne na Cape myrtle (Metrosideros angustifolia). A 2009 report noted that while the riparian zone has a good diversity of species, its aerial cover and abundance have been reduced, partly due to the effects of damming and altered flooding regimes.[5][10]

== Hanyoyi ==
Babban titin bakin teku na lardin R44 daga Gordon's Bay zuwa Hermanus yana ratsa kogin kusan mita 200 daga bakin.[3] Babban titin N2 na kasa ya ratsa kogin da ke da nisan kilomita daga gabas da Sir Lowry's Pass.

== Tarihi ==
Injiniya mai ba da shawara Thomas Stewart ya fara bincikar yuwuwar wuraren dam akan kogin Steenbras a ƙarshen 1890 a matsayin tushen ruwa mai yuwuwa ga gundumomin Mowbray da Rondebosch.[11] Masu binciken Turai ne suka fara ketare kogin daga yankin Cape a tsakiyar karni na 17. Asalin sunansa na Dutch shine Steenbrazans rivier, wanda aka ɗauka ana kiransa da sunan ja steenbras (Petrus rupestris), wanda za'a iya kama shi daga bakin tekun da ke kusa da bakin kogin.[3]

An datse kogin a farkon karni na 20 a matsayin samar da ruwa ga Cape Town. An kammala madatsar ruwan Steenbras a cikin 1921 tare da ƙarfin asali na 2.9 × 106m3. An ɗaga bangon dam ɗin daga baya a cikin 1928 da 1952, yana ƙara ƙarfin zuwa 34.3 × 106m3.[3][11]

A cikin 1977, an gina Steenbras Upper Dam kai tsaye. Ana amfani da shi don tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu kololuwa.[12]

Matsalolin sun kasance wani ɓangare na Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape (WCWSS), tsarin haɗin kai na manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida, bututun ruwa, ramuka, hanyoyin rarraba, da ƙananan madatsun ruwa da yawa a cikin Western Cape. Wasu ma’aikatar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ce kuma ke sarrafa su, wasu kuma na birnin Cape Town ne.[13]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin Steenbras''' ƙaramin kogi ne a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tushensa kusa da Grabouw.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Integrated Reserve Management Plan: Steenbras Nature Reserve&quot; (PDF). City of Cape Town. June 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Tana tsakanin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da Kogelberg da magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin False Bay kudu da Gordon's Bay. An datse kogin a wurare biyu - Steenbras Upper and Lower Dams - don samar da ruwa ga birnin Cape Town. Dam din na sama ya kuma zama tafki na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu da yawa.

[[File:Steenbras river bridge R44.jpg|thumb|Bridge ([[R44 (South Africa)|R44]]) over the Steenbras River]]

== Kamawa da Hydrology ==
Babban magudanar ruwa yana da fadin kusan kilomita 70, ciki har da madatsun ruwa, kuma yana tsakanin tsaunin Hottentots Holland zuwa arewa maso yamma da Kogelberg zuwa kudu maso gabas, a cikin Cape Fold Belt. Kwarin da ke saman dam ɗin ya kasance wani fili mai faɗin gaskiya, buɗaɗɗen kwari. Kogin da ke ƙasan dam ɗin, kogin yana kwararowa ta wani tudu mai gangare, kwarin dutse zuwa ƴan ƴar ƴancin bakin tekun da ke gabashin gabar tekun False Bay.&lt;ref&gt;''SAN 1016 - Valsbaai'' (Map). Cape Town: SA Navy Hydrographic Office. 1978.&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ciyar da madatsun ruwa ta babban kogin da kuma rafukan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba da layukan magudanan ruwa na yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tsawon babban rafi, gami da madatsun ruwa, ya kai kimanin kilomita 17.&lt;ref&gt;Heinecken, T.J.E.; Bickerton, I.B.; Morant, P.D. (1982). Heydorn, A.E.F.; Grindley, J.R. (eds.). Buffels (Wes), Elsies, Sir Lowry's Pass, Steenbras and Buffels (Oos). Report 12 of the Estuaries of the Cape. Part 2: Synopses of available information on individual systems series. ''CSIR Research report 411'' (Report). Stellenbosch: CSIR.: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research – via saeis.saeon.ac.za.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin ƙasa na kama ya ƙunshi galibin dutsen yashi quartzitic tare da siraran yadudduka na shale da conglomerate na Dutsen Dutsen Tebur.[3] Wannan ilimin geology ya samar da ruwa mai ruwa na Table Mountain, wani magudanar ruwa da ya karye tare da hadaddun hanyoyin ruwa na karkashin kasa, wanda ke sa yin cajin wucin gadi na birni ba zai yuwu ba a yankin.[4]

Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin tsawan lokaci na magudanar ruwa an kiyasta ya zama 50 × 106m3 a kowace shekara.[3] Koyaya, madatsun ruwa sun canza magudanar ruwa sosai. A cewar wani binciken Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabta ta 2009, fitar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar ruwa na Ecological (EWR) a cikin Yuli 2009 ya kasance 0.42 m³/s, kwatankwacin matsakaicin yau na wannan watan (0.41 m³/s) amma kusan ninki biyu na 0.26 m³/s da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin yanayi na halitta, marasa lahani[5].

Mafi yawan magudanar ruwa yana cikin iyakokin birnin Cape Town.[3] Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da aka rubuta a madatsar ruwa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1981 ya kai mm 984, amma ya fi girma a manyan magudanan ruwa, a cikin tsari na 2,000 mm kowace shekara.

=== Estuary ===
Bakin kogin ƙaramin kwari ne da aka yanke zuwa ƙunƙuntaccen tsiri na bakin teku, tare da tudu masu tudu na dutse da rairayin bakin teku masu zagaye da igiyar ruwa. Raƙuman ruwa sun kai ga maɓuɓɓugar ruwan kogin, wanda ke fuskantar kumbura na kudu maso yamma, yana mai da shi bakin teku mai ƙarfi.[3] Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da rahoton cewa ɗakin Steenbras yana nuna matsakaicin matsayi na lalata muhalli kuma yana da halaye waɗanda suka fi dacewa da ƙaramin fjord fiye da na al'ada.[6]

== ingancin ruwa ==
Ruwan yana ɗan ɗanɗano acidic kuma a dabi'a yana da launin ruwan kasa ta hanyar tannins daga ciyawar fynbos.[1] Yana da ɗanɗano mai kyau da ƙarancin daskararrun da aka dakatar amma ana bi da shi don kawar da pH da cire launi, wani ɓangare don dalilai na kwaskwarima da wani ɓangare don rage lalata a cikin bututu.[3][7][1] Duk da acidity na halitta da launi, magudanar ruwa tana kula da ajin lafiyar kogin (Ajin A). Sa ido kan muhalli ya tabbatar da kasancewar haraji mai mahimmanci, irin su net-winged midges (Blephariceridae), waɗanda ke da matsakaicin makin Tsarin Maki na Afirka ta Kudu (SASS) na 15, yana nuna ingancin ruwa sosai.[8]

== Ilimin halittu ==
Yankin Steenbras Nature Reserve ya ƙunshi wani muhimmin yanki na kama.[9] Nau'o'in ciyayi na ƙasa da aka rubuta daga ƙasan ƙasa sun haɗa da dajin kogi, fynbos na tudun ruwa, goge kogin, da bushewar dutsen fynbos.[3] Hakanan ana samun Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos a cikin kama.[7]

Yankin riparian ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan palmiet (Prionium serratum), Pennisetum macrourum, Juncus effusus, Juncus lomatophyllus, Erica caffra, Calopsis paniculata, Elegia capensis, Blechnum capense, da Todea barbara. Mafi shahararren nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i ne na Cape myrtle (Metrosideros angustifolia). A 2009 report noted that while the riparian zone has a good diversity of species, its aerial cover and abundance have been reduced, partly due to the effects of damming and altered flooding regimes.[5][10]

== Hanyoyi ==
Babban titin bakin teku na lardin R44 daga Gordon's Bay zuwa Hermanus yana ratsa kogin kusan mita 200 daga bakin.[3] Babban titin N2 na kasa ya ratsa kogin da ke da nisan kilomita daga gabas da Sir Lowry's Pass.

== Tarihi ==
Injiniya mai ba da shawara Thomas Stewart ya fara bincikar yuwuwar wuraren dam akan kogin Steenbras a ƙarshen 1890 a matsayin tushen ruwa mai yuwuwa ga gundumomin Mowbray da Rondebosch.[11] Masu binciken Turai ne suka fara ketare kogin daga yankin Cape a tsakiyar karni na 17. Asalin sunansa na Dutch shine Steenbrazans rivier, wanda aka ɗauka ana kiransa da sunan ja steenbras (Petrus rupestris), wanda za'a iya kama shi daga bakin tekun da ke kusa da bakin kogin.[3]

An datse kogin a farkon karni na 20 a matsayin samar da ruwa ga Cape Town. An kammala madatsar ruwan Steenbras a cikin 1921 tare da ƙarfin asali na 2.9 × 106m3. An ɗaga bangon dam ɗin daga baya a cikin 1928 da 1952, yana ƙara ƙarfin zuwa 34.3 × 106m3.[3][11]

A cikin 1977, an gina Steenbras Upper Dam kai tsaye. Ana amfani da shi don tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu kololuwa.[12]

Matsalolin sun kasance wani ɓangare na Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape (WCWSS), tsarin haɗin kai na manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida, bututun ruwa, ramuka, hanyoyin rarraba, da ƙananan madatsun ruwa da yawa a cikin Western Cape. Wasu ma’aikatar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ce kuma ke sarrafa su, wasu kuma na birnin Cape Town ne.[13]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin Steenbras''' ƙaramin kogi ne a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tushensa kusa da Grabouw.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Integrated Reserve Management Plan: Steenbras Nature Reserve&quot; (PDF). City of Cape Town. June 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Tana tsakanin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da Kogelberg da magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin False Bay kudu da Gordon's Bay. An datse kogin a wurare biyu - Steenbras Upper and Lower Dams - don samar da ruwa ga birnin Cape Town. Dam din na sama ya kuma zama tafki na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu da yawa.

[[File:Steenbras river bridge R44.jpg|thumb|Bridge ([[R44 (South Africa)|R44]]) over the Steenbras River]]

== Kamawa da Hydrology ==
Babban magudanar ruwa yana da fadin kusan kilomita 70, ciki har da madatsun ruwa, kuma yana tsakanin tsaunin Hottentots Holland zuwa arewa maso yamma da Kogelberg zuwa kudu maso gabas, a cikin Cape Fold Belt. Kwarin da ke saman dam ɗin ya kasance wani fili mai faɗin gaskiya, buɗaɗɗen kwari. Kogin da ke ƙasan dam ɗin, kogin yana kwararowa ta wani tudu mai gangare, kwarin dutse zuwa ƴan ƴar ƴancin bakin tekun da ke gabashin gabar tekun False Bay.&lt;ref&gt;''SAN 1016 - Valsbaai'' (Map). Cape Town: SA Navy Hydrographic Office. 1978.&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ciyar da madatsun ruwa ta babban kogin da kuma rafukan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba da layukan magudanan ruwa na yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tsawon babban rafi, gami da madatsun ruwa, ya kai kimanin kilomita 17.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Heinecken, T.J.E.; Bickerton, I.B.; Morant, P.D. (1982). Heydorn, A.E.F.; Grindley, J.R. (eds.). Buffels (Wes), Elsies, Sir Lowry's Pass, Steenbras and Buffels (Oos). Report 12 of the Estuaries of the Cape. Part 2: Synopses of available information on individual systems series. ''CSIR Research report 411'' (Report). Stellenbosch: CSIR.: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research – via saeis.saeon.ac.za.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin ƙasa na kama ya ƙunshi galibin dutsen yashi quartzitic tare da siraran yadudduka na shale da conglomerate na Dutsen Dutsen Tebur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Wannan ilimin geology ya samar da ruwa mai ruwa na Table Mountain, wani magudanar ruwa da ya karye tare da hadaddun hanyoyin ruwa na karkashin kasa, wanda ke sa yin cajin wucin gadi na birni ba zai yuwu ba a yankin.[4]

Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin tsawan lokaci na magudanar ruwa an kiyasta ya zama 50 × 106m3 a kowace shekara.[3] Koyaya, madatsun ruwa sun canza magudanar ruwa sosai. A cewar wani binciken Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabta ta 2009, fitar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar ruwa na Ecological (EWR) a cikin Yuli 2009 ya kasance 0.42 m³/s, kwatankwacin matsakaicin yau na wannan watan (0.41 m³/s) amma kusan ninki biyu na 0.26 m³/s da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin yanayi na halitta, marasa lahani[5].

Mafi yawan magudanar ruwa yana cikin iyakokin birnin Cape Town.[3] Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da aka rubuta a madatsar ruwa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1981 ya kai mm 984, amma ya fi girma a manyan magudanan ruwa, a cikin tsari na 2,000 mm kowace shekara.

=== Estuary ===
Bakin kogin ƙaramin kwari ne da aka yanke zuwa ƙunƙuntaccen tsiri na bakin teku, tare da tudu masu tudu na dutse da rairayin bakin teku masu zagaye da igiyar ruwa. Raƙuman ruwa sun kai ga maɓuɓɓugar ruwan kogin, wanda ke fuskantar kumbura na kudu maso yamma, yana mai da shi bakin teku mai ƙarfi.[3] Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da rahoton cewa ɗakin Steenbras yana nuna matsakaicin matsayi na lalata muhalli kuma yana da halaye waɗanda suka fi dacewa da ƙaramin fjord fiye da na al'ada.[6]

== ingancin ruwa ==
Ruwan yana ɗan ɗanɗano acidic kuma a dabi'a yana da launin ruwan kasa ta hanyar tannins daga ciyawar fynbos.[1] Yana da ɗanɗano mai kyau da ƙarancin daskararrun da aka dakatar amma ana bi da shi don kawar da pH da cire launi, wani ɓangare don dalilai na kwaskwarima da wani ɓangare don rage lalata a cikin bututu.[3][7][1] Duk da acidity na halitta da launi, magudanar ruwa tana kula da ajin lafiyar kogin (Ajin A). Sa ido kan muhalli ya tabbatar da kasancewar haraji mai mahimmanci, irin su net-winged midges (Blephariceridae), waɗanda ke da matsakaicin makin Tsarin Maki na Afirka ta Kudu (SASS) na 15, yana nuna ingancin ruwa sosai.[8]

== Ilimin halittu ==
Yankin Steenbras Nature Reserve ya ƙunshi wani muhimmin yanki na kama.[9] Nau'o'in ciyayi na ƙasa da aka rubuta daga ƙasan ƙasa sun haɗa da dajin kogi, fynbos na tudun ruwa, goge kogin, da bushewar dutsen fynbos.[3] Hakanan ana samun Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos a cikin kama.[7]

Yankin riparian ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan palmiet (Prionium serratum), Pennisetum macrourum, Juncus effusus, Juncus lomatophyllus, Erica caffra, Calopsis paniculata, Elegia capensis, Blechnum capense, da Todea barbara. Mafi shahararren nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i ne na Cape myrtle (Metrosideros angustifolia). A 2009 report noted that while the riparian zone has a good diversity of species, its aerial cover and abundance have been reduced, partly due to the effects of damming and altered flooding regimes.[5][10]

== Hanyoyi ==
Babban titin bakin teku na lardin R44 daga Gordon's Bay zuwa Hermanus yana ratsa kogin kusan mita 200 daga bakin.[3] Babban titin N2 na kasa ya ratsa kogin da ke da nisan kilomita daga gabas da Sir Lowry's Pass.

== Tarihi ==
Injiniya mai ba da shawara Thomas Stewart ya fara bincikar yuwuwar wuraren dam akan kogin Steenbras a ƙarshen 1890 a matsayin tushen ruwa mai yuwuwa ga gundumomin Mowbray da Rondebosch.[11] Masu binciken Turai ne suka fara ketare kogin daga yankin Cape a tsakiyar karni na 17. Asalin sunansa na Dutch shine Steenbrazans rivier, wanda aka ɗauka ana kiransa da sunan ja steenbras (Petrus rupestris), wanda za'a iya kama shi daga bakin tekun da ke kusa da bakin kogin.[3]

An datse kogin a farkon karni na 20 a matsayin samar da ruwa ga Cape Town. An kammala madatsar ruwan Steenbras a cikin 1921 tare da ƙarfin asali na 2.9 × 106m3. An ɗaga bangon dam ɗin daga baya a cikin 1928 da 1952, yana ƙara ƙarfin zuwa 34.3 × 106m3.[3][11]

A cikin 1977, an gina Steenbras Upper Dam kai tsaye. Ana amfani da shi don tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu kololuwa.[12]

Matsalolin sun kasance wani ɓangare na Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape (WCWSS), tsarin haɗin kai na manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida, bututun ruwa, ramuka, hanyoyin rarraba, da ƙananan madatsun ruwa da yawa a cikin Western Cape. Wasu ma’aikatar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ce kuma ke sarrafa su, wasu kuma na birnin Cape Town ne.[13]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin Steenbras''' ƙaramin kogi ne a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tushensa kusa da Grabouw.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Integrated Reserve Management Plan: Steenbras Nature Reserve&quot; (PDF). City of Cape Town. June 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Tana tsakanin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da Kogelberg da magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin False Bay kudu da Gordon's Bay. An datse kogin a wurare biyu - Steenbras Upper and Lower Dams - don samar da ruwa ga birnin Cape Town. Dam din na sama ya kuma zama tafki na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu da yawa.

[[File:Steenbras river bridge R44.jpg|thumb|Bridge ([[R44 (South Africa)|R44]]) over the Steenbras River]]

== Kamawa da Hydrology ==
Babban magudanar ruwa yana da fadin kusan kilomita 70, ciki har da madatsun ruwa, kuma yana tsakanin tsaunin Hottentots Holland zuwa arewa maso yamma da Kogelberg zuwa kudu maso gabas, a cikin Cape Fold Belt. Kwarin da ke saman dam ɗin ya kasance wani fili mai faɗin gaskiya, buɗaɗɗen kwari. Kogin da ke ƙasan dam ɗin, kogin yana kwararowa ta wani tudu mai gangare, kwarin dutse zuwa ƴan ƴar ƴancin bakin tekun da ke gabashin gabar tekun False Bay.&lt;ref&gt;''SAN 1016 - Valsbaai'' (Map). Cape Town: SA Navy Hydrographic Office. 1978.&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ciyar da madatsun ruwa ta babban kogin da kuma rafukan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba da layukan magudanan ruwa na yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tsawon babban rafi, gami da madatsun ruwa, ya kai kimanin kilomita 17.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Heinecken, T.J.E.; Bickerton, I.B.; Morant, P.D. (1982). Heydorn, A.E.F.; Grindley, J.R. (eds.). Buffels (Wes), Elsies, Sir Lowry's Pass, Steenbras and Buffels (Oos). Report 12 of the Estuaries of the Cape. Part 2: Synopses of available information on individual systems series. ''CSIR Research report 411'' (Report). Stellenbosch: CSIR.: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research – via saeis.saeon.ac.za.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin ƙasa na kama ya ƙunshi galibin dutsen yashi quartzitic tare da siraran yadudduka na shale da conglomerate na Dutsen Dutsen Tebur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Wannan ilimin geology ya samar da ruwa mai ruwa na Table Mountain, wani magudanar ruwa da ya karye tare da hadaddun hanyoyin ruwa na karkashin kasa, wanda ke sa yin cajin wucin gadi na birni ba zai yuwu ba a yankin.[4]

Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin tsawan lokaci na magudanar ruwa an kiyasta ya zama 50 × 106m3 a kowace shekara.[3] Koyaya, madatsun ruwa sun canza magudanar ruwa sosai. A cewar wani binciken Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabta ta 2009, fitar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar ruwa na Ecological (EWR) a cikin Yuli 2009 ya kasance 0.42 m³/s, kwatankwacin matsakaicin yau na wannan watan (0.41 m³/s) amma kusan ninki biyu na 0.26 m³/s da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin yanayi na halitta, marasa lahani[5].

Mafi yawan magudanar ruwa yana cikin iyakokin birnin Cape Town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da aka rubuta a madatsar ruwa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1981 ya kai mm 984, amma ya fi girma a manyan magudanan ruwa, a cikin tsari na 2,000 mm kowace shekara.

=== Estuary ===
Bakin kogin ƙaramin kwari ne da aka yanke zuwa ƙunƙuntaccen tsiri na bakin teku, tare da tudu masu tudu na dutse da rairayin bakin teku masu zagaye da igiyar ruwa. Raƙuman ruwa sun kai ga maɓuɓɓugar ruwan kogin, wanda ke fuskantar kumbura na kudu maso yamma, yana mai da shi bakin teku mai ƙarfi.[3] Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da rahoton cewa ɗakin Steenbras yana nuna matsakaicin matsayi na lalata muhalli kuma yana da halaye waɗanda suka fi dacewa da ƙaramin fjord fiye da na al'ada.[6]

== ingancin ruwa ==
Ruwan yana ɗan ɗanɗano acidic kuma a dabi'a yana da launin ruwan kasa ta hanyar tannins daga ciyawar fynbos.[1] Yana da ɗanɗano mai kyau da ƙarancin daskararrun da aka dakatar amma ana bi da shi don kawar da pH da cire launi, wani ɓangare don dalilai na kwaskwarima da wani ɓangare don rage lalata a cikin bututu.[3][7][1] Duk da acidity na halitta da launi, magudanar ruwa tana kula da ajin lafiyar kogin (Ajin A). Sa ido kan muhalli ya tabbatar da kasancewar haraji mai mahimmanci, irin su net-winged midges (Blephariceridae), waɗanda ke da matsakaicin makin Tsarin Maki na Afirka ta Kudu (SASS) na 15, yana nuna ingancin ruwa sosai.[8]

== Ilimin halittu ==
Yankin Steenbras Nature Reserve ya ƙunshi wani muhimmin yanki na kama.[9] Nau'o'in ciyayi na ƙasa da aka rubuta daga ƙasan ƙasa sun haɗa da dajin kogi, fynbos na tudun ruwa, goge kogin, da bushewar dutsen fynbos.[3] Hakanan ana samun Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos a cikin kama.[7]

Yankin riparian ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan palmiet (Prionium serratum), Pennisetum macrourum, Juncus effusus, Juncus lomatophyllus, Erica caffra, Calopsis paniculata, Elegia capensis, Blechnum capense, da Todea barbara. Mafi shahararren nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i ne na Cape myrtle (Metrosideros angustifolia). A 2009 report noted that while the riparian zone has a good diversity of species, its aerial cover and abundance have been reduced, partly due to the effects of damming and altered flooding regimes.[5][10]

== Hanyoyi ==
Babban titin bakin teku na lardin R44 daga Gordon's Bay zuwa Hermanus yana ratsa kogin kusan mita 200 daga bakin.[3] Babban titin N2 na kasa ya ratsa kogin da ke da nisan kilomita daga gabas da Sir Lowry's Pass.

== Tarihi ==
Injiniya mai ba da shawara Thomas Stewart ya fara bincikar yuwuwar wuraren dam akan kogin Steenbras a ƙarshen 1890 a matsayin tushen ruwa mai yuwuwa ga gundumomin Mowbray da Rondebosch.[11] Masu binciken Turai ne suka fara ketare kogin daga yankin Cape a tsakiyar karni na 17. Asalin sunansa na Dutch shine Steenbrazans rivier, wanda aka ɗauka ana kiransa da sunan ja steenbras (Petrus rupestris), wanda za'a iya kama shi daga bakin tekun da ke kusa da bakin kogin.[3]

An datse kogin a farkon karni na 20 a matsayin samar da ruwa ga Cape Town. An kammala madatsar ruwan Steenbras a cikin 1921 tare da ƙarfin asali na 2.9 × 106m3. An ɗaga bangon dam ɗin daga baya a cikin 1928 da 1952, yana ƙara ƙarfin zuwa 34.3 × 106m3.[3][11]

A cikin 1977, an gina Steenbras Upper Dam kai tsaye. Ana amfani da shi don tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu kololuwa.[12]

Matsalolin sun kasance wani ɓangare na Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape (WCWSS), tsarin haɗin kai na manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida, bututun ruwa, ramuka, hanyoyin rarraba, da ƙananan madatsun ruwa da yawa a cikin Western Cape. Wasu ma’aikatar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ce kuma ke sarrafa su, wasu kuma na birnin Cape Town ne.[13]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin Steenbras''' ƙaramin kogi ne a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tushensa kusa da Grabouw.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Integrated Reserve Management Plan: Steenbras Nature Reserve&quot; (PDF). City of Cape Town. June 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Tana tsakanin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da Kogelberg da magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin False Bay kudu da Gordon's Bay. An datse kogin a wurare biyu - Steenbras Upper and Lower Dams - don samar da ruwa ga birnin Cape Town. Dam din na sama ya kuma zama tafki na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu da yawa.

[[File:Steenbras river bridge R44.jpg|thumb|Bridge ([[R44 (South Africa)|R44]]) over the Steenbras River]]

== Kamawa da Hydrology ==
Babban magudanar ruwa yana da fadin kusan kilomita 70, ciki har da madatsun ruwa, kuma yana tsakanin tsaunin Hottentots Holland zuwa arewa maso yamma da Kogelberg zuwa kudu maso gabas, a cikin Cape Fold Belt. Kwarin da ke saman dam ɗin ya kasance wani fili mai faɗin gaskiya, buɗaɗɗen kwari. Kogin da ke ƙasan dam ɗin, kogin yana kwararowa ta wani tudu mai gangare, kwarin dutse zuwa ƴan ƴar ƴancin bakin tekun da ke gabashin gabar tekun False Bay.&lt;ref&gt;''SAN 1016 - Valsbaai'' (Map). Cape Town: SA Navy Hydrographic Office. 1978.&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ciyar da madatsun ruwa ta babban kogin da kuma rafukan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba da layukan magudanan ruwa na yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tsawon babban rafi, gami da madatsun ruwa, ya kai kimanin kilomita 17.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Heinecken, T.J.E.; Bickerton, I.B.; Morant, P.D. (1982). Heydorn, A.E.F.; Grindley, J.R. (eds.). Buffels (Wes), Elsies, Sir Lowry's Pass, Steenbras and Buffels (Oos). Report 12 of the Estuaries of the Cape. Part 2: Synopses of available information on individual systems series. ''CSIR Research report 411'' (Report). Stellenbosch: CSIR.: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research – via saeis.saeon.ac.za.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin ƙasa na kama ya ƙunshi galibin dutsen yashi quartzitic tare da siraran yadudduka na shale da conglomerate na Dutsen Dutsen Tebur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Wannan ilimin geology ya samar da ruwa mai ruwa na Table Mountain, wani magudanar ruwa da ya karye tare da hadaddun hanyoyin ruwa na karkashin kasa, wanda ke sa yin cajin wucin gadi na birni ba zai yuwu ba a yankin.[4]

Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin tsawan lokaci na magudanar ruwa an kiyasta ya zama 50 × 106m3 a kowace shekara.[3] Koyaya, madatsun ruwa sun canza magudanar ruwa sosai. A cewar wani binciken Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabta ta 2009, fitar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar ruwa na Ecological (EWR) a cikin Yuli 2009 ya kasance 0.42 m³/s, kwatankwacin matsakaicin yau na wannan watan (0.41 m³/s) amma kusan ninki biyu na 0.26 m³/s da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin yanayi na halitta, marasa lahani[5].

Mafi yawan magudanar ruwa yana cikin iyakokin birnin Cape Town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da aka rubuta a madatsar ruwa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1981 ya kai mm 984, amma ya fi girma a manyan magudanan ruwa, a cikin tsari na 2,000 mm kowace shekara.

=== Estuary ===
Bakin kogin ƙaramin kwari ne da aka yanke zuwa ƙunƙuntaccen tsiri na bakin teku, tare da tudu masu tudu na dutse da rairayin bakin teku masu zagaye da igiyar ruwa. Raƙuman ruwa sun kai ga maɓuɓɓugar ruwan kogin, wanda ke fuskantar kumbura na kudu maso yamma, yana mai da shi bakin teku mai ƙarfi.[3] Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da rahoton cewa ɗakin Steenbras yana nuna matsakaicin matsayi na lalata muhalli kuma yana da halaye waɗanda suka fi dacewa da ƙaramin fjord fiye da na al'ada.[6]

== ingancin ruwa ==
Ruwan yana ɗan ɗanɗano acidic kuma a dabi'a yana da launin ruwan kasa ta hanyar tannins daga ciyawar fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Yana da ɗanɗano mai kyau da ƙarancin daskararrun da aka dakatar amma ana bi da shi don kawar da pH da cire launi, wani ɓangare don dalilai na kwaskwarima da wani ɓangare don rage lalata a cikin bututu.[3][7][1] Duk da acidity na halitta da launi, magudanar ruwa tana kula da ajin lafiyar kogin (Ajin A). Sa ido kan muhalli ya tabbatar da kasancewar haraji mai mahimmanci, irin su net-winged midges (Blephariceridae), waɗanda ke da matsakaicin makin Tsarin Maki na Afirka ta Kudu (SASS) na 15, yana nuna ingancin ruwa sosai.[8]

== Ilimin halittu ==
Yankin Steenbras Nature Reserve ya ƙunshi wani muhimmin yanki na kama.[9] Nau'o'in ciyayi na ƙasa da aka rubuta daga ƙasan ƙasa sun haɗa da dajin kogi, fynbos na tudun ruwa, goge kogin, da bushewar dutsen fynbos.[3] Hakanan ana samun Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos a cikin kama.[7]

Yankin riparian ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan palmiet (Prionium serratum), Pennisetum macrourum, Juncus effusus, Juncus lomatophyllus, Erica caffra, Calopsis paniculata, Elegia capensis, Blechnum capense, da Todea barbara. Mafi shahararren nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i ne na Cape myrtle (Metrosideros angustifolia). A 2009 report noted that while the riparian zone has a good diversity of species, its aerial cover and abundance have been reduced, partly due to the effects of damming and altered flooding regimes.[5][10]

== Hanyoyi ==
Babban titin bakin teku na lardin R44 daga Gordon's Bay zuwa Hermanus yana ratsa kogin kusan mita 200 daga bakin.[3] Babban titin N2 na kasa ya ratsa kogin da ke da nisan kilomita daga gabas da Sir Lowry's Pass.

== Tarihi ==
Injiniya mai ba da shawara Thomas Stewart ya fara bincikar yuwuwar wuraren dam akan kogin Steenbras a ƙarshen 1890 a matsayin tushen ruwa mai yuwuwa ga gundumomin Mowbray da Rondebosch.[11] Masu binciken Turai ne suka fara ketare kogin daga yankin Cape a tsakiyar karni na 17. Asalin sunansa na Dutch shine Steenbrazans rivier, wanda aka ɗauka ana kiransa da sunan ja steenbras (Petrus rupestris), wanda za'a iya kama shi daga bakin tekun da ke kusa da bakin kogin.[3]

An datse kogin a farkon karni na 20 a matsayin samar da ruwa ga Cape Town. An kammala madatsar ruwan Steenbras a cikin 1921 tare da ƙarfin asali na 2.9 × 106m3. An ɗaga bangon dam ɗin daga baya a cikin 1928 da 1952, yana ƙara ƙarfin zuwa 34.3 × 106m3.[3][11]

A cikin 1977, an gina Steenbras Upper Dam kai tsaye. Ana amfani da shi don tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu kololuwa.[12]

Matsalolin sun kasance wani ɓangare na Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape (WCWSS), tsarin haɗin kai na manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida, bututun ruwa, ramuka, hanyoyin rarraba, da ƙananan madatsun ruwa da yawa a cikin Western Cape. Wasu ma’aikatar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ce kuma ke sarrafa su, wasu kuma na birnin Cape Town ne.[13]

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'''Kogin Steenbras''' ƙaramin kogi ne a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tushensa kusa da Grabouw.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Integrated Reserve Management Plan: Steenbras Nature Reserve&quot; (PDF). City of Cape Town. June 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Tana tsakanin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da Kogelberg da magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin False Bay kudu da Gordon's Bay. An datse kogin a wurare biyu - Steenbras Upper and Lower Dams - don samar da ruwa ga birnin Cape Town. Dam din na sama ya kuma zama tafki na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu da yawa.

[[File:Steenbras river bridge R44.jpg|thumb|Bridge ([[R44 (South Africa)|R44]]) over the Steenbras River]]

== Kamawa da Hydrology ==
Babban magudanar ruwa yana da fadin kusan kilomita 70, ciki har da madatsun ruwa, kuma yana tsakanin tsaunin Hottentots Holland zuwa arewa maso yamma da Kogelberg zuwa kudu maso gabas, a cikin Cape Fold Belt. Kwarin da ke saman dam ɗin ya kasance wani fili mai faɗin gaskiya, buɗaɗɗen kwari. Kogin da ke ƙasan dam ɗin, kogin yana kwararowa ta wani tudu mai gangare, kwarin dutse zuwa ƴan ƴar ƴancin bakin tekun da ke gabashin gabar tekun False Bay.&lt;ref&gt;''SAN 1016 - Valsbaai'' (Map). Cape Town: SA Navy Hydrographic Office. 1978.&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ciyar da madatsun ruwa ta babban kogin da kuma rafukan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba da layukan magudanan ruwa na yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tsawon babban rafi, gami da madatsun ruwa, ya kai kimanin kilomita 17.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Heinecken, T.J.E.; Bickerton, I.B.; Morant, P.D. (1982). Heydorn, A.E.F.; Grindley, J.R. (eds.). Buffels (Wes), Elsies, Sir Lowry's Pass, Steenbras and Buffels (Oos). Report 12 of the Estuaries of the Cape. Part 2: Synopses of available information on individual systems series. ''CSIR Research report 411'' (Report). Stellenbosch: CSIR.: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research – via saeis.saeon.ac.za.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin ƙasa na kama ya ƙunshi galibin dutsen yashi quartzitic tare da siraran yadudduka na shale da conglomerate na Dutsen Dutsen Tebur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Wannan ilimin geology ya samar da ruwa mai ruwa na Table Mountain, wani magudanar ruwa da ya karye tare da hadaddun hanyoyin ruwa na karkashin kasa, wanda ke sa yin cajin wucin gadi na birni ba zai yuwu ba a yankin.[4]

Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin tsawan lokaci na magudanar ruwa an kiyasta ya zama 50 × 106m3 a kowace shekara.[3] Koyaya, madatsun ruwa sun canza magudanar ruwa sosai. A cewar wani binciken Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabta ta 2009, fitar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar ruwa na Ecological (EWR) a cikin Yuli 2009 ya kasance 0.42 m³/s, kwatankwacin matsakaicin yau na wannan watan (0.41 m³/s) amma kusan ninki biyu na 0.26 m³/s da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin yanayi na halitta, marasa lahani[5].

Mafi yawan magudanar ruwa yana cikin iyakokin birnin Cape Town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da aka rubuta a madatsar ruwa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1981 ya kai mm 984, amma ya fi girma a manyan magudanan ruwa, a cikin tsari na 2,000 mm kowace shekara.

=== Estuary ===
Bakin kogin ƙaramin kwari ne da aka yanke zuwa ƙunƙuntaccen tsiri na bakin teku, tare da tudu masu tudu na dutse da rairayin bakin teku masu zagaye da igiyar ruwa. Raƙuman ruwa sun kai ga maɓuɓɓugar ruwan kogin, wanda ke fuskantar kumbura na kudu maso yamma, yana mai da shi bakin teku mai ƙarfi.[3] Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da rahoton cewa ɗakin Steenbras yana nuna matsakaicin matsayi na lalata muhalli kuma yana da halaye waɗanda suka fi dacewa da ƙaramin fjord fiye da na al'ada.[6]

== ingancin ruwa ==
Ruwan yana ɗan ɗanɗano acidic kuma a dabi'a yana da launin ruwan kasa ta hanyar tannins daga ciyawar fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Yana da ɗanɗano mai kyau da ƙarancin daskararrun da aka dakatar amma ana bi da shi don kawar da pH da cire launi, wani ɓangare don dalilai na kwaskwarima da wani ɓangare don rage lalata a cikin bututu.[3][7]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Duk da acidity na halitta da launi, magudanar ruwa tana kula da ajin lafiyar kogin (Ajin A). Sa ido kan muhalli ya tabbatar da kasancewar haraji mai mahimmanci, irin su net-winged midges (Blephariceridae), waɗanda ke da matsakaicin makin Tsarin Maki na Afirka ta Kudu (SASS) na 15, yana nuna ingancin ruwa sosai.[8]

== Ilimin halittu ==
Yankin Steenbras Nature Reserve ya ƙunshi wani muhimmin yanki na kama.[9] Nau'o'in ciyayi na ƙasa da aka rubuta daga ƙasan ƙasa sun haɗa da dajin kogi, fynbos na tudun ruwa, goge kogin, da bushewar dutsen fynbos.[3] Hakanan ana samun Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos a cikin kama.[7]

Yankin riparian ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan palmiet (Prionium serratum), Pennisetum macrourum, Juncus effusus, Juncus lomatophyllus, Erica caffra, Calopsis paniculata, Elegia capensis, Blechnum capense, da Todea barbara. Mafi shahararren nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i ne na Cape myrtle (Metrosideros angustifolia). A 2009 report noted that while the riparian zone has a good diversity of species, its aerial cover and abundance have been reduced, partly due to the effects of damming and altered flooding regimes.[5][10]

== Hanyoyi ==
Babban titin bakin teku na lardin R44 daga Gordon's Bay zuwa Hermanus yana ratsa kogin kusan mita 200 daga bakin.[3] Babban titin N2 na kasa ya ratsa kogin da ke da nisan kilomita daga gabas da Sir Lowry's Pass.

== Tarihi ==
Injiniya mai ba da shawara Thomas Stewart ya fara bincikar yuwuwar wuraren dam akan kogin Steenbras a ƙarshen 1890 a matsayin tushen ruwa mai yuwuwa ga gundumomin Mowbray da Rondebosch.[11] Masu binciken Turai ne suka fara ketare kogin daga yankin Cape a tsakiyar karni na 17. Asalin sunansa na Dutch shine Steenbrazans rivier, wanda aka ɗauka ana kiransa da sunan ja steenbras (Petrus rupestris), wanda za'a iya kama shi daga bakin tekun da ke kusa da bakin kogin.[3]

An datse kogin a farkon karni na 20 a matsayin samar da ruwa ga Cape Town. An kammala madatsar ruwan Steenbras a cikin 1921 tare da ƙarfin asali na 2.9 × 106m3. An ɗaga bangon dam ɗin daga baya a cikin 1928 da 1952, yana ƙara ƙarfin zuwa 34.3 × 106m3.[3][11]

A cikin 1977, an gina Steenbras Upper Dam kai tsaye. Ana amfani da shi don tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu kololuwa.[12]

Matsalolin sun kasance wani ɓangare na Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape (WCWSS), tsarin haɗin kai na manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida, bututun ruwa, ramuka, hanyoyin rarraba, da ƙananan madatsun ruwa da yawa a cikin Western Cape. Wasu ma’aikatar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ce kuma ke sarrafa su, wasu kuma na birnin Cape Town ne.[13]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin Steenbras''' ƙaramin kogi ne a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tushensa kusa da Grabouw.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Integrated Reserve Management Plan: Steenbras Nature Reserve&quot; (PDF). City of Cape Town. June 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Tana tsakanin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da Kogelberg da magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin False Bay kudu da Gordon's Bay. An datse kogin a wurare biyu - Steenbras Upper and Lower Dams - don samar da ruwa ga birnin Cape Town. Dam din na sama ya kuma zama tafki na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu da yawa.

[[File:Steenbras river bridge R44.jpg|thumb|Bridge ([[R44 (South Africa)|R44]]) over the Steenbras River]]

== Kamawa da Hydrology ==
Babban magudanar ruwa yana da fadin kusan kilomita 70, ciki har da madatsun ruwa, kuma yana tsakanin tsaunin Hottentots Holland zuwa arewa maso yamma da Kogelberg zuwa kudu maso gabas, a cikin Cape Fold Belt. Kwarin da ke saman dam ɗin ya kasance wani fili mai faɗin gaskiya, buɗaɗɗen kwari. Kogin da ke ƙasan dam ɗin, kogin yana kwararowa ta wani tudu mai gangare, kwarin dutse zuwa ƴan ƴar ƴancin bakin tekun da ke gabashin gabar tekun False Bay.&lt;ref&gt;''SAN 1016 - Valsbaai'' (Map). Cape Town: SA Navy Hydrographic Office. 1978.&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ciyar da madatsun ruwa ta babban kogin da kuma rafukan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba da layukan magudanan ruwa na yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tsawon babban rafi, gami da madatsun ruwa, ya kai kimanin kilomita 17.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Heinecken, T.J.E.; Bickerton, I.B.; Morant, P.D. (1982). Heydorn, A.E.F.; Grindley, J.R. (eds.). Buffels (Wes), Elsies, Sir Lowry's Pass, Steenbras and Buffels (Oos). Report 12 of the Estuaries of the Cape. Part 2: Synopses of available information on individual systems series. ''CSIR Research report 411'' (Report). Stellenbosch: CSIR.: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research – via saeis.saeon.ac.za.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin ƙasa na kama ya ƙunshi galibin dutsen yashi quartzitic tare da siraran yadudduka na shale da conglomerate na Dutsen Dutsen Tebur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Wannan ilimin geology ya samar da ruwa mai ruwa na Table Mountain, wani magudanar ruwa da ya karye tare da hadaddun hanyoyin ruwa na karkashin kasa, wanda ke sa yin cajin wucin gadi na birni ba zai yuwu ba a yankin.[4]

Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin tsawan lokaci na magudanar ruwa an kiyasta ya zama 50 × 106m3 a kowace shekara.[3] Koyaya, madatsun ruwa sun canza magudanar ruwa sosai. A cewar wani binciken Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabta ta 2009, fitar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar ruwa na Ecological (EWR) a cikin Yuli 2009 ya kasance 0.42 m³/s, kwatankwacin matsakaicin yau na wannan watan (0.41 m³/s) amma kusan ninki biyu na 0.26 m³/s da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin yanayi na halitta, marasa lahani[5].

Mafi yawan magudanar ruwa yana cikin iyakokin birnin Cape Town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da aka rubuta a madatsar ruwa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1981 ya kai mm 984, amma ya fi girma a manyan magudanan ruwa, a cikin tsari na 2,000 mm kowace shekara.

=== Estuary ===
Bakin kogin ƙaramin kwari ne da aka yanke zuwa ƙunƙuntaccen tsiri na bakin teku, tare da tudu masu tudu na dutse da rairayin bakin teku masu zagaye da igiyar ruwa. Raƙuman ruwa sun kai ga maɓuɓɓugar ruwan kogin, wanda ke fuskantar kumbura na kudu maso yamma, yana mai da shi bakin teku mai ƙarfi.[3] Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da rahoton cewa ɗakin Steenbras yana nuna matsakaicin matsayi na lalata muhalli kuma yana da halaye waɗanda suka fi dacewa da ƙaramin fjord fiye da na al'ada.[6]

== ingancin ruwa ==
Ruwan yana ɗan ɗanɗano acidic kuma a dabi'a yana da launin ruwan kasa ta hanyar tannins daga ciyawar fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Yana da ɗanɗano mai kyau da ƙarancin daskararrun da aka dakatar amma ana bi da shi don kawar da pH da cire launi, wani ɓangare don dalilai na kwaskwarima da wani ɓangare don rage lalata a cikin bututu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;[7]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Duk da acidity na halitta da launi, magudanar ruwa tana kula da ajin lafiyar kogin (Ajin A). Sa ido kan muhalli ya tabbatar da kasancewar haraji mai mahimmanci, irin su net-winged midges (Blephariceridae), waɗanda ke da matsakaicin makin Tsarin Maki na Afirka ta Kudu (SASS) na 15, yana nuna ingancin ruwa sosai.[8]

== Ilimin halittu ==
Yankin Steenbras Nature Reserve ya ƙunshi wani muhimmin yanki na kama.[9] Nau'o'in ciyayi na ƙasa da aka rubuta daga ƙasan ƙasa sun haɗa da dajin kogi, fynbos na tudun ruwa, goge kogin, da bushewar dutsen fynbos.[3] Hakanan ana samun Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos a cikin kama.[7]

Yankin riparian ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan palmiet (Prionium serratum), Pennisetum macrourum, Juncus effusus, Juncus lomatophyllus, Erica caffra, Calopsis paniculata, Elegia capensis, Blechnum capense, da Todea barbara. Mafi shahararren nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i ne na Cape myrtle (Metrosideros angustifolia). A 2009 report noted that while the riparian zone has a good diversity of species, its aerial cover and abundance have been reduced, partly due to the effects of damming and altered flooding regimes.[5][10]

== Hanyoyi ==
Babban titin bakin teku na lardin R44 daga Gordon's Bay zuwa Hermanus yana ratsa kogin kusan mita 200 daga bakin.[3] Babban titin N2 na kasa ya ratsa kogin da ke da nisan kilomita daga gabas da Sir Lowry's Pass.

== Tarihi ==
Injiniya mai ba da shawara Thomas Stewart ya fara bincikar yuwuwar wuraren dam akan kogin Steenbras a ƙarshen 1890 a matsayin tushen ruwa mai yuwuwa ga gundumomin Mowbray da Rondebosch.[11] Masu binciken Turai ne suka fara ketare kogin daga yankin Cape a tsakiyar karni na 17. Asalin sunansa na Dutch shine Steenbrazans rivier, wanda aka ɗauka ana kiransa da sunan ja steenbras (Petrus rupestris), wanda za'a iya kama shi daga bakin tekun da ke kusa da bakin kogin.[3]

An datse kogin a farkon karni na 20 a matsayin samar da ruwa ga Cape Town. An kammala madatsar ruwan Steenbras a cikin 1921 tare da ƙarfin asali na 2.9 × 106m3. An ɗaga bangon dam ɗin daga baya a cikin 1928 da 1952, yana ƙara ƙarfin zuwa 34.3 × 106m3.[3][11]

A cikin 1977, an gina Steenbras Upper Dam kai tsaye. Ana amfani da shi don tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu kololuwa.[12]

Matsalolin sun kasance wani ɓangare na Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape (WCWSS), tsarin haɗin kai na manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida, bututun ruwa, ramuka, hanyoyin rarraba, da ƙananan madatsun ruwa da yawa a cikin Western Cape. Wasu ma’aikatar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ce kuma ke sarrafa su, wasu kuma na birnin Cape Town ne.[13]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin Steenbras''' ƙaramin kogi ne a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tushensa kusa da Grabouw.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Integrated Reserve Management Plan: Steenbras Nature Reserve&quot; (PDF). City of Cape Town. June 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Tana tsakanin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da Kogelberg da magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin False Bay kudu da Gordon's Bay. An datse kogin a wurare biyu - Steenbras Upper and Lower Dams - don samar da ruwa ga birnin Cape Town. Dam din na sama ya kuma zama tafki na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu da yawa.

[[File:Steenbras river bridge R44.jpg|thumb|Bridge ([[R44 (South Africa)|R44]]) over the Steenbras River]]

== Kamawa da Hydrology ==
Babban magudanar ruwa yana da fadin kusan kilomita 70, ciki har da madatsun ruwa, kuma yana tsakanin tsaunin Hottentots Holland zuwa arewa maso yamma da Kogelberg zuwa kudu maso gabas, a cikin Cape Fold Belt. Kwarin da ke saman dam ɗin ya kasance wani fili mai faɗin gaskiya, buɗaɗɗen kwari. Kogin da ke ƙasan dam ɗin, kogin yana kwararowa ta wani tudu mai gangare, kwarin dutse zuwa ƴan ƴar ƴancin bakin tekun da ke gabashin gabar tekun False Bay.&lt;ref&gt;''SAN 1016 - Valsbaai'' (Map). Cape Town: SA Navy Hydrographic Office. 1978.&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ciyar da madatsun ruwa ta babban kogin da kuma rafukan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba da layukan magudanan ruwa na yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tsawon babban rafi, gami da madatsun ruwa, ya kai kimanin kilomita 17.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Heinecken, T.J.E.; Bickerton, I.B.; Morant, P.D. (1982). Heydorn, A.E.F.; Grindley, J.R. (eds.). Buffels (Wes), Elsies, Sir Lowry's Pass, Steenbras and Buffels (Oos). Report 12 of the Estuaries of the Cape. Part 2: Synopses of available information on individual systems series. ''CSIR Research report 411'' (Report). Stellenbosch: CSIR.: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research – via saeis.saeon.ac.za.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin ƙasa na kama ya ƙunshi galibin dutsen yashi quartzitic tare da siraran yadudduka na shale da conglomerate na Dutsen Dutsen Tebur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Wannan ilimin geology ya samar da ruwa mai ruwa na Table Mountain, wani magudanar ruwa da ya karye tare da hadaddun hanyoyin ruwa na karkashin kasa, wanda ke sa yin cajin wucin gadi na birni ba zai yuwu ba a yankin.[4]

Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin tsawan lokaci na magudanar ruwa an kiyasta ya zama 50 × 106m3 a kowace shekara.[3] Koyaya, madatsun ruwa sun canza magudanar ruwa sosai. A cewar wani binciken Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabta ta 2009, fitar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar ruwa na Ecological (EWR) a cikin Yuli 2009 ya kasance 0.42 m³/s, kwatankwacin matsakaicin yau na wannan watan (0.41 m³/s) amma kusan ninki biyu na 0.26 m³/s da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin yanayi na halitta, marasa lahani[5].

Mafi yawan magudanar ruwa yana cikin iyakokin birnin Cape Town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da aka rubuta a madatsar ruwa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1981 ya kai mm 984, amma ya fi girma a manyan magudanan ruwa, a cikin tsari na 2,000 mm kowace shekara.

=== Estuary ===
Bakin kogin ƙaramin kwari ne da aka yanke zuwa ƙunƙuntaccen tsiri na bakin teku, tare da tudu masu tudu na dutse da rairayin bakin teku masu zagaye da igiyar ruwa. Raƙuman ruwa sun kai ga maɓuɓɓugar ruwan kogin, wanda ke fuskantar kumbura na kudu maso yamma, yana mai da shi bakin teku mai ƙarfi.[3] Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da rahoton cewa ɗakin Steenbras yana nuna matsakaicin matsayi na lalata muhalli kuma yana da halaye waɗanda suka fi dacewa da ƙaramin fjord fiye da na al'ada.[6]

== ingancin ruwa ==
Ruwan yana ɗan ɗanɗano acidic kuma a dabi'a yana da launin ruwan kasa ta hanyar tannins daga ciyawar fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Yana da ɗanɗano mai kyau da ƙarancin daskararrun da aka dakatar amma ana bi da shi don kawar da pH da cire launi, wani ɓangare don dalilai na kwaskwarima da wani ɓangare don rage lalata a cikin bututu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;[7]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Duk da acidity na halitta da launi, magudanar ruwa tana kula da ajin lafiyar kogin (Ajin A). Sa ido kan muhalli ya tabbatar da kasancewar haraji mai mahimmanci, irin su net-winged midges (Blephariceridae), waɗanda ke da matsakaicin makin Tsarin Maki na Afirka ta Kudu (SASS) na 15, yana nuna ingancin ruwa sosai.[8]

== Ilimin halittu ==
Yankin Steenbras Nature Reserve ya ƙunshi wani muhimmin yanki na kama.[9] Nau'o'in ciyayi na ƙasa da aka rubuta daga ƙasan ƙasa sun haɗa da dajin kogi, fynbos na tudun ruwa, goge kogin, da bushewar dutsen fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hakanan ana samun Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos a cikin kama.[7]

Yankin riparian ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan palmiet (Prionium serratum), Pennisetum macrourum, Juncus effusus, Juncus lomatophyllus, Erica caffra, Calopsis paniculata, Elegia capensis, Blechnum capense, da Todea barbara. Mafi shahararren nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i ne na Cape myrtle (Metrosideros angustifolia). A 2009 report noted that while the riparian zone has a good diversity of species, its aerial cover and abundance have been reduced, partly due to the effects of damming and altered flooding regimes.[5][10]

== Hanyoyi ==
Babban titin bakin teku na lardin R44 daga Gordon's Bay zuwa Hermanus yana ratsa kogin kusan mita 200 daga bakin.[3] Babban titin N2 na kasa ya ratsa kogin da ke da nisan kilomita daga gabas da Sir Lowry's Pass.

== Tarihi ==
Injiniya mai ba da shawara Thomas Stewart ya fara bincikar yuwuwar wuraren dam akan kogin Steenbras a ƙarshen 1890 a matsayin tushen ruwa mai yuwuwa ga gundumomin Mowbray da Rondebosch.[11] Masu binciken Turai ne suka fara ketare kogin daga yankin Cape a tsakiyar karni na 17. Asalin sunansa na Dutch shine Steenbrazans rivier, wanda aka ɗauka ana kiransa da sunan ja steenbras (Petrus rupestris), wanda za'a iya kama shi daga bakin tekun da ke kusa da bakin kogin.[3]

An datse kogin a farkon karni na 20 a matsayin samar da ruwa ga Cape Town. An kammala madatsar ruwan Steenbras a cikin 1921 tare da ƙarfin asali na 2.9 × 106m3. An ɗaga bangon dam ɗin daga baya a cikin 1928 da 1952, yana ƙara ƙarfin zuwa 34.3 × 106m3.[3][11]

A cikin 1977, an gina Steenbras Upper Dam kai tsaye. Ana amfani da shi don tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu kololuwa.[12]

Matsalolin sun kasance wani ɓangare na Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape (WCWSS), tsarin haɗin kai na manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida, bututun ruwa, ramuka, hanyoyin rarraba, da ƙananan madatsun ruwa da yawa a cikin Western Cape. Wasu ma’aikatar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ce kuma ke sarrafa su, wasu kuma na birnin Cape Town ne.[13]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin Steenbras''' ƙaramin kogi ne a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tushensa kusa da Grabouw.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Integrated Reserve Management Plan: Steenbras Nature Reserve&quot; (PDF). City of Cape Town. June 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Tana tsakanin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da Kogelberg da magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin False Bay kudu da Gordon's Bay. An datse kogin a wurare biyu - Steenbras Upper and Lower Dams - don samar da ruwa ga birnin Cape Town. Dam din na sama ya kuma zama tafki na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu da yawa.

[[File:Steenbras river bridge R44.jpg|thumb|Bridge ([[R44 (South Africa)|R44]]) over the Steenbras River]]

== Kamawa da Hydrology ==
Babban magudanar ruwa yana da fadin kusan kilomita 70, ciki har da madatsun ruwa, kuma yana tsakanin tsaunin Hottentots Holland zuwa arewa maso yamma da Kogelberg zuwa kudu maso gabas, a cikin Cape Fold Belt. Kwarin da ke saman dam ɗin ya kasance wani fili mai faɗin gaskiya, buɗaɗɗen kwari. Kogin da ke ƙasan dam ɗin, kogin yana kwararowa ta wani tudu mai gangare, kwarin dutse zuwa ƴan ƴar ƴancin bakin tekun da ke gabashin gabar tekun False Bay.&lt;ref&gt;''SAN 1016 - Valsbaai'' (Map). Cape Town: SA Navy Hydrographic Office. 1978.&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ciyar da madatsun ruwa ta babban kogin da kuma rafukan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba da layukan magudanan ruwa na yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tsawon babban rafi, gami da madatsun ruwa, ya kai kimanin kilomita 17.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Heinecken, T.J.E.; Bickerton, I.B.; Morant, P.D. (1982). Heydorn, A.E.F.; Grindley, J.R. (eds.). Buffels (Wes), Elsies, Sir Lowry's Pass, Steenbras and Buffels (Oos). Report 12 of the Estuaries of the Cape. Part 2: Synopses of available information on individual systems series. ''CSIR Research report 411'' (Report). Stellenbosch: CSIR.: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research – via saeis.saeon.ac.za.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin ƙasa na kama ya ƙunshi galibin dutsen yashi quartzitic tare da siraran yadudduka na shale da conglomerate na Dutsen Dutsen Tebur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Wannan ilimin geology ya samar da ruwa mai ruwa na Table Mountain, wani magudanar ruwa da ya karye tare da hadaddun hanyoyin ruwa na karkashin kasa, wanda ke sa yin cajin wucin gadi na birni ba zai yuwu ba a yankin.[4]

Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin tsawan lokaci na magudanar ruwa an kiyasta ya zama 50 × 106m3 a kowace shekara.[3] Koyaya, madatsun ruwa sun canza magudanar ruwa sosai. A cewar wani binciken Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabta ta 2009, fitar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar ruwa na Ecological (EWR) a cikin Yuli 2009 ya kasance 0.42 m³/s, kwatankwacin matsakaicin yau na wannan watan (0.41 m³/s) amma kusan ninki biyu na 0.26 m³/s da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin yanayi na halitta, marasa lahani[5].

Mafi yawan magudanar ruwa yana cikin iyakokin birnin Cape Town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da aka rubuta a madatsar ruwa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1981 ya kai mm 984, amma ya fi girma a manyan magudanan ruwa, a cikin tsari na 2,000 mm kowace shekara.

=== Estuary ===
Bakin kogin ƙaramin kwari ne da aka yanke zuwa ƙunƙuntaccen tsiri na bakin teku, tare da tudu masu tudu na dutse da rairayin bakin teku masu zagaye da igiyar ruwa. Raƙuman ruwa sun kai ga maɓuɓɓugar ruwan kogin, wanda ke fuskantar kumbura na kudu maso yamma, yana mai da shi bakin teku mai ƙarfi.[3] Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da rahoton cewa ɗakin Steenbras yana nuna matsakaicin matsayi na lalata muhalli kuma yana da halaye waɗanda suka fi dacewa da ƙaramin fjord fiye da na al'ada.[6]

== ingancin ruwa ==
Ruwan yana ɗan ɗanɗano acidic kuma a dabi'a yana da launin ruwan kasa ta hanyar tannins daga ciyawar fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Yana da ɗanɗano mai kyau da ƙarancin daskararrun da aka dakatar amma ana bi da shi don kawar da pH da cire launi, wani ɓangare don dalilai na kwaskwarima da wani ɓangare don rage lalata a cikin bututu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;[7]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Duk da acidity na halitta da launi, magudanar ruwa tana kula da ajin lafiyar kogin (Ajin A). Sa ido kan muhalli ya tabbatar da kasancewar haraji mai mahimmanci, irin su net-winged midges (Blephariceridae), waɗanda ke da matsakaicin makin Tsarin Maki na Afirka ta Kudu (SASS) na 15, yana nuna ingancin ruwa sosai.[8]

== Ilimin halittu ==
Yankin Steenbras Nature Reserve ya ƙunshi wani muhimmin yanki na kama.[9] Nau'o'in ciyayi na ƙasa da aka rubuta daga ƙasan ƙasa sun haɗa da dajin kogi, fynbos na tudun ruwa, goge kogin, da bushewar dutsen fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hakanan ana samun Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos a cikin kama.[7]

Yankin riparian ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan palmiet (Prionium serratum), Pennisetum macrourum, Juncus effusus, Juncus lomatophyllus, Erica caffra, Calopsis paniculata, Elegia capensis, Blechnum capense, da Todea barbara. Mafi shahararren nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i ne na Cape myrtle (Metrosideros angustifolia). A 2009 report noted that while the riparian zone has a good diversity of species, its aerial cover and abundance have been reduced, partly due to the effects of damming and altered flooding regimes.[5][10]

== Hanyoyi ==
Babban titin bakin teku na lardin R44 daga Gordon's Bay zuwa Hermanus yana ratsa kogin kusan mita 200 daga bakin.[3] Babban titin N2 na kasa ya ratsa kogin da ke da nisan kilomita daga gabas da Sir Lowry's Pass.

== Tarihi ==
Injiniya mai ba da shawara Thomas Stewart ya fara bincikar yuwuwar wuraren dam akan kogin Steenbras a ƙarshen 1890 a matsayin tushen ruwa mai yuwuwa ga gundumomin Mowbray da Rondebosch.[11] Masu binciken Turai ne suka fara ketare kogin daga yankin Cape a tsakiyar karni na 17. Asalin sunansa na Dutch shine Steenbrazans rivier, wanda aka ɗauka ana kiransa da sunan ja steenbras (Petrus rupestris), wanda za'a iya kama shi daga bakin tekun da ke kusa da bakin kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

An datse kogin a farkon karni na 20 a matsayin samar da ruwa ga Cape Town. An kammala madatsar ruwan Steenbras a cikin 1921 tare da ƙarfin asali na 2.9 × 106m3. An ɗaga bangon dam ɗin daga baya a cikin 1928 da 1952, yana ƙara ƙarfin zuwa 34.3 × 106m3.[3][11]

A cikin 1977, an gina Steenbras Upper Dam kai tsaye. Ana amfani da shi don tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu kololuwa.[12]

Matsalolin sun kasance wani ɓangare na Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape (WCWSS), tsarin haɗin kai na manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida, bututun ruwa, ramuka, hanyoyin rarraba, da ƙananan madatsun ruwa da yawa a cikin Western Cape. Wasu ma’aikatar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ce kuma ke sarrafa su, wasu kuma na birnin Cape Town ne.[13]

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'''Kogin Steenbras''' ƙaramin kogi ne a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tushensa kusa da Grabouw.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Integrated Reserve Management Plan: Steenbras Nature Reserve&quot; (PDF). City of Cape Town. June 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Tana tsakanin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da Kogelberg da magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin False Bay kudu da Gordon's Bay. An datse kogin a wurare biyu - Steenbras Upper and Lower Dams - don samar da ruwa ga birnin Cape Town. Dam din na sama ya kuma zama tafki na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu da yawa.

[[File:Steenbras river bridge R44.jpg|thumb|Bridge ([[R44 (South Africa)|R44]]) over the Steenbras River]]

== Kamawa da Hydrology ==
Babban magudanar ruwa yana da fadin kusan kilomita 70, ciki har da madatsun ruwa, kuma yana tsakanin tsaunin Hottentots Holland zuwa arewa maso yamma da Kogelberg zuwa kudu maso gabas, a cikin Cape Fold Belt. Kwarin da ke saman dam ɗin ya kasance wani fili mai faɗin gaskiya, buɗaɗɗen kwari. Kogin da ke ƙasan dam ɗin, kogin yana kwararowa ta wani tudu mai gangare, kwarin dutse zuwa ƴan ƴar ƴancin bakin tekun da ke gabashin gabar tekun False Bay.&lt;ref&gt;''SAN 1016 - Valsbaai'' (Map). Cape Town: SA Navy Hydrographic Office. 1978.&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ciyar da madatsun ruwa ta babban kogin da kuma rafukan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba da layukan magudanan ruwa na yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tsawon babban rafi, gami da madatsun ruwa, ya kai kimanin kilomita 17.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Heinecken, T.J.E.; Bickerton, I.B.; Morant, P.D. (1982). Heydorn, A.E.F.; Grindley, J.R. (eds.). Buffels (Wes), Elsies, Sir Lowry's Pass, Steenbras and Buffels (Oos). Report 12 of the Estuaries of the Cape. Part 2: Synopses of available information on individual systems series. ''CSIR Research report 411'' (Report). Stellenbosch: CSIR.: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research – via saeis.saeon.ac.za.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin ƙasa na kama ya ƙunshi galibin dutsen yashi quartzitic tare da siraran yadudduka na shale da conglomerate na Dutsen Dutsen Tebur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Wannan ilimin geology ya samar da ruwa mai ruwa na Table Mountain, wani magudanar ruwa da ya karye tare da hadaddun hanyoyin ruwa na karkashin kasa, wanda ke sa yin cajin wucin gadi na birni ba zai yuwu ba a yankin.[4]

Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin tsawan lokaci na magudanar ruwa an kiyasta ya zama 50 × 106m3 a kowace shekara.[3] Koyaya, madatsun ruwa sun canza magudanar ruwa sosai. A cewar wani binciken Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabta ta 2009, fitar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar ruwa na Ecological (EWR) a cikin Yuli 2009 ya kasance 0.42 m³/s, kwatankwacin matsakaicin yau na wannan watan (0.41 m³/s) amma kusan ninki biyu na 0.26 m³/s da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin yanayi na halitta, marasa lahani[5].

Mafi yawan magudanar ruwa yana cikin iyakokin birnin Cape Town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da aka rubuta a madatsar ruwa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1981 ya kai mm 984, amma ya fi girma a manyan magudanan ruwa, a cikin tsari na 2,000 mm kowace shekara.

=== Estuary ===
Bakin kogin ƙaramin kwari ne da aka yanke zuwa ƙunƙuntaccen tsiri na bakin teku, tare da tudu masu tudu na dutse da rairayin bakin teku masu zagaye da igiyar ruwa. Raƙuman ruwa sun kai ga maɓuɓɓugar ruwan kogin, wanda ke fuskantar kumbura na kudu maso yamma, yana mai da shi bakin teku mai ƙarfi.[3] Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da rahoton cewa ɗakin Steenbras yana nuna matsakaicin matsayi na lalata muhalli kuma yana da halaye waɗanda suka fi dacewa da ƙaramin fjord fiye da na al'ada.[6]

== ingancin ruwa ==
Ruwan yana ɗan ɗanɗano acidic kuma a dabi'a yana da launin ruwan kasa ta hanyar tannins daga ciyawar fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Yana da ɗanɗano mai kyau da ƙarancin daskararrun da aka dakatar amma ana bi da shi don kawar da pH da cire launi, wani ɓangare don dalilai na kwaskwarima da wani ɓangare don rage lalata a cikin bututu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;[7]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Duk da acidity na halitta da launi, magudanar ruwa tana kula da ajin lafiyar kogin (Ajin A). Sa ido kan muhalli ya tabbatar da kasancewar haraji mai mahimmanci, irin su net-winged midges (Blephariceridae), waɗanda ke da matsakaicin makin Tsarin Maki na Afirka ta Kudu (SASS) na 15, yana nuna ingancin ruwa sosai.[8]

== Ilimin halittu ==
Yankin Steenbras Nature Reserve ya ƙunshi wani muhimmin yanki na kama.[9] Nau'o'in ciyayi na ƙasa da aka rubuta daga ƙasan ƙasa sun haɗa da dajin kogi, fynbos na tudun ruwa, goge kogin, da bushewar dutsen fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hakanan ana samun Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos a cikin kama.[7]

Yankin riparian ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan palmiet (Prionium serratum), Pennisetum macrourum, Juncus effusus, Juncus lomatophyllus, Erica caffra, Calopsis paniculata, Elegia capensis, Blechnum capense, da Todea barbara. Mafi shahararren nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i ne na Cape myrtle (Metrosideros angustifolia). A 2009 report noted that while the riparian zone has a good diversity of species, its aerial cover and abundance have been reduced, partly due to the effects of damming and altered flooding regimes.[5][10]

== Hanyoyi ==
Babban titin bakin teku na lardin R44 daga Gordon's Bay zuwa Hermanus yana ratsa kogin kusan mita 200 daga bakin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Babban titin N2 na kasa ya ratsa kogin da ke da nisan kilomita daga gabas da Sir Lowry's Pass.

== Tarihi ==
Injiniya mai ba da shawara Thomas Stewart ya fara bincikar yuwuwar wuraren dam akan kogin Steenbras a ƙarshen 1890 a matsayin tushen ruwa mai yuwuwa ga gundumomin Mowbray da Rondebosch.[11] Masu binciken Turai ne suka fara ketare kogin daga yankin Cape a tsakiyar karni na 17. Asalin sunansa na Dutch shine Steenbrazans rivier, wanda aka ɗauka ana kiransa da sunan ja steenbras (Petrus rupestris), wanda za'a iya kama shi daga bakin tekun da ke kusa da bakin kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

An datse kogin a farkon karni na 20 a matsayin samar da ruwa ga Cape Town. An kammala madatsar ruwan Steenbras a cikin 1921 tare da ƙarfin asali na 2.9 × 106m3. An ɗaga bangon dam ɗin daga baya a cikin 1928 da 1952, yana ƙara ƙarfin zuwa 34.3 × 106m3.[3][11]

A cikin 1977, an gina Steenbras Upper Dam kai tsaye. Ana amfani da shi don tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu kololuwa.[12]

Matsalolin sun kasance wani ɓangare na Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape (WCWSS), tsarin haɗin kai na manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida, bututun ruwa, ramuka, hanyoyin rarraba, da ƙananan madatsun ruwa da yawa a cikin Western Cape. Wasu ma’aikatar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ce kuma ke sarrafa su, wasu kuma na birnin Cape Town ne.[13]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin Steenbras''' ƙaramin kogi ne a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tushensa kusa da Grabouw.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Integrated Reserve Management Plan: Steenbras Nature Reserve&quot; (PDF). City of Cape Town. June 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Tana tsakanin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da Kogelberg da magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin False Bay kudu da Gordon's Bay. An datse kogin a wurare biyu - Steenbras Upper and Lower Dams - don samar da ruwa ga birnin Cape Town. Dam din na sama ya kuma zama tafki na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu da yawa.

[[File:Steenbras river bridge R44.jpg|thumb|Bridge ([[R44 (South Africa)|R44]]) over the Steenbras River]]

== Kamawa da Hydrology ==
Babban magudanar ruwa yana da fadin kusan kilomita 70, ciki har da madatsun ruwa, kuma yana tsakanin tsaunin Hottentots Holland zuwa arewa maso yamma da Kogelberg zuwa kudu maso gabas, a cikin Cape Fold Belt. Kwarin da ke saman dam ɗin ya kasance wani fili mai faɗin gaskiya, buɗaɗɗen kwari. Kogin da ke ƙasan dam ɗin, kogin yana kwararowa ta wani tudu mai gangare, kwarin dutse zuwa ƴan ƴar ƴancin bakin tekun da ke gabashin gabar tekun False Bay.&lt;ref&gt;''SAN 1016 - Valsbaai'' (Map). Cape Town: SA Navy Hydrographic Office. 1978.&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ciyar da madatsun ruwa ta babban kogin da kuma rafukan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba da layukan magudanan ruwa na yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tsawon babban rafi, gami da madatsun ruwa, ya kai kimanin kilomita 17.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Heinecken, T.J.E.; Bickerton, I.B.; Morant, P.D. (1982). Heydorn, A.E.F.; Grindley, J.R. (eds.). Buffels (Wes), Elsies, Sir Lowry's Pass, Steenbras and Buffels (Oos). Report 12 of the Estuaries of the Cape. Part 2: Synopses of available information on individual systems series. ''CSIR Research report 411'' (Report). Stellenbosch: CSIR.: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research – via saeis.saeon.ac.za.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin ƙasa na kama ya ƙunshi galibin dutsen yashi quartzitic tare da siraran yadudduka na shale da conglomerate na Dutsen Dutsen Tebur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Wannan ilimin geology ya samar da ruwa mai ruwa na Table Mountain, wani magudanar ruwa da ya karye tare da hadaddun hanyoyin ruwa na karkashin kasa, wanda ke sa yin cajin wucin gadi na birni ba zai yuwu ba a yankin.[4]

Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin tsawan lokaci na magudanar ruwa an kiyasta ya zama 50 × 106m3 a kowace shekara.[3] Koyaya, madatsun ruwa sun canza magudanar ruwa sosai. A cewar wani binciken Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabta ta 2009, fitar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar ruwa na Ecological (EWR) a cikin Yuli 2009 ya kasance 0.42 m³/s, kwatankwacin matsakaicin yau na wannan watan (0.41 m³/s) amma kusan ninki biyu na 0.26 m³/s da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin yanayi na halitta, marasa lahani[5].

Mafi yawan magudanar ruwa yana cikin iyakokin birnin Cape Town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da aka rubuta a madatsar ruwa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1981 ya kai mm 984, amma ya fi girma a manyan magudanan ruwa, a cikin tsari na 2,000 mm kowace shekara.

=== Estuary ===
Bakin kogin ƙaramin kwari ne da aka yanke zuwa ƙunƙuntaccen tsiri na bakin teku, tare da tudu masu tudu na dutse da rairayin bakin teku masu zagaye da igiyar ruwa. Raƙuman ruwa sun kai ga maɓuɓɓugar ruwan kogin, wanda ke fuskantar kumbura na kudu maso yamma, yana mai da shi bakin teku mai ƙarfi.[3] Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da rahoton cewa ɗakin Steenbras yana nuna matsakaicin matsayi na lalata muhalli kuma yana da halaye waɗanda suka fi dacewa da ƙaramin fjord fiye da na al'ada.[6]

== ingancin ruwa ==
Ruwan yana ɗan ɗanɗano acidic kuma a dabi'a yana da launin ruwan kasa ta hanyar tannins daga ciyawar fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Yana da ɗanɗano mai kyau da ƙarancin daskararrun da aka dakatar amma ana bi da shi don kawar da pH da cire launi, wani ɓangare don dalilai na kwaskwarima da wani ɓangare don rage lalata a cikin bututu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;[7]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Duk da acidity na halitta da launi, magudanar ruwa tana kula da ajin lafiyar kogin (Ajin A). Sa ido kan muhalli ya tabbatar da kasancewar haraji mai mahimmanci, irin su net-winged midges (Blephariceridae), waɗanda ke da matsakaicin makin Tsarin Maki na Afirka ta Kudu (SASS) na 15, yana nuna ingancin ruwa sosai.[8]

== Ilimin halittu ==
Yankin Steenbras Nature Reserve ya ƙunshi wani muhimmin yanki na kama.[9] Nau'o'in ciyayi na ƙasa da aka rubuta daga ƙasan ƙasa sun haɗa da dajin kogi, fynbos na tudun ruwa, goge kogin, da bushewar dutsen fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hakanan ana samun Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos a cikin kama.[7]

Yankin riparian ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan palmiet (Prionium serratum), Pennisetum macrourum, Juncus effusus, Juncus lomatophyllus, Erica caffra, Calopsis paniculata, Elegia capensis, Blechnum capense, da Todea barbara. Mafi shahararren nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i ne na Cape myrtle (Metrosideros angustifolia). A 2009 report noted that while the riparian zone has a good diversity of species, its aerial cover and abundance have been reduced, partly due to the effects of damming and altered flooding regimes.[5][10]

== Hanyoyi ==
Babban titin bakin teku na lardin R44 daga Gordon's Bay zuwa Hermanus yana ratsa kogin kusan mita 200 daga bakin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Babban titin N2 na kasa ya ratsa kogin da ke da nisan kilomita daga gabas da Sir Lowry's Pass.

== Tarihi ==
Injiniya mai ba da shawara Thomas Stewart ya fara bincikar yuwuwar wuraren dam akan kogin Steenbras a ƙarshen 1890 a matsayin tushen ruwa mai yuwuwa ga gundumomin Mowbray da Rondebosch.[11] Masu binciken Turai ne suka fara ketare kogin daga yankin Cape a tsakiyar karni na 17. Asalin sunansa na Dutch shine Steenbrazans rivier, wanda aka ɗauka ana kiransa da sunan ja steenbras (Petrus rupestris), wanda za'a iya kama shi daga bakin tekun da ke kusa da bakin kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

An datse kogin a farkon karni na 20 a matsayin samar da ruwa ga Cape Town. An kammala madatsar ruwan Steenbras a cikin 1921 tare da ƙarfin asali na 2.9 × 106m3. An ɗaga bangon dam ɗin daga baya a cikin 1928 da 1952, yana ƙara ƙarfin zuwa 34.3 × 106m3.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;[11]

A cikin 1977, an gina Steenbras Upper Dam kai tsaye. Ana amfani da shi don tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu kololuwa.[12]

Matsalolin sun kasance wani ɓangare na Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape (WCWSS), tsarin haɗin kai na manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida, bututun ruwa, ramuka, hanyoyin rarraba, da ƙananan madatsun ruwa da yawa a cikin Western Cape. Wasu ma’aikatar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ce kuma ke sarrafa su, wasu kuma na birnin Cape Town ne.[13]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin Steenbras''' ƙaramin kogi ne a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tushensa kusa da Grabouw.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Integrated Reserve Management Plan: Steenbras Nature Reserve&quot; (PDF). City of Cape Town. June 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Tana tsakanin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da Kogelberg da magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin False Bay kudu da Gordon's Bay. An datse kogin a wurare biyu - Steenbras Upper and Lower Dams - don samar da ruwa ga birnin Cape Town. Dam din na sama ya kuma zama tafki na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu da yawa.

[[File:Steenbras river bridge R44.jpg|thumb|Bridge ([[R44 (South Africa)|R44]]) over the Steenbras River]]

== Kamawa da Hydrology ==
Babban magudanar ruwa yana da fadin kusan kilomita 70, ciki har da madatsun ruwa, kuma yana tsakanin tsaunin Hottentots Holland zuwa arewa maso yamma da Kogelberg zuwa kudu maso gabas, a cikin Cape Fold Belt. Kwarin da ke saman dam ɗin ya kasance wani fili mai faɗin gaskiya, buɗaɗɗen kwari. Kogin da ke ƙasan dam ɗin, kogin yana kwararowa ta wani tudu mai gangare, kwarin dutse zuwa ƴan ƴar ƴancin bakin tekun da ke gabashin gabar tekun False Bay.&lt;ref&gt;''SAN 1016 - Valsbaai'' (Map). Cape Town: SA Navy Hydrographic Office. 1978.&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ciyar da madatsun ruwa ta babban kogin da kuma rafukan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba da layukan magudanan ruwa na yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tsawon babban rafi, gami da madatsun ruwa, ya kai kimanin kilomita 17.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Heinecken, T.J.E.; Bickerton, I.B.; Morant, P.D. (1982). Heydorn, A.E.F.; Grindley, J.R. (eds.). Buffels (Wes), Elsies, Sir Lowry's Pass, Steenbras and Buffels (Oos). Report 12 of the Estuaries of the Cape. Part 2: Synopses of available information on individual systems series. ''CSIR Research report 411'' (Report). Stellenbosch: CSIR.: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research – via saeis.saeon.ac.za.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin ƙasa na kama ya ƙunshi galibin dutsen yashi quartzitic tare da siraran yadudduka na shale da conglomerate na Dutsen Dutsen Tebur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Wannan ilimin geology ya samar da ruwa mai ruwa na Table Mountain, wani magudanar ruwa da ya karye tare da hadaddun hanyoyin ruwa na karkashin kasa, wanda ke sa yin cajin wucin gadi na birni ba zai yuwu ba a yankin.&lt;ref&gt;Macknick, J. (18 September 2018). &quot;Thirsty Cities Drill for Water&quot;. ''Circle of Blue''. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin tsawan lokaci na magudanar ruwa an kiyasta ya zama 50 × 106m3 a kowace shekara.[3] Koyaya, madatsun ruwa sun canza magudanar ruwa sosai. A cewar wani binciken Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabta ta 2009, fitar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar ruwa na Ecological (EWR) a cikin Yuli 2009 ya kasance 0.42 m³/s, kwatankwacin matsakaicin yau na wannan watan (0.41 m³/s) amma kusan ninki biyu na 0.26 m³/s da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin yanayi na halitta, marasa lahani[5].

Mafi yawan magudanar ruwa yana cikin iyakokin birnin Cape Town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da aka rubuta a madatsar ruwa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1981 ya kai mm 984, amma ya fi girma a manyan magudanan ruwa, a cikin tsari na 2,000 mm kowace shekara.

=== Estuary ===
Bakin kogin ƙaramin kwari ne da aka yanke zuwa ƙunƙuntaccen tsiri na bakin teku, tare da tudu masu tudu na dutse da rairayin bakin teku masu zagaye da igiyar ruwa. Raƙuman ruwa sun kai ga maɓuɓɓugar ruwan kogin, wanda ke fuskantar kumbura na kudu maso yamma, yana mai da shi bakin teku mai ƙarfi.[3] Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da rahoton cewa ɗakin Steenbras yana nuna matsakaicin matsayi na lalata muhalli kuma yana da halaye waɗanda suka fi dacewa da ƙaramin fjord fiye da na al'ada.[6]

== ingancin ruwa ==
Ruwan yana ɗan ɗanɗano acidic kuma a dabi'a yana da launin ruwan kasa ta hanyar tannins daga ciyawar fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Yana da ɗanɗano mai kyau da ƙarancin daskararrun da aka dakatar amma ana bi da shi don kawar da pH da cire launi, wani ɓangare don dalilai na kwaskwarima da wani ɓangare don rage lalata a cikin bututu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;[7]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Duk da acidity na halitta da launi, magudanar ruwa tana kula da ajin lafiyar kogin (Ajin A). Sa ido kan muhalli ya tabbatar da kasancewar haraji mai mahimmanci, irin su net-winged midges (Blephariceridae), waɗanda ke da matsakaicin makin Tsarin Maki na Afirka ta Kudu (SASS) na 15, yana nuna ingancin ruwa sosai.[8]

== Ilimin halittu ==
Yankin Steenbras Nature Reserve ya ƙunshi wani muhimmin yanki na kama.[9] Nau'o'in ciyayi na ƙasa da aka rubuta daga ƙasan ƙasa sun haɗa da dajin kogi, fynbos na tudun ruwa, goge kogin, da bushewar dutsen fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hakanan ana samun Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos a cikin kama.[7]

Yankin riparian ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan palmiet (Prionium serratum), Pennisetum macrourum, Juncus effusus, Juncus lomatophyllus, Erica caffra, Calopsis paniculata, Elegia capensis, Blechnum capense, da Todea barbara. Mafi shahararren nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i ne na Cape myrtle (Metrosideros angustifolia). A 2009 report noted that while the riparian zone has a good diversity of species, its aerial cover and abundance have been reduced, partly due to the effects of damming and altered flooding regimes.[5][10]

== Hanyoyi ==
Babban titin bakin teku na lardin R44 daga Gordon's Bay zuwa Hermanus yana ratsa kogin kusan mita 200 daga bakin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Babban titin N2 na kasa ya ratsa kogin da ke da nisan kilomita daga gabas da Sir Lowry's Pass.

== Tarihi ==
Injiniya mai ba da shawara Thomas Stewart ya fara bincikar yuwuwar wuraren dam akan kogin Steenbras a ƙarshen 1890 a matsayin tushen ruwa mai yuwuwa ga gundumomin Mowbray da Rondebosch.[11] Masu binciken Turai ne suka fara ketare kogin daga yankin Cape a tsakiyar karni na 17. Asalin sunansa na Dutch shine Steenbrazans rivier, wanda aka ɗauka ana kiransa da sunan ja steenbras (Petrus rupestris), wanda za'a iya kama shi daga bakin tekun da ke kusa da bakin kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

An datse kogin a farkon karni na 20 a matsayin samar da ruwa ga Cape Town. An kammala madatsar ruwan Steenbras a cikin 1921 tare da ƙarfin asali na 2.9 × 106m3. An ɗaga bangon dam ɗin daga baya a cikin 1928 da 1952, yana ƙara ƙarfin zuwa 34.3 × 106m3.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;[11]

A cikin 1977, an gina Steenbras Upper Dam kai tsaye. Ana amfani da shi don tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu kololuwa.[12]

Matsalolin sun kasance wani ɓangare na Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape (WCWSS), tsarin haɗin kai na manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida, bututun ruwa, ramuka, hanyoyin rarraba, da ƙananan madatsun ruwa da yawa a cikin Western Cape. Wasu ma’aikatar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ce kuma ke sarrafa su, wasu kuma na birnin Cape Town ne.[13]

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'''Kogin Steenbras''' ƙaramin kogi ne a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tushensa kusa da Grabouw.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Integrated Reserve Management Plan: Steenbras Nature Reserve&quot; (PDF). City of Cape Town. June 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Tana tsakanin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da Kogelberg da magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin False Bay kudu da Gordon's Bay. An datse kogin a wurare biyu - Steenbras Upper and Lower Dams - don samar da ruwa ga birnin Cape Town. Dam din na sama ya kuma zama tafki na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu da yawa.

[[File:Steenbras river bridge R44.jpg|thumb|Bridge ([[R44 (South Africa)|R44]]) over the Steenbras River]]

== Kamawa da Hydrology ==
Babban magudanar ruwa yana da fadin kusan kilomita 70, ciki har da madatsun ruwa, kuma yana tsakanin tsaunin Hottentots Holland zuwa arewa maso yamma da Kogelberg zuwa kudu maso gabas, a cikin Cape Fold Belt. Kwarin da ke saman dam ɗin ya kasance wani fili mai faɗin gaskiya, buɗaɗɗen kwari. Kogin da ke ƙasan dam ɗin, kogin yana kwararowa ta wani tudu mai gangare, kwarin dutse zuwa ƴan ƴar ƴancin bakin tekun da ke gabashin gabar tekun False Bay.&lt;ref&gt;''SAN 1016 - Valsbaai'' (Map). Cape Town: SA Navy Hydrographic Office. 1978.&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ciyar da madatsun ruwa ta babban kogin da kuma rafukan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba da layukan magudanan ruwa na yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tsawon babban rafi, gami da madatsun ruwa, ya kai kimanin kilomita 17.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Heinecken, T.J.E.; Bickerton, I.B.; Morant, P.D. (1982). Heydorn, A.E.F.; Grindley, J.R. (eds.). Buffels (Wes), Elsies, Sir Lowry's Pass, Steenbras and Buffels (Oos). Report 12 of the Estuaries of the Cape. Part 2: Synopses of available information on individual systems series. ''CSIR Research report 411'' (Report). Stellenbosch: CSIR.: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research – via saeis.saeon.ac.za.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin ƙasa na kama ya ƙunshi galibin dutsen yashi quartzitic tare da siraran yadudduka na shale da conglomerate na Dutsen Dutsen Tebur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Wannan ilimin geology ya samar da ruwa mai ruwa na Table Mountain, wani magudanar ruwa da ya karye tare da hadaddun hanyoyin ruwa na karkashin kasa, wanda ke sa yin cajin wucin gadi na birni ba zai yuwu ba a yankin.&lt;ref&gt;Macknick, J. (18 September 2018). &quot;Thirsty Cities Drill for Water&quot;. ''Circle of Blue''. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin tsawan lokaci na magudanar ruwa an kiyasta ya zama 50 × 106m3 a kowace shekara.[3] Koyaya, madatsun ruwa sun canza magudanar ruwa sosai. A cewar wani binciken Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabta ta 2009, fitar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar ruwa na Ecological (EWR) a cikin Yuli 2009 ya kasance 0.42 m³/s, kwatankwacin matsakaicin yau na wannan watan (0.41 m³/s) amma kusan ninki biyu na 0.26 m³/s da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin yanayi na halitta, marasa lahani.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rapid Reserves: Steenbras, Pombers, and Kromme Rivers&quot; (PDF). ''Feasibility Study into the Potential Development of Further Surface Water Supply Schemes for the Western Cape''. Department of Water and Sanitation. 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafi yawan magudanar ruwa yana cikin iyakokin birnin Cape Town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da aka rubuta a madatsar ruwa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1981 ya kai mm 984, amma ya fi girma a manyan magudanan ruwa, a cikin tsari na 2,000 mm kowace shekara.

=== Estuary ===
Bakin kogin ƙaramin kwari ne da aka yanke zuwa ƙunƙuntaccen tsiri na bakin teku, tare da tudu masu tudu na dutse da rairayin bakin teku masu zagaye da igiyar ruwa. Raƙuman ruwa sun kai ga maɓuɓɓugar ruwan kogin, wanda ke fuskantar kumbura na kudu maso yamma, yana mai da shi bakin teku mai ƙarfi.[3] Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da rahoton cewa ɗakin Steenbras yana nuna matsakaicin matsayi na lalata muhalli kuma yana da halaye waɗanda suka fi dacewa da ƙaramin fjord fiye da na al'ada.[6]

== ingancin ruwa ==
Ruwan yana ɗan ɗanɗano acidic kuma a dabi'a yana da launin ruwan kasa ta hanyar tannins daga ciyawar fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Yana da ɗanɗano mai kyau da ƙarancin daskararrun da aka dakatar amma ana bi da shi don kawar da pH da cire launi, wani ɓangare don dalilai na kwaskwarima da wani ɓangare don rage lalata a cikin bututu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;[7]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Duk da acidity na halitta da launi, magudanar ruwa tana kula da ajin lafiyar kogin (Ajin A). Sa ido kan muhalli ya tabbatar da kasancewar haraji mai mahimmanci, irin su net-winged midges (Blephariceridae), waɗanda ke da matsakaicin makin Tsarin Maki na Afirka ta Kudu (SASS) na 15, yana nuna ingancin ruwa sosai.[8]

== Ilimin halittu ==
Yankin Steenbras Nature Reserve ya ƙunshi wani muhimmin yanki na kama.[9] Nau'o'in ciyayi na ƙasa da aka rubuta daga ƙasan ƙasa sun haɗa da dajin kogi, fynbos na tudun ruwa, goge kogin, da bushewar dutsen fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hakanan ana samun Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos a cikin kama.[7]

Yankin riparian ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan palmiet (Prionium serratum), Pennisetum macrourum, Juncus effusus, Juncus lomatophyllus, Erica caffra, Calopsis paniculata, Elegia capensis, Blechnum capense, da Todea barbara. Mafi shahararren nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i ne na Cape myrtle (Metrosideros angustifolia). A 2009 report noted that while the riparian zone has a good diversity of species, its aerial cover and abundance have been reduced, partly due to the effects of damming and altered flooding regimes.[5][10]

== Hanyoyi ==
Babban titin bakin teku na lardin R44 daga Gordon's Bay zuwa Hermanus yana ratsa kogin kusan mita 200 daga bakin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Babban titin N2 na kasa ya ratsa kogin da ke da nisan kilomita daga gabas da Sir Lowry's Pass.

== Tarihi ==
Injiniya mai ba da shawara Thomas Stewart ya fara bincikar yuwuwar wuraren dam akan kogin Steenbras a ƙarshen 1890 a matsayin tushen ruwa mai yuwuwa ga gundumomin Mowbray da Rondebosch.[11] Masu binciken Turai ne suka fara ketare kogin daga yankin Cape a tsakiyar karni na 17. Asalin sunansa na Dutch shine Steenbrazans rivier, wanda aka ɗauka ana kiransa da sunan ja steenbras (Petrus rupestris), wanda za'a iya kama shi daga bakin tekun da ke kusa da bakin kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

An datse kogin a farkon karni na 20 a matsayin samar da ruwa ga Cape Town. An kammala madatsar ruwan Steenbras a cikin 1921 tare da ƙarfin asali na 2.9 × 106m3. An ɗaga bangon dam ɗin daga baya a cikin 1928 da 1952, yana ƙara ƙarfin zuwa 34.3 × 106m3.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;[11]

A cikin 1977, an gina Steenbras Upper Dam kai tsaye. Ana amfani da shi don tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu kololuwa.[12]

Matsalolin sun kasance wani ɓangare na Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape (WCWSS), tsarin haɗin kai na manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida, bututun ruwa, ramuka, hanyoyin rarraba, da ƙananan madatsun ruwa da yawa a cikin Western Cape. Wasu ma’aikatar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ce kuma ke sarrafa su, wasu kuma na birnin Cape Town ne.[13]

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'''Kogin Steenbras''' ƙaramin kogi ne a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tushensa kusa da Grabouw.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Integrated Reserve Management Plan: Steenbras Nature Reserve&quot; (PDF). City of Cape Town. June 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Tana tsakanin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da Kogelberg da magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin False Bay kudu da Gordon's Bay. An datse kogin a wurare biyu - Steenbras Upper and Lower Dams - don samar da ruwa ga birnin Cape Town. Dam din na sama ya kuma zama tafki na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu da yawa.

[[File:Steenbras river bridge R44.jpg|thumb|Bridge ([[R44 (South Africa)|R44]]) over the Steenbras River]]

== Kamawa da Hydrology ==
Babban magudanar ruwa yana da fadin kusan kilomita 70, ciki har da madatsun ruwa, kuma yana tsakanin tsaunin Hottentots Holland zuwa arewa maso yamma da Kogelberg zuwa kudu maso gabas, a cikin Cape Fold Belt. Kwarin da ke saman dam ɗin ya kasance wani fili mai faɗin gaskiya, buɗaɗɗen kwari. Kogin da ke ƙasan dam ɗin, kogin yana kwararowa ta wani tudu mai gangare, kwarin dutse zuwa ƴan ƴar ƴancin bakin tekun da ke gabashin gabar tekun False Bay.&lt;ref&gt;''SAN 1016 - Valsbaai'' (Map). Cape Town: SA Navy Hydrographic Office. 1978.&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ciyar da madatsun ruwa ta babban kogin da kuma rafukan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba da layukan magudanan ruwa na yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tsawon babban rafi, gami da madatsun ruwa, ya kai kimanin kilomita 17.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Heinecken, T.J.E.; Bickerton, I.B.; Morant, P.D. (1982). Heydorn, A.E.F.; Grindley, J.R. (eds.). Buffels (Wes), Elsies, Sir Lowry's Pass, Steenbras and Buffels (Oos). Report 12 of the Estuaries of the Cape. Part 2: Synopses of available information on individual systems series. ''CSIR Research report 411'' (Report). Stellenbosch: CSIR.: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research – via saeis.saeon.ac.za.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin ƙasa na kama ya ƙunshi galibin dutsen yashi quartzitic tare da siraran yadudduka na shale da conglomerate na Dutsen Dutsen Tebur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Wannan ilimin geology ya samar da ruwa mai ruwa na Table Mountain, wani magudanar ruwa da ya karye tare da hadaddun hanyoyin ruwa na karkashin kasa, wanda ke sa yin cajin wucin gadi na birni ba zai yuwu ba a yankin.&lt;ref&gt;Macknick, J. (18 September 2018). &quot;Thirsty Cities Drill for Water&quot;. ''Circle of Blue''. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin tsawan lokaci na magudanar ruwa an kiyasta ya zama 50 × 106m3 a kowace shekara.[3] Koyaya, madatsun ruwa sun canza magudanar ruwa sosai. A cewar wani binciken Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabta ta 2009, fitar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar ruwa na Ecological (EWR) a cikin Yuli 2009 ya kasance 0.42 m³/s, kwatankwacin matsakaicin yau na wannan watan (0.41 m³/s) amma kusan ninki biyu na 0.26 m³/s da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin yanayi na halitta, marasa lahani.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rapid Reserves: Steenbras, Pombers, and Kromme Rivers&quot; (PDF). ''Feasibility Study into the Potential Development of Further Surface Water Supply Schemes for the Western Cape''. Department of Water and Sanitation. 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafi yawan magudanar ruwa yana cikin iyakokin birnin Cape Town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da aka rubuta a madatsar ruwa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1981 ya kai mm 984, amma ya fi girma a manyan magudanan ruwa, a cikin tsari na 2,000 mm kowace shekara.

=== Estuary ===
Bakin kogin ƙaramin kwari ne da aka yanke zuwa ƙunƙuntaccen tsiri na bakin teku, tare da tudu masu tudu na dutse da rairayin bakin teku masu zagaye da igiyar ruwa. Raƙuman ruwa sun kai ga maɓuɓɓugar ruwan kogin, wanda ke fuskantar kumbura na kudu maso yamma, yana mai da shi bakin teku mai ƙarfi.[3] Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da rahoton cewa ɗakin Steenbras yana nuna matsakaicin matsayi na lalata muhalli kuma yana da halaye waɗanda suka fi dacewa da ƙaramin fjord fiye da na al'ada.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steenbras&quot;. ''South African Estuary Information System''. South African Environmental Observation Network. 2025. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ingancin ruwa ==
Ruwan yana ɗan ɗanɗano acidic kuma a dabi'a yana da launin ruwan kasa ta hanyar tannins daga ciyawar fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Yana da ɗanɗano mai kyau da ƙarancin daskararrun da aka dakatar amma ana bi da shi don kawar da pH da cire launi, wani ɓangare don dalilai na kwaskwarima da wani ɓangare don rage lalata a cikin bututu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;[7]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Duk da acidity na halitta da launi, magudanar ruwa tana kula da ajin lafiyar kogin (Ajin A). Sa ido kan muhalli ya tabbatar da kasancewar haraji mai mahimmanci, irin su net-winged midges (Blephariceridae), waɗanda ke da matsakaicin makin Tsarin Maki na Afirka ta Kudu (SASS) na 15, yana nuna ingancin ruwa sosai.[8]

== Ilimin halittu ==
Yankin Steenbras Nature Reserve ya ƙunshi wani muhimmin yanki na kama.[9] Nau'o'in ciyayi na ƙasa da aka rubuta daga ƙasan ƙasa sun haɗa da dajin kogi, fynbos na tudun ruwa, goge kogin, da bushewar dutsen fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hakanan ana samun Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos a cikin kama.[7]

Yankin riparian ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan palmiet (Prionium serratum), Pennisetum macrourum, Juncus effusus, Juncus lomatophyllus, Erica caffra, Calopsis paniculata, Elegia capensis, Blechnum capense, da Todea barbara. Mafi shahararren nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i ne na Cape myrtle (Metrosideros angustifolia). A 2009 report noted that while the riparian zone has a good diversity of species, its aerial cover and abundance have been reduced, partly due to the effects of damming and altered flooding regimes.[5][10]

== Hanyoyi ==
Babban titin bakin teku na lardin R44 daga Gordon's Bay zuwa Hermanus yana ratsa kogin kusan mita 200 daga bakin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Babban titin N2 na kasa ya ratsa kogin da ke da nisan kilomita daga gabas da Sir Lowry's Pass.

== Tarihi ==
Injiniya mai ba da shawara Thomas Stewart ya fara bincikar yuwuwar wuraren dam akan kogin Steenbras a ƙarshen 1890 a matsayin tushen ruwa mai yuwuwa ga gundumomin Mowbray da Rondebosch.[11] Masu binciken Turai ne suka fara ketare kogin daga yankin Cape a tsakiyar karni na 17. Asalin sunansa na Dutch shine Steenbrazans rivier, wanda aka ɗauka ana kiransa da sunan ja steenbras (Petrus rupestris), wanda za'a iya kama shi daga bakin tekun da ke kusa da bakin kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

An datse kogin a farkon karni na 20 a matsayin samar da ruwa ga Cape Town. An kammala madatsar ruwan Steenbras a cikin 1921 tare da ƙarfin asali na 2.9 × 106m3. An ɗaga bangon dam ɗin daga baya a cikin 1928 da 1952, yana ƙara ƙarfin zuwa 34.3 × 106m3.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;[11]

A cikin 1977, an gina Steenbras Upper Dam kai tsaye. Ana amfani da shi don tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu kololuwa.[12]

Matsalolin sun kasance wani ɓangare na Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape (WCWSS), tsarin haɗin kai na manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida, bututun ruwa, ramuka, hanyoyin rarraba, da ƙananan madatsun ruwa da yawa a cikin Western Cape. Wasu ma’aikatar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ce kuma ke sarrafa su, wasu kuma na birnin Cape Town ne.[13]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin Steenbras''' ƙaramin kogi ne a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tushensa kusa da Grabouw.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Integrated Reserve Management Plan: Steenbras Nature Reserve&quot; (PDF). City of Cape Town. June 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Tana tsakanin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da Kogelberg da magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin False Bay kudu da Gordon's Bay. An datse kogin a wurare biyu - Steenbras Upper and Lower Dams - don samar da ruwa ga birnin Cape Town. Dam din na sama ya kuma zama tafki na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu da yawa.

[[File:Steenbras river bridge R44.jpg|thumb|Bridge ([[R44 (South Africa)|R44]]) over the Steenbras River]]

== Kamawa da Hydrology ==
Babban magudanar ruwa yana da fadin kusan kilomita 70, ciki har da madatsun ruwa, kuma yana tsakanin tsaunin Hottentots Holland zuwa arewa maso yamma da Kogelberg zuwa kudu maso gabas, a cikin Cape Fold Belt. Kwarin da ke saman dam ɗin ya kasance wani fili mai faɗin gaskiya, buɗaɗɗen kwari. Kogin da ke ƙasan dam ɗin, kogin yana kwararowa ta wani tudu mai gangare, kwarin dutse zuwa ƴan ƴar ƴancin bakin tekun da ke gabashin gabar tekun False Bay.&lt;ref&gt;''SAN 1016 - Valsbaai'' (Map). Cape Town: SA Navy Hydrographic Office. 1978.&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ciyar da madatsun ruwa ta babban kogin da kuma rafukan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba da layukan magudanan ruwa na yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tsawon babban rafi, gami da madatsun ruwa, ya kai kimanin kilomita 17.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Heinecken, T.J.E.; Bickerton, I.B.; Morant, P.D. (1982). Heydorn, A.E.F.; Grindley, J.R. (eds.). Buffels (Wes), Elsies, Sir Lowry's Pass, Steenbras and Buffels (Oos). Report 12 of the Estuaries of the Cape. Part 2: Synopses of available information on individual systems series. ''CSIR Research report 411'' (Report). Stellenbosch: CSIR.: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research – via saeis.saeon.ac.za.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin ƙasa na kama ya ƙunshi galibin dutsen yashi quartzitic tare da siraran yadudduka na shale da conglomerate na Dutsen Dutsen Tebur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Wannan ilimin geology ya samar da ruwa mai ruwa na Table Mountain, wani magudanar ruwa da ya karye tare da hadaddun hanyoyin ruwa na karkashin kasa, wanda ke sa yin cajin wucin gadi na birni ba zai yuwu ba a yankin.&lt;ref&gt;Macknick, J. (18 September 2018). &quot;Thirsty Cities Drill for Water&quot;. ''Circle of Blue''. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin tsawan lokaci na magudanar ruwa an kiyasta ya zama 50 × 106m3 a kowace shekara.[3] Koyaya, madatsun ruwa sun canza magudanar ruwa sosai. A cewar wani binciken Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabta ta 2009, fitar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar ruwa na Ecological (EWR) a cikin Yuli 2009 ya kasance 0.42 m³/s, kwatankwacin matsakaicin yau na wannan watan (0.41 m³/s) amma kusan ninki biyu na 0.26 m³/s da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin yanayi na halitta, marasa lahani.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rapid Reserves: Steenbras, Pombers, and Kromme Rivers&quot; (PDF). ''Feasibility Study into the Potential Development of Further Surface Water Supply Schemes for the Western Cape''. Department of Water and Sanitation. 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafi yawan magudanar ruwa yana cikin iyakokin birnin Cape Town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da aka rubuta a madatsar ruwa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1981 ya kai mm 984, amma ya fi girma a manyan magudanan ruwa, a cikin tsari na 2,000 mm kowace shekara.

=== Estuary ===
Bakin kogin ƙaramin kwari ne da aka yanke zuwa ƙunƙuntaccen tsiri na bakin teku, tare da tudu masu tudu na dutse da rairayin bakin teku masu zagaye da igiyar ruwa. Raƙuman ruwa sun kai ga maɓuɓɓugar ruwan kogin, wanda ke fuskantar kumbura na kudu maso yamma, yana mai da shi bakin teku mai ƙarfi.[3] Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da rahoton cewa ɗakin Steenbras yana nuna matsakaicin matsayi na lalata muhalli kuma yana da halaye waɗanda suka fi dacewa da ƙaramin fjord fiye da na al'ada.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steenbras&quot;. ''South African Estuary Information System''. South African Environmental Observation Network. 2025. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ingancin ruwa ==
Ruwan yana ɗan ɗanɗano acidic kuma a dabi'a yana da launin ruwan kasa ta hanyar tannins daga ciyawar fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Yana da ɗanɗano mai kyau da ƙarancin daskararrun da aka dakatar amma ana bi da shi don kawar da pH da cire launi, wani ɓangare don dalilai na kwaskwarima da wani ɓangare don rage lalata a cikin bututu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Murray, Tony; Brown, Cate; Dollar, Evan; Day, Jenny; Beuster, Hans; Haskins, Candice; Boucher, Charlie; Turpie, Jane; Wood, Julia; Thompson, Martin; Lamberth, Steve; van Niekerk, Lara; Impson, Dean; Magoba, Rembu; Petersen, Chantel; Davey, Denis; Noffke, Mandy; Hay, Rowena; Hartnady, Chris; Ewart-Smith, Justine; Burger, Marius; Fairburn, Emily; Ractliffe, Geordie; Day, Liz; Luger, Mike; Lannas, Katy; Ndiitwani-Nyamande, Tovhowani (2009). Brown, Cate; Magoba, Rembu (eds.). Rivers and Wetlands of Cape Town (Part 1) (PDF). ''Project No: K5/1691'' (Report). Water Research Commission. pp. 1–178&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Duk da acidity na halitta da launi, magudanar ruwa tana kula da ajin lafiyar kogin (Ajin A). Sa ido kan muhalli ya tabbatar da kasancewar haraji mai mahimmanci, irin su net-winged midges (Blephariceridae), waɗanda ke da matsakaicin makin Tsarin Maki na Afirka ta Kudu (SASS) na 15, yana nuna ingancin ruwa sosai.[8]

== Ilimin halittu ==
Yankin Steenbras Nature Reserve ya ƙunshi wani muhimmin yanki na kama.[9] Nau'o'in ciyayi na ƙasa da aka rubuta daga ƙasan ƙasa sun haɗa da dajin kogi, fynbos na tudun ruwa, goge kogin, da bushewar dutsen fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hakanan ana samun Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos a cikin kama.[7]

Yankin riparian ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan palmiet (Prionium serratum), Pennisetum macrourum, Juncus effusus, Juncus lomatophyllus, Erica caffra, Calopsis paniculata, Elegia capensis, Blechnum capense, da Todea barbara. Mafi shahararren nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i ne na Cape myrtle (Metrosideros angustifolia). A 2009 report noted that while the riparian zone has a good diversity of species, its aerial cover and abundance have been reduced, partly due to the effects of damming and altered flooding regimes.[5][10]

== Hanyoyi ==
Babban titin bakin teku na lardin R44 daga Gordon's Bay zuwa Hermanus yana ratsa kogin kusan mita 200 daga bakin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Babban titin N2 na kasa ya ratsa kogin da ke da nisan kilomita daga gabas da Sir Lowry's Pass.

== Tarihi ==
Injiniya mai ba da shawara Thomas Stewart ya fara bincikar yuwuwar wuraren dam akan kogin Steenbras a ƙarshen 1890 a matsayin tushen ruwa mai yuwuwa ga gundumomin Mowbray da Rondebosch.[11] Masu binciken Turai ne suka fara ketare kogin daga yankin Cape a tsakiyar karni na 17. Asalin sunansa na Dutch shine Steenbrazans rivier, wanda aka ɗauka ana kiransa da sunan ja steenbras (Petrus rupestris), wanda za'a iya kama shi daga bakin tekun da ke kusa da bakin kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

An datse kogin a farkon karni na 20 a matsayin samar da ruwa ga Cape Town. An kammala madatsar ruwan Steenbras a cikin 1921 tare da ƙarfin asali na 2.9 × 106m3. An ɗaga bangon dam ɗin daga baya a cikin 1928 da 1952, yana ƙara ƙarfin zuwa 34.3 × 106m3.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;[11]

A cikin 1977, an gina Steenbras Upper Dam kai tsaye. Ana amfani da shi don tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu kololuwa.[12]

Matsalolin sun kasance wani ɓangare na Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape (WCWSS), tsarin haɗin kai na manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida, bututun ruwa, ramuka, hanyoyin rarraba, da ƙananan madatsun ruwa da yawa a cikin Western Cape. Wasu ma’aikatar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ce kuma ke sarrafa su, wasu kuma na birnin Cape Town ne.[13]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin Steenbras''' ƙaramin kogi ne a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tushensa kusa da Grabouw.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Integrated Reserve Management Plan: Steenbras Nature Reserve&quot; (PDF). City of Cape Town. June 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Tana tsakanin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da Kogelberg da magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin False Bay kudu da Gordon's Bay. An datse kogin a wurare biyu - Steenbras Upper and Lower Dams - don samar da ruwa ga birnin Cape Town. Dam din na sama ya kuma zama tafki na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu da yawa.

[[File:Steenbras river bridge R44.jpg|thumb|Bridge ([[R44 (South Africa)|R44]]) over the Steenbras River]]

== Kamawa da Hydrology ==
Babban magudanar ruwa yana da fadin kusan kilomita 70, ciki har da madatsun ruwa, kuma yana tsakanin tsaunin Hottentots Holland zuwa arewa maso yamma da Kogelberg zuwa kudu maso gabas, a cikin Cape Fold Belt. Kwarin da ke saman dam ɗin ya kasance wani fili mai faɗin gaskiya, buɗaɗɗen kwari. Kogin da ke ƙasan dam ɗin, kogin yana kwararowa ta wani tudu mai gangare, kwarin dutse zuwa ƴan ƴar ƴancin bakin tekun da ke gabashin gabar tekun False Bay.&lt;ref&gt;''SAN 1016 - Valsbaai'' (Map). Cape Town: SA Navy Hydrographic Office. 1978.&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ciyar da madatsun ruwa ta babban kogin da kuma rafukan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba da layukan magudanan ruwa na yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tsawon babban rafi, gami da madatsun ruwa, ya kai kimanin kilomita 17.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Heinecken, T.J.E.; Bickerton, I.B.; Morant, P.D. (1982). Heydorn, A.E.F.; Grindley, J.R. (eds.). Buffels (Wes), Elsies, Sir Lowry's Pass, Steenbras and Buffels (Oos). Report 12 of the Estuaries of the Cape. Part 2: Synopses of available information on individual systems series. ''CSIR Research report 411'' (Report). Stellenbosch: CSIR.: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research – via saeis.saeon.ac.za.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin ƙasa na kama ya ƙunshi galibin dutsen yashi quartzitic tare da siraran yadudduka na shale da conglomerate na Dutsen Dutsen Tebur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Wannan ilimin geology ya samar da ruwa mai ruwa na Table Mountain, wani magudanar ruwa da ya karye tare da hadaddun hanyoyin ruwa na karkashin kasa, wanda ke sa yin cajin wucin gadi na birni ba zai yuwu ba a yankin.&lt;ref&gt;Macknick, J. (18 September 2018). &quot;Thirsty Cities Drill for Water&quot;. ''Circle of Blue''. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin tsawan lokaci na magudanar ruwa an kiyasta ya zama 50 × 106m3 a kowace shekara.[3] Koyaya, madatsun ruwa sun canza magudanar ruwa sosai. A cewar wani binciken Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabta ta 2009, fitar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar ruwa na Ecological (EWR) a cikin Yuli 2009 ya kasance 0.42 m³/s, kwatankwacin matsakaicin yau na wannan watan (0.41 m³/s) amma kusan ninki biyu na 0.26 m³/s da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin yanayi na halitta, marasa lahani.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rapid Reserves: Steenbras, Pombers, and Kromme Rivers&quot; (PDF). ''Feasibility Study into the Potential Development of Further Surface Water Supply Schemes for the Western Cape''. Department of Water and Sanitation. 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafi yawan magudanar ruwa yana cikin iyakokin birnin Cape Town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da aka rubuta a madatsar ruwa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1981 ya kai mm 984, amma ya fi girma a manyan magudanan ruwa, a cikin tsari na 2,000 mm kowace shekara.

=== Estuary ===
Bakin kogin ƙaramin kwari ne da aka yanke zuwa ƙunƙuntaccen tsiri na bakin teku, tare da tudu masu tudu na dutse da rairayin bakin teku masu zagaye da igiyar ruwa. Raƙuman ruwa sun kai ga maɓuɓɓugar ruwan kogin, wanda ke fuskantar kumbura na kudu maso yamma, yana mai da shi bakin teku mai ƙarfi.[3] Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da rahoton cewa ɗakin Steenbras yana nuna matsakaicin matsayi na lalata muhalli kuma yana da halaye waɗanda suka fi dacewa da ƙaramin fjord fiye da na al'ada.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steenbras&quot;. ''South African Estuary Information System''. South African Environmental Observation Network. 2025. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ingancin ruwa ==
Ruwan yana ɗan ɗanɗano acidic kuma a dabi'a yana da launin ruwan kasa ta hanyar tannins daga ciyawar fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Yana da ɗanɗano mai kyau da ƙarancin daskararrun da aka dakatar amma ana bi da shi don kawar da pH da cire launi, wani ɓangare don dalilai na kwaskwarima da wani ɓangare don rage lalata a cikin bututu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Murray, Tony; Brown, Cate; Dollar, Evan; Day, Jenny; Beuster, Hans; Haskins, Candice; Boucher, Charlie; Turpie, Jane; Wood, Julia; Thompson, Martin; Lamberth, Steve; van Niekerk, Lara; Impson, Dean; Magoba, Rembu; Petersen, Chantel; Davey, Denis; Noffke, Mandy; Hay, Rowena; Hartnady, Chris; Ewart-Smith, Justine; Burger, Marius; Fairburn, Emily; Ractliffe, Geordie; Day, Liz; Luger, Mike; Lannas, Katy; Ndiitwani-Nyamande, Tovhowani (2009). Brown, Cate; Magoba, Rembu (eds.). Rivers and Wetlands of Cape Town (Part 1) (PDF). ''Project No: K5/1691'' (Report). Water Research Commission. pp. 1–178&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Duk da acidity na halitta da launi, magudanar ruwa tana kula da ajin lafiyar kogin (Ajin A). Sa ido kan muhalli ya tabbatar da kasancewar haraji mai mahimmanci, irin su net-winged midges (Blephariceridae), waɗanda ke da matsakaicin makin Tsarin Maki na Afirka ta Kudu (SASS) na 15, yana nuna ingancin ruwa sosai.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ecological monitoring at Steenbras&quot;. Umvoto Africa. 13 September 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin halittu ==
Yankin Steenbras Nature Reserve ya ƙunshi wani muhimmin yanki na kama.[9] Nau'o'in ciyayi na ƙasa da aka rubuta daga ƙasan ƙasa sun haɗa da dajin kogi, fynbos na tudun ruwa, goge kogin, da bushewar dutsen fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hakanan ana samun Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos a cikin kama.[7]

Yankin riparian ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan palmiet (Prionium serratum), Pennisetum macrourum, Juncus effusus, Juncus lomatophyllus, Erica caffra, Calopsis paniculata, Elegia capensis, Blechnum capense, da Todea barbara. Mafi shahararren nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i ne na Cape myrtle (Metrosideros angustifolia). A 2009 report noted that while the riparian zone has a good diversity of species, its aerial cover and abundance have been reduced, partly due to the effects of damming and altered flooding regimes.[5][10]

== Hanyoyi ==
Babban titin bakin teku na lardin R44 daga Gordon's Bay zuwa Hermanus yana ratsa kogin kusan mita 200 daga bakin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Babban titin N2 na kasa ya ratsa kogin da ke da nisan kilomita daga gabas da Sir Lowry's Pass.

== Tarihi ==
Injiniya mai ba da shawara Thomas Stewart ya fara bincikar yuwuwar wuraren dam akan kogin Steenbras a ƙarshen 1890 a matsayin tushen ruwa mai yuwuwa ga gundumomin Mowbray da Rondebosch.[11] Masu binciken Turai ne suka fara ketare kogin daga yankin Cape a tsakiyar karni na 17. Asalin sunansa na Dutch shine Steenbrazans rivier, wanda aka ɗauka ana kiransa da sunan ja steenbras (Petrus rupestris), wanda za'a iya kama shi daga bakin tekun da ke kusa da bakin kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

An datse kogin a farkon karni na 20 a matsayin samar da ruwa ga Cape Town. An kammala madatsar ruwan Steenbras a cikin 1921 tare da ƙarfin asali na 2.9 × 106m3. An ɗaga bangon dam ɗin daga baya a cikin 1928 da 1952, yana ƙara ƙarfin zuwa 34.3 × 106m3.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;[11]

A cikin 1977, an gina Steenbras Upper Dam kai tsaye. Ana amfani da shi don tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu kololuwa.[12]

Matsalolin sun kasance wani ɓangare na Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape (WCWSS), tsarin haɗin kai na manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida, bututun ruwa, ramuka, hanyoyin rarraba, da ƙananan madatsun ruwa da yawa a cikin Western Cape. Wasu ma’aikatar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ce kuma ke sarrafa su, wasu kuma na birnin Cape Town ne.[13]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin Steenbras''' ƙaramin kogi ne a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tushensa kusa da Grabouw.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Integrated Reserve Management Plan: Steenbras Nature Reserve&quot; (PDF). City of Cape Town. June 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Tana tsakanin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da Kogelberg da magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin False Bay kudu da Gordon's Bay. An datse kogin a wurare biyu - Steenbras Upper and Lower Dams - don samar da ruwa ga birnin Cape Town. Dam din na sama ya kuma zama tafki na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu da yawa.

[[File:Steenbras river bridge R44.jpg|thumb|Bridge ([[R44 (South Africa)|R44]]) over the Steenbras River]]

== Kamawa da Hydrology ==
Babban magudanar ruwa yana da fadin kusan kilomita 70, ciki har da madatsun ruwa, kuma yana tsakanin tsaunin Hottentots Holland zuwa arewa maso yamma da Kogelberg zuwa kudu maso gabas, a cikin Cape Fold Belt. Kwarin da ke saman dam ɗin ya kasance wani fili mai faɗin gaskiya, buɗaɗɗen kwari. Kogin da ke ƙasan dam ɗin, kogin yana kwararowa ta wani tudu mai gangare, kwarin dutse zuwa ƴan ƴar ƴancin bakin tekun da ke gabashin gabar tekun False Bay.&lt;ref&gt;''SAN 1016 - Valsbaai'' (Map). Cape Town: SA Navy Hydrographic Office. 1978.&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ciyar da madatsun ruwa ta babban kogin da kuma rafukan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba da layukan magudanan ruwa na yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tsawon babban rafi, gami da madatsun ruwa, ya kai kimanin kilomita 17.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Heinecken, T.J.E.; Bickerton, I.B.; Morant, P.D. (1982). Heydorn, A.E.F.; Grindley, J.R. (eds.). Buffels (Wes), Elsies, Sir Lowry's Pass, Steenbras and Buffels (Oos). Report 12 of the Estuaries of the Cape. Part 2: Synopses of available information on individual systems series. ''CSIR Research report 411'' (Report). Stellenbosch: CSIR.: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research – via saeis.saeon.ac.za.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin ƙasa na kama ya ƙunshi galibin dutsen yashi quartzitic tare da siraran yadudduka na shale da conglomerate na Dutsen Dutsen Tebur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Wannan ilimin geology ya samar da ruwa mai ruwa na Table Mountain, wani magudanar ruwa da ya karye tare da hadaddun hanyoyin ruwa na karkashin kasa, wanda ke sa yin cajin wucin gadi na birni ba zai yuwu ba a yankin.&lt;ref&gt;Macknick, J. (18 September 2018). &quot;Thirsty Cities Drill for Water&quot;. ''Circle of Blue''. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin tsawan lokaci na magudanar ruwa an kiyasta ya zama 50 × 106m3 a kowace shekara.[3] Koyaya, madatsun ruwa sun canza magudanar ruwa sosai. A cewar wani binciken Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabta ta 2009, fitar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar ruwa na Ecological (EWR) a cikin Yuli 2009 ya kasance 0.42 m³/s, kwatankwacin matsakaicin yau na wannan watan (0.41 m³/s) amma kusan ninki biyu na 0.26 m³/s da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin yanayi na halitta, marasa lahani.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rapid Reserves: Steenbras, Pombers, and Kromme Rivers&quot; (PDF). ''Feasibility Study into the Potential Development of Further Surface Water Supply Schemes for the Western Cape''. Department of Water and Sanitation. 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafi yawan magudanar ruwa yana cikin iyakokin birnin Cape Town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da aka rubuta a madatsar ruwa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1981 ya kai mm 984, amma ya fi girma a manyan magudanan ruwa, a cikin tsari na 2,000 mm kowace shekara.

=== Estuary ===
Bakin kogin ƙaramin kwari ne da aka yanke zuwa ƙunƙuntaccen tsiri na bakin teku, tare da tudu masu tudu na dutse da rairayin bakin teku masu zagaye da igiyar ruwa. Raƙuman ruwa sun kai ga maɓuɓɓugar ruwan kogin, wanda ke fuskantar kumbura na kudu maso yamma, yana mai da shi bakin teku mai ƙarfi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da rahoton cewa ɗakin Steenbras yana nuna matsakaicin matsayi na lalata muhalli kuma yana da halaye waɗanda suka fi dacewa da ƙaramin fjord fiye da na al'ada.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steenbras&quot;. ''South African Estuary Information System''. South African Environmental Observation Network. 2025. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ingancin ruwa ==
Ruwan yana ɗan ɗanɗano acidic kuma a dabi'a yana da launin ruwan kasa ta hanyar tannins daga ciyawar fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Yana da ɗanɗano mai kyau da ƙarancin daskararrun da aka dakatar amma ana bi da shi don kawar da pH da cire launi, wani ɓangare don dalilai na kwaskwarima da wani ɓangare don rage lalata a cikin bututu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Murray, Tony; Brown, Cate; Dollar, Evan; Day, Jenny; Beuster, Hans; Haskins, Candice; Boucher, Charlie; Turpie, Jane; Wood, Julia; Thompson, Martin; Lamberth, Steve; van Niekerk, Lara; Impson, Dean; Magoba, Rembu; Petersen, Chantel; Davey, Denis; Noffke, Mandy; Hay, Rowena; Hartnady, Chris; Ewart-Smith, Justine; Burger, Marius; Fairburn, Emily; Ractliffe, Geordie; Day, Liz; Luger, Mike; Lannas, Katy; Ndiitwani-Nyamande, Tovhowani (2009). Brown, Cate; Magoba, Rembu (eds.). Rivers and Wetlands of Cape Town (Part 1) (PDF). ''Project No: K5/1691'' (Report). Water Research Commission. pp. 1–178&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Duk da acidity na halitta da launi, magudanar ruwa tana kula da ajin lafiyar kogin (Ajin A). Sa ido kan muhalli ya tabbatar da kasancewar haraji mai mahimmanci, irin su net-winged midges (Blephariceridae), waɗanda ke da matsakaicin makin Tsarin Maki na Afirka ta Kudu (SASS) na 15, yana nuna ingancin ruwa sosai.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ecological monitoring at Steenbras&quot;. Umvoto Africa. 13 September 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin halittu ==
Yankin Steenbras Nature Reserve ya ƙunshi wani muhimmin yanki na kama.[9] Nau'o'in ciyayi na ƙasa da aka rubuta daga ƙasan ƙasa sun haɗa da dajin kogi, fynbos na tudun ruwa, goge kogin, da bushewar dutsen fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hakanan ana samun Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos a cikin kama.[7]

Yankin riparian ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan palmiet (Prionium serratum), Pennisetum macrourum, Juncus effusus, Juncus lomatophyllus, Erica caffra, Calopsis paniculata, Elegia capensis, Blechnum capense, da Todea barbara. Mafi shahararren nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i ne na Cape myrtle (Metrosideros angustifolia). A 2009 report noted that while the riparian zone has a good diversity of species, its aerial cover and abundance have been reduced, partly due to the effects of damming and altered flooding regimes.[5][10]

== Hanyoyi ==
Babban titin bakin teku na lardin R44 daga Gordon's Bay zuwa Hermanus yana ratsa kogin kusan mita 200 daga bakin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Babban titin N2 na kasa ya ratsa kogin da ke da nisan kilomita daga gabas da Sir Lowry's Pass.

== Tarihi ==
Injiniya mai ba da shawara Thomas Stewart ya fara bincikar yuwuwar wuraren dam akan kogin Steenbras a ƙarshen 1890 a matsayin tushen ruwa mai yuwuwa ga gundumomin Mowbray da Rondebosch.[11] Masu binciken Turai ne suka fara ketare kogin daga yankin Cape a tsakiyar karni na 17. Asalin sunansa na Dutch shine Steenbrazans rivier, wanda aka ɗauka ana kiransa da sunan ja steenbras (Petrus rupestris), wanda za'a iya kama shi daga bakin tekun da ke kusa da bakin kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

An datse kogin a farkon karni na 20 a matsayin samar da ruwa ga Cape Town. An kammala madatsar ruwan Steenbras a cikin 1921 tare da ƙarfin asali na 2.9 × 106m3. An ɗaga bangon dam ɗin daga baya a cikin 1928 da 1952, yana ƙara ƙarfin zuwa 34.3 × 106m3.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;[11]

A cikin 1977, an gina Steenbras Upper Dam kai tsaye. Ana amfani da shi don tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu kololuwa.[12]

Matsalolin sun kasance wani ɓangare na Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape (WCWSS), tsarin haɗin kai na manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida, bututun ruwa, ramuka, hanyoyin rarraba, da ƙananan madatsun ruwa da yawa a cikin Western Cape. Wasu ma’aikatar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ce kuma ke sarrafa su, wasu kuma na birnin Cape Town ne.[13]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin Steenbras''' ƙaramin kogi ne a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tushensa kusa da Grabouw.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Integrated Reserve Management Plan: Steenbras Nature Reserve&quot; (PDF). City of Cape Town. June 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Tana tsakanin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da Kogelberg da magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin False Bay kudu da Gordon's Bay. An datse kogin a wurare biyu - Steenbras Upper and Lower Dams - don samar da ruwa ga birnin Cape Town. Dam din na sama ya kuma zama tafki na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu da yawa.

[[File:Steenbras river bridge R44.jpg|thumb|Bridge ([[R44 (South Africa)|R44]]) over the Steenbras River]]

== Kamawa da Hydrology ==
Babban magudanar ruwa yana da fadin kusan kilomita 70, ciki har da madatsun ruwa, kuma yana tsakanin tsaunin Hottentots Holland zuwa arewa maso yamma da Kogelberg zuwa kudu maso gabas, a cikin Cape Fold Belt. Kwarin da ke saman dam ɗin ya kasance wani fili mai faɗin gaskiya, buɗaɗɗen kwari. Kogin da ke ƙasan dam ɗin, kogin yana kwararowa ta wani tudu mai gangare, kwarin dutse zuwa ƴan ƴar ƴancin bakin tekun da ke gabashin gabar tekun False Bay.&lt;ref&gt;''SAN 1016 - Valsbaai'' (Map). Cape Town: SA Navy Hydrographic Office. 1978.&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ciyar da madatsun ruwa ta babban kogin da kuma rafukan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba da layukan magudanan ruwa na yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tsawon babban rafi, gami da madatsun ruwa, ya kai kimanin kilomita 17.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Heinecken, T.J.E.; Bickerton, I.B.; Morant, P.D. (1982). Heydorn, A.E.F.; Grindley, J.R. (eds.). Buffels (Wes), Elsies, Sir Lowry's Pass, Steenbras and Buffels (Oos). Report 12 of the Estuaries of the Cape. Part 2: Synopses of available information on individual systems series. ''CSIR Research report 411'' (Report). Stellenbosch: CSIR.: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research – via saeis.saeon.ac.za.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin ƙasa na kama ya ƙunshi galibin dutsen yashi quartzitic tare da siraran yadudduka na shale da conglomerate na Dutsen Dutsen Tebur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Wannan ilimin geology ya samar da ruwa mai ruwa na Table Mountain, wani magudanar ruwa da ya karye tare da hadaddun hanyoyin ruwa na karkashin kasa, wanda ke sa yin cajin wucin gadi na birni ba zai yuwu ba a yankin.&lt;ref&gt;Macknick, J. (18 September 2018). &quot;Thirsty Cities Drill for Water&quot;. ''Circle of Blue''. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin tsawan lokaci na magudanar ruwa an kiyasta ya zama 50 × 106m3 a kowace shekara.[3] Koyaya, madatsun ruwa sun canza magudanar ruwa sosai. A cewar wani binciken Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabta ta 2009, fitar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar ruwa na Ecological (EWR) a cikin Yuli 2009 ya kasance 0.42 m³/s, kwatankwacin matsakaicin yau na wannan watan (0.41 m³/s) amma kusan ninki biyu na 0.26 m³/s da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin yanayi na halitta, marasa lahani.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rapid Reserves: Steenbras, Pombers, and Kromme Rivers&quot; (PDF). ''Feasibility Study into the Potential Development of Further Surface Water Supply Schemes for the Western Cape''. Department of Water and Sanitation. 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafi yawan magudanar ruwa yana cikin iyakokin birnin Cape Town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da aka rubuta a madatsar ruwa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1981 ya kai mm 984, amma ya fi girma a manyan magudanan ruwa, a cikin tsari na 2,000 mm kowace shekara.

=== Estuary ===
Bakin kogin ƙaramin kwari ne da aka yanke zuwa ƙunƙuntaccen tsiri na bakin teku, tare da tudu masu tudu na dutse da rairayin bakin teku masu zagaye da igiyar ruwa. Raƙuman ruwa sun kai ga maɓuɓɓugar ruwan kogin, wanda ke fuskantar kumbura na kudu maso yamma, yana mai da shi bakin teku mai ƙarfi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da rahoton cewa ɗakin Steenbras yana nuna matsakaicin matsayi na lalata muhalli kuma yana da halaye waɗanda suka fi dacewa da ƙaramin fjord fiye da na al'ada.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steenbras&quot;. ''South African Estuary Information System''. South African Environmental Observation Network. 2025. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ingancin ruwa ==
Ruwan yana ɗan ɗanɗano acidic kuma a dabi'a yana da launin ruwan kasa ta hanyar tannins daga ciyawar fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Yana da ɗanɗano mai kyau da ƙarancin daskararrun da aka dakatar amma ana bi da shi don kawar da pH da cire launi, wani ɓangare don dalilai na kwaskwarima da wani ɓangare don rage lalata a cikin bututu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Murray, Tony; Brown, Cate; Dollar, Evan; Day, Jenny; Beuster, Hans; Haskins, Candice; Boucher, Charlie; Turpie, Jane; Wood, Julia; Thompson, Martin; Lamberth, Steve; van Niekerk, Lara; Impson, Dean; Magoba, Rembu; Petersen, Chantel; Davey, Denis; Noffke, Mandy; Hay, Rowena; Hartnady, Chris; Ewart-Smith, Justine; Burger, Marius; Fairburn, Emily; Ractliffe, Geordie; Day, Liz; Luger, Mike; Lannas, Katy; Ndiitwani-Nyamande, Tovhowani (2009). Brown, Cate; Magoba, Rembu (eds.). Rivers and Wetlands of Cape Town (Part 1) (PDF). ''Project No: K5/1691'' (Report). Water Research Commission. pp. 1–178&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Duk da acidity na halitta da launi, magudanar ruwa tana kula da ajin lafiyar kogin (Ajin A). Sa ido kan muhalli ya tabbatar da kasancewar haraji mai mahimmanci, irin su net-winged midges (Blephariceridae), waɗanda ke da matsakaicin makin Tsarin Maki na Afirka ta Kudu (SASS) na 15, yana nuna ingancin ruwa sosai.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ecological monitoring at Steenbras&quot;. Umvoto Africa. 13 September 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin halittu ==
Yankin Steenbras Nature Reserve ya ƙunshi wani muhimmin yanki na kama.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steenbras Nature Reserve&quot;. ''capetown.gov.za''. Retrieved 24 November 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Nau'o'in ciyayi na ƙasa da aka rubuta daga ƙasan ƙasa sun haɗa da dajin kogi, fynbos na tudun ruwa, goge kogin, da bushewar dutsen fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hakanan ana samun Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos a cikin kama.[7]

Yankin riparian ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan palmiet (Prionium serratum), Pennisetum macrourum, Juncus effusus, Juncus lomatophyllus, Erica caffra, Calopsis paniculata, Elegia capensis, Blechnum capense, da Todea barbara. Mafi shahararren nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i ne na Cape myrtle (Metrosideros angustifolia). A 2009 report noted that while the riparian zone has a good diversity of species, its aerial cover and abundance have been reduced, partly due to the effects of damming and altered flooding regimes.[5][10]

== Hanyoyi ==
Babban titin bakin teku na lardin R44 daga Gordon's Bay zuwa Hermanus yana ratsa kogin kusan mita 200 daga bakin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Babban titin N2 na kasa ya ratsa kogin da ke da nisan kilomita daga gabas da Sir Lowry's Pass.

== Tarihi ==
Injiniya mai ba da shawara Thomas Stewart ya fara bincikar yuwuwar wuraren dam akan kogin Steenbras a ƙarshen 1890 a matsayin tushen ruwa mai yuwuwa ga gundumomin Mowbray da Rondebosch.[11] Masu binciken Turai ne suka fara ketare kogin daga yankin Cape a tsakiyar karni na 17. Asalin sunansa na Dutch shine Steenbrazans rivier, wanda aka ɗauka ana kiransa da sunan ja steenbras (Petrus rupestris), wanda za'a iya kama shi daga bakin tekun da ke kusa da bakin kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

An datse kogin a farkon karni na 20 a matsayin samar da ruwa ga Cape Town. An kammala madatsar ruwan Steenbras a cikin 1921 tare da ƙarfin asali na 2.9 × 106m3. An ɗaga bangon dam ɗin daga baya a cikin 1928 da 1952, yana ƙara ƙarfin zuwa 34.3 × 106m3.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;[11]

A cikin 1977, an gina Steenbras Upper Dam kai tsaye. Ana amfani da shi don tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu kololuwa.[12]

Matsalolin sun kasance wani ɓangare na Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape (WCWSS), tsarin haɗin kai na manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida, bututun ruwa, ramuka, hanyoyin rarraba, da ƙananan madatsun ruwa da yawa a cikin Western Cape. Wasu ma’aikatar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ce kuma ke sarrafa su, wasu kuma na birnin Cape Town ne.[13]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin Steenbras''' ƙaramin kogi ne a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tushensa kusa da Grabouw.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Integrated Reserve Management Plan: Steenbras Nature Reserve&quot; (PDF). City of Cape Town. June 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Tana tsakanin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da Kogelberg da magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin False Bay kudu da Gordon's Bay. An datse kogin a wurare biyu - Steenbras Upper and Lower Dams - don samar da ruwa ga birnin Cape Town. Dam din na sama ya kuma zama tafki na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu da yawa.

[[File:Steenbras river bridge R44.jpg|thumb|Bridge ([[R44 (South Africa)|R44]]) over the Steenbras River]]

== Kamawa da Hydrology ==
Babban magudanar ruwa yana da fadin kusan kilomita 70, ciki har da madatsun ruwa, kuma yana tsakanin tsaunin Hottentots Holland zuwa arewa maso yamma da Kogelberg zuwa kudu maso gabas, a cikin Cape Fold Belt. Kwarin da ke saman dam ɗin ya kasance wani fili mai faɗin gaskiya, buɗaɗɗen kwari. Kogin da ke ƙasan dam ɗin, kogin yana kwararowa ta wani tudu mai gangare, kwarin dutse zuwa ƴan ƴar ƴancin bakin tekun da ke gabashin gabar tekun False Bay.&lt;ref&gt;''SAN 1016 - Valsbaai'' (Map). Cape Town: SA Navy Hydrographic Office. 1978.&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ciyar da madatsun ruwa ta babban kogin da kuma rafukan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba da layukan magudanan ruwa na yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tsawon babban rafi, gami da madatsun ruwa, ya kai kimanin kilomita 17.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Heinecken, T.J.E.; Bickerton, I.B.; Morant, P.D. (1982). Heydorn, A.E.F.; Grindley, J.R. (eds.). Buffels (Wes), Elsies, Sir Lowry's Pass, Steenbras and Buffels (Oos). Report 12 of the Estuaries of the Cape. Part 2: Synopses of available information on individual systems series. ''CSIR Research report 411'' (Report). Stellenbosch: CSIR.: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research – via saeis.saeon.ac.za.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin ƙasa na kama ya ƙunshi galibin dutsen yashi quartzitic tare da siraran yadudduka na shale da conglomerate na Dutsen Dutsen Tebur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Wannan ilimin geology ya samar da ruwa mai ruwa na Table Mountain, wani magudanar ruwa da ya karye tare da hadaddun hanyoyin ruwa na karkashin kasa, wanda ke sa yin cajin wucin gadi na birni ba zai yuwu ba a yankin.&lt;ref&gt;Macknick, J. (18 September 2018). &quot;Thirsty Cities Drill for Water&quot;. ''Circle of Blue''. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin tsawan lokaci na magudanar ruwa an kiyasta ya zama 50 × 106m3 a kowace shekara.[3] Koyaya, madatsun ruwa sun canza magudanar ruwa sosai. A cewar wani binciken Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabta ta 2009, fitar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar ruwa na Ecological (EWR) a cikin Yuli 2009 ya kasance 0.42 m³/s, kwatankwacin matsakaicin yau na wannan watan (0.41 m³/s) amma kusan ninki biyu na 0.26 m³/s da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin yanayi na halitta, marasa lahani.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rapid Reserves: Steenbras, Pombers, and Kromme Rivers&quot; (PDF). ''Feasibility Study into the Potential Development of Further Surface Water Supply Schemes for the Western Cape''. Department of Water and Sanitation. 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafi yawan magudanar ruwa yana cikin iyakokin birnin Cape Town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da aka rubuta a madatsar ruwa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1981 ya kai mm 984, amma ya fi girma a manyan magudanan ruwa, a cikin tsari na 2,000 mm kowace shekara.

=== Estuary ===
Bakin kogin ƙaramin kwari ne da aka yanke zuwa ƙunƙuntaccen tsiri na bakin teku, tare da tudu masu tudu na dutse da rairayin bakin teku masu zagaye da igiyar ruwa. Raƙuman ruwa sun kai ga maɓuɓɓugar ruwan kogin, wanda ke fuskantar kumbura na kudu maso yamma, yana mai da shi bakin teku mai ƙarfi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da rahoton cewa ɗakin Steenbras yana nuna matsakaicin matsayi na lalata muhalli kuma yana da halaye waɗanda suka fi dacewa da ƙaramin fjord fiye da na al'ada.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steenbras&quot;. ''South African Estuary Information System''. South African Environmental Observation Network. 2025. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ingancin ruwa ==
Ruwan yana ɗan ɗanɗano acidic kuma a dabi'a yana da launin ruwan kasa ta hanyar tannins daga ciyawar fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Yana da ɗanɗano mai kyau da ƙarancin daskararrun da aka dakatar amma ana bi da shi don kawar da pH da cire launi, wani ɓangare don dalilai na kwaskwarima da wani ɓangare don rage lalata a cikin bututu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Murray, Tony; Brown, Cate; Dollar, Evan; Day, Jenny; Beuster, Hans; Haskins, Candice; Boucher, Charlie; Turpie, Jane; Wood, Julia; Thompson, Martin; Lamberth, Steve; van Niekerk, Lara; Impson, Dean; Magoba, Rembu; Petersen, Chantel; Davey, Denis; Noffke, Mandy; Hay, Rowena; Hartnady, Chris; Ewart-Smith, Justine; Burger, Marius; Fairburn, Emily; Ractliffe, Geordie; Day, Liz; Luger, Mike; Lannas, Katy; Ndiitwani-Nyamande, Tovhowani (2009). Brown, Cate; Magoba, Rembu (eds.). Rivers and Wetlands of Cape Town (Part 1) (PDF). ''Project No: K5/1691'' (Report). Water Research Commission. pp. 1–178&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Duk da acidity na halitta da launi, magudanar ruwa tana kula da ajin lafiyar kogin (Ajin A). Sa ido kan muhalli ya tabbatar da kasancewar haraji mai mahimmanci, irin su net-winged midges (Blephariceridae), waɗanda ke da matsakaicin makin Tsarin Maki na Afirka ta Kudu (SASS) na 15, yana nuna ingancin ruwa sosai.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ecological monitoring at Steenbras&quot;. Umvoto Africa. 13 September 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin halittu ==
Yankin Steenbras Nature Reserve ya ƙunshi wani muhimmin yanki na kama.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steenbras Nature Reserve&quot;. ''capetown.gov.za''. Retrieved 24 November 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Nau'o'in ciyayi na ƙasa da aka rubuta daga ƙasan ƙasa sun haɗa da dajin kogi, fynbos na tudun ruwa, goge kogin, da bushewar dutsen fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hakanan ana samun Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos a cikin kama.[7]

Yankin riparian ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan palmiet (Prionium serratum), Pennisetum macrourum, Juncus effusus, Juncus lomatophyllus, Erica caffra, Calopsis paniculata, Elegia capensis, Blechnum capense, da Todea barbara. Mafi shahararren nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i ne na Cape myrtle (Metrosideros angustifolia). A 2009 report noted that while the riparian zone has a good diversity of species, its aerial cover and abundance have been reduced, partly due to the effects of damming and altered flooding regimes.[5]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steenbras Gorge Check List&quot;. ''iNaturalist''. Retrieved 24 November 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyoyi ==
Babban titin bakin teku na lardin R44 daga Gordon's Bay zuwa Hermanus yana ratsa kogin kusan mita 200 daga bakin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Babban titin N2 na kasa ya ratsa kogin da ke da nisan kilomita daga gabas da Sir Lowry's Pass.

== Tarihi ==
Injiniya mai ba da shawara Thomas Stewart ya fara bincikar yuwuwar wuraren dam akan kogin Steenbras a ƙarshen 1890 a matsayin tushen ruwa mai yuwuwa ga gundumomin Mowbray da Rondebosch.[11] Masu binciken Turai ne suka fara ketare kogin daga yankin Cape a tsakiyar karni na 17. Asalin sunansa na Dutch shine Steenbrazans rivier, wanda aka ɗauka ana kiransa da sunan ja steenbras (Petrus rupestris), wanda za'a iya kama shi daga bakin tekun da ke kusa da bakin kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

An datse kogin a farkon karni na 20 a matsayin samar da ruwa ga Cape Town. An kammala madatsar ruwan Steenbras a cikin 1921 tare da ƙarfin asali na 2.9 × 106m3. An ɗaga bangon dam ɗin daga baya a cikin 1928 da 1952, yana ƙara ƙarfin zuwa 34.3 × 106m3.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;[11]

A cikin 1977, an gina Steenbras Upper Dam kai tsaye. Ana amfani da shi don tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu kololuwa.[12]

Matsalolin sun kasance wani ɓangare na Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape (WCWSS), tsarin haɗin kai na manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida, bututun ruwa, ramuka, hanyoyin rarraba, da ƙananan madatsun ruwa da yawa a cikin Western Cape. Wasu ma’aikatar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ce kuma ke sarrafa su, wasu kuma na birnin Cape Town ne.[13]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin Steenbras''' ƙaramin kogi ne a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tushensa kusa da Grabouw.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Integrated Reserve Management Plan: Steenbras Nature Reserve&quot; (PDF). City of Cape Town. June 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Tana tsakanin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da Kogelberg da magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin False Bay kudu da Gordon's Bay. An datse kogin a wurare biyu - Steenbras Upper and Lower Dams - don samar da ruwa ga birnin Cape Town. Dam din na sama ya kuma zama tafki na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu da yawa.

[[File:Steenbras river bridge R44.jpg|thumb|Bridge ([[R44 (South Africa)|R44]]) over the Steenbras River]]

== Kamawa da Hydrology ==
Babban magudanar ruwa yana da fadin kusan kilomita 70, ciki har da madatsun ruwa, kuma yana tsakanin tsaunin Hottentots Holland zuwa arewa maso yamma da Kogelberg zuwa kudu maso gabas, a cikin Cape Fold Belt. Kwarin da ke saman dam ɗin ya kasance wani fili mai faɗin gaskiya, buɗaɗɗen kwari. Kogin da ke ƙasan dam ɗin, kogin yana kwararowa ta wani tudu mai gangare, kwarin dutse zuwa ƴan ƴar ƴancin bakin tekun da ke gabashin gabar tekun False Bay.&lt;ref&gt;''SAN 1016 - Valsbaai'' (Map). Cape Town: SA Navy Hydrographic Office. 1978.&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ciyar da madatsun ruwa ta babban kogin da kuma rafukan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba da layukan magudanan ruwa na yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tsawon babban rafi, gami da madatsun ruwa, ya kai kimanin kilomita 17.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Heinecken, T.J.E.; Bickerton, I.B.; Morant, P.D. (1982). Heydorn, A.E.F.; Grindley, J.R. (eds.). Buffels (Wes), Elsies, Sir Lowry's Pass, Steenbras and Buffels (Oos). Report 12 of the Estuaries of the Cape. Part 2: Synopses of available information on individual systems series. ''CSIR Research report 411'' (Report). Stellenbosch: CSIR.: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research – via saeis.saeon.ac.za.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin ƙasa na kama ya ƙunshi galibin dutsen yashi quartzitic tare da siraran yadudduka na shale da conglomerate na Dutsen Dutsen Tebur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Wannan ilimin geology ya samar da ruwa mai ruwa na Table Mountain, wani magudanar ruwa da ya karye tare da hadaddun hanyoyin ruwa na karkashin kasa, wanda ke sa yin cajin wucin gadi na birni ba zai yuwu ba a yankin.&lt;ref&gt;Macknick, J. (18 September 2018). &quot;Thirsty Cities Drill for Water&quot;. ''Circle of Blue''. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin tsawan lokaci na magudanar ruwa an kiyasta ya zama 50 × 106m3 a kowace shekara.[3] Koyaya, madatsun ruwa sun canza magudanar ruwa sosai. A cewar wani binciken Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabta ta 2009, fitar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar ruwa na Ecological (EWR) a cikin Yuli 2009 ya kasance 0.42 m³/s, kwatankwacin matsakaicin yau na wannan watan (0.41 m³/s) amma kusan ninki biyu na 0.26 m³/s da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin yanayi na halitta, marasa lahani.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rapid Reserves: Steenbras, Pombers, and Kromme Rivers&quot; (PDF). ''Feasibility Study into the Potential Development of Further Surface Water Supply Schemes for the Western Cape''. Department of Water and Sanitation. 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafi yawan magudanar ruwa yana cikin iyakokin birnin Cape Town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da aka rubuta a madatsar ruwa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1981 ya kai mm 984, amma ya fi girma a manyan magudanan ruwa, a cikin tsari na 2,000 mm kowace shekara.

=== Estuary ===
Bakin kogin ƙaramin kwari ne da aka yanke zuwa ƙunƙuntaccen tsiri na bakin teku, tare da tudu masu tudu na dutse da rairayin bakin teku masu zagaye da igiyar ruwa. Raƙuman ruwa sun kai ga maɓuɓɓugar ruwan kogin, wanda ke fuskantar kumbura na kudu maso yamma, yana mai da shi bakin teku mai ƙarfi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da rahoton cewa ɗakin Steenbras yana nuna matsakaicin matsayi na lalata muhalli kuma yana da halaye waɗanda suka fi dacewa da ƙaramin fjord fiye da na al'ada.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steenbras&quot;. ''South African Estuary Information System''. South African Environmental Observation Network. 2025. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ingancin ruwa ==
Ruwan yana ɗan ɗanɗano acidic kuma a dabi'a yana da launin ruwan kasa ta hanyar tannins daga ciyawar fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Yana da ɗanɗano mai kyau da ƙarancin daskararrun da aka dakatar amma ana bi da shi don kawar da pH da cire launi, wani ɓangare don dalilai na kwaskwarima da wani ɓangare don rage lalata a cikin bututu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Murray, Tony; Brown, Cate; Dollar, Evan; Day, Jenny; Beuster, Hans; Haskins, Candice; Boucher, Charlie; Turpie, Jane; Wood, Julia; Thompson, Martin; Lamberth, Steve; van Niekerk, Lara; Impson, Dean; Magoba, Rembu; Petersen, Chantel; Davey, Denis; Noffke, Mandy; Hay, Rowena; Hartnady, Chris; Ewart-Smith, Justine; Burger, Marius; Fairburn, Emily; Ractliffe, Geordie; Day, Liz; Luger, Mike; Lannas, Katy; Ndiitwani-Nyamande, Tovhowani (2009). Brown, Cate; Magoba, Rembu (eds.). Rivers and Wetlands of Cape Town (Part 1) (PDF). ''Project No: K5/1691'' (Report). Water Research Commission. pp. 1–178&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Duk da acidity na halitta da launi, magudanar ruwa tana kula da ajin lafiyar kogin (Ajin A). Sa ido kan muhalli ya tabbatar da kasancewar haraji mai mahimmanci, irin su net-winged midges (Blephariceridae), waɗanda ke da matsakaicin makin Tsarin Maki na Afirka ta Kudu (SASS) na 15, yana nuna ingancin ruwa sosai.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ecological monitoring at Steenbras&quot;. Umvoto Africa. 13 September 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin halittu ==
Yankin Steenbras Nature Reserve ya ƙunshi wani muhimmin yanki na kama.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steenbras Nature Reserve&quot;. ''capetown.gov.za''. Retrieved 24 November 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Nau'o'in ciyayi na ƙasa da aka rubuta daga ƙasan ƙasa sun haɗa da dajin kogi, fynbos na tudun ruwa, goge kogin, da bushewar dutsen fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hakanan ana samun Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos a cikin kama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Yankin riparian ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan palmiet (Prionium serratum), Pennisetum macrourum, Juncus effusus, Juncus lomatophyllus, Erica caffra, Calopsis paniculata, Elegia capensis, Blechnum capense, da Todea barbara. Mafi shahararren nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i ne na Cape myrtle (Metrosideros angustifolia). A 2009 report noted that while the riparian zone has a good diversity of species, its aerial cover and abundance have been reduced, partly due to the effects of damming and altered flooding regimes.[5]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steenbras Gorge Check List&quot;. ''iNaturalist''. Retrieved 24 November 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyoyi ==
Babban titin bakin teku na lardin R44 daga Gordon's Bay zuwa Hermanus yana ratsa kogin kusan mita 200 daga bakin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Babban titin N2 na kasa ya ratsa kogin da ke da nisan kilomita daga gabas da Sir Lowry's Pass.

== Tarihi ==
Injiniya mai ba da shawara Thomas Stewart ya fara bincikar yuwuwar wuraren dam akan kogin Steenbras a ƙarshen 1890 a matsayin tushen ruwa mai yuwuwa ga gundumomin Mowbray da Rondebosch.[11] Masu binciken Turai ne suka fara ketare kogin daga yankin Cape a tsakiyar karni na 17. Asalin sunansa na Dutch shine Steenbrazans rivier, wanda aka ɗauka ana kiransa da sunan ja steenbras (Petrus rupestris), wanda za'a iya kama shi daga bakin tekun da ke kusa da bakin kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

An datse kogin a farkon karni na 20 a matsayin samar da ruwa ga Cape Town. An kammala madatsar ruwan Steenbras a cikin 1921 tare da ƙarfin asali na 2.9 × 106m3. An ɗaga bangon dam ɗin daga baya a cikin 1928 da 1952, yana ƙara ƙarfin zuwa 34.3 × 106m3.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;[11]

A cikin 1977, an gina Steenbras Upper Dam kai tsaye. Ana amfani da shi don tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu kololuwa.[12]

Matsalolin sun kasance wani ɓangare na Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape (WCWSS), tsarin haɗin kai na manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida, bututun ruwa, ramuka, hanyoyin rarraba, da ƙananan madatsun ruwa da yawa a cikin Western Cape. Wasu ma’aikatar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ce kuma ke sarrafa su, wasu kuma na birnin Cape Town ne.[13]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin Steenbras''' ƙaramin kogi ne a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tushensa kusa da Grabouw.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Integrated Reserve Management Plan: Steenbras Nature Reserve&quot; (PDF). City of Cape Town. June 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Tana tsakanin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da Kogelberg da magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin False Bay kudu da Gordon's Bay. An datse kogin a wurare biyu - Steenbras Upper and Lower Dams - don samar da ruwa ga birnin Cape Town. Dam din na sama ya kuma zama tafki na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu da yawa.

[[File:Steenbras river bridge R44.jpg|thumb|Bridge ([[R44 (South Africa)|R44]]) over the Steenbras River]]

== Kamawa da Hydrology ==
Babban magudanar ruwa yana da fadin kusan kilomita 70, ciki har da madatsun ruwa, kuma yana tsakanin tsaunin Hottentots Holland zuwa arewa maso yamma da Kogelberg zuwa kudu maso gabas, a cikin Cape Fold Belt. Kwarin da ke saman dam ɗin ya kasance wani fili mai faɗin gaskiya, buɗaɗɗen kwari. Kogin da ke ƙasan dam ɗin, kogin yana kwararowa ta wani tudu mai gangare, kwarin dutse zuwa ƴan ƴar ƴancin bakin tekun da ke gabashin gabar tekun False Bay.&lt;ref&gt;''SAN 1016 - Valsbaai'' (Map). Cape Town: SA Navy Hydrographic Office. 1978.&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ciyar da madatsun ruwa ta babban kogin da kuma rafukan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba da layukan magudanan ruwa na yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tsawon babban rafi, gami da madatsun ruwa, ya kai kimanin kilomita 17.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Heinecken, T.J.E.; Bickerton, I.B.; Morant, P.D. (1982). Heydorn, A.E.F.; Grindley, J.R. (eds.). Buffels (Wes), Elsies, Sir Lowry's Pass, Steenbras and Buffels (Oos). Report 12 of the Estuaries of the Cape. Part 2: Synopses of available information on individual systems series. ''CSIR Research report 411'' (Report). Stellenbosch: CSIR.: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research – via saeis.saeon.ac.za.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin ƙasa na kama ya ƙunshi galibin dutsen yashi quartzitic tare da siraran yadudduka na shale da conglomerate na Dutsen Dutsen Tebur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Wannan ilimin geology ya samar da ruwa mai ruwa na Table Mountain, wani magudanar ruwa da ya karye tare da hadaddun hanyoyin ruwa na karkashin kasa, wanda ke sa yin cajin wucin gadi na birni ba zai yuwu ba a yankin.&lt;ref&gt;Macknick, J. (18 September 2018). &quot;Thirsty Cities Drill for Water&quot;. ''Circle of Blue''. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin tsawan lokaci na magudanar ruwa an kiyasta ya zama 50 × 106m3 a kowace shekara.[3] Koyaya, madatsun ruwa sun canza magudanar ruwa sosai. A cewar wani binciken Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabta ta 2009, fitar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar ruwa na Ecological (EWR) a cikin Yuli 2009 ya kasance 0.42 m³/s, kwatankwacin matsakaicin yau na wannan watan (0.41 m³/s) amma kusan ninki biyu na 0.26 m³/s da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin yanayi na halitta, marasa lahani.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rapid Reserves: Steenbras, Pombers, and Kromme Rivers&quot; (PDF). ''Feasibility Study into the Potential Development of Further Surface Water Supply Schemes for the Western Cape''. Department of Water and Sanitation. 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafi yawan magudanar ruwa yana cikin iyakokin birnin Cape Town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da aka rubuta a madatsar ruwa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1981 ya kai mm 984, amma ya fi girma a manyan magudanan ruwa, a cikin tsari na 2,000 mm kowace shekara.

=== Estuary ===
Bakin kogin ƙaramin kwari ne da aka yanke zuwa ƙunƙuntaccen tsiri na bakin teku, tare da tudu masu tudu na dutse da rairayin bakin teku masu zagaye da igiyar ruwa. Raƙuman ruwa sun kai ga maɓuɓɓugar ruwan kogin, wanda ke fuskantar kumbura na kudu maso yamma, yana mai da shi bakin teku mai ƙarfi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da rahoton cewa ɗakin Steenbras yana nuna matsakaicin matsayi na lalata muhalli kuma yana da halaye waɗanda suka fi dacewa da ƙaramin fjord fiye da na al'ada.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steenbras&quot;. ''South African Estuary Information System''. South African Environmental Observation Network. 2025. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ingancin ruwa ==
Ruwan yana ɗan ɗanɗano acidic kuma a dabi'a yana da launin ruwan kasa ta hanyar tannins daga ciyawar fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Yana da ɗanɗano mai kyau da ƙarancin daskararrun da aka dakatar amma ana bi da shi don kawar da pH da cire launi, wani ɓangare don dalilai na kwaskwarima da wani ɓangare don rage lalata a cikin bututu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Murray, Tony; Brown, Cate; Dollar, Evan; Day, Jenny; Beuster, Hans; Haskins, Candice; Boucher, Charlie; Turpie, Jane; Wood, Julia; Thompson, Martin; Lamberth, Steve; van Niekerk, Lara; Impson, Dean; Magoba, Rembu; Petersen, Chantel; Davey, Denis; Noffke, Mandy; Hay, Rowena; Hartnady, Chris; Ewart-Smith, Justine; Burger, Marius; Fairburn, Emily; Ractliffe, Geordie; Day, Liz; Luger, Mike; Lannas, Katy; Ndiitwani-Nyamande, Tovhowani (2009). Brown, Cate; Magoba, Rembu (eds.). Rivers and Wetlands of Cape Town (Part 1) (PDF). ''Project No: K5/1691'' (Report). Water Research Commission. pp. 1–178&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Duk da acidity na halitta da launi, magudanar ruwa tana kula da ajin lafiyar kogin (Ajin A). Sa ido kan muhalli ya tabbatar da kasancewar haraji mai mahimmanci, irin su net-winged midges (Blephariceridae), waɗanda ke da matsakaicin makin Tsarin Maki na Afirka ta Kudu (SASS) na 15, yana nuna ingancin ruwa sosai.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ecological monitoring at Steenbras&quot;. Umvoto Africa. 13 September 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin halittu ==
Yankin Steenbras Nature Reserve ya ƙunshi wani muhimmin yanki na kama.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steenbras Nature Reserve&quot;. ''capetown.gov.za''. Retrieved 24 November 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Nau'o'in ciyayi na ƙasa da aka rubuta daga ƙasan ƙasa sun haɗa da dajin kogi, fynbos na tudun ruwa, goge kogin, da bushewar dutsen fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hakanan ana samun Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos a cikin kama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Yankin riparian ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan palmiet (Prionium serratum), Pennisetum macrourum, Juncus effusus, Juncus lomatophyllus, Erica caffra, Calopsis paniculata, Elegia capensis, Blechnum capense, da Todea barbara. Mafi shahararren nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i ne na Cape myrtle (Metrosideros angustifolia). A 2009 report noted that while the riparian zone has a good diversity of species, its aerial cover and abundance have been reduced, partly due to the effects of damming and altered flooding regimes.[5]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steenbras Gorge Check List&quot;. ''iNaturalist''. Retrieved 24 November 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyoyi ==
Babban titin bakin teku na lardin R44 daga Gordon's Bay zuwa Hermanus yana ratsa kogin kusan mita 200 daga bakin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Babban titin N2 na kasa ya ratsa kogin da ke da nisan kilomita daga gabas da Sir Lowry's Pass.

== Tarihi ==
Injiniya mai ba da shawara Thomas Stewart ya fara bincikar yuwuwar wuraren dam akan kogin Steenbras a ƙarshen 1890 a matsayin tushen ruwa mai yuwuwa ga gundumomin Mowbray da Rondebosch.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steenbras Dam – Faithful supplier of water &amp; power&quot; (PDF). ''The Water Wheel''. Water Research Commission. November 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Masu binciken Turai ne suka fara ketare kogin daga yankin Cape a tsakiyar karni na 17. Asalin sunansa na Dutch shine Steenbrazans rivier, wanda aka ɗauka ana kiransa da sunan ja steenbras (Petrus rupestris), wanda za'a iya kama shi daga bakin tekun da ke kusa da bakin kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

An datse kogin a farkon karni na 20 a matsayin samar da ruwa ga Cape Town. An kammala madatsar ruwan Steenbras a cikin 1921 tare da ƙarfin asali na 2.9 × 106m3. An ɗaga bangon dam ɗin daga baya a cikin 1928 da 1952, yana ƙara ƙarfin zuwa 34.3 × 106m3.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;[11]

A cikin 1977, an gina Steenbras Upper Dam kai tsaye. Ana amfani da shi don tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu kololuwa.[12]

Matsalolin sun kasance wani ɓangare na Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape (WCWSS), tsarin haɗin kai na manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida, bututun ruwa, ramuka, hanyoyin rarraba, da ƙananan madatsun ruwa da yawa a cikin Western Cape. Wasu ma’aikatar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ce kuma ke sarrafa su, wasu kuma na birnin Cape Town ne.[13]

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'''Kogin Steenbras''' ƙaramin kogi ne a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tushensa kusa da Grabouw.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Integrated Reserve Management Plan: Steenbras Nature Reserve&quot; (PDF). City of Cape Town. June 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Tana tsakanin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da Kogelberg da magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin False Bay kudu da Gordon's Bay. An datse kogin a wurare biyu - Steenbras Upper and Lower Dams - don samar da ruwa ga birnin Cape Town. Dam din na sama ya kuma zama tafki na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu da yawa.

[[File:Steenbras river bridge R44.jpg|thumb|Bridge ([[R44 (South Africa)|R44]]) over the Steenbras River]]

== Kamawa da Hydrology ==
Babban magudanar ruwa yana da fadin kusan kilomita 70, ciki har da madatsun ruwa, kuma yana tsakanin tsaunin Hottentots Holland zuwa arewa maso yamma da Kogelberg zuwa kudu maso gabas, a cikin Cape Fold Belt. Kwarin da ke saman dam ɗin ya kasance wani fili mai faɗin gaskiya, buɗaɗɗen kwari. Kogin da ke ƙasan dam ɗin, kogin yana kwararowa ta wani tudu mai gangare, kwarin dutse zuwa ƴan ƴar ƴancin bakin tekun da ke gabashin gabar tekun False Bay.&lt;ref&gt;''SAN 1016 - Valsbaai'' (Map). Cape Town: SA Navy Hydrographic Office. 1978.&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ciyar da madatsun ruwa ta babban kogin da kuma rafukan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba da layukan magudanan ruwa na yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tsawon babban rafi, gami da madatsun ruwa, ya kai kimanin kilomita 17.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Heinecken, T.J.E.; Bickerton, I.B.; Morant, P.D. (1982). Heydorn, A.E.F.; Grindley, J.R. (eds.). Buffels (Wes), Elsies, Sir Lowry's Pass, Steenbras and Buffels (Oos). Report 12 of the Estuaries of the Cape. Part 2: Synopses of available information on individual systems series. ''CSIR Research report 411'' (Report). Stellenbosch: CSIR.: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research – via saeis.saeon.ac.za.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin ƙasa na kama ya ƙunshi galibin dutsen yashi quartzitic tare da siraran yadudduka na shale da conglomerate na Dutsen Dutsen Tebur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Wannan ilimin geology ya samar da ruwa mai ruwa na Table Mountain, wani magudanar ruwa da ya karye tare da hadaddun hanyoyin ruwa na karkashin kasa, wanda ke sa yin cajin wucin gadi na birni ba zai yuwu ba a yankin.&lt;ref&gt;Macknick, J. (18 September 2018). &quot;Thirsty Cities Drill for Water&quot;. ''Circle of Blue''. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin tsawan lokaci na magudanar ruwa an kiyasta ya zama 50 × 106m3 a kowace shekara.[3] Koyaya, madatsun ruwa sun canza magudanar ruwa sosai. A cewar wani binciken Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabta ta 2009, fitar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar ruwa na Ecological (EWR) a cikin Yuli 2009 ya kasance 0.42 m³/s, kwatankwacin matsakaicin yau na wannan watan (0.41 m³/s) amma kusan ninki biyu na 0.26 m³/s da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin yanayi na halitta, marasa lahani.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rapid Reserves: Steenbras, Pombers, and Kromme Rivers&quot; (PDF). ''Feasibility Study into the Potential Development of Further Surface Water Supply Schemes for the Western Cape''. Department of Water and Sanitation. 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafi yawan magudanar ruwa yana cikin iyakokin birnin Cape Town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da aka rubuta a madatsar ruwa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1981 ya kai mm 984, amma ya fi girma a manyan magudanan ruwa, a cikin tsari na 2,000 mm kowace shekara.

=== Estuary ===
Bakin kogin ƙaramin kwari ne da aka yanke zuwa ƙunƙuntaccen tsiri na bakin teku, tare da tudu masu tudu na dutse da rairayin bakin teku masu zagaye da igiyar ruwa. Raƙuman ruwa sun kai ga maɓuɓɓugar ruwan kogin, wanda ke fuskantar kumbura na kudu maso yamma, yana mai da shi bakin teku mai ƙarfi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da rahoton cewa ɗakin Steenbras yana nuna matsakaicin matsayi na lalata muhalli kuma yana da halaye waɗanda suka fi dacewa da ƙaramin fjord fiye da na al'ada.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steenbras&quot;. ''South African Estuary Information System''. South African Environmental Observation Network. 2025. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ingancin ruwa ==
Ruwan yana ɗan ɗanɗano acidic kuma a dabi'a yana da launin ruwan kasa ta hanyar tannins daga ciyawar fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Yana da ɗanɗano mai kyau da ƙarancin daskararrun da aka dakatar amma ana bi da shi don kawar da pH da cire launi, wani ɓangare don dalilai na kwaskwarima da wani ɓangare don rage lalata a cikin bututu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Murray, Tony; Brown, Cate; Dollar, Evan; Day, Jenny; Beuster, Hans; Haskins, Candice; Boucher, Charlie; Turpie, Jane; Wood, Julia; Thompson, Martin; Lamberth, Steve; van Niekerk, Lara; Impson, Dean; Magoba, Rembu; Petersen, Chantel; Davey, Denis; Noffke, Mandy; Hay, Rowena; Hartnady, Chris; Ewart-Smith, Justine; Burger, Marius; Fairburn, Emily; Ractliffe, Geordie; Day, Liz; Luger, Mike; Lannas, Katy; Ndiitwani-Nyamande, Tovhowani (2009). Brown, Cate; Magoba, Rembu (eds.). Rivers and Wetlands of Cape Town (Part 1) (PDF). ''Project No: K5/1691'' (Report). Water Research Commission. pp. 1–178&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Duk da acidity na halitta da launi, magudanar ruwa tana kula da ajin lafiyar kogin (Ajin A). Sa ido kan muhalli ya tabbatar da kasancewar haraji mai mahimmanci, irin su net-winged midges (Blephariceridae), waɗanda ke da matsakaicin makin Tsarin Maki na Afirka ta Kudu (SASS) na 15, yana nuna ingancin ruwa sosai.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ecological monitoring at Steenbras&quot;. Umvoto Africa. 13 September 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin halittu ==
Yankin Steenbras Nature Reserve ya ƙunshi wani muhimmin yanki na kama.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steenbras Nature Reserve&quot;. ''capetown.gov.za''. Retrieved 24 November 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Nau'o'in ciyayi na ƙasa da aka rubuta daga ƙasan ƙasa sun haɗa da dajin kogi, fynbos na tudun ruwa, goge kogin, da bushewar dutsen fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hakanan ana samun Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos a cikin kama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Yankin riparian ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan palmiet (Prionium serratum), Pennisetum macrourum, Juncus effusus, Juncus lomatophyllus, Erica caffra, Calopsis paniculata, Elegia capensis, Blechnum capense, da Todea barbara. Mafi shahararren nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i ne na Cape myrtle (Metrosideros angustifolia). A 2009 report noted that while the riparian zone has a good diversity of species, its aerial cover and abundance have been reduced, partly due to the effects of damming and altered flooding regimes.[5]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steenbras Gorge Check List&quot;. ''iNaturalist''. Retrieved 24 November 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyoyi ==
Babban titin bakin teku na lardin R44 daga Gordon's Bay zuwa Hermanus yana ratsa kogin kusan mita 200 daga bakin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Babban titin N2 na kasa ya ratsa kogin da ke da nisan kilomita daga gabas da Sir Lowry's Pass.

== Tarihi ==
Injiniya mai ba da shawara Thomas Stewart ya fara bincikar yuwuwar wuraren dam akan kogin Steenbras a ƙarshen 1890 a matsayin tushen ruwa mai yuwuwa ga gundumomin Mowbray da Rondebosch.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steenbras Dam – Faithful supplier of water &amp; power&quot; (PDF). ''The Water Wheel''. Water Research Commission. November 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Masu binciken Turai ne suka fara ketare kogin daga yankin Cape a tsakiyar karni na 17. Asalin sunansa na Dutch shine Steenbrazans rivier, wanda aka ɗauka ana kiransa da sunan ja steenbras (Petrus rupestris), wanda za'a iya kama shi daga bakin tekun da ke kusa da bakin kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

An datse kogin a farkon karni na 20 a matsayin samar da ruwa ga Cape Town. An kammala madatsar ruwan Steenbras a cikin 1921 tare da ƙarfin asali na 2.9 × 106m3. An ɗaga bangon dam ɗin daga baya a cikin 1928 da 1952, yana ƙara ƙarfin zuwa 34.3 × 106m3.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;[11]

A cikin 1977, an gina Steenbras Upper Dam kai tsaye. Ana amfani da shi don tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu kololuwa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dams&quot;. ''www.capetown.gov.za''. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 2015-09-27.&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsalolin sun kasance wani ɓangare na Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape (WCWSS), tsarin haɗin kai na manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida, bututun ruwa, ramuka, hanyoyin rarraba, da ƙananan madatsun ruwa da yawa a cikin Western Cape. Wasu ma’aikatar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ce kuma ke sarrafa su, wasu kuma na birnin Cape Town ne.[13]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin Steenbras''' ƙaramin kogi ne a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tushensa kusa da Grabouw.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Integrated Reserve Management Plan: Steenbras Nature Reserve&quot; (PDF). City of Cape Town. June 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Tana tsakanin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da Kogelberg da magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin False Bay kudu da Gordon's Bay. An datse kogin a wurare biyu - Steenbras Upper and Lower Dams - don samar da ruwa ga birnin Cape Town. Dam din na sama ya kuma zama tafki na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu da yawa.

[[File:Steenbras river bridge R44.jpg|thumb|Bridge ([[R44 (South Africa)|R44]]) over the Steenbras River]]

== Kamawa da Hydrology ==
Babban magudanar ruwa yana da fadin kusan kilomita 70, ciki har da madatsun ruwa, kuma yana tsakanin tsaunin Hottentots Holland zuwa arewa maso yamma da Kogelberg zuwa kudu maso gabas, a cikin Cape Fold Belt. Kwarin da ke saman dam ɗin ya kasance wani fili mai faɗin gaskiya, buɗaɗɗen kwari. Kogin da ke ƙasan dam ɗin, kogin yana kwararowa ta wani tudu mai gangare, kwarin dutse zuwa ƴan ƴar ƴancin bakin tekun da ke gabashin gabar tekun False Bay.&lt;ref&gt;''SAN 1016 - Valsbaai'' (Map). Cape Town: SA Navy Hydrographic Office. 1978.&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ciyar da madatsun ruwa ta babban kogin da kuma rafukan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba da layukan magudanan ruwa na yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tsawon babban rafi, gami da madatsun ruwa, ya kai kimanin kilomita 17.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Heinecken, T.J.E.; Bickerton, I.B.; Morant, P.D. (1982). Heydorn, A.E.F.; Grindley, J.R. (eds.). Buffels (Wes), Elsies, Sir Lowry's Pass, Steenbras and Buffels (Oos). Report 12 of the Estuaries of the Cape. Part 2: Synopses of available information on individual systems series. ''CSIR Research report 411'' (Report). Stellenbosch: CSIR.: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research – via saeis.saeon.ac.za.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin ƙasa na kama ya ƙunshi galibin dutsen yashi quartzitic tare da siraran yadudduka na shale da conglomerate na Dutsen Dutsen Tebur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Wannan ilimin geology ya samar da ruwa mai ruwa na Table Mountain, wani magudanar ruwa da ya karye tare da hadaddun hanyoyin ruwa na karkashin kasa, wanda ke sa yin cajin wucin gadi na birni ba zai yuwu ba a yankin.&lt;ref&gt;Macknick, J. (18 September 2018). &quot;Thirsty Cities Drill for Water&quot;. ''Circle of Blue''. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin tsawan lokaci na magudanar ruwa an kiyasta ya zama 50 × 106m3 a kowace shekara.[3] Koyaya, madatsun ruwa sun canza magudanar ruwa sosai. A cewar wani binciken Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabta ta 2009, fitar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar ruwa na Ecological (EWR) a cikin Yuli 2009 ya kasance 0.42 m³/s, kwatankwacin matsakaicin yau na wannan watan (0.41 m³/s) amma kusan ninki biyu na 0.26 m³/s da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin yanayi na halitta, marasa lahani.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rapid Reserves: Steenbras, Pombers, and Kromme Rivers&quot; (PDF). ''Feasibility Study into the Potential Development of Further Surface Water Supply Schemes for the Western Cape''. Department of Water and Sanitation. 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafi yawan magudanar ruwa yana cikin iyakokin birnin Cape Town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da aka rubuta a madatsar ruwa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1981 ya kai mm 984, amma ya fi girma a manyan magudanan ruwa, a cikin tsari na 2,000 mm kowace shekara.

=== Estuary ===
Bakin kogin ƙaramin kwari ne da aka yanke zuwa ƙunƙuntaccen tsiri na bakin teku, tare da tudu masu tudu na dutse da rairayin bakin teku masu zagaye da igiyar ruwa. Raƙuman ruwa sun kai ga maɓuɓɓugar ruwan kogin, wanda ke fuskantar kumbura na kudu maso yamma, yana mai da shi bakin teku mai ƙarfi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da rahoton cewa ɗakin Steenbras yana nuna matsakaicin matsayi na lalata muhalli kuma yana da halaye waɗanda suka fi dacewa da ƙaramin fjord fiye da na al'ada.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steenbras&quot;. ''South African Estuary Information System''. South African Environmental Observation Network. 2025. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ingancin ruwa ==
Ruwan yana ɗan ɗanɗano acidic kuma a dabi'a yana da launin ruwan kasa ta hanyar tannins daga ciyawar fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Yana da ɗanɗano mai kyau da ƙarancin daskararrun da aka dakatar amma ana bi da shi don kawar da pH da cire launi, wani ɓangare don dalilai na kwaskwarima da wani ɓangare don rage lalata a cikin bututu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Murray, Tony; Brown, Cate; Dollar, Evan; Day, Jenny; Beuster, Hans; Haskins, Candice; Boucher, Charlie; Turpie, Jane; Wood, Julia; Thompson, Martin; Lamberth, Steve; van Niekerk, Lara; Impson, Dean; Magoba, Rembu; Petersen, Chantel; Davey, Denis; Noffke, Mandy; Hay, Rowena; Hartnady, Chris; Ewart-Smith, Justine; Burger, Marius; Fairburn, Emily; Ractliffe, Geordie; Day, Liz; Luger, Mike; Lannas, Katy; Ndiitwani-Nyamande, Tovhowani (2009). Brown, Cate; Magoba, Rembu (eds.). Rivers and Wetlands of Cape Town (Part 1) (PDF). ''Project No: K5/1691'' (Report). Water Research Commission. pp. 1–178&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Duk da acidity na halitta da launi, magudanar ruwa tana kula da ajin lafiyar kogin (Ajin A). Sa ido kan muhalli ya tabbatar da kasancewar haraji mai mahimmanci, irin su net-winged midges (Blephariceridae), waɗanda ke da matsakaicin makin Tsarin Maki na Afirka ta Kudu (SASS) na 15, yana nuna ingancin ruwa sosai.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ecological monitoring at Steenbras&quot;. Umvoto Africa. 13 September 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin halittu ==
Yankin Steenbras Nature Reserve ya ƙunshi wani muhimmin yanki na kama.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steenbras Nature Reserve&quot;. ''capetown.gov.za''. Retrieved 24 November 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Nau'o'in ciyayi na ƙasa da aka rubuta daga ƙasan ƙasa sun haɗa da dajin kogi, fynbos na tudun ruwa, goge kogin, da bushewar dutsen fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hakanan ana samun Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos a cikin kama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Yankin riparian ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan palmiet (Prionium serratum), Pennisetum macrourum, Juncus effusus, Juncus lomatophyllus, Erica caffra, Calopsis paniculata, Elegia capensis, Blechnum capense, da Todea barbara. Mafi shahararren nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i ne na Cape myrtle (Metrosideros angustifolia). A 2009 report noted that while the riparian zone has a good diversity of species, its aerial cover and abundance have been reduced, partly due to the effects of damming and altered flooding regimes.[5]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steenbras Gorge Check List&quot;. ''iNaturalist''. Retrieved 24 November 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyoyi ==
Babban titin bakin teku na lardin R44 daga Gordon's Bay zuwa Hermanus yana ratsa kogin kusan mita 200 daga bakin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Babban titin N2 na kasa ya ratsa kogin da ke da nisan kilomita daga gabas da Sir Lowry's Pass.

== Tarihi ==
Injiniya mai ba da shawara Thomas Stewart ya fara bincikar yuwuwar wuraren dam akan kogin Steenbras a ƙarshen 1890 a matsayin tushen ruwa mai yuwuwa ga gundumomin Mowbray da Rondebosch.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steenbras Dam – Faithful supplier of water &amp; power&quot; (PDF). ''The Water Wheel''. Water Research Commission. November 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Masu binciken Turai ne suka fara ketare kogin daga yankin Cape a tsakiyar karni na 17. Asalin sunansa na Dutch shine Steenbrazans rivier, wanda aka ɗauka ana kiransa da sunan ja steenbras (Petrus rupestris), wanda za'a iya kama shi daga bakin tekun da ke kusa da bakin kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

An datse kogin a farkon karni na 20 a matsayin samar da ruwa ga Cape Town. An kammala madatsar ruwan Steenbras a cikin 1921 tare da ƙarfin asali na 2.9 × 106m3. An ɗaga bangon dam ɗin daga baya a cikin 1928 da 1952, yana ƙara ƙarfin zuwa 34.3 × 106m3.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;[11]

A cikin 1977, an gina Steenbras Upper Dam kai tsaye. Ana amfani da shi don tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu kololuwa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dams&quot;. ''www.capetown.gov.za''. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 2015-09-27.&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsalolin sun kasance wani ɓangare na Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape (WCWSS), tsarin haɗin kai na manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida, bututun ruwa, ramuka, hanyoyin rarraba, da ƙananan madatsun ruwa da yawa a cikin Western Cape. Wasu ma’aikatar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ce kuma ke sarrafa su, wasu kuma na birnin Cape Town ne.&lt;ref&gt;Address by Ronnie Kasrils, MP, minister of Water Affairs and Forestry, at the Berg Water Project signing ceremony on 15 April 2003, in Cape Town, accessed on 11 December 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin Steenbras''' ƙaramin kogi ne a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tushensa kusa da Grabouw.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Integrated Reserve Management Plan: Steenbras Nature Reserve&quot; (PDF). City of Cape Town. June 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Tana tsakanin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da Kogelberg da magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin False Bay kudu da Gordon's Bay. An datse kogin a wurare biyu - Steenbras Upper and Lower Dams - don samar da ruwa ga birnin Cape Town. Dam din na sama ya kuma zama tafki na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu da yawa.

[[File:Steenbras river bridge R44.jpg|thumb|Bridge ([[R44 (South Africa)|R44]]) over the Steenbras River]]

== Kamawa da Hydrology ==
Babban magudanar ruwa yana da fadin kusan kilomita 70, ciki har da madatsun ruwa, kuma yana tsakanin tsaunin Hottentots Holland zuwa arewa maso yamma da Kogelberg zuwa kudu maso gabas, a cikin Cape Fold Belt. Kwarin da ke saman dam ɗin ya kasance wani fili mai faɗin gaskiya, buɗaɗɗen kwari. Kogin da ke ƙasan dam ɗin, kogin yana kwararowa ta wani tudu mai gangare, kwarin dutse zuwa ƴan ƴar ƴancin bakin tekun da ke gabashin gabar tekun False Bay.&lt;ref&gt;''SAN 1016 - Valsbaai'' (Map). Cape Town: SA Navy Hydrographic Office. 1978.&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ciyar da madatsun ruwa ta babban kogin da kuma rafukan da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba da layukan magudanan ruwa na yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tsawon babban rafi, gami da madatsun ruwa, ya kai kimanin kilomita 17.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Heinecken, T.J.E.; Bickerton, I.B.; Morant, P.D. (1982). Heydorn, A.E.F.; Grindley, J.R. (eds.). Buffels (Wes), Elsies, Sir Lowry's Pass, Steenbras and Buffels (Oos). Report 12 of the Estuaries of the Cape. Part 2: Synopses of available information on individual systems series. ''CSIR Research report 411'' (Report). Stellenbosch: CSIR.: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research – via saeis.saeon.ac.za.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin ƙasa na kama ya ƙunshi galibin dutsen yashi quartzitic tare da siraran yadudduka na shale da conglomerate na Dutsen Dutsen Tebur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Wannan ilimin geology ya samar da ruwa mai ruwa na Table Mountain, wani magudanar ruwa da ya karye tare da hadaddun hanyoyin ruwa na karkashin kasa, wanda ke sa yin cajin wucin gadi na birni ba zai yuwu ba a yankin.&lt;ref&gt;Macknick, J. (18 September 2018). &quot;Thirsty Cities Drill for Water&quot;. ''Circle of Blue''. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin tsawan lokaci na magudanar ruwa an kiyasta ya zama 50 × 106m3 a kowace shekara.[3] Koyaya, madatsun ruwa sun canza magudanar ruwa sosai. A cewar wani binciken Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabta ta 2009, fitar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar ruwa na Ecological (EWR) a cikin Yuli 2009 ya kasance 0.42 m³/s, kwatankwacin matsakaicin yau na wannan watan (0.41 m³/s) amma kusan ninki biyu na 0.26 m³/s da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin yanayi na halitta, marasa lahani.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rapid Reserves: Steenbras, Pombers, and Kromme Rivers&quot; (PDF). ''Feasibility Study into the Potential Development of Further Surface Water Supply Schemes for the Western Cape''. Department of Water and Sanitation. 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafi yawan magudanar ruwa yana cikin iyakokin birnin Cape Town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da aka rubuta a madatsar ruwa tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1981 ya kai mm 984, amma ya fi girma a manyan magudanan ruwa, a cikin tsari na 2,000 mm kowace shekara.

=== Estuary ===
Bakin kogin ƙaramin kwari ne da aka yanke zuwa ƙunƙuntaccen tsiri na bakin teku, tare da tudu masu tudu na dutse da rairayin bakin teku masu zagaye da igiyar ruwa. Raƙuman ruwa sun kai ga maɓuɓɓugar ruwan kogin, wanda ke fuskantar kumbura na kudu maso yamma, yana mai da shi bakin teku mai ƙarfi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da rahoton cewa ɗakin Steenbras yana nuna matsakaicin matsayi na lalata muhalli kuma yana da halaye waɗanda suka fi dacewa da ƙaramin fjord fiye da na al'ada.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steenbras&quot;. ''South African Estuary Information System''. South African Environmental Observation Network. 2025. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ingancin ruwa ==
Ruwan yana ɗan ɗanɗano acidic kuma a dabi'a yana da launin ruwan kasa ta hanyar tannins daga ciyawar fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Yana da ɗanɗano mai kyau da ƙarancin daskararrun da aka dakatar amma ana bi da shi don kawar da pH da cire launi, wani ɓangare don dalilai na kwaskwarima da wani ɓangare don rage lalata a cikin bututu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Murray, Tony; Brown, Cate; Dollar, Evan; Day, Jenny; Beuster, Hans; Haskins, Candice; Boucher, Charlie; Turpie, Jane; Wood, Julia; Thompson, Martin; Lamberth, Steve; van Niekerk, Lara; Impson, Dean; Magoba, Rembu; Petersen, Chantel; Davey, Denis; Noffke, Mandy; Hay, Rowena; Hartnady, Chris; Ewart-Smith, Justine; Burger, Marius; Fairburn, Emily; Ractliffe, Geordie; Day, Liz; Luger, Mike; Lannas, Katy; Ndiitwani-Nyamande, Tovhowani (2009). Brown, Cate; Magoba, Rembu (eds.). Rivers and Wetlands of Cape Town (Part 1) (PDF). ''Project No: K5/1691'' (Report). Water Research Commission. pp. 1–178&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Duk da acidity na halitta da launi, magudanar ruwa tana kula da ajin lafiyar kogin (Ajin A). Sa ido kan muhalli ya tabbatar da kasancewar haraji mai mahimmanci, irin su net-winged midges (Blephariceridae), waɗanda ke da matsakaicin makin Tsarin Maki na Afirka ta Kudu (SASS) na 15, yana nuna ingancin ruwa sosai.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ecological monitoring at Steenbras&quot;. Umvoto Africa. 13 September 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin halittu ==
Yankin Steenbras Nature Reserve ya ƙunshi wani muhimmin yanki na kama.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steenbras Nature Reserve&quot;. ''capetown.gov.za''. Retrieved 24 November 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Nau'o'in ciyayi na ƙasa da aka rubuta daga ƙasan ƙasa sun haɗa da dajin kogi, fynbos na tudun ruwa, goge kogin, da bushewar dutsen fynbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hakanan ana samun Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos a cikin kama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Yankin riparian ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan palmiet (Prionium serratum), Pennisetum macrourum, Juncus effusus, Juncus lomatophyllus, Erica caffra, Calopsis paniculata, Elegia capensis, Blechnum capense, da Todea barbara. Mafi shahararren nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i ne na Cape myrtle (Metrosideros angustifolia). A 2009 report noted that while the riparian zone has a good diversity of species, its aerial cover and abundance have been reduced, partly due to the effects of damming and altered flooding regimes.[5]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Steenbras Gorge Check List&quot;. ''iNaturalist''. Retrieved 24 November 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyoyi ==
Babban titin bakin teku na lardin R44 daga Gordon's Bay zuwa Hermanus yana ratsa kogin kusan mita 200 daga bakin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Babban titin N2 na kasa ya ratsa kogin da ke da nisan kilomita daga gabas da Sir Lowry's Pass.

== Tarihi ==
Injiniya mai ba da shawara Thomas Stewart ya fara bincikar yuwuwar wuraren dam akan kogin Steenbras a ƙarshen 1890 a matsayin tushen ruwa mai yuwuwa ga gundumomin Mowbray da Rondebosch.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Steenbras Dam – Faithful supplier of water &amp; power&quot; (PDF). ''The Water Wheel''. Water Research Commission. November 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Masu binciken Turai ne suka fara ketare kogin daga yankin Cape a tsakiyar karni na 17. Asalin sunansa na Dutch shine Steenbrazans rivier, wanda aka ɗauka ana kiransa da sunan ja steenbras (Petrus rupestris), wanda za'a iya kama shi daga bakin tekun da ke kusa da bakin kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

An datse kogin a farkon karni na 20 a matsayin samar da ruwa ga Cape Town. An kammala madatsar ruwan Steenbras a cikin 1921 tare da ƙarfin asali na 2.9 × 106m3. An ɗaga bangon dam ɗin daga baya a cikin 1928 da 1952, yana ƙara ƙarfin zuwa 34.3 × 106m3.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 1977, an gina Steenbras Upper Dam kai tsaye. Ana amfani da shi don tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Steenbras, wanda ke kara samar da wutar lantarki a Cape Town a lokutan bukatu kololuwa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Dams&quot;. ''www.capetown.gov.za''. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 2015-09-27.&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsalolin sun kasance wani ɓangare na Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape (WCWSS), tsarin haɗin kai na manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida, bututun ruwa, ramuka, hanyoyin rarraba, da ƙananan madatsun ruwa da yawa a cikin Western Cape. Wasu ma’aikatar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ce kuma ke sarrafa su, wasu kuma na birnin Cape Town ne.&lt;ref&gt;Address by Ronnie Kasrils, MP, minister of Water Affairs and Forestry, at the Berg Water Project signing ceremony on 15 April 2003, in Cape Town, accessed on 11 December 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Endometritis</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320329690|Endometritis]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Endometritis''' kumburi ne na ciki na ciki na mahaifa (endometrium).  Alamomi da alamomi na iya haɗawa da [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]], ƙananan ciwon ciki, da zubar da jini na al'ada ko fitarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hac2015&quot; /&gt; Ita ce sanannen dalilin kamuwa da cuta bayan haihuwa. Har ila yau, wani bangare ne na cututtukan da suka hada da cututtukatattun cututtukani.

Endometritis ya kasu kashi biyu cikin nau'o'i masu tsanani da na yau da kullun. Hanyar da ta fi tsanani yawanci ta fito ne daga kamuwa da cuta da ke wucewa ta hanyar mahaifa sakamakon [[zubar da ciki]], yayin [[Jinin Haida|haila]], bayan [[Jego|haihuwa]], ko kuma sakamakon wanka ko sanya IUD.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dal2010&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lobo2016&quot; /&gt; Abubuwan haɗari don endometritis bayan haihuwa sun haɗa da sashi na Caesarean da tsagewar membranes. Endometritis na yau da kullun ya fi yawa bayan menopause.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dal2010&quot; /&gt; Ana iya tabbatar da ganewar asali ta hanyar biopsy na endometrial. Ultrasound na iya zama da amfani don tabbatar da cewa babu wani abu da aka riƙe a cikin mahaifa.

Magani yawanci ana amfani da maganin rigakafi. Shawarwari don maganin endometritis bayan haihuwa ya haɗa da clindamycin tare da gentamicin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mac2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mackeen |first=AD |last2=Packard |first2=RE |last3=Ota |first3=E |last4=Speer |first4=L |date=2 February 2015 |title=Antibiotic regimens for postpartum endometritis. |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2015 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001067.pub3 |pmc=7050613 |pmid=25922861}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kuma ba da shawarar gwaji da kuma kula da [[Ciwon sanyi|gonorrhea]] da [[chlamydia]] a cikin waɗanda ke cikin haɗari.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wil2016&quot; /&gt; Ana iya magance cututtukan da ba su da iyaka. Sakamakon tare da magani gabaɗaya suna da kyau.

Adadin endometritis kusan 2% ne bayan isar da farji, 10% bayan tsarin C-sashen, da 30% tare da fashewar membranes kafin C-sashi idan ba a amfani da maganin rigakafi ba. Ana iya amfani da kalmar &quot;endomyometritis&quot; lokacin da kumburi na endometrium da myometrium suke. Yanayin kuma ya zama ruwan dare a wasu dabbobi kamar [[Saniya|shanu]].

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
Alamun asibiti na farko na endometritis sun haɗa da zazzabi da ciwo na mahaifa tare da tausayi a kan palpation. Lokacin da likitan ya motsa mahaifa yayin jarrabawa, marasa lafiya yawanci suna fuskantar rashin jin daɗi. Bayan haihuwar zubar da farji (Lochia) wani lokacin yana nuna ƙanshi mara kyau, kodayake wannan ba koyaushe ake lura da shi ba. Zazzabi a cikin marasa lafiya da abin ya shafa yawanci yakan fada tsakanin 38 ° C da 40 ° C (100.4 ° F zuwa 104 ° F), tare da mafi yawan lokuta suna zuwa ƙarshen wannan kewayon. Alamar bayyanar yawanci tana faruwa kwanaki 2-3 bayan haihuwa, kodayake lokacin da zazzabi ya bayyana cikin sa'o'i bayan haihuwa tare da ƙananan hawan jini, yana nuna alamar kamuwa da β-hemolytic streptococci.[1]

Gabatarwa masu rikitarwa da ba a saba gani ba na iya haɗawa da zazzabi mai tsanani, rashin lafiya gaba ɗaya, ƙwarewa a cikin yankin ciki, jinkirta aikin hanji, rage hawan jini, da [[sepsis]]. Ya kamata a lura cewa kusan kashi 10% na lokuta na endometritis na bayan haihuwa ba za su nuna alamar ƙwayoyin cuta ba tare da mahimmanci ba. Don haka, al'adun jini masu kyau ba lallai bane su nuna kamuwa da cuta.

Rashin jin daɗi na ciki yawanci yana mai da hankali ne a cikin ƙananan ciki na tsakiya. Gwaje-gwaje na jini galibi suna nuna yawan fararen ƙwayoyin jini, kodayake yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa irin wannan hauhawar na iya faruwa a lokacin haihuwa da farkon lokacin haihuwa ba tare da nuna kamuwa da cuta ba.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>d3jrkr4f2t7q7yk8vce2h9rark84ty3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861755</id>
      <parentid>861754</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T07:30:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
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      <origin>861755</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3696" sha1="4dd2s796n2ed30vefcazd4y85n8m4tw" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Endometritis''' kumburi ne na ciki na ciki na mahaifa (endometrium).  Alamomi da alamomi na iya haɗawa da [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]], ƙananan ciwon ciki, da zubar da jini na al'ada ko fitarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hac2015&quot; /&gt; Ita ce sanannen dalilin kamuwa da cuta bayan haihuwa. Har ila yau, wani bangare ne na cututtukan da suka hada da cututtukatattun cututtukani.

Endometritis ya kasu kashi biyu cikin nau'o'i masu tsanani da na yau da kullun. Hanyar da ta fi tsanani yawanci ta fito ne daga kamuwa da cuta da ke wucewa ta hanyar mahaifa sakamakon [[zubar da ciki]], yayin [[Jinin Haida|haila]], bayan [[Jego|haihuwa]], ko kuma sakamakon wanka ko sanya IUD.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dal2010&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lobo2016&quot; /&gt; Abubuwan haɗari don endometritis bayan haihuwa sun haɗa da sashi na Caesarean da tsagewar membranes. Endometritis na yau da kullun ya fi yawa bayan menopause.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dal2010&quot; /&gt; Ana iya tabbatar da ganewar asali ta hanyar biopsy na endometrial. Ultrasound na iya zama da amfani don tabbatar da cewa babu wani abu da aka riƙe a cikin mahaifa.

Magani yawanci ana amfani da maganin rigakafi. Shawarwari don maganin endometritis bayan haihuwa ya haɗa da clindamycin tare da gentamicin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mac2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mackeen |first=AD |last2=Packard |first2=RE |last3=Ota |first3=E |last4=Speer |first4=L |date=2 February 2015 |title=Antibiotic regimens for postpartum endometritis. |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2015 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001067.pub3 |pmc=7050613 |pmid=25922861}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kuma ba da shawarar gwaji da kuma kula da [[Ciwon sanyi|gonorrhea]] da [[chlamydia]] a cikin waɗanda ke cikin haɗari.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wil2016&quot; /&gt; Ana iya magance cututtukan da ba su da iyaka. Sakamakon tare da magani gabaɗaya suna da kyau.

Adadin endometritis kusan 2% ne bayan isar da farji, 10% bayan tsarin C-sashen, da 30% tare da fashewar membranes kafin C-sashi idan ba a amfani da maganin rigakafi ba. Ana iya amfani da kalmar &quot;endomyometritis&quot; lokacin da kumburi na endometrium da myometrium suke. Yanayin kuma ya zama ruwan dare a wasu dabbobi kamar [[Saniya|shanu]].

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
Alamun asibiti na farko na endometritis sun haɗa da zazzabi da ciwo na mahaifa tare da tausayi a kan palpation. Lokacin da likitan ya motsa mahaifa yayin jarrabawa, marasa lafiya yawanci suna fuskantar rashin jin daɗi. Bayan haihuwar zubar da farji (Lochia) wani lokacin yana nuna ƙanshi mara kyau, kodayake wannan ba koyaushe ake lura da shi ba. Zazzabi a cikin marasa lafiya da abin ya shafa yawanci yakan fada tsakanin 38 ° C da 40 ° C (100.4 ° F zuwa 104 ° F), tare da mafi yawan lokuta suna zuwa ƙarshen wannan kewayon. Alamar bayyanar yawanci tana faruwa kwanaki 2-3 bayan haihuwa, kodayake lokacin da zazzabi ya bayyana cikin sa'o'i bayan haihuwa tare da ƙananan hawan jini, yana nuna alamar kamuwa da β-hemolytic streptococci.[1]

Gabatarwa masu rikitarwa da ba a saba gani ba na iya haɗawa da zazzabi mai tsanani, rashin lafiya gaba ɗaya, ƙwarewa a cikin yankin ciki, jinkirta aikin hanji, rage hawan jini, da [[sepsis]]. Ya kamata a lura cewa kusan kashi 10% na lokuta na endometritis na bayan haihuwa ba za su nuna alamar ƙwayoyin cuta ba tare da mahimmanci ba. Don haka, al'adun jini masu kyau ba lallai bane su nuna kamuwa da cuta.

Rashin jin daɗi na ciki yawanci yana mai da hankali ne a cikin ƙananan ciki na tsakiya. Gwaje-gwaje na jini galibi suna nuna yawan fararen ƙwayoyin jini, kodayake yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa irin wannan hauhawar na iya faruwa a lokacin haihuwa da farkon lokacin haihuwa ba tare da nuna kamuwa da cuta ba.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>4dd2s796n2ed30vefcazd4y85n8m4tw</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rashin ƙarfi na nono</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158802</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861758</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T07:30:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1237105002|Breast atrophy]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861758</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="903" sha1="opqtp8tgnd6dpfawa1errho7htxxq0k" xml:space="preserve">
atrophy na nono shine atrophy na al'ada ko na kai tsaye ko raguwar nono.

Rashin nono yawanci yana faruwa a cikin mata a lokacin da aka daina haila lokacin da matakan Estrogen suka ragu.[1][2][3] Hakanan yana iya haifar da Hypoestrogenism da / ko hyperandrogenism a cikin mata gabaɗaya, kamar a cikin maganin antiestrogen don ciwon nono, a cikin cutar polycystic ovary (PCOS), da kuma Rashin abinci mai gina jiki kamar wanda ke da alaƙa da cututtukan cin abinci kamar Anorexia nervosa ko tare da cutututtuka masu tsanani.[4][5][6][7][8] Hakanan yana iya zama tasirin asarar nauyi. [8][9]

A cikin maganin gynecomastia a cikin maza da macromastia a cikin mata, da kuma maganin maye gurbin hormone (HRT) ga maza masu canza launin fata,  atrophy na nono na iya zama sakamako mai so.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Mammoplasia
* Ƙananan Ƙasashe

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>opqtp8tgnd6dpfawa1errho7htxxq0k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861760</id>
      <parentid>861758</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T07:32:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>861760</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1126" sha1="1c7q6wat0lbgru0x012oxoq7f3ko3w2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

Atrophy na nono shine atrophy na al'ada ko na kai tsaye ko raguwar nono.

Rashin nono yawanci yana faruwa a cikin mata a lokacin da aka daina haila lokacin da matakan Estrogen suka ragu.[1][2][3] Hakanan yana iya haifar da Hypoestrogenism da / ko hyperandrogenism a cikin mata gabaɗaya, kamar a cikin maganin antiestrogen don ciwon nono, a cikin cutar polycystic ovary (PCOS), da kuma Rashin abinci mai gina jiki kamar wanda ke da alaƙa da cututtukan cin abinci kamar Anorexia nervosa ko tare da cutututtuka masu tsanani.[4][5][6][7][8] Hakanan yana iya zama tasirin asarar nauyi.&lt;ref&gt;Julia A. McMillan; Ralph D. Feigin; Catherine DeAngelis; M. Douglas Jones (2006). Oski's Pediatrics: Principles &amp; Practice. Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins. pp. 558–. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-7817-3894-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin maganin gynecomastia a cikin maza da macromastia a cikin mata, da kuma maganin maye gurbin hormone (HRT) ga maza masu canza launin fata,  atrophy na nono na iya zama sakamako mai so.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Mammoplasia
* Ƙananan Ƙasashe

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>1c7q6wat0lbgru0x012oxoq7f3ko3w2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eczema na nono</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158803</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861763</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T07:38:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1238639510|Breast eczema]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861763</origin>
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      <text bytes="1335" sha1="kbc52bhyx3ykcbae5k91wvz9o4wziee" xml:space="preserve">
Kalmar '''eczema na [[nono]]''' tana nufin cututtukan [[fata]] da aka gani a cikin fata na nono. Zai iya shafar maɗaukaki, areolae, da wuraren da ke kewaye.

Eczema na ma'adanai shine nau'in danshi, tare da oozing da crusting. Ana ganin ciwo mai raɗaɗi akai-akai, musamman a cikin uwaye masu shayarwa. : 78 Sau da yawa zai faru a cikin ciki, koda ba tare da shayarwa ba.

Ya kamata a tattauna eczema mai ɗorewa na maɗaukaki, musamman a cikin matsakaicin shekaru da tsofaffi, tare da likita, kamar yadda wani nau'in ciwon nono da ake kira Cutar Paget na iya haifar da irin waɗannan alamun.[1]

== Magani ==
Kamar yadda yake tare da wasu nau'ikan eczema, maganin eczema na nono gabaɗaya yana mai da hankali kan sauƙaƙe alamun.

Likita na iya ba da umarni na steroids - musamman glucocorticoids kamar mometasone ko methylprednisolone aceponate - don amfani da su ga yankin da abin ya shafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-03-16 |title=Nipple Dermatitis or Eczema |url=https://www.sydneybreastclinic.com.au/patient-information/nipple-dermatitis-eczema/ |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Sydney Breast Clinic |language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Cutar nono
* [[Rikitarwa na ciki|Matsalolin ciki]]
* Cututtukan ciki
* [[Yanayin fata|Rashin rauni a fata]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>kbc52bhyx3ykcbae5k91wvz9o4wziee</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861764</id>
      <parentid>861763</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T07:39:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>861764</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1347" sha1="cdipjx0dcsvsgfwvnk71ckmu29321wh" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

Kalmar '''eczema na [[nono]]''' tana nufin cututtukan [[fata]] da aka gani a cikin fata na nono. Zai iya shafar maɗaukaki, areolae, da wuraren da ke kewaye.

Eczema na ma'adanai shine nau'in danshi, tare da oozing da crusting. Ana ganin ciwo mai raɗaɗi akai-akai, musamman a cikin uwaye masu shayarwa. : 78 Sau da yawa zai faru a cikin ciki, koda ba tare da shayarwa ba.

Ya kamata a tattauna eczema mai ɗorewa na maɗaukaki, musamman a cikin matsakaicin shekaru da tsofaffi, tare da likita, kamar yadda wani nau'in ciwon nono da ake kira Cutar Paget na iya haifar da irin waɗannan alamun.[1]

== Magani ==
Kamar yadda yake tare da wasu nau'ikan eczema, maganin eczema na nono gabaɗaya yana mai da hankali kan sauƙaƙe alamun.

Likita na iya ba da umarni na steroids - musamman glucocorticoids kamar mometasone ko methylprednisolone aceponate - don amfani da su ga yankin da abin ya shafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-03-16 |title=Nipple Dermatitis or Eczema |url=https://www.sydneybreastclinic.com.au/patient-information/nipple-dermatitis-eczema/ |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Sydney Breast Clinic |language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Cutar nono
* [[Rikitarwa na ciki|Matsalolin ciki]]
* Cututtukan ciki
* [[Yanayin fata|Rashin rauni a fata]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>cdipjx0dcsvsgfwvnk71ckmu29321wh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861769</id>
      <parentid>861764</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T07:52:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1238639510|Breast eczema]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861769</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1657" sha1="o9krjl6nnn2v3n2uufj230ll2mew7ui" xml:space="preserve">
Kalmar eczema na nono tana nufin cututtukan fata da aka gani a cikin fata na nono. Zai iya shafar maɗaukaki, areolae, da wuraren da ke kewaye.

Eczema na ma'adanai shine nau'in danshi, tare da oozing da crusting. Ana ganin ciwo mai raɗaɗi akai-akai, musamman a cikin uwaye masu shayarwa. : 78 Sau da yawa zai faru a cikin ciki, koda ba tare da shayarwa ba.

Ya kamata a tattauna eczema mai ɗorewa na maɗaukaki, musamman a cikin matsakaicin shekaru da tsofaffi, tare da likita, kamar yadda wani nau'in ciwon nono da ake kira Cutar Paget na iya haifar da irin waɗannan alamun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Paget's disease of the nipple |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pagets-disease-nipple/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611005249/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pagets-disease-nipple/ |archive-date=2024-06-11 |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=nhs.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Magani ==
Kamar yadda yake tare da wasu nau'ikan eczema, maganin eczema na nono gabaɗaya yana mai da hankali kan sauƙaƙe alamun.

Likita na iya ba da umarni na steroids - musamman glucocorticoids kamar mometasone ko methylprednisolone aceponate - don amfani da su ga yankin da abin ya shafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-03-16 |title=Nipple Dermatitis or Eczema |url=https://www.sydneybreastclinic.com.au/patient-information/nipple-dermatitis-eczema/ |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Sydney Breast Clinic |language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Cutar nono
* [[Rikitarwa na ciki|Matsalolin ciki]]
* Cututtukan ciki
* [[Yanayin fata|Rashin rauni a fata]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>o9krjl6nnn2v3n2uufj230ll2mew7ui</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861793</id>
      <parentid>861769</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T08:11:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>861793</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1669" sha1="d7fceggpywv8kk6yzdj36ae2uxl2jph" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

Kalmar eczema na nono tana nufin cututtukan fata da aka gani a cikin fata na nono. Zai iya shafar maɗaukaki, areolae, da wuraren da ke kewaye.

Eczema na ma'adanai shine nau'in danshi, tare da oozing da crusting. Ana ganin ciwo mai raɗaɗi akai-akai, musamman a cikin uwaye masu shayarwa. : 78 Sau da yawa zai faru a cikin ciki, koda ba tare da shayarwa ba.

Ya kamata a tattauna eczema mai ɗorewa na maɗaukaki, musamman a cikin matsakaicin shekaru da tsofaffi, tare da likita, kamar yadda wani nau'in ciwon nono da ake kira Cutar Paget na iya haifar da irin waɗannan alamun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Paget's disease of the nipple |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pagets-disease-nipple/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611005249/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pagets-disease-nipple/ |archive-date=2024-06-11 |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=nhs.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Magani ==
Kamar yadda yake tare da wasu nau'ikan eczema, maganin eczema na nono gabaɗaya yana mai da hankali kan sauƙaƙe alamun.

Likita na iya ba da umarni na steroids - musamman glucocorticoids kamar mometasone ko methylprednisolone aceponate - don amfani da su ga yankin da abin ya shafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-03-16 |title=Nipple Dermatitis or Eczema |url=https://www.sydneybreastclinic.com.au/patient-information/nipple-dermatitis-eczema/ |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Sydney Breast Clinic |language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Cutar nono
* [[Rikitarwa na ciki|Matsalolin ciki]]
* Cututtukan ciki
* [[Yanayin fata|Rashin rauni a fata]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>d7fceggpywv8kk6yzdj36ae2uxl2jph</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bashir Adeniyi Musa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158804</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861766</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T07:48:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350512642|Bashir Adeniyi Musa]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861766</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1617" sha1="8rl1z95nr0au3y9bbpl7xsbey3sncze" xml:space="preserve">'''Jakadan Bashir Adeniyi Musa''' ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin jakadun 88 na tsohon [[Shugaban Nijeriya|Shugaban Najeriya]] [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya zaba kuma Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya ta tantance su. An nada jakadan Bashir Adeniyi Musa dan (Jihar Koogi) a matsayin Mataimakin Jakadan Najeriya a Switzerland, Bern bayan kuri'un majalisar dattijai da ayyukan a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 February 2012 |title=Senate of the Federal Republic of Nigeria - Votes and Proceedings |url=http://www.placng.org/home/Senate%20Votes%20and%20Proceedings,%20Wednesday%20February%208,2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421050505/http://www.placng.org/home/Senate%20Votes%20and%20Proceedings%2C%20Wednesday%20February%208%2C2012.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2014 |access-date=2013-06-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya mutu a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2013 bayan ɗan gajeren rashin lafiya da yayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria's Deputy Ambassador to Switzerland, Bashir Musa, dies - African Spotlight |url=http://africanspotlight.com/2013/04/25/nigerias-deputy-ambassador-to-switzerland-bashir-musa-dies/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043727/http://africanspotlight.com/2013/04/25/nigerias-deputy-ambassador-to-switzerland-bashir-musa-dies/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=6 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya auri Kemi Musa kuma yana da 'ya'ya hudu kuma sune; Moji Musa, Sheriff Musa, Mubo Musa da Folashade Musa. He was married to Kemi Musa and had four children together; Moji Musa, Sheriff Musa, Mubo Musa and Folashade Musa.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2013]]</text>
      <sha1>8rl1z95nr0au3y9bbpl7xsbey3sncze</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861767</id>
      <parentid>861766</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T07:49:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>861767</origin>
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      <text bytes="1503" sha1="oafaq45k0x51l6aijbqr4d9r1ia0co5" xml:space="preserve">'''Jakadan Bashir Adeniyi Musa''' ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin jakadun 88 na tsohon [[Shugaban Nijeriya|Shugaban Najeriya]] [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya zaba kuma Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya ta tantance su. An nada jakadan Bashir Adeniyi Musa dan (Jihar Koogi) a matsayin Mataimakin Jakadan Najeriya a Switzerland, Bern bayan kuri'un majalisar dattijai da ayyukan a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 February 2012 |title=Senate of the Federal Republic of Nigeria - Votes and Proceedings |url=http://www.placng.org/home/Senate%20Votes%20and%20Proceedings,%20Wednesday%20February%208,2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421050505/http://www.placng.org/home/Senate%20Votes%20and%20Proceedings%2C%20Wednesday%20February%208%2C2012.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2014 |access-date=2013-06-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya mutu a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2013 bayan ɗan gajeren rashin lafiya da yayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria's Deputy Ambassador to Switzerland, Bashir Musa, dies - African Spotlight |url=http://africanspotlight.com/2013/04/25/nigerias-deputy-ambassador-to-switzerland-bashir-musa-dies/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043727/http://africanspotlight.com/2013/04/25/nigerias-deputy-ambassador-to-switzerland-bashir-musa-dies/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=6 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya auri Kemi Musa kuma yana da 'ya'ya hudu kuma sune; Moji Musa, Sheriff Musa, Mubo Musa da Folashade Musa. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2013]]</text>
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        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
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      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
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'''Jakadan Bashir Adeniyi Musa''' ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin jakadun 88 na tsohon [[Shugaban Nijeriya|Shugaban Najeriya]] [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya zaba kuma Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya ta tantance su. An nada jakadan Bashir Adeniyi Musa dan (Jihar Koogi) a matsayin Mataimakin Jakadan Najeriya a Switzerland, Bern bayan kuri'un majalisar dattijai da ayyukan a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 February 2012 |title=Senate of the Federal Republic of Nigeria - Votes and Proceedings |url=http://www.placng.org/home/Senate%20Votes%20and%20Proceedings,%20Wednesday%20February%208,2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421050505/http://www.placng.org/home/Senate%20Votes%20and%20Proceedings%2C%20Wednesday%20February%208%2C2012.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2014 |access-date=2013-06-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya mutu a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2013 bayan ɗan gajeren rashin lafiya da yayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria's Deputy Ambassador to Switzerland, Bashir Musa, dies - African Spotlight |url=http://africanspotlight.com/2013/04/25/nigerias-deputy-ambassador-to-switzerland-bashir-musa-dies/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043727/http://africanspotlight.com/2013/04/25/nigerias-deputy-ambassador-to-switzerland-bashir-musa-dies/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=6 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya auri Kemi Musa kuma yana da 'ya'ya hudu kuma sune; Moji Musa, Sheriff Musa, Mubo Musa da Folashade Musa. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2013]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Masarautar Hormuz</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359069147|Kingdom of Hormuz]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Masarautar Hormuz''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''Hormoz''' ko, a tarihi, '''Ormus''' ; Persian   ; Portuguese   ) masarauta ce daular da ta samo asali daga kudancin [[Larabawa]] . {{Sfn|Floor|2006}} Tana gefen gabashin Tekun Farisa kuma ta faɗaɗa har zuwa [[Baharen|Bahrain]] a yamma a lokacin da take kan gaba. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Provide evidence of this &amp;amp;quot;kingdom&amp;amp;quot; existing in the region and its &amp;amp;quot;zenith&amp;amp;quot;, which means there must be an establishment, a rise, then a decline. (June 2020)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; An kafa Masarautar a ƙarni na 11 da farko a matsayin tushen Sarauta na Kerman Seljuk, daga baya kuma a matsayin ma'ajiyar Turkmens mai cin gashin kanta ta Salghurid da Ilkhanate .  {{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}} A matakin ƙarshe, Hormuz ya zama ƙasar abokin ciniki ta [[Daular Portuguese|Daular Portugal a Gabas]] .

Hormuz, tsibirin da aka sanya sunan Masarautar, babbar tushe ce ta musayar tattalin arziki da cinikin ruwa a matsayin muhimmiyar tashar jiragen ruwa tsakanin Tekun Farisa da Tekun Indiya.{{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}} Wannan tashar jiragen ruwa ta samo asali ne a kudancin Iran zuwa gabashin Strait of Hormuz, kusa da birnin Minab na zamani, kuma daga baya aka sake komawa tsibirin Jarun wanda aka fi sani da Tsibirin Hormuz, wanda ke kusa da birnin Bandar-e Abbas na zamani.{{Sfn|Shabankareyi|1984}}

== Asali ==
Asalin sunan Hormuz ba shi da tabbas.  Wata ka'ida ita ce sunan ya samo asali ne daga kalmar [[Farisawa|harshen Farisa]] ta gida Hur-Mogh {{Lang|fa|هورمغ}} 'Wurin Kwanaki ', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ebrahimi |first=Qorbanali |date=2005–2006 |title=Hormoz-Hormuz |url=https://noo.rs/Cin61 |journal=Motale'at Irani |volume=4 |issue=7 |pages=48}}&lt;/ref&gt;  yayin da wata ka'ida ta nuna cewa &quot;Hormuz&quot; daga harshen Farisa ta Tsakiya na furta sunan allahn [[Zoroastra|Zoroastrian]] {{Lang|fa|هرمز}} {{Transl|fa|Hormoz}} ( Ahura Mazda ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chakrabarty |first=Roshni |date=4 March 2026 |title=How did the Strait of Hormuz get its name? Here's the real origin story |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/strait-of-hormuz-name-origin-persian-or-zoroastrian-2877143-2026-03-04 |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=[[India Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu majiyoyi sun nuna cewa na farko ya fi yiwuwa,  yayin da wasu kuma suka karkata ga na biyun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Milisic |first=Alma |title=Iran war: 10 frequently used words and their meanings |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/19/iran-war-10-frequently-used-words-and-their-meanings |access-date=2026-06-08 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wata ka'ida kuma ta yi iƙirarin cewa an sanya wa mashigar Hormuz suna ne bayan Ifra Hormizd, mahaifiyar Sarki Shapur na Biyu na Farisa, wanda ya yi mulki tsakanin 309 da 379.&amp;nbsp;AD. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Wani ka'ida kuma ita ce ta fito ne daga {{Lang|grc|ὅρμος}} ''Hormos'', kalmar Girkanci ta 'kofa, bay'. &lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rezakhani |first=Khodadad |date=27 February 2020 |title=The Kingdom of Hormuz |url=https://iranologie.com/the-history-page/the-kingdom-of-hormuz/ |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Iranologie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Tsohon Hormuz ===
Lokacin farko na tarihin sarakunan Hormuz ya fara ne da ƙaura na [[Muhammad Diramku]] daga Oman zuwa gabar tekun Iran a ƙarni na 11 kuma ya kasance har zuwa canja wurin babban birnin zuwa Tsibirin Hormuz a farkon ƙarni na 14. A wannan lokacin Hormuz ya ji daɗin dogon lokaci na cin gashin kansa a ƙarƙashin ikon sarakunan Iran daga kafuwar masarautar a karni na 11 zuwa zuwan Portuguese. Abubuwan da suka faru a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da gwagwarmayar iko tsakanin sarakuna da yawa na Hormuz da yankin da ke kewaye da shi da kuma ci gaba da matsayin tattalin arziki na Hormuz . &lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rezakhani |first=Khodadad |date=2020-02-27 |title=The Kingdom of Hormuz |url=https://iranologie.com/the-history-page/the-kingdom-of-hormuz/ |access-date=2020-12-14 |website=Iranologie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}}

Hormuz ta kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin zuriyar Muhammad Diramku (Deramkub &quot;Dirham minter&quot;) wanda ya kafa masarautar a matsayin mai dogaro da Masarautar Kerman bayan rushewar masarautar [[Daular Buyid|Buyid]], ya kai ga mafi girma a ƙarƙashin mulkin daular Mongol na Ilkhanids . &lt;ref name=&quot;iranica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Floor |first=Willem |title=Hormuz ii. Islamic Period |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hormuz-ii |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin zamani na tsakiya, masarautar ta kasance sananniya a matsayin masarautar kasa da kasa da ke kula da bangarorin biyu na Tekun Farisa da yawancin yankin bakin teku na [[Tekun Larabawa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie&quot; /&gt;

&quot;A lokacin mulkin Mir Bahrudin Ayaz Seyfin, sarkin Hormoz na goma sha biyar, ne Seljuk suka kai hari Kerman daga nan suka isa Hormuz. Arzikin Hormuz ya jawo hare-hare sau da yawa har mazauna suka nemi mafaka daga babban yankin kuma da farko suka ƙaura zuwa tsibirin Qeshm . Daga nan sai Mir Bahrudin ya ziyarci tsibirin Jerun ya samo shi daga Neyn (Na'im), Sarkin Keys (Kish), wanda dukkan tsibiran yankin mallakarsa ne. Bayan ya yi aikin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]], Mir Bahrudin ya shahara da Haji Bahrudin a ƙasashen Hormuz.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nothing found for Hormuz Essays 3 3 |url=http://www.dataxinfo.com/hormuz/essays/3.3.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226112958/http://www.dataxinfo.com/hormuz/essays/3.3.htm |archive-date=26 February 2020 |access-date=10 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (August 2024)&quot;&gt;Tushen da ba shi da tabbas?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Waɗannan sauyi a mulki sun nuna ƙarshen zamanin [Persian] Gulf, amma tashoshin jiragen ruwa na tsibirin Qays sannan kuma babban tashar jiragen ruwa ta Hormoz (da farko sun shiga Farisa) sun zama shahararrun 'yan kasuwa. Sarakunan Hurmuzî sun gina Qalhat a gabar tekun Oman don su mallaki ɓangarorin biyu na ƙofar shiga Tekun Farisa. Daga baya, a shekara ta 1300, 'yan kasuwar Hurmuzî sun yi watsi da mulkin mallaka na Farisa, suka sake tsara kasuwancinsu a tsibirin da ake kira Hurmuz kuma a can suka tara dukiya mai tarihi. Alaƙar da ke tsakanin Nabâhina da Hurmuzîs ba ta da tabbas.</text>
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'''Masarautar Hormuz''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''Hormoz''' ko, a tarihi, '''Ormus''' ; Persian   ; Portuguese   ) masarauta ce daular da ta samo asali daga kudancin [[Larabawa]] . {{Sfn|Floor|2006}} Tana gefen gabashin Tekun Farisa kuma ta faɗaɗa har zuwa [[Baharen|Bahrain]] a yamma a lokacin da take kan gaba. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Provide evidence of this &amp;amp;quot;kingdom&amp;amp;quot; existing in the region and its &amp;amp;quot;zenith&amp;amp;quot;, which means there must be an establishment, a rise, then a decline. (June 2020)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; An kafa Masarautar a ƙarni na 11 da farko a matsayin tushen Sarauta na Kerman Seljuk, daga baya kuma a matsayin ma'ajiyar Turkmens mai cin gashin kanta ta Salghurid da Ilkhanate .  {{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}} A matakin ƙarshe, Hormuz ya zama ƙasar abokin ciniki ta [[Daular Portuguese|Daular Portugal a Gabas]] .

Hormuz, tsibirin da aka sanya sunan Masarautar, babbar tushe ce ta musayar tattalin arziki da cinikin ruwa a matsayin muhimmiyar tashar jiragen ruwa tsakanin Tekun Farisa da Tekun Indiya.{{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}} Wannan tashar jiragen ruwa ta samo asali ne a kudancin Iran zuwa gabashin Strait of Hormuz, kusa da birnin Minab na zamani, kuma daga baya aka sake komawa tsibirin Jarun wanda aka fi sani da Tsibirin Hormuz, wanda ke kusa da birnin Bandar-e Abbas na zamani.{{Sfn|Shabankareyi|1984}}

== Asali ==
Asalin sunan Hormuz ba shi da tabbas.  Wata ka'ida ita ce sunan ya samo asali ne daga kalmar [[Farisawa|harshen Farisa]] ta gida Hur-Mogh {{Lang|fa|هورمغ}} 'Wurin Kwanaki ', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ebrahimi |first=Qorbanali |date=2005–2006 |title=Hormoz-Hormuz |url=https://noo.rs/Cin61 |journal=Motale'at Irani |volume=4 |issue=7 |pages=48}}&lt;/ref&gt;  yayin da wata ka'ida ta nuna cewa &quot;Hormuz&quot; daga harshen Farisa ta Tsakiya na furta sunan allahn [[Zoroastra|Zoroastrian]] {{Lang|fa|هرمز}} {{Transl|fa|Hormoz}} ( Ahura Mazda ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chakrabarty |first=Roshni |date=4 March 2026 |title=How did the Strait of Hormuz get its name? Here's the real origin story |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/strait-of-hormuz-name-origin-persian-or-zoroastrian-2877143-2026-03-04 |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=[[India Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu majiyoyi sun nuna cewa na farko ya fi yiwuwa,  yayin da wasu kuma suka karkata ga na biyun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Milisic |first=Alma |title=Iran war: 10 frequently used words and their meanings |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/19/iran-war-10-frequently-used-words-and-their-meanings |access-date=2026-06-08 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wata ka'ida kuma ta yi iƙirarin cewa an sanya wa mashigar Hormuz suna ne bayan Ifra Hormizd, mahaifiyar Sarki Shapur na Biyu na Farisa, wanda ya yi mulki tsakanin 309 da 379.&amp;nbsp;AD. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Wani ka'ida kuma ita ce ta fito ne daga {{Lang|grc|ὅρμος}} ''Hormos'', kalmar Girkanci ta 'kofa, bay'. &lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rezakhani |first=Khodadad |date=27 February 2020 |title=The Kingdom of Hormuz |url=https://iranologie.com/the-history-page/the-kingdom-of-hormuz/ |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Iranologie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Tsohon Hormuz ===
Lokacin farko na tarihin sarakunan Hormuz ya fara ne da ƙaura na [[Muhammad Diramku]] daga Oman zuwa gabar tekun Iran a ƙarni na 11 kuma ya kasance har zuwa canja wurin babban birnin zuwa Tsibirin Hormuz a farkon ƙarni na 14. A wannan lokacin Hormuz ya ji daɗin dogon lokaci na cin gashin kansa a ƙarƙashin ikon sarakunan Iran daga kafuwar masarautar a karni na 11 zuwa zuwan Portuguese. Abubuwan da suka faru a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da gwagwarmayar iko tsakanin sarakuna da yawa na Hormuz da yankin da ke kewaye da shi da kuma ci gaba da matsayin tattalin arziki na Hormuz . &lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rezakhani |first=Khodadad |date=2020-02-27 |title=The Kingdom of Hormuz |url=https://iranologie.com/the-history-page/the-kingdom-of-hormuz/ |access-date=2020-12-14 |website=Iranologie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}}

Hormuz ta kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin zuriyar Muhammad Diramku (Deramkub &quot;Dirham minter&quot;) wanda ya kafa masarautar a matsayin mai dogaro da Masarautar Kerman bayan rushewar masarautar [[Daular Buyid|Buyid]], ya kai ga mafi girma a ƙarƙashin mulkin daular Mongol na Ilkhanids . &lt;ref name=&quot;iranica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Floor |first=Willem |title=Hormuz ii. Islamic Period |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hormuz-ii |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin zamani na tsakiya, masarautar ta kasance sananniya a matsayin masarautar kasa da kasa da ke kula da bangarorin biyu na Tekun Farisa da yawancin yankin bakin teku na [[Tekun Larabawa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie&quot; /&gt;

&quot;A lokacin mulkin Mir Bahrudin Ayaz Seyfin, sarkin Hormoz na goma sha biyar, ne Seljuk suka kai hari Kerman daga nan suka isa Hormuz. Arzikin Hormuz ya jawo hare-hare sau da yawa har mazauna suka nemi mafaka daga babban yankin kuma da farko suka ƙaura zuwa tsibirin Qeshm . Daga nan sai Mir Bahrudin ya ziyarci tsibirin Jerun ya samo shi daga Neyn (Na'im), Sarkin Keys (Kish), wanda dukkan tsibiran yankin mallakarsa ne. Bayan ya yi aikin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]], Mir Bahrudin ya shahara da Haji Bahrudin a ƙasashen Hormuz.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nothing found for Hormuz Essays 3 3 |url=http://www.dataxinfo.com/hormuz/essays/3.3.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226112958/http://www.dataxinfo.com/hormuz/essays/3.3.htm |archive-date=26 February 2020 |access-date=10 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (August 2024)&quot;&gt;Tushen da ba shi da tabbas?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Waɗannan sauyi a mulki sun nuna ƙarshen zamanin [Persian] Gulf, amma tashoshin jiragen ruwa na tsibirin Qays sannan kuma babban tashar jiragen ruwa ta Hormoz (da farko sun shiga Farisa) sun zama shahararrun 'yan kasuwa. Sarakunan Hurmuzî sun gina Qalhat a gabar tekun Oman don su mallaki ɓangarorin biyu na ƙofar shiga Tekun Farisa. Daga baya, a shekara ta 1300, 'yan kasuwar Hurmuzî sun yi watsi da mulkin mallaka na Farisa, suka sake tsara kasuwancinsu a tsibirin da ake kira Hurmuz kuma a can suka tara dukiya mai tarihi. Alaƙar da ke tsakanin Nabâhina da Hurmuzîs ba ta da tabbas.</text>
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'''Masarautar Hormuz''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''Hormoz''' ko, a tarihi, '''Ormus''' ; Persian   ; Portuguese   ) masarauta ce daular da ta samo asali daga kudancin [[Larabawa]] . {{Sfn|Floor|2006}} Tana gefen gabashin Tekun Farisa kuma ta faɗaɗa har zuwa [[Baharen|Bahrain]] a yamma a lokacin da take kan gaba. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Provide evidence of this &amp;amp;quot;kingdom&amp;amp;quot; existing in the region and its &amp;amp;quot;zenith&amp;amp;quot;, which means there must be an establishment, a rise, then a decline. (June 2020)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; An kafa Masarautar a ƙarni na 11 da farko a matsayin tushen Sarauta na Kerman Seljuk, daga baya kuma a matsayin ma'ajiyar Turkmens mai cin gashin kanta ta Salghurid da Ilkhanate .  {{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}} A matakin ƙarshe, Hormuz ya zama ƙasar abokin ciniki ta [[Daular Portuguese|Daular Portugal a Gabas]] .

Hormuz, tsibirin da aka sanya sunan Masarautar, babbar tushe ce ta musayar tattalin arziki da cinikin ruwa a matsayin muhimmiyar tashar jiragen ruwa tsakanin Tekun Farisa da Tekun Indiya.{{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}} Wannan tashar jiragen ruwa ta samo asali ne a kudancin Iran zuwa gabashin Strait of Hormuz, kusa da birnin Minab na zamani, kuma daga baya aka sake komawa tsibirin Jarun wanda aka fi sani da Tsibirin Hormuz, wanda ke kusa da birnin Bandar-e Abbas na zamani.{{Sfn|Shabankareyi|1984}}

== Asali ==
Asalin sunan Hormuz ba shi da tabbas.  Wata ka'ida ita ce sunan ya samo asali ne daga kalmar [[Farisawa|harshen Farisa]] ta gida Hur-Mogh {{Lang|fa|هورمغ}} 'Wurin Kwanaki ', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ebrahimi |first=Qorbanali |date=2005–2006 |title=Hormoz-Hormuz |url=https://noo.rs/Cin61 |journal=Motale'at Irani |volume=4 |issue=7 |pages=48}}&lt;/ref&gt;  yayin da wata ka'ida ta nuna cewa &quot;Hormuz&quot; daga harshen Farisa ta Tsakiya na furta sunan allahn [[Zoroastra|Zoroastrian]] {{Lang|fa|هرمز}} {{Transl|fa|Hormoz}} ( Ahura Mazda ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chakrabarty |first=Roshni |date=4 March 2026 |title=How did the Strait of Hormuz get its name? Here's the real origin story |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/strait-of-hormuz-name-origin-persian-or-zoroastrian-2877143-2026-03-04 |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=[[India Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu majiyoyi sun nuna cewa na farko ya fi yiwuwa,  yayin da wasu kuma suka karkata ga na biyun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Milisic |first=Alma |title=Iran war: 10 frequently used words and their meanings |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/19/iran-war-10-frequently-used-words-and-their-meanings |access-date=2026-06-08 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wata ka'ida kuma ta yi iƙirarin cewa an sanya wa mashigar Hormuz suna ne bayan Ifra Hormizd, mahaifiyar Sarki Shapur na Biyu na Farisa, wanda ya yi mulki tsakanin 309 da 379.&amp;nbsp;AD. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Wani ka'ida kuma ita ce ta fito ne daga {{Lang|grc|ὅρμος}} ''Hormos'', kalmar Girkanci ta 'kofa, bay'. &lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rezakhani |first=Khodadad |date=27 February 2020 |title=The Kingdom of Hormuz |url=https://iranologie.com/the-history-page/the-kingdom-of-hormuz/ |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Iranologie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Tsohon Hormuz ===
Lokacin farko na tarihin sarakunan Hormuz ya fara ne da ƙaura na [[Muhammad Diramku]] daga Oman zuwa gabar tekun Iran a ƙarni na 11 kuma ya kasance har zuwa canja wurin babban birnin zuwa Tsibirin Hormuz a farkon ƙarni na 14. A wannan lokacin Hormuz ya ji daɗin dogon lokaci na cin gashin kansa a ƙarƙashin ikon sarakunan Iran daga kafuwar masarautar a karni na 11 zuwa zuwan Portuguese. Abubuwan da suka faru a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da gwagwarmayar iko tsakanin sarakuna da yawa na Hormuz da yankin da ke kewaye da shi da kuma ci gaba da matsayin tattalin arziki na Hormuz . &lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rezakhani |first=Khodadad |date=2020-02-27 |title=The Kingdom of Hormuz |url=https://iranologie.com/the-history-page/the-kingdom-of-hormuz/ |access-date=2020-12-14 |website=Iranologie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}}

Hormuz ta kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin zuriyar Muhammad Diramku (Deramkub &quot;Dirham minter&quot;) wanda ya kafa masarautar a matsayin mai dogaro da Masarautar Kerman bayan rushewar masarautar [[Daular Buyid|Buyid]], ya kai ga mafi girma a ƙarƙashin mulkin daular Mongol na Ilkhanids . &lt;ref name=&quot;iranica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Floor |first=Willem |title=Hormuz ii. Islamic Period |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hormuz-ii |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin zamani na tsakiya, masarautar ta kasance sananniya a matsayin masarautar kasa da kasa da ke kula da bangarorin biyu na Tekun Farisa da yawancin yankin bakin teku na [[Tekun Larabawa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie&quot; /&gt;

&quot;A lokacin mulkin Mir Bahrudin Ayaz Seyfin, sarkin Hormoz na goma sha biyar, ne Seljuk suka kai hari Kerman daga nan suka isa Hormuz. Arzikin Hormuz ya jawo hare-hare sau da yawa har mazauna suka nemi mafaka daga babban yankin kuma da farko suka ƙaura zuwa tsibirin Qeshm . Daga nan sai Mir Bahrudin ya ziyarci tsibirin Jerun ya samo shi daga Neyn (Na'im), Sarkin Keys (Kish), wanda dukkan tsibiran yankin mallakarsa ne. Bayan ya yi aikin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]], Mir Bahrudin ya shahara da Haji Bahrudin a ƙasashen Hormuz.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nothing found for Hormuz Essays 3 3 |url=http://www.dataxinfo.com/hormuz/essays/3.3.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226112958/http://www.dataxinfo.com/hormuz/essays/3.3.htm |archive-date=26 February 2020 |access-date=10 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (August 2024)&quot;&gt;Tushen da ba shi da tabbas?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Waɗannan sauyi a mulki sun nuna ƙarshen zamanin [Persian] Gulf, amma tashoshin jiragen ruwa na tsibirin Qays sannan kuma babban tashar jiragen ruwa ta Hormoz (da farko sun shiga Farisa) sun zama shahararrun 'yan kasuwa. Sarakunan Hurmuzî sun gina Qalhat a gabar tekun Oman don su mallaki ɓangarorin biyu na ƙofar shiga Tekun Farisa. Daga baya, a shekara ta 1300, 'yan kasuwar Hurmuzî sun yi watsi da mulkin mallaka na Farisa, suka sake tsara kasuwancinsu a tsibirin da ake kira Hurmuz kuma a can suka tara dukiya mai tarihi. Alaƙar da ke tsakanin Nabâhina da Hurmuzîs ba ta da tabbas.

==Manazarta==</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359069147|Kingdom of Hormuz]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Masarautar Hormuz''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''Hormoz''' ko, a tarihi, '''Ormus''' ; Persian   ; Portuguese   ) masarauta ce daular da ta samo asali daga kudancin [[Larabawa]] . {{Sfn|Floor|2006}} Tana gefen gabashin Tekun Farisa kuma ta faɗaɗa har zuwa [[Baharen|Bahrain]] a yamma a lokacin da take kan gaba. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Provide evidence of this &amp;amp;quot;kingdom&amp;amp;quot; existing in the region and its &amp;amp;quot;zenith&amp;amp;quot;, which means there must be an establishment, a rise, then a decline. (June 2020)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; An kafa Masarautar a ƙarni na 11 da farko a matsayin tushen Sarauta na Kerman Seljuk, daga baya kuma a matsayin ma'ajiyar Turkmens mai cin gashin kanta ta Salghurid da Ilkhanate .  {{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}} A matakin ƙarshe, Hormuz ya zama ƙasar abokin ciniki ta [[Daular Portuguese|Daular Portugal a Gabas]] .

Hormuz, tsibirin da aka sanya sunan Masarautar, babbar tushe ce ta musayar tattalin arziki da cinikin ruwa a matsayin muhimmiyar tashar jiragen ruwa tsakanin Tekun Farisa da Tekun Indiya.{{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}} Wannan tashar jiragen ruwa ta samo asali ne a kudancin Iran zuwa gabashin Strait of Hormuz, kusa da birnin Minab na zamani, kuma daga baya aka sake komawa tsibirin Jarun wanda aka fi sani da Tsibirin Hormuz, wanda ke kusa da birnin Bandar-e Abbas na zamani.{{Sfn|Shabankareyi|1984}}

== Asali ==
Asalin sunan Hormuz ba shi da tabbas.  Wata ka'ida ita ce sunan ya samo asali ne daga kalmar [[Farisawa|harshen Farisa]] ta gida Hur-Mogh {{Lang|fa|هورمغ}} 'Wurin Kwanaki ', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ebrahimi |first=Qorbanali |date=2005–2006 |title=Hormoz-Hormuz |url=https://noo.rs/Cin61 |journal=Motale'at Irani |volume=4 |issue=7 |pages=48}}&lt;/ref&gt;  yayin da wata ka'ida ta nuna cewa &quot;Hormuz&quot; daga harshen Farisa ta Tsakiya na furta sunan allahn [[Zoroastra|Zoroastrian]] {{Lang|fa|هرمز}} {{Transl|fa|Hormoz}} ( Ahura Mazda ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chakrabarty |first=Roshni |date=4 March 2026 |title=How did the Strait of Hormuz get its name? Here's the real origin story |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/strait-of-hormuz-name-origin-persian-or-zoroastrian-2877143-2026-03-04 |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=[[India Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu majiyoyi sun nuna cewa na farko ya fi yiwuwa,  yayin da wasu kuma suka karkata ga na biyun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Milisic |first=Alma |title=Iran war: 10 frequently used words and their meanings |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/19/iran-war-10-frequently-used-words-and-their-meanings |access-date=2026-06-08 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wata ka'ida kuma ta yi iƙirarin cewa an sanya wa mashigar Hormuz suna ne bayan Ifra Hormizd, mahaifiyar Sarki Shapur na Biyu na Farisa, wanda ya yi mulki tsakanin 309 da 379.&amp;nbsp;AD. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Wani ka'ida kuma ita ce ta fito ne daga {{Lang|grc|ὅρμος}} ''Hormos'', kalmar Girkanci ta 'kofa, bay'. &lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rezakhani |first=Khodadad |date=27 February 2020 |title=The Kingdom of Hormuz |url=https://iranologie.com/the-history-page/the-kingdom-of-hormuz/ |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Iranologie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Tsohon Hormuz ===
Lokacin farko na tarihin sarakunan Hormuz ya fara ne da ƙaura na [[Muhammad Diramku]] daga Oman zuwa gabar tekun Iran a ƙarni na 11 kuma ya kasance har zuwa canja wurin babban birnin zuwa Tsibirin Hormuz a farkon ƙarni na 14. A wannan lokacin Hormuz ya ji daɗin dogon lokaci na cin gashin kansa a ƙarƙashin ikon sarakunan Iran daga kafuwar masarautar a karni na 11 zuwa zuwan Portuguese. Abubuwan da suka faru a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da gwagwarmayar iko tsakanin sarakuna da yawa na Hormuz da yankin da ke kewaye da shi da kuma ci gaba da matsayin tattalin arziki na Hormuz . &lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rezakhani |first=Khodadad |date=2020-02-27 |title=The Kingdom of Hormuz |url=https://iranologie.com/the-history-page/the-kingdom-of-hormuz/ |access-date=2020-12-14 |website=Iranologie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}}

Hormuz ta kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin zuriyar Muhammad Diramku (Deramkub &quot;Dirham minter&quot;) wanda ya kafa masarautar a matsayin mai dogaro da Masarautar Kerman bayan rushewar masarautar [[Daular Buyid|Buyid]], ya kai ga mafi girma a ƙarƙashin mulkin daular Mongol na Ilkhanids . &lt;ref name=&quot;iranica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Floor |first=Willem |title=Hormuz ii. Islamic Period |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hormuz-ii |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin zamani na tsakiya, masarautar ta kasance sananniya a matsayin masarautar kasa da kasa da ke kula da bangarorin biyu na Tekun Farisa da yawancin yankin bakin teku na [[Tekun Larabawa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie&quot; /&gt;

&quot;A lokacin mulkin Mir Bahrudin Ayaz Seyfin, sarkin Hormoz na goma sha biyar, ne Seljuk suka kai hari Kerman daga nan suka isa Hormuz. Arzikin Hormuz ya jawo hare-hare sau da yawa har mazauna suka nemi mafaka daga babban yankin kuma da farko suka ƙaura zuwa tsibirin Qeshm . Daga nan sai Mir Bahrudin ya ziyarci tsibirin Jerun ya samo shi daga Neyn (Na'im), Sarkin Keys (Kish), wanda dukkan tsibiran yankin mallakarsa ne. Bayan ya yi aikin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]], Mir Bahrudin ya shahara da Haji Bahrudin a ƙasashen Hormuz.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nothing found for Hormuz Essays 3 3 |url=http://www.dataxinfo.com/hormuz/essays/3.3.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226112958/http://www.dataxinfo.com/hormuz/essays/3.3.htm |archive-date=26 February 2020 |access-date=10 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (August 2024)&quot;&gt;Tushen da ba shi da tabbas?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Waɗannan sauyi a mulki sun nuna ƙarshen zamanin [Persian] Gulf, amma tashoshin jiragen ruwa na tsibirin Qays sannan kuma babban tashar jiragen ruwa ta Hormoz (da farko sun shiga Farisa) sun zama shahararrun 'yan kasuwa. Sarakunan Hurmuzî sun gina Qalhat a gabar tekun Oman don su mallaki ɓangarorin biyu na ƙofar shiga Tekun Farisa. Daga baya, a shekara ta 1300, 'yan kasuwar Hurmuzî sun yi watsi da mulkin mallaka na Farisa, suka sake tsara kasuwancinsu a tsibirin da ake kira Hurmuz kuma a can suka tara dukiya mai tarihi. Alaƙar da ke tsakanin Nabâhina da Hurmuzîs ba ta da tabbas. 

=== Sabon Hormuz ===
Farkon mulkin Sarki Rukn Al-Din Mahmud Qalhati (r. 1249–1286) ya ga farkon wani sabon zamani a tarihin Hormuz. An kwatanta wannan lokacin da ganin yadda Hormuz ta yanke alaƙar dogaro da Kerman da Salghurids (wanda ke Fars ) kuma maimakon haka ta nuna iko zuwa ga alkiblar Bahrain da Oman . {{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}}</text>
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'''Masarautar Hormuz''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''Hormoz''' ko, a tarihi, '''Ormus''' ; Persian   ; Portuguese   ) masarauta ce daular da ta samo asali daga kudancin [[Larabawa]] . {{Sfn|Floor|2006}} Tana gefen gabashin Tekun Farisa kuma ta faɗaɗa har zuwa [[Baharen|Bahrain]] a yamma a lokacin da take kan gaba. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Provide evidence of this &amp;amp;quot;kingdom&amp;amp;quot; existing in the region and its &amp;amp;quot;zenith&amp;amp;quot;, which means there must be an establishment, a rise, then a decline. (June 2020)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; An kafa Masarautar a ƙarni na 11 da farko a matsayin tushen Sarauta na Kerman Seljuk, daga baya kuma a matsayin ma'ajiyar Turkmens mai cin gashin kanta ta Salghurid da Ilkhanate .  {{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}} A matakin ƙarshe, Hormuz ya zama ƙasar abokin ciniki ta [[Daular Portuguese|Daular Portugal a Gabas]] .

Hormuz, tsibirin da aka sanya sunan Masarautar, babbar tushe ce ta musayar tattalin arziki da cinikin ruwa a matsayin muhimmiyar tashar jiragen ruwa tsakanin Tekun Farisa da Tekun Indiya.{{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}} Wannan tashar jiragen ruwa ta samo asali ne a kudancin Iran zuwa gabashin Strait of Hormuz, kusa da birnin Minab na zamani, kuma daga baya aka sake komawa tsibirin Jarun wanda aka fi sani da Tsibirin Hormuz, wanda ke kusa da birnin Bandar-e Abbas na zamani.{{Sfn|Shabankareyi|1984}}

== Asali ==
Asalin sunan Hormuz ba shi da tabbas.  Wata ka'ida ita ce sunan ya samo asali ne daga kalmar [[Farisawa|harshen Farisa]] ta gida Hur-Mogh {{Lang|fa|هورمغ}} 'Wurin Kwanaki ', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ebrahimi |first=Qorbanali |date=2005–2006 |title=Hormoz-Hormuz |url=https://noo.rs/Cin61 |journal=Motale'at Irani |volume=4 |issue=7 |pages=48}}&lt;/ref&gt;  yayin da wata ka'ida ta nuna cewa &quot;Hormuz&quot; daga harshen Farisa ta Tsakiya na furta sunan allahn [[Zoroastra|Zoroastrian]] {{Lang|fa|هرمز}} {{Transl|fa|Hormoz}} ( Ahura Mazda ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chakrabarty |first=Roshni |date=4 March 2026 |title=How did the Strait of Hormuz get its name? Here's the real origin story |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/strait-of-hormuz-name-origin-persian-or-zoroastrian-2877143-2026-03-04 |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=[[India Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu majiyoyi sun nuna cewa na farko ya fi yiwuwa,  yayin da wasu kuma suka karkata ga na biyun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Milisic |first=Alma |title=Iran war: 10 frequently used words and their meanings |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/19/iran-war-10-frequently-used-words-and-their-meanings |access-date=2026-06-08 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wata ka'ida kuma ta yi iƙirarin cewa an sanya wa mashigar Hormuz suna ne bayan Ifra Hormizd, mahaifiyar Sarki Shapur na Biyu na Farisa, wanda ya yi mulki tsakanin 309 da 379.&amp;nbsp;AD. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Wani ka'ida kuma ita ce ta fito ne daga {{Lang|grc|ὅρμος}} ''Hormos'', kalmar Girkanci ta 'kofa, bay'. &lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rezakhani |first=Khodadad |date=27 February 2020 |title=The Kingdom of Hormuz |url=https://iranologie.com/the-history-page/the-kingdom-of-hormuz/ |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Iranologie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Tsohon Hormuz ===
Lokacin farko na tarihin sarakunan Hormuz ya fara ne da ƙaura na [[Muhammad Diramku]] daga Oman zuwa gabar tekun Iran a ƙarni na 11 kuma ya kasance har zuwa canja wurin babban birnin zuwa Tsibirin Hormuz a farkon ƙarni na 14. A wannan lokacin Hormuz ya ji daɗin dogon lokaci na cin gashin kansa a ƙarƙashin ikon sarakunan Iran daga kafuwar masarautar a karni na 11 zuwa zuwan Portuguese. Abubuwan da suka faru a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da gwagwarmayar iko tsakanin sarakuna da yawa na Hormuz da yankin da ke kewaye da shi da kuma ci gaba da matsayin tattalin arziki na Hormuz . &lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rezakhani |first=Khodadad |date=2020-02-27 |title=The Kingdom of Hormuz |url=https://iranologie.com/the-history-page/the-kingdom-of-hormuz/ |access-date=2020-12-14 |website=Iranologie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}}

Hormuz ta kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin zuriyar Muhammad Diramku (Deramkub &quot;Dirham minter&quot;) wanda ya kafa masarautar a matsayin mai dogaro da Masarautar Kerman bayan rushewar masarautar [[Daular Buyid|Buyid]], ya kai ga mafi girma a ƙarƙashin mulkin daular Mongol na Ilkhanids . &lt;ref name=&quot;iranica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Floor |first=Willem |title=Hormuz ii. Islamic Period |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hormuz-ii |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin zamani na tsakiya, masarautar ta kasance sananniya a matsayin masarautar kasa da kasa da ke kula da bangarorin biyu na Tekun Farisa da yawancin yankin bakin teku na [[Tekun Larabawa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie&quot; /&gt;

&quot;A lokacin mulkin Mir Bahrudin Ayaz Seyfin, sarkin Hormoz na goma sha biyar, ne Seljuk suka kai hari Kerman daga nan suka isa Hormuz. Arzikin Hormuz ya jawo hare-hare sau da yawa har mazauna suka nemi mafaka daga babban yankin kuma da farko suka ƙaura zuwa tsibirin Qeshm . Daga nan sai Mir Bahrudin ya ziyarci tsibirin Jerun ya samo shi daga Neyn (Na'im), Sarkin Keys (Kish), wanda dukkan tsibiran yankin mallakarsa ne. Bayan ya yi aikin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]], Mir Bahrudin ya shahara da Haji Bahrudin a ƙasashen Hormuz.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nothing found for Hormuz Essays 3 3 |url=http://www.dataxinfo.com/hormuz/essays/3.3.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226112958/http://www.dataxinfo.com/hormuz/essays/3.3.htm |archive-date=26 February 2020 |access-date=10 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (August 2024)&quot;&gt;Tushen da ba shi da tabbas?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Waɗannan sauyi a mulki sun nuna ƙarshen zamanin [Persian] Gulf, amma tashoshin jiragen ruwa na tsibirin Qays sannan kuma babban tashar jiragen ruwa ta Hormoz (da farko sun shiga Farisa) sun zama shahararrun 'yan kasuwa. Sarakunan Hurmuzî sun gina Qalhat a gabar tekun Oman don su mallaki ɓangarorin biyu na ƙofar shiga Tekun Farisa. Daga baya, a shekara ta 1300, 'yan kasuwar Hurmuzî sun yi watsi da mulkin mallaka na Farisa, suka sake tsara kasuwancinsu a tsibirin da ake kira Hurmuz kuma a can suka tara dukiya mai tarihi. Alaƙar da ke tsakanin Nabâhina da Hurmuzîs ba ta da tabbas. 

=== Sabon Hormuz ===
Farkon mulkin Sarki Rukn Al-Din Mahmud Qalhati (r. 1249–1286) ya ga farkon wani sabon zamani a tarihin Hormuz. An kwatanta wannan lokacin da ganin yadda Hormuz ta yanke alaƙar dogaro da Kerman da Salghurids (wanda ke Fars ) kuma maimakon haka ta nuna iko zuwa ga alkiblar Bahrain da Oman . {{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}}
A lokacin gasar Ilkhanid da Chaghatais, mazauna birnin sun yi watsi da tsohon birnin Hormuz, wanda aka fi sani da Nabands da Dewankhana. Madadin haka, a shekara ta 1301, mazauna birnin, ƙarƙashin jagorancin sarki Baha ud-Din Ayaz da matarsa Bibi Maryam, sun ƙaura zuwa tsibirin Jerun da ke makwabtaka da su.</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359069147|Kingdom of Hormuz]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Masarautar Hormuz''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''Hormoz''' ko, a tarihi, '''Ormus''' ; Persian   ; Portuguese   ) masarauta ce daular da ta samo asali daga kudancin [[Larabawa]] . {{Sfn|Floor|2006}} Tana gefen gabashin Tekun Farisa kuma ta faɗaɗa har zuwa [[Baharen|Bahrain]] a yamma a lokacin da take kan gaba. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Provide evidence of this &amp;amp;quot;kingdom&amp;amp;quot; existing in the region and its &amp;amp;quot;zenith&amp;amp;quot;, which means there must be an establishment, a rise, then a decline. (June 2020)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; An kafa Masarautar a ƙarni na 11 da farko a matsayin tushen Sarauta na Kerman Seljuk, daga baya kuma a matsayin ma'ajiyar Turkmens mai cin gashin kanta ta Salghurid da Ilkhanate .  {{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}} A matakin ƙarshe, Hormuz ya zama ƙasar abokin ciniki ta [[Daular Portuguese|Daular Portugal a Gabas]] .

Hormuz, tsibirin da aka sanya sunan Masarautar, babbar tushe ce ta musayar tattalin arziki da cinikin ruwa a matsayin muhimmiyar tashar jiragen ruwa tsakanin Tekun Farisa da Tekun Indiya.{{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}} Wannan tashar jiragen ruwa ta samo asali ne a kudancin Iran zuwa gabashin Strait of Hormuz, kusa da birnin Minab na zamani, kuma daga baya aka sake komawa tsibirin Jarun wanda aka fi sani da Tsibirin Hormuz, wanda ke kusa da birnin Bandar-e Abbas na zamani.{{Sfn|Shabankareyi|1984}}

== Asali ==
Asalin sunan Hormuz ba shi da tabbas.  Wata ka'ida ita ce sunan ya samo asali ne daga kalmar [[Farisawa|harshen Farisa]] ta gida Hur-Mogh {{Lang|fa|هورمغ}} 'Wurin Kwanaki ', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ebrahimi |first=Qorbanali |date=2005–2006 |title=Hormoz-Hormuz |url=https://noo.rs/Cin61 |journal=Motale'at Irani |volume=4 |issue=7 |pages=48}}&lt;/ref&gt;  yayin da wata ka'ida ta nuna cewa &quot;Hormuz&quot; daga harshen Farisa ta Tsakiya na furta sunan allahn [[Zoroastra|Zoroastrian]] {{Lang|fa|هرمز}} {{Transl|fa|Hormoz}} ( Ahura Mazda ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chakrabarty |first=Roshni |date=4 March 2026 |title=How did the Strait of Hormuz get its name? Here's the real origin story |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/strait-of-hormuz-name-origin-persian-or-zoroastrian-2877143-2026-03-04 |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=[[India Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu majiyoyi sun nuna cewa na farko ya fi yiwuwa,  yayin da wasu kuma suka karkata ga na biyun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Milisic |first=Alma |title=Iran war: 10 frequently used words and their meanings |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/19/iran-war-10-frequently-used-words-and-their-meanings |access-date=2026-06-08 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wata ka'ida kuma ta yi iƙirarin cewa an sanya wa mashigar Hormuz suna ne bayan Ifra Hormizd, mahaifiyar Sarki Shapur na Biyu na Farisa, wanda ya yi mulki tsakanin 309 da 379.&amp;nbsp;AD. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Wani ka'ida kuma ita ce ta fito ne daga {{Lang|grc|ὅρμος}} ''Hormos'', kalmar Girkanci ta 'kofa, bay'. &lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rezakhani |first=Khodadad |date=27 February 2020 |title=The Kingdom of Hormuz |url=https://iranologie.com/the-history-page/the-kingdom-of-hormuz/ |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Iranologie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Tsohon Hormuz ===
Lokacin farko na tarihin sarakunan Hormuz ya fara ne da ƙaura na [[Muhammad Diramku]] daga Oman zuwa gabar tekun Iran a ƙarni na 11 kuma ya kasance har zuwa canja wurin babban birnin zuwa Tsibirin Hormuz a farkon ƙarni na 14. A wannan lokacin Hormuz ya ji daɗin dogon lokaci na cin gashin kansa a ƙarƙashin ikon sarakunan Iran daga kafuwar masarautar a karni na 11 zuwa zuwan Portuguese. Abubuwan da suka faru a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da gwagwarmayar iko tsakanin sarakuna da yawa na Hormuz da yankin da ke kewaye da shi da kuma ci gaba da matsayin tattalin arziki na Hormuz . &lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rezakhani |first=Khodadad |date=2020-02-27 |title=The Kingdom of Hormuz |url=https://iranologie.com/the-history-page/the-kingdom-of-hormuz/ |access-date=2020-12-14 |website=Iranologie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}}

Hormuz ta kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin zuriyar Muhammad Diramku (Deramkub &quot;Dirham minter&quot;) wanda ya kafa masarautar a matsayin mai dogaro da Masarautar Kerman bayan rushewar masarautar [[Daular Buyid|Buyid]], ya kai ga mafi girma a ƙarƙashin mulkin daular Mongol na Ilkhanids . &lt;ref name=&quot;iranica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Floor |first=Willem |title=Hormuz ii. Islamic Period |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hormuz-ii |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin zamani na tsakiya, masarautar ta kasance sananniya a matsayin masarautar kasa da kasa da ke kula da bangarorin biyu na Tekun Farisa da yawancin yankin bakin teku na [[Tekun Larabawa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie&quot; /&gt;

&quot;A lokacin mulkin Mir Bahrudin Ayaz Seyfin, sarkin Hormoz na goma sha biyar, ne Seljuk suka kai hari Kerman daga nan suka isa Hormuz. Arzikin Hormuz ya jawo hare-hare sau da yawa har mazauna suka nemi mafaka daga babban yankin kuma da farko suka ƙaura zuwa tsibirin Qeshm . Daga nan sai Mir Bahrudin ya ziyarci tsibirin Jerun ya samo shi daga Neyn (Na'im), Sarkin Keys (Kish), wanda dukkan tsibiran yankin mallakarsa ne. Bayan ya yi aikin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]], Mir Bahrudin ya shahara da Haji Bahrudin a ƙasashen Hormuz.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nothing found for Hormuz Essays 3 3 |url=http://www.dataxinfo.com/hormuz/essays/3.3.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226112958/http://www.dataxinfo.com/hormuz/essays/3.3.htm |archive-date=26 February 2020 |access-date=10 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (August 2024)&quot;&gt;Tushen da ba shi da tabbas?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Waɗannan sauyi a mulki sun nuna ƙarshen zamanin [Persian] Gulf, amma tashoshin jiragen ruwa na tsibirin Qays sannan kuma babban tashar jiragen ruwa ta Hormoz (da farko sun shiga Farisa) sun zama shahararrun 'yan kasuwa. Sarakunan Hurmuzî sun gina Qalhat a gabar tekun Oman don su mallaki ɓangarorin biyu na ƙofar shiga Tekun Farisa. Daga baya, a shekara ta 1300, 'yan kasuwar Hurmuzî sun yi watsi da mulkin mallaka na Farisa, suka sake tsara kasuwancinsu a tsibirin da ake kira Hurmuz kuma a can suka tara dukiya mai tarihi. Alaƙar da ke tsakanin Nabâhina da Hurmuzîs ba ta da tabbas. 

=== Sabon Hormuz ===
Farkon mulkin Sarki Rukn Al-Din Mahmud Qalhati (r. 1249–1286) ya ga farkon wani sabon zamani a tarihin Hormuz. An kwatanta wannan lokacin da ganin yadda Hormuz ta yanke alaƙar dogaro da Kerman da Salghurids (wanda ke Fars ) kuma maimakon haka ta nuna iko zuwa ga alkiblar Bahrain da Oman . {{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}}

A lokacin gasar Ilkhanid da Chaghatais, mazauna birnin sun yi watsi da tsohon birnin Hormuz, wanda aka fi sani da Nabands da Dewankhana. Madadin haka, a shekara ta 1301, mazauna birnin, ƙarƙashin jagorancin sarki Baha ud-Din Ayaz da matarsa Bibi Maryam, sun ƙaura zuwa tsibirin Jerun da ke makwabtaka da su.</text>
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'''Masarautar Hormuz''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''Hormoz''' ko, a tarihi, '''Ormus''' ; Persian   ; Portuguese   ) masarauta ce daular da ta samo asali daga kudancin [[Larabawa]] . {{Sfn|Floor|2006}} Tana gefen gabashin Tekun Farisa kuma ta faɗaɗa har zuwa [[Baharen|Bahrain]] a yamma a lokacin da take kan gaba. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Provide evidence of this &amp;amp;quot;kingdom&amp;amp;quot; existing in the region and its &amp;amp;quot;zenith&amp;amp;quot;, which means there must be an establishment, a rise, then a decline. (June 2020)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; An kafa Masarautar a ƙarni na 11 da farko a matsayin tushen Sarauta na Kerman Seljuk, daga baya kuma a matsayin ma'ajiyar Turkmens mai cin gashin kanta ta Salghurid da Ilkhanate .  {{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}} A matakin ƙarshe, Hormuz ya zama ƙasar abokin ciniki ta [[Daular Portuguese|Daular Portugal a Gabas]] .

Hormuz, tsibirin da aka sanya sunan Masarautar, babbar tushe ce ta musayar tattalin arziki da cinikin ruwa a matsayin muhimmiyar tashar jiragen ruwa tsakanin Tekun Farisa da Tekun Indiya.{{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}} Wannan tashar jiragen ruwa ta samo asali ne a kudancin Iran zuwa gabashin Strait of Hormuz, kusa da birnin Minab na zamani, kuma daga baya aka sake komawa tsibirin Jarun wanda aka fi sani da Tsibirin Hormuz, wanda ke kusa da birnin Bandar-e Abbas na zamani.{{Sfn|Shabankareyi|1984}}

== Asali ==
Asalin sunan Hormuz ba shi da tabbas.  Wata ka'ida ita ce sunan ya samo asali ne daga kalmar [[Farisawa|harshen Farisa]] ta gida Hur-Mogh {{Lang|fa|هورمغ}} 'Wurin Kwanaki ', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ebrahimi |first=Qorbanali |date=2005–2006 |title=Hormoz-Hormuz |url=https://noo.rs/Cin61 |journal=Motale'at Irani |volume=4 |issue=7 |pages=48}}&lt;/ref&gt;  yayin da wata ka'ida ta nuna cewa &quot;Hormuz&quot; daga harshen Farisa ta Tsakiya na furta sunan allahn [[Zoroastra|Zoroastrian]] {{Lang|fa|هرمز}} {{Transl|fa|Hormoz}} ( Ahura Mazda ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chakrabarty |first=Roshni |date=4 March 2026 |title=How did the Strait of Hormuz get its name? Here's the real origin story |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/strait-of-hormuz-name-origin-persian-or-zoroastrian-2877143-2026-03-04 |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=[[India Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu majiyoyi sun nuna cewa na farko ya fi yiwuwa,  yayin da wasu kuma suka karkata ga na biyun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Milisic |first=Alma |title=Iran war: 10 frequently used words and their meanings |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/19/iran-war-10-frequently-used-words-and-their-meanings |access-date=2026-06-08 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wata ka'ida kuma ta yi iƙirarin cewa an sanya wa mashigar Hormuz suna ne bayan Ifra Hormizd, mahaifiyar Sarki Shapur na Biyu na Farisa, wanda ya yi mulki tsakanin 309 da 379.&amp;nbsp;AD. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Wani ka'ida kuma ita ce ta fito ne daga {{Lang|grc|ὅρμος}} ''Hormos'', kalmar Girkanci ta 'kofa, bay'. &lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rezakhani |first=Khodadad |date=27 February 2020 |title=The Kingdom of Hormuz |url=https://iranologie.com/the-history-page/the-kingdom-of-hormuz/ |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Iranologie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Tsohon Hormuz ===
Lokacin farko na tarihin sarakunan Hormuz ya fara ne da ƙaura na [[Muhammad Diramku]] daga Oman zuwa gabar tekun Iran a ƙarni na 11 kuma ya kasance har zuwa canja wurin babban birnin zuwa Tsibirin Hormuz a farkon ƙarni na 14. A wannan lokacin Hormuz ya ji daɗin dogon lokaci na cin gashin kansa a ƙarƙashin ikon sarakunan Iran daga kafuwar masarautar a karni na 11 zuwa zuwan Portuguese. Abubuwan da suka faru a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da gwagwarmayar iko tsakanin sarakuna da yawa na Hormuz da yankin da ke kewaye da shi da kuma ci gaba da matsayin tattalin arziki na Hormuz . &lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rezakhani |first=Khodadad |date=2020-02-27 |title=The Kingdom of Hormuz |url=https://iranologie.com/the-history-page/the-kingdom-of-hormuz/ |access-date=2020-12-14 |website=Iranologie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}}

Hormuz ta kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin zuriyar Muhammad Diramku (Deramkub &quot;Dirham minter&quot;) wanda ya kafa masarautar a matsayin mai dogaro da Masarautar Kerman bayan rushewar masarautar [[Daular Buyid|Buyid]], ya kai ga mafi girma a ƙarƙashin mulkin daular Mongol na Ilkhanids . &lt;ref name=&quot;iranica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Floor |first=Willem |title=Hormuz ii. Islamic Period |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hormuz-ii |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin zamani na tsakiya, masarautar ta kasance sananniya a matsayin masarautar kasa da kasa da ke kula da bangarorin biyu na Tekun Farisa da yawancin yankin bakin teku na [[Tekun Larabawa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie&quot; /&gt;

&quot;A lokacin mulkin Mir Bahrudin Ayaz Seyfin, sarkin Hormoz na goma sha biyar, ne Seljuk suka kai hari Kerman daga nan suka isa Hormuz. Arzikin Hormuz ya jawo hare-hare sau da yawa har mazauna suka nemi mafaka daga babban yankin kuma da farko suka ƙaura zuwa tsibirin Qeshm . Daga nan sai Mir Bahrudin ya ziyarci tsibirin Jerun ya samo shi daga Neyn (Na'im), Sarkin Keys (Kish), wanda dukkan tsibiran yankin mallakarsa ne. Bayan ya yi aikin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]], Mir Bahrudin ya shahara da Haji Bahrudin a ƙasashen Hormuz.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nothing found for Hormuz Essays 3 3 |url=http://www.dataxinfo.com/hormuz/essays/3.3.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226112958/http://www.dataxinfo.com/hormuz/essays/3.3.htm |archive-date=26 February 2020 |access-date=10 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (August 2024)&quot;&gt;Tushen da ba shi da tabbas?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Waɗannan sauyi a mulki sun nuna ƙarshen zamanin [Persian] Gulf, amma tashoshin jiragen ruwa na tsibirin Qays sannan kuma babban tashar jiragen ruwa ta Hormoz (da farko sun shiga Farisa) sun zama shahararrun 'yan kasuwa. Sarakunan Hurmuzî sun gina Qalhat a gabar tekun Oman don su mallaki ɓangarorin biyu na ƙofar shiga Tekun Farisa. Daga baya, a shekara ta 1300, 'yan kasuwar Hurmuzî sun yi watsi da mulkin mallaka na Farisa, suka sake tsara kasuwancinsu a tsibirin da ake kira Hurmuz kuma a can suka tara dukiya mai tarihi. Alaƙar da ke tsakanin Nabâhina da Hurmuzîs ba ta da tabbas. 

=== Sabon Hormuz ===
Farkon mulkin Sarki Rukn Al-Din Mahmud Qalhati (r. 1249–1286) ya ga farkon wani sabon zamani a tarihin Hormuz. An kwatanta wannan lokacin da ganin yadda Hormuz ta yanke alaƙar dogaro da Kerman da Salghurids (wanda ke Fars ) kuma maimakon haka ta nuna iko zuwa ga alkiblar Bahrain da Oman . {{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}}

A lokacin gasar Ilkhanid da Chaghatais, mazauna birnin sun yi watsi da tsohon birnin Hormuz, wanda aka fi sani da Nabands da Dewankhana. Madadin haka, a shekara ta 1301, mazauna birnin, ƙarƙashin jagorancin sarki Baha ud-Din Ayaz da matarsa Bibi Maryam, sun ƙaura zuwa tsibirin Jerun da ke makwabtaka da su.  

A farkon karni na 15, Hormuz na ɗaya daga cikin masarautun da rundunar sojan kasar Sin ta ziyarta karkashin jagorancin Admiral [[Zheng He|Zheng Ya]] a lokacin Tafiye-tafiye na dukiyar Ming kuma ita ce makoma ta ƙarshe ta rundunar a lokacin tafiya ta huɗu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Edward L. Dreyer}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kauz01&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kauz |first=Ralph |last2=Ptak |first2=Roderich |date=2001 |title=Hormuz in Yuan and Ming sources |journal=Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient |volume=88 |pages=27–75 |doi=10.3406/befeo.2001.3509 |jstor=43731513}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma Huan, mai fassara da ke aiki a cikin ma'aikatan, ya bayyana al'ummar Hormuz a cikin haske mai kyau a cikin ''Yingya Shenglan'', yana rubuta misali game da mutane cewa &quot;ƙafafu da fuskokin mutane suna da kyau kuma suna da kyau [...] kuma suna da ƙarfi da kyau; tufafinsu da hularsu suna da kyau, sun bambanta kuma suna da ladabi. &quot; Fei Xin, wani memba na ma'aikatan jirgin, ya ba da labarin Hormuz a ''Xingcha Shenglan''.&lt;ref name=&quot;kauz01&quot; /&gt; Ya haɗa da, alal misali, abubuwan lura da ke nuna cewa al'ummar Hormuz suna da matsayi mai kyau na rayuwa, suna rubuta cewa &quot;ƙananan ɗalibai suna da arziki&quot;, kuma a kan al'adun tufafi na gida kamar dogon riguna da maza da mata ke sawa, mayafin da mata ke sa a kan kawunansu da fuskokinsu lokacin da suke fita, da kayan ado da masu arziki ke sawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kauz01&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kauz01&quot; /&gt;</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359069147|Kingdom of Hormuz]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Masarautar Hormuz''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''Hormoz''' ko, a tarihi, '''Ormus''' ; Persian   ; Portuguese   ) masarauta ce daular da ta samo asali daga kudancin [[Larabawa]] . {{Sfn|Floor|2006}} Tana gefen gabashin Tekun Farisa kuma ta faɗaɗa har zuwa [[Baharen|Bahrain]] a yamma a lokacin da take kan gaba. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Provide evidence of this &amp;amp;quot;kingdom&amp;amp;quot; existing in the region and its &amp;amp;quot;zenith&amp;amp;quot;, which means there must be an establishment, a rise, then a decline. (June 2020)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; An kafa Masarautar a ƙarni na 11 da farko a matsayin tushen Sarauta na Kerman Seljuk, daga baya kuma a matsayin ma'ajiyar Turkmens mai cin gashin kanta ta Salghurid da Ilkhanate .  {{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}} A matakin ƙarshe, Hormuz ya zama ƙasar abokin ciniki ta [[Daular Portuguese|Daular Portugal a Gabas]] .

Hormuz, tsibirin da aka sanya sunan Masarautar, babbar tushe ce ta musayar tattalin arziki da cinikin ruwa a matsayin muhimmiyar tashar jiragen ruwa tsakanin Tekun Farisa da Tekun Indiya.{{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}} Wannan tashar jiragen ruwa ta samo asali ne a kudancin Iran zuwa gabashin Strait of Hormuz, kusa da birnin Minab na zamani, kuma daga baya aka sake komawa tsibirin Jarun wanda aka fi sani da Tsibirin Hormuz, wanda ke kusa da birnin Bandar-e Abbas na zamani.{{Sfn|Shabankareyi|1984}}

== Asali ==
Asalin sunan Hormuz ba shi da tabbas.  Wata ka'ida ita ce sunan ya samo asali ne daga kalmar [[Farisawa|harshen Farisa]] ta gida Hur-Mogh {{Lang|fa|هورمغ}} 'Wurin Kwanaki ', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ebrahimi |first=Qorbanali |date=2005–2006 |title=Hormoz-Hormuz |url=https://noo.rs/Cin61 |journal=Motale'at Irani |volume=4 |issue=7 |pages=48}}&lt;/ref&gt;  yayin da wata ka'ida ta nuna cewa &quot;Hormuz&quot; daga harshen Farisa ta Tsakiya na furta sunan allahn [[Zoroastra|Zoroastrian]] {{Lang|fa|هرمز}} {{Transl|fa|Hormoz}} ( Ahura Mazda ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chakrabarty |first=Roshni |date=4 March 2026 |title=How did the Strait of Hormuz get its name? Here's the real origin story |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/strait-of-hormuz-name-origin-persian-or-zoroastrian-2877143-2026-03-04 |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=[[India Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu majiyoyi sun nuna cewa na farko ya fi yiwuwa,  yayin da wasu kuma suka karkata ga na biyun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Milisic |first=Alma |title=Iran war: 10 frequently used words and their meanings |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/19/iran-war-10-frequently-used-words-and-their-meanings |access-date=2026-06-08 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wata ka'ida kuma ta yi iƙirarin cewa an sanya wa mashigar Hormuz suna ne bayan Ifra Hormizd, mahaifiyar Sarki Shapur na Biyu na Farisa, wanda ya yi mulki tsakanin 309 da 379.&amp;nbsp;AD. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Wani ka'ida kuma ita ce ta fito ne daga {{Lang|grc|ὅρμος}} ''Hormos'', kalmar Girkanci ta 'kofa, bay'. &lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rezakhani |first=Khodadad |date=27 February 2020 |title=The Kingdom of Hormuz |url=https://iranologie.com/the-history-page/the-kingdom-of-hormuz/ |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Iranologie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Tsohon Hormuz ===
Lokacin farko na tarihin sarakunan Hormuz ya fara ne da ƙaura na [[Muhammad Diramku]] daga Oman zuwa gabar tekun Iran a ƙarni na 11 kuma ya kasance har zuwa canja wurin babban birnin zuwa Tsibirin Hormuz a farkon ƙarni na 14. A wannan lokacin Hormuz ya ji daɗin dogon lokaci na cin gashin kansa a ƙarƙashin ikon sarakunan Iran daga kafuwar masarautar a karni na 11 zuwa zuwan Portuguese. Abubuwan da suka faru a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da gwagwarmayar iko tsakanin sarakuna da yawa na Hormuz da yankin da ke kewaye da shi da kuma ci gaba da matsayin tattalin arziki na Hormuz . &lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rezakhani |first=Khodadad |date=2020-02-27 |title=The Kingdom of Hormuz |url=https://iranologie.com/the-history-page/the-kingdom-of-hormuz/ |access-date=2020-12-14 |website=Iranologie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}}

Hormuz ta kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin zuriyar Muhammad Diramku (Deramkub &quot;Dirham minter&quot;) wanda ya kafa masarautar a matsayin mai dogaro da Masarautar Kerman bayan rushewar masarautar [[Daular Buyid|Buyid]], ya kai ga mafi girma a ƙarƙashin mulkin daular Mongol na Ilkhanids . &lt;ref name=&quot;iranica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Floor |first=Willem |title=Hormuz ii. Islamic Period |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hormuz-ii |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin zamani na tsakiya, masarautar ta kasance sananniya a matsayin masarautar kasa da kasa da ke kula da bangarorin biyu na Tekun Farisa da yawancin yankin bakin teku na [[Tekun Larabawa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie&quot; /&gt;

&quot;A lokacin mulkin Mir Bahrudin Ayaz Seyfin, sarkin Hormoz na goma sha biyar, ne Seljuk suka kai hari Kerman daga nan suka isa Hormuz. Arzikin Hormuz ya jawo hare-hare sau da yawa har mazauna suka nemi mafaka daga babban yankin kuma da farko suka ƙaura zuwa tsibirin Qeshm . Daga nan sai Mir Bahrudin ya ziyarci tsibirin Jerun ya samo shi daga Neyn (Na'im), Sarkin Keys (Kish), wanda dukkan tsibiran yankin mallakarsa ne. Bayan ya yi aikin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]], Mir Bahrudin ya shahara da Haji Bahrudin a ƙasashen Hormuz.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nothing found for Hormuz Essays 3 3 |url=http://www.dataxinfo.com/hormuz/essays/3.3.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226112958/http://www.dataxinfo.com/hormuz/essays/3.3.htm |archive-date=26 February 2020 |access-date=10 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (August 2024)&quot;&gt;Tushen da ba shi da tabbas?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Waɗannan sauyi a mulki sun nuna ƙarshen zamanin [Persian] Gulf, amma tashoshin jiragen ruwa na tsibirin Qays sannan kuma babban tashar jiragen ruwa ta Hormoz (da farko sun shiga Farisa) sun zama shahararrun 'yan kasuwa. Sarakunan Hurmuzî sun gina Qalhat a gabar tekun Oman don su mallaki ɓangarorin biyu na ƙofar shiga Tekun Farisa. Daga baya, a shekara ta 1300, 'yan kasuwar Hurmuzî sun yi watsi da mulkin mallaka na Farisa, suka sake tsara kasuwancinsu a tsibirin da ake kira Hurmuz kuma a can suka tara dukiya mai tarihi. Alaƙar da ke tsakanin Nabâhina da Hurmuzîs ba ta da tabbas. 

=== Sabon Hormuz ===
Farkon mulkin Sarki Rukn Al-Din Mahmud Qalhati (r. 1249–1286) ya ga farkon wani sabon zamani a tarihin Hormuz. An kwatanta wannan lokacin da ganin yadda Hormuz ta yanke alaƙar dogaro da Kerman da Salghurids (wanda ke Fars ) kuma maimakon haka ta nuna iko zuwa ga alkiblar Bahrain da Oman . {{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}}

A lokacin gasar Ilkhanid da Chaghatais, mazauna birnin sun yi watsi da tsohon birnin Hormuz, wanda aka fi sani da Nabands da Dewankhana. Madadin haka, a shekara ta 1301, mazauna birnin, ƙarƙashin jagorancin sarki Baha ud-Din Ayaz da matarsa Bibi Maryam, sun ƙaura zuwa tsibirin Jerun da ke makwabtaka da su.  

A farkon karni na 15, Hormuz na ɗaya daga cikin masarautun da rundunar sojan kasar Sin ta ziyarta karkashin jagorancin Admiral [[Zheng He|Zheng Ya]] a lokacin Tafiye-tafiye na dukiyar Ming kuma ita ce makoma ta ƙarshe ta rundunar a lokacin tafiya ta huɗu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Edward L. Dreyer}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kauz01&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kauz |first=Ralph |last2=Ptak |first2=Roderich |date=2001 |title=Hormuz in Yuan and Ming sources |journal=Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient |volume=88 |pages=27–75 |doi=10.3406/befeo.2001.3509 |jstor=43731513}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma Huan, mai fassara da ke aiki a cikin ma'aikatan, ya bayyana al'ummar Hormuz a cikin haske mai kyau a cikin ''Yingya Shenglan'', yana rubuta misali game da mutane cewa &quot;ƙafafu da fuskokin mutane suna da kyau kuma suna da kyau [...] kuma suna da ƙarfi da kyau; tufafinsu da hularsu suna da kyau, sun bambanta kuma suna da ladabi. &quot; Fei Xin, wani memba na ma'aikatan jirgin, ya ba da labarin Hormuz a ''Xingcha Shenglan''.&lt;ref name=&quot;kauz01&quot; /&gt; Ya haɗa da, alal misali, abubuwan lura da ke nuna cewa al'ummar Hormuz suna da matsayi mai kyau na rayuwa, suna rubuta cewa &quot;ƙananan ɗalibai suna da arziki&quot;, kuma a kan al'adun tufafi na gida kamar dogon riguna da maza da mata ke sawa, mayafin da mata ke sa a kan kawunansu da fuskokinsu lokacin da suke fita, da kayan ado da masu arziki ke sawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kauz01&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kauz01&quot; /&gt;

Kasancewar ta shahara a matsayin wani katafaren gida na ƙasa da ƙasa kuma sananne a Turai a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci, nasararta ta haifar da shahararta, wanda hakan ya sa Turawan Portugal suka kai mata hari suka kuma mamaye ta a farkon ƙarni na 16. &lt;ref name=&quot;iranica&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie&quot; /&gt;

=== Mamayar Portugal ===
A watan Satumba na shekarar 1507, Turawan Portugal Afonso de Albuquerque suka sauka a tsibirin, Turawan Portugal suka mamaye Ormuz daga shekarar 1515 zuwa 1622.

As vassals of the Portuguese state, the Kingdom of Hormuz jointly participated in the 1521 invasion of [[Baharen|Bahrain]] that ended Jabrid rule of the Persian Gulf archipelago. The Jabrid ruler was nominally a vassal of Hormuz, but the Jabrid King, Muqrin ibn Zamil had refused to pay the tribute Hormuz demanded, prompting the invasion under the command of the Portuguese conqueror, António Correia. In the fighting for Bahrain, most of the combat was carried out by Portuguese troops, while the Hormuzi admiral, [[Reis Xarafo]], looked on.
[[Fayil:Ormus_-Hormuz-_-_Costumes_des_quatre_parties_du_monde,_gravés_dans_la_manière_de_Luycken_(1670).jpg|left|thumb|Ormus costumes (1670).]]
'Yan Portugal sun yi mulkin Bahrain ta hanyar jerin gwamnonin Hormuzi. Duk da haka, 'yan Sunni Hormuzi ba su da farin jini a tsakanin 'yan [[Shi'a]] na Bahrain waɗanda suka fuskanci matsaloli na addini,  wanda ya haifar da tawaye. A wani yanayi, 'yan tawaye sun [[Gicciyewa|gicciye]] gwamnan Hormuzi,  kuma mulkin Portugal ya ƙare a 1602 bayan gwamnan Hormuzi, wanda dangi ne na sarkin Hormuzi,  ya fara kashe membobin manyan iyalan Bahrain. 
[[Fayil:Portuguese_Castle_(Hormuz).jpg|thumb|Gidan Fotigal a Hormuz, ko &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwASI&quot;&gt;Nossa Senhora da Conceição&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]
Sarakunan Hormuz a ƙarƙashin mulkin Portugal an mayar da su bayin daular Portugal a Indiya, galibi ana sarrafa su daga Goa. Taskar wasiƙun da ke tsakanin sarakuna da sarakunan yankin Hormuz, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Qa'em Maqami |first=Jahangir |title=Asnad-e Farsi o Arabi o Torki dar Arshiv-e Melli-e Porteghal |url=http://www.asnad.org/fa/document/557/ |website=Asnad}}&lt;/ref&gt; da wasu daga cikin gwamnoninta da mutanenta, da sarakunan Portugal, sun ƙunshi cikakkun bayanai game da wargajewar masarautar da kuma 'yancin kai na sassa daban-daban. Sun nuna ƙoƙarin da sarakuna kamar [[Kamal ud-Din Rashed]] suka yi na neman tagomashi daban da na Portugal domin tabbatar da ikonsu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Qa'em Maqami |first=Jahangir |title=Asnad-e Farsi o Arabi o Torki... |url=http://www.asnad.org/fa/document/555/ |website=Asnad}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya nuna a cikin 'yancin kai a hankali na [[Muskat|Muscat]], wanda a da ya dogara da Hormuz, da kuma tasowarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu maye gurbin Hormuz.

Bayan da Turawan Portugal suka yi yunƙurin kwace iko da Basra sau da yawa, sarkin [[Daular Safawiyya|Safavid]] [[Abbas Mai Girma|Abbas na ɗaya na Farisa]] ya ci masarautar a shekara ta 1622 {{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}} tare da taimakon Turawan Ingila, suka kuma kori Turawan Portugal daga sauran Tekun Farisa, ban da [[Muskat|Muscat]] . Turawan Portugal sun koma Tekun Farisa a shekara mai zuwa a matsayin abokan [[Afrasiyab (Pasha of Basra)|Afrasiyab]] ( Pasha na Basra) a kan Farisawa. Afrasiyab a da ya kasance ɗan mulkin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman]] amma ya kasance mai 'yancin kai tun 1612. Ba su taɓa komawa Hormuz ba.</text>
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'''Masarautar Hormuz''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''Hormoz''' ko, a tarihi, '''Ormus''' ; Persian   ; Portuguese   ) masarauta ce daular da ta samo asali daga kudancin [[Larabawa]] . {{Sfn|Floor|2006}} Tana gefen gabashin Tekun Farisa kuma ta faɗaɗa har zuwa [[Baharen|Bahrain]] a yamma a lokacin da take kan gaba. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Provide evidence of this &amp;amp;quot;kingdom&amp;amp;quot; existing in the region and its &amp;amp;quot;zenith&amp;amp;quot;, which means there must be an establishment, a rise, then a decline. (June 2020)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; An kafa Masarautar a ƙarni na 11 da farko a matsayin tushen Sarauta na Kerman Seljuk, daga baya kuma a matsayin ma'ajiyar Turkmens mai cin gashin kanta ta Salghurid da Ilkhanate .  {{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}} A matakin ƙarshe, Hormuz ya zama ƙasar abokin ciniki ta [[Daular Portuguese|Daular Portugal a Gabas]] .

Hormuz, tsibirin da aka sanya sunan Masarautar, babbar tushe ce ta musayar tattalin arziki da cinikin ruwa a matsayin muhimmiyar tashar jiragen ruwa tsakanin Tekun Farisa da Tekun Indiya.{{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}} Wannan tashar jiragen ruwa ta samo asali ne a kudancin Iran zuwa gabashin Strait of Hormuz, kusa da birnin Minab na zamani, kuma daga baya aka sake komawa tsibirin Jarun wanda aka fi sani da Tsibirin Hormuz, wanda ke kusa da birnin Bandar-e Abbas na zamani.{{Sfn|Shabankareyi|1984}}

== Asali ==
Asalin sunan Hormuz ba shi da tabbas.  Wata ka'ida ita ce sunan ya samo asali ne daga kalmar [[Farisawa|harshen Farisa]] ta gida Hur-Mogh {{Lang|fa|هورمغ}} 'Wurin Kwanaki ', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ebrahimi |first=Qorbanali |date=2005–2006 |title=Hormoz-Hormuz |url=https://noo.rs/Cin61 |journal=Motale'at Irani |volume=4 |issue=7 |pages=48}}&lt;/ref&gt;  yayin da wata ka'ida ta nuna cewa &quot;Hormuz&quot; daga harshen Farisa ta Tsakiya na furta sunan allahn [[Zoroastra|Zoroastrian]] {{Lang|fa|هرمز}} {{Transl|fa|Hormoz}} ( Ahura Mazda ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chakrabarty |first=Roshni |date=4 March 2026 |title=How did the Strait of Hormuz get its name? Here's the real origin story |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/strait-of-hormuz-name-origin-persian-or-zoroastrian-2877143-2026-03-04 |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=[[India Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu majiyoyi sun nuna cewa na farko ya fi yiwuwa,  yayin da wasu kuma suka karkata ga na biyun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Milisic |first=Alma |title=Iran war: 10 frequently used words and their meanings |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/19/iran-war-10-frequently-used-words-and-their-meanings |access-date=2026-06-08 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wata ka'ida kuma ta yi iƙirarin cewa an sanya wa mashigar Hormuz suna ne bayan Ifra Hormizd, mahaifiyar Sarki Shapur na Biyu na Farisa, wanda ya yi mulki tsakanin 309 da 379.&amp;nbsp;AD. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Wani ka'ida kuma ita ce ta fito ne daga {{Lang|grc|ὅρμος}} ''Hormos'', kalmar Girkanci ta 'kofa, bay'. &lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rezakhani |first=Khodadad |date=27 February 2020 |title=The Kingdom of Hormuz |url=https://iranologie.com/the-history-page/the-kingdom-of-hormuz/ |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Iranologie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Tsohon Hormuz ===
Lokacin farko na tarihin sarakunan Hormuz ya fara ne da ƙaura na [[Muhammad Diramku]] daga Oman zuwa gabar tekun Iran a ƙarni na 11 kuma ya kasance har zuwa canja wurin babban birnin zuwa Tsibirin Hormuz a farkon ƙarni na 14. A wannan lokacin Hormuz ya ji daɗin dogon lokaci na cin gashin kansa a ƙarƙashin ikon sarakunan Iran daga kafuwar masarautar a karni na 11 zuwa zuwan Portuguese. Abubuwan da suka faru a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da gwagwarmayar iko tsakanin sarakuna da yawa na Hormuz da yankin da ke kewaye da shi da kuma ci gaba da matsayin tattalin arziki na Hormuz . &lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rezakhani |first=Khodadad |date=2020-02-27 |title=The Kingdom of Hormuz |url=https://iranologie.com/the-history-page/the-kingdom-of-hormuz/ |access-date=2020-12-14 |website=Iranologie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}}

Hormuz ta kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin zuriyar Muhammad Diramku (Deramkub &quot;Dirham minter&quot;) wanda ya kafa masarautar a matsayin mai dogaro da Masarautar Kerman bayan rushewar masarautar [[Daular Buyid|Buyid]], ya kai ga mafi girma a ƙarƙashin mulkin daular Mongol na Ilkhanids . &lt;ref name=&quot;iranica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Floor |first=Willem |title=Hormuz ii. Islamic Period |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hormuz-ii |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin zamani na tsakiya, masarautar ta kasance sananniya a matsayin masarautar kasa da kasa da ke kula da bangarorin biyu na Tekun Farisa da yawancin yankin bakin teku na [[Tekun Larabawa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie&quot; /&gt;

&quot;A lokacin mulkin Mir Bahrudin Ayaz Seyfin, sarkin Hormoz na goma sha biyar, ne Seljuk suka kai hari Kerman daga nan suka isa Hormuz. Arzikin Hormuz ya jawo hare-hare sau da yawa har mazauna suka nemi mafaka daga babban yankin kuma da farko suka ƙaura zuwa tsibirin Qeshm . Daga nan sai Mir Bahrudin ya ziyarci tsibirin Jerun ya samo shi daga Neyn (Na'im), Sarkin Keys (Kish), wanda dukkan tsibiran yankin mallakarsa ne. Bayan ya yi aikin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]], Mir Bahrudin ya shahara da Haji Bahrudin a ƙasashen Hormuz.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nothing found for Hormuz Essays 3 3 |url=http://www.dataxinfo.com/hormuz/essays/3.3.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226112958/http://www.dataxinfo.com/hormuz/essays/3.3.htm |archive-date=26 February 2020 |access-date=10 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (August 2024)&quot;&gt;Tushen da ba shi da tabbas?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Waɗannan sauyi a mulki sun nuna ƙarshen zamanin [Persian] Gulf, amma tashoshin jiragen ruwa na tsibirin Qays sannan kuma babban tashar jiragen ruwa ta Hormoz (da farko sun shiga Farisa) sun zama shahararrun 'yan kasuwa. Sarakunan Hurmuzî sun gina Qalhat a gabar tekun Oman don su mallaki ɓangarorin biyu na ƙofar shiga Tekun Farisa. Daga baya, a shekara ta 1300, 'yan kasuwar Hurmuzî sun yi watsi da mulkin mallaka na Farisa, suka sake tsara kasuwancinsu a tsibirin da ake kira Hurmuz kuma a can suka tara dukiya mai tarihi. Alaƙar da ke tsakanin Nabâhina da Hurmuzîs ba ta da tabbas. 

=== Sabon Hormuz ===
Farkon mulkin Sarki Rukn Al-Din Mahmud Qalhati (r. 1249–1286) ya ga farkon wani sabon zamani a tarihin Hormuz. An kwatanta wannan lokacin da ganin yadda Hormuz ta yanke alaƙar dogaro da Kerman da Salghurids (wanda ke Fars ) kuma maimakon haka ta nuna iko zuwa ga alkiblar Bahrain da Oman . {{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}}

A lokacin gasar Ilkhanid da Chaghatais, mazauna birnin sun yi watsi da tsohon birnin Hormuz, wanda aka fi sani da Nabands da Dewankhana. Madadin haka, a shekara ta 1301, mazauna birnin, ƙarƙashin jagorancin sarki Baha ud-Din Ayaz da matarsa Bibi Maryam, sun ƙaura zuwa tsibirin Jerun da ke makwabtaka da su.  

A farkon karni na 15, Hormuz na ɗaya daga cikin masarautun da rundunar sojan kasar Sin ta ziyarta karkashin jagorancin Admiral [[Zheng He|Zheng Ya]] a lokacin Tafiye-tafiye na dukiyar Ming kuma ita ce makoma ta ƙarshe ta rundunar a lokacin tafiya ta huɗu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Edward L. Dreyer}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kauz01&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kauz |first=Ralph |last2=Ptak |first2=Roderich |date=2001 |title=Hormuz in Yuan and Ming sources |journal=Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient |volume=88 |pages=27–75 |doi=10.3406/befeo.2001.3509 |jstor=43731513}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma Huan, mai fassara da ke aiki a cikin ma'aikatan, ya bayyana al'ummar Hormuz a cikin haske mai kyau a cikin ''Yingya Shenglan'', yana rubuta misali game da mutane cewa &quot;ƙafafu da fuskokin mutane suna da kyau kuma suna da kyau [...] kuma suna da ƙarfi da kyau; tufafinsu da hularsu suna da kyau, sun bambanta kuma suna da ladabi. &quot; Fei Xin, wani memba na ma'aikatan jirgin, ya ba da labarin Hormuz a ''Xingcha Shenglan''.&lt;ref name=&quot;kauz01&quot; /&gt; Ya haɗa da, alal misali, abubuwan lura da ke nuna cewa al'ummar Hormuz suna da matsayi mai kyau na rayuwa, suna rubuta cewa &quot;ƙananan ɗalibai suna da arziki&quot;, kuma a kan al'adun tufafi na gida kamar dogon riguna da maza da mata ke sawa, mayafin da mata ke sa a kan kawunansu da fuskokinsu lokacin da suke fita, da kayan ado da masu arziki ke sawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kauz01&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kauz01&quot; /&gt;

Kasancewar ta shahara a matsayin wani katafaren gida na ƙasa da ƙasa kuma sananne a Turai a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci, nasararta ta haifar da shahararta, wanda hakan ya sa Turawan Portugal suka kai mata hari suka kuma mamaye ta a farkon ƙarni na 16. &lt;ref name=&quot;iranica&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie&quot; /&gt;

=== Mamayar Portugal ===
A watan Satumba na shekarar 1507, Turawan Portugal Afonso de Albuquerque suka sauka a tsibirin, Turawan Portugal suka mamaye Ormuz daga shekarar 1515 zuwa 1622.

As vassals of the Portuguese state, the Kingdom of Hormuz jointly participated in the 1521 invasion of [[Baharen|Bahrain]] that ended Jabrid rule of the Persian Gulf archipelago. The Jabrid ruler was nominally a vassal of Hormuz, but the Jabrid King, Muqrin ibn Zamil had refused to pay the tribute Hormuz demanded, prompting the invasion under the command of the Portuguese conqueror, António Correia. In the fighting for Bahrain, most of the combat was carried out by Portuguese troops, while the Hormuzi admiral, [[Reis Xarafo]], looked on.
[[Fayil:Ormus_-Hormuz-_-_Costumes_des_quatre_parties_du_monde,_gravés_dans_la_manière_de_Luycken_(1670).jpg|left|thumb|Ormus costumes (1670).]]
'Yan Portugal sun yi mulkin Bahrain ta hanyar jerin gwamnonin Hormuzi. Duk da haka, 'yan Sunni Hormuzi ba su da farin jini a tsakanin 'yan [[Shi'a]] na Bahrain waɗanda suka fuskanci matsaloli na addini,  wanda ya haifar da tawaye. A wani yanayi, 'yan tawaye sun [[Gicciyewa|gicciye]] gwamnan Hormuzi,  kuma mulkin Portugal ya ƙare a 1602 bayan gwamnan Hormuzi, wanda dangi ne na sarkin Hormuzi,  ya fara kashe membobin manyan iyalan Bahrain. 
[[Fayil:Portuguese_Castle_(Hormuz).jpg|thumb|Gidan Fotigal a Hormuz, ko &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwASI&quot;&gt;Nossa Senhora da Conceição&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]
Sarakunan Hormuz a ƙarƙashin mulkin Portugal an mayar da su bayin daular Portugal a Indiya, galibi ana sarrafa su daga Goa. Taskar wasiƙun da ke tsakanin sarakuna da sarakunan yankin Hormuz, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Qa'em Maqami |first=Jahangir |title=Asnad-e Farsi o Arabi o Torki dar Arshiv-e Melli-e Porteghal |url=http://www.asnad.org/fa/document/557/ |website=Asnad}}&lt;/ref&gt; da wasu daga cikin gwamnoninta da mutanenta, da sarakunan Portugal, sun ƙunshi cikakkun bayanai game da wargajewar masarautar da kuma 'yancin kai na sassa daban-daban. Sun nuna ƙoƙarin da sarakuna kamar [[Kamal ud-Din Rashed]] suka yi na neman tagomashi daban da na Portugal domin tabbatar da ikonsu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Qa'em Maqami |first=Jahangir |title=Asnad-e Farsi o Arabi o Torki... |url=http://www.asnad.org/fa/document/555/ |website=Asnad}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya nuna a cikin 'yancin kai a hankali na [[Muskat|Muscat]], wanda a da ya dogara da Hormuz, da kuma tasowarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu maye gurbin Hormuz.

Bayan da Turawan Portugal suka yi yunƙurin kwace iko da Basra sau da yawa, sarkin [[Daular Safawiyya|Safavid]] [[Abbas Mai Girma|Abbas na ɗaya na Farisa]] ya ci masarautar a shekara ta 1622 {{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}} tare da taimakon Turawan Ingila, suka kuma kori Turawan Portugal daga sauran Tekun Farisa, ban da [[Muskat|Muscat]] . Turawan Portugal sun koma Tekun Farisa a shekara mai zuwa a matsayin abokan [[Afrasiyab (Pasha of Basra)|Afrasiyab]] ( Pasha na Basra) a kan Farisawa. Afrasiyab a da ya kasance ɗan mulkin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman]] amma ya kasance mai 'yancin kai tun 1612. Ba su taɓa komawa Hormuz ba.

== Yawan jama'a da gwamnati ==
Mutanen lardin Fars ne suka fi yawa a cikin al'ummar tsibirin, yayin da Farisanci ke aiki a matsayin babban harshe, tare da Larabci, Fotigal, da wasu harsuna da dama da ake amfani da su. {{Sfn|Floor|2006}} Iyalan da ke mulkin masarautar sun fito ne daga kudancin Larabawa, yayin da gwamnatinta ta ƙunshi Farisawa. A ƙarni na 16 da 17, galibi ana riƙe da iko na gaske a hannun [[vizier]], waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Fal a Fars. Akwai rikice-rikice tsakanin masu magana da Larabci na gida da Farisa duk da haƙurin masarautar da al'adu daban-daban, wanda daga baya 'yan Portugal suka yi amfani da shi. {{Sfn|Floor|2006}}

== Addini ==
Duk da cewa addinin Sunni shine addinin daular Masarautar Hormuz, ''siyasa ta gaske'' ta sa Turan Shah na IV ya ɗauki hular Safavid. Ta hanyar yin haka, ya nuna amincinsa ga [[Ismail I|Shah Ismail na 1]] da Musuluncin Shi'a. Daga ƙarshe an kafa tsirarun 'yan Shi'a a Hormuz yayin da addinin ya bunƙasa a Safavid Iran. Ba a rubuta wani misali na ƙiyayya tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Musulmi biyu ba. {{Sfn|Floor|2006}}

Tsibirin yana da al'ummar Yahudawa waɗanda galibi suka yi ƙaura daga Spain. Bayan 1567, 'yan Portugal sun hana su zuwa Hormuz. Duk da haka, wasu har yanzu suna nan. {{Sfn|Floor|2006}}

== Asusun ƙungiyar Hormuzi ==
[[Fayil:Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Dinner_in_Hormuz.png|right|thumb|Gidaje 'yan Portugal a Hormuz. An yi ambaliya da gangan saboda zafi. An nuna a cikin ''Códice Casanatense'']]
An gina Hormuz a tsakanin Tekun Farisa da [[Tekun Indiya]], kuma kalmar &quot;ma'anar arziki da jin daɗi&quot; ce,  wataƙila an fi ɗaukarta a cikin karin maganar Larabawa: &quot;Da ace duk duniya zobe ne na zinare, Ormus zai zama jauharin da ke cikinta&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Peter Padfield p65&quot; /&gt; An kuma san birnin da lalata a cewar rahotannin baƙi 'yan Portugal; Duarte Barbosa, ɗaya daga cikin mutanen Portugal na farko da suka yi tafiya zuwa Ormuz a farkon ƙarni na 16 ya sami:</text>
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'''Masarautar Hormuz''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''Hormoz''' ko, a tarihi, '''Ormus''' ; Persian   ; Portuguese   ) masarauta ce daular da ta samo asali daga kudancin [[Larabawa]] . {{Sfn|Floor|2006}} Tana gefen gabashin Tekun Farisa kuma ta faɗaɗa har zuwa [[Baharen|Bahrain]] a yamma a lokacin da take kan gaba. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Provide evidence of this &amp;amp;quot;kingdom&amp;amp;quot; existing in the region and its &amp;amp;quot;zenith&amp;amp;quot;, which means there must be an establishment, a rise, then a decline. (June 2020)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; An kafa Masarautar a ƙarni na 11 da farko a matsayin tushen Sarauta na Kerman Seljuk, daga baya kuma a matsayin ma'ajiyar Turkmens mai cin gashin kanta ta Salghurid da Ilkhanate .  {{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}} A matakin ƙarshe, Hormuz ya zama ƙasar abokin ciniki ta [[Daular Portuguese|Daular Portugal a Gabas]] .

Hormuz, tsibirin da aka sanya sunan Masarautar, babbar tushe ce ta musayar tattalin arziki da cinikin ruwa a matsayin muhimmiyar tashar jiragen ruwa tsakanin Tekun Farisa da Tekun Indiya.{{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}} Wannan tashar jiragen ruwa ta samo asali ne a kudancin Iran zuwa gabashin Strait of Hormuz, kusa da birnin Minab na zamani, kuma daga baya aka sake komawa tsibirin Jarun wanda aka fi sani da Tsibirin Hormuz, wanda ke kusa da birnin Bandar-e Abbas na zamani.{{Sfn|Shabankareyi|1984}}

== Asali ==
Asalin sunan Hormuz ba shi da tabbas.  Wata ka'ida ita ce sunan ya samo asali ne daga kalmar [[Farisawa|harshen Farisa]] ta gida Hur-Mogh {{Lang|fa|هورمغ}} 'Wurin Kwanaki ', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ebrahimi |first=Qorbanali |date=2005–2006 |title=Hormoz-Hormuz |url=https://noo.rs/Cin61 |journal=Motale'at Irani |volume=4 |issue=7 |pages=48}}&lt;/ref&gt;  yayin da wata ka'ida ta nuna cewa &quot;Hormuz&quot; daga harshen Farisa ta Tsakiya na furta sunan allahn [[Zoroastra|Zoroastrian]] {{Lang|fa|هرمز}} {{Transl|fa|Hormoz}} ( Ahura Mazda ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chakrabarty |first=Roshni |date=4 March 2026 |title=How did the Strait of Hormuz get its name? Here's the real origin story |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/strait-of-hormuz-name-origin-persian-or-zoroastrian-2877143-2026-03-04 |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=[[India Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu majiyoyi sun nuna cewa na farko ya fi yiwuwa,  yayin da wasu kuma suka karkata ga na biyun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Milisic |first=Alma |title=Iran war: 10 frequently used words and their meanings |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/19/iran-war-10-frequently-used-words-and-their-meanings |access-date=2026-06-08 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wata ka'ida kuma ta yi iƙirarin cewa an sanya wa mashigar Hormuz suna ne bayan Ifra Hormizd, mahaifiyar Sarki Shapur na Biyu na Farisa, wanda ya yi mulki tsakanin 309 da 379.&amp;nbsp;AD. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Wani ka'ida kuma ita ce ta fito ne daga {{Lang|grc|ὅρμος}} ''Hormos'', kalmar Girkanci ta 'kofa, bay'. &lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rezakhani |first=Khodadad |date=27 February 2020 |title=The Kingdom of Hormuz |url=https://iranologie.com/the-history-page/the-kingdom-of-hormuz/ |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Iranologie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Tsohon Hormuz ===
Lokacin farko na tarihin sarakunan Hormuz ya fara ne da ƙaura na [[Muhammad Diramku]] daga Oman zuwa gabar tekun Iran a ƙarni na 11 kuma ya kasance har zuwa canja wurin babban birnin zuwa Tsibirin Hormuz a farkon ƙarni na 14. A wannan lokacin Hormuz ya ji daɗin dogon lokaci na cin gashin kansa a ƙarƙashin ikon sarakunan Iran daga kafuwar masarautar a karni na 11 zuwa zuwan Portuguese. Abubuwan da suka faru a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da gwagwarmayar iko tsakanin sarakuna da yawa na Hormuz da yankin da ke kewaye da shi da kuma ci gaba da matsayin tattalin arziki na Hormuz . &lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rezakhani |first=Khodadad |date=2020-02-27 |title=The Kingdom of Hormuz |url=https://iranologie.com/the-history-page/the-kingdom-of-hormuz/ |access-date=2020-12-14 |website=Iranologie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}}

Hormuz ta kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin zuriyar Muhammad Diramku (Deramkub &quot;Dirham minter&quot;) wanda ya kafa masarautar a matsayin mai dogaro da Masarautar Kerman bayan rushewar masarautar [[Daular Buyid|Buyid]], ya kai ga mafi girma a ƙarƙashin mulkin daular Mongol na Ilkhanids . &lt;ref name=&quot;iranica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Floor |first=Willem |title=Hormuz ii. Islamic Period |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hormuz-ii |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin zamani na tsakiya, masarautar ta kasance sananniya a matsayin masarautar kasa da kasa da ke kula da bangarorin biyu na Tekun Farisa da yawancin yankin bakin teku na [[Tekun Larabawa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie&quot; /&gt;

&quot;A lokacin mulkin Mir Bahrudin Ayaz Seyfin, sarkin Hormoz na goma sha biyar, ne Seljuk suka kai hari Kerman daga nan suka isa Hormuz. Arzikin Hormuz ya jawo hare-hare sau da yawa har mazauna suka nemi mafaka daga babban yankin kuma da farko suka ƙaura zuwa tsibirin Qeshm . Daga nan sai Mir Bahrudin ya ziyarci tsibirin Jerun ya samo shi daga Neyn (Na'im), Sarkin Keys (Kish), wanda dukkan tsibiran yankin mallakarsa ne. Bayan ya yi aikin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]], Mir Bahrudin ya shahara da Haji Bahrudin a ƙasashen Hormuz.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nothing found for Hormuz Essays 3 3 |url=http://www.dataxinfo.com/hormuz/essays/3.3.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226112958/http://www.dataxinfo.com/hormuz/essays/3.3.htm |archive-date=26 February 2020 |access-date=10 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (August 2024)&quot;&gt;Tushen da ba shi da tabbas?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Waɗannan sauyi a mulki sun nuna ƙarshen zamanin [Persian] Gulf, amma tashoshin jiragen ruwa na tsibirin Qays sannan kuma babban tashar jiragen ruwa ta Hormoz (da farko sun shiga Farisa) sun zama shahararrun 'yan kasuwa. Sarakunan Hurmuzî sun gina Qalhat a gabar tekun Oman don su mallaki ɓangarorin biyu na ƙofar shiga Tekun Farisa. Daga baya, a shekara ta 1300, 'yan kasuwar Hurmuzî sun yi watsi da mulkin mallaka na Farisa, suka sake tsara kasuwancinsu a tsibirin da ake kira Hurmuz kuma a can suka tara dukiya mai tarihi. Alaƙar da ke tsakanin Nabâhina da Hurmuzîs ba ta da tabbas. 

=== Sabon Hormuz ===
Farkon mulkin Sarki Rukn Al-Din Mahmud Qalhati (r. 1249–1286) ya ga farkon wani sabon zamani a tarihin Hormuz. An kwatanta wannan lokacin da ganin yadda Hormuz ta yanke alaƙar dogaro da Kerman da Salghurids (wanda ke Fars ) kuma maimakon haka ta nuna iko zuwa ga alkiblar Bahrain da Oman . {{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}}

A lokacin gasar Ilkhanid da Chaghatais, mazauna birnin sun yi watsi da tsohon birnin Hormuz, wanda aka fi sani da Nabands da Dewankhana. Madadin haka, a shekara ta 1301, mazauna birnin, ƙarƙashin jagorancin sarki Baha ud-Din Ayaz da matarsa Bibi Maryam, sun ƙaura zuwa tsibirin Jerun da ke makwabtaka da su.  

A farkon karni na 15, Hormuz na ɗaya daga cikin masarautun da rundunar sojan kasar Sin ta ziyarta karkashin jagorancin Admiral [[Zheng He|Zheng Ya]] a lokacin Tafiye-tafiye na dukiyar Ming kuma ita ce makoma ta ƙarshe ta rundunar a lokacin tafiya ta huɗu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Edward L. Dreyer}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kauz01&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kauz |first=Ralph |last2=Ptak |first2=Roderich |date=2001 |title=Hormuz in Yuan and Ming sources |journal=Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient |volume=88 |pages=27–75 |doi=10.3406/befeo.2001.3509 |jstor=43731513}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma Huan, mai fassara da ke aiki a cikin ma'aikatan, ya bayyana al'ummar Hormuz a cikin haske mai kyau a cikin ''Yingya Shenglan'', yana rubuta misali game da mutane cewa &quot;ƙafafu da fuskokin mutane suna da kyau kuma suna da kyau [...] kuma suna da ƙarfi da kyau; tufafinsu da hularsu suna da kyau, sun bambanta kuma suna da ladabi. &quot; Fei Xin, wani memba na ma'aikatan jirgin, ya ba da labarin Hormuz a ''Xingcha Shenglan''.&lt;ref name=&quot;kauz01&quot; /&gt; Ya haɗa da, alal misali, abubuwan lura da ke nuna cewa al'ummar Hormuz suna da matsayi mai kyau na rayuwa, suna rubuta cewa &quot;ƙananan ɗalibai suna da arziki&quot;, kuma a kan al'adun tufafi na gida kamar dogon riguna da maza da mata ke sawa, mayafin da mata ke sa a kan kawunansu da fuskokinsu lokacin da suke fita, da kayan ado da masu arziki ke sawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kauz01&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kauz01&quot; /&gt;

Kasancewar ta shahara a matsayin wani katafaren gida na ƙasa da ƙasa kuma sananne a Turai a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci, nasararta ta haifar da shahararta, wanda hakan ya sa Turawan Portugal suka kai mata hari suka kuma mamaye ta a farkon ƙarni na 16. &lt;ref name=&quot;iranica&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie&quot; /&gt;

=== Mamayar Portugal ===
A watan Satumba na shekarar 1507, Turawan Portugal Afonso de Albuquerque suka sauka a tsibirin, Turawan Portugal suka mamaye Ormuz daga shekarar 1515 zuwa 1622.

As vassals of the Portuguese state, the Kingdom of Hormuz jointly participated in the 1521 invasion of [[Baharen|Bahrain]] that ended Jabrid rule of the Persian Gulf archipelago. The Jabrid ruler was nominally a vassal of Hormuz, but the Jabrid King, Muqrin ibn Zamil had refused to pay the tribute Hormuz demanded, prompting the invasion under the command of the Portuguese conqueror, António Correia. In the fighting for Bahrain, most of the combat was carried out by Portuguese troops, while the Hormuzi admiral, [[Reis Xarafo]], looked on.
[[Fayil:Ormus_-Hormuz-_-_Costumes_des_quatre_parties_du_monde,_gravés_dans_la_manière_de_Luycken_(1670).jpg|left|thumb|Ormus costumes (1670).]]
'Yan Portugal sun yi mulkin Bahrain ta hanyar jerin gwamnonin Hormuzi. Duk da haka, 'yan Sunni Hormuzi ba su da farin jini a tsakanin 'yan [[Shi'a]] na Bahrain waɗanda suka fuskanci matsaloli na addini,  wanda ya haifar da tawaye. A wani yanayi, 'yan tawaye sun [[Gicciyewa|gicciye]] gwamnan Hormuzi,  kuma mulkin Portugal ya ƙare a 1602 bayan gwamnan Hormuzi, wanda dangi ne na sarkin Hormuzi,  ya fara kashe membobin manyan iyalan Bahrain. 
[[Fayil:Portuguese_Castle_(Hormuz).jpg|thumb|Gidan Fotigal a Hormuz, ko &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwASI&quot;&gt;Nossa Senhora da Conceição&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]
Sarakunan Hormuz a ƙarƙashin mulkin Portugal an mayar da su bayin daular Portugal a Indiya, galibi ana sarrafa su daga Goa. Taskar wasiƙun da ke tsakanin sarakuna da sarakunan yankin Hormuz, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Qa'em Maqami |first=Jahangir |title=Asnad-e Farsi o Arabi o Torki dar Arshiv-e Melli-e Porteghal |url=http://www.asnad.org/fa/document/557/ |website=Asnad}}&lt;/ref&gt; da wasu daga cikin gwamnoninta da mutanenta, da sarakunan Portugal, sun ƙunshi cikakkun bayanai game da wargajewar masarautar da kuma 'yancin kai na sassa daban-daban. Sun nuna ƙoƙarin da sarakuna kamar [[Kamal ud-Din Rashed]] suka yi na neman tagomashi daban da na Portugal domin tabbatar da ikonsu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Qa'em Maqami |first=Jahangir |title=Asnad-e Farsi o Arabi o Torki... |url=http://www.asnad.org/fa/document/555/ |website=Asnad}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya nuna a cikin 'yancin kai a hankali na [[Muskat|Muscat]], wanda a da ya dogara da Hormuz, da kuma tasowarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu maye gurbin Hormuz.

Bayan da Turawan Portugal suka yi yunƙurin kwace iko da Basra sau da yawa, sarkin [[Daular Safawiyya|Safavid]] [[Abbas Mai Girma|Abbas na ɗaya na Farisa]] ya ci masarautar a shekara ta 1622 {{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}} tare da taimakon Turawan Ingila, suka kuma kori Turawan Portugal daga sauran Tekun Farisa, ban da [[Muskat|Muscat]] . Turawan Portugal sun koma Tekun Farisa a shekara mai zuwa a matsayin abokan [[Afrasiyab (Pasha of Basra)|Afrasiyab]] ( Pasha na Basra) a kan Farisawa. Afrasiyab a da ya kasance ɗan mulkin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman]] amma ya kasance mai 'yancin kai tun 1612. Ba su taɓa komawa Hormuz ba.

== Yawan jama'a da gwamnati ==
Mutanen lardin Fars ne suka fi yawa a cikin al'ummar tsibirin, yayin da Farisanci ke aiki a matsayin babban harshe, tare da Larabci, Fotigal, da wasu harsuna da dama da ake amfani da su. {{Sfn|Floor|2006}} Iyalan da ke mulkin masarautar sun fito ne daga kudancin Larabawa, yayin da gwamnatinta ta ƙunshi Farisawa. A ƙarni na 16 da 17, galibi ana riƙe da iko na gaske a hannun [[vizier]], waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Fal a Fars. Akwai rikice-rikice tsakanin masu magana da Larabci na gida da Farisa duk da haƙurin masarautar da al'adu daban-daban, wanda daga baya 'yan Portugal suka yi amfani da shi. {{Sfn|Floor|2006}}

== Addini ==
Duk da cewa addinin Sunni shine addinin daular Masarautar Hormuz, ''siyasa ta gaske'' ta sa Turan Shah na IV ya ɗauki hular Safavid. Ta hanyar yin haka, ya nuna amincinsa ga [[Ismail I|Shah Ismail na 1]] da Musuluncin Shi'a. Daga ƙarshe an kafa tsirarun 'yan Shi'a a Hormuz yayin da addinin ya bunƙasa a Safavid Iran. Ba a rubuta wani misali na ƙiyayya tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Musulmi biyu ba. {{Sfn|Floor|2006}}

Tsibirin yana da al'ummar Yahudawa waɗanda galibi suka yi ƙaura daga Spain. Bayan 1567, 'yan Portugal sun hana su zuwa Hormuz. Duk da haka, wasu har yanzu suna nan. {{Sfn|Floor|2006}}

== Asusun ƙungiyar Hormuzi ==
[[Fayil:Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Dinner_in_Hormuz.png|right|thumb|Gidaje 'yan Portugal a Hormuz. An yi ambaliya da gangan saboda zafi. An nuna a cikin ''Códice Casanatense'']]
An gina Hormuz a tsakanin Tekun Farisa da [[Tekun Indiya]], kuma kalmar &quot;ma'anar arziki da jin daɗi&quot; ce,  wataƙila an fi ɗaukarta a cikin karin maganar Larabawa: &quot;Da ace duk duniya zobe ne na zinare, Ormus zai zama jauharin da ke cikinta&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Peter Padfield p65&quot; /&gt; An kuma san birnin da lalata a cewar rahotannin baƙi 'yan Portugal; Duarte Barbosa, ɗaya daga cikin mutanen Portugal na farko da suka yi tafiya zuwa Ormuz a farkon ƙarni na 16 ya sami:</text>
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'''Masarautar Hormuz''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''Hormoz''' ko, a tarihi, '''Ormus''' ; Persian   ; Portuguese   ) masarauta ce daular da ta samo asali daga kudancin [[Larabawa]] . {{Sfn|Floor|2006}} Tana gefen gabashin Tekun Farisa kuma ta faɗaɗa har zuwa [[Baharen|Bahrain]] a yamma a lokacin da take kan gaba. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Provide evidence of this &amp;amp;quot;kingdom&amp;amp;quot; existing in the region and its &amp;amp;quot;zenith&amp;amp;quot;, which means there must be an establishment, a rise, then a decline. (June 2020)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; An kafa Masarautar a ƙarni na 11 da farko a matsayin tushen Sarauta na Kerman Seljuk, daga baya kuma a matsayin ma'ajiyar Turkmens mai cin gashin kanta ta Salghurid da Ilkhanate .  {{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}} A matakin ƙarshe, Hormuz ya zama ƙasar abokin ciniki ta [[Daular Portuguese|Daular Portugal a Gabas]] .

Hormuz, tsibirin da aka sanya sunan Masarautar, babbar tushe ce ta musayar tattalin arziki da cinikin ruwa a matsayin muhimmiyar tashar jiragen ruwa tsakanin Tekun Farisa da Tekun Indiya.{{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}} Wannan tashar jiragen ruwa ta samo asali ne a kudancin Iran zuwa gabashin Strait of Hormuz, kusa da birnin Minab na zamani, kuma daga baya aka sake komawa tsibirin Jarun wanda aka fi sani da Tsibirin Hormuz, wanda ke kusa da birnin Bandar-e Abbas na zamani.{{Sfn|Shabankareyi|1984}}

== Asali ==
Asalin sunan Hormuz ba shi da tabbas.  Wata ka'ida ita ce sunan ya samo asali ne daga kalmar [[Farisawa|harshen Farisa]] ta gida Hur-Mogh {{Lang|fa|هورمغ}} 'Wurin Kwanaki ', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ebrahimi |first=Qorbanali |date=2005–2006 |title=Hormoz-Hormuz |url=https://noo.rs/Cin61 |journal=Motale'at Irani |volume=4 |issue=7 |pages=48}}&lt;/ref&gt;  yayin da wata ka'ida ta nuna cewa &quot;Hormuz&quot; daga harshen Farisa ta Tsakiya na furta sunan allahn [[Zoroastra|Zoroastrian]] {{Lang|fa|هرمز}} {{Transl|fa|Hormoz}} ( Ahura Mazda ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chakrabarty |first=Roshni |date=4 March 2026 |title=How did the Strait of Hormuz get its name? Here's the real origin story |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/strait-of-hormuz-name-origin-persian-or-zoroastrian-2877143-2026-03-04 |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=[[India Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu majiyoyi sun nuna cewa na farko ya fi yiwuwa,  yayin da wasu kuma suka karkata ga na biyun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Milisic |first=Alma |title=Iran war: 10 frequently used words and their meanings |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/19/iran-war-10-frequently-used-words-and-their-meanings |access-date=2026-06-08 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wata ka'ida kuma ta yi iƙirarin cewa an sanya wa mashigar Hormuz suna ne bayan Ifra Hormizd, mahaifiyar Sarki Shapur na Biyu na Farisa, wanda ya yi mulki tsakanin 309 da 379.&amp;nbsp;AD. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Wani ka'ida kuma ita ce ta fito ne daga {{Lang|grc|ὅρμος}} ''Hormos'', kalmar Girkanci ta 'kofa, bay'. &lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rezakhani |first=Khodadad |date=27 February 2020 |title=The Kingdom of Hormuz |url=https://iranologie.com/the-history-page/the-kingdom-of-hormuz/ |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Iranologie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Tsohon Hormuz ===
Lokacin farko na tarihin sarakunan Hormuz ya fara ne da ƙaura na [[Muhammad Diramku]] daga Oman zuwa gabar tekun Iran a ƙarni na 11 kuma ya kasance har zuwa canja wurin babban birnin zuwa Tsibirin Hormuz a farkon ƙarni na 14. A wannan lokacin Hormuz ya ji daɗin dogon lokaci na cin gashin kansa a ƙarƙashin ikon sarakunan Iran daga kafuwar masarautar a karni na 11 zuwa zuwan Portuguese. Abubuwan da suka faru a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da gwagwarmayar iko tsakanin sarakuna da yawa na Hormuz da yankin da ke kewaye da shi da kuma ci gaba da matsayin tattalin arziki na Hormuz . &lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rezakhani |first=Khodadad |date=2020-02-27 |title=The Kingdom of Hormuz |url=https://iranologie.com/the-history-page/the-kingdom-of-hormuz/ |access-date=2020-12-14 |website=Iranologie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}}

Hormuz ta kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin zuriyar Muhammad Diramku (Deramkub &quot;Dirham minter&quot;) wanda ya kafa masarautar a matsayin mai dogaro da Masarautar Kerman bayan rushewar masarautar [[Daular Buyid|Buyid]], ya kai ga mafi girma a ƙarƙashin mulkin daular Mongol na Ilkhanids . &lt;ref name=&quot;iranica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Floor |first=Willem |title=Hormuz ii. Islamic Period |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hormuz-ii |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin zamani na tsakiya, masarautar ta kasance sananniya a matsayin masarautar kasa da kasa da ke kula da bangarorin biyu na Tekun Farisa da yawancin yankin bakin teku na [[Tekun Larabawa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie&quot; /&gt;

&quot;A lokacin mulkin Mir Bahrudin Ayaz Seyfin, sarkin Hormoz na goma sha biyar, ne Seljuk suka kai hari Kerman daga nan suka isa Hormuz. Arzikin Hormuz ya jawo hare-hare sau da yawa har mazauna suka nemi mafaka daga babban yankin kuma da farko suka ƙaura zuwa tsibirin Qeshm . Daga nan sai Mir Bahrudin ya ziyarci tsibirin Jerun ya samo shi daga Neyn (Na'im), Sarkin Keys (Kish), wanda dukkan tsibiran yankin mallakarsa ne. Bayan ya yi aikin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]], Mir Bahrudin ya shahara da Haji Bahrudin a ƙasashen Hormuz.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nothing found for Hormuz Essays 3 3 |url=http://www.dataxinfo.com/hormuz/essays/3.3.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226112958/http://www.dataxinfo.com/hormuz/essays/3.3.htm |archive-date=26 February 2020 |access-date=10 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (August 2024)&quot;&gt;Tushen da ba shi da tabbas?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Waɗannan sauyi a mulki sun nuna ƙarshen zamanin [Persian] Gulf, amma tashoshin jiragen ruwa na tsibirin Qays sannan kuma babban tashar jiragen ruwa ta Hormoz (da farko sun shiga Farisa) sun zama shahararrun 'yan kasuwa. Sarakunan Hurmuzî sun gina Qalhat a gabar tekun Oman don su mallaki ɓangarorin biyu na ƙofar shiga Tekun Farisa. Daga baya, a shekara ta 1300, 'yan kasuwar Hurmuzî sun yi watsi da mulkin mallaka na Farisa, suka sake tsara kasuwancinsu a tsibirin da ake kira Hurmuz kuma a can suka tara dukiya mai tarihi. Alaƙar da ke tsakanin Nabâhina da Hurmuzîs ba ta da tabbas. 

=== Sabon Hormuz ===
Farkon mulkin Sarki Rukn Al-Din Mahmud Qalhati (r. 1249–1286) ya ga farkon wani sabon zamani a tarihin Hormuz. An kwatanta wannan lokacin da ganin yadda Hormuz ta yanke alaƙar dogaro da Kerman da Salghurids (wanda ke Fars ) kuma maimakon haka ta nuna iko zuwa ga alkiblar Bahrain da Oman . {{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}}

A lokacin gasar Ilkhanid da Chaghatais, mazauna birnin sun yi watsi da tsohon birnin Hormuz, wanda aka fi sani da Nabands da Dewankhana. Madadin haka, a shekara ta 1301, mazauna birnin, ƙarƙashin jagorancin sarki Baha ud-Din Ayaz da matarsa Bibi Maryam, sun ƙaura zuwa tsibirin Jerun da ke makwabtaka da su.  

A farkon karni na 15, Hormuz na ɗaya daga cikin masarautun da rundunar sojan kasar Sin ta ziyarta karkashin jagorancin Admiral [[Zheng He|Zheng Ya]] a lokacin Tafiye-tafiye na dukiyar Ming kuma ita ce makoma ta ƙarshe ta rundunar a lokacin tafiya ta huɗu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Edward L. Dreyer}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kauz01&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kauz |first=Ralph |last2=Ptak |first2=Roderich |date=2001 |title=Hormuz in Yuan and Ming sources |journal=Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient |volume=88 |pages=27–75 |doi=10.3406/befeo.2001.3509 |jstor=43731513}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma Huan, mai fassara da ke aiki a cikin ma'aikatan, ya bayyana al'ummar Hormuz a cikin haske mai kyau a cikin ''Yingya Shenglan'', yana rubuta misali game da mutane cewa &quot;ƙafafu da fuskokin mutane suna da kyau kuma suna da kyau [...] kuma suna da ƙarfi da kyau; tufafinsu da hularsu suna da kyau, sun bambanta kuma suna da ladabi. &quot; Fei Xin, wani memba na ma'aikatan jirgin, ya ba da labarin Hormuz a ''Xingcha Shenglan''.&lt;ref name=&quot;kauz01&quot; /&gt; Ya haɗa da, alal misali, abubuwan lura da ke nuna cewa al'ummar Hormuz suna da matsayi mai kyau na rayuwa, suna rubuta cewa &quot;ƙananan ɗalibai suna da arziki&quot;, kuma a kan al'adun tufafi na gida kamar dogon riguna da maza da mata ke sawa, mayafin da mata ke sa a kan kawunansu da fuskokinsu lokacin da suke fita, da kayan ado da masu arziki ke sawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kauz01&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kauz01&quot; /&gt;

Kasancewar ta shahara a matsayin wani katafaren gida na ƙasa da ƙasa kuma sananne a Turai a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci, nasararta ta haifar da shahararta, wanda hakan ya sa Turawan Portugal suka kai mata hari suka kuma mamaye ta a farkon ƙarni na 16. &lt;ref name=&quot;iranica&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;iranologie&quot; /&gt;

=== Mamayar Portugal ===
A watan Satumba na shekarar 1507, Turawan Portugal Afonso de Albuquerque suka sauka a tsibirin, Turawan Portugal suka mamaye Ormuz daga shekarar 1515 zuwa 1622.

As vassals of the Portuguese state, the Kingdom of Hormuz jointly participated in the 1521 invasion of [[Baharen|Bahrain]] that ended Jabrid rule of the Persian Gulf archipelago. The Jabrid ruler was nominally a vassal of Hormuz, but the Jabrid King, Muqrin ibn Zamil had refused to pay the tribute Hormuz demanded, prompting the invasion under the command of the Portuguese conqueror, António Correia. In the fighting for Bahrain, most of the combat was carried out by Portuguese troops, while the Hormuzi admiral, [[Reis Xarafo]], looked on.
[[Fayil:Ormus_-Hormuz-_-_Costumes_des_quatre_parties_du_monde,_gravés_dans_la_manière_de_Luycken_(1670).jpg|left|thumb|Ormus costumes (1670).]]
'Yan Portugal sun yi mulkin Bahrain ta hanyar jerin gwamnonin Hormuzi. Duk da haka, 'yan Sunni Hormuzi ba su da farin jini a tsakanin 'yan [[Shi'a]] na Bahrain waɗanda suka fuskanci matsaloli na addini,  wanda ya haifar da tawaye. A wani yanayi, 'yan tawaye sun [[Gicciyewa|gicciye]] gwamnan Hormuzi,  kuma mulkin Portugal ya ƙare a 1602 bayan gwamnan Hormuzi, wanda dangi ne na sarkin Hormuzi,  ya fara kashe membobin manyan iyalan Bahrain. 
[[Fayil:Portuguese_Castle_(Hormuz).jpg|thumb|Gidan Fotigal a Hormuz, ko &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwASI&quot;&gt;Nossa Senhora da Conceição&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]
Sarakunan Hormuz a ƙarƙashin mulkin Portugal an mayar da su bayin daular Portugal a Indiya, galibi ana sarrafa su daga Goa. Taskar wasiƙun da ke tsakanin sarakuna da sarakunan yankin Hormuz, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Qa'em Maqami |first=Jahangir |title=Asnad-e Farsi o Arabi o Torki dar Arshiv-e Melli-e Porteghal |url=http://www.asnad.org/fa/document/557/ |website=Asnad}}&lt;/ref&gt; da wasu daga cikin gwamnoninta da mutanenta, da sarakunan Portugal, sun ƙunshi cikakkun bayanai game da wargajewar masarautar da kuma 'yancin kai na sassa daban-daban. Sun nuna ƙoƙarin da sarakuna kamar [[Kamal ud-Din Rashed]] suka yi na neman tagomashi daban da na Portugal domin tabbatar da ikonsu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Qa'em Maqami |first=Jahangir |title=Asnad-e Farsi o Arabi o Torki... |url=http://www.asnad.org/fa/document/555/ |website=Asnad}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya nuna a cikin 'yancin kai a hankali na [[Muskat|Muscat]], wanda a da ya dogara da Hormuz, da kuma tasowarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu maye gurbin Hormuz.

Bayan da Turawan Portugal suka yi yunƙurin kwace iko da Basra sau da yawa, sarkin [[Daular Safawiyya|Safavid]] [[Abbas Mai Girma|Abbas na ɗaya na Farisa]] ya ci masarautar a shekara ta 1622 {{Sfn|Potter|Vosoughi|2010}} tare da taimakon Turawan Ingila, suka kuma kori Turawan Portugal daga sauran Tekun Farisa, ban da [[Muskat|Muscat]] . Turawan Portugal sun koma Tekun Farisa a shekara mai zuwa a matsayin abokan [[Afrasiyab (Pasha of Basra)|Afrasiyab]] ( Pasha na Basra) a kan Farisawa. Afrasiyab a da ya kasance ɗan mulkin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman]] amma ya kasance mai 'yancin kai tun 1612. Ba su taɓa komawa Hormuz ba.

== Yawan jama'a da gwamnati ==
Mutanen lardin Fars ne suka fi yawa a cikin al'ummar tsibirin, yayin da Farisanci ke aiki a matsayin babban harshe, tare da Larabci, Fotigal, da wasu harsuna da dama da ake amfani da su. {{Sfn|Floor|2006}} Iyalan da ke mulkin masarautar sun fito ne daga kudancin Larabawa, yayin da gwamnatinta ta ƙunshi Farisawa. A ƙarni na 16 da 17, galibi ana riƙe da iko na gaske a hannun [[vizier]], waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Fal a Fars. Akwai rikice-rikice tsakanin masu magana da Larabci na gida da Farisa duk da haƙurin masarautar da al'adu daban-daban, wanda daga baya 'yan Portugal suka yi amfani da shi. {{Sfn|Floor|2006}}

== Addini ==
Duk da cewa addinin Sunni shine addinin daular Masarautar Hormuz, ''siyasa ta gaske'' ta sa Turan Shah na IV ya ɗauki hular Safavid. Ta hanyar yin haka, ya nuna amincinsa ga [[Ismail I|Shah Ismail na 1]] da Musuluncin Shi'a. Daga ƙarshe an kafa tsirarun 'yan Shi'a a Hormuz yayin da addinin ya bunƙasa a Safavid Iran. Ba a rubuta wani misali na ƙiyayya tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Musulmi biyu ba. {{Sfn|Floor|2006}}

Tsibirin yana da al'ummar Yahudawa waɗanda galibi suka yi ƙaura daga Spain. Bayan 1567, 'yan Portugal sun hana su zuwa Hormuz. Duk da haka, wasu har yanzu suna nan. {{Sfn|Floor|2006}}

== Asusun ƙungiyar Hormuzi ==
[[Fayil:Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Dinner_in_Hormuz.png|right|thumb|Gidaje 'yan Portugal a Hormuz. An yi ambaliya da gangan saboda zafi. An nuna a cikin ''Códice Casanatense'']]
An gina Hormuz a tsakanin Tekun Farisa da [[Tekun Indiya]], kuma kalmar &quot;ma'anar arziki da jin daɗi&quot; ce,  wataƙila an fi ɗaukarta a cikin karin maganar Larabawa: &quot;Da ace duk duniya zobe ne na zinare, Ormus zai zama jauharin da ke cikinta&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Peter Padfield p65&quot; /&gt; An kuma san birnin da lalata a cewar rahotannin baƙi 'yan Portugal; Duarte Barbosa, ɗaya daga cikin mutanen Portugal na farko da suka yi tafiya zuwa Ormuz a farkon ƙarni na 16 ya sami:

==Manazarta==</text>
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        <id>43323</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354877660|Beke Sese]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Beke Sese''' masanin kimiyyar noma ne kuma ɗan siyasar Najeriya wanda ke aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Noma da albarkatun kasa a Jihar Bayelsa a ƙarƙashin Gwamna [[Douye Diri]].1........

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Beke Sese yana da digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar noma daga [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]], Master of Science a fannin Agronomy daga Jami'an Ibadan, da Ph.D. a cikin Gudanar da Kasa da Amfanin gona daga Jami'in Aikin Gona na Tarayya, [[Makurdi]].1........Beke Sese holds a Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Science from the [[:en:University_of_Port_Harcourt|University of Port Harcourt]], a Master of Science in Agronomy from the [[:en:University_of_Ibadan|University of Ibadan]], and a Ph.D. in Soil and Crop Management from the [[:en:Federal_University_of_Agriculture,_Abeokuta|Federal University of Agriculture]],

== Ayyuka ==

=== Ayyukan sana'a ===
Sese ƙwararren masani ne kuma ƙwararren ɗan aikin gona. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sashen Shuka da Kimiyya na Kasa a Jami'ar Neja Delta kuma ya yi aiki a matsayinsa na mai ba da shawara ga Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Tarayya kan shirye-shiryen haihuwa na ƙasa. Ya kuma kasance mai ba da shawara kan fasaha kan aikin gona mai jurewa ga yanayi don ayyukan da Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) ke tallafawa a yankin Neja Delta.2........

=== Ayyukan siyasa ===
An nada Sese a matsayin Kwamishinan Noma da albarkatun kasa a Jihar Bayelsa lokacin da Gwamna Douye Diri ya fadada majalisar ministocinsa a shekarar 2024.1........Beke ya kuma goyi bayan haɗin gwiwa da ayyukan don bunkasa samar da abinci na kasuwanci da tsaro na abinci tare da hadin gwiwar shirye-shiryen kasa da na kasa kamar su IFAD-taimako Livelihood Family Enterprise Project (LIFE-ND).345........Farfesa Beke, ya jagoranci ziyarar aiki ta kwana goma zuwa [[Koriya ta Kudu]], wanda Hukumar hadin kan Koriya ta Duniya (KOICA) ta shirya.6........ Ziyarar ta haifar da bayar da gudummawar kayan aikin gona na inji wanda ya kai sama da $ 500,000 daga Gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu a watan Janairun 2025, gami da tractors, injunan niƙa shinkafa, da gadajen shinkafa.7........

== Dubi kuma ==

* Majalisar zartarwa ta Jihar Bayelsa

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
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'''Beke Sese''' masanin kimiyyar noma ne kuma ɗan siyasar Najeriya wanda ke aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Noma da albarkatun kasa a Jihar Bayelsa a ƙarƙashin Gwamna [[Douye Diri]].&lt;ref&gt;https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/executive-council/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Beke Sese yana da digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar noma daga [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]], Master of Science a fannin Agronomy daga Jami'an Ibadan, da Ph.D. a cikin Gudanar da Kasa da Amfanin gona daga Jami'in Aikin Gona na Tarayya, [[Makurdi]].1........Beke Sese holds a Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Science from the [[:en:University_of_Port_Harcourt|University of Port Harcourt]], a Master of Science in Agronomy from the [[:en:University_of_Ibadan|University of Ibadan]], and a Ph.D. in Soil and Crop Management from the [[:en:Federal_University_of_Agriculture,_Abeokuta|Federal University of Agriculture]],

== Ayyuka ==

=== Ayyukan sana'a ===
Sese ƙwararren masani ne kuma ƙwararren ɗan aikin gona. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sashen Shuka da Kimiyya na Kasa a Jami'ar Neja Delta kuma ya yi aiki a matsayinsa na mai ba da shawara ga Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Tarayya kan shirye-shiryen haihuwa na ƙasa. Ya kuma kasance mai ba da shawara kan fasaha kan aikin gona mai jurewa ga yanayi don ayyukan da Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) ke tallafawa a yankin Neja Delta.2........

=== Ayyukan siyasa ===
An nada Sese a matsayin Kwamishinan Noma da albarkatun kasa a Jihar Bayelsa lokacin da Gwamna Douye Diri ya fadada majalisar ministocinsa a shekarar 2024.1........Beke ya kuma goyi bayan haɗin gwiwa da ayyukan don bunkasa samar da abinci na kasuwanci da tsaro na abinci tare da hadin gwiwar shirye-shiryen kasa da na kasa kamar su IFAD-taimako Livelihood Family Enterprise Project (LIFE-ND).345........Farfesa Beke, ya jagoranci ziyarar aiki ta kwana goma zuwa [[Koriya ta Kudu]], wanda Hukumar hadin kan Koriya ta Duniya (KOICA) ta shirya.6........ Ziyarar ta haifar da bayar da gudummawar kayan aikin gona na inji wanda ya kai sama da $ 500,000 daga Gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu a watan Janairun 2025, gami da tractors, injunan niƙa shinkafa, da gadajen shinkafa.7........

== Dubi kuma ==

* Majalisar zartarwa ta Jihar Bayelsa

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
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'''Beke Sese''' masanin kimiyyar noma ne kuma ɗan siyasar Najeriya wanda ke aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Noma da albarkatun kasa a Jihar Bayelsa a ƙarƙashin Gwamna [[Douye Diri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/executive-council/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Beke Sese yana da digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar noma daga [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]], Master of Science a fannin Agronomy daga Jami'an Ibadan, da Ph.D. a cikin Gudanar da Kasa da Amfanin gona daga Jami'in Aikin Gona na Tarayya, [[Makurdi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.Beke Sese holds a Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Science from the [[:en:University_of_Port_Harcourt|University of Port Harcourt]], a Master of Science in Agronomy from the [[:en:University_of_Ibadan|University of Ibadan]], and a Ph.D. in Soil and Crop Management from the [[:en:Federal_University_of_Agriculture,_Abeokuta|Federal University of Agriculture]],

== Ayyuka ==

=== Ayyukan sana'a ===
Sese ƙwararren masani ne kuma ƙwararren ɗan aikin gona. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sashen Shuka da Kimiyya na Kasa a Jami'ar Neja Delta kuma ya yi aiki a matsayinsa na mai ba da shawara ga Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Tarayya kan shirye-shiryen haihuwa na ƙasa. Ya kuma kasance mai ba da shawara kan fasaha kan aikin gona mai jurewa ga yanayi don ayyukan da Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) ke tallafawa a yankin Neja Delta.2........

=== Ayyukan siyasa ===
An nada Sese a matsayin Kwamishinan Noma da albarkatun kasa a Jihar Bayelsa lokacin da Gwamna Douye Diri ya fadada majalisar ministocinsa a shekarar 2024.1........Beke ya kuma goyi bayan haɗin gwiwa da ayyukan don bunkasa samar da abinci na kasuwanci da tsaro na abinci tare da hadin gwiwar shirye-shiryen kasa da na kasa kamar su IFAD-taimako Livelihood Family Enterprise Project (LIFE-ND).345........Farfesa Beke, ya jagoranci ziyarar aiki ta kwana goma zuwa [[Koriya ta Kudu]], wanda Hukumar hadin kan Koriya ta Duniya (KOICA) ta shirya.6........ Ziyarar ta haifar da bayar da gudummawar kayan aikin gona na inji wanda ya kai sama da $ 500,000 daga Gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu a watan Janairun 2025, gami da tractors, injunan niƙa shinkafa, da gadajen shinkafa.7........

== Dubi kuma ==

* Majalisar zartarwa ta Jihar Bayelsa

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
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'''Beke Sese''' masanin kimiyyar noma ne kuma ɗan siyasar Najeriya wanda ke aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Noma da albarkatun kasa a Jihar Bayelsa a ƙarƙashin Gwamna [[Douye Diri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/executive-council/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Beke Sese yana da digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar noma daga [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]], Master of Science a fannin Agronomy daga Jami'an Ibadan, da Ph.D. a cikin Gudanar da Kasa da Amfanin gona daga Jami'in Aikin Gona na Tarayya, [[Makurdi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.Beke Sese holds a Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Science from the [[:en:University_of_Port_Harcourt|University of Port Harcourt]], a Master of Science in Agronomy from the [[:en:University_of_Ibadan|University of Ibadan]], and a Ph.D. in Soil and Crop Management from the [[:en:Federal_University_of_Agriculture,_Abeokuta|Federal University of Agriculture]],

== Ayyuka ==

=== Ayyukan sana'a ===
Sese ƙwararren masani ne kuma ƙwararren ɗan aikin gona. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sashen Shuka da Kimiyya na Kasa a Jami'ar Neja Delta kuma ya yi aiki a matsayinsa na mai ba da shawara ga Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Tarayya kan shirye-shiryen haihuwa na ƙasa. Ya kuma kasance mai ba da shawara kan fasaha kan aikin gona mai jurewa ga yanayi don ayyukan da Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) ke tallafawa a yankin Neja Delta.&lt;ref&gt;https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/beke-sese&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan siyasa ===
An nada Sese a matsayin Kwamishinan Noma da albarkatun kasa a Jihar Bayelsa lokacin da Gwamna Douye Diri ya fadada majalisar ministocinsa a shekarar 2024.1........Beke ya kuma goyi bayan haɗin gwiwa da ayyukan don bunkasa samar da abinci na kasuwanci da tsaro na abinci tare da hadin gwiwar shirye-shiryen kasa da na kasa kamar su IFAD-taimako Livelihood Family Enterprise Project (LIFE-ND).345........Farfesa Beke, ya jagoranci ziyarar aiki ta kwana goma zuwa [[Koriya ta Kudu]], wanda Hukumar hadin kan Koriya ta Duniya (KOICA) ta shirya.6........ Ziyarar ta haifar da bayar da gudummawar kayan aikin gona na inji wanda ya kai sama da $ 500,000 daga Gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu a watan Janairun 2025, gami da tractors, injunan niƙa shinkafa, da gadajen shinkafa.7........

== Dubi kuma ==

* Majalisar zartarwa ta Jihar Bayelsa

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <id>861785</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
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'''Beke Sese''' masanin kimiyyar noma ne kuma ɗan siyasar Najeriya wanda ke aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Noma da albarkatun kasa a Jihar Bayelsa a ƙarƙashin Gwamna [[Douye Diri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/executive-council/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Beke Sese yana da digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar noma daga [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]], Master of Science a fannin Agronomy daga Jami'an Ibadan, da Ph.D. a cikin Gudanar da Kasa da Amfanin gona daga Jami'in Aikin Gona na Tarayya, [[Makurdi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.Beke Sese holds a Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Science from the [[:en:University_of_Port_Harcourt|University of Port Harcourt]], a Master of Science in Agronomy from the [[:en:University_of_Ibadan|University of Ibadan]], and a Ph.D. in Soil and Crop Management from the [[:en:Federal_University_of_Agriculture,_Abeokuta|Federal University of Agriculture]],

== Ayyuka ==

=== Ayyukan sana'a ===
Sese ƙwararren masani ne kuma ƙwararren ɗan aikin gona. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sashen Shuka da Kimiyya na Kasa a Jami'ar Neja Delta kuma ya yi aiki a matsayinsa na mai ba da shawara ga Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Tarayya kan shirye-shiryen haihuwa na ƙasa. Ya kuma kasance mai ba da shawara kan fasaha kan aikin gona mai jurewa ga yanayi don ayyukan da Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) ke tallafawa a yankin Neja Delta.&lt;ref&gt;https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/beke-sese&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan siyasa ===
An nada Sese a matsayin Kwamishinan Noma da albarkatun kasa a Jihar Bayelsa lokacin da Gwamna Douye Diri ya fadada majalisar ministocinsa a shekarar 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Beke ya kuma goyi bayan haɗin gwiwa da ayyukan don bunkasa samar da abinci na kasuwanci da tsaro na abinci tare da hadin gwiwar shirye-shiryen kasa da na kasa kamar su IFAD-taimako Livelihood Family Enterprise Project (LIFE-ND).345........Farfesa Beke, ya jagoranci ziyarar aiki ta kwana goma zuwa [[Koriya ta Kudu]], wanda Hukumar hadin kan Koriya ta Duniya (KOICA) ta shirya.6........ Ziyarar ta haifar da bayar da gudummawar kayan aikin gona na inji wanda ya kai sama da $ 500,000 daga Gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu a watan Janairun 2025, gami da tractors, injunan niƙa shinkafa, da gadajen shinkafa.7........

== Dubi kuma ==

* Majalisar zartarwa ta Jihar Bayelsa

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-20T08:06:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
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'''Beke Sese''' masanin kimiyyar noma ne kuma ɗan siyasar Najeriya wanda ke aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Noma da albarkatun kasa a Jihar Bayelsa a ƙarƙashin Gwamna [[Douye Diri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/executive-council/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Beke Sese yana da digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar noma daga [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]], Master of Science a fannin Agronomy daga Jami'an Ibadan, da Ph.D. a cikin Gudanar da Kasa da Amfanin gona daga Jami'in Aikin Gona na Tarayya, [[Makurdi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.Beke Sese holds a Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Science from the [[:en:University_of_Port_Harcourt|University of Port Harcourt]], a Master of Science in Agronomy from the [[:en:University_of_Ibadan|University of Ibadan]], and a Ph.D. in Soil and Crop Management from the [[:en:Federal_University_of_Agriculture,_Abeokuta|Federal University of Agriculture]],

== Ayyuka ==

=== Ayyukan sana'a ===
Sese ƙwararren masani ne kuma ƙwararren ɗan aikin gona. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sashen Shuka da Kimiyya na Kasa a Jami'ar Neja Delta kuma ya yi aiki a matsayinsa na mai ba da shawara ga Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Tarayya kan shirye-shiryen haihuwa na ƙasa. Ya kuma kasance mai ba da shawara kan fasaha kan aikin gona mai jurewa ga yanayi don ayyukan da Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) ke tallafawa a yankin Neja Delta.&lt;ref&gt;https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/beke-sese&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan siyasa ===
An nada Sese a matsayin Kwamishinan Noma da albarkatun kasa a Jihar Bayelsa lokacin da Gwamna Douye Diri ya fadada majalisar ministocinsa a shekarar 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Beke ya kuma goyi bayan haɗin gwiwa da ayyukan don bunkasa samar da abinci na kasuwanci da tsaro na abinci tare da hadin gwiwar shirye-shiryen kasa da na kasa kamar su IFAD-taimako Livelihood Family Enterprise Project (LIFE-ND).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/03/bayelsa-govt-ll-partner-life-nd-to-boost-commercial-food-production-agric-commissioner/&lt;/ref&gt;Farfesa Beke, ya jagoranci ziyarar aiki ta kwana goma zuwa [[Koriya ta Kudu]], wanda Hukumar hadin kan Koriya ta Duniya (KOICA) ta shirya.6........ Ziyarar ta haifar da bayar da gudummawar kayan aikin gona na inji wanda ya kai sama da $ 500,000 daga Gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu a watan Janairun 2025, gami da tractors, injunan niƙa shinkafa, da gadajen shinkafa.7........

== Dubi kuma ==

* Majalisar zartarwa ta Jihar Bayelsa

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>tdaw28frkm6du8f9kwlfu2o81msqk2p</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861787</id>
      <parentid>861786</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T08:06:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>861787</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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'''Beke Sese''' masanin kimiyyar noma ne kuma ɗan siyasar Najeriya wanda ke aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Noma da albarkatun kasa a Jihar Bayelsa a ƙarƙashin Gwamna [[Douye Diri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/executive-council/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Beke Sese yana da digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar noma daga [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]], Master of Science a fannin Agronomy daga Jami'an Ibadan, da Ph.D. a cikin Gudanar da Kasa da Amfanin gona daga Jami'in Aikin Gona na Tarayya, [[Makurdi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.Beke Sese holds a Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Science from the [[:en:University_of_Port_Harcourt|University of Port Harcourt]], a Master of Science in Agronomy from the [[:en:University_of_Ibadan|University of Ibadan]], and a Ph.D. in Soil and Crop Management from the [[:en:Federal_University_of_Agriculture,_Abeokuta|Federal University of Agriculture]],

== Ayyuka ==

=== Ayyukan sana'a ===
Sese ƙwararren masani ne kuma ƙwararren ɗan aikin gona. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sashen Shuka da Kimiyya na Kasa a Jami'ar Neja Delta kuma ya yi aiki a matsayinsa na mai ba da shawara ga Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Tarayya kan shirye-shiryen haihuwa na ƙasa. Ya kuma kasance mai ba da shawara kan fasaha kan aikin gona mai jurewa ga yanayi don ayyukan da Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) ke tallafawa a yankin Neja Delta.&lt;ref&gt;https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/beke-sese&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan siyasa ===
An nada Sese a matsayin Kwamishinan Noma da albarkatun kasa a Jihar Bayelsa lokacin da Gwamna Douye Diri ya fadada majalisar ministocinsa a shekarar 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Beke ya kuma goyi bayan haɗin gwiwa da ayyukan don bunkasa samar da abinci na kasuwanci da tsaro na abinci tare da hadin gwiwar shirye-shiryen kasa da na kasa kamar su IFAD-taimako Livelihood Family Enterprise Project (LIFE-ND).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/03/bayelsa-govt-ll-partner-life-nd-to-boost-commercial-food-production-agric-commissioner/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://citybusinessnews.com/bayelsa-renews-commitment-to-oil-palm-rice-fish-other-farmers/&lt;/ref&gt;Farfesa Beke, ya jagoranci ziyarar aiki ta kwana goma zuwa [[Koriya ta Kudu]], wanda Hukumar hadin kan Koriya ta Duniya (KOICA) ta shirya.6........ Ziyarar ta haifar da bayar da gudummawar kayan aikin gona na inji wanda ya kai sama da $ 500,000 daga Gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu a watan Janairun 2025, gami da tractors, injunan niƙa shinkafa, da gadajen shinkafa.7........

== Dubi kuma ==

* Majalisar zartarwa ta Jihar Bayelsa

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>rql2rc6698iq2oilcnbsbvnuupfemor</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861788</id>
      <parentid>861787</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T08:07:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
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'''Beke Sese''' masanin kimiyyar noma ne kuma ɗan siyasar Najeriya wanda ke aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Noma da albarkatun kasa a Jihar Bayelsa a ƙarƙashin Gwamna [[Douye Diri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/executive-council/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Beke Sese yana da digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar noma daga [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]], Master of Science a fannin Agronomy daga Jami'an Ibadan, da Ph.D. a cikin Gudanar da Kasa da Amfanin gona daga Jami'in Aikin Gona na Tarayya, [[Makurdi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.Beke Sese holds a Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Science from the [[:en:University_of_Port_Harcourt|University of Port Harcourt]], a Master of Science in Agronomy from the [[:en:University_of_Ibadan|University of Ibadan]], and a Ph.D. in Soil and Crop Management from the [[:en:Federal_University_of_Agriculture,_Abeokuta|Federal University of Agriculture]],

== Ayyuka ==

=== Ayyukan sana'a ===
Sese ƙwararren masani ne kuma ƙwararren ɗan aikin gona. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sashen Shuka da Kimiyya na Kasa a Jami'ar Neja Delta kuma ya yi aiki a matsayinsa na mai ba da shawara ga Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Tarayya kan shirye-shiryen haihuwa na ƙasa. Ya kuma kasance mai ba da shawara kan fasaha kan aikin gona mai jurewa ga yanayi don ayyukan da Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) ke tallafawa a yankin Neja Delta.&lt;ref&gt;https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/beke-sese&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan siyasa ===
An nada Sese a matsayin Kwamishinan Noma da albarkatun kasa a Jihar Bayelsa lokacin da Gwamna Douye Diri ya fadada majalisar ministocinsa a shekarar 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Beke ya kuma goyi bayan haɗin gwiwa da ayyukan don bunkasa samar da abinci na kasuwanci da tsaro na abinci tare da hadin gwiwar shirye-shiryen kasa da na kasa kamar su IFAD-taimako Livelihood Family Enterprise Project (LIFE-ND).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/03/bayelsa-govt-ll-partner-life-nd-to-boost-commercial-food-production-agric-commissioner/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://citybusinessnews.com/bayelsa-renews-commitment-to-oil-palm-rice-fish-other-farmers/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/07/bayelsa-govt-ndu-to-partner-on-food-security-commissioner/&lt;/ref&gt;Farfesa Beke, ya jagoranci ziyarar aiki ta kwana goma zuwa [[Koriya ta Kudu]], wanda Hukumar hadin kan Koriya ta Duniya (KOICA) ta shirya.6........ Ziyarar ta haifar da bayar da gudummawar kayan aikin gona na inji wanda ya kai sama da $ 500,000 daga Gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu a watan Janairun 2025, gami da tractors, injunan niƙa shinkafa, da gadajen shinkafa.7........

== Dubi kuma ==

* Majalisar zartarwa ta Jihar Bayelsa

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>kbhc970nm4t57rveygxvha82yvbv6jx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861789</id>
      <parentid>861788</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T08:08:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
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'''Beke Sese''' masanin kimiyyar noma ne kuma ɗan siyasar Najeriya wanda ke aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Noma da albarkatun kasa a Jihar Bayelsa a ƙarƙashin Gwamna [[Douye Diri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/executive-council/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Beke Sese yana da digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar noma daga [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]], Master of Science a fannin Agronomy daga Jami'an Ibadan, da Ph.D. a cikin Gudanar da Kasa da Amfanin gona daga Jami'in Aikin Gona na Tarayya, [[Makurdi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.Beke Sese holds a Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Science from the [[:en:University_of_Port_Harcourt|University of Port Harcourt]], a Master of Science in Agronomy from the [[:en:University_of_Ibadan|University of Ibadan]], and a Ph.D. in Soil and Crop Management from the [[:en:Federal_University_of_Agriculture,_Abeokuta|Federal University of Agriculture]],

== Ayyuka ==

=== Ayyukan sana'a ===
Sese ƙwararren masani ne kuma ƙwararren ɗan aikin gona. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sashen Shuka da Kimiyya na Kasa a Jami'ar Neja Delta kuma ya yi aiki a matsayinsa na mai ba da shawara ga Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Tarayya kan shirye-shiryen haihuwa na ƙasa. Ya kuma kasance mai ba da shawara kan fasaha kan aikin gona mai jurewa ga yanayi don ayyukan da Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) ke tallafawa a yankin Neja Delta.&lt;ref&gt;https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/beke-sese&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan siyasa ===
An nada Sese a matsayin Kwamishinan Noma da albarkatun kasa a Jihar Bayelsa lokacin da Gwamna Douye Diri ya fadada majalisar ministocinsa a shekarar 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Beke ya kuma goyi bayan haɗin gwiwa da ayyukan don bunkasa samar da abinci na kasuwanci da tsaro na abinci tare da hadin gwiwar shirye-shiryen kasa da na kasa kamar su IFAD-taimako Livelihood Family Enterprise Project (LIFE-ND).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/03/bayelsa-govt-ll-partner-life-nd-to-boost-commercial-food-production-agric-commissioner/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://citybusinessnews.com/bayelsa-renews-commitment-to-oil-palm-rice-fish-other-farmers/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/07/bayelsa-govt-ndu-to-partner-on-food-security-commissioner/&lt;/ref&gt;Farfesa Beke, ya jagoranci ziyarar aiki ta kwana goma zuwa [[Koriya ta Kudu]], wanda Hukumar hadin kan Koriya ta Duniya (KOICA) ta shirya.&lt;ref&gt;https://bayelsawatch.com/korean-trip-for-bayelsa-agricultural-devt-very-positive/&lt;/ref&gt; Ziyarar ta haifar da bayar da gudummawar kayan aikin gona na inji wanda ya kai sama da $ 500,000 daga Gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu a watan Janairun 2025, gami da tractors, injunan niƙa shinkafa, da gadajen shinkafa.7........

== Dubi kuma ==

* Majalisar zartarwa ta Jihar Bayelsa

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>ermspi8u610c0gfi3lkw4dzk11qptro</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861791</id>
      <parentid>861789</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T08:09:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>861791</origin>
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'''Beke Sese''' masanin kimiyyar noma ne kuma ɗan siyasar Najeriya wanda ke aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Noma da albarkatun kasa a Jihar Bayelsa a ƙarƙashin Gwamna [[Douye Diri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/executive-council/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Beke Sese yana da digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar noma daga [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]], Master of Science a fannin Agronomy daga Jami'an Ibadan, da Ph.D. a cikin Gudanar da Kasa da Amfanin gona daga Jami'in Aikin Gona na Tarayya, [[Makurdi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.Beke Sese holds a Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Science from the [[:en:University_of_Port_Harcourt|University of Port Harcourt]], a Master of Science in Agronomy from the [[:en:University_of_Ibadan|University of Ibadan]], and a Ph.D. in Soil and Crop Management from the [[:en:Federal_University_of_Agriculture,_Abeokuta|Federal University of Agriculture]],

== Ayyuka ==

=== Ayyukan sana'a ===
Sese ƙwararren masani ne kuma ƙwararren ɗan aikin gona. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sashen Shuka da Kimiyya na Kasa a Jami'ar Neja Delta kuma ya yi aiki a matsayinsa na mai ba da shawara ga Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Tarayya kan shirye-shiryen haihuwa na ƙasa. Ya kuma kasance mai ba da shawara kan fasaha kan aikin gona mai jurewa ga yanayi don ayyukan da Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) ke tallafawa a yankin Neja Delta.&lt;ref&gt;https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/beke-sese&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan siyasa ===
An nada Sese a matsayin Kwamishinan Noma da albarkatun kasa a Jihar Bayelsa lokacin da Gwamna Douye Diri ya fadada majalisar ministocinsa a shekarar 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Beke ya kuma goyi bayan haɗin gwiwa da ayyukan don bunkasa samar da abinci na kasuwanci da tsaro na abinci tare da hadin gwiwar shirye-shiryen kasa da na kasa kamar su IFAD-taimako Livelihood Family Enterprise Project (LIFE-ND).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/03/bayelsa-govt-ll-partner-life-nd-to-boost-commercial-food-production-agric-commissioner/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://citybusinessnews.com/bayelsa-renews-commitment-to-oil-palm-rice-fish-other-farmers/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/07/bayelsa-govt-ndu-to-partner-on-food-security-commissioner/&lt;/ref&gt;Farfesa Beke, ya jagoranci ziyarar aiki ta kwana goma zuwa [[Koriya ta Kudu]], wanda Hukumar hadin kan Koriya ta Duniya (KOICA) ta shirya.&lt;ref&gt;https://bayelsawatch.com/korean-trip-for-bayelsa-agricultural-devt-very-positive/&lt;/ref&gt; Ziyarar ta haifar da bayar da gudummawar kayan aikin gona na inji wanda ya kai sama da $ 500,000 daga Gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu a watan Janairun 2025, gami da tractors, injunan niƙa shinkafa, da gadajen shinkafa.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/01/17/bayelsa-government-receives-mechanised-agric-equipment-worth-500000-from-south-korea/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Majalisar zartarwa ta Jihar Bayelsa

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>8fpa96yn6e3gxgxjlqejqv827nv871m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hematoma na nono</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158807</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861794</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T08:12:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322285682|Breast hematoma]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861794</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4361" sha1="n5q0xwyq7teldgncc999xs2vi0s6o8q" xml:space="preserve">'''Hematoma na [[nono]]''' tarin jini ne a cikin nono. Yana fitowa ne daga zubar da jini na ciki (hawan jini) kuma yana iya tasowa saboda rauni (raunin nono ko tiyata) ko kuma saboda wani abu da ba na rauni ba.

== Alamomi ==
Alamomin na iya zama kama da na canje-Canjin nono na fibrocystic.

== Dalilan da suka haifar ==
Hematoma na nono na iya bayyana saboda rauni kai tsaye ga nono, misali raunin wasanni ko hadarin mota. Hematomas kuma na iya haifar da tiyata a nono, yawanci saboda zubar da jini bayan tiyata ko, ba sau da yawa ba, daga biopsy na nono.

Hematomas na nono na iya faruwa ba zato ba tsammani daga fashewar jijiyoyin jini a cikin nono, musamman a cikin mutanen da ke fama da coagulopathy, &lt;ref name=&quot;radiopaedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Breast hematoma |url=http://radiopaedia.org/articles/breast-haematoma |access-date=18 November 2014 |publisher=radiopaedia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Salemis NS |year=2012 |title=Breast hematoma complicating anticoagulant therapy: management and literature review |journal=Breast Disease |type=review |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=25–8 |doi=10.3233/BD-130344 |pmid=23507668}}&lt;/ref&gt; ko kuma bayan amfani da magungunan rage jini na dogon lokaci kamar aspirin ko ibuprofen. 

== Ilimin jiki ==
Ƙananan hematomas na nono sau da yawa suna warwarewa da kansu a cikin kwanaki ko makonni da yawa ta hanyar sake shan jini. Manyan hematomas suna iya haifar da kumburi ko fibrosis.

Hematomas na nono wani lokacin na iya haifar da launin fata, kumburi, ko zazzabi. Lokacin da hematoma ya warware, zai iya zama fibrotic, yana barin ƙwayoyin cuta. Hematoma mai warwarewa na iya zama ruwa don samar da seroma.

Hematomas na nono bayan tiyata na iya hana [[warkar da rauni]] sabili da haka ya shafi sakamakon kayan shafawa. Hematomas kuma suna daya daga cikin abubuwan haɗari na kamuwa da cutar kan hanyar tiyata ta nono.&lt;ref name=&quot;XueQian2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Xue |first=D.Q. |last2=Qian |first2=C. |last3=Yang |first3=L. |last4=Wang |first4=X.F. |year=2012 |title=Risk factors for surgical site infections after breast surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=European Journal of Surgical Oncology |type=review |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=375–381 |doi=10.1016/j.ejso.2012.02.179 |issn=0748-7983 |pmid=22421530}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai shaidar farko cewa, bayan tiyata na nono, kasancewar hematoma yana ƙara haɗarin haɓaka ƙwayoyin cuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;HandelCordray2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Handel |first=Neal |last2=Cordray |first2=Tracy |last3=Gutierrez |first3=Jaime |last4=Jensen |first4=J Arthur |year=2006 |title=A Long-Term Study of Outcomes, Complications, and Patient Satisfaction with Breast Implants |journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery |volume=117 |issue=3 |pages=757–767 |doi=10.1097/01.prs.0000201457.00772.1d |issn=0032-1052 |pmid=16525261 |s2cid=15228702}}, see sections &quot;Results&quot; and &quot;Conclusions&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Binciken mammography, ƙwayoyin cuta da suka samo asali daga hematoma na nono za a iya rikitar da su da ƙwayoyin ciwon daji,  musamman a cikin shekaru na farko bayan tiyata. Daga ƙarshe, necrosis mai na iya faruwa a yankin da ya shafi nono.&lt;ref name=&quot;radiopaedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Breast hematoma |url=http://radiopaedia.org/articles/breast-haematoma |access-date=18 November 2014 |publisher=radiopaedia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Binciken ganewa ==
Lokacin da akwai kumburi bayan tiyata bayan tiyata a nono ko ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin halitta, ana iya nuna gwajin ultrasound na nono don rarrabe tsakanin hematoma da sauran yiwuwar rikitarwa bayan tiyata kamar abscess ko seroma, [1] Yawanci ana iya ganin hematoma na baya-bayan nan a cikin mammogram. [2] kuma yana nuna ƙarfin siginar al'ada akan Hotunan MR.[3] Idan bambanci daga ciwon nono ya zama dole, ana iya nuna biopsy na hematoma.

Yin la'akari da [[Tarihin kiwon lafiya|Tarihin shari'ar]] yana da mahimmanci don gano cutar nono.

== Magani ==
Manyan hematomas na nono, ko waɗanda ba sa zama karami ko waɗanda ke haifar da rashin jin daɗi, yawanci suna buƙatar zubar da ruwa. Har ila yau, ana cire hematomas da ke faruwa bayan tiyata don cire wani mummunar kumburi, saboda hematoma wanda aka yi amfani da radiation ba zai iya warwarewa ba.[1] Ana iya cire hematoma na baya-bayan nan ta hanyar burin allura ko (rarely) budewa na tiyata.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <id>32668</id>
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'''Hematoma na [[nono]]''' tarin jini ne a cikin nono. Yana fitowa ne daga zubar da jini na ciki (hawan jini) kuma yana iya tasowa saboda rauni (raunin nono ko tiyata) ko kuma saboda wani abu da ba na rauni ba.

== Alamomi ==
Alamomin na iya zama kama da na canje-Canjin nono na fibrocystic.

== Dalilan da suka haifar ==
Hematoma na nono na iya bayyana saboda rauni kai tsaye ga nono, misali raunin wasanni ko hadarin mota. Hematomas kuma na iya haifar da tiyata a nono, yawanci saboda zubar da jini bayan tiyata ko, ba sau da yawa ba, daga biopsy na nono.

Hematomas na nono na iya faruwa ba zato ba tsammani daga fashewar jijiyoyin jini a cikin nono, musamman a cikin mutanen da ke fama da coagulopathy, &lt;ref name=&quot;radiopaedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Breast hematoma |url=http://radiopaedia.org/articles/breast-haematoma |access-date=18 November 2014 |publisher=radiopaedia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Salemis NS |year=2012 |title=Breast hematoma complicating anticoagulant therapy: management and literature review |journal=Breast Disease |type=review |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=25–8 |doi=10.3233/BD-130344 |pmid=23507668}}&lt;/ref&gt; ko kuma bayan amfani da magungunan rage jini na dogon lokaci kamar aspirin ko ibuprofen. 

== Ilimin jiki ==
Ƙananan hematomas na nono sau da yawa suna warwarewa da kansu a cikin kwanaki ko makonni da yawa ta hanyar sake shan jini. Manyan hematomas suna iya haifar da kumburi ko fibrosis.

Hematomas na nono wani lokacin na iya haifar da launin fata, kumburi, ko zazzabi. Lokacin da hematoma ya warware, zai iya zama fibrotic, yana barin ƙwayoyin cuta. Hematoma mai warwarewa na iya zama ruwa don samar da seroma.

Hematomas na nono bayan tiyata na iya hana [[warkar da rauni]] sabili da haka ya shafi sakamakon kayan shafawa. Hematomas kuma suna daya daga cikin abubuwan haɗari na kamuwa da cutar kan hanyar tiyata ta nono.&lt;ref name=&quot;XueQian2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Xue |first=D.Q. |last2=Qian |first2=C. |last3=Yang |first3=L. |last4=Wang |first4=X.F. |year=2012 |title=Risk factors for surgical site infections after breast surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=European Journal of Surgical Oncology |type=review |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=375–381 |doi=10.1016/j.ejso.2012.02.179 |issn=0748-7983 |pmid=22421530}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai shaidar farko cewa, bayan tiyata na nono, kasancewar hematoma yana ƙara haɗarin haɓaka ƙwayoyin cuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;HandelCordray2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Handel |first=Neal |last2=Cordray |first2=Tracy |last3=Gutierrez |first3=Jaime |last4=Jensen |first4=J Arthur |year=2006 |title=A Long-Term Study of Outcomes, Complications, and Patient Satisfaction with Breast Implants |journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery |volume=117 |issue=3 |pages=757–767 |doi=10.1097/01.prs.0000201457.00772.1d |issn=0032-1052 |pmid=16525261 |s2cid=15228702}}, see sections &quot;Results&quot; and &quot;Conclusions&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Binciken mammography, ƙwayoyin cuta da suka samo asali daga hematoma na nono za a iya rikitar da su da ƙwayoyin ciwon daji,  musamman a cikin shekaru na farko bayan tiyata. Daga ƙarshe, necrosis mai na iya faruwa a yankin da ya shafi nono.&lt;ref name=&quot;radiopaedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Breast hematoma |url=http://radiopaedia.org/articles/breast-haematoma |access-date=18 November 2014 |publisher=radiopaedia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Binciken ganewa ==
Lokacin da akwai kumburi bayan tiyata bayan tiyata a nono ko ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin halitta, ana iya nuna gwajin ultrasound na nono don rarrabe tsakanin hematoma da sauran yiwuwar rikitarwa bayan tiyata kamar abscess ko seroma, [1] Yawanci ana iya ganin hematoma na baya-bayan nan a cikin mammogram. [2] kuma yana nuna ƙarfin siginar al'ada akan Hotunan MR.[3] Idan bambanci daga ciwon nono ya zama dole, ana iya nuna biopsy na hematoma.

Yin la'akari da [[Tarihin kiwon lafiya|Tarihin shari'ar]] yana da mahimmanci don gano cutar nono.

== Magani ==
Manyan hematomas na nono, ko waɗanda ba sa zama karami ko waɗanda ke haifar da rashin jin daɗi, yawanci suna buƙatar zubar da ruwa. Har ila yau, ana cire hematomas da ke faruwa bayan tiyata don cire wani mummunar kumburi, saboda hematoma wanda aka yi amfani da radiation ba zai iya warwarewa ba.[1] Ana iya cire hematoma na baya-bayan nan ta hanyar burin allura ko (rarely) budewa na tiyata.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>n3341n62kqalijtb0ui8xc7i855b3vu</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Hawan nono</title>
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        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352794410|Breast hypertrophy]]&quot;</comment>
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Hypertrophy na [[nono]] wani yanayi ne na kiwon lafiya mai ban sha'awa na ƙwayoyin '''Hawan nono''' wanda ƙirji ya zama babba sosai. Sau da yawa ana rarraba yanayin bisa ga tsananin zuwa nau'i biyu, '''macromastia''' da '''gigantomastia'''. Hypertrophy na ƙwayoyin nono na iya haifar da karuwar ƙwarewar histologic ga wasu hormones kamar su hormones na jima'i na mata, prolactin, da abubuwan girma.&lt;ref name=&quot;ohlsen&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ohlsén |first=L. |last2=Ericsson |first2=O. |last3=Beausang-Linder |first3=M. |year=1996 |title=Rapid, massive and unphysiological breast enlargement |journal=European Journal of Plastic Surgery |volume=19 |issue=6 |doi=10.1007/BF00180324 |s2cid=19355441}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hypertrophy na nono yana da ƙaruwa mai kyau, wanda zai iya faruwa a cikin nono biyu (bilateral) ko kawai a cikin nono ɗaya (unilateral). An fara bayyana shi ta hanyar kimiyya a cikin shekara ta 1648.

== Bayyanawa da nau'ikan ==


Hypertrophy na nono na iya shafar nono daidai, amma yawanci yana shafar nono ɗaya fiye da ɗayan, don haka yana haifar da asymmetry, lokacin da nono ɗaya ya fi ɗayan girma. Yanayin na iya shafar maɗaukaki da areola maimakon ko ban da dukkan nono. Sakamakon na iya haifar da ƙananan bambancin girman zuwa babban asymmetry na nono. Ana rarraba hypertrophy na nono a [[Juna biyu|ciki]] ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyi biyar: a matsayin ko dai pubertal (juvenile hypertrophy), gestational (gravid macromastia), a cikin mata masu girma ba tare da wani dalili ba, wanda ke da alaƙa da maganin penicillamine, kuma yana da alaƙa le matsanancin [[kiba]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sharma&quot;&gt;Note: the criterion of &gt;600g is used with the term &quot;macromastia&quot; in this source: {{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=K |last2=Nigam |first2=S |last3=Khurana |first3=N |last4=Chaturvedi |first4=KU |year=2004 |title=Unilateral gestational macromastia--a rare disorder |journal=The Malaysian Journal of Pathology |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=125–8 |pmid=16329566}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'anoni da yawa na macromastia da gigantomastia sun dogara ne akan kalmar &quot;ƙananan ƙwayoyin nono&quot;, sabili da haka suna da ɗan son rai.

An bayar da rahoton jimlar shari'o'i 115 na gigantomastia a cikin wallafe-wallafen tun daga shekara ta 2008. &lt;ref name=&quot;DanceyKhan2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dancey |first=Anne |last2=Khan |first2=M. |last3=Dawson |first3=J. |last4=Peart |first4=F. |year=2008 |title=Gigantomastia – a classification and review of the literature |journal=Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive &amp; Aesthetic Surgery |volume=61 |issue=5 |pages=493–502 |doi=10.1016/j.bjps.2007.10.041 |issn=1748-6815 |pmid=18054304}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hawan nono na yara ===
Lokacin da gigantomastia ke faruwa a cikin mata masu tasowa, yanayin kiwon lafiya an san shi da macromastia na yara ko gigantomastia na yara kuma wani lokacin a matsayin hypertrophy na nono na budurwa ko hypertrophy mai nono na buduniya kodayake kalmar budurwa yanzu ana ɗaukar ta yaudara kuma ta wuce gona da iri. Tare da girman nono mai yawa, wasu alamun sun haɗa da ja, cututtukan ƙishirwa da ciwo a cikin nono. Ana yin ganewar asali lokacin da ƙirjin matashi ke girma da sauri kuma suna samun nauyi mai yawa, yawanci ba da daɗewa ba bayan Lokacin haila na farko. Wasu likitoci sun ba da shawarar cewa saurin ci gaban nono yana faruwa kafin farawar haila.[1]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <id>32668</id>
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Hypertrophy na [[nono]] wani yanayi ne na kiwon lafiya mai ban sha'awa na ƙwayoyin '''Hawan nono''' wanda ƙirji ya zama babba sosai. Sau da yawa ana rarraba yanayin bisa ga tsananin zuwa nau'i biyu, '''macromastia''' da '''gigantomastia'''. Hypertrophy na ƙwayoyin nono na iya haifar da karuwar ƙwarewar histologic ga wasu hormones kamar su hormones na jima'i na mata, prolactin, da abubuwan girma.&lt;ref name=&quot;ohlsen&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ohlsén |first=L. |last2=Ericsson |first2=O. |last3=Beausang-Linder |first3=M. |year=1996 |title=Rapid, massive and unphysiological breast enlargement |journal=European Journal of Plastic Surgery |volume=19 |issue=6 |doi=10.1007/BF00180324 |s2cid=19355441}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hypertrophy na nono yana da ƙaruwa mai kyau, wanda zai iya faruwa a cikin nono biyu (bilateral) ko kawai a cikin nono ɗaya (unilateral). An fara bayyana shi ta hanyar kimiyya a cikin shekara ta 1648.

== Bayyanawa da nau'ikan ==


Hypertrophy na nono na iya shafar nono daidai, amma yawanci yana shafar nono ɗaya fiye da ɗayan, don haka yana haifar da asymmetry, lokacin da nono ɗaya ya fi ɗayan girma. Yanayin na iya shafar maɗaukaki da areola maimakon ko ban da dukkan nono. Sakamakon na iya haifar da ƙananan bambancin girman zuwa babban asymmetry na nono. Ana rarraba hypertrophy na nono a [[Juna biyu|ciki]] ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyi biyar: a matsayin ko dai pubertal (juvenile hypertrophy), gestational (gravid macromastia), a cikin mata masu girma ba tare da wani dalili ba, wanda ke da alaƙa da maganin penicillamine, kuma yana da alaƙa le matsanancin [[kiba]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sharma&quot;&gt;Note: the criterion of &gt;600g is used with the term &quot;macromastia&quot; in this source: {{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=K |last2=Nigam |first2=S |last3=Khurana |first3=N |last4=Chaturvedi |first4=KU |year=2004 |title=Unilateral gestational macromastia--a rare disorder |journal=The Malaysian Journal of Pathology |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=125–8 |pmid=16329566}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'anoni da yawa na macromastia da gigantomastia sun dogara ne akan kalmar &quot;ƙananan ƙwayoyin nono&quot;, sabili da haka suna da ɗan son rai.

An bayar da rahoton jimlar shari'o'i 115 na gigantomastia a cikin wallafe-wallafen tun daga shekara ta 2008. &lt;ref name=&quot;DanceyKhan2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dancey |first=Anne |last2=Khan |first2=M. |last3=Dawson |first3=J. |last4=Peart |first4=F. |year=2008 |title=Gigantomastia – a classification and review of the literature |journal=Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive &amp; Aesthetic Surgery |volume=61 |issue=5 |pages=493–502 |doi=10.1016/j.bjps.2007.10.041 |issn=1748-6815 |pmid=18054304}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hawan nono na yara ===
Lokacin da gigantomastia ke faruwa a cikin mata masu tasowa, yanayin kiwon lafiya an san shi da macromastia na yara ko gigantomastia na yara kuma wani lokacin a matsayin hypertrophy na nono na budurwa ko hypertrophy mai nono na buduniya kodayake kalmar budurwa yanzu ana ɗaukar ta yaudara kuma ta wuce gona da iri. Tare da girman nono mai yawa, wasu alamun sun haɗa da ja, cututtukan ƙishirwa da ciwo a cikin nono. Ana yin ganewar asali lokacin da ƙirjin matashi ke girma da sauri kuma suna samun nauyi mai yawa, yawanci ba da daɗewa ba bayan Lokacin haila na farko. Wasu likitoci sun ba da shawarar cewa saurin ci gaban nono yana faruwa kafin farawar haila.[1]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>133luty977pie8qcj72j2sqhwrpiyap</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Necrosis mai</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352042982|Fat necrosis]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Reflist}}Fat necrosis shine necrosis wanda ke shafar kitse (ƙwayoyin adipose).  Kalmar an kafa ta sosai a cikin kalmomin kiwon lafiya duk da cewa ba ta nuna takamaiman tsari na '''Necrosis mai'''. Fat necrosis na iya haifar da raunin da ya faru da nama, gami da: rauni na jiki, narkewar enzymatic na adipocytes ta hanyar lipases,  maganin radiation,  hypoxia, ko kumburi na kitse na subcutaneous (panniculitis).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-02-02 |title=fat necrosis |url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/fat-necrosis |website=www.cancer.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban bayyanar fat necrosis yana da kyau, fararen yanki a cikin kwayar halitta ta al'ada. Ba a saba gani ba, ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar ƙwa mai ƙwayoyin ƙwayar ƙwace mai ƙwayoyi mai ƙwayoyanƙwalwa mai ƙwayoyen ƙwayar ƙwayi mai ƙwanƙwasawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sheehan |first=Connor |last2=Tran |first2=Theresa |last3=Mollaee |first3=Mehri |last4=Hsu |first4=Sylvia |date=2025-01-27 |title=A Case of Three Upper Extremity Lesions of Mobile Encapsulated Fat Necrosis in One Patient |journal=Cureus |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |doi=10.7759/cureus.78080 |issn=2168-8184 |pmc=11865868 |pmid=40018461 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin jiki ==

=== Raunin da ya faru ===
Raunin rauni na ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta yana 'yantar da kitse [1] da kuma lipases [2] daga adipocytes. Fitar extracellular sa'an nan kuma tana haifar da amsawar kumburi, yana jan hankalin macrophages da polymorphonuclear leukocytes wanda ke ci gaba da phagocytose mai da aka saki. Tsarin a ƙarshe yana haifar da Fibrosis. Kwayar necrotic na iya samar da wani abu mai kama da juna (musamman idan yana cikin wani wuri mai zurfi kamar nono). [2]

Traumatic fat necrosis yawanci yana shafar nono kuma yana iya kama da kumburi (musamman idan akwai calcification na necrotic mass). 

=== Rashin narkewar kwayoyin halitta ===
Yanayin pancreatic kamar matsanancin pancreatitis,  pancreatic carcinoma, da pancreatic trauma &lt;ref name=&quot;Lee_1979&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lee PC, Howard JM |date=May 1979 |title=Fat necrosis |journal=Surgery, Gynecology &amp; Obstetrics |volume=148 |issue=5 |pages=785–789 |pmid=432796}}&lt;/ref&gt; suna haifar da 'yanci na pancreatic lipase wanda ke ci gaba da narke mai don samar da fatty acids kyauta wanda daga baya ya haɗu da calcium don samar da sabulu precipitates.

Kodayake yankin peripancreatic shine mafi yawan abin da ya shafa (saboda hulɗa kai tsaye tare da enzymes), ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta masu alaƙa na iya faruwa a cikin jiki a cikin ƙwayoyin jiki, haɗin hannu da ƙafa, da ƙashin ƙashi. Wadannan rikitarwa na extrapancreatic an san su da panniculitis pancreatic . &lt;ref name=&quot;Lee_1979&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lee PC, Howard JM |date=May 1979 |title=Fat necrosis |journal=Surgery, Gynecology &amp; Obstetrics |volume=148 |issue=5 |pages=785–789 |pmid=432796}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhimmancin asibiti ==

=== Necrosis na mai na mama ===

==== Dalilan da suka haifar ====

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
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{{Reflist}}{{Databox}}
Fat necrosis shine necrosis wanda ke shafar kitse (ƙwayoyin adipose).  Kalmar an kafa ta sosai a cikin kalmomin kiwon lafiya duk da cewa ba ta nuna takamaiman tsari na '''Necrosis mai'''. Fat necrosis na iya haifar da raunin da ya faru da nama, gami da: rauni na jiki, narkewar enzymatic na adipocytes ta hanyar lipases,  maganin radiation,  hypoxia, ko kumburi na kitse na subcutaneous (panniculitis).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-02-02 |title=fat necrosis |url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/fat-necrosis |website=www.cancer.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban bayyanar fat necrosis yana da kyau, fararen yanki a cikin kwayar halitta ta al'ada. Ba a saba gani ba, ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar ƙwa mai ƙwayoyin ƙwayar ƙwace mai ƙwayoyi mai ƙwayoyanƙwalwa mai ƙwayoyen ƙwayar ƙwayi mai ƙwanƙwasawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sheehan |first=Connor |last2=Tran |first2=Theresa |last3=Mollaee |first3=Mehri |last4=Hsu |first4=Sylvia |date=2025-01-27 |title=A Case of Three Upper Extremity Lesions of Mobile Encapsulated Fat Necrosis in One Patient |journal=Cureus |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |doi=10.7759/cureus.78080 |issn=2168-8184 |pmc=11865868 |pmid=40018461 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin jiki ==

=== Raunin da ya faru ===
Raunin rauni na ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta yana 'yantar da kitse [1] da kuma lipases [2] daga adipocytes. Fitar extracellular sa'an nan kuma tana haifar da amsawar kumburi, yana jan hankalin macrophages da polymorphonuclear leukocytes wanda ke ci gaba da phagocytose mai da aka saki. Tsarin a ƙarshe yana haifar da Fibrosis. Kwayar necrotic na iya samar da wani abu mai kama da juna (musamman idan yana cikin wani wuri mai zurfi kamar nono). [2]

Traumatic fat necrosis yawanci yana shafar nono kuma yana iya kama da kumburi (musamman idan akwai calcification na necrotic mass). 

=== Rashin narkewar kwayoyin halitta ===
Yanayin pancreatic kamar matsanancin pancreatitis,  pancreatic carcinoma, da pancreatic trauma &lt;ref name=&quot;Lee_1979&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lee PC, Howard JM |date=May 1979 |title=Fat necrosis |journal=Surgery, Gynecology &amp; Obstetrics |volume=148 |issue=5 |pages=785–789 |pmid=432796}}&lt;/ref&gt; suna haifar da 'yanci na pancreatic lipase wanda ke ci gaba da narke mai don samar da fatty acids kyauta wanda daga baya ya haɗu da calcium don samar da sabulu precipitates.

Kodayake yankin peripancreatic shine mafi yawan abin da ya shafa (saboda hulɗa kai tsaye tare da enzymes), ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta masu alaƙa na iya faruwa a cikin jiki a cikin ƙwayoyin jiki, haɗin hannu da ƙafa, da ƙashin ƙashi. Wadannan rikitarwa na extrapancreatic an san su da panniculitis pancreatic . &lt;ref name=&quot;Lee_1979&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lee PC, Howard JM |date=May 1979 |title=Fat necrosis |journal=Surgery, Gynecology &amp; Obstetrics |volume=148 |issue=5 |pages=785–789 |pmid=432796}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhimmancin asibiti ==

=== Necrosis na mai na mama ===

==== Dalilan da suka haifar ====

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>esw84rmrqlm8vpzzsq0enhl3nrfzwt3</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Fibroadenoma</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1307925791|Fibroadenoma]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="5628" sha1="osst1f5rj8a47d937ixhmbra8ayg0uq" xml:space="preserve">'''Fibroadenomas''' ƙwayoyin cuta ne na nono waɗanda ke da alaƙa da cakuda ƙwayoyin stromal da epithelial. Ana yin nono da Lobles (glandun samar da madara) da kuma ducts (tubes da ke ɗaukar madara zuwa maɓallin). Wadannan suna kewaye da glandular, fibrous da fatty tissue. Fibroadenomas suna tasowa daga lobes. Kwayar glandular da bututu suna girma a kan lobule don samar da guntu mai ƙarfi.

Tunda duka fibroadenomas da kumburin nono a matsayin alamar ciwon nono na iya bayyana kama da haka, ana ba da shawarar yin nazarin ultrasound da yiwuwar samfurin nama tare da nazarin histopathologic na gaba don yin bincike mai kyau. Ba kamar ƙwayoyin cuta na yau da kullun daga ciwon nono ba, fibroadenomas suna da sauƙin motsawa, tare da gefuna da aka bayyana a sarari.

Fibroadenomas wani lokacin ana kiransu '''beraye''' na nono ko beraye na mama saboda yawan motsi a cikin nono.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Carol E.H.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
Fibroadenomas ƙwayoyin cuta ne na nono, galibi suna cikin mata a cikin shekaru 20 da 30.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fibroadenomas of the Breast |url=https://www.cancer.org/content/cancer/en/cancer/breast-cancer/non-cancerous-breast-conditions/fibroadenomas-of-the-breast |access-date=13 November 2018 |website=cancer.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A fannin asibiti, fibroadenomas yawanci ƙwayoyin nono ne masu ƙarfi waɗanda sune:

* Ba tare da Ciwo ba &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fibroadenomas of the Breast |url=https://www.cancer.org/content/cancer/en/cancer/breast-cancer/non-cancerous-breast-conditions/fibroadenomas-of-the-breast |access-date=13 November 2018 |website=cancer.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Firm ko roba &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* Wayar hannu &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* Zagaye-zagaye tare da bambance-bambance, iyakoki masu santsi &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

A cikin ƙirjin namiji, Ciwon daji na fibroepithelial yana da wuya sosai, kuma galibi ciwon daji ne na phyllodes. Rahotanni masu ban mamaki sun kasance na fibroadenomas a cikin nono na namiji; duk da haka, waɗannan lokuta na iya haɗawa da maganin anti-androgen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shin SJ, Rosen PP |date=July 2007 |title=Bilateral presentation of fibroadenoma with digital fibroma-like inclusions in the male breast |journal=Archives of Pathology &amp; Laboratory Medicine |volume=131 |issue=7 |pages=1126–9 |doi=10.5858/2007-131-1126-BPOFWD |pmid=17617003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilin da ya sa ==
Ba a san dalilin fibroadenoma ba (idiopathic). &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pruthi S, Jones KN |date=February 2013 |title=Nonsurgical management of fibroadenoma and virginal breast hypertrophy |journal=Seminars in Plastic Surgery |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=62–6 |doi=10.1055/s-0033-1343997 |pmc=3706058 |pmid=24872742}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba da shawarar haɗin tsakanin fibroadenomas da hormones na haihuwa wanda zai iya bayyana dalilin da ya sa suke gabatar da kansu a lokacin haihuwa, karuwa a girman yayin daukar ciki, da kuma koma baya bayan hawan jini.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Mafi yawan cin 'ya'yan itace da kayan lambu, mafi yawan haihuwa masu rai, ƙananan amfani da maganin hana daukar ciki da matsakaiciyar motsa jiki suna da alaƙa da ƙananan mitar fibroadenomas.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nelson_2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nelson ZC, Ray RM, Wu C, Stalsberg H, Porter P, Lampe JW, Shannon J, Horner N, Li W, Wang W, Hu Y, Gao D, Thomas DB |date=July 2010 |title=Fruit and vegetable intakes are associated with lower risk of breast fibroadenomas in Chinese women |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |volume=140 |issue=7 |pages=1294–301 |doi=10.3945/jn.109.119719 |pmc=2884330 |pmid=20484549}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cututtuka ===
[[Fayil:FibroAdenoma_of_the_breast.JPG|thumb|Ra'ayi mai zurfi na fibroadenoma na nono]]
[[Fayil:Fibroadenoma_of_breast.jpg|thumb|Kusa da fibroadenoma na nono]]

=== Tarihin Tarihi ===
Binciken bincike a kan allurar biopsy ya kunshi Kwayoyin stromal masu yawa, waɗanda suka bayyana a matsayin ƙwayoyin bipolar, a ko'ina cikin aspirate; takalma na ƙwayoyin epithelial masu girman daidaituwa waɗanda galibi ana shirya su a cikin ko dai tsarin ƙaho ko tsarin zuma. Wadannan takardun epithelial suna nuna alamar blue na Metachromatic akan Diff-Quik staining. Hakanan ana iya ganin Kwayoyin kumfa da ƙwayoyin apocrine, kodayake waɗannan ba su da siffofi na bincike.[1][2] Hotunan da ke ƙasa suna nuna waɗannan fasalulluka.

Cellular fibroadenoma, wanda aka fi sani da juvenile fibroadenome, wani nau'i ne na fibroadenomas tare da karuwar stromal cellularity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fekete&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fekete P, Petrek J, Majmudar B, Someren A, Sandberg W |date=May 1987 |title=Fibroadenomas with stromal cellularity. A clinicopathologic study of 21 patients |journal=Archives of Pathology &amp; Laboratory Medicine |volume=111 |issue=5 |pages=427–32 |pmid=3032124}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pathologyoutlines&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nassar |first=Hind |title=Cellular fibroadenoma of breast |url=http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/breastfibroadenomacellular.html |access-date=14 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Macroscopic ===
Kimanin kashi 90% na fibroadenomas kasa da 3 cm a diamita. Koyaya, waɗannan kumburi suna da damar girma har zuwa girman gaske, musamman a cikin matasa. Ciwon yana da zagaye ko ovoid, mai laushi, da nodular, kuma yana da santsi mai santsi. Yankin da aka yanka yawanci yana bayyana daidai kuma yana da ƙarfi, kuma yana da launin toka-farin ko tan a launi. Nau'in pericanalicular (mai wuya) yana da kamannin da ba shi da cikakkiyar capsule, yayin da nau'in intracanalicular (taushi) yana da capsule mara cikakke.&amp;nbsp;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>osst1f5rj8a47d937ixhmbra8ayg0uq</sha1>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-20T08:16:40Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
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      <text bytes="5641" sha1="osxfn20a8ddy0ts4ngm49i16ksvkrsl" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Fibroadenomas''' ƙwayoyin cuta ne na nono waɗanda ke da alaƙa da cakuda ƙwayoyin stromal da epithelial. Ana yin nono da Lobles (glandun samar da madara) da kuma ducts (tubes da ke ɗaukar madara zuwa maɓallin). Wadannan suna kewaye da glandular, fibrous da fatty tissue. Fibroadenomas suna tasowa daga lobes. Kwayar glandular da bututu suna girma a kan lobule don samar da guntu mai ƙarfi.

Tunda duka fibroadenomas da kumburin nono a matsayin alamar ciwon nono na iya bayyana kama da haka, ana ba da shawarar yin nazarin ultrasound da yiwuwar samfurin nama tare da nazarin histopathologic na gaba don yin bincike mai kyau. Ba kamar ƙwayoyin cuta na yau da kullun daga ciwon nono ba, fibroadenomas suna da sauƙin motsawa, tare da gefuna da aka bayyana a sarari.

Fibroadenomas wani lokacin ana kiransu '''beraye''' na nono ko beraye na mama saboda yawan motsi a cikin nono.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Carol E.H.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
Fibroadenomas ƙwayoyin cuta ne na nono, galibi suna cikin mata a cikin shekaru 20 da 30.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fibroadenomas of the Breast |url=https://www.cancer.org/content/cancer/en/cancer/breast-cancer/non-cancerous-breast-conditions/fibroadenomas-of-the-breast |access-date=13 November 2018 |website=cancer.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A fannin asibiti, fibroadenomas yawanci ƙwayoyin nono ne masu ƙarfi waɗanda sune:

* Ba tare da Ciwo ba &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fibroadenomas of the Breast |url=https://www.cancer.org/content/cancer/en/cancer/breast-cancer/non-cancerous-breast-conditions/fibroadenomas-of-the-breast |access-date=13 November 2018 |website=cancer.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Firm ko roba &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* Wayar hannu &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* Zagaye-zagaye tare da bambance-bambance, iyakoki masu santsi &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

A cikin ƙirjin namiji, Ciwon daji na fibroepithelial yana da wuya sosai, kuma galibi ciwon daji ne na phyllodes. Rahotanni masu ban mamaki sun kasance na fibroadenomas a cikin nono na namiji; duk da haka, waɗannan lokuta na iya haɗawa da maganin anti-androgen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shin SJ, Rosen PP |date=July 2007 |title=Bilateral presentation of fibroadenoma with digital fibroma-like inclusions in the male breast |journal=Archives of Pathology &amp; Laboratory Medicine |volume=131 |issue=7 |pages=1126–9 |doi=10.5858/2007-131-1126-BPOFWD |pmid=17617003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilin da ya sa ==
Ba a san dalilin fibroadenoma ba (idiopathic). &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pruthi S, Jones KN |date=February 2013 |title=Nonsurgical management of fibroadenoma and virginal breast hypertrophy |journal=Seminars in Plastic Surgery |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=62–6 |doi=10.1055/s-0033-1343997 |pmc=3706058 |pmid=24872742}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba da shawarar haɗin tsakanin fibroadenomas da hormones na haihuwa wanda zai iya bayyana dalilin da ya sa suke gabatar da kansu a lokacin haihuwa, karuwa a girman yayin daukar ciki, da kuma koma baya bayan hawan jini.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Mafi yawan cin 'ya'yan itace da kayan lambu, mafi yawan haihuwa masu rai, ƙananan amfani da maganin hana daukar ciki da matsakaiciyar motsa jiki suna da alaƙa da ƙananan mitar fibroadenomas.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nelson_2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nelson ZC, Ray RM, Wu C, Stalsberg H, Porter P, Lampe JW, Shannon J, Horner N, Li W, Wang W, Hu Y, Gao D, Thomas DB |date=July 2010 |title=Fruit and vegetable intakes are associated with lower risk of breast fibroadenomas in Chinese women |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |volume=140 |issue=7 |pages=1294–301 |doi=10.3945/jn.109.119719 |pmc=2884330 |pmid=20484549}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cututtuka ===
[[Fayil:FibroAdenoma_of_the_breast.JPG|thumb|Ra'ayi mai zurfi na fibroadenoma na nono]]
[[Fayil:Fibroadenoma_of_breast.jpg|thumb|Kusa da fibroadenoma na nono]]

=== Tarihin Tarihi ===
Binciken bincike a kan allurar biopsy ya kunshi Kwayoyin stromal masu yawa, waɗanda suka bayyana a matsayin ƙwayoyin bipolar, a ko'ina cikin aspirate; takalma na ƙwayoyin epithelial masu girman daidaituwa waɗanda galibi ana shirya su a cikin ko dai tsarin ƙaho ko tsarin zuma. Wadannan takardun epithelial suna nuna alamar blue na Metachromatic akan Diff-Quik staining. Hakanan ana iya ganin Kwayoyin kumfa da ƙwayoyin apocrine, kodayake waɗannan ba su da siffofi na bincike.[1][2] Hotunan da ke ƙasa suna nuna waɗannan fasalulluka.

Cellular fibroadenoma, wanda aka fi sani da juvenile fibroadenome, wani nau'i ne na fibroadenomas tare da karuwar stromal cellularity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fekete&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fekete P, Petrek J, Majmudar B, Someren A, Sandberg W |date=May 1987 |title=Fibroadenomas with stromal cellularity. A clinicopathologic study of 21 patients |journal=Archives of Pathology &amp; Laboratory Medicine |volume=111 |issue=5 |pages=427–32 |pmid=3032124}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pathologyoutlines&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nassar |first=Hind |title=Cellular fibroadenoma of breast |url=http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/breastfibroadenomacellular.html |access-date=14 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Macroscopic ===
Kimanin kashi 90% na fibroadenomas kasa da 3 cm a diamita. Koyaya, waɗannan kumburi suna da damar girma har zuwa girman gaske, musamman a cikin matasa. Ciwon yana da zagaye ko ovoid, mai laushi, da nodular, kuma yana da santsi mai santsi. Yankin da aka yanka yawanci yana bayyana daidai kuma yana da ƙarfi, kuma yana da launin toka-farin ko tan a launi. Nau'in pericanalicular (mai wuya) yana da kamannin da ba shi da cikakkiyar capsule, yayin da nau'in intracanalicular (taushi) yana da capsule mara cikakke.&amp;nbsp;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>osxfn20a8ddy0ts4ngm49i16ksvkrsl</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Galactocele</title>
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    <id>158811</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861802</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T08:17:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1300957410|Galactocele]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861802</origin>
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      <text bytes="2448" sha1="6b8rldjbk50l2r5mi2hxh29fsbzgn2m" xml:space="preserve">'''galactocele''' (wanda kuma ake kira '''lacteal cyst''' ko milk cyst) wani cyst ne wanda ke dauke da [[madara]] ko wani abu mai madara wanda yawanci yake a cikin glandun mama. Suna iya faruwa a cikin mata a lokacin ko jim kadan bayan shayarwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yu |first=Ji Hoon |last2=Kim |first2=Min Jeong |last3=Cho |first3=Hyonil |last4=Liu |first4=Hyun Ju |last5=Han |first5=Sei-Jun |last6=Ahn |first6=Tae-Gyu |date=2013 |title=Breast diseases during pregnancy and lactation |journal=Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology Science |language=en |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=143 |doi=10.5468/ogs.2013.56.3.143 |issn=2287-8572 |pmc=3784111 |pmid=24327995}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Suna fitowa a matsayin taro mai ƙarfi, sau da yawa subareolar, kuma suna haifar da toshewar bututun lactiferous. A fannin asibiti, suna kama da cyst a lokacin gwaji.[1] Jirgin ya zama ya kara fadadawa a tsawon lokaci ta hanyar sel na epithelial da madara. Yana iya zama mai rikitarwa ta hanyar kamuwa da cuta ta biyu kuma yana haifar da samar da abscess. Wadannan cysts na iya fashewa wanda ke haifar da samar da kumburi kuma yana iya kwaikwayon cutar kansa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed]

Da zarar shayarwa ta ƙare, ya kamata cyst ya warware kansa ba tare da shiga tsakani ba. Galactocele ba ya kamuwa da cuta kamar yadda madara a ciki ba ta da kyau kuma ba ta da hanyar da za a gurɓata ta. Magani shine ta hanyar burin abubuwan da ke ciki ko ta hanyar cire cyst. Ana ba da maganin rigakafi don hana kamuwa da cuta.[1]

Galactoceles na iya haɗawa da amfani da maganin hana daukar ciki na baki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/EXAM/MULTORG/brstfrm.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121220150/http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/EXAM/MULTORG/brstfrm.html |archive-date=2011-11-21 |access-date=2011-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; An san su da gabatar, ko da yake da wuya, bayan karuwar nono da Rage nono.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tung |first=Andrew |last2=Carr |first2=Nicholas |date=December 2011 |title=Postaugmentation Galactocele: A Case Report and Review of Literature |url=http://journals.lww.com/00000637-201112000-00027 |journal=Annals of Plastic Surgery |language=en |volume=67 |issue=6 |pages=668–670 |doi=10.1097/SAP.0b013e3182069b3c |issn=0148-7043 |pmid=21346529 |s2cid=1367058 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
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'''galactocele''' (wanda kuma ake kira '''lacteal cyst''' ko milk cyst) wani cyst ne wanda ke dauke da [[madara]] ko wani abu mai madara wanda yawanci yake a cikin glandun mama. Suna iya faruwa a cikin mata a lokacin ko jim kadan bayan shayarwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yu |first=Ji Hoon |last2=Kim |first2=Min Jeong |last3=Cho |first3=Hyonil |last4=Liu |first4=Hyun Ju |last5=Han |first5=Sei-Jun |last6=Ahn |first6=Tae-Gyu |date=2013 |title=Breast diseases during pregnancy and lactation |journal=Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology Science |language=en |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=143 |doi=10.5468/ogs.2013.56.3.143 |issn=2287-8572 |pmc=3784111 |pmid=24327995}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Suna fitowa a matsayin taro mai ƙarfi, sau da yawa subareolar, kuma suna haifar da toshewar bututun lactiferous. A fannin asibiti, suna kama da cyst a lokacin gwaji.[1] Jirgin ya zama ya kara fadadawa a tsawon lokaci ta hanyar sel na epithelial da madara. Yana iya zama mai rikitarwa ta hanyar kamuwa da cuta ta biyu kuma yana haifar da samar da abscess. Wadannan cysts na iya fashewa wanda ke haifar da samar da kumburi kuma yana iya kwaikwayon cutar kansa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed]

Da zarar shayarwa ta ƙare, ya kamata cyst ya warware kansa ba tare da shiga tsakani ba. Galactocele ba ya kamuwa da cuta kamar yadda madara a ciki ba ta da kyau kuma ba ta da hanyar da za a gurɓata ta. Magani shine ta hanyar burin abubuwan da ke ciki ko ta hanyar cire cyst. Ana ba da maganin rigakafi don hana kamuwa da cuta.[1]

Galactoceles na iya haɗawa da amfani da maganin hana daukar ciki na baki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/EXAM/MULTORG/brstfrm.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121220150/http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/EXAM/MULTORG/brstfrm.html |archive-date=2011-11-21 |access-date=2011-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; An san su da gabatar, ko da yake da wuya, bayan karuwar nono da Rage nono.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tung |first=Andrew |last2=Carr |first2=Nicholas |date=December 2011 |title=Postaugmentation Galactocele: A Case Report and Review of Literature |url=http://journals.lww.com/00000637-201112000-00027 |journal=Annals of Plastic Surgery |language=en |volume=67 |issue=6 |pages=668–670 |doi=10.1097/SAP.0b013e3182069b3c |issn=0148-7043 |pmid=21346529 |s2cid=1367058 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ebia Olewale</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1293863928|Ebia Olewale]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Sir Ebia Olewale''' (21 ga Fabrairu 1940 - 23 ga Janairu 2009) ɗan siyasa ne na Papua New Guinea. An zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Papua da New Guinea a 1968 kuma ya ci gaba da riƙe mukamai da dama na minista a lokacin mulkin kai da kuma bayan samun 'yancin kai na PNG a 1975, ciki har da na mataimakin firayim minista. An ba shi lambar yabo a 1983 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban jami'ar Goroka daga 2000 zuwa 2006. Daga 2002 har zuwa rasuwarsa, ya kasance darakta na Shirin Ci Gaban Dorewa na Papua New Guinea.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Niwia Ebia Olewale a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1940, a Ture Ture, wani ƙauye da ba shi da nisa da cibiyar gudanarwa ta Daru a yankin da yanzu ake kira Lardin Yammacin [[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa|Papua New Guinea]] (a lokacin Yankin Papua ). Mahaifiyarsa tana ɗaya daga cikin mutane kaɗan a yankin a lokacin da suka yi aiki. Ya yi karatu a wata makarantar London Missionary Society daga 1949 zuwa 1952, sannan ya koma wata makaranta a Daru, daga 1952 zuwa 1957. Daga nan ya koma Makarantar Sakandare ta Ƙasa ta Sogeri kusa da [[Port Moresby]], makarantar sakandare ɗaya tilo a ƙasar a lokacin. A gaskiya ma, an zaɓe shi don ya sami tallafin karatu don zuwa makaranta a Ostiraliya, amma an ɗauke shi, yana da shekaru 17, a matsayin tsufa sosai. Yana Sogeri a lokaci guda da sauran shugabannin PNG na gaba a lokacin 'yancin kai. Kasancewarsa mai himma a muhawarar makarantu, ya zama ƙwararren mai magana da yawun jama'a. A shekarar 1964, ya yi rajista a kwalejin malamai a Port Moresby. Bayan shekara guda, ya fara koyarwa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Daru, inda ya koma Makarantar Sakandare ta Kila Kila da ke Port Moresby a shekara mai zuwa. Ya yi murabus a ƙarshen 1967 don neman zaɓe. A Port Moresby, ya kasance memba na [[Bully Beef Club]], wata ƙungiyar tattaunawa ta siyasa wadda ta haɗa da ɗaliban Sogeri da dama kuma ta jagoranci kafa Pangu Pati, wadda za ta kafa gwamnatin PNG ta farko mai zaman kanta a 1975. &lt;ref name=&quot;ANU&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ebia Olewale: A Life of Service |url=https://pacificinstitute.anu.edu.au/outrigger/2012/06/18/ebia-olewale-a-life-of-service-by-jonathan-richie/ |access-date=5 March 2022 |website=Outrigger: Blog of the Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Gray&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gray |first=Geoffrey |date=January 2014 |title=Ebia Olewale: A Life of Service |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262605798_Ebia_Olewale_A_Life_of_Service |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=396-398 |access-date=5 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Jack&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Corbett |first=Jack |date=2013 |title=Ebia Olewale: a life of service |url=https://www.academia.edu/3670558/Ebia_Olewale_a_life_of_service |journal=The Journal of Pacific History |access-date=5 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
Olewale ya lashe kujerar South Fly Open a zaben Majalisar Dokoki ta Papua da New Guinea a shekarar 1968. Bayan ya zama memba na Pangu Pati, an sake zabensa a zaben 1972, kodayake bai bayyana kasancewarsa memba na jam'iyyar ba sai bayan zaben. Ya yi aiki a karkashin Firayim Minista Michael Somare a matsayin ministan ilimi a 1972 da 1973. Bayan samun 'yancin kai daga PNG a 1975, an nada Olewale a matsayin ministan shari'a. An sake zabarsa a matsayin dan majalisar kasa na Papua New Guinea a zaben gama gari na Papua New Guinea na 1977, ya zama mataimakin firayim minista kuma ministan harkokin waje. Har zuwa wani lokaci wannan ya kasance ba bisa ka'ida ba domin ana sa ran Albert Maori Kiki zai zama mataimakin firayim minista, amma bai samu nasara ba. Tare da sakataren harkokin waje, Anthony Siaguru, Olewale ya yi shawarwari kan yarjejeniyar Torres Strait da Australia da kuma yarjejeniyar kan iyaka da [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;ANU&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Gray&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Jack&quot; /&gt;  

Ba a sake zaɓensa a shekarar 1982 ba kuma bai sake komawa majalisar dokoki ba. Lokacin da ya sha kaye a zaɓe ya kasance lokaci mai wahala a gare shi. Bai da cancantar ilimi don ɗaukar babban aiki a ma'aikatan gwamnati kuma abokan hamayyarsa na siyasa suna kan mulki. Ya fuskanci wasu gazawar kasuwanci. A shekarar 1994, bisa shawarar gwamnatin PNG, Sakatariyar Commonwealth ta zaɓe shi ya zama mai sa ido a zaɓen farko bayan wariyar launin fata a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . A shekarar 1995 ya zama mai ba da shawara ga BHP da Ok Tedi Mine, wanda ke lardin Yammacin. A shekarar 2000, an naɗa shi darakta na Shirin Ci Gaban Gaggawa na Papua New Guinea Ltd, wanda ya fi aiki a lardin Yammacin, matsayin da ya riƙe har zuwa rasuwarsa. Daga 2000 zuwa 2006, ya zama shugaban jami'a na Jami'ar Goroka, jami'a da ke mai da hankali kan horar da malamai a manhajar karatunsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;ANU&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Gray&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Jack&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref name=&quot;Nalu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nalu |first=Malum |title=Sir Ebia Olewale biography launched |url=https://malumnalu.blogspot.com/2012/06/sir-ebia-olewale-biography-launched.html |access-date=5 March 2022 |website=MalumNalu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daraja ==
An ba Olewale digirin farko a fannin Knight a bikin karramawa na Sabuwar Shekara ta 1983 .

== Mutuwa ==
Olewale ya rasu a ranar 13 ga Janairun 2009, yana da shekaru 78. Yana da mata biyu da 'ya'ya tara. An yi jana'izarsa a Port Moresby kuma mutane sama da dubu ɗaya ne suka halarci jana'izar, ciki har da Gwamna Janar, Sir Paulias Matane, Firayim Minista, Michael Somare da Veronica Somare, Mataimakin Firayim Minista Puka Temu da shugaban 'yan adawa, Sir Mekere Morauta . An binne shi a Kunini da ke Lardin Yamma.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Nalu&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]]</text>
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'''Sir Ebia Olewale''' (21 ga Fabrairu 1940 - 23 ga Janairu 2009) ɗan siyasa ne na Papua New Guinea. An zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Papua da New Guinea a 1968 kuma ya ci gaba da riƙe mukamai da dama na minista a lokacin mulkin kai da kuma bayan samun 'yancin kai na PNG a 1975, ciki har da na mataimakin firayim minista. An ba shi lambar yabo a 1983 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban jami'ar Goroka daga 2000 zuwa 2006. Daga 2002 har zuwa rasuwarsa, ya kasance darakta na Shirin Ci Gaban Dorewa na Papua New Guinea.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Niwia Ebia Olewale a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1940, a Ture Ture, wani ƙauye da ba shi da nisa da cibiyar gudanarwa ta Daru a yankin da yanzu ake kira Lardin Yammacin [[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa|Papua New Guinea]] (a lokacin Yankin Papua ). Mahaifiyarsa tana ɗaya daga cikin mutane kaɗan a yankin a lokacin da suka yi aiki. Ya yi karatu a wata makarantar London Missionary Society daga 1949 zuwa 1952, sannan ya koma wata makaranta a Daru, daga 1952 zuwa 1957. Daga nan ya koma Makarantar Sakandare ta Ƙasa ta Sogeri kusa da [[Port Moresby]], makarantar sakandare ɗaya tilo a ƙasar a lokacin. A gaskiya ma, an zaɓe shi don ya sami tallafin karatu don zuwa makaranta a Ostiraliya, amma an ɗauke shi, yana da shekaru 17, a matsayin tsufa sosai. Yana Sogeri a lokaci guda da sauran shugabannin PNG na gaba a lokacin 'yancin kai. Kasancewarsa mai himma a muhawarar makarantu, ya zama ƙwararren mai magana da yawun jama'a. A shekarar 1964, ya yi rajista a kwalejin malamai a Port Moresby. Bayan shekara guda, ya fara koyarwa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Daru, inda ya koma Makarantar Sakandare ta Kila Kila da ke Port Moresby a shekara mai zuwa. Ya yi murabus a ƙarshen 1967 don neman zaɓe. A Port Moresby, ya kasance memba na [[Bully Beef Club]], wata ƙungiyar tattaunawa ta siyasa wadda ta haɗa da ɗaliban Sogeri da dama kuma ta jagoranci kafa Pangu Pati, wadda za ta kafa gwamnatin PNG ta farko mai zaman kanta a 1975. &lt;ref name=&quot;ANU&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ebia Olewale: A Life of Service |url=https://pacificinstitute.anu.edu.au/outrigger/2012/06/18/ebia-olewale-a-life-of-service-by-jonathan-richie/ |access-date=5 March 2022 |website=Outrigger: Blog of the Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Gray&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gray |first=Geoffrey |date=January 2014 |title=Ebia Olewale: A Life of Service |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262605798_Ebia_Olewale_A_Life_of_Service |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=396-398 |access-date=5 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Jack&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Corbett |first=Jack |date=2013 |title=Ebia Olewale: a life of service |url=https://www.academia.edu/3670558/Ebia_Olewale_a_life_of_service |journal=The Journal of Pacific History |access-date=5 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
Olewale ya lashe kujerar South Fly Open a zaben Majalisar Dokoki ta Papua da New Guinea a shekarar 1968. Bayan ya zama memba na Pangu Pati, an sake zabensa a zaben 1972, kodayake bai bayyana kasancewarsa memba na jam'iyyar ba sai bayan zaben. Ya yi aiki a karkashin Firayim Minista Michael Somare a matsayin ministan ilimi a 1972 da 1973. Bayan samun 'yancin kai daga PNG a 1975, an nada Olewale a matsayin ministan shari'a. An sake zabarsa a matsayin dan majalisar kasa na Papua New Guinea a zaben gama gari na Papua New Guinea na 1977, ya zama mataimakin firayim minista kuma ministan harkokin waje. Har zuwa wani lokaci wannan ya kasance ba bisa ka'ida ba domin ana sa ran Albert Maori Kiki zai zama mataimakin firayim minista, amma bai samu nasara ba. Tare da sakataren harkokin waje, Anthony Siaguru, Olewale ya yi shawarwari kan yarjejeniyar Torres Strait da Australia da kuma yarjejeniyar kan iyaka da [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;ANU&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Gray&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Jack&quot; /&gt;  

Ba a sake zaɓensa a shekarar 1982 ba kuma bai sake komawa majalisar dokoki ba. Lokacin da ya sha kaye a zaɓe ya kasance lokaci mai wahala a gare shi. Bai da cancantar ilimi don ɗaukar babban aiki a ma'aikatan gwamnati kuma abokan hamayyarsa na siyasa suna kan mulki. Ya fuskanci wasu gazawar kasuwanci. A shekarar 1994, bisa shawarar gwamnatin PNG, Sakatariyar Commonwealth ta zaɓe shi ya zama mai sa ido a zaɓen farko bayan wariyar launin fata a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . A shekarar 1995 ya zama mai ba da shawara ga BHP da Ok Tedi Mine, wanda ke lardin Yammacin. A shekarar 2000, an naɗa shi darakta na Shirin Ci Gaban Gaggawa na Papua New Guinea Ltd, wanda ya fi aiki a lardin Yammacin, matsayin da ya riƙe har zuwa rasuwarsa. Daga 2000 zuwa 2006, ya zama shugaban jami'a na Jami'ar Goroka, jami'a da ke mai da hankali kan horar da malamai a manhajar karatunsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;ANU&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Gray&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Jack&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref name=&quot;Nalu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nalu |first=Malum |title=Sir Ebia Olewale biography launched |url=https://malumnalu.blogspot.com/2012/06/sir-ebia-olewale-biography-launched.html |access-date=5 March 2022 |website=MalumNalu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daraja ==
An ba Olewale digirin farko a fannin Knight a bikin karramawa na Sabuwar Shekara ta 1983 .

== Mutuwa ==
Olewale ya rasu a ranar 13 ga Janairun 2009, yana da shekaru 78. Yana da mata biyu da 'ya'ya tara. An yi jana'izarsa a Port Moresby kuma mutane sama da dubu ɗaya ne suka halarci jana'izar, ciki har da Gwamna Janar, Sir Paulias Matane, Firayim Minista, Michael Somare da Veronica Somare, Mataimakin Firayim Minista Puka Temu da shugaban 'yan adawa, Sir Mekere Morauta . An binne shi a Kunini da ke Lardin Yamma.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Nalu&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cape kurper</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1317697163|Cape kurper]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Cape kurper''' ( ''Sandelia capensis'' ) nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Anabantidae, ko kuma gouramis mai hawa ko kuma hawa dutse. Yana da yawa a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] .

== Bayani ==
Cape kurper zai iya girma zuwa 25&amp;nbsp;Tsawon santimita kuma yana da nauyin har zuwa gram 200. Yana da launin rawaya zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai launin zinare tare da alamun duhu a gefen jiki wanda ya ratsa zuwa finfin baya da na dubura. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fly&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fly Fishing For Cape Kurper In South Africa How To Catch Cape Kurper On Fly? |url=http://fishthefly.co.za/fly-fishing-fish-species/freshwater-fish-species/cape-kurper/ |access-date=2016-11-14 |website=Fish The Fly South Africa |publisher=flythefish.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maza sun fi mata launi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Seriously Fish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=''Sandelia capensis'' |url=http://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/sandelia-capensis/ |access-date=2016-11-14 |publisher=Seriously Fish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rarrabawa ==
Ruwan Cape kurper ya fi yawa a Yammacin Cape da Gabashin Cape, inda ake samunsa a cikin kogunan bakin teku daga [[Coega River|Kogin Coega]], wanda ke kwarara zuwa [[Bayar Algoa|Gabar Algoa]] ta cikin Cape Flats da arewa zuwa [[Kogin Verlorevlei]] . An shigar da shi cikin tsarin Kogin [[Kifi mai launin rawaya na Clanwilliam|Clanwilliam]] Olifants . 

== Mazauni ==
Dajin Cape kurper nau'i ne mai sauƙin daidaitawa kuma yana faruwa a wurare daban-daban tun daga magudanan ruwa masu duwatsu da sauri zuwa ruwa mai laushi da tsire-tsire masu yawa. Yana nuna fifiko ga wurare masu natsuwa, inda yake samun mafaka a tsakanin duwatsu, saiwoyin da ke ƙarƙashin ruwa da rassan bishiyoyi ko kuma a cikin tsire-tsire masu ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Seriously Fish&quot; /&gt;

== Halaye ==
Kifin Cape kurpers yana cin kwari da sauran halittu marasa ƙashi da kuma ƙananan kifaye da kaguwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Seriously Fish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=''Sandelia capensis'' |url=http://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/sandelia-capensis/ |access-date=2016-11-14 |publisher=Seriously Fish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cape kurpers suna hayayyafa a lokacin bazara na kudanci; namijin yana zaɓar wuri a kan substrate, wanda yake kare shi da ƙarfi daga sauran maza. Hakanan yana haɓaka tsarin hayayyafa na sandunan tsaye masu duhu masu fin-fin baƙi, da kuma duhun ƙananan ƙashin baya. Ana nuna mata ta hanyar kumfa na hura iska daga maza. Daga baya soyayya ta ƙunshi bin ƙashi da cizo mai ƙarfi, wanda ke kaiwa ga ƙarshe lokacin da ma'auratan suka haihu. Mace ta bayyana tana yin ƙwai waɗanda suka manne da substrate ɗin kuma namijin ya shiga ya saki niƙansa. Bayan ya haifi namijin, namijin zai kori macen, kuma ya ɗauki alhakin kula da ƙwai &lt;ref name=&quot;Seriously Fish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=''Sandelia capensis'' |url=http://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/sandelia-capensis/ |access-date=2016-11-14 |publisher=Seriously Fish}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma ɗan soyayyen, waɗanda kuma suka manne da substrate, kamar yadda aka saba ga Anabantidae. 

Wani lokaci maharbin Cape kurper yana wasa da mutuwa idan masunta suka kama shi, sai kawai ya zame daga hannunsa da zarar an cire ƙugiyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fly&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fly Fishing For Cape Kurper In South Africa How To Catch Cape Kurper On Fly? |url=http://fishthefly.co.za/fly-fishing-fish-species/freshwater-fish-species/cape-kurper/ |access-date=2016-11-14 |website=Fish The Fly South Africa |publisher=flythefish.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kiyayewa ==
Kifin Cape kurper yana fuskantar barazanar kamuwa da kifin da aka kawo musamman kifin largemouth bass, smallmouth bass da spotted bass, waɗanda aka shigar a cikin ruwaye da yawa inda Cape kurper ke faruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fly&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fly Fishing For Cape Kurper In South Africa How To Catch Cape Kurper On Fly? |url=http://fishthefly.co.za/fly-fishing-fish-species/freshwater-fish-species/cape-kurper/ |access-date=2016-11-14 |website=Fish The Fly South Africa |publisher=flythefish.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran barazanar sun haɗa da damming, gurɓataccen iska da canjin yanayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Seriously Fish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=''Sandelia capensis'' |url=http://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/sandelia-capensis/ |access-date=2016-11-14 |publisher=Seriously Fish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Cape kurper''' ( ''Sandelia capensis'' ) nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Anabantidae, ko kuma gouramis mai hawa ko kuma hawa dutse. Yana da yawa a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] .

== Bayani ==
Cape kurper zai iya girma zuwa 25&amp;nbsp;Tsawon santimita kuma yana da nauyin har zuwa gram 200. Yana da launin rawaya zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai launin zinare tare da alamun duhu a gefen jiki wanda ya ratsa zuwa finfin baya da na dubura. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fly&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fly Fishing For Cape Kurper In South Africa How To Catch Cape Kurper On Fly? |url=http://fishthefly.co.za/fly-fishing-fish-species/freshwater-fish-species/cape-kurper/ |access-date=2016-11-14 |website=Fish The Fly South Africa |publisher=flythefish.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maza sun fi mata launi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Seriously Fish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=''Sandelia capensis'' |url=http://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/sandelia-capensis/ |access-date=2016-11-14 |publisher=Seriously Fish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rarrabawa ==
Ruwan Cape kurper ya fi yawa a Yammacin Cape da Gabashin Cape, inda ake samunsa a cikin kogunan bakin teku daga [[Coega River|Kogin Coega]], wanda ke kwarara zuwa [[Bayar Algoa|Gabar Algoa]] ta cikin Cape Flats da arewa zuwa [[Kogin Verlorevlei]] . An shigar da shi cikin tsarin Kogin [[Kifi mai launin rawaya na Clanwilliam|Clanwilliam]] Olifants . 

== Mazauni ==
Dajin Cape kurper nau'i ne mai sauƙin daidaitawa kuma yana faruwa a wurare daban-daban tun daga magudanan ruwa masu duwatsu da sauri zuwa ruwa mai laushi da tsire-tsire masu yawa. Yana nuna fifiko ga wurare masu natsuwa, inda yake samun mafaka a tsakanin duwatsu, saiwoyin da ke ƙarƙashin ruwa da rassan bishiyoyi ko kuma a cikin tsire-tsire masu ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Seriously Fish&quot; /&gt;

== Halaye ==
Kifin Cape kurpers yana cin kwari da sauran halittu marasa ƙashi da kuma ƙananan kifaye da kaguwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Seriously Fish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=''Sandelia capensis'' |url=http://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/sandelia-capensis/ |access-date=2016-11-14 |publisher=Seriously Fish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cape kurpers suna hayayyafa a lokacin bazara na kudanci; namijin yana zaɓar wuri a kan substrate, wanda yake kare shi da ƙarfi daga sauran maza. Hakanan yana haɓaka tsarin hayayyafa na sandunan tsaye masu duhu masu fin-fin baƙi, da kuma duhun ƙananan ƙashin baya. Ana nuna mata ta hanyar kumfa na hura iska daga maza. Daga baya soyayya ta ƙunshi bin ƙashi da cizo mai ƙarfi, wanda ke kaiwa ga ƙarshe lokacin da ma'auratan suka haihu. Mace ta bayyana tana yin ƙwai waɗanda suka manne da substrate ɗin kuma namijin ya shiga ya saki niƙansa. Bayan ya haifi namijin, namijin zai kori macen, kuma ya ɗauki alhakin kula da ƙwai &lt;ref name=&quot;Seriously Fish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=''Sandelia capensis'' |url=http://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/sandelia-capensis/ |access-date=2016-11-14 |publisher=Seriously Fish}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma ɗan soyayyen, waɗanda kuma suka manne da substrate, kamar yadda aka saba ga Anabantidae. 

Wani lokaci maharbin Cape kurper yana wasa da mutuwa idan masunta suka kama shi, sai kawai ya zame daga hannunsa da zarar an cire ƙugiyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fly&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fly Fishing For Cape Kurper In South Africa How To Catch Cape Kurper On Fly? |url=http://fishthefly.co.za/fly-fishing-fish-species/freshwater-fish-species/cape-kurper/ |access-date=2016-11-14 |website=Fish The Fly South Africa |publisher=flythefish.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kiyayewa ==
Kifin Cape kurper yana fuskantar barazanar kamuwa da kifin da aka kawo musamman kifin largemouth bass, smallmouth bass da spotted bass, waɗanda aka shigar a cikin ruwaye da yawa inda Cape kurper ke faruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fly&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fly Fishing For Cape Kurper In South Africa How To Catch Cape Kurper On Fly? |url=http://fishthefly.co.za/fly-fishing-fish-species/freshwater-fish-species/cape-kurper/ |access-date=2016-11-14 |website=Fish The Fly South Africa |publisher=flythefish.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran barazanar sun haɗa da damming, gurɓataccen iska da canjin yanayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Seriously Fish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=''Sandelia capensis'' |url=http://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/sandelia-capensis/ |access-date=2016-11-14 |publisher=Seriously Fish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Leopard catshark</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354928556|Leopard catshark]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kifin damisa''' ( '''''Poroderma pantherinum''''' ) nau'in kifin catshark ne, kuma wani ɓangare ne na dangin Scyliorhinidae, wanda ya shahara a ruwan gabar tekun [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Yana da yalwa a cikin ruwan teku a ƙasa da {{Convert|20|m|ft}} mai zurfi, wannan mai zama a ƙasa yana fifita duwatsu masu faɗi, gadajen kelp, da kuma filayen yashi. Tsawonsa ya kai {{Convert|84|cm|in}}, damisa catshark yana da jiki mai kauri mai finfin baya guda biyu da aka sanya a baya sosai, da kuma gajeriyar kai da wutsiya. Yana da bambanci sosai a launi da tsari, tare da mutane daga kusan fari zuwa baƙi kuma an rufe shi da siffofi daban-daban na tabo baƙi, ƙuraje, furanni, da/ko layuka. Tsarin launi yana canzawa da shekaru kuma wasu siffofi suna kama da na musamman a wuri, wanda ke nuna kasancewar al'ummomi daban-daban na gida. A baya, an kwatanta wasu daga cikin nau'ikan launuka daban-daban a matsayin nau'ikan halittu daban-daban.

Galibi a cikin ɗabi'un dare, bayan faɗuwar rana, damisa catshark tana farautar ƙananan kifaye masu ƙashi da marasa ƙashi a cikin ruwa mara zurfi. Da rana, yawanci tana hutawa a cikin kogo da ramuka, wani lokacin a cikin rukuni. An rubuta wannan nau'in yana yin kwanton ɓauna na chokka squid ( ''Loligo vulgaris reynaudi'' ) a cikin wuraren haihuwarsu. Haihuwa tana kama da ƙashi kuma tana faruwa duk shekara. Mata suna samar da ƙwayoyin ƙwai masu siffar murabba'i, masu launin haske biyu a lokaci guda, suna haɗa su da gine-gine a ƙasan teku. Ƙarami kuma mara lahani, damisa catshark yana dacewa da kamawa kuma galibi ana nuna shi a cikin akwatunan kifin jama'a . Masunta na kasuwanci da na nishaɗi suna kama shi a matsayin kama-karya, kuma galibi ana kashe shi a matsayin kwari. Ƙungiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya (IUCN) ta lissafa wannan nau'in a matsayin abin da ba a damuwa ba; da alama adadinsa ba ya raguwa, amma ayyukan ɗan adam masu yawa suna faruwa a cikin ruwan ƙasarsu. Yanayin yaɗuwar sa mai yiwuwa ya cancanci a yi taka tsantsan ga kowane al'umma.

== Tsarin Haraji ==
[[Fayil:Poroderma_pantherinum.jpg|left|thumb|Bayanin bayanin kifin damisa, daga ''Zane-zanen Dabbobin Afirka ta Kudu'' (1838).]]
Saboda bambancin launinsa, an san damisar catshark a tarihi da sunaye da yawa. A cikin fitowar 1837 ta littafin ''Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London'', likitan Scotland kuma [[Zoology|masanin dabbobi]] Andrew Smith ya lissafa sabon nau'in ''Poroderma'' ba tare da bayaninsa ba, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'in ''P.&amp;nbsp;africanum'' ( pajama shark ), ''P.&amp;nbsp;pantherinum'', ''P.&amp;nbsp;submaculatum'', da kuma ''P.&amp;nbsp;variegatum'' .  Masana ilimin halittu na Jamus Johannes Peter Müller da Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle sun ba da waɗannan sharks ga jinsin ''Scyllium'', kuma a cikin 1838 &amp;#x2013; 1841 ''Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen'' sun ba da kwatanci ga ''S.&amp;nbsp;pantherinum'' da ''S.&amp;nbsp;variegatum'', kuma ya lissafa wasu sunaye biyu ba tare da bayaninsu ba, ''S.&amp;nbsp;leopard'' da ''S.&amp;nbsp;maeandrinum'' .  A shekarar 1934, masanin dabbobi na Amurka Henry Weed Fowler ya bayyana ''P.&amp;nbsp;marleyi'', wanda aka siffanta shi da manyan tabo baƙi. 

== Manazarta ==

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'''Kifin damisa''' ( '''''Poroderma pantherinum''''' ) nau'in kifin catshark ne, kuma wani ɓangare ne na dangin Scyliorhinidae, wanda ya shahara a ruwan gabar tekun [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Yana da yalwa a cikin ruwan teku a ƙasa da {{Convert|20|m|ft}} mai zurfi, wannan mai zama a ƙasa yana fifita duwatsu masu faɗi, gadajen kelp, da kuma filayen yashi. Tsawonsa ya kai {{Convert|84|cm|in}}, damisa catshark yana da jiki mai kauri mai finfin baya guda biyu da aka sanya a baya sosai, da kuma gajeriyar kai da wutsiya. Yana da bambanci sosai a launi da tsari, tare da mutane daga kusan fari zuwa baƙi kuma an rufe shi da siffofi daban-daban na tabo baƙi, ƙuraje, furanni, da/ko layuka. Tsarin launi yana canzawa da shekaru kuma wasu siffofi suna kama da na musamman a wuri, wanda ke nuna kasancewar al'ummomi daban-daban na gida. A baya, an kwatanta wasu daga cikin nau'ikan launuka daban-daban a matsayin nau'ikan halittu daban-daban.

Galibi a cikin ɗabi'un dare, bayan faɗuwar rana, damisa catshark tana farautar ƙananan kifaye masu ƙashi da marasa ƙashi a cikin ruwa mara zurfi. Da rana, yawanci tana hutawa a cikin kogo da ramuka, wani lokacin a cikin rukuni. An rubuta wannan nau'in yana yin kwanton ɓauna na chokka squid ( ''Loligo vulgaris reynaudi'' ) a cikin wuraren haihuwarsu. Haihuwa tana kama da ƙashi kuma tana faruwa duk shekara. Mata suna samar da ƙwayoyin ƙwai masu siffar murabba'i, masu launin haske biyu a lokaci guda, suna haɗa su da gine-gine a ƙasan teku. Ƙarami kuma mara lahani, damisa catshark yana dacewa da kamawa kuma galibi ana nuna shi a cikin akwatunan kifin jama'a . Masunta na kasuwanci da na nishaɗi suna kama shi a matsayin kama-karya, kuma galibi ana kashe shi a matsayin kwari. Ƙungiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya (IUCN) ta lissafa wannan nau'in a matsayin abin da ba a damuwa ba; da alama adadinsa ba ya raguwa, amma ayyukan ɗan adam masu yawa suna faruwa a cikin ruwan ƙasarsu. Yanayin yaɗuwar sa mai yiwuwa ya cancanci a yi taka tsantsan ga kowane al'umma.

== Tsarin Haraji ==
[[Fayil:Poroderma_pantherinum.jpg|left|thumb|Bayanin bayanin kifin damisa, daga ''Zane-zanen Dabbobin Afirka ta Kudu'' (1838).]]
Saboda bambancin launinsa, an san damisar catshark a tarihi da sunaye da yawa. A cikin fitowar 1837 ta littafin ''Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London'', likitan Scotland kuma [[Zoology|masanin dabbobi]] Andrew Smith ya lissafa sabon nau'in ''Poroderma'' ba tare da bayaninsa ba, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'in ''P.&amp;nbsp;africanum'' ( pajama shark ), ''P.&amp;nbsp;pantherinum'', ''P.&amp;nbsp;submaculatum'', da kuma ''P.&amp;nbsp;variegatum'' .  Masana ilimin halittu na Jamus Johannes Peter Müller da Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle sun ba da waɗannan sharks ga jinsin ''Scyllium'', kuma a cikin 1838 &amp;#x2013; 1841 ''Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen'' sun ba da kwatanci ga ''S.&amp;nbsp;pantherinum'' da ''S.&amp;nbsp;variegatum'', kuma ya lissafa wasu sunaye biyu ba tare da bayaninsu ba, ''S.&amp;nbsp;leopard'' da ''S.&amp;nbsp;maeandrinum'' .  A shekarar 1934, masanin dabbobi na Amurka Henry Weed Fowler ya bayyana ''P.&amp;nbsp;marleyi'', wanda aka siffanta shi da manyan tabo baƙi. 

== Manazarta ==

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'''''Poroderma''''' nau'in kifin shark ne, kuma wani ɓangare ne na dangin Scyliorhinidae . Launin waɗannan kifin shark yawanci launin toka ne tare da ratsi masu duhu. Ana samun su a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] kuma suna yin dare . Suna zaune ne a yankunan bakin teku, kusa da ƙasa, har zuwa zurfin digiri 100.&amp;nbsp;m. Sun fi son ƙananan kogo da ramuka. Abincinsu yawanci ya ƙunshi crustaceans, amma kuma suna cin ƙananan kifaye. Matsakaicin girmansu yana tsakanin 60 zuwa 80.&amp;nbsp;cm, tare da matsakaicin jimlar tsawon kusan 100&amp;nbsp;cm. Girman haihuwarsu ya kai kimanin shekaru 15&amp;nbsp;cm. Ba su da lahani ga mutane.

== Nau'o'i ==

* ''Poroderma africanum'' &lt;small&gt;( JF Gmelin, 1789)&lt;/small&gt; (shark mai ratsi ko kifin pyjama)
* ''[[Leopard catshark|Poroderma pantherinum]]'' &lt;small&gt;( JP Müller &amp; Henle, 1838)&lt;/small&gt; (damisa catshark)

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''''Poroderma''''' nau'in kifin shark ne, kuma wani ɓangare ne na dangin Scyliorhinidae . Launin waɗannan kifin shark yawanci launin toka ne tare da ratsi masu duhu. Ana samun su a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] kuma suna yin dare . Suna zaune ne a yankunan bakin teku, kusa da ƙasa, har zuwa zurfin digiri 100.&amp;nbsp;m. Sun fi son ƙananan kogo da ramuka. Abincinsu yawanci ya ƙunshi crustaceans, amma kuma suna cin ƙananan kifaye. Matsakaicin girmansu yana tsakanin 60 zuwa 80.&amp;nbsp;cm, tare da matsakaicin jimlar tsawon kusan 100&amp;nbsp;cm. Girman haihuwarsu ya kai kimanin shekaru 15&amp;nbsp;cm. Ba su da lahani ga mutane.

== Nau'o'i ==

* ''Poroderma africanum'' &lt;small&gt;( JF Gmelin, 1789)&lt;/small&gt; (shark mai ratsi ko kifin pyjama)
* ''[[Leopard catshark|Poroderma pantherinum]]'' &lt;small&gt;( JP Müller &amp; Henle, 1838)&lt;/small&gt; (damisa catshark)

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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358487046|Adansonia]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Bishiyan kuka''''' wani nau'i ne na itatuwa masu matsakaici zuwa babba da aka sani da '''baobabs''' ( /ˈbeɪ.oʊbæbz/;  kuma Burtaniya: /ˈbɑː.oʊ bæbz/, Amurka: /ˈbaʊbæbbz/) ko '''boababs'''. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Boabab |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/boabab |access-date=26 March 2026 |website=Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[jinsi|nau'o'in]] Adansonia guda takwas 'yan asalin [[Afirka]] ne, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], da [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] amma kuma an gabatar da su zuwa wasu yankuna na duniya, gami da [[Barbados]], inda ake zargin yawancin baobabs da ke wurin sun samo asali ne daga Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff writer |year=2024 |title=Baobab Trees |script-title= |trans-title= |url=https://www.barbados.org/baobab.htm |url-access= |archive-format= |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=www.barbados.org |publisher=Axses Systems Caribbean Inc. |language= |publication-place=Barbados |publication-date=2024 |arxiv= |asin= |asin-tld= |bibcode= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |doi= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |quote=These two Baobab trees hold a well deserved place in the Barbados.org's &quot;Seven Wonders of Barbados&quot;! |trans-quote= |bibcode-access= |doi-access= |hdl-access= |jstor-access= |ol-access= |osti-access= |agency=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Melanie |last2=Kimberly |date=10 December 2012 |title=The Oldest &amp; Largest in Barbados: Boabab |script-title= |trans-title= |url=https://www.loopbarbados.com/loop-blog/oldest-largest-barbados-boabab |url-access= |archive-format= |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=www.loopbarbados.com |publisher=Loop Barbados Inc. |language= |publication-place= |publication-date=10 December 2012 |arxiv= |asin= |asin-tld= |bibcode= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |doi= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |quote= |trans-quote= |bibcode-access= |doi-access= |hdl-access= |jstor-access= |ol-access= |osti-access= |agency=}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gabatar da wasu baobabs zuwa Asiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Baobab: Fun Facts About Africa's Tree of Life |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/fun-facts-about-the-baobab-tree-1454374 |website=ThoughtCo}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken [[Whole genome sequencing|genomic]] da [[Ecology|muhalli]] ya kara nuna cewa jinsin da kansa ya samo asali ne a Madagascar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wan |first=Jun-Nan |last2=Wang |first2=Sheng-Wei |last3=Leitch |first3=Andrew R. |last4=Leitch |first4=Ilia J. |last5=Jian |first5=Jian-Bo |last6=Wu |first6=Zhang-Yan |last7=Xin |first7=Hai-Ping |last8=Rakotoarinivo |first8=Mijoro |last9=Onjalalaina |first9=Guy Eric |last10=Gituru |first10=Robert Wahiti |last11=Dai |first11=Can |last12=Mwachala |first12=Geoffrey |last13=Zhao |first13=Chen-Xi |last14=Wang |first14=Hong-Qi |last15=Du |first15=Sheng-Lan |display-authors=5 |name-list-style=amp |date=2024 |title=The rise of baobab trees in Madagascar |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=629 |issue=8014 |pages=1091–1099 |bibcode=2024Natur.629.1091W |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07447-4 |pmc=11136661 |pmid=38750363 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sunan da aka fi sani da ''Adansonia'' ya girmama Michel Adanson, masanin kimiyyar halittu kuma mai bincike ɗan ƙasar Faransa wanda ya bayar da cikakken bayani game da tsirrai da kuma zane-zanen ''[[Kuka|Adansonia digitata]]'' na farko.  Duk da haka, ana kuma kiran baobab da &quot;bishiyar da ke juye,&quot; sunan da ya samo asali daga kamannin bishiyoyin gaba ɗaya da tatsuniyoyi na tarihi.  Baobabs suna cikin tsire-tsire masu tsawon rai na jijiyoyin jini &lt;ref name=&quot;Patrut2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Patrut A, Woodborne S, Patrut RT, Rakosy L, Lowy DA, Hall G, von Reden KF |date=July 2018 |title=The demise of the largest and oldest African baobabs |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-018-0170-5 |journal=Nature Plants |volume=4 |issue=7 |pages=423–426 |bibcode=2018NatPl...4..423P |doi=10.1038/s41477-018-0170-5 |pmid=29892092 |s2cid=47017569 |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma suna da manyan furanni waɗanda ke haihuwa na tsawon awanni 15. &lt;ref name=&quot;Baum&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Baum |first=David A. |date=1995 |title=A Systematic Revision of Adansonia (Bombacaceae) |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=82 |issue=3 |pages=440–471 |bibcode=1995AnMBG..82..440B |doi=10.2307/2399893 |issn=0026-6493 |jstor=2399893}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furanni suna buɗewa da faɗuwar rana tare da saurin motsi wanda ido zai iya gani. &lt;ref name=&quot;Baum&quot; /&gt; 'Ya'yan itacen suna da girma, masu siffar oval zuwa zagaye da kama da 'ya'yan itace, kuma suna riƙe da tsaba masu siffar koda a cikin busassun matrix.</text>
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'''''Bishiyan kuka''''' wani nau'i ne na itatuwa masu matsakaici zuwa babba da aka sani da '''baobabs''' ( /ˈbeɪ.oʊbæbz/;  kuma Burtaniya: /ˈbɑː.oʊ bæbz/, Amurka: /ˈbaʊbæbbz/) ko '''boababs'''. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Boabab |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/boabab |access-date=26 March 2026 |website=Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[jinsi|nau'o'in]] Adansonia guda takwas 'yan asalin [[Afirka]] ne, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], da [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] amma kuma an gabatar da su zuwa wasu yankuna na duniya, gami da [[Barbados]], inda ake zargin yawancin baobabs da ke wurin sun samo asali ne daga Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff writer |year=2024 |title=Baobab Trees |script-title= |trans-title= |url=https://www.barbados.org/baobab.htm |url-access= |archive-format= |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=www.barbados.org |publisher=Axses Systems Caribbean Inc. |language= |publication-place=Barbados |publication-date=2024 |arxiv= |asin= |asin-tld= |bibcode= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |doi= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |quote=These two Baobab trees hold a well deserved place in the Barbados.org's &quot;Seven Wonders of Barbados&quot;! |trans-quote= |bibcode-access= |doi-access= |hdl-access= |jstor-access= |ol-access= |osti-access= |agency=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Melanie |last2=Kimberly |date=10 December 2012 |title=The Oldest &amp; Largest in Barbados: Boabab |script-title= |trans-title= |url=https://www.loopbarbados.com/loop-blog/oldest-largest-barbados-boabab |url-access= |archive-format= |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=www.loopbarbados.com |publisher=Loop Barbados Inc. |language= |publication-place= |publication-date=10 December 2012 |arxiv= |asin= |asin-tld= |bibcode= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |doi= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |quote= |trans-quote= |bibcode-access= |doi-access= |hdl-access= |jstor-access= |ol-access= |osti-access= |agency=}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gabatar da wasu baobabs zuwa Asiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Baobab: Fun Facts About Africa's Tree of Life |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/fun-facts-about-the-baobab-tree-1454374 |website=ThoughtCo}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken [[Whole genome sequencing|genomic]] da [[Ecology|muhalli]] ya kara nuna cewa jinsin da kansa ya samo asali ne a Madagascar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wan |first=Jun-Nan |last2=Wang |first2=Sheng-Wei |last3=Leitch |first3=Andrew R. |last4=Leitch |first4=Ilia J. |last5=Jian |first5=Jian-Bo |last6=Wu |first6=Zhang-Yan |last7=Xin |first7=Hai-Ping |last8=Rakotoarinivo |first8=Mijoro |last9=Onjalalaina |first9=Guy Eric |last10=Gituru |first10=Robert Wahiti |last11=Dai |first11=Can |last12=Mwachala |first12=Geoffrey |last13=Zhao |first13=Chen-Xi |last14=Wang |first14=Hong-Qi |last15=Du |first15=Sheng-Lan |display-authors=5 |name-list-style=amp |date=2024 |title=The rise of baobab trees in Madagascar |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=629 |issue=8014 |pages=1091–1099 |bibcode=2024Natur.629.1091W |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07447-4 |pmc=11136661 |pmid=38750363 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sunan da aka fi sani da ''Adansonia'' ya girmama Michel Adanson, masanin kimiyyar halittu kuma mai bincike ɗan ƙasar Faransa wanda ya bayar da cikakken bayani game da tsirrai da kuma zane-zanen ''[[Kuka|Adansonia digitata]]'' na farko.  Duk da haka, ana kuma kiran baobab da &quot;bishiyar da ke juye,&quot; sunan da ya samo asali daga kamannin bishiyoyin gaba ɗaya da tatsuniyoyi na tarihi.  Baobabs suna cikin tsire-tsire masu tsawon rai na jijiyoyin jini &lt;ref name=&quot;Patrut2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Patrut A, Woodborne S, Patrut RT, Rakosy L, Lowy DA, Hall G, von Reden KF |date=July 2018 |title=The demise of the largest and oldest African baobabs |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-018-0170-5 |journal=Nature Plants |volume=4 |issue=7 |pages=423–426 |bibcode=2018NatPl...4..423P |doi=10.1038/s41477-018-0170-5 |pmid=29892092 |s2cid=47017569 |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma suna da manyan furanni waɗanda ke haihuwa na tsawon awanni 15. &lt;ref name=&quot;Baum&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Baum |first=David A. |date=1995 |title=A Systematic Revision of Adansonia (Bombacaceae) |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=82 |issue=3 |pages=440–471 |bibcode=1995AnMBG..82..440B |doi=10.2307/2399893 |issn=0026-6493 |jstor=2399893}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furanni suna buɗewa da faɗuwar rana tare da saurin motsi wanda ido zai iya gani. &lt;ref name=&quot;Baum&quot; /&gt; 'Ya'yan itacen suna da girma, masu siffar oval zuwa zagaye da kama da 'ya'yan itace, kuma suna riƙe da tsaba masu siffar koda a cikin busassun matrix.
[[Fayil:Baobab_tree_with_fruits_at_Mikumi_National_Park.jpg|thumb|Itacen ''Adansonia digitata'' (Afirka baobab) a cikin Mikumi National Park tare da 'ya'yan itacen da ke rataye]]
[[Fayil:Adansonia_digitata_0013.jpg|left|thumb|Fure mai buɗewa wanda ke nuna petals da ba a haɗa su ba da kuma ball na stamens da aka saita a saman bututun staminal]]
[[Fayil:Adansonia_digitata_MS_6682-2.JPG|thumb|Fure mai tsayi wanda ke nuna salon da ke gudana ta hanyar bututun staminal, karkatarwa, sannan yana fitowa daga cikin stamens]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bumpnose trevally</title>
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'''Bumpnose Trevally''' ( '''''Atropus hedlandensis''''' ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''bumpnose kingfish''' ko '''albasa kingfish''', nau'in [[kifi]] ne mai ƙananan kifayen teku da ke cikin teku wanda aka rarraba a cikin dangin jack Carangidae . Bumpnose trevally ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin ruwan wurare masu zafi da kuma na wurare masu zafi na yankin Indo-west Pacific, tun daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a yamma zuwa [[Japan]] da [[Samoa]] a gabas. Ƙaramin nau'i ne bisa ga ma'aunin carangid, wanda tsawonsa ya kai matsakaicin tsayin {{Cvt|32|cm}}, kuma ana iya bambanta shi da ''Atropus armatus'' mai kama da wannan ta hanyar wani 'ƙara' a hanci, wanda ya ba kifin suna na yau da kullun. Wannan nau'in yana zaune a ruwan teku, galibi yana zaune a gefen teku da [[Bakin teku|rairayin bakin teku]], inda yake ɗaukar jatan lande, ƙananan kaguwa, da ƙananan kifaye a matsayin ganima. Bumpnose trevally ba shi da mahimmanci ga kamun kifi a duk faɗin yankinsa, ana ɗaukarsa ta hanyar ƙugiya da layi, trawls, da raga na seine . Hakanan yana da mahimmanci kaɗan ga masunta, waɗanda aka ɗauka ta hanyar koto daga rairayin bakin teku da tuddai, kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ƙaramin kifi na tebur .

== Taxonomy da suna ==
An rarraba bumpnose trevally a cikin nau'in ''Atropus'', ƙungiyar kifaye da aka fi sani da jacks da trevallies. ''Atropus'' ya faɗa cikin dangin jack da horse mackerel na Carangidae, Carangidae kuma ɓangare ne na tsarin Carangiformes . 

Kamar yadda aka yarda da shi a yanzu, masanin kimiyyar ichthy [[Asturaliya|na Australiya]] Gilbert Percy Whitley ne ya fara bayyana kuma ya rarraba nau'in a shekarar 1934 bisa ga samfurin da aka ɗauko daga Port Hedland a Yammacin Ostiraliya, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin holotype .  Whitley ya sanya wa nau'in ''Olistus hedlandensis'' suna, inda ya sanya kifin a cikin abin da a lokacin yake da ingantaccen nau'in jacks. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da ''Olistus'' da ''Carangoides'', an sanya kifin ko dai a cikin ''Caranx'' ko ''Carangoides'', kuma an yarda da shi a matsayin mallakarsa a cikin na ƙarshe, har zuwa 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kimura, S. |last2=Takeuchi, S. |last3=Yadome, T. |year=2022 |title=Generic revision of the species formerly belonging to the genus ''Carangoides'' and its related genera (Carangiformes: Carangidae) |journal=Ichthyological Research |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=433-487 |doi=10.1007/s10228-021-00850-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takamaiman lakabin yana nufin nau'in wurin da nau'in yake, Port Hedland. &lt;ref name=&quot;Zoocat&quot; /&gt; Wannan ba shine karo na farko da aka bayyana kifin ba, inda Georges Cuvier ya sanya sunan ''Olistus malabaricus'' ga nau'in a cikin 1833, wanda zai ba shi fifiko fiye da sunan Whitley. &lt;ref name=&quot;Williams&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=F. |last2=Venkataramani, V.K. |date=1980 |title=Notes on Indo-Pacific carangid fishes of the genus ''Carangoides'' Bleeker II. The ''Carangoides armatus'' group |journal=Bulletin of Marine Science |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=501–511}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, lokacin da aka haɗa ''Olistus'' zuwa ''Carangoides'', an ƙirƙiri wani nau'in haɗin kai tare da ''Carangoides malabaricus'', don haka an karɓi sunan Whitley don shawo kan wannan matsalar. Bumpnose trevally yayi kama da ''Carangoides armatus'', kuma da alama an yi kuskuren gane shi sau da yawa, tare da sake duba nau'ikan biyu a 1980 wanda ya gano kifaye da yawa da ba a gane su ba a cikin tarin kayan tarihi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Williams&quot; /&gt;

== Bayani ==
Bumpnose trevally yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan mambobi na halittar ''Atropus'', yana girma har zuwa matsakaicin {{Cvt|32|cm}} tsayi.  Yana kama da wasu trevallies masu haɗuwa, musamman ''Atropus armatus'' da ''Atropus atropos'', tare da mafi sauƙin fasalin ganowa shine karyewar da ke cikin siffar ('bump') na yankin interorbital, wanda ke ƙara bayyana yayin da girma ke ƙaruwa.  Jiki yana matsewa da zurfi, tare da siffar kai mai tsayi sosai a cikin manya, wanda ke haifar da siffar dorsal [[wiktionary:Convex|mai lanƙwasa]] idan aka kwatanta da siffar ventral . Fifin dorsal yana cikin sassa biyu, na farko ya ƙunshi kashin baya takwas yayin da na biyu yana da kashin baya ɗaya kuma tsakanin haskoki masu laushi 20 zuwa 22. Fifin dubura yana da kashin baya biyu da aka raba a gaba sannan sai kashin baya 1 da haskoki masu laushi 16 zuwa 18, yayin da fin pelvic yana da kashin baya ɗaya da haskoki masu laushi 18. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lin1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lin |first=Pai-Lei |last2=Shao, Kwang-Tsao |date=1999 |title=A Review of the Carangid Fishes (Family Carangidae) From Taiwan with Descriptions of Four New Records |url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&amp;cpsidt=10055944 |journal=Zoological Studies |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=33–68 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229173915/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&amp;cpsidt=10055944 |archive-date=2012-02-29 |access-date=2008-10-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lobes na fin dorsal da dubura na biyu suna da tsayi da filamentous, suna da tsayi fiye da kai. A cikin maza, ana samar da wasu haskoki masu laushi na tsakiya zuwa zare masu tsayi daban-daban. Layin gefe yana da matsakaicin baka na gaba, wanda ke ɗauke da sikelin 63 zuwa 70, yayin da sashin madaidaiciya yana da sikelin takwas zuwa 14 da kuma scutes 21 zuwa 27. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lin1999&quot; /&gt; Sassan da aka lanƙwasa da madaidaiciya suna haɗuwa a ƙasa da hasken laushi na 10 zuwa 12 na fin na biyu na dorsal. Nono ba shi da sikelin, tare da yankin da ba shi da sikelin da ya miƙe zuwa asalin fin na ƙashin ƙugu har zuwa gindin fin na ƙashin ƙugu . Duk muƙamuƙan suna da madaurin haƙoran villiform, waɗanda suka fi faɗi a gaba. Yana da jimillar rakers 20 zuwa 27 na gill da vertebrae 24. 

Jikin bumpnose trevally yana da launin shuɗi mai launin kore-shuɗi a sama, yana ƙara zama fari-fari a ƙasa, tare da wani ɓawon duhu a kan operculum . Fim ɗin dorsal mai juyawa da haskoki masu laushi na dorsal baƙi ne, yayin da fin ɗin dubura mai launin ruwan kasa ne, tare da filaments da lobe sau da yawa baƙi. Fim ɗin caudal yana da baki mai biye da gefuna na gaba, kuma fin ɗin ƙashin ƙugu yana da duhu zuwa baƙi. Yara galibi suna da sandunan giciye a tsaye biyar zuwa bakwai a gefunansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gunn |first=John S. |date=1990 |title=A revision of selected genera of the family Carangidae (Pisces) from Australian waters |url=https://australianmuseum.net.au/Uploads/Journals/17723/92.pdf |journal=Records of the Australian Museum Supplement |volume=12 |pages=1–78 |doi=10.3853/j.0812-7387.12.1990.92}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rarrabawa da wurin zama ==
An yaɗu sosai a yankunan zafi da na ƙasa na Tekun [[Tekun Indiya|Indiya]] da yammacin [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] .  A Tekun Indiya, nau'in ya samo asali ne daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]], da [[Seychelles]] a arewa maso gabashin Afirka zuwa [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], amma ba shi da wani tarihi a arewa har zuwa [[Indiya]] da [[Sri Lanka]] . Yaɗuwar sa ta bazu zuwa kudu maso gabashin Asiya, [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], [[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa|Papua New Guinea]], da [[arewacin Ostiraliya]], tare da nau'in ya bazu zuwa arewa har zuwa [[Japan]] da kuma gabas har zuwa [[Samoa]] a cikin Pacific. 

Kifin bumpnose trevally kifi ne da ke cikin teku, ba kasafai yake shiga zurfin da ya wuce mita 50 ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gunn |first=John S. |date=1990 |title=A revision of selected genera of the family Carangidae (Pisces) from Australian waters |url=https://australianmuseum.net.au/Uploads/Journals/17723/92.pdf |journal=Records of the Australian Museum Supplement |volume=12 |pages=1–78 |doi=10.3853/j.0812-7387.12.1990.92}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGunn1990&quot;&gt;Gunn, John S. (1990). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yana zaune a cikin yankunan yashi da [[Bakin teku|rairayin bakin teku]], kuma da alama yana jure wa ruwa mai tururi, sau da yawa yana zaune a cikin ruwan datti kusa da bakin kogi . Duk da haka, da alama yana da ƙarancin jure wa raguwar gishiri kuma ba a samunsa a cikin magudanar ruwa da kansu. 

== Ilimin halittu da kamun kifi ==
Ana samun bumpnose trevally a ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu ko fiye, suna iyo a bakin rairayin bakin teku inda suke kama ganima wanda ya ƙunshi jatan lande, ƙananan kaguwa, da kifi.  Bincike a kan North West Shelf na Ostiraliya ya gano cewa nau'in galibi yana haɗuwa da wasu carangids, musamman ''Carangichthys humerosus'', ''Atropus aurochs'', da ''Selaroides leptolepis'', kuma tare da su suna yin babban adadin namun dajin kifaye da ke zaune. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot; /&gt; Ba a san yadda ake sake haifuwa a cikin nau'in ba sosai, tare da ƙananan kifaye galibi suna bayyana a Afirka ta Kudu a lokacin bazara. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Bumpnose Trevally''' ( '''''Atropus hedlandensis''''' ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''bumpnose kingfish''' ko '''albasa kingfish''', nau'in [[kifi]] ne mai ƙananan kifayen teku da ke cikin teku wanda aka rarraba a cikin dangin jack Carangidae . Bumpnose trevally ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin ruwan wurare masu zafi da kuma na wurare masu zafi na yankin Indo-west Pacific, tun daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a yamma zuwa [[Japan]] da [[Samoa]] a gabas. Ƙaramin nau'i ne bisa ga ma'aunin carangid, wanda tsawonsa ya kai matsakaicin tsayin {{Cvt|32|cm}}, kuma ana iya bambanta shi da ''Atropus armatus'' mai kama da wannan ta hanyar wani 'ƙara' a hanci, wanda ya ba kifin suna na yau da kullun. Wannan nau'in yana zaune a ruwan teku, galibi yana zaune a gefen teku da [[Bakin teku|rairayin bakin teku]], inda yake ɗaukar jatan lande, ƙananan kaguwa, da ƙananan kifaye a matsayin ganima. Bumpnose trevally ba shi da mahimmanci ga kamun kifi a duk faɗin yankinsa, ana ɗaukarsa ta hanyar ƙugiya da layi, trawls, da raga na seine . Hakanan yana da mahimmanci kaɗan ga masunta, waɗanda aka ɗauka ta hanyar koto daga rairayin bakin teku da tuddai, kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ƙaramin kifi na tebur .

== Taxonomy da suna ==
An rarraba bumpnose trevally a cikin nau'in ''Atropus'', ƙungiyar kifaye da aka fi sani da jacks da trevallies. ''Atropus'' ya faɗa cikin dangin jack da horse mackerel na Carangidae, Carangidae kuma ɓangare ne na tsarin Carangiformes . 

Kamar yadda aka yarda da shi a yanzu, masanin kimiyyar ichthy [[Asturaliya|na Australiya]] Gilbert Percy Whitley ne ya fara bayyana kuma ya rarraba nau'in a shekarar 1934 bisa ga samfurin da aka ɗauko daga Port Hedland a Yammacin Ostiraliya, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin holotype .  Whitley ya sanya wa nau'in ''Olistus hedlandensis'' suna, inda ya sanya kifin a cikin abin da a lokacin yake da ingantaccen nau'in jacks. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da ''Olistus'' da ''Carangoides'', an sanya kifin ko dai a cikin ''Caranx'' ko ''Carangoides'', kuma an yarda da shi a matsayin mallakarsa a cikin na ƙarshe, har zuwa 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kimura, S. |last2=Takeuchi, S. |last3=Yadome, T. |year=2022 |title=Generic revision of the species formerly belonging to the genus ''Carangoides'' and its related genera (Carangiformes: Carangidae) |journal=Ichthyological Research |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=433-487 |doi=10.1007/s10228-021-00850-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takamaiman lakabin yana nufin nau'in wurin da nau'in yake, Port Hedland. &lt;ref name=&quot;Zoocat&quot; /&gt; Wannan ba shine karo na farko da aka bayyana kifin ba, inda Georges Cuvier ya sanya sunan ''Olistus malabaricus'' ga nau'in a cikin 1833, wanda zai ba shi fifiko fiye da sunan Whitley. &lt;ref name=&quot;Williams&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=F. |last2=Venkataramani, V.K. |date=1980 |title=Notes on Indo-Pacific carangid fishes of the genus ''Carangoides'' Bleeker II. The ''Carangoides armatus'' group |journal=Bulletin of Marine Science |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=501–511}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, lokacin da aka haɗa ''Olistus'' zuwa ''Carangoides'', an ƙirƙiri wani nau'in haɗin kai tare da ''Carangoides malabaricus'', don haka an karɓi sunan Whitley don shawo kan wannan matsalar. Bumpnose trevally yayi kama da ''Carangoides armatus'', kuma da alama an yi kuskuren gane shi sau da yawa, tare da sake duba nau'ikan biyu a 1980 wanda ya gano kifaye da yawa da ba a gane su ba a cikin tarin kayan tarihi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Williams&quot; /&gt;

== Bayani ==
Bumpnose trevally yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan mambobi na halittar ''Atropus'', yana girma har zuwa matsakaicin {{Cvt|32|cm}} tsayi.  Yana kama da wasu trevallies masu haɗuwa, musamman ''Atropus armatus'' da ''Atropus atropos'', tare da mafi sauƙin fasalin ganowa shine karyewar da ke cikin siffar ('bump') na yankin interorbital, wanda ke ƙara bayyana yayin da girma ke ƙaruwa.  Jiki yana matsewa da zurfi, tare da siffar kai mai tsayi sosai a cikin manya, wanda ke haifar da siffar dorsal [[wiktionary:Convex|mai lanƙwasa]] idan aka kwatanta da siffar ventral . Fifin dorsal yana cikin sassa biyu, na farko ya ƙunshi kashin baya takwas yayin da na biyu yana da kashin baya ɗaya kuma tsakanin haskoki masu laushi 20 zuwa 22. Fifin dubura yana da kashin baya biyu da aka raba a gaba sannan sai kashin baya 1 da haskoki masu laushi 16 zuwa 18, yayin da fin pelvic yana da kashin baya ɗaya da haskoki masu laushi 18. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lin1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lin |first=Pai-Lei |last2=Shao, Kwang-Tsao |date=1999 |title=A Review of the Carangid Fishes (Family Carangidae) From Taiwan with Descriptions of Four New Records |url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&amp;cpsidt=10055944 |journal=Zoological Studies |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=33–68 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229173915/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&amp;cpsidt=10055944 |archive-date=2012-02-29 |access-date=2008-10-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lobes na fin dorsal da dubura na biyu suna da tsayi da filamentous, suna da tsayi fiye da kai. A cikin maza, ana samar da wasu haskoki masu laushi na tsakiya zuwa zare masu tsayi daban-daban. Layin gefe yana da matsakaicin baka na gaba, wanda ke ɗauke da sikelin 63 zuwa 70, yayin da sashin madaidaiciya yana da sikelin takwas zuwa 14 da kuma scutes 21 zuwa 27. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lin1999&quot; /&gt; Sassan da aka lanƙwasa da madaidaiciya suna haɗuwa a ƙasa da hasken laushi na 10 zuwa 12 na fin na biyu na dorsal. Nono ba shi da sikelin, tare da yankin da ba shi da sikelin da ya miƙe zuwa asalin fin na ƙashin ƙugu har zuwa gindin fin na ƙashin ƙugu . Duk muƙamuƙan suna da madaurin haƙoran villiform, waɗanda suka fi faɗi a gaba. Yana da jimillar rakers 20 zuwa 27 na gill da vertebrae 24. 

Jikin bumpnose trevally yana da launin shuɗi mai launin kore-shuɗi a sama, yana ƙara zama fari-fari a ƙasa, tare da wani ɓawon duhu a kan operculum . Fim ɗin dorsal mai juyawa da haskoki masu laushi na dorsal baƙi ne, yayin da fin ɗin dubura mai launin ruwan kasa ne, tare da filaments da lobe sau da yawa baƙi. Fim ɗin caudal yana da baki mai biye da gefuna na gaba, kuma fin ɗin ƙashin ƙugu yana da duhu zuwa baƙi. Yara galibi suna da sandunan giciye a tsaye biyar zuwa bakwai a gefunansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gunn |first=John S. |date=1990 |title=A revision of selected genera of the family Carangidae (Pisces) from Australian waters |url=https://australianmuseum.net.au/Uploads/Journals/17723/92.pdf |journal=Records of the Australian Museum Supplement |volume=12 |pages=1–78 |doi=10.3853/j.0812-7387.12.1990.92}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rarrabawa da wurin zama ==
An yaɗu sosai a yankunan zafi da na ƙasa na Tekun [[Tekun Indiya|Indiya]] da yammacin [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] .  A Tekun Indiya, nau'in ya samo asali ne daga [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]], da [[Seychelles]] a arewa maso gabashin Afirka zuwa [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], amma ba shi da wani tarihi a arewa har zuwa [[Indiya]] da [[Sri Lanka]] . Yaɗuwar sa ta bazu zuwa kudu maso gabashin Asiya, [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], [[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa|Papua New Guinea]], da [[arewacin Ostiraliya]], tare da nau'in ya bazu zuwa arewa har zuwa [[Japan]] da kuma gabas har zuwa [[Samoa]] a cikin Pacific. 

Kifin bumpnose trevally kifi ne da ke cikin teku, ba kasafai yake shiga zurfin da ya wuce mita 50 ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gunn |first=John S. |date=1990 |title=A revision of selected genera of the family Carangidae (Pisces) from Australian waters |url=https://australianmuseum.net.au/Uploads/Journals/17723/92.pdf |journal=Records of the Australian Museum Supplement |volume=12 |pages=1–78 |doi=10.3853/j.0812-7387.12.1990.92}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGunn1990&quot;&gt;Gunn, John S. (1990). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yana zaune a cikin yankunan yashi da [[Bakin teku|rairayin bakin teku]], kuma da alama yana jure wa ruwa mai tururi, sau da yawa yana zaune a cikin ruwan datti kusa da bakin kogi . Duk da haka, da alama yana da ƙarancin jure wa raguwar gishiri kuma ba a samunsa a cikin magudanar ruwa da kansu. 

== Ilimin halittu da kamun kifi ==
Ana samun bumpnose trevally a ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu ko fiye, suna iyo a bakin rairayin bakin teku inda suke kama ganima wanda ya ƙunshi jatan lande, ƙananan kaguwa, da kifi.  Bincike a kan North West Shelf na Ostiraliya ya gano cewa nau'in galibi yana haɗuwa da wasu carangids, musamman ''Carangichthys humerosus'', ''Atropus aurochs'', da ''Selaroides leptolepis'', kuma tare da su suna yin babban adadin namun dajin kifaye da ke zaune. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot; /&gt; Ba a san yadda ake sake haifuwa a cikin nau'in ba sosai, tare da ƙananan kifaye galibi suna bayyana a Afirka ta Kudu a lokacin bazara. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Caristius fasciatus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158818</id>
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      <id>861846</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T09:26:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1301026043|Caristius fasciatus]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kifin Greenland mai suna''' '''''Caristius fasciatus''''', nau'in kifi ne na musamman. 

== Bayani ==
Wannan kifin mai girman ido mai zagaye an matse shi a gefensa. Launinsa launin shuɗi-toka ne mai launin shuɗi mai haske tare da wasu sanduna masu duhu marasa tsari da kuma fin mai duhu kamar na teku. Fin ɗin dubura, kamar fin ɗin baya, baƙi ne, yayin da fin ɗin caudal da pectoral ƙanana ne kuma masu haske.  Fin ɗinsu na baya, pectoral da dubura ba su da kashin baya kuma an yi su ne da haskoki masu laushi kawai (haskoki 31-34, 16-18 da 18-21 bi da bi). Mutumin da ya fi tsayi da aka rubuta shi ne {{Convert|30|cm|in}} tsayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Caristius fasciatus, Greenland manefish |url=https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/16894 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=www.fishbase.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nau'o'i makamantansu ===
Kifin manefish na Greenland yana da ƙananan haƙora da manyan ƙasusuwa kuma ƙasa da ƙasusuwa fiye da ''[[Caristius macropus]]'' da ''[[Caristius meridionalis]]'' . Ya bambanta da ''[[Caristius digitus]]'' ta hanyar rashin jerin papillae masu kama da yatsu a cikin opercle (kifin manefish na Greenland yana da aƙalla ɗaya), gajerun haƙoran pharyngeal masu siffar conical (suna da tsayi a ''C. digitus'' ), da ƙarancin rakers na gill. 

== Rarrabawa da wurin zama ==
Ana samun wannan nau'in a cikin tekun [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantika]], [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] da [[Tekun Indiya|Indiya]] . An san shi daga tekuna da ke kewaye da [[Argentina]], [[Kanada]], [[Greenland]], [[Namibiya|Namibia]] da [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ana samun wannan nau'in a yankin bethypelagic a zurfin {{Convert|100-420|m|ft}} . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Phillip C.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, wannan nau'in ba kasafai ake samunsa kusa da bakin teku ba. Misali, a Afirka ta Kudu, an dauki hotonsa a zurfin {{Convert|15|m|ft}} daga [[Camps Bay|Oudekraal]] . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kifin Greenland mai suna''' '''''Caristius fasciatus''''', nau'in kifi ne na musamman. 

== Bayani ==
Wannan kifin mai girman ido mai zagaye an matse shi a gefensa. Launinsa launin shuɗi-toka ne mai launin shuɗi mai haske tare da wasu sanduna masu duhu marasa tsari da kuma fin mai duhu kamar na teku. Fin ɗin dubura, kamar fin ɗin baya, baƙi ne, yayin da fin ɗin caudal da pectoral ƙanana ne kuma masu haske.  Fin ɗinsu na baya, pectoral da dubura ba su da kashin baya kuma an yi su ne da haskoki masu laushi kawai (haskoki 31-34, 16-18 da 18-21 bi da bi). Mutumin da ya fi tsayi da aka rubuta shi ne {{Convert|30|cm|in}} tsayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Caristius fasciatus, Greenland manefish |url=https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/16894 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=www.fishbase.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nau'o'i makamantansu ===
Kifin manefish na Greenland yana da ƙananan haƙora da manyan ƙasusuwa kuma ƙasa da ƙasusuwa fiye da ''[[Caristius macropus]]'' da ''[[Caristius meridionalis]]'' . Ya bambanta da ''[[Caristius digitus]]'' ta hanyar rashin jerin papillae masu kama da yatsu a cikin opercle (kifin manefish na Greenland yana da aƙalla ɗaya), gajerun haƙoran pharyngeal masu siffar conical (suna da tsayi a ''C. digitus'' ), da ƙarancin rakers na gill. 

== Rarrabawa da wurin zama ==
Ana samun wannan nau'in a cikin tekun [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantika]], [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] da [[Tekun Indiya|Indiya]] . An san shi daga tekuna da ke kewaye da [[Argentina]], [[Kanada]], [[Greenland]], [[Namibiya|Namibia]] da [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ana samun wannan nau'in a yankin bethypelagic a zurfin {{Convert|100-420|m|ft}} . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Phillip C.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, wannan nau'in ba kasafai ake samunsa kusa da bakin teku ba. Misali, a Afirka ta Kudu, an dauki hotonsa a zurfin {{Convert|15|m|ft}} daga [[Camps Bay|Oudekraal]] . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Cynoglossus capensis</title>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>44591</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1301277541|Cynoglossus capensis]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Cynoglossus capensis''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''yashi tonguesole''', nau'in kifi ne na tonguefish .
[[Fayil:Sole_at_A-Frame_DSC04159.JPG|left|thumb|191x191px|Kifin yashi a A-Frame, False Bay, Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Bayani ==
Wannan siririyar buri ta girma har zuwa {{Convert|30|cm|in}} tsayi. Yana da launin ruwan kasa mai haske tare da ƙananan tabo masu launin ruwan kasa da kuma kuraje, tare da sassan da suka yi haske a tsakaninsu. Wannan launin yana ba shi damar haɗuwa a ƙasan teku. Kamar sauran kifayen harshe, idanu suna gefen hagu na jiki. 

=== Nau'o'i makamantansu ===
Ana iya rikitar da wannan nau'in da ''Cynoglossus zanzibarensis'', wanda ke da dige-dige ja a kan fin ɗin baya da na dubura.

== Rarrabawa da wurin zama ==
Ana samunsa a kudu maso gabashin [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] kusa da gabar tekun kudu maso yammacin Afirka daga [[Kogin Cunene]] zuwa [[Cape of Good Hope]] . Yawanci ana samunsa a zurfin da bai wuce {{Convert|100|m|ft}} ba., amma kuma an ruwaito shi a kan gangaren nahiyar .  An yi rikodin shi a zurfin har zuwa {{Convert|450|m|ft}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Weerts |first=S.P. |last2=Munroe |first2=T.A. |last3=Nair |first3=R. |date=2019-08-15 |title=Cynoglossus capensis |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15602447/15604020 |journal=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |language=en |doi=10.2305/iucn.uk.2020-1.rlts.t15602447a15604020.en |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fi yawa a yankunan da ƙasan teku ta cika da yashi ko laka. 

== Ilimin Halittu ==
Kifin yashi yana cin ƙananan halittu marasa ƙashi.  An san shi da cewa yana da muhimmiyar nau'in farauta ga hatimin gashin cape da ke kewaye da Plettenberg Bay . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Huisamen |first=J |last2=Kirkman |first2=SP |last3=van der Lingen |first3=CD |last4=Watson |first4=LH |last5=Cockcroft |first5=VG |last6=Jewell |first6=R |last7=Pistorius |first7=PA |date=2012-10-01 |title=Diet of the Cape fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus at the Robberg Peninsula, Plettenberg Bay, and implications for local fisheries |url=https://doi.org/10.2989/1814232X.2012.725524 |journal=African Journal of Marine Science |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=431–441 |doi=10.2989/1814232X.2012.725524 |issn=1814-232X |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kamun Kifi ==
Wannan nau'in kamun kifi ne kawai ke kai hari a kansa, haka kuma wasu kamun kifi na teku suna kama shi a matsayin kamawa . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Weerts |first=S.P. |last2=Munroe |first2=T.A. |last3=Nair |first3=R. |date=2019-08-15 |title=Cynoglossus capensis |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15602447/15604020 |journal=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |language=en |doi=10.2305/iucn.uk.2020-1.rlts.t15602447a15604020.en |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWeertsMunroeNair2019&quot;&gt;Weerts, S.P.; Munroe, T.A.; Nair, R. (2019-08-15). [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15602447/15604020 &quot;Cynoglossus capensis&quot;]. ''The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2020-1.rlts.t15602447a15604020.en|10.2305/iucn.uk.2020-1.rlts.t15602447a15604020.en]]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Huisamen |first=J |last2=Kirkman |first2=SP |last3=van der Lingen |first3=CD |last4=Watson |first4=LH |last5=Cockcroft |first5=VG |last6=Jewell |first6=R |last7=Pistorius |first7=PA |date=2012-10-01 |title=Diet of the Cape fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus at the Robberg Peninsula, Plettenberg Bay, and implications for local fisheries |url=https://doi.org/10.2989/1814232X.2012.725524 |journal=African Journal of Marine Science |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=431–441 |doi=10.2989/1814232X.2012.725524 |issn=1814-232X |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHuisamenKirkmanvan_der_LingenWatson2012&quot;&gt;Huisamen, J; Kirkman, SP; van der Lingen, CD; Watson, LH; Cockcroft, VG; Jewell, R; Pistorius, PA (2012-10-01). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.2989/1814232X.2012.725524|&quot;Diet of the Cape fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus at the Robberg Peninsula, Plettenberg Bay, and implications for local fisheries&quot;]]&lt;/span&gt;. ''African Journal of Marine Science''. '''34''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;431–&lt;/span&gt;441. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2989/1814232X.2012.725524|10.2989/1814232X.2012.725524]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1814-232X 1814-232X].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''''Cynoglossus capensis''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''yashi tonguesole''', nau'in kifi ne na tonguefish .
[[Fayil:Sole_at_A-Frame_DSC04159.JPG|left|thumb|191x191px|Kifin yashi a A-Frame, False Bay, Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Bayani ==
Wannan siririyar buri ta girma har zuwa {{Convert|30|cm|in}} tsayi. Yana da launin ruwan kasa mai haske tare da ƙananan tabo masu launin ruwan kasa da kuma kuraje, tare da sassan da suka yi haske a tsakaninsu. Wannan launin yana ba shi damar haɗuwa a ƙasan teku. Kamar sauran kifayen harshe, idanu suna gefen hagu na jiki. 

=== Nau'o'i makamantansu ===
Ana iya rikitar da wannan nau'in da ''Cynoglossus zanzibarensis'', wanda ke da dige-dige ja a kan fin ɗin baya da na dubura.

== Rarrabawa da wurin zama ==
Ana samunsa a kudu maso gabashin [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] kusa da gabar tekun kudu maso yammacin Afirka daga [[Kogin Cunene]] zuwa [[Cape of Good Hope]] . Yawanci ana samunsa a zurfin da bai wuce {{Convert|100|m|ft}} ba., amma kuma an ruwaito shi a kan gangaren nahiyar .  An yi rikodin shi a zurfin har zuwa {{Convert|450|m|ft}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Weerts |first=S.P. |last2=Munroe |first2=T.A. |last3=Nair |first3=R. |date=2019-08-15 |title=Cynoglossus capensis |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15602447/15604020 |journal=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |language=en |doi=10.2305/iucn.uk.2020-1.rlts.t15602447a15604020.en |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fi yawa a yankunan da ƙasan teku ta cika da yashi ko laka. 

== Ilimin Halittu ==
Kifin yashi yana cin ƙananan halittu marasa ƙashi.  An san shi da cewa yana da muhimmiyar nau'in farauta ga hatimin gashin cape da ke kewaye da Plettenberg Bay . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Huisamen |first=J |last2=Kirkman |first2=SP |last3=van der Lingen |first3=CD |last4=Watson |first4=LH |last5=Cockcroft |first5=VG |last6=Jewell |first6=R |last7=Pistorius |first7=PA |date=2012-10-01 |title=Diet of the Cape fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus at the Robberg Peninsula, Plettenberg Bay, and implications for local fisheries |url=https://doi.org/10.2989/1814232X.2012.725524 |journal=African Journal of Marine Science |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=431–441 |doi=10.2989/1814232X.2012.725524 |issn=1814-232X |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kamun Kifi ==
Wannan nau'in kamun kifi ne kawai ke kai hari a kansa, haka kuma wasu kamun kifi na teku suna kama shi a matsayin kamawa . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Weerts |first=S.P. |last2=Munroe |first2=T.A. |last3=Nair |first3=R. |date=2019-08-15 |title=Cynoglossus capensis |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15602447/15604020 |journal=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |language=en |doi=10.2305/iucn.uk.2020-1.rlts.t15602447a15604020.en |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWeertsMunroeNair2019&quot;&gt;Weerts, S.P.; Munroe, T.A.; Nair, R. (2019-08-15). [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15602447/15604020 &quot;Cynoglossus capensis&quot;]. ''The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2020-1.rlts.t15602447a15604020.en|10.2305/iucn.uk.2020-1.rlts.t15602447a15604020.en]]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Huisamen |first=J |last2=Kirkman |first2=SP |last3=van der Lingen |first3=CD |last4=Watson |first4=LH |last5=Cockcroft |first5=VG |last6=Jewell |first6=R |last7=Pistorius |first7=PA |date=2012-10-01 |title=Diet of the Cape fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus at the Robberg Peninsula, Plettenberg Bay, and implications for local fisheries |url=https://doi.org/10.2989/1814232X.2012.725524 |journal=African Journal of Marine Science |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=431–441 |doi=10.2989/1814232X.2012.725524 |issn=1814-232X |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHuisamenKirkmanvan_der_LingenWatson2012&quot;&gt;Huisamen, J; Kirkman, SP; van der Lingen, CD; Watson, LH; Cockcroft, VG; Jewell, R; Pistorius, PA (2012-10-01). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.2989/1814232X.2012.725524|&quot;Diet of the Cape fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus at the Robberg Peninsula, Plettenberg Bay, and implications for local fisheries&quot;]]&lt;/span&gt;. ''African Journal of Marine Science''. '''34''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;431–&lt;/span&gt;441. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2989/1814232X.2012.725524|10.2989/1814232X.2012.725524]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1814-232X 1814-232X].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Giant redfin</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355108308|Giant redfin]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Speciesbox|taxon=Pseudobarbus skeltoni|display_parents=3|authority=Chakona &amp; Swartz, 2013|image=}}

'''Babban redfin''' ( '''''Pseudobarbus skeltoni''''' ) nau'in kifi ne mai ruwa-ruwa na Afirka a cikin dangin Cyprinidae . 

Yana da yawa a tsarin [[kogin Breede]] a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] .

== Manazarta ==</text>
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{{Speciesbox|taxon=Pseudobarbus skeltoni|display_parents=3|authority=Chakona &amp; Swartz, 2013|image=}}

'''Babban redfin''' ( '''''Pseudobarbus skeltoni''''' ) nau'in kifi ne mai ruwa-ruwa na Afirka a cikin dangin Cyprinidae . 

Yana da yawa a tsarin [[kogin Breede]] a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] .

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Chiloglanis emarginatus</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314006863|Chiloglanis emarginatus]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Chiloglanis emarginatus''''', '''Phongolo suckermouth''', nau'in kifin kifin da ke juyewa ƙasa ne, wanda asalinsa ya samo asali ne daga [[Eswatini]], [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da [[Zimbabwe]] . Daga wannan yanki, yana faruwa a [[Kogin Pongola|Pongola]], [[Kogin Komati|Komati]], [[Kogin Pungwe|Pungwe]] da kuma [[Kogin Zambezi|kogunan Zambezi]] na tsakiya zuwa ƙasa. Wannan nau'in yana girma zuwa {{Convert|6.5|cm|in}} SL . Wannan kifin ba shi da wani muhimmanci a fannin kamun kifi na gida. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''''Chiloglanis emarginatus''''', '''Phongolo suckermouth''', nau'in kifin kifin da ke juyewa ƙasa ne, wanda asalinsa ya samo asali ne daga [[Eswatini]], [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da [[Zimbabwe]] . Daga wannan yanki, yana faruwa a [[Kogin Pongola|Pongola]], [[Kogin Komati|Komati]], [[Kogin Pungwe|Pungwe]] da kuma [[Kogin Zambezi|kogunan Zambezi]] na tsakiya zuwa ƙasa. Wannan nau'in yana girma zuwa {{Convert|6.5|cm|in}} SL . Wannan kifin ba shi da wani muhimmanci a fannin kamun kifi na gida. 

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    <title>HMS Acheron (1803)</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345228026|HMS Acheron (1803)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''HMS ''Acheron''''' ita ce jirgin ruwan kasuwanci ''na New Grove'', wanda aka harba a Whitby a shekarar 1799, wanda Admiralty ta saya a shekarar 1803 kuma aka sanya shi a matsayin jirgin bam. Ta yi aiki a Bahar Rum na tsawon shekara guda. A ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 1805, ita da {{HMS|Arrow|1796|2}} suna raka ayarin motoci daga Malta zuwa Ingila lokacin da suka ci karo da jiragen ruwan Faransa guda biyu. ''Arrow'' da ''Acheron'' sun sami damar ceton yawancin jiragen ruwan da ke cikin ayarin ta hanyar juriyarsu kafin a tilasta musu kai hari . ''Arrow'' ya nutse kusan nan da nan bayan sun mika wuya, kuma ''Acheron'' ya lalace sosai har Faransawa suka ƙone ta. Duk da haka, sadaukarwar jiragen ruwan Burtaniya ta bai wa kusan dukkan jiragen ruwan da ke cikin ayarin damar tserewa.

== Aikin kasuwanci ==
''New Grove'' ta fara bayyana a cikin ''Lloyd's Register'' a shekarar 1800, tare da mai shi T. Brown da T. Lacey, master. Tana cikin cinikin London-Jamaika.  A lokacin shekarar ta karɓi sabon master, J. Barclay, da Suriname a matsayin inda za ta je. Bayan haka ta ci gaba da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ikon Barclay, kuma tana cikin cinikin Jamaica har sai da Brown ya sayar da ita ga Admiralty a watan Oktoba 1803.

== HMS ''Acheron'' ==
Rundunar sojojin Admiralty ta sanya wa siyan jirgin ruwan HMS ''Acheron'' suna kuma ta sanya shi a matsayin jirgin ruwan bam tsakanin 28 ga Oktoba da 2 ga Maris 1804, a Woolwich Dockyard. Kwamanda Arthur Farquhar ya ba ta umarni a watan Disamba 1803 don zuwa Bahar Rum. [ 2 ]

A watan Yuli, ''Acheron'' yana cikin tawagar sojojin Birtaniya da suka toshe tashar jiragen ruwa, suna rufe jiragen ruwan Faransa. Tsakanin 2 da 5 ga Agusta, mummunan yanayi ya kori sojojin Birtaniya daga tashar. Admiral de Latouche Tréville ya yi amfani da damar ya yi jigilar fasinjoji daga Toulon don bai wa ma'aikatansa damar yin atisaye. Duk da haka, bai yi ƙoƙarin yin tafiya a jirgin ruwa zuwa Boulogne ba, kamar yadda Napoleon ya so.  A gaskiya, de Latouche Tréville ya yi rashin lafiya kuma ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Agusta.

A ranar 23 ga Nuwamba, ''Achiron'' ya kama ''Adamo'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{London Gazette|issue=16195|page=1461|date=25 October 1808}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Acheron'' ya kuma raba kudaden da rundunar Nelson ta ''Maria Magdalena'', ''St. Judas Tadeo'', ''Victoria'', ''Agatha'', da ''Corvo'' suka samu daga kamawar a ranakun 15, 17, da 21 ga Nuwamba, da kuma 8 ga Disamba. &lt;ref&gt;{{London Gazette|issue=16429|page=1906|date=27 November 1810}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kyaftin Richard Budd Vincent, na ''Arrow'', ya isa Malta a ranar 20 ga Disamba daga Naples. A Malta, ya sami umarni ya kai jiragen ruwan 'yan kasuwa da suka taru a can zuwa Ingila, bayan da wasu 'yan kasuwa suka zo daga [[Izmir|Smyrna]] don shiga cikin ayarin. Umarnin ya kuma bayyana cewa zai tafi da ''Acheron'' don taimaka masa wajen kare cinikin. &lt;ref name=&quot;NC&quot;&gt;''Naval Chronicle'', Vol. &lt;/ref&gt; ''Arrow'' zai dawo Ingila saboda tana matukar bukatar gyara wanda za a iya yi a can kawai. Jiragen ruwan Smyrna sun isa a ranar 2 ga Janairu 1805, kuma ayarin ya tafi Ingila a ranar 4 ga Janairu. 

== Kaddara ==
French frigate Hortense da French frigate Masu cin hanci da rashawa suna tafiya a bakin tekun Algeria a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1805, suka yi karo da ayarin motoci, suka lalata jiragen ruwa bakwai. Bayan kwana biyu, sun ci karo da wani ayarin motoci.
[[Fayil:Francis_Sartorius_II_(c.1777-c.1831)_-_End_of_the_Action_between_HMS_'Arrow'_and_'Acheron'_and_the_French_Frigates_'Hortense'_and_'Incorruptible'_-_BHC2384_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg|thumb|360x360px|Ƙarshen yaƙin tsakanin HMS ''Arrow'' da ''Acheron'' da jiragen ruwan Faransa kirar ''Hortense'' da ''Incorruptible'', Francis Sartorious, Jr., Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Maritime, Greenwich]]
Wannan ayarin motoci na biyu shine ayarin motocin da ''Arrow'' da ''Acheron'' ke raka. Da sanyin safiyar ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 'yan Birtaniya sun tashi daga Cape Caxine lokacin da suka hango jiragen ruwan Faransa guda biyu, waɗanda da farko 'yan Birtaniya suka yi tunanin cewa membobin ayarin motocin ne ke sake haɗuwa. Lokacin da ya bayyana cewa jiragen ruwan da ba a saba gani ba jiragen ruwan Faransa ne, ''Arrow'' ya jefar da abin jan hankalin zuwa ga jirgin ruwa mai ''suna Adventure'', wanda ke zubar da ruwa kuma Birtaniya ta lalata don hana ta faɗawa hannun abokan gaba. Daga nan sai ''Arrow'' da ''Acheron'' suka sanya kansu tsakanin ayarin motocin da Faransawan da ke bin sa. Vincent ya yi wa jiragen ruwan alama don su shirya wani wuri da aka tsara. Jiragen ruwan Faransa ba su isa ga jiragen ruwan Royal Navy ba sai da safiyar ranar 4 ga Fabrairu. Da farko, ''Hortense'' ya yi karo da ''Acheron'', kuma ''Arrow'' ya harba wani babban gefen ''Hortense'' . Bayan kimanin sa'o'i biyu, ''Incorruptible'' ya shiga aikin. Vincent ya yi wa ''Duchess ta Rutland'' alama, wacce ta fi kowa iyawa, kodayake ba ta da yawa, daga cikin jiragen ruwan 'yan kasuwa, don shiga aikin, alamar ''da Duchess ta Rutland'' ta yi watsi da ita. A tsawon lokacin aikin, jiragen ruwan Royal Navy sun kasance cikin matsala. Ba wai kawai jiragen ruwan yaƙi na Faransa suna da ƙarin bindigogi da sojoji ba, har ma bindigogin Faransa bindigogi ne, yayin da bindigogin Birtaniya kusan dukkansu bindigogi ne. Saboda haka, Faransawa za su iya tsayawa su harba bindigoginsu yayin da suke nesa da tasirin manyan bindigogin. Haka kuma, Faransawa suna ɗauke da adadi mai yawa na sojoji waɗanda ke cin zarafin Birtaniya da ƙananan bindigogi duk lokacin da jiragen suka rufe. &lt;ref name=&quot;LC15790&quot;&gt;{{London Gazette|date=19 March 1805}}&lt;/ref&gt; [ 12 ] Bayan kimanin awa ɗaya, Vincent dole ne ya kai hari . Rigar ''{{'}}'' ta cika da ruwa kuma an sauke bindigoginta guda huɗu. Ta kuma sami mummunan rauni. An lalata dukkan jiragen ruwan ''{{'}}'', amma jiragen ruwa daga ''Incorruptible'' sun kwace waɗanda suka tsira, kuma sun ceci waɗannan mutanen daga ''Arrow'' waɗanda suka yi tsalle cikin ruwa yayin da ''Arrow'' ya juya kan ƙarshen katakonta ya nutse. &lt;ref name=&quot;LC15790&quot; /&gt; [ 12 ]

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'''HMS ''Acheron''''' ita ce jirgin ruwan kasuwanci ''na New Grove'', wanda aka harba a Whitby a shekarar 1799, wanda Admiralty ta saya a shekarar 1803 kuma aka sanya shi a matsayin jirgin bam. Ta yi aiki a Bahar Rum na tsawon shekara guda. A ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 1805, ita da {{HMS|Arrow|1796|2}} suna raka ayarin motoci daga Malta zuwa Ingila lokacin da suka ci karo da jiragen ruwan Faransa guda biyu. ''Arrow'' da ''Acheron'' sun sami damar ceton yawancin jiragen ruwan da ke cikin ayarin ta hanyar juriyarsu kafin a tilasta musu kai hari . ''Arrow'' ya nutse kusan nan da nan bayan sun mika wuya, kuma ''Acheron'' ya lalace sosai har Faransawa suka ƙone ta. Duk da haka, sadaukarwar jiragen ruwan Burtaniya ta bai wa kusan dukkan jiragen ruwan da ke cikin ayarin damar tserewa.

== Aikin kasuwanci ==
''New Grove'' ta fara bayyana a cikin ''Lloyd's Register'' a shekarar 1800, tare da mai shi T. Brown da T. Lacey, master. Tana cikin cinikin London-Jamaika.  A lokacin shekarar ta karɓi sabon master, J. Barclay, da Suriname a matsayin inda za ta je. Bayan haka ta ci gaba da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ikon Barclay, kuma tana cikin cinikin Jamaica har sai da Brown ya sayar da ita ga Admiralty a watan Oktoba 1803.

== HMS ''Acheron'' ==
Rundunar sojojin Admiralty ta sanya wa siyan jirgin ruwan HMS ''Acheron'' suna kuma ta sanya shi a matsayin jirgin ruwan bam tsakanin 28 ga Oktoba da 2 ga Maris 1804, a Woolwich Dockyard. Kwamanda Arthur Farquhar ya ba ta umarni a watan Disamba 1803 don zuwa Bahar Rum. [ 2 ]

A watan Yuli, ''Acheron'' yana cikin tawagar sojojin Birtaniya da suka toshe tashar jiragen ruwa, suna rufe jiragen ruwan Faransa. Tsakanin 2 da 5 ga Agusta, mummunan yanayi ya kori sojojin Birtaniya daga tashar. Admiral de Latouche Tréville ya yi amfani da damar ya yi jigilar fasinjoji daga Toulon don bai wa ma'aikatansa damar yin atisaye. Duk da haka, bai yi ƙoƙarin yin tafiya a jirgin ruwa zuwa Boulogne ba, kamar yadda Napoleon ya so.  A gaskiya, de Latouche Tréville ya yi rashin lafiya kuma ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Agusta.

A ranar 23 ga Nuwamba, ''Achiron'' ya kama ''Adamo'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{London Gazette|issue=16195|page=1461|date=25 October 1808}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Acheron'' ya kuma raba kudaden da rundunar Nelson ta ''Maria Magdalena'', ''St. Judas Tadeo'', ''Victoria'', ''Agatha'', da ''Corvo'' suka samu daga kamawar a ranakun 15, 17, da 21 ga Nuwamba, da kuma 8 ga Disamba. &lt;ref&gt;{{London Gazette|issue=16429|page=1906|date=27 November 1810}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kyaftin Richard Budd Vincent, na ''Arrow'', ya isa Malta a ranar 20 ga Disamba daga Naples. A Malta, ya sami umarni ya kai jiragen ruwan 'yan kasuwa da suka taru a can zuwa Ingila, bayan da wasu 'yan kasuwa suka zo daga [[Izmir|Smyrna]] don shiga cikin ayarin. Umarnin ya kuma bayyana cewa zai tafi da ''Acheron'' don taimaka masa wajen kare cinikin. &lt;ref name=&quot;NC&quot;&gt;''Naval Chronicle'', Vol. &lt;/ref&gt; ''Arrow'' zai dawo Ingila saboda tana matukar bukatar gyara wanda za a iya yi a can kawai. Jiragen ruwan Smyrna sun isa a ranar 2 ga Janairu 1805, kuma ayarin ya tafi Ingila a ranar 4 ga Janairu. 

== Kaddara ==
French frigate Hortense da French frigate Masu cin hanci da rashawa suna tafiya a bakin tekun Algeria a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1805, suka yi karo da ayarin motoci, suka lalata jiragen ruwa bakwai. Bayan kwana biyu, sun ci karo da wani ayarin motoci.
[[Fayil:Francis_Sartorius_II_(c.1777-c.1831)_-_End_of_the_Action_between_HMS_'Arrow'_and_'Acheron'_and_the_French_Frigates_'Hortense'_and_'Incorruptible'_-_BHC2384_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg|thumb|360x360px|Ƙarshen yaƙin tsakanin HMS ''Arrow'' da ''Acheron'' da jiragen ruwan Faransa kirar ''Hortense'' da ''Incorruptible'', Francis Sartorious, Jr., Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Maritime, Greenwich]]
Wannan ayarin motoci na biyu shine ayarin motocin da ''Arrow'' da ''Acheron'' ke raka. Da sanyin safiyar ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 'yan Birtaniya sun tashi daga Cape Caxine lokacin da suka hango jiragen ruwan Faransa guda biyu, waɗanda da farko 'yan Birtaniya suka yi tunanin cewa membobin ayarin motocin ne ke sake haɗuwa. Lokacin da ya bayyana cewa jiragen ruwan da ba a saba gani ba jiragen ruwan Faransa ne, ''Arrow'' ya jefar da abin jan hankalin zuwa ga jirgin ruwa mai ''suna Adventure'', wanda ke zubar da ruwa kuma Birtaniya ta lalata don hana ta faɗawa hannun abokan gaba. Daga nan sai ''Arrow'' da ''Acheron'' suka sanya kansu tsakanin ayarin motocin da Faransawan da ke bin sa. Vincent ya yi wa jiragen ruwan alama don su shirya wani wuri da aka tsara. Jiragen ruwan Faransa ba su isa ga jiragen ruwan Royal Navy ba sai da safiyar ranar 4 ga Fabrairu. Da farko, ''Hortense'' ya yi karo da ''Acheron'', kuma ''Arrow'' ya harba wani babban gefen ''Hortense'' . Bayan kimanin sa'o'i biyu, ''Incorruptible'' ya shiga aikin. Vincent ya yi wa ''Duchess ta Rutland'' alama, wacce ta fi kowa iyawa, kodayake ba ta da yawa, daga cikin jiragen ruwan 'yan kasuwa, don shiga aikin, alamar ''da Duchess ta Rutland'' ta yi watsi da ita. A tsawon lokacin aikin, jiragen ruwan Royal Navy sun kasance cikin matsala. Ba wai kawai jiragen ruwan yaƙi na Faransa suna da ƙarin bindigogi da sojoji ba, har ma bindigogin Faransa bindigogi ne, yayin da bindigogin Birtaniya kusan dukkansu bindigogi ne. Saboda haka, Faransawa za su iya tsayawa su harba bindigoginsu yayin da suke nesa da tasirin manyan bindigogin. Haka kuma, Faransawa suna ɗauke da adadi mai yawa na sojoji waɗanda ke cin zarafin Birtaniya da ƙananan bindigogi duk lokacin da jiragen suka rufe. &lt;ref name=&quot;LC15790&quot;&gt;{{London Gazette|date=19 March 1805}}&lt;/ref&gt; [ 12 ] Bayan kimanin awa ɗaya, Vincent dole ne ya kai hari . Rigar ''{{'}}'' ta cika da ruwa kuma an sauke bindigoginta guda huɗu. Ta kuma sami mummunan rauni. An lalata dukkan jiragen ruwan ''{{'}}'', amma jiragen ruwa daga ''Incorruptible'' sun kwace waɗanda suka tsira, kuma sun ceci waɗannan mutanen daga ''Arrow'' waɗanda suka yi tsalle cikin ruwa yayin da ''Arrow'' ya juya kan ƙarshen katakonta ya nutse. &lt;ref name=&quot;LC15790&quot; /&gt; [ 12 ]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gidan kayan gargajiya na Bartolomeu Dias</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356092380|Bartolomeu Dias Museum Complex]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Gidan Tarihi na Bartolomeu Dias''' (wanda kuma aka rubuta &quot;Bartholomeu&quot;) shine gidan tarihi na biyu mafi girma a lardin da ke da alaƙa da Sashen Al'adu da Wasanni na Yammacin Cape a Afirka ta Kudu. Yana nan a Mossel Bay . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dias Museum, Mossel Bay |url=http://www.southafrica.net/za/en/articles/entry/article-southafrica.net-dias-museum-mossel-bay |access-date=17 January 2014 |publisher=southafrica.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
Gidan Tarihi na Bartolomeu Dias wata cibiya ce ta gwamnati mai fannoni daban-daban wadda aka ba wa alhakin kiyayewa da kuma kiyaye albarkatun al'adu da na halitta na gida don ilimi da jin daɗin baƙi na gida da na waje. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Haka kuma ana buƙatar bayar da gudummawa ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin yankin ta hanyar jawo hankalin baƙi daga sassa daban-daban na duniya waɗanda ke ƙarewa suna kashe kuɗinsu a harkokin kasuwancin gida. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, Gidan Tarihi na Dias ya kasance ginshiƙin masana'antar yawon buɗe ido a Mossel Bay . Mutane da yawa waɗanda ke tafiya ta hanyar Garden Route daga [[Cape Town]] zuwa [[Port Elizabeth]], akasin haka, suna zuwa Mossel Bay don ganin gidan tarihi. Ƙungiyoyi da daidaikun mutane na gida daban-daban suna amfani da kayan tarihi don al'adu, tarurruka, bita da tarurruka. Bartolomeu Dias ya sauka a Mossel Bay a 1488. Duk wurin gidan tarihi wuri ne na tarihi na lardin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bartolomeu Dias Museum |url=http://www.westerncape.gov.za/facility/bartolomeu-dias-museum-0 |access-date=17 January 2013 |publisher=Western Cape Government}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gidan tarihin yana da fannoni daban-daban na tarihi domin ya ƙunshi tarihin al'adu da na halitta na Mossel Bay. Lambun tsirrai na wurin yana da tsire-tsire da bishiyoyi na asali waɗanda mazauna yankin na farko suka yi amfani da su a matsayin ganye. A wurin akwai kabarin bayin [[Maleshiya|Malay]] wanda a halin yanzu al'ummar [[musulmi]] na yankin ke amfani da shi a matsayin wurin ibada. Ana kiran gidan tarihin &quot;hadaddun&quot; saboda ya ƙunshi gine-gine uku, wato Gidan Tarihin Ruwa, Gidan Tarihin Shell, da kuma Granary. A cikin gidan tarihin akwai kuma gine-gine biyu na ƙarni na 19 da ake kira Munro cottages.

== Tarihi ==
Wannan gidan tarihi wani babban ci gaba ne na '''Gidan Tarihi na Mossel Bay''' wanda Hukumar Amintattu ta kafa a ranar 23 ga Agusta 1960. Mai Gudanarwa ne ya ayyana shi ta amfani da Dokar 1914. Babu wani muhimmin jigo a ciki yayin da aka nemi mutanen yankin su bayar da gudummawar kayayyakin tarihi na yankin. An bude gidan tarihi na asali ga jama'a a shekarar 1963. Hukumar Amintattu ce ta kafa '''Gidan Tarihi na Ofishin Wasiku''' a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1984. An kafa Gidan Tarihi na Bartolomeu Dias a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 1989 sakamakon Bikin Dias na 1988. Mai Gudanarwa ya yi amfani da Dokar 1975 don canza sunan Gidan Tarihi na Ofishin Wasiku na Yankin Bishiyoyi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Bartolomeu Dias.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Gidan Tarihi na Bartolomeu Dias''' (wanda kuma aka rubuta &quot;Bartholomeu&quot;) shine gidan tarihi na biyu mafi girma a lardin da ke da alaƙa da Sashen Al'adu da Wasanni na Yammacin Cape a Afirka ta Kudu. Yana nan a Mossel Bay . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dias Museum, Mossel Bay |url=http://www.southafrica.net/za/en/articles/entry/article-southafrica.net-dias-museum-mossel-bay |access-date=17 January 2014 |publisher=southafrica.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
Gidan Tarihi na Bartolomeu Dias wata cibiya ce ta gwamnati mai fannoni daban-daban wadda aka ba wa alhakin kiyayewa da kuma kiyaye albarkatun al'adu da na halitta na gida don ilimi da jin daɗin baƙi na gida da na waje. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Haka kuma ana buƙatar bayar da gudummawa ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin yankin ta hanyar jawo hankalin baƙi daga sassa daban-daban na duniya waɗanda ke ƙarewa suna kashe kuɗinsu a harkokin kasuwancin gida. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, Gidan Tarihi na Dias ya kasance ginshiƙin masana'antar yawon buɗe ido a Mossel Bay . Mutane da yawa waɗanda ke tafiya ta hanyar Garden Route daga [[Cape Town]] zuwa [[Port Elizabeth]], akasin haka, suna zuwa Mossel Bay don ganin gidan tarihi. Ƙungiyoyi da daidaikun mutane na gida daban-daban suna amfani da kayan tarihi don al'adu, tarurruka, bita da tarurruka. Bartolomeu Dias ya sauka a Mossel Bay a 1488. Duk wurin gidan tarihi wuri ne na tarihi na lardin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bartolomeu Dias Museum |url=http://www.westerncape.gov.za/facility/bartolomeu-dias-museum-0 |access-date=17 January 2013 |publisher=Western Cape Government}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gidan tarihin yana da fannoni daban-daban na tarihi domin ya ƙunshi tarihin al'adu da na halitta na Mossel Bay. Lambun tsirrai na wurin yana da tsire-tsire da bishiyoyi na asali waɗanda mazauna yankin na farko suka yi amfani da su a matsayin ganye. A wurin akwai kabarin bayin [[Maleshiya|Malay]] wanda a halin yanzu al'ummar [[musulmi]] na yankin ke amfani da shi a matsayin wurin ibada. Ana kiran gidan tarihin &quot;hadaddun&quot; saboda ya ƙunshi gine-gine uku, wato Gidan Tarihin Ruwa, Gidan Tarihin Shell, da kuma Granary. A cikin gidan tarihin akwai kuma gine-gine biyu na ƙarni na 19 da ake kira Munro cottages.

== Tarihi ==
Wannan gidan tarihi wani babban ci gaba ne na '''Gidan Tarihi na Mossel Bay''' wanda Hukumar Amintattu ta kafa a ranar 23 ga Agusta 1960. Mai Gudanarwa ne ya ayyana shi ta amfani da Dokar 1914. Babu wani muhimmin jigo a ciki yayin da aka nemi mutanen yankin su bayar da gudummawar kayayyakin tarihi na yankin. An bude gidan tarihi na asali ga jama'a a shekarar 1963. Hukumar Amintattu ce ta kafa '''Gidan Tarihi na Ofishin Wasiku''' a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1984. An kafa Gidan Tarihi na Bartolomeu Dias a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 1989 sakamakon Bikin Dias na 1988. Mai Gudanarwa ya yi amfani da Dokar 1975 don canza sunan Gidan Tarihi na Ofishin Wasiku na Yankin Bishiyoyi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Bartolomeu Dias.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>MV Harambee</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330499544|MV Harambee]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2816" sha1="nz3c0lasukp1qqcib5dkn5iptcrkg4n" xml:space="preserve">Jirgin ruwan '''MV ''Harambee''''' wani jirgin ruwa ne na jigilar kaya da Jamus ta gina, wanda da farko aka yi odarsa a matsayin '''''Reg IV''''' . An saye ta a lokacin da ake gina ta a wani kamfani daban, kuma an ƙaddamar da ita a shekarar 1953 kuma ta yi aiki tare da Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Jamus a ƙarƙashin sunan '''''Belgrano''''', tana yin tafiye-tafiye zuwa Kudancin Amurka har zuwa 1966. An sayar da ita ga wani kamfanin Afirka, aka sake sanya mata suna '''''Harambee''''', kuma ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru goma sha uku, kafin a sake sayar da ita, aka sake sanya mata suna '''''Arambee''''', aka kuma watsar da ita a [[Taiwan]] jim kaɗan bayan haka.

== Gine-gine da farkon aikinsu ==
An fara tsara ''Harambee'' a matsayin ''Reg IV'', wanda aka ba da umarni daga Lübecker Flender-Werke, [[Lübeck]], na Rohstoff Einfuhr Gesellschaft kuma ya shimfiɗa shi azaman yadi No 435.
[[Fayil:HSDG_cargo_motor_ship_Belgrano_in_Port_Adelaide_in_November_1959.png|left|thumb|&lt;small&gt;Jirgin MV ''Belgrano'' a Port Adelaide a watan Nuwamban 1959&lt;/small&gt;]]
An saye ta ne a lokacin da ake kan gina ta a hannun Rudolf A. Oetker, [[Hamburg]], kuma an kammala ta a kamfanin da sunan ''Belgrano'' . An ƙaddamar da ita a ranar 27 ga Agusta 1953 kuma aka kawo ta ga kamfanin a ranar 21 ga Oktoba a wannan shekarar. Tana da tan 6,169 GT, 3,776 NT ta kasance {{Convert|482|ft|m}} tsayi gabaɗaya, tare da katako na {{Convert|59|ft|9|in|m}} da kuma zane na {{Convert|25|ft|2|in|m}} . Tana da injin mai na MAN mai silinda 6 wanda zai iya ƙarfin 4,000 bhp, za ta iya cimma saurin {{Convert|13|kn|mph+kph}} . Tana cikin ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na 33, kuma tana da masauki ga fasinjoji takwas.

== Aikin Afirka da kuma ikon mallakarsa ==
A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 1966, Hamburg-Süd ta sayar da jirgin ga Eastern Africa National Shipping Line Ltd. (Southern Line Ltd, manajoji), wanda ke [[Mombasa]] kuma gwamnatocin Kenya, Tanzania da Uganda ne suka mallaki jirgin tare a [[Al'ummar Gabashin Afirka|yankin Gabashin Afirka]] . Sabbin masu jirgin sun sake mata suna ''Harambee'', kuma sun yi mata rijista a ƙarƙashin tutar ja . A shekarar 1969 ta bayyana a kan tambarin jigilar kaya na senti 50 da hukumar gidan waya ta Kenya, Uganda, da Tanzania ta bayar.  ''Harambee'' ta yi tafiya na tsawon shekaru 13 a kamfanin har sai da aka sayar da ita ga Silverstar Corporation, [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]] a watan Agusta na 1979 aka kuma sake mata suna zuwa ''Arambee'' . Aikinta a wannan yanayin bai yi nisa ba, ta yi tafiya ɗaya kawai ga kamfanin, tsakanin Gdynia da [[Fushiki]], sannan aka sayar da ita don a share ta. Ta yi tafiya zuwa [[Kaohsiung]], [[Taiwan]], ta isa a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 1980, kuma an fara aikin rushe jirgin a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu a wuraren da ke wargajewa na Yih Shen Steel Enterprise Co. Ltd.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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Jirgin ruwan '''MV ''Harambee''''' wani jirgin ruwa ne na jigilar kaya da Jamus ta gina, wanda da farko aka yi odarsa a matsayin '''''Reg IV''''' . An saye ta a lokacin da ake gina ta a wani kamfani daban, kuma an ƙaddamar da ita a shekarar 1953 kuma ta yi aiki tare da Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Jamus a ƙarƙashin sunan '''''Belgrano''''', tana yin tafiye-tafiye zuwa Kudancin Amurka har zuwa 1966. An sayar da ita ga wani kamfanin Afirka, aka sake sanya mata suna '''''Harambee''''', kuma ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru goma sha uku, kafin a sake sayar da ita, aka sake sanya mata suna '''''Arambee''''', aka kuma watsar da ita a [[Taiwan]] jim kaɗan bayan haka.

== Gine-gine da farkon aikinsu ==
An fara tsara ''Harambee'' a matsayin ''Reg IV'', wanda aka ba da umarni daga Lübecker Flender-Werke, [[Lübeck]], na Rohstoff Einfuhr Gesellschaft kuma ya shimfiɗa shi azaman yadi No 435.
[[Fayil:HSDG_cargo_motor_ship_Belgrano_in_Port_Adelaide_in_November_1959.png|left|thumb|&lt;small&gt;Jirgin MV ''Belgrano'' a Port Adelaide a watan Nuwamban 1959&lt;/small&gt;]]
An saye ta ne a lokacin da ake kan gina ta a hannun Rudolf A. Oetker, [[Hamburg]], kuma an kammala ta a kamfanin da sunan ''Belgrano'' . An ƙaddamar da ita a ranar 27 ga Agusta 1953 kuma aka kawo ta ga kamfanin a ranar 21 ga Oktoba a wannan shekarar. Tana da tan 6,169 GT, 3,776 NT ta kasance {{Convert|482|ft|m}} tsayi gabaɗaya, tare da katako na {{Convert|59|ft|9|in|m}} da kuma zane na {{Convert|25|ft|2|in|m}} . Tana da injin mai na MAN mai silinda 6 wanda zai iya ƙarfin 4,000 bhp, za ta iya cimma saurin {{Convert|13|kn|mph+kph}} . Tana cikin ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na 33, kuma tana da masauki ga fasinjoji takwas.

== Aikin Afirka da kuma ikon mallakarsa ==
A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 1966, Hamburg-Süd ta sayar da jirgin ga Eastern Africa National Shipping Line Ltd. (Southern Line Ltd, manajoji), wanda ke [[Mombasa]] kuma gwamnatocin Kenya, Tanzania da Uganda ne suka mallaki jirgin tare a [[Al'ummar Gabashin Afirka|yankin Gabashin Afirka]] . Sabbin masu jirgin sun sake mata suna ''Harambee'', kuma sun yi mata rijista a ƙarƙashin tutar ja . A shekarar 1969 ta bayyana a kan tambarin jigilar kaya na senti 50 da hukumar gidan waya ta Kenya, Uganda, da Tanzania ta bayar.  ''Harambee'' ta yi tafiya na tsawon shekaru 13 a kamfanin har sai da aka sayar da ita ga Silverstar Corporation, [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]] a watan Agusta na 1979 aka kuma sake mata suna zuwa ''Arambee'' . Aikinta a wannan yanayin bai yi nisa ba, ta yi tafiya ɗaya kawai ga kamfanin, tsakanin Gdynia da [[Fushiki]], sannan aka sayar da ita don a share ta. Ta yi tafiya zuwa [[Kaohsiung]], [[Taiwan]], ta isa a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 1980, kuma an fara aikin rushe jirgin a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu a wuraren da ke wargajewa na Yih Shen Steel Enterprise Co. Ltd.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ruwan Kal</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355425886|Vinegar]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:Eguilles_20110828_14.jpg|thumb|Iri-iri na ruwan ruwan kal mai ɗanɗano, don amfani na abinci, na sayarwa a [[Faransa]]]]
'''Ruwan Kal''' (daga   'ya'yan inabi') wani bayani ne mai ƙanshi mai ƙanshi na diluted acetic acid da trace compounds wanda zai iya haɗawa da dandano ko kuma halitta halitta mahadi. Ruwan Kal yawanci yana ƙunshe da daga 4% zuwa 18% acetic acid ta girma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Acetic acid: general information |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/acetic-acid-properties-uses-and-incident-management/acetic-acid-general-information |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=GOV.UK |publisher=[[Government Digital Service]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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[[Fayil:Eguilles_20110828_14.jpg|thumb|Iri-iri na ruwan ruwan kal mai ɗanɗano, don amfani na abinci, na sayarwa a [[Faransa]]]]
'''Ruwan Kal''' (daga   'ya'yan inabi') wani bayani ne mai ƙanshi wanda aka sirka da acetic acid da trace compounds wanda zai iya haɗawa da dandano ko kuma halitta halitta mahadi. Ruwan Kal yawanci yana ƙunshe da daga 4% zuwa 18% acetic acid ta girma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Acetic acid: general information |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/acetic-acid-properties-uses-and-incident-management/acetic-acid-general-information |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=GOV.UK |publisher=[[Government Digital Service]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Goblin shark</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359506240|Goblin shark]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kifin goblin''' ( '''''Mitsukurina owstoni''''' ) wani nau'in kifin shark ne mai zurfi a cikin teku. Wani lokaci ana kiransa &quot; burbushin halittu masu rai &quot;, shine kaɗai wakilin dangin Mitsukurinidae, zuriyarsa mai shekaru miliyan 125. Wannan dabba mai launin ruwan hoda tana da siffar musamman tare da dogon hanci mai faɗi, da kuma muƙamuƙi masu fitowa sosai waɗanda ke ɗauke da haƙoran da suka yi kama da ƙusa. Yawanci tana kaiwa tsawon mita 3 zuwa 4 (ƙafa 10 zuwa 13) idan ta girma sosai, kodayake tana iya girma sosai - kamar samfurin da aka kama a shekara ta 2000, wanda aka yi imanin yana da tsawon mita 6 (ƙafa 20). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Kifin shark na Goblin halittu ne masu kama da benthopelagic waɗanda ke zaune a saman gangaren nahiyar, kwaruruka na ƙarƙashin ruwa, da kuma tuddai a ko'ina cikin duniya a zurfin sama da {{Convert|100|m|ft|-1}}, inda aka gano manya da zurfi fiye da yara ƙanana. Wasu masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa waɗannan sharks ɗin za su iya nutsewa zuwa zurfin har zuwa {{Convert|1300|m|ft|-1}}, na ɗan gajeren lokaci; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Parsons |first=Glenn R. |last2=Ingram |first2=G. Walter |last3=Havard |first3=Ralph |date=2002 |title=First Record of the Goblin Shark Mitsukurina owstoni, Jordan (Family Mitsukurinidae) in the Gulf of Mexico |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3877998 |journal=Southeastern Naturalist |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=189–192 |doi=10.1656/1528-7092(2002)001[0189:FROTGS]2.0.CO;2 |issn=1528-7092 |jstor=3877998 |s2cid=86600875 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; hotunan da aka ɗauka a shekarar 2024 sun nuna cewa zangonsu na iya zama mafi zurfi fiye da yadda aka zata a baya, tare da tabbatar da ganin babban mutum yana iyo a {{Convert|2000|m|ft|-1}} .  

Siffofi daban-daban na kifin goblin, kamar jikinsa mai laushi da ƙananan fin-fin, suna nuna cewa yana da jinkiri a yanayi. Wannan nau'in yana farautar kifayen teleost, cephalopods, da crustaceans kusa da ƙasan teku da kuma tsakiyar ginshiƙin ruwa . Dogon hancinsa an rufe shi da ampullae na Lorenzini waɗanda ke jin ƙananan filayen lantarki da abincin da ke kusa ke samarwa, wanda zai iya kamawa ta hanyar faɗaɗa muƙamuƙinsa cikin sauri. Ƙananan adadin kifin goblin ana kama su ba da gangan ba ta hanyar kamun kifi na zurfin ruwa. Ƙungiyar Kare Yanayi ta Duniya (IUCN) ta kimanta shi a matsayin Mafi Damuwa, duk da ƙarancinsa, tana mai ambaton yaɗuwarsa da ƙarancin kamuwa da cuta.

== Tsarin Haraji ==
[[Fayil:Mitsu.JPG|left|thumb|Bambancin matsayin muƙamuƙi a cikin sharks na goblin da aka kiyaye ya sa aka kwatanta samfura da yawa a matsayin nau'ikan halittu daban-daban.]]
Masanin kimiyyar ichthy na Amurka David Starr Jordan ya bayyana kifin goblin a cikin fitowar mujallar ''Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences'' ta shekarar 1898, inda ya gane kifin na musamman ba wai kawai a matsayin sabon nau'i ba, har ma da sabon nau'i da iyali. Ya dogara ne akan namijin da bai kai ba {{Convert|107|cm|in}} . an kama shi a Sagami Bay kusa da [[Yokohama]], Japan. An samo samfurin ta hannun mai kula da jiragen ruwa kuma masanin halitta Alan Owston, wanda ya ba Farfesa Kakichi Mitsukuri a Jami'ar Tokyo, wanda shi ma ya kawo shi Jordan. Jordan ya sanya wa kifin ''Mitsukurina owstoni'' suna don girmama waɗannan mutane biyu. 

Sunan da aka fi sani da &quot;shark goblin&quot; wani nau'in kifin shark ne na sunan gargajiya na Japan天狗鮫, {{Transl|ja|tenguzame}}, &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span about=&quot;#mwt30&quot; data-cx=&quot;[{&amp;amp;quot;adapted&amp;amp;quot;:true,&amp;amp;quot;partial&amp;amp;quot;:false,&amp;amp;quot;targetExists&amp;amp;quot;:true,&amp;amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;amp;quot;:[],&amp;amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;amp;quot;:[]}]&quot; data-mw=&quot;{&amp;amp;quot;parts&amp;amp;quot;:[{&amp;amp;quot;template&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;target&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Transl&amp;amp;quot;,&amp;amp;quot;href&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;./Samfuri:Transl&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;params&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;1&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;ja&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;2&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;tengu&amp;amp;quot;}},&amp;amp;quot;i&amp;amp;quot;:0}}]}&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwZA&quot; title=&quot;Japanese-language romanization&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;&lt;i lang=&quot;ja-Latn&quot;&gt;tengu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; wani halitta ne na tatsuniyoyi na Japan wanda galibi ana nuna shi da dogon hanci da fuska ja.  Wani suna na wannan nau'in shine shark elfin. 

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan an buga bayanin Jordan, masana kimiyya da dama sun lura da kamanceceniya tsakanin ''Mitsukurina'' da kuma kifin shark na Mesozoic ''Scapanorhynchus'' da ya ɓace.  Na ɗan lokaci, ra'ayin da aka fi sani shine a ɗauki ''Mitsukurina'' a matsayin ƙaramin ma'anar ''Scapanorhynchus'' . Daga ƙarshe, ƙarin cikakkun burbushin halittu sun bayyana bambance-bambancen jiki da yawa tsakanin ''Scapanorhynchus'' da ''Mitsukurina'', wanda ya sa marubutan zamani suka sake ɗaukar su a matsayin nau'ikan halittu daban-daban.  An bayyana samfuran kifin shark na goblin da yawa a matsayin nau'ikan halittu daban-daban daga 1904 zuwa 1937, babu ɗayan da aka ɗauka a matsayin masu inganci yanzu. Wannan rudanin rarrabuwa ya fara ne saboda muƙamuƙin samfuran an daidaita su a matakai daban-daban na fitowar yayin kiyayewa, yana ba da bayyanar bambance-bambancen daidaito tsakanin kawunan. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kifin goblin''' ( '''''Mitsukurina owstoni''''' ) wani nau'in kifin shark ne mai zurfi a cikin teku. Wani lokaci ana kiransa &quot; burbushin halittu masu rai &quot;, shine kaɗai wakilin dangin Mitsukurinidae, zuriyarsa mai shekaru miliyan 125. Wannan dabba mai launin ruwan hoda tana da siffar musamman tare da dogon hanci mai faɗi, da kuma muƙamuƙi masu fitowa sosai waɗanda ke ɗauke da haƙoran da suka yi kama da ƙusa. Yawanci tana kaiwa tsawon mita 3 zuwa 4 (ƙafa 10 zuwa 13) idan ta girma sosai, kodayake tana iya girma sosai - kamar samfurin da aka kama a shekara ta 2000, wanda aka yi imanin yana da tsawon mita 6 (ƙafa 20). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Kifin shark na Goblin halittu ne masu kama da benthopelagic waɗanda ke zaune a saman gangaren nahiyar, kwaruruka na ƙarƙashin ruwa, da kuma tuddai a ko'ina cikin duniya a zurfin sama da {{Convert|100|m|ft|-1}}, inda aka gano manya da zurfi fiye da yara ƙanana. Wasu masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa waɗannan sharks ɗin za su iya nutsewa zuwa zurfin har zuwa {{Convert|1300|m|ft|-1}}, na ɗan gajeren lokaci; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Parsons |first=Glenn R. |last2=Ingram |first2=G. Walter |last3=Havard |first3=Ralph |date=2002 |title=First Record of the Goblin Shark Mitsukurina owstoni, Jordan (Family Mitsukurinidae) in the Gulf of Mexico |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3877998 |journal=Southeastern Naturalist |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=189–192 |doi=10.1656/1528-7092(2002)001[0189:FROTGS]2.0.CO;2 |issn=1528-7092 |jstor=3877998 |s2cid=86600875 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; hotunan da aka ɗauka a shekarar 2024 sun nuna cewa zangonsu na iya zama mafi zurfi fiye da yadda aka zata a baya, tare da tabbatar da ganin babban mutum yana iyo a {{Convert|2000|m|ft|-1}} .  

Siffofi daban-daban na kifin goblin, kamar jikinsa mai laushi da ƙananan fin-fin, suna nuna cewa yana da jinkiri a yanayi. Wannan nau'in yana farautar kifayen teleost, cephalopods, da crustaceans kusa da ƙasan teku da kuma tsakiyar ginshiƙin ruwa . Dogon hancinsa an rufe shi da ampullae na Lorenzini waɗanda ke jin ƙananan filayen lantarki da abincin da ke kusa ke samarwa, wanda zai iya kamawa ta hanyar faɗaɗa muƙamuƙinsa cikin sauri. Ƙananan adadin kifin goblin ana kama su ba da gangan ba ta hanyar kamun kifi na zurfin ruwa. Ƙungiyar Kare Yanayi ta Duniya (IUCN) ta kimanta shi a matsayin Mafi Damuwa, duk da ƙarancinsa, tana mai ambaton yaɗuwarsa da ƙarancin kamuwa da cuta.

== Tsarin Haraji ==
[[Fayil:Mitsu.JPG|left|thumb|Bambancin matsayin muƙamuƙi a cikin sharks na goblin da aka kiyaye ya sa aka kwatanta samfura da yawa a matsayin nau'ikan halittu daban-daban.]]
Masanin kimiyyar ichthy na Amurka David Starr Jordan ya bayyana kifin goblin a cikin fitowar mujallar ''Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences'' ta shekarar 1898, inda ya gane kifin na musamman ba wai kawai a matsayin sabon nau'i ba, har ma da sabon nau'i da iyali. Ya dogara ne akan namijin da bai kai ba {{Convert|107|cm|in}} . an kama shi a Sagami Bay kusa da [[Yokohama]], Japan. An samo samfurin ta hannun mai kula da jiragen ruwa kuma masanin halitta Alan Owston, wanda ya ba Farfesa Kakichi Mitsukuri a Jami'ar Tokyo, wanda shi ma ya kawo shi Jordan. Jordan ya sanya wa kifin ''Mitsukurina owstoni'' suna don girmama waɗannan mutane biyu. 

Sunan da aka fi sani da &quot;shark goblin&quot; wani nau'in kifin shark ne na sunan gargajiya na Japan天狗鮫, {{Transl|ja|tenguzame}}, &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span about=&quot;#mwt30&quot; data-cx=&quot;[{&amp;amp;quot;adapted&amp;amp;quot;:true,&amp;amp;quot;partial&amp;amp;quot;:false,&amp;amp;quot;targetExists&amp;amp;quot;:true,&amp;amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;amp;quot;:[],&amp;amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;amp;quot;:[]}]&quot; data-mw=&quot;{&amp;amp;quot;parts&amp;amp;quot;:[{&amp;amp;quot;template&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;target&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Transl&amp;amp;quot;,&amp;amp;quot;href&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;./Samfuri:Transl&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;params&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;1&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;ja&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;2&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;tengu&amp;amp;quot;}},&amp;amp;quot;i&amp;amp;quot;:0}}]}&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwZA&quot; title=&quot;Japanese-language romanization&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;&lt;i lang=&quot;ja-Latn&quot;&gt;tengu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; wani halitta ne na tatsuniyoyi na Japan wanda galibi ana nuna shi da dogon hanci da fuska ja.  Wani suna na wannan nau'in shine shark elfin. 

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan an buga bayanin Jordan, masana kimiyya da dama sun lura da kamanceceniya tsakanin ''Mitsukurina'' da kuma kifin shark na Mesozoic ''Scapanorhynchus'' da ya ɓace.  Na ɗan lokaci, ra'ayin da aka fi sani shine a ɗauki ''Mitsukurina'' a matsayin ƙaramin ma'anar ''Scapanorhynchus'' . Daga ƙarshe, ƙarin cikakkun burbushin halittu sun bayyana bambance-bambancen jiki da yawa tsakanin ''Scapanorhynchus'' da ''Mitsukurina'', wanda ya sa marubutan zamani suka sake ɗaukar su a matsayin nau'ikan halittu daban-daban.  An bayyana samfuran kifin shark na goblin da yawa a matsayin nau'ikan halittu daban-daban daga 1904 zuwa 1937, babu ɗayan da aka ɗauka a matsayin masu inganci yanzu. Wannan rudanin rarrabuwa ya fara ne saboda muƙamuƙin samfuran an daidaita su a matakai daban-daban na fitowar yayin kiyayewa, yana ba da bayyanar bambance-bambancen daidaito tsakanin kawunan. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sai Wan</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346326727|Sai Wan]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:Sheung_Wan_and_Sai_Ying_Pun_as_viewed_from_high_west.jpg|thumb|Sheung Wan da Sai Ying Pun kamar yadda aka gani daga High WestYammacin Yamma]]
[[Fayil:Hong_Kong_Sunset.jpg|thumb|Rana ta fadi a kan Sai Wan]]
'''Sai Wan''' (Sinanci: 西環), wanda aka fi sani da '''Gundumar '''Yamma,'''''' (Sinansi: 西區), ko kuma Yammacin, yanki ne a [[Hong Kong]] Island&quot;&gt;Tsibirin Hong Kong, Hong Kong wanda ya dace da Sai Ying Pun, Shek Tong Tsui, Belcher Bay da Kennedy Town . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=西環開發歷史 |url=https://app4.rthk.hk/special/elderly/upload_media/pdf/20200224145400_1121818723.pdf |access-date=2020-08-19 |language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=四環九約 |url=https://www.eduhk.hk/fbs/mu/mu_photo_level_2_02.htm |access-date=2020-08-19 |language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zama wani ɓangare na Birnin Victoria . West Point, tsohon cape kusa da manyan gine-ginen gwamnati a Sai Wan, kuma ana amfani da shi don komawa ga Sai Wan.

Bayan mika Hong Kong ga [[Sin|Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin]], Sai Wan ya zama wurin Ofishin Hulɗa na Gwamnatin Jama'a ta Tsakiya a Yankin Gudanarwa na Musamman na Hong Kong da mutane a Hong Kong, gami da tsohon shugaban Ofishin Hulda Zhang Xiaoming, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=文匯報：《中聯辦主任張曉明：西環不治港 但要盡職》，2013年1月11日。 |url=http://paper.wenweipo.com/2013/01/11/HK1301110007.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310101936/http://paper.wenweipo.com/2013/01/11/HK1301110007.htm |archive-date=2021-03-10 |access-date=2017-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin magana suna nufin sunan nan Wan a matsayin metonym ga Ofishin Huldan kanta.

== Tarihi ==
A farkon shekarun 1800, Sai Ying Pun an san shi da wurin zama ga baƙi na kasar Sin. An gina shi daga yammacin Tai Ping Shan . An kuma sanya Turawa su zauna a wannan yanki. Koyaya, an raba su a Babban titin inda aka cire Sinawa daga rayuwa.

A cikin 1880, an shigar da magudanar ruwa a cikin yankin, tare da babban kwarara yana zuwa titin Cibiyar. An rufe tituna da macadam kuma an rufe su a lokaci guda.

A shekarun 1890, barkewar annobar bubonic ta shafi mazauna Sai Ying Pun. Mazauna Sheung Fung Lane sun kusa karewa a wannan lokacin. Rahotannin Gwamnati sun gano wannan yanki a matsayin yankin kiwon lafiya na lamba IX kuma sun yi cikakken bayani game da gine-ginen da cutar ta faru. Yankin da ke makwabtaka da shi, Tai Ping Shan, shine wurin da ya fi kamuwa da cutar a birnin. An sake dawo da shi, an yi watsi da shi kuma an rushe shi don inganta tsafta.

=== Tarihin Shek Tong Tsui ===
Sunan Shek Tong Tsui ya samo asali ne daga sanannen tafkin dutse na dā, &quot;Shek Tong&quot; a cikin Cantonese, a cikin yankin. Tafkin dutse ya kasance a kan hanyar Hill ta zamani da The Belcher's, kuma Mutanen Hakka ne suka haƙa shi tun daga karni na 17.

AA shekarar 1903, an kammala gyaran filaye na farko na Shek Tong Tsui. A halin yanzu, babbar gobara ta lalata manyan gidajen karuwai a birnin, waɗanda ke kan titin Possession. Sakamakon haka, gwamnan Hong Kong Matthew Nathan ya yanke shawarar mayar da dukkan gidajen karuwai na tsibirin Hong Kong zuwa Shek Tong Tsui a farkon shekarun 1900 saboda babban yankin da aka yi ikirarin an yi amfani da shi kwanan nan daga gyaran filaye. A lokacin, wurin yana bunƙasa sosai a matsayin gundumar hasken ja kuma ya zo lokacin zinare. An kafa gidajen wasan kwaikwayo da gidajen cin abinci na Cantonese da yawa saboda kasuwancin gidajen karuwai. Shi ne mafi kyawun wuri don nishadantar da 'yan China masu arziki a Hong Kong.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.eac.gov.hk/pdf/distco/2007dc/dc2007a.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061103061908/http://www.eac.gov.hk/pdf/distco/2007dc/dc2007a.pdf |archive-date=2006-11-03 |access-date=2006-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hanyar Sarauniya ita ce hanya ta farko da aka gina a Hong Kong, wadda Burtaniya ta gina daga 1841 zuwa 1843. &lt;ref&gt;Lim, Patricia Pui Huen (2002). Discovering Hong Kong's Cultural Heritage: Hong Kong Island and Kowloon. Oxford University Press. p. 10. {{ISBN|9780195927238}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya haɗa Birnin Victoria daga Shek Tong Tsui zuwa Wan Chai .

Gidan karuwai a wannan yanki ya kuma yi wahayi zuwa ga litattafai da fina-finai da yawa na Hong Kong, mafi mahimmanci Rouge (1987), ''Jar'' da Anita Mui da Leslie Cheung.

=== Tarihin Belcher Bay ===
An sanya sunan Belcher Bay ne bayan Edward Belcher wanda ya sauka a kan Possession Point a arewacin tsibirin Hong Kong kuma ya yi binciken farko na Burtaniya na Hong Kong Harbour a ranar 25 ga Janairu 1841.

Belcher Bay, Gin Drinkers Bay da Tseung Kwan O an san su da 'Bay of Trash' a Hong Kong.

Belcher's Street ita ce babbar titi a garin Kennedy na Hong Kong . Ya haɗa Victoria Road da Queen's Road West. Wani karamin sashi a ƙarshen yammacin ya gina juyawa don Hong Kong Tramway.

A halin yanzu ana amfani da shi azaman shafin don jiragen ruwa don ɗorawa da sauke kaya.

=== Tarihin garin Kennedy ===
[[Fayil:Kennedy_Town_View_201605.jpg|thumb|Gidan zama a garin Kennedy]]
Garin Kennedy shi ne ɓangaren yammacin birnin Victoria na tarihi. An sanya masa suna ne bayan gwamnan Arthur Edward Kennedy wanda ya fara farfado da ƙasa a bakin tekun wannan yanki a 1886. Ya kafa wani yanki na bakin teku wanda ya hada da Kennedy Praya da yankin bakin teku daga Beach Street ta hanyar Collinson Street zuwa Shek Tong Tsui .

A cikin 1903, Gwamnatin Hong Kong ta gina duwatsu bakwai na iyaka ga birnin, wanda aka rubuta &quot;City Boundary 1903&quot;. Ɗaya daga cikinsu yana cikin Kennedy Town Temporary Recreation Ground a Sai Ning Street ({{Lang|zh-Hant-HK|西寧街}}).

Daga 1933 zuwa 1939, an sake dawo da ƙarin ƙasa a bakin tekun Kennedy Town, duk da haka an dakatar da ginin saboda Yaƙin Hong Kong a 1941. An sake gudanar da wani farfado da ƙasa kwanan nan a ƙarshen karni na 20.

== Gine-gine na tarihi da wuraren tarihi ==

* Haikali na Lo Pan, gini ne na tarihi na Grade I
* Elliot Pumping Station &amp; Filters Babban Ma'aikata Quarters,  No. 77 Pok Fu Lam Road, Ginin tarihi na Grade II[8]
* Elliot Pumping Station &amp; Filters Workmen's Quarters, wani Grade III tarihi gini
* Elliot Pumping Station &amp; Filters, Treatment Works Building, wani Grade III tarihi gini
* Tsohon tashar wuta ta Yamma, No. 12 Belcher's Street, gini ne na tarihi na Grade III. An mayar da shi cikin Po Leung Kuk Chan Au Big Yan Gida ga Tsofaffi
* Sai Ying Pun Community Complex
* Jami'ar Hong Kong
* Ƙungiyar 'Yan Kasuwancin China The Westpoint
* Sai Wan Harbour
* Ching Lin Terrace
* Kwun Lung Lau

== Dubi kuma ==

* Sun Yat Sen Memorial Park - wanda ake kira Western Park

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="6690" sha1="ekiboikkgwdo1stv465bpnpyx71hsxz" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}* Bulleted list item
 
[[Fayil:Sheung_Wan_and_Sai_Ying_Pun_as_viewed_from_high_west.jpg|thumb|Sheung Wan da Sai Ying Pun kamar yadda aka gani daga High WestYammacin Yamma]]
[[Fayil:Hong_Kong_Sunset.jpg|thumb|Rana ta fadi a kan Sai Wan]]
'''Sai Wan''' (Sinanci: 西環), wanda aka fi sani da '''Gundumar '''Yamma,'''''' (Sinansi: 西區), ko kuma Yammacin, yanki ne a [[Hong Kong]] Island&quot;&gt;Tsibirin Hong Kong, Hong Kong wanda ya dace da Sai Ying Pun, Shek Tong Tsui, Belcher Bay da Kennedy Town . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=西環開發歷史 |url=https://app4.rthk.hk/special/elderly/upload_media/pdf/20200224145400_1121818723.pdf |access-date=2020-08-19 |language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=四環九約 |url=https://www.eduhk.hk/fbs/mu/mu_photo_level_2_02.htm |access-date=2020-08-19 |language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zama wani ɓangare na Birnin Victoria . West Point, tsohon cape kusa da manyan gine-ginen gwamnati a Sai Wan, kuma ana amfani da shi don komawa ga Sai Wan.

Bayan mika Hong Kong ga [[Sin|Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin]], Sai Wan ya zama wurin Ofishin Hulɗa na Gwamnatin Jama'a ta Tsakiya a Yankin Gudanarwa na Musamman na Hong Kong da mutane a Hong Kong, gami da tsohon shugaban Ofishin Hulda Zhang Xiaoming, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=文匯報：《中聯辦主任張曉明：西環不治港 但要盡職》，2013年1月11日。 |url=http://paper.wenweipo.com/2013/01/11/HK1301110007.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310101936/http://paper.wenweipo.com/2013/01/11/HK1301110007.htm |archive-date=2021-03-10 |access-date=2017-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin magana suna nufin sunan nan Wan a matsayin metonym ga Ofishin Huldan kanta.

== Tarihi ==
A farkon shekarun 1800, Sai Ying Pun an san shi da wurin zama ga baƙi na kasar Sin. An gina shi daga yammacin Tai Ping Shan . An kuma sanya Turawa su zauna a wannan yanki. Koyaya, an raba su a Babban titin inda aka cire Sinawa daga rayuwa.

A cikin 1880, an shigar da magudanar ruwa a cikin yankin, tare da babban kwarara yana zuwa titin Cibiyar. An rufe tituna da macadam kuma an rufe su a lokaci guda.

A shekarun 1890, barkewar annobar bubonic ta shafi mazauna Sai Ying Pun. Mazauna Sheung Fung Lane sun kusa karewa a wannan lokacin. Rahotannin Gwamnati sun gano wannan yanki a matsayin yankin kiwon lafiya na lamba IX kuma sun yi cikakken bayani game da gine-ginen da cutar ta faru. Yankin da ke makwabtaka da shi, Tai Ping Shan, shine wurin da ya fi kamuwa da cutar a birnin. An sake dawo da shi, an yi watsi da shi kuma an rushe shi don inganta tsafta.

=== Tarihin Shek Tong Tsui ===
Sunan Shek Tong Tsui ya samo asali ne daga sanannen tafkin dutse na dā, &quot;Shek Tong&quot; a cikin Cantonese, a cikin yankin. Tafkin dutse ya kasance a kan hanyar Hill ta zamani da The Belcher's, kuma Mutanen Hakka ne suka haƙa shi tun daga karni na 17.

AA shekarar 1903, an kammala gyaran filaye na farko na Shek Tong Tsui. A halin yanzu, babbar gobara ta lalata manyan gidajen karuwai a birnin, waɗanda ke kan titin Possession. Sakamakon haka, gwamnan Hong Kong Matthew Nathan ya yanke shawarar mayar da dukkan gidajen karuwai na tsibirin Hong Kong zuwa Shek Tong Tsui a farkon shekarun 1900 saboda babban yankin da aka yi ikirarin an yi amfani da shi kwanan nan daga gyaran filaye. A lokacin, wurin yana bunƙasa sosai a matsayin gundumar hasken ja kuma ya zo lokacin zinare. An kafa gidajen wasan kwaikwayo da gidajen cin abinci na Cantonese da yawa saboda kasuwancin gidajen karuwai. Shi ne mafi kyawun wuri don nishadantar da 'yan China masu arziki a Hong Kong.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.eac.gov.hk/pdf/distco/2007dc/dc2007a.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061103061908/http://www.eac.gov.hk/pdf/distco/2007dc/dc2007a.pdf |archive-date=2006-11-03 |access-date=2006-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hanyar Sarauniya ita ce hanya ta farko da aka gina a Hong Kong, wadda Burtaniya ta gina daga 1841 zuwa 1843. &lt;ref&gt;Lim, Patricia Pui Huen (2002). Discovering Hong Kong's Cultural Heritage: Hong Kong Island and Kowloon. Oxford University Press. p. 10. {{ISBN|9780195927238}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya haɗa Birnin Victoria daga Shek Tong Tsui zuwa Wan Chai .

Gidan karuwai a wannan yanki ya kuma yi wahayi zuwa ga litattafai da fina-finai da yawa na Hong Kong, mafi mahimmanci Rouge (1987), ''Jar'' da Anita Mui da Leslie Cheung.

=== Tarihin Belcher Bay ===
An sanya sunan Belcher Bay ne bayan Edward Belcher wanda ya sauka a kan Possession Point a arewacin tsibirin Hong Kong kuma ya yi binciken farko na Burtaniya na Hong Kong Harbour a ranar 25 ga Janairu 1841.

Belcher Bay, Gin Drinkers Bay da Tseung Kwan O an san su da 'Bay of Trash' a Hong Kong.

Belcher's Street ita ce babbar titi a garin Kennedy na Hong Kong . Ya haɗa Victoria Road da Queen's Road West. Wani karamin sashi a ƙarshen yammacin ya gina juyawa don Hong Kong Tramway.

A halin yanzu ana amfani da shi azaman shafin don jiragen ruwa don ɗorawa da sauke kaya.

=== Tarihin garin Kennedy ===
[[Fayil:Kennedy_Town_View_201605.jpg|thumb|Gidan zama a garin Kennedy]]
Garin Kennedy shi ne ɓangaren yammacin birnin Victoria na tarihi. An sanya masa suna ne bayan gwamnan Arthur Edward Kennedy wanda ya fara farfado da ƙasa a bakin tekun wannan yanki a 1886. Ya kafa wani yanki na bakin teku wanda ya hada da Kennedy Praya da yankin bakin teku daga Beach Street ta hanyar Collinson Street zuwa Shek Tong Tsui .

A cikin 1903, Gwamnatin Hong Kong ta gina duwatsu bakwai na iyaka ga birnin, wanda aka rubuta &quot;City Boundary 1903&quot;. Ɗaya daga cikinsu yana cikin Kennedy Town Temporary Recreation Ground a Sai Ning Street ({{Lang|zh-Hant-HK|西寧街}}).

Daga 1933 zuwa 1939, an sake dawo da ƙarin ƙasa a bakin tekun Kennedy Town, duk da haka an dakatar da ginin saboda Yaƙin Hong Kong a 1941. An sake gudanar da wani farfado da ƙasa kwanan nan a ƙarshen karni na 20.

== Gine-gine na tarihi da wuraren tarihi ==

* Haikali na Lo Pan, gini ne na tarihi na Grade I
* Elliot Pumping Station &amp; Filters Babban Ma'aikata Quarters,  No. 77 Pok Fu Lam Road, Ginin tarihi na Grade II[8]
* Elliot Pumping Station &amp; Filters Workmen's Quarters, wani Grade III tarihi gini
* Elliot Pumping Station &amp; Filters, Treatment Works Building, wani Grade III tarihi gini
* Tsohon tashar wuta ta Yamma, No. 12 Belcher's Street, gini ne na tarihi na Grade III. An mayar da shi cikin Po Leung Kuk Chan Au Big Yan Gida ga Tsofaffi
* Sai Ying Pun Community Complex
* Jami'ar Hong Kong
* Ƙungiyar 'Yan Kasuwancin China The Westpoint
* Sai Wan Harbour
* Ching Lin Terrace
* Kwun Lung Lau

== Dubi kuma ==

* Sun Yat Sen Memorial Park - wanda ake kira Western Park

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>ekiboikkgwdo1stv465bpnpyx71hsxz</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Dorothy Amaury Talbot</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354198952|Dorothy Amaury Talbot]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:Parkia_bicolor_A._Chev_by_Dorothy_Amaury_Talbot.jpg|thumb|Hoton ''Parkia bicolor'' A. Chev na Dorothy Amaury Talbot]]
'''Dorothy Amaury Talbot''' (née Amaury, 1871-1916) ta kasance mai tara shuke-shuke na Ingila kuma mai ilimin lissafi a Najeriya . Ita da mijinta da 'yar'uwarta sun tattara nau'ikan shuke-shuke na Najeriya sama da 4000, gami da sababbin da aka gano. Ta kuma yi karatu kuma ta rubuta game da [[Mutanen Ibibio]].

An haife ta a shekara ta 1871, Dorothy ta auri Percy Talbot, ma'aikacin gwamnati na mulkin mallaka. Ita da 'yar'uwarta, Miss Amaury, sun bi shi a lokuta da yawa na kasancewa a Najeriya a matsayin mai binciken ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rendle |first=Alfred Barton |date=1917 |title=Book-Notes, News Etc. |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/36197#page/95/mode/1up |journal=Journal of Botany, British and Foreign |volume=55 |pages=85–6 |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun aika da tarin shuke-shuke zuwa Burtaniya har zuwa mutuwarta.

== Tarin shuke-shuke ==
A cikin 1910-11, Dorothy ta yi tafiya ta zagaye a kusa da Najeriya tare da mijinta da abokin aikinta mai tara shuke-shuke Olive MacLeod, tattara da zanen shuke-huke na Najeriya. Ƙarin tarin daga gundumar [[Eket]] ya biyo baya a cikin 1912-1913 lokacin da Talbots da Miss Amaury suka tsaya a can.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rendle |first=Alfred Barton |date=1914 |title=Plants from the Eket District, S. Nigeria |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/33761#page/11/mode/1up |journal=Journal of Botany, British and Foreign |volume=52 |pages=1 |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Percy Amaury Talbot |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG128705 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=www.britishmuseum.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gabatar da tarin su, tare da kimanin zane-zane dubu na tsire-tsire da Dorothy ta samar, ga Gidan Tarihin Halitta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hopkins |first=Helen C.F. |last2=Wajer |first2=Jacek |date=2023-09-13 |title=Variation in the colour and shape of capitula in Parkia bicolor (Leguminosae) illustrated by two watercolours from southern Nigeria painted by Dorothy Amaury Talbot (1871–1916) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/candollea/volume-78/issue-2/c2023v782a3/Variation-in-the-colour-and-shape-of-capitula-in-Parkia/10.15553/c2023v782a3.full |journal=Candollea |volume=78 |issue=2 |doi=10.15553/c2023v782a3 |issn=0373-2967}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Talbot Collection |url=https://primo-44nhm.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?vid=44NHM_INST:44NHM_V1&amp;tab=Everything&amp;docid=alma9927870802081&amp;context=L&amp;search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&amp;lang=en |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Natural History Museum |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ga [[Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya|Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya]] sun ba da kimanin samfurori 4000 na botanical da zoological tare da ba da kyauta ga Kew Gardens.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hopkins |first=Helen C.F. |last2=Wajer |first2=Jacek |date=2023-09-13 |title=Variation in the colour and shape of capitula in Parkia bicolor (Leguminosae) illustrated by two watercolours from southern Nigeria painted by Dorothy Amaury Talbot (1871–1916) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/candollea/volume-78/issue-2/c2023v782a3/Variation-in-the-colour-and-shape-of-capitula-in-Parkia/10.15553/c2023v782a3.full |journal=Candollea |volume=78 |issue=2 |doi=10.15553/c2023v782a3 |issn=0373-2967}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

An sanya sunan jinsin ''Talbotiella'' ga Talbots,  tare da ''Dorothea talbotii'' Wernham ana kiranta da sunan Dorothy da kansa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Talbot, Dorothy Amaury (1871-1916) on JSTOR |url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000055638 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=plants.jstor.org |doi=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dorothea talbotii Wernham, from Nigeria on JSTOR |url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.visual.bmtal23883503 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=plants.jstor.org |doi=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin kabilanci ==
Dorothy da mijinta suna da sha'awar ilimin al'adun mutanen Ibibio, waɗanda suka ga ba su da tasiri ta hanyar hulɗa da fararen mutane har zuwa zuwan su. Sun tattara kayan tarihi na wakilci daga gare su, kuma littafin Dorothy Woman's Mysteries of a Primitive People: The Ibibios of Southern Nigeria an buga shi a shekarar 1915.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Woman's Mysteries of a Primitive People: The Ibibios of South Nigeria |url=https://www.routledge.com/Womans-Mysteries-of-a-Primitive-People-The-Ibibios-of-South-Nigeria/Talbot/p/book/9781138010932 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Routledge &amp; CRC Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Meek |first=C. K. |date=1947 |title=5. Amaury Talbot: 1877-1945 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2791974 |journal=Man |volume=47 |pages=13–14 |issn=0025-1496 |jstor=2791974}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dorothy ta kafa kyautar Percy Amaury Talbot don ilimin ɗan adam na Afirka, wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Dan Adam ta Royal ke gudanarwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PERCY AMAURY TALBOT PRIZE FOR AFRICAN ANTHROPOLOGY (A86) |url=https://therai.org.uk/archives-and-manuscripts/archive-contents/percy-amaury-talbot-prize-for-african-anthropology-a86 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Royal Anthropological Institute |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta mutu a Degama, Najeriya, a ranar 28 ga Disamba 1916 daga zazzabin cizon sauro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hopkins |first=Helen C.F. |last2=Wajer |first2=Jacek |date=2023-09-13 |title=Variation in the colour and shape of capitula in Parkia bicolor (Leguminosae) illustrated by two watercolours from southern Nigeria painted by Dorothy Amaury Talbot (1871–1916) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/candollea/volume-78/issue-2/c2023v782a3/Variation-in-the-colour-and-shape-of-capitula-in-Parkia/10.15553/c2023v782a3.full |journal=Candollea |volume=78 |issue=2 |doi=10.15553/c2023v782a3 |issn=0373-2967}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHopkinsWajer2023&quot;&gt;Hopkins, Helen C.F.; Wajer, Jacek (2023-09-13). [https://bioone.org/journals/candollea/volume-78/issue-2/c2023v782a3/Variation-in-the-colour-and-shape-of-capitula-in-Parkia/10.15553/c2023v782a3.full &quot;Variation in the colour and shape of capitula in Parkia bicolor (Leguminosae) illustrated by two watercolours from southern Nigeria painted by Dorothy Amaury Talbot (1871–1916)&quot;]. ''Candollea''. '''78''' (2). [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.15553/c2023v782a3|10.15553/c2023v782a3]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0373-2967 0373-2967].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* Works by Talbot, P. Amaury (her husband)aShirin Gutenberg
{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Talbot, Dorothy Amaury}}
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1257281205|Goldie barb]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Barb ɗin goldie''' ( '''''Enteromius pallidus''''' ) nau'in kifi ne mai siffar ray a cikin nau'in ''Enteromius'' . Yana da yawa a Gabashin Cape a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] inda ake fuskantar barazanar shigar da nau'ikan kifaye marasa asalin ƙasar.

== Bayanan ƙasa ==

*

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>861883</id>
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'''Barb ɗin goldie''' ( '''''Enteromius pallidus''''' ) nau'in kifi ne mai siffar ray a cikin nau'in ''Enteromius'' . Yana da yawa a Gabashin Cape a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] inda ake fuskantar barazanar shigar da nau'ikan kifaye marasa asalin ƙasar.

== Bayanan ƙasa ==

*

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>mifuukved80arfys3fnxoeku4loaqo7</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Kamfanin Jirgin Sama da Tashoshin Jirgin Ruwa na Gabashin Afirka</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158830</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861885</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1301822399|East African Railways and Harbours Corporation]]&quot;</comment>
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Kamfanin Jirgin Sama da Harbours na Gabashin Afirka ('''EAR&amp;H''') kamfani ne wanda ya mutu wanda ke gudanar da jiragen kasa da tashar jiragen ruwa a Gabashin Afirka daga 1948 zuwa 1977. An kafa shi a cikin 1948 don sabon Babban Hukumar Gabashin Afirka ta hanyar haɗakar Kenya da Uganda Railways da Harbours tare da Tanganyika Railway na Yankin Tanganyika. Kazalika da gudanar da jiragen kasa da tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin yankuna uku yana gudanar da ayyukan jigilar kaya a cikin Lake Victoria, Lake Kyoga, Lake Albert, [[White Nile|Victoria Nile]] da [[White Nile|Albert Nile]].

== Jirgin ƙasa ==
[[Fayil:Engine_unit_of_East_African_Railways_and_Harbours_Corporation_(EAR&amp;HC)_58_class_Garratt_locomotive_no_5804.png|thumb|EAR&amp;H Garratt aji na 58 na 5804]]
Jirgin kasa na Malayan ya sayar da EAR&amp;H mita takwas USATC S118 Class steam locomotives a cikin 1948, da kuma wasu takwas a cikin 1949. EAR&amp;H ta canza su zuwa Masu ƙone mai kuma ta ƙidaya su 2701-2716, ta sa su zama aji na 27 &lt;ref name=&quot;Tourret&quot; /&gt; kuma ta rarraba su zuwa Tabora Depot a sashin Tanganyika. Sun shiga aiki a cikin 1949 da 1950, suna aiki a kan layin zuwa [[Mwanza]], Kigoma da Mpanda inda nauyin su mai haske ya kasance fa'ida kuma babban akwatin wuta ya ba su damar gudana ta hanyar ambaliyar yanayi a kan rassan Kigoma da na Mpanda. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tourret&quot; /&gt; EAR&amp;H ta gina ƙarin S118 daga sassan da aka ajiye a 1953 kuma ta ƙidaya shi 2717. EAR&amp;H ta janye su daga aiki a cikin kimanin 1965, kuma an tura su zuwa [[Dar es Salaam]] don rushewa a cikin 1966.

A cikin 1955 da 1956, EAR&amp;H ta gabatar da sabbin locomotives masu amfani da tururi masu ƙarfi don cibiyar sadarwa ta Kenya da Uganda: locomotives na Garratt na aji 59. Wadannan sune manyan hanyoyin zirga-zirga tsakanin Mombasa da Nairobi har sai an fara janye su daga aiki tsakanin 1973 da 1980.

EAR&amp;H ta tsawaita hanyar Jirgin kasa na Uganda daga [[Kampala]] zuwa ma'adinan jan ƙarfe a Kasese a shekarar 1956. A shekara ta 1962, ta kammala hanyar jirgin kasa ta arewacin Uganda daga Soroti zuwa [[Pakwach]] kuma daga can zuwa Arua a shekara ta 1964, ta haka ne ta maye gurbin sabis na jirgin ruwa na [[White Nile|Victoria Nile]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cambridge University Library: Royal Commonwealth Society Library, Mombasa and East African Steamers, Y30468L |url=http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0115%2FY30468L |website=Janus |publisher=Cambridge University Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jiragen ruwa na kasa da kasa ==
Jiragen ruwa da aka gabatar daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Gabashin Afirka (E.A.H):

* [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]]
* [[Kairo|Alkahira]]
* [[Kanada]] (Int. Oveaseas) 

== Jiragen ruwa na cikin gida ==
[[Fayil:MV_Victoria.jpg|thumb|MV &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwXQ&quot;&gt;Victoria&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; a Bukoba, Tanzania]]
A cikin 1961, EAR&amp;H ta gabatar da sabon jirgin ruwa na Lake Victoria RMS &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwYQ&quot;&gt;Victoria&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; . &lt;ref name=&quot;Clyde&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cameron |first=Stuart |last2=Strathdee |first2=Paul |title=Victoria |url=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1580 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219162201/http://clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1580 |archive-date=19 December 2011 |access-date=22 May 2011 |website=[[Clyde-built Database]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan jirgin da ya fi sauri ya ninka saurin sabis na zagaye a kusa da tafkin, yana ba da damar EAR&amp;H don ƙara tafiye-tafiye daga sau ɗaya zuwa sau biyu a mako. Elizabeth II ta sanya ta a Royal Mail Ship, ta sa ta zama kawai jirgin EAR&amp;H da ya karbi wannan bambancin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McCrow |first=Malcolm |title=Marine Services |url=http://www.mccrow.org.uk/eastafrica/eastafricanrailways/MarineDivision/EARLakes.htm |access-date=17 May 2011 |website=East African Railways and Harbours |publisher=Malcolm McCrow}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 1965 da 1966, EAR&amp;H ta gabatar da sabis na Jirgin kasa a fadin Tafkin Victoria tare da MV Umoja da MV Uhuru . &lt;ref name=&quot;Clyde-Umoja&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cameron |first=Stuart |year=2004 |title=Umoja |url=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1588 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923230447/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1588 |archive-date=23 September 2006 |access-date=17 May 2011 |website=Clyde-built Database}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Clyde-Uhuru&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cameron |first=Stuart |year=2004 |title=Uhuru |url=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1588 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923230447/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1588 |archive-date=23 September 2006 |access-date=17 May 2011 |website=Clyde-built Database}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1967, EAR&amp;H ta inganta tashar jiragen ruwa a [[Kisumu]] a bakin tekun Kenya na Tafkin Victoria ta hanyar rushe jirgin ruwa na SS Winifred don samar da ruwa.

== Rushewa ==
A shekara ta 1977, an rushe magajin Babban Hukumar, Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka, kuma an raba hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta EAR&amp;H zuwa hanyoyi uku na ƙasa: Kamfanin Jirgin Kasa na Kenya, Kamfanin Jiragen ƙasa na Tanzania da Kamfanin Jirgar ƙasa na Uganda.

== A cikin Al'adu ==
Mawallafin da aka haifa a Kenya [[Roger Whittaker]] ya rubuta kuma ya rubuta waƙar The Good Old EAR&amp;H a cikin kimanin 1982, bayan ziyarar dawowa Kenya.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Layin Tsakiya (Tanzania) 
* Rift Valley Railways Consortium
* Jirgin kasa na Uganda
* Babban Shirin Jirgin Sama na Gabashin Afirka

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>861886</id>
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Kamfanin Jirgin Sama da Harbours na Gabashin Afirka ('''EAR&amp;H''') kamfani ne wanda ya mutu wanda ke gudanar da jiragen kasa da tashar jiragen ruwa a Gabashin Afirka daga 1948 zuwa 1977. An kafa shi a cikin 1948 don sabon Babban Hukumar Gabashin Afirka ta hanyar haɗakar Kenya da Uganda Railways da Harbours tare da Tanganyika Railway na Yankin Tanganyika. Kazalika da gudanar da jiragen kasa da tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin yankuna uku yana gudanar da ayyukan jigilar kaya a cikin Lake Victoria, Lake Kyoga, Lake Albert, [[White Nile|Victoria Nile]] da [[White Nile|Albert Nile]].

== Jirgin ƙasa ==
[[Fayil:Engine_unit_of_East_African_Railways_and_Harbours_Corporation_(EAR&amp;HC)_58_class_Garratt_locomotive_no_5804.png|thumb|EAR&amp;H Garratt aji na 58 na 5804]]
Jirgin kasa na Malayan ya sayar da EAR&amp;H mita takwas USATC S118 Class steam locomotives a cikin 1948, da kuma wasu takwas a cikin 1949. EAR&amp;H ta canza su zuwa Masu ƙone mai kuma ta ƙidaya su 2701-2716, ta sa su zama aji na 27 &lt;ref name=&quot;Tourret&quot; /&gt; kuma ta rarraba su zuwa Tabora Depot a sashin Tanganyika. Sun shiga aiki a cikin 1949 da 1950, suna aiki a kan layin zuwa [[Mwanza]], Kigoma da Mpanda inda nauyin su mai haske ya kasance fa'ida kuma babban akwatin wuta ya ba su damar gudana ta hanyar ambaliyar yanayi a kan rassan Kigoma da na Mpanda. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tourret&quot; /&gt; EAR&amp;H ta gina ƙarin S118 daga sassan da aka ajiye a 1953 kuma ta ƙidaya shi 2717. EAR&amp;H ta janye su daga aiki a cikin kimanin 1965, kuma an tura su zuwa [[Dar es Salaam]] don rushewa a cikin 1966.

A cikin 1955 da 1956, EAR&amp;H ta gabatar da sabbin locomotives masu amfani da tururi masu ƙarfi don cibiyar sadarwa ta Kenya da Uganda: locomotives na Garratt na aji 59. Wadannan sune manyan hanyoyin zirga-zirga tsakanin Mombasa da Nairobi har sai an fara janye su daga aiki tsakanin 1973 da 1980.

EAR&amp;H ta tsawaita hanyar Jirgin kasa na Uganda daga [[Kampala]] zuwa ma'adinan jan ƙarfe a Kasese a shekarar 1956. A shekara ta 1962, ta kammala hanyar jirgin kasa ta arewacin Uganda daga Soroti zuwa [[Pakwach]] kuma daga can zuwa Arua a shekara ta 1964, ta haka ne ta maye gurbin sabis na jirgin ruwa na [[White Nile|Victoria Nile]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cambridge University Library: Royal Commonwealth Society Library, Mombasa and East African Steamers, Y30468L |url=http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0115%2FY30468L |website=Janus |publisher=Cambridge University Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jiragen ruwa na kasa da kasa ==
Jiragen ruwa da aka gabatar daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Gabashin Afirka (E.A.H):

* [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]]
* [[Kairo|Alkahira]]
* [[Kanada]] (Int. Oveaseas) 

== Jiragen ruwa na cikin gida ==
[[Fayil:MV_Victoria.jpg|thumb|MV &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwXQ&quot;&gt;Victoria&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; a Bukoba, Tanzania]]
A cikin 1961, EAR&amp;H ta gabatar da sabon jirgin ruwa na Lake Victoria RMS &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwYQ&quot;&gt;Victoria&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; . &lt;ref name=&quot;Clyde&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cameron |first=Stuart |last2=Strathdee |first2=Paul |title=Victoria |url=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1580 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219162201/http://clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1580 |archive-date=19 December 2011 |access-date=22 May 2011 |website=[[Clyde-built Database]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan jirgin da ya fi sauri ya ninka saurin sabis na zagaye a kusa da tafkin, yana ba da damar EAR&amp;H don ƙara tafiye-tafiye daga sau ɗaya zuwa sau biyu a mako. Elizabeth II ta sanya ta a Royal Mail Ship, ta sa ta zama kawai jirgin EAR&amp;H da ya karbi wannan bambancin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McCrow |first=Malcolm |title=Marine Services |url=http://www.mccrow.org.uk/eastafrica/eastafricanrailways/MarineDivision/EARLakes.htm |access-date=17 May 2011 |website=East African Railways and Harbours |publisher=Malcolm McCrow}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 1965 da 1966, EAR&amp;H ta gabatar da sabis na Jirgin kasa a fadin Tafkin Victoria tare da MV Umoja da MV Uhuru . &lt;ref name=&quot;Clyde-Umoja&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cameron |first=Stuart |year=2004 |title=Umoja |url=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1588 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923230447/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1588 |archive-date=23 September 2006 |access-date=17 May 2011 |website=Clyde-built Database}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Clyde-Uhuru&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cameron |first=Stuart |year=2004 |title=Uhuru |url=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1588 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923230447/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1588 |archive-date=23 September 2006 |access-date=17 May 2011 |website=Clyde-built Database}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1967, EAR&amp;H ta inganta tashar jiragen ruwa a [[Kisumu]] a bakin tekun Kenya na Tafkin Victoria ta hanyar rushe jirgin ruwa na SS Winifred don samar da ruwa.

== Rushewa ==
A shekara ta 1977, an rushe magajin Babban Hukumar, Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka, kuma an raba hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta EAR&amp;H zuwa hanyoyi uku na ƙasa: Kamfanin Jirgin Kasa na Kenya, Kamfanin Jiragen ƙasa na Tanzania da Kamfanin Jirgar ƙasa na Uganda.

== A cikin Al'adu ==
Mawallafin da aka haifa a Kenya [[Roger Whittaker]] ya rubuta kuma ya rubuta waƙar The Good Old EAR&amp;H a cikin kimanin 1982, bayan ziyarar dawowa Kenya.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Layin Tsakiya (Tanzania) 
* Rift Valley Railways Consortium
* Jirgin kasa na Uganda
* Babban Shirin Jirgin Sama na Gabashin Afirka

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>mnssxhbfgqn06zz9sjasjqzyrbyay80</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Kenya da Uganda Railways da Harbours</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345583343|Kenya and Uganda Railways and Harbours]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3592" sha1="hej0qrpfrhwcmz1pbk9o8a4kgngz3fh" xml:space="preserve">Kenya da Uganda Railways and Harbours (KURH) wani yanki ne na mulkin mallaka (1926-1948) wanda ke kula da tashar jiragen ruwa, layin dogo, tashar jiragen sama kamar ([[Mombasa]] tashar jiragen kasa da tashar jirgin ruwa), tafkin da jiragen ruwa a Kenya Colony da Uganda Protectorate daga 26 ga Fabrairu 1926 har zuwa 1 ga Mayu 1948. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |title=History |url=https://krc.co.ke/history/ |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=Kenya Railways}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mombasa ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa mai zurfi a [[Tekun Indiya]] inda aka fara gina Jirgin kasa na Uganda a shekara ta 1896. Hanyar jirgin kasa ta haɗa ciki zuwa bude teku a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kilindini ta Mombasa. Ya haɗa da Railway na Uganda, wanda ya faɗaɗa daga Nakuru zuwa [[Kampala]] a 1931. A cikin wannan shekarar ta gina layin reshe zuwa [[Dutsen Kenya]]. An gina shi ne don tabbatar da bukatun Burtaniya a kwarin Nilu da kuma samar da damar zuwa Uganda, ƙasar da ba ta da iyaka da ke da wadata da albarkatu da ma'adanai. An haɗa hanyar jirgin ƙasa tare da sabis na jigilar kaya a cikin Lake Victoria, Lake Kyoga, da Lake Albert, ta amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa da yawa. An kai jiragen ruwa da aka rushe ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa zuwa bakin tafkin don sake tarawa. Uganda tana da wasu tashoshin jiragen ruwa waɗanda suka zama mahimman bayanai a cikin ginin hanyar jirgin ƙasa kamar Kisumu Port wanda aka fi sani da Port Florence, babban layin jirgin ƙasa ya isa tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin 1901. Daga nan ayyukan jirgin ruwa sun haɗa da wasu tashoshin jiragen ruwa a kusa da tafkin. Sauran tashar jiragen ruwa sune [[Port Bell]], Jinja Pier, Butaiba Port da Namasagali Port. Sau da yawa ana kiranta &quot;Lunatic Express&quot;. Wannan ya faru ne saboda farashin nutsewa da kuma kalubalantar ƙasa, wanda ya haɗa da kawo fiye da 30,000 coolies daga Indiya ta Burtaniya, masu cin mutum (zaki) a Tsavo a Tanzania.

Bayan 1930 sabon jirgin ruwa na KURH, mai nauyin tan 860 SS Robert Coryndon, ya kafa sabis na fasinja da kaya tsakanin Butiaba a [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Tafkin Albert]] da Kasenyi a [[Tafkin George (Uganda)|Tafkin George]]. Sir [[Winston Churchill]] ya ce ita ce ''&quot;mafi kyawun ɗakin karatu a kan ruwa&quot;'' kuma Ernest Hemingway ya kira ta ''&quot;girmanci a kan ruwa&quot;''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Insomniac&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2009-03-25 |title=Behold, a Dream Unfulfilled |url=http://ugandaninsomniac.wordpress.com/2009/03/25/behold-a-dream-unfulfilled/#more-2914 |access-date=2011-05-18 |website=Ugandan Insomniac; Want to sleep, can't sleep |publisher=[[WordPress]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1946 jirgin ruwa mai nauyin tan 350 mai suna PS Lugard II PS&amp;nbsp;''Lugard II''  ya maye gurbin tsohon jirgin ruwa na Uganda PS Lugard a kan kogin [[White Nile|Albert Nile]] tsakanin [[Pakwach]] a Uganda da Nimule a Sudan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clyde&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cameron |first=Stuart |last2=Allan |first2=Bruce |date= |title=PS Lugard II |url=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=6039 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717052621/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=6039 |archive-date=2012-07-17 |access-date=2011-05-22 |website=Clyde-built Database |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1948 aka kafa Babban Hukumar Gabashin Afirka kuma an haɗa KURH tare da layin dogo na Yankin Tanganyika. Sabuwar Kamfanin Jirgin Sama da Harbours na Gabashin Afirka ta samar da sabis na jirgin ƙasa, tashar jiragen ruwa da jigilar kayayyaki a cikin yankuna uku har sai magajin Babban Hukumar, Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka, jihohin membobinta suka rushe shi a shekarar 1977.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="3605" sha1="q7ljdujf6x05c437ss5bxuij4vnv5en" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

Kenya da Uganda Railways and Harbours (KURH) wani yanki ne na mulkin mallaka (1926-1948) wanda ke kula da tashar jiragen ruwa, layin dogo, tashar jiragen sama kamar ([[Mombasa]] tashar jiragen kasa da tashar jirgin ruwa), tafkin da jiragen ruwa a Kenya Colony da Uganda Protectorate daga 26 ga Fabrairu 1926 har zuwa 1 ga Mayu 1948. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |title=History |url=https://krc.co.ke/history/ |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=Kenya Railways}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mombasa ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa mai zurfi a [[Tekun Indiya]] inda aka fara gina Jirgin kasa na Uganda a shekara ta 1896. Hanyar jirgin kasa ta haɗa ciki zuwa bude teku a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kilindini ta Mombasa. Ya haɗa da Railway na Uganda, wanda ya faɗaɗa daga Nakuru zuwa [[Kampala]] a 1931. A cikin wannan shekarar ta gina layin reshe zuwa [[Dutsen Kenya]]. An gina shi ne don tabbatar da bukatun Burtaniya a kwarin Nilu da kuma samar da damar zuwa Uganda, ƙasar da ba ta da iyaka da ke da wadata da albarkatu da ma'adanai. An haɗa hanyar jirgin ƙasa tare da sabis na jigilar kaya a cikin Lake Victoria, Lake Kyoga, da Lake Albert, ta amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa da yawa. An kai jiragen ruwa da aka rushe ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa zuwa bakin tafkin don sake tarawa. Uganda tana da wasu tashoshin jiragen ruwa waɗanda suka zama mahimman bayanai a cikin ginin hanyar jirgin ƙasa kamar Kisumu Port wanda aka fi sani da Port Florence, babban layin jirgin ƙasa ya isa tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin 1901. Daga nan ayyukan jirgin ruwa sun haɗa da wasu tashoshin jiragen ruwa a kusa da tafkin. Sauran tashar jiragen ruwa sune [[Port Bell]], Jinja Pier, Butaiba Port da Namasagali Port. Sau da yawa ana kiranta &quot;Lunatic Express&quot;. Wannan ya faru ne saboda farashin nutsewa da kuma kalubalantar ƙasa, wanda ya haɗa da kawo fiye da 30,000 coolies daga Indiya ta Burtaniya, masu cin mutum (zaki) a Tsavo a Tanzania.

Bayan 1930 sabon jirgin ruwa na KURH, mai nauyin tan 860 SS Robert Coryndon, ya kafa sabis na fasinja da kaya tsakanin Butiaba a [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Tafkin Albert]] da Kasenyi a [[Tafkin George (Uganda)|Tafkin George]]. Sir [[Winston Churchill]] ya ce ita ce ''&quot;mafi kyawun ɗakin karatu a kan ruwa&quot;'' kuma Ernest Hemingway ya kira ta ''&quot;girmanci a kan ruwa&quot;''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Insomniac&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2009-03-25 |title=Behold, a Dream Unfulfilled |url=http://ugandaninsomniac.wordpress.com/2009/03/25/behold-a-dream-unfulfilled/#more-2914 |access-date=2011-05-18 |website=Ugandan Insomniac; Want to sleep, can't sleep |publisher=[[WordPress]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1946 jirgin ruwa mai nauyin tan 350 mai suna PS Lugard II PS&amp;nbsp;''Lugard II''  ya maye gurbin tsohon jirgin ruwa na Uganda PS Lugard a kan kogin [[White Nile|Albert Nile]] tsakanin [[Pakwach]] a Uganda da Nimule a Sudan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clyde&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cameron |first=Stuart |last2=Allan |first2=Bruce |date= |title=PS Lugard II |url=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=6039 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717052621/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=6039 |archive-date=2012-07-17 |access-date=2011-05-22 |website=Clyde-built Database |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1948 aka kafa Babban Hukumar Gabashin Afirka kuma an haɗa KURH tare da layin dogo na Yankin Tanganyika. Sabuwar Kamfanin Jirgin Sama da Harbours na Gabashin Afirka ta samar da sabis na jirgin ƙasa, tashar jiragen ruwa da jigilar kayayyaki a cikin yankuna uku har sai magajin Babban Hukumar, Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka, jihohin membobinta suka rushe shi a shekarar 1977.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aljeriya Jirgin ruwa</title>
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    <id>158832</id>
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        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359330118|Algérie Ferries]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Algérie Ferries''' (Arabic: النقل البحري الجزائري) or Entreprise Nationale de Transport Maritime de Voyageurs (ENTMV) (Arabic: المؤسسة الوطنية للنقل البحري للمسافرين) is a state-owned Algerian shipping company.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 December 2010 |title=Algérie Ferries is looking for a new ferry |url=http://www.ship2shore.it/en/shipping/algerie-ferries-is-looking-for-a-new-ferry_48517.htm |access-date=13 September 2014 |publisher=Ship2Shore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 November 2012 |title=NAVANTIA starts the works of repairing and modernization of the first ship for the Algerian Navy |url=http://www.navantia.es/noticia.php?id_noti=228 |access-date=13 September 2014 |publisher=Navantia}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company operates passenger and freight services between [[Aljeriya|Algeria]], [[Faransa|France]] and [[Ispaniya|Spain]].

== Hanyoyi ==
Algeria Ferries tana aiki da hanyoyi takwas a fadin Bahar Rum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=International ferries |url=http://www.travellerspoint.com/guide/International_ferries/ |access-date=13 September 2014 |publisher=Travellers' Point}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Oran]] - Alicante
* [[Oran]] - [[Marseille]]
* [[Aljir|Algiers]] - Alicante
* [[Aljir|Algiers]] - [[Barcelona]]
* [[Aljir|Algiers]] - [[Marseille]]
* [[Béjaïa|Bejaia]] - [[Marseille]]
* [[Skikda]] - [[Marseille]]
* [[Annaba]] - [[Marseille]]

== Jirgin Ruwa ==
Algeria Ferries tana aiki da jiragen ruwa na fasinjoji biyar / motoci: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Micke Asklander |title=Fakta om fartyg - Algérie Ferries |url=http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/algerie_ferries.htm |access-date=10 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Jirgin ruwa
!Fadar
!Shigar da sabis
!Jirgin ruwa da ya shiga
!Tsawon (m) 
!Beam (m) 
!Sautin sautin
!Fasinjoji
!Saurin sabis
!Bayani
|-
|Tariq Ibn Ziyad
|{{Flag|Algeria}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1995
|153,3
|25,2
|21,659 GT
|1,276
|Ƙungiyoyi 21
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tariq Ibn Ziyad - Algerie Ferries |url=https://algerieferries.dz/tariq-ibn-ziyad |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=algerieferries.dz}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Tassili na II
|{{Flag|Algeria}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |2004
|146,6
|24
|20,124 GT
|1,320
|23.5 knots
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TASSILI II (Passenger Ship) Registered in Algeria |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ships/shipid:744379/mmsi:605046150/imo:9265419/vessel:TASSILI_II |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829200532/https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ships/shipid:744379/mmsi:605046150/imo:9265419/vessel:TASSILI_II |archive-date=2021-08-29 |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=www.marinetraffic.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|El Djazair na II
|{{Flag|Algeria}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |2005
|146,6
|24
|20,124 GT
|1,320
|23.5 knots
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=El Djazair II - Algerie Ferries |url=https://algerieferries.dz/index.php/el-djazair-ii |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=algerieferries.dz}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Badji-Mokhtar na III
|{{Flag|Algeria}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |2021
|200
|30
|49,785 GT
|1,800
|24 knots
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BADJI MOKHTAR III, Passenger/Ro-Ro Cargo Ship |url=https://www.vesselfinder.com/vessels/BADJI-MOKHTAR-III-IMO-9827889-MMSI-605016420 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829205320/https://www.vesselfinder.com/vessels/BADJI-MOKHTAR-III-IMO-9827889-MMSI-605016420 |archive-date=2021-08-29 |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=www.vesselfinder.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Abin kunya ==
A ranar 2 ga Yuni, 2022, an kori Shugaba Kamel Issad daga matsayinsa saboda &quot;halayensa wanda ya lalata hoton Aljeriya kuma yana da lahani ga bukatun 'yan ƙasa&quot;.

A ranar 19 ga watan Janairun 2023, an yanke wa Kamel Issad hukuncin shekaru shida a kurkuku saboda rashin kulawa da rashin kula da jiragen kamfanin. An kama shi 'yan kwanaki bayan an kore shi a watan Yunin 2022 kan zargin &quot;rashin amfani da kudaden jama'a, cin zarafin iko, da wadata ba bisa ka'ida ba&quot;.  An kuma yanke wa wasu tsoffin shugabannin hukunci a wannan shari'ar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Six ans de prison ferme pour l’ancien PDG d’Algérie Ferries – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1410759/politique/six-ans-de-prison-ferme-pour-lancien-pdg-dalgerie-ferries/ |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsohon darektan kasuwanci Karim Bouzenad ya sami hukuncin shekaru biyar a kurkuku. Hamouche Aghiles da Oufar Malika, dukansu 'yan gudun hijira, an yanke musu hukuncin shekaru goma a kurkuku kuma suna ƙarƙashin takardar shaidar kamawa ta duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-17 |title=Algérie Ferries : Les traversées Oran- Alicante suspendues - Journal communautaire algérien |url=https://www.djaliadz.com/algerie-ferries-les-traversees-oran/ |access-date=2023-06-19 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 28 ga Mayu, 2023, Kotun Algiers ta tabbatar da hukuncin da aka yanke a farkon shari'ar ENTMV. An yanke wa Kamel Issad hukuncin shekaru shida a kurkuku, Karim Bouzenad, tsohon darektan kasuwanci, hukuncin shekaru biyar a kurkuku. Zargin sun hada da cin zarafin kudaden jama'a, cin zarafin iko, da wadata ba bisa ka'ida ba. An wanke Kamel Eddalia da Cherifi Ikbal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Affaire ENTMV: les peines prononcées en première instance confirmées |url=https://www.aps.dz/algerie/156256-affaire-entmv-la-cour-d-alger-confirme-les-peines-de-premiere-instance-a-l-encontre-des-accuses |website=Algérie Presse Service |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861891</id>
      <parentid>861890</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T10:57:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <origin>861891</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5450" sha1="taubzl9kj34qvj9mrx8denuiwaei96z" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Algérie Ferries''' (Arabic: النقل البحري الجزائري) or Entreprise Nationale de Transport Maritime de Voyageurs (ENTMV) (Arabic: المؤسسة الوطنية للنقل البحري للمسافرين) is a state-owned Algerian shipping company.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 December 2010 |title=Algérie Ferries is looking for a new ferry |url=http://www.ship2shore.it/en/shipping/algerie-ferries-is-looking-for-a-new-ferry_48517.htm |access-date=13 September 2014 |publisher=Ship2Shore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 November 2012 |title=NAVANTIA starts the works of repairing and modernization of the first ship for the Algerian Navy |url=http://www.navantia.es/noticia.php?id_noti=228 |access-date=13 September 2014 |publisher=Navantia}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company operates passenger and freight services between [[Aljeriya|Algeria]], [[Faransa|France]] and [[Ispaniya|Spain]].

== Hanyoyi ==
Algeria Ferries tana aiki da hanyoyi takwas a fadin Bahar Rum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=International ferries |url=http://www.travellerspoint.com/guide/International_ferries/ |access-date=13 September 2014 |publisher=Travellers' Point}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Oran]] - Alicante
* [[Oran]] - [[Marseille]]
* [[Aljir|Algiers]] - Alicante
* [[Aljir|Algiers]] - [[Barcelona]]
* [[Aljir|Algiers]] - [[Marseille]]
* [[Béjaïa|Bejaia]] - [[Marseille]]
* [[Skikda]] - [[Marseille]]
* [[Annaba]] - [[Marseille]]

== Jirgin Ruwa ==
Algeria Ferries tana aiki da jiragen ruwa na fasinjoji biyar / motoci: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Micke Asklander |title=Fakta om fartyg - Algérie Ferries |url=http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/algerie_ferries.htm |access-date=10 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Jirgin ruwa
!Fadar
!Shigar da sabis
!Jirgin ruwa da ya shiga
!Tsawon (m) 
!Beam (m) 
!Sautin sautin
!Fasinjoji
!Saurin sabis
!Bayani
|-
|Tariq Ibn Ziyad
|{{Flag|Algeria}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1995
|153,3
|25,2
|21,659 GT
|1,276
|Ƙungiyoyi 21
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tariq Ibn Ziyad - Algerie Ferries |url=https://algerieferries.dz/tariq-ibn-ziyad |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=algerieferries.dz}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Tassili na II
|{{Flag|Algeria}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |2004
|146,6
|24
|20,124 GT
|1,320
|23.5 knots
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TASSILI II (Passenger Ship) Registered in Algeria |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ships/shipid:744379/mmsi:605046150/imo:9265419/vessel:TASSILI_II |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829200532/https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ships/shipid:744379/mmsi:605046150/imo:9265419/vessel:TASSILI_II |archive-date=2021-08-29 |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=www.marinetraffic.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|El Djazair na II
|{{Flag|Algeria}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |2005
|146,6
|24
|20,124 GT
|1,320
|23.5 knots
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=El Djazair II - Algerie Ferries |url=https://algerieferries.dz/index.php/el-djazair-ii |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=algerieferries.dz}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Badji-Mokhtar na III
|{{Flag|Algeria}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |2021
|200
|30
|49,785 GT
|1,800
|24 knots
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BADJI MOKHTAR III, Passenger/Ro-Ro Cargo Ship |url=https://www.vesselfinder.com/vessels/BADJI-MOKHTAR-III-IMO-9827889-MMSI-605016420 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829205320/https://www.vesselfinder.com/vessels/BADJI-MOKHTAR-III-IMO-9827889-MMSI-605016420 |archive-date=2021-08-29 |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=www.vesselfinder.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Abin kunya ==
A ranar 2 ga Yuni, 2022, an kori Shugaba Kamel Issad daga matsayinsa saboda &quot;halayensa wanda ya lalata hoton Aljeriya kuma yana da lahani ga bukatun 'yan ƙasa&quot;.

A ranar 19 ga watan Janairun 2023, an yanke wa Kamel Issad hukuncin shekaru shida a kurkuku saboda rashin kulawa da rashin kula da jiragen kamfanin. An kama shi 'yan kwanaki bayan an kore shi a watan Yunin 2022 kan zargin &quot;rashin amfani da kudaden jama'a, cin zarafin iko, da wadata ba bisa ka'ida ba&quot;.  An kuma yanke wa wasu tsoffin shugabannin hukunci a wannan shari'ar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Six ans de prison ferme pour l’ancien PDG d’Algérie Ferries – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1410759/politique/six-ans-de-prison-ferme-pour-lancien-pdg-dalgerie-ferries/ |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsohon darektan kasuwanci Karim Bouzenad ya sami hukuncin shekaru biyar a kurkuku. Hamouche Aghiles da Oufar Malika, dukansu 'yan gudun hijira, an yanke musu hukuncin shekaru goma a kurkuku kuma suna ƙarƙashin takardar shaidar kamawa ta duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-17 |title=Algérie Ferries : Les traversées Oran- Alicante suspendues - Journal communautaire algérien |url=https://www.djaliadz.com/algerie-ferries-les-traversees-oran/ |access-date=2023-06-19 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 28 ga Mayu, 2023, Kotun Algiers ta tabbatar da hukuncin da aka yanke a farkon shari'ar ENTMV. An yanke wa Kamel Issad hukuncin shekaru shida a kurkuku, Karim Bouzenad, tsohon darektan kasuwanci, hukuncin shekaru biyar a kurkuku. Zargin sun hada da cin zarafin kudaden jama'a, cin zarafin iko, da wadata ba bisa ka'ida ba. An wanke Kamel Eddalia da Cherifi Ikbal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Affaire ENTMV: les peines prononcées en première instance confirmées |url=https://www.aps.dz/algerie/156256-affaire-entmv-la-cour-d-alger-confirme-les-peines-de-premiere-instance-a-l-encontre-des-accuses |website=Algérie Presse Service |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>taubzl9kj34qvj9mrx8denuiwaei96z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ilimin halayyar yara</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158833</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861892</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T10:57:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Xaynarb</username>
        <id>43630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357007072|Pediatric psychology]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861892</origin>
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'''Ilimin halayyar yara''' wani bangare ne na fannoni da yawa na binciken kimiyya da aikin asibiti wanda ke ƙoƙarin magance bangarorin halayyar cututtuka, rauni, da inganta halayyar kiwon lafiya a cikin yara, matasa, da iyalai a cikin yanayin kiwon lafiya na yara. Ana magance batutuwan ilimin halayyar dan adam a cikin tsarin ci gaba kuma suna jaddada dangantakar da ke tsakanin yara, iyalansu, da tsarin isar da kiwon lafiya gaba ɗaya.

Yankunan da aka saba amfani da su na binciken sun haɗa da ci gaban zamantakewar mutum, abubuwan muhalli waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban rikice-rikice, sakamakon yara da ke fama da yanayin kiwon lafiya da rauni, da inganta halayen kiwon lafiya masu kyau, nakasa na ci gaba, ilimantar da masu ilimin halayyar dan adam da sauran masu sana'a kan fannonin halayyar yara, da kuma ba da shawara ga manufofin jama'a waɗanda ke inganta lafiyar yara.[1]

== Matsayin likitan ilimin halayyar yara ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>o9iue74n3khkqti27z8xswwlmqnxbqz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861893</id>
      <parentid>861892</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T10:58:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Xaynarb</username>
        <id>43630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357007072|Pediatric psychology]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861893</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2307" sha1="tu6uj0ff3crf19io0cmv7s2bjtg294z" xml:space="preserve">
'''Ilimin halayyar yara''' wani bangare ne na fannoni da yawa na binciken kimiyya da aikin asibiti wanda ke ƙoƙarin magance bangarorin halayyar cututtuka, rauni, da inganta halayyar kiwon lafiya a cikin yara, matasa, da iyalai a cikin yanayin kiwon lafiya na yara. Ana magance batutuwan ilimin halayyar dan adam a cikin tsarin ci gaba kuma suna jaddada dangantakar da ke tsakanin yara, iyalansu, da tsarin isar da kiwon lafiya gaba ɗaya.

Yankunan da aka saba amfani da su na binciken sun haɗa da ci gaban zamantakewar mutum, abubuwan muhalli waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban rikice-rikice, sakamakon yara da ke fama da yanayin kiwon lafiya da rauni, da inganta halayen kiwon lafiya masu kyau, nakasa na ci gaba, ilimantar da masu ilimin halayyar dan adam da sauran masu sana'a kan fannonin halayyar yara, da kuma ba da shawara ga manufofin jama'a waɗanda ke inganta lafiyar yara.[1]

== Matsayin likitan ilimin halayyar yara ==
The field of pediatric psychology developed to address unmet needs for psychological services in the pediatric setting and the field blends together several distinct areas in psychology (such as [[Magungunan halayyar mutum|behavioral medicine]], health psychology, developmental psychology, etc.) (Roberts, Maddux, Wurtele, &amp; Wright, 1982 ). Pediatric psychology is an integrated field of science and practice in which the principles of psychology are applied within the environment of pediatric health. The Society of Pediatric Psychology (SPP, Division 54) resides under the American Psychological Association (APA), see http://www.apadivisions.org/division-54/index.aspx. SPP aims to promote health and psychological well-being of children, adolescents, and their families through the promotion of evidence-based science and practice, education, training, and advocacy. The field was founded in 1969 and includes a broad interdisciplinary foundation, drawing on clinical, developmental, social, cognitive, behavioral, counseling, community and school psychology.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Ilimin halayyar yara''' wani bangare ne na fannoni da yawa na binciken kimiyya da aikin asibiti wanda ke ƙoƙarin magance bangarorin halayyar cututtuka, rauni, da inganta halayyar kiwon lafiya a cikin yara, matasa, da iyalai a cikin yanayin kiwon lafiya na yara. Ana magance batutuwan ilimin halayyar dan adam a cikin tsarin ci gaba kuma suna jaddada dangantakar da ke tsakanin yara, iyalansu, da tsarin isar da kiwon lafiya gaba ɗaya.

Yankunan da aka saba amfani da su na binciken sun haɗa da ci gaban zamantakewar mutum, abubuwan muhalli waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban rikice-rikice, sakamakon yara da ke fama da yanayin kiwon lafiya da rauni, da inganta halayen kiwon lafiya masu kyau, nakasa na ci gaba, ilimantar da masu ilimin halayyar dan adam da sauran masu sana'a kan fannonin halayyar yara, da kuma ba da shawara ga manufofin jama'a waɗanda ke inganta lafiyar yara.[1]

== Matsayin likitan ilimin halayyar yara ==
The field of pediatric psychology developed to address unmet needs for psychological services in the pediatric setting and the field blends together several distinct areas in psychology (such as [[Magungunan halayyar mutum|behavioral medicine]], health psychology, developmental psychology, etc.) (Roberts, Maddux, Wurtele, &amp; Wright, 1982 ). Pediatric psychology is an integrated field of science and practice in which the principles of psychology are applied within the environment of pediatric health. The Society of Pediatric Psychology (SPP, Division 54) resides under the American Psychological Association (APA), see http://www.apadivisions.org/division-54/index.aspx. SPP aims to promote health and psychological well-being of children, adolescents, and their families through the promotion of evidence-based science and practice, education, training, and advocacy. The field was founded in 1969 and includes a broad interdisciplinary foundation, drawing on clinical, developmental, social, cognitive, behavioral, counseling, community and school psychology.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Masana ilimin halayyar yara suna aiki a wurare daban-daban kuma suna cika matsayi daban-daban kamar (Spirito, 2003 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Spirito |first=A. |last2=Brown |first2=R. T. |last3=D'Angelo |first3=E. |last4=Delamater |first4=A. |last5=Rodrigue |first5=J. |last6=Siegel |first6=L. |year=2003 |title=Society of Pediatric Psychology Task Force Report: Recommendations for the Training of Pediatric Psychologists |journal=Journal of Pediatric Psychology |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=85–98 |doi=10.1093/jpepsy/28.2.85 |pmid=12556507 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;):
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Ilimin halayyar yara''' wani bangare ne na fannoni da yawa na binciken kimiyya da aikin asibiti wanda ke ƙoƙarin magance bangarorin halayyar cututtuka, rauni, da inganta halayyar kiwon lafiya a cikin yara, matasa, da iyalai a cikin yanayin kiwon lafiya na yara. Ana magance batutuwan ilimin halayyar dan adam a cikin tsarin ci gaba kuma suna jaddada dangantakar da ke tsakanin yara, iyalansu, da tsarin isar da kiwon lafiya gaba ɗaya.

Yankunan da aka saba amfani da su na binciken sun haɗa da ci gaban zamantakewar mutum, abubuwan muhalli waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban rikice-rikice, sakamakon yara da ke fama da yanayin kiwon lafiya da rauni, da inganta halayen kiwon lafiya masu kyau, nakasa na ci gaba, ilimantar da masu ilimin halayyar dan adam da sauran masu sana'a kan fannonin halayyar yara, da kuma ba da shawara ga manufofin jama'a waɗanda ke inganta lafiyar yara.[1]

== Matsayin likitan ilimin halayyar yara ==
The field of pediatric psychology developed to address unmet needs for psychological services in the pediatric setting and the field blends together several distinct areas in psychology (such as [[Magungunan halayyar mutum|behavioral medicine]], health psychology, developmental psychology, etc.) (Roberts, Maddux, Wurtele, &amp; Wright, 1982 ). Pediatric psychology is an integrated field of science and practice in which the principles of psychology are applied within the environment of pediatric health. The Society of Pediatric Psychology (SPP, Division 54) resides under the American Psychological Association (APA), see http://www.apadivisions.org/division-54/index.aspx. SPP aims to promote health and psychological well-being of children, adolescents, and their families through the promotion of evidence-based science and practice, education, training, and advocacy. The field was founded in 1969 and includes a broad interdisciplinary foundation, drawing on clinical, developmental, social, cognitive, behavioral, counseling, community and school psychology.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Masana ilimin halayyar yara suna aiki a wurare daban-daban kuma suna cika matsayi daban-daban kamar (Spirito, 2003 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Spirito |first=A. |last2=Brown |first2=R. T. |last3=D'Angelo |first3=E. |last4=Delamater |first4=A. |last5=Rodrigue |first5=J. |last6=Siegel |first6=L. |year=2003 |title=Society of Pediatric Psychology Task Force Report: Recommendations for the Training of Pediatric Psychologists |journal=Journal of Pediatric Psychology |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=85–98 |doi=10.1093/jpepsy/28.2.85 |pmid=12556507 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;):

(1) Bayar da sabis na zamantakewar mutum don matsalolin da suka shafi yanayin lafiyar yara
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Ilimin halayyar yara''' wani bangare ne na fannoni da yawa na binciken kimiyya da aikin asibiti wanda ke ƙoƙarin magance bangarorin halayyar cututtuka, rauni, da inganta halayyar kiwon lafiya a cikin yara, matasa, da iyalai a cikin yanayin kiwon lafiya na yara. Ana magance batutuwan ilimin halayyar dan adam a cikin tsarin ci gaba kuma suna jaddada dangantakar da ke tsakanin yara, iyalansu, da tsarin isar da kiwon lafiya gaba ɗaya.

Yankunan da aka saba amfani da su na binciken sun haɗa da ci gaban zamantakewar mutum, abubuwan muhalli waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban rikice-rikice, sakamakon yara da ke fama da yanayin kiwon lafiya da rauni, da inganta halayen kiwon lafiya masu kyau, nakasa na ci gaba, ilimantar da masu ilimin halayyar dan adam da sauran masu sana'a kan fannonin halayyar yara, da kuma ba da shawara ga manufofin jama'a waɗanda ke inganta lafiyar yara.[1]

== Matsayin likitan ilimin halayyar yara ==
The field of pediatric psychology developed to address unmet needs for psychological services in the pediatric setting and the field blends together several distinct areas in psychology (such as [[Magungunan halayyar mutum|behavioral medicine]], health psychology, developmental psychology, etc.) (Roberts, Maddux, Wurtele, &amp; Wright, 1982 ). Pediatric psychology is an integrated field of science and practice in which the principles of psychology are applied within the environment of pediatric health. The Society of Pediatric Psychology (SPP, Division 54) resides under the American Psychological Association (APA), see http://www.apadivisions.org/division-54/index.aspx. SPP aims to promote health and psychological well-being of children, adolescents, and their families through the promotion of evidence-based science and practice, education, training, and advocacy. The field was founded in 1969 and includes a broad interdisciplinary foundation, drawing on clinical, developmental, social, cognitive, behavioral, counseling, community and school psychology.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Masana ilimin halayyar yara suna aiki a wurare daban-daban kuma suna cika matsayi daban-daban kamar (Spirito, 2003 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Spirito |first=A. |last2=Brown |first2=R. T. |last3=D'Angelo |first3=E. |last4=Delamater |first4=A. |last5=Rodrigue |first5=J. |last6=Siegel |first6=L. |year=2003 |title=Society of Pediatric Psychology Task Force Report: Recommendations for the Training of Pediatric Psychologists |journal=Journal of Pediatric Psychology |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=85–98 |doi=10.1093/jpepsy/28.2.85 |pmid=12556507 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;):

(1) Bayar da sabis na zamantakewar mutum don matsalolin da suka shafi yanayin lafiyar yara

(2) Ayyukan ilimin halayyar mutum don matsalolin kiwon lafiya da ke bayyana a cikin saitunan kiwon lafiya - wanda ya haɗa da batutuwan tunani da suka shafi yanayin kiwon lafiya ko maganin su, jimrewa da suka shafi cututtuka masu tsanani da na dogon lokaci, bin, ingancin rayuwa, ciwo, damuwa mai rauni na kiwon lafiya, al'amuran da suka shafi daidaitawa akan ci gaba da zamantakewar mutum, sake hadewa da makaranta, da matsalolin halayyar
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Ilimin halayyar yara''' wani bangare ne na fannoni da yawa na binciken kimiyya da aikin asibiti wanda ke ƙoƙarin magance bangarorin halayyar cututtuka, rauni, da inganta halayyar kiwon lafiya a cikin yara, matasa, da iyalai a cikin yanayin kiwon lafiya na yara. Ana magance batutuwan ilimin halayyar dan adam a cikin tsarin ci gaba kuma suna jaddada dangantakar da ke tsakanin yara, iyalansu, da tsarin isar da kiwon lafiya gaba ɗaya.

Yankunan da aka saba amfani da su na binciken sun haɗa da ci gaban zamantakewar mutum, abubuwan muhalli waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban rikice-rikice, sakamakon yara da ke fama da yanayin kiwon lafiya da rauni, da inganta halayen kiwon lafiya masu kyau, nakasa na ci gaba, ilimantar da masu ilimin halayyar dan adam da sauran masu sana'a kan fannonin halayyar yara, da kuma ba da shawara ga manufofin jama'a waɗanda ke inganta lafiyar yara.[1]

== Matsayin likitan ilimin halayyar yara ==
The field of pediatric psychology developed to address unmet needs for psychological services in the pediatric setting and the field blends together several distinct areas in psychology (such as [[Magungunan halayyar mutum|behavioral medicine]], health psychology, developmental psychology, etc.) (Roberts, Maddux, Wurtele, &amp; Wright, 1982 ). Pediatric psychology is an integrated field of science and practice in which the principles of psychology are applied within the environment of pediatric health. The Society of Pediatric Psychology (SPP, Division 54) resides under the American Psychological Association (APA), see http://www.apadivisions.org/division-54/index.aspx. SPP aims to promote health and psychological well-being of children, adolescents, and their families through the promotion of evidence-based science and practice, education, training, and advocacy. The field was founded in 1969 and includes a broad interdisciplinary foundation, drawing on clinical, developmental, social, cognitive, behavioral, counseling, community and school psychology.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Masana ilimin halayyar yara suna aiki a wurare daban-daban kuma suna cika matsayi daban-daban kamar (Spirito, 2003 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Spirito |first=A. |last2=Brown |first2=R. T. |last3=D'Angelo |first3=E. |last4=Delamater |first4=A. |last5=Rodrigue |first5=J. |last6=Siegel |first6=L. |year=2003 |title=Society of Pediatric Psychology Task Force Report: Recommendations for the Training of Pediatric Psychologists |journal=Journal of Pediatric Psychology |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=85–98 |doi=10.1093/jpepsy/28.2.85 |pmid=12556507 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;):

(1) Bayar da sabis na zamantakewar mutum don matsalolin da suka shafi yanayin lafiyar yara

(2) Ayyukan ilimin halayyar mutum don matsalolin kiwon lafiya da ke bayyana a cikin saitunan kiwon lafiya - wanda ya haɗa da batutuwan tunani da suka shafi yanayin kiwon lafiya ko maganin su, jimrewa da suka shafi cututtuka masu tsanani da na dogon lokaci, bin, ingancin rayuwa, ciwo, damuwa mai rauni na kiwon lafiya, al'amuran da suka shafi daidaitawa akan ci gaba da zamantakewar mutum, sake hadewa da makaranta, da matsalolin halayyar

(5) Bayar da taimako ga waɗanda ke da nakasa na hankali da / ko ci gaba
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Ilimin halayyar yara''' wani bangare ne na fannoni da yawa na binciken kimiyya da aikin asibiti wanda ke ƙoƙarin magance bangarorin halayyar cututtuka, rauni, da inganta halayyar kiwon lafiya a cikin yara, matasa, da iyalai a cikin yanayin kiwon lafiya na yara. Ana magance batutuwan ilimin halayyar dan adam a cikin tsarin ci gaba kuma suna jaddada dangantakar da ke tsakanin yara, iyalansu, da tsarin isar da kiwon lafiya gaba ɗaya.

Yankunan da aka saba amfani da su na binciken sun haɗa da ci gaban zamantakewar mutum, abubuwan muhalli waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban rikice-rikice, sakamakon yara da ke fama da yanayin kiwon lafiya da rauni, da inganta halayen kiwon lafiya masu kyau, nakasa na ci gaba, ilimantar da masu ilimin halayyar dan adam da sauran masu sana'a kan fannonin halayyar yara, da kuma ba da shawara ga manufofin jama'a waɗanda ke inganta lafiyar yara.[1]

== Matsayin likitan ilimin halayyar yara ==
The field of pediatric psychology developed to address unmet needs for psychological services in the pediatric setting and the field blends together several distinct areas in psychology (such as [[Magungunan halayyar mutum|behavioral medicine]], health psychology, developmental psychology, etc.) (Roberts, Maddux, Wurtele, &amp; Wright, 1982 ). Pediatric psychology is an integrated field of science and practice in which the principles of psychology are applied within the environment of pediatric health. The Society of Pediatric Psychology (SPP, Division 54) resides under the American Psychological Association (APA), see http://www.apadivisions.org/division-54/index.aspx. SPP aims to promote health and psychological well-being of children, adolescents, and their families through the promotion of evidence-based science and practice, education, training, and advocacy. The field was founded in 1969 and includes a broad interdisciplinary foundation, drawing on clinical, developmental, social, cognitive, behavioral, counseling, community and school psychology.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Masana ilimin halayyar yara suna aiki a wurare daban-daban kuma suna cika matsayi daban-daban kamar (Spirito, 2003 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Spirito |first=A. |last2=Brown |first2=R. T. |last3=D'Angelo |first3=E. |last4=Delamater |first4=A. |last5=Rodrigue |first5=J. |last6=Siegel |first6=L. |year=2003 |title=Society of Pediatric Psychology Task Force Report: Recommendations for the Training of Pediatric Psychologists |journal=Journal of Pediatric Psychology |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=85–98 |doi=10.1093/jpepsy/28.2.85 |pmid=12556507 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;):

(1) Bayar da sabis na zamantakewar mutum don matsalolin da suka shafi yanayin lafiyar yara

(2) Ayyukan ilimin halayyar mutum don matsalolin kiwon lafiya da ke bayyana a cikin saitunan kiwon lafiya - wanda ya haɗa da batutuwan tunani da suka shafi yanayin kiwon lafiya ko maganin su, jimrewa da suka shafi cututtuka masu tsanani da na dogon lokaci, bin, ingancin rayuwa, ciwo, damuwa mai rauni na kiwon lafiya, al'amuran da suka shafi daidaitawa akan ci gaba da zamantakewar mutum, sake hadewa da makaranta, da matsalolin halayyar

(3) Ayyukan tunani don matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa ba tare da yanayin lafiya ba

(5) Bayar da taimako ga waɗanda ke da nakasa na hankali da / ko ci gaba
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Ilimin halayyar yara''' wani bangare ne na fannoni da yawa na binciken kimiyya da aikin asibiti wanda ke ƙoƙarin magance bangarorin halayyar cututtuka, rauni, da inganta halayyar kiwon lafiya a cikin yara, matasa, da iyalai a cikin yanayin kiwon lafiya na yara. Ana magance batutuwan ilimin halayyar dan adam a cikin tsarin ci gaba kuma suna jaddada dangantakar da ke tsakanin yara, iyalansu, da tsarin isar da kiwon lafiya gaba ɗaya.

Yankunan da aka saba amfani da su na binciken sun haɗa da ci gaban zamantakewar mutum, abubuwan muhalli waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban rikice-rikice, sakamakon yara da ke fama da yanayin kiwon lafiya da rauni, da inganta halayen kiwon lafiya masu kyau, nakasa na ci gaba, ilimantar da masu ilimin halayyar dan adam da sauran masu sana'a kan fannonin halayyar yara, da kuma ba da shawara ga manufofin jama'a waɗanda ke inganta lafiyar yara.[1]

== Matsayin likitan ilimin halayyar yara ==
The field of pediatric psychology developed to address unmet needs for psychological services in the pediatric setting and the field blends together several distinct areas in psychology (such as [[Magungunan halayyar mutum|behavioral medicine]], health psychology, developmental psychology, etc.) (Roberts, Maddux, Wurtele, &amp; Wright, 1982 ). Pediatric psychology is an integrated field of science and practice in which the principles of psychology are applied within the environment of pediatric health. The Society of Pediatric Psychology (SPP, Division 54) resides under the American Psychological Association (APA), see http://www.apadivisions.org/division-54/index.aspx. SPP aims to promote health and psychological well-being of children, adolescents, and their families through the promotion of evidence-based science and practice, education, training, and advocacy. The field was founded in 1969 and includes a broad interdisciplinary foundation, drawing on clinical, developmental, social, cognitive, behavioral, counseling, community and school psychology.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Masana ilimin halayyar yara suna aiki a wurare daban-daban kuma suna cika matsayi daban-daban kamar (Spirito, 2003 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Spirito |first=A. |last2=Brown |first2=R. T. |last3=D'Angelo |first3=E. |last4=Delamater |first4=A. |last5=Rodrigue |first5=J. |last6=Siegel |first6=L. |year=2003 |title=Society of Pediatric Psychology Task Force Report: Recommendations for the Training of Pediatric Psychologists |journal=Journal of Pediatric Psychology |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=85–98 |doi=10.1093/jpepsy/28.2.85 |pmid=12556507 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;):

(1) Bayar da sabis na zamantakewar mutum don matsalolin da suka shafi yanayin lafiyar yara

(2) Ayyukan ilimin halayyar mutum don matsalolin kiwon lafiya da ke bayyana a cikin saitunan kiwon lafiya - wanda ya haɗa da batutuwan tunani da suka shafi yanayin kiwon lafiya ko maganin su, jimrewa da suka shafi cututtuka masu tsanani da na dogon lokaci, bin, ingancin rayuwa, ciwo, damuwa mai rauni na kiwon lafiya, al'amuran da suka shafi daidaitawa akan ci gaba da zamantakewar mutum, sake hadewa da makaranta, da matsalolin halayyar

(3) Ayyukan tunani don matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa ba tare da yanayin lafiya ba

(4) Shirye-shiryen inganta kiwon lafiya / rigakafi da shiga tsakani da wuri

(5) Bayar da taimako ga waɗanda ke da nakasa na hankali da / ko ci gaba
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357007072|Pediatric psychology]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Ilimin halayyar yara''' wani bangare ne na fannoni da yawa na binciken kimiyya da aikin asibiti wanda ke ƙoƙarin magance bangarorin halayyar cututtuka, rauni, da inganta halayyar kiwon lafiya a cikin yara, matasa, da iyalai a cikin yanayin kiwon lafiya na yara. Ana magance batutuwan ilimin halayyar dan adam a cikin tsarin ci gaba kuma suna jaddada dangantakar da ke tsakanin yara, iyalansu, da tsarin isar da kiwon lafiya gaba ɗaya.

Yankunan da aka saba amfani da su na binciken sun haɗa da ci gaban zamantakewar mutum, abubuwan muhalli waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban rikice-rikice, sakamakon yara da ke fama da yanayin kiwon lafiya da rauni, da inganta halayen kiwon lafiya masu kyau, nakasa na ci gaba, ilimantar da masu ilimin halayyar dan adam da sauran masu sana'a kan fannonin halayyar yara, da kuma ba da shawara ga manufofin jama'a waɗanda ke inganta lafiyar yara.[1]

== Matsayin likitan ilimin halayyar yara ==
The field of pediatric psychology developed to address unmet needs for psychological services in the pediatric setting and the field blends together several distinct areas in psychology (such as [[Magungunan halayyar mutum|behavioral medicine]], health psychology, developmental psychology, etc.) (Roberts, Maddux, Wurtele, &amp; Wright, 1982 ). Pediatric psychology is an integrated field of science and practice in which the principles of psychology are applied within the environment of pediatric health. The Society of Pediatric Psychology (SPP, Division 54) resides under the American Psychological Association (APA), see http://www.apadivisions.org/division-54/index.aspx. SPP aims to promote health and psychological well-being of children, adolescents, and their families through the promotion of evidence-based science and practice, education, training, and advocacy. The field was founded in 1969 and includes a broad interdisciplinary foundation, drawing on clinical, developmental, social, cognitive, behavioral, counseling, community and school psychology.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Masana ilimin halayyar yara suna aiki a wurare daban-daban kuma suna cika matsayi daban-daban kamar (Spirito, 2003 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Spirito |first=A. |last2=Brown |first2=R. T. |last3=D'Angelo |first3=E. |last4=Delamater |first4=A. |last5=Rodrigue |first5=J. |last6=Siegel |first6=L. |year=2003 |title=Society of Pediatric Psychology Task Force Report: Recommendations for the Training of Pediatric Psychologists |journal=Journal of Pediatric Psychology |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=85–98 |doi=10.1093/jpepsy/28.2.85 |pmid=12556507 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;):

(1) Bayar da sabis na zamantakewar mutum don matsalolin da suka shafi yanayin lafiyar yara

(2) Ayyukan ilimin halayyar mutum don matsalolin kiwon lafiya da ke bayyana a cikin saitunan kiwon lafiya - wanda ya haɗa da batutuwan tunani da suka shafi yanayin kiwon lafiya ko maganin su, jimrewa da suka shafi cututtuka masu tsanani da na dogon lokaci, bin, ingancin rayuwa, ciwo, damuwa mai rauni na kiwon lafiya, al'amuran da suka shafi daidaitawa akan ci gaba da zamantakewar mutum, sake hadewa da makaranta, da matsalolin halayyar

(3) Ayyukan tunani don matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa ba tare da yanayin lafiya ba

(4) Shirye-shiryen inganta kiwon lafiya / rigakafi da shiga tsakani da wuri

(5) Bayar da taimako ga waɗanda ke da nakasa na hankali da / ko ci gaba

(6) Horar da hankali da shawarwari ga likitoci

(7) Lafiyar jama'a da manufofin jama'a. 
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357007072|Pediatric psychology]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Ilimin halayyar yara''' wani bangare ne na fannoni da yawa na binciken kimiyya da aikin asibiti wanda ke ƙoƙarin magance bangarorin halayyar cututtuka, rauni, da inganta halayyar kiwon lafiya a cikin yara, matasa, da iyalai a cikin yanayin kiwon lafiya na yara. Ana magance batutuwan ilimin halayyar dan adam a cikin tsarin ci gaba kuma suna jaddada dangantakar da ke tsakanin yara, iyalansu, da tsarin isar da kiwon lafiya gaba ɗaya.

Yankunan da aka saba amfani da su na binciken sun haɗa da ci gaban zamantakewar mutum, abubuwan muhalli waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban rikice-rikice, sakamakon yara da ke fama da yanayin kiwon lafiya da rauni, da inganta halayen kiwon lafiya masu kyau, nakasa na ci gaba, ilimantar da masu ilimin halayyar dan adam da sauran masu sana'a kan fannonin halayyar yara, da kuma ba da shawara ga manufofin jama'a waɗanda ke inganta lafiyar yara.[1]

== Matsayin likitan ilimin halayyar yara ==
The field of pediatric psychology developed to address unmet needs for psychological services in the pediatric setting and the field blends together several distinct areas in psychology (such as [[Magungunan halayyar mutum|behavioral medicine]], health psychology, developmental psychology, etc.) (Roberts, Maddux, Wurtele, &amp; Wright, 1982 ). Pediatric psychology is an integrated field of science and practice in which the principles of psychology are applied within the environment of pediatric health. The Society of Pediatric Psychology (SPP, Division 54) resides under the American Psychological Association (APA), see http://www.apadivisions.org/division-54/index.aspx. SPP aims to promote health and psychological well-being of children, adolescents, and their families through the promotion of evidence-based science and practice, education, training, and advocacy. The field was founded in 1969 and includes a broad interdisciplinary foundation, drawing on clinical, developmental, social, cognitive, behavioral, counseling, community and school psychology.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Masana ilimin halayyar yara suna aiki a wurare daban-daban kuma suna cika matsayi daban-daban kamar (Spirito, 2003 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Spirito |first=A. |last2=Brown |first2=R. T. |last3=D'Angelo |first3=E. |last4=Delamater |first4=A. |last5=Rodrigue |first5=J. |last6=Siegel |first6=L. |year=2003 |title=Society of Pediatric Psychology Task Force Report: Recommendations for the Training of Pediatric Psychologists |journal=Journal of Pediatric Psychology |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=85–98 |doi=10.1093/jpepsy/28.2.85 |pmid=12556507 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;):

(1) Bayar da sabis na zamantakewar mutum don matsalolin da suka shafi yanayin lafiyar yara

(2) Ayyukan ilimin halayyar mutum don matsalolin kiwon lafiya da ke bayyana a cikin saitunan kiwon lafiya - wanda ya haɗa da batutuwan tunani da suka shafi yanayin kiwon lafiya ko maganin su, jimrewa da suka shafi cututtuka masu tsanani da na dogon lokaci, bin, ingancin rayuwa, ciwo, damuwa mai rauni na kiwon lafiya, al'amuran da suka shafi daidaitawa akan ci gaba da zamantakewar mutum, sake hadewa da makaranta, da matsalolin halayyar

(3) Ayyukan tunani don matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa ba tare da yanayin lafiya ba

(4) Shirye-shiryen inganta kiwon lafiya / rigakafi da shiga tsakani da wuri

(5) Bayar da taimako ga waɗanda ke da nakasa na hankali da / ko ci gaba

(6) Horar da hankali da shawarwari ga likitoci

(7) Lafiyar jama'a da manufofin jama'a. 

Interventions are not just illness-related, but address behavioral problems as well. The settings that pediatric psychologists work in allows for brief interventions that are economical and time efficient. Collaboration with the health care providers allows for more targeted assessment and interventions.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Masu ba da kiwon lafiya na yara suna da daraja aikin likitocin ilimin halayyar yara (Stancin, Perrin, da Ramirez, 2009):  &quot;Kwanan nan, karuwar sha'awar likitocin yara game da ganowa da kula da yara masu matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa ya haifar da ganewar cewa:
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Ilimin halayyar yara''' wani bangare ne na fannoni da yawa na binciken kimiyya da aikin asibiti wanda ke ƙoƙarin magance bangarorin halayyar cututtuka, rauni, da inganta halayyar kiwon lafiya a cikin yara, matasa, da iyalai a cikin yanayin kiwon lafiya na yara. Ana magance batutuwan ilimin halayyar dan adam a cikin tsarin ci gaba kuma suna jaddada dangantakar da ke tsakanin yara, iyalansu, da tsarin isar da kiwon lafiya gaba ɗaya.

Yankunan da aka saba amfani da su na binciken sun haɗa da ci gaban zamantakewar mutum, abubuwan muhalli waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban rikice-rikice, sakamakon yara da ke fama da yanayin kiwon lafiya da rauni, da inganta halayen kiwon lafiya masu kyau, nakasa na ci gaba, ilimantar da masu ilimin halayyar dan adam da sauran masu sana'a kan fannonin halayyar yara, da kuma ba da shawara ga manufofin jama'a waɗanda ke inganta lafiyar yara.[1]

== Matsayin likitan ilimin halayyar yara ==
The field of pediatric psychology developed to address unmet needs for psychological services in the pediatric setting and the field blends together several distinct areas in psychology (such as [[Magungunan halayyar mutum|behavioral medicine]], health psychology, developmental psychology, etc.) (Roberts, Maddux, Wurtele, &amp; Wright, 1982 ). Pediatric psychology is an integrated field of science and practice in which the principles of psychology are applied within the environment of pediatric health. The Society of Pediatric Psychology (SPP, Division 54) resides under the American Psychological Association (APA), see http://www.apadivisions.org/division-54/index.aspx. SPP aims to promote health and psychological well-being of children, adolescents, and their families through the promotion of evidence-based science and practice, education, training, and advocacy. The field was founded in 1969 and includes a broad interdisciplinary foundation, drawing on clinical, developmental, social, cognitive, behavioral, counseling, community and school psychology.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Masana ilimin halayyar yara suna aiki a wurare daban-daban kuma suna cika matsayi daban-daban kamar (Spirito, 2003 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Spirito |first=A. |last2=Brown |first2=R. T. |last3=D'Angelo |first3=E. |last4=Delamater |first4=A. |last5=Rodrigue |first5=J. |last6=Siegel |first6=L. |year=2003 |title=Society of Pediatric Psychology Task Force Report: Recommendations for the Training of Pediatric Psychologists |journal=Journal of Pediatric Psychology |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=85–98 |doi=10.1093/jpepsy/28.2.85 |pmid=12556507 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;):

(1) Bayar da sabis na zamantakewar mutum don matsalolin da suka shafi yanayin lafiyar yara

(2) Ayyukan ilimin halayyar mutum don matsalolin kiwon lafiya da ke bayyana a cikin saitunan kiwon lafiya - wanda ya haɗa da batutuwan tunani da suka shafi yanayin kiwon lafiya ko maganin su, jimrewa da suka shafi cututtuka masu tsanani da na dogon lokaci, bin, ingancin rayuwa, ciwo, damuwa mai rauni na kiwon lafiya, al'amuran da suka shafi daidaitawa akan ci gaba da zamantakewar mutum, sake hadewa da makaranta, da matsalolin halayyar

(3) Ayyukan tunani don matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa ba tare da yanayin lafiya ba

(4) Shirye-shiryen inganta kiwon lafiya / rigakafi da shiga tsakani da wuri

(5) Bayar da taimako ga waɗanda ke da nakasa na hankali da / ko ci gaba

(6) Horar da hankali da shawarwari ga likitoci

(7) Lafiyar jama'a da manufofin jama'a. 

Interventions are not just illness-related, but address behavioral problems as well. The settings that pediatric psychologists work in allows for brief interventions that are economical and time efficient. Collaboration with the health care providers allows for more targeted assessment and interventions.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Masu ba da kiwon lafiya na yara suna da daraja aikin likitocin ilimin halayyar yara (Stancin, Perrin, da Ramirez, 2009):  &quot;Kwanan nan, karuwar sha'awar likitocin yara game da ganowa da kula da yara masu matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa ya haifar da ganewar cewa:

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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{{Databox}}

'''Ilimin halayyar yara''' wani bangare ne na fannoni da yawa na binciken kimiyya da aikin asibiti wanda ke ƙoƙarin magance bangarorin halayyar cututtuka, rauni, da inganta halayyar kiwon lafiya a cikin yara, matasa, da iyalai a cikin yanayin kiwon lafiya na yara. Ana magance batutuwan ilimin halayyar dan adam a cikin tsarin ci gaba kuma suna jaddada dangantakar da ke tsakanin yara, iyalansu, da tsarin isar da kiwon lafiya gaba ɗaya.

Yankunan da aka saba amfani da su na binciken sun haɗa da ci gaban zamantakewar mutum, abubuwan muhalli waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban rikice-rikice, sakamakon yara da ke fama da yanayin kiwon lafiya da rauni, da inganta halayen kiwon lafiya masu kyau, nakasa na ci gaba, ilimantar da masu ilimin halayyar dan adam da sauran masu sana'a kan fannonin halayyar yara, da kuma ba da shawara ga manufofin jama'a waɗanda ke inganta lafiyar yara.[1]

== Matsayin likitan ilimin halayyar yara ==
The field of pediatric psychology developed to address unmet needs for psychological services in the pediatric setting and the field blends together several distinct areas in psychology (such as [[Magungunan halayyar mutum|behavioral medicine]], health psychology, developmental psychology, etc.) (Roberts, Maddux, Wurtele, &amp; Wright, 1982 ). Pediatric psychology is an integrated field of science and practice in which the principles of psychology are applied within the environment of pediatric health. The Society of Pediatric Psychology (SPP, Division 54) resides under the American Psychological Association (APA), see http://www.apadivisions.org/division-54/index.aspx. SPP aims to promote health and psychological well-being of children, adolescents, and their families through the promotion of evidence-based science and practice, education, training, and advocacy. The field was founded in 1969 and includes a broad interdisciplinary foundation, drawing on clinical, developmental, social, cognitive, behavioral, counseling, community and school psychology.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Masana ilimin halayyar yara suna aiki a wurare daban-daban kuma suna cika matsayi daban-daban kamar (Spirito, 2003 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Spirito |first=A. |last2=Brown |first2=R. T. |last3=D'Angelo |first3=E. |last4=Delamater |first4=A. |last5=Rodrigue |first5=J. |last6=Siegel |first6=L. |year=2003 |title=Society of Pediatric Psychology Task Force Report: Recommendations for the Training of Pediatric Psychologists |journal=Journal of Pediatric Psychology |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=85–98 |doi=10.1093/jpepsy/28.2.85 |pmid=12556507 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;):

(1) Bayar da sabis na zamantakewar mutum don matsalolin da suka shafi yanayin lafiyar yara

(2) Ayyukan ilimin halayyar mutum don matsalolin kiwon lafiya da ke bayyana a cikin saitunan kiwon lafiya - wanda ya haɗa da batutuwan tunani da suka shafi yanayin kiwon lafiya ko maganin su, jimrewa da suka shafi cututtuka masu tsanani da na dogon lokaci, bin, ingancin rayuwa, ciwo, damuwa mai rauni na kiwon lafiya, al'amuran da suka shafi daidaitawa akan ci gaba da zamantakewar mutum, sake hadewa da makaranta, da matsalolin halayyar

(3) Ayyukan tunani don matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa ba tare da yanayin lafiya ba

(4) Shirye-shiryen inganta kiwon lafiya / rigakafi da shiga tsakani da wuri

(5) Bayar da taimako ga waɗanda ke da nakasa na hankali da / ko ci gaba

(6) Horar da hankali da shawarwari ga likitoci

(7) Lafiyar jama'a da manufofin jama'a. 

Interventions are not just illness-related, but address behavioral problems as well. The settings that pediatric psychologists work in allows for brief interventions that are economical and time efficient. Collaboration with the health care providers allows for more targeted assessment and interventions.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Masu ba da kiwon lafiya na yara suna da daraja aikin likitocin ilimin halayyar yara (Stancin, Perrin, da Ramirez, 2009):  &quot;Kwanan nan, karuwar sha'awar likitocin yara game da ganowa da kula da yara masu matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa ya haifar da ganewar cewa:

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>8m3ymodxjfeablyjjzmogzdohfyuvm3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kamfanin Jirgin Ruwa na Kasa Corse Méditerranée</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158834</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861894</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T10:58:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359499748|Société nationale maritime Corse Méditerranée]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861894</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6622" sha1="azdfhsbvc0gewje2g0ztlv2ncu6b66q" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Mv-Danielle-Casanova-Bastia-fr-01.jpg|thumb|260x260px|MS &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwCQ&quot;&gt;Danielle Casanova&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; yana barin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Bastia]]
Société nationale maritime Corse-Méditerranée ('''SNCM''') kamfani ne na jirgin ruwa na Faransa da ke aiki a Bahar Rum .

Jirginsa ya tashi daga [[Marseille]], [[Toulon]], Nice a kan ƙasar Faransa, Calvi, Bastia, Ajaccio, Ile Rousse, Propriano, da Porto Vecchio a kan [[Korsika|Corsica]], Porto Torres a kan [[Sardiniya|Sardinia]], [[Aljir|Algiers]], [[Oran]], [[Skikda]] da [[Béjaïa|Bejaia]] a [[Aljeriya]] da [[Tunis]] a [[Tunisiya]] da [[Genoa]] a Italiya. Tun daga shekara ta 2016 rundunar SNCM ta tafi sabon kamfani, Corsica Linea.

SNCM ta gano tarihinta tun daga 1850.

== Tarihi ==

* A shekara ta 1855, an kirkiro Compagnie Générale Maritime .
* A cikin 1861, Compagnie Générale Maritime ta canza sunanta zuwa Compagnie Generale Transatlantique .
* A shekara ta 1969, an kirkiro Compagnie générale transméditerranéenne (CGTM) ta hanyar shiga ayyukan Bahar Rum na Compagnie Générale Transatlantique tare da Compagnie de Navigation Mixte .
* A shekara ta 1976, CGTM ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon jihar kuma ta canza sunanta zuwa SNCM. Kamfanin Compagnie générale maritime (CGM) ne ke kula da mallakar jihar da kashi 75% da kuma SNCF, wanda ya shafi sabon sunan.

== Kasuwanci na 2005 ==
A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2005, Firayim Ministan Faransa [[Dominique de Villepin]] ya gabatar da wani aikin mallakar kamfanin. Villepin ya ba da SNCM ga Butler Capital Partners na Yuro miliyan 35, bayan &quot;recapitalisation&quot; na Yuro miiliyo 113 (injection na sabon babban birnin ta jihar). Koyaya, wannan aikin ya haifar da kuka na jama'a, yayin da ya sanya tambaya game da daidaitawa da ka'idar sufuri na jama'ar (rashin ''daidaito''), ma'ana don tabbatar da ci gaba da yankin ƙasa da [[Daidaitawa|daidaito]] na kowa game da wannan muhimmiyar ci gaba ta yanki. A wasu kalmomi, SNCM mallakar jihar ta tabbatar da sufuri tsakanin nahiyar da Corsica duk tsawon shekara, duk da cewa a cikin sharuddan kasuwa na musamman bazai zama riba ba, don Corsians su iya samun damar ayyukan gudanarwa da kowane Faransanci. Bugu da ƙari, Walter Butler ya kasance abokin makaranta na Villepin kuma aboki daga l'ENA, makarantar ma'aikatan gwamnati.

Bayan tattaunawa mai wuya da yajin aiki da kungiyar kwadago ta CGT da kungiyar kwadoro ta Corsican Workers' Trade Union (STC), an gabatar da sabon aikin. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2006, an mallaki kamfanin. Connex (wanda tun daga lokacin ya zama Veolia Transport, wani reshe na ƙungiyar Veolia Environment) ya ɗauki 28% na SNCM (a kan 38% na Butler a cikin tsari na baya); jihar ta riƙe 25% na hannun jari, kuma 9% an sayar wa ma'aikata. An shirya sallamawa 400; ban da Yuro miliyan 113 da jihar ta sake shigarwa kafin mallakar, za a ba da Yuro miliyo 35 don tallafawa sallamar.

A shekara ta 2008, Butler ya sayar da hannun jarinsa ga Veolia, wanda ya zama babban mai hannun jari tare da kashi 66% na hannun jarin. A cikin 2011, an ba da hannun jari ga Veolia Transdev (yanzu kawai Transdev), bayan Veolia ta haɗu da Transdev (tarihi).

Kamfanin ya shigar da kara don kariya ta fatarar kuɗi a cikin 2014 kuma daga baya aka sanya shi a cikin karɓar kotun Marseilles. 

== Tsohon Jirgin Ruwa ==

* ''Sidi Bel Abbes'' (1949-1963) An rushe shi a Alang, [[Indiya]] a shekarar 1988.
* ''Kaiouran'' (1950-1974) An watsar da shi a [[Ispaniya|Spain]] a 1973.
* ''Napoleon'' (1959-1974) An cire shi a Gadani Beach, [[Pakistan]] a 1987.
* ''Fred Scamaroni'' (1965-1980) Sank a matsayin ''Salem Express'' yayin da yake kan hanyar zuwa [[Suez]] 15 Disamba 1991. Fasinjoji 450 sun mutu.
* ''Comte De Nice'' (1966-1983) An cire shi a matsayin ''Express Naias'' a Aliağa, [[Turkiyya]] a shekara ta 2003.
* ''Corse'' (1966-1981) Sank a matsayin ''Express Samina'' a Paros 2 nautical miles daga 26 Satumba 2000. Fasinjoji 80 sun mutu.
* Avenir (1967-1976) Sank a matsayin ''Shahrazad'' a cikin [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]] bayan gobara a cikin jirgin a ranar 21 ga Satumba 1985.
* ''Roussillon'' (1970-1980) An cire shi a matsayin ''Opi'' a Aliaga, [[Turkiyya]] a shekara ta 2002.
* Travetal (1972-1973) An watsar da shi a [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]
* Monte Rotondo (1973-2002) an soke shi a matsayin Tramola 1 a cikin 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tramola 1 venduta per la demolizione |url=https://www.pianetanavi.it/tramola-1-venduta-per-la-demolizione/ |website=Pianeta Navi |language=IT}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ile De Beaute (1973-1976) an cire shi a cikin [[Chittatong]] Roads [[Bangladesh]] a matsayin ''Sarauniyar'' a shekara ta 2004.
* ''Provence'' (1974-1989) an cire shi a matsayin ''Bel Air'' a Aliağa, [[Turkiyya]] a cikin 1999.
* ''Napoleon'' (1976-2002) an cire shi a matsayin ''Berkane'' a Aliaga, [[Turkiyya]] a cikin 2015.
* L'''Isere'' (1976-1984) An soke shi a cikin 2010.
* L'aude (1978-1997) a matsayin ''Meyra'' tun daga 2011
* ''Cyrnos'' (1979-1990) an cire shi a matsayin Beau a Aliağa, [[Turkiyya]] a cikin 2013.
* Liberte (1980-2002) an cire shi a matsayin ''Biladi'' a Aliaga, [[Turkiyya]] a cikin 2013.
* ''Esterel'' (1981-1997) an cire shi a matsayin ''Mistral Express'' a Aliaga, [[Turkiyya]] a cikin 2016.
* ''Corse'' (1983-2016) a matsayin Grand Ferry tun 2018.
* Monte Cinto (1984-2010) a matsayin Eden tun 2014.
* ''Danielle Casanova'' (1989-2002) a matsayin Mediteranee na Corsica Linea tun daga 2016
* ''Monte D'Oro'' (1991-2016) a matsayin Monte D'Or don Corsica Linea tun 2016
* ''Paglia Orbia'' (1994-2016) a matsayin ''Paglia Orbia'' don Corscica Linea tun 2016
* ''NGV Asco'' (1996-2005) ya nutse a matsayin ''Panagia Parou'' a Algeciras a cikin 2017 kuma ya rushe a Aliaga, [[Turkiyya]] a cikin 2018.
* ''NGV Aliso'' (21996-2004) a matsayin ''Kalli P'' don Lines na Idomeneas tun 2015 an kafa shi a Perama, [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]]
* ''Napoleon Bonaparte'' (1996-2014) a matsayin ''Rhapsody'' ga Grandi Navi Veloci tun 2014.
* ''NGV Liamone'' (2000-2009) an soke shi a matsayin ''Tai Min Star'' a [[Taiwan]] a cikin 2020.
* ''Danielle Casanova'' (2002-2016) a matsayin ''Danielle Casanova'' na Corsica Linea tun daga 2016.
* ''Pascal Paoli'' (2003-2016) a matsayin ''Pascal Paoli'' na Corsica Linea tun daga 2016.
* ''Jean Nicoli'' (2007-2016) a matsayin ''Jean Nicoli'' na Corscica Linea tun 2016.
* ''NGV Liamone II'' (2010-2010) an kafa shi a Perama, [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] a matsayin ''Aelos Kenteris I'' tun 2011.
* Excelsior (2013-2014) a matsayin Excelsior na Grandi Navi Veloci .
* ''''Ya kasance a cikin '' ''Venizelos'''' (2013-2014) a matsayin El. Venizelos don Lines na ANEK

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>azdfhsbvc0gewje2g0ztlv2ncu6b66q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861896</id>
      <parentid>861894</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T10:58:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>861896</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6633" sha1="89jnv8t7pthq56ddhg69auftj7ar7g0" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Mv-Danielle-Casanova-Bastia-fr-01.jpg|thumb|260x260px|MS &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwCQ&quot;&gt;Danielle Casanova&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; yana barin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Bastia]]
Société nationale maritime Corse-Méditerranée ('''SNCM''') kamfani ne na jirgin ruwa na Faransa da ke aiki a Bahar Rum .

Jirginsa ya tashi daga [[Marseille]], [[Toulon]], Nice a kan ƙasar Faransa, Calvi, Bastia, Ajaccio, Ile Rousse, Propriano, da Porto Vecchio a kan [[Korsika|Corsica]], Porto Torres a kan [[Sardiniya|Sardinia]], [[Aljir|Algiers]], [[Oran]], [[Skikda]] da [[Béjaïa|Bejaia]] a [[Aljeriya]] da [[Tunis]] a [[Tunisiya]] da [[Genoa]] a Italiya. Tun daga shekara ta 2016 rundunar SNCM ta tafi sabon kamfani, Corsica Linea.

SNCM ta gano tarihinta tun daga 1850.

== Tarihi ==

* A shekara ta 1855, an kirkiro Compagnie Générale Maritime .
* A cikin 1861, Compagnie Générale Maritime ta canza sunanta zuwa Compagnie Generale Transatlantique .
* A shekara ta 1969, an kirkiro Compagnie générale transméditerranéenne (CGTM) ta hanyar shiga ayyukan Bahar Rum na Compagnie Générale Transatlantique tare da Compagnie de Navigation Mixte .
* A shekara ta 1976, CGTM ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon jihar kuma ta canza sunanta zuwa SNCM. Kamfanin Compagnie générale maritime (CGM) ne ke kula da mallakar jihar da kashi 75% da kuma SNCF, wanda ya shafi sabon sunan.

== Kasuwanci na 2005 ==
A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2005, Firayim Ministan Faransa [[Dominique de Villepin]] ya gabatar da wani aikin mallakar kamfanin. Villepin ya ba da SNCM ga Butler Capital Partners na Yuro miliyan 35, bayan &quot;recapitalisation&quot; na Yuro miiliyo 113 (injection na sabon babban birnin ta jihar). Koyaya, wannan aikin ya haifar da kuka na jama'a, yayin da ya sanya tambaya game da daidaitawa da ka'idar sufuri na jama'ar (rashin ''daidaito''), ma'ana don tabbatar da ci gaba da yankin ƙasa da [[Daidaitawa|daidaito]] na kowa game da wannan muhimmiyar ci gaba ta yanki. A wasu kalmomi, SNCM mallakar jihar ta tabbatar da sufuri tsakanin nahiyar da Corsica duk tsawon shekara, duk da cewa a cikin sharuddan kasuwa na musamman bazai zama riba ba, don Corsians su iya samun damar ayyukan gudanarwa da kowane Faransanci. Bugu da ƙari, Walter Butler ya kasance abokin makaranta na Villepin kuma aboki daga l'ENA, makarantar ma'aikatan gwamnati.

Bayan tattaunawa mai wuya da yajin aiki da kungiyar kwadago ta CGT da kungiyar kwadoro ta Corsican Workers' Trade Union (STC), an gabatar da sabon aikin. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2006, an mallaki kamfanin. Connex (wanda tun daga lokacin ya zama Veolia Transport, wani reshe na ƙungiyar Veolia Environment) ya ɗauki 28% na SNCM (a kan 38% na Butler a cikin tsari na baya); jihar ta riƙe 25% na hannun jari, kuma 9% an sayar wa ma'aikata. An shirya sallamawa 400; ban da Yuro miliyan 113 da jihar ta sake shigarwa kafin mallakar, za a ba da Yuro miliyo 35 don tallafawa sallamar.

A shekara ta 2008, Butler ya sayar da hannun jarinsa ga Veolia, wanda ya zama babban mai hannun jari tare da kashi 66% na hannun jarin. A cikin 2011, an ba da hannun jari ga Veolia Transdev (yanzu kawai Transdev), bayan Veolia ta haɗu da Transdev (tarihi).

Kamfanin ya shigar da kara don kariya ta fatarar kuɗi a cikin 2014 kuma daga baya aka sanya shi a cikin karɓar kotun Marseilles. 

== Tsohon Jirgin Ruwa ==

* ''Sidi Bel Abbes'' (1949-1963) An rushe shi a Alang, [[Indiya]] a shekarar 1988.
* ''Kaiouran'' (1950-1974) An watsar da shi a [[Ispaniya|Spain]] a 1973.
* ''Napoleon'' (1959-1974) An cire shi a Gadani Beach, [[Pakistan]] a 1987.
* ''Fred Scamaroni'' (1965-1980) Sank a matsayin ''Salem Express'' yayin da yake kan hanyar zuwa [[Suez]] 15 Disamba 1991. Fasinjoji 450 sun mutu.
* ''Comte De Nice'' (1966-1983) An cire shi a matsayin ''Express Naias'' a Aliağa, [[Turkiyya]] a shekara ta 2003.
* ''Corse'' (1966-1981) Sank a matsayin ''Express Samina'' a Paros 2 nautical miles daga 26 Satumba 2000. Fasinjoji 80 sun mutu.
* Avenir (1967-1976) Sank a matsayin ''Shahrazad'' a cikin [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]] bayan gobara a cikin jirgin a ranar 21 ga Satumba 1985.
* ''Roussillon'' (1970-1980) An cire shi a matsayin ''Opi'' a Aliaga, [[Turkiyya]] a shekara ta 2002.
* Travetal (1972-1973) An watsar da shi a [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]
* Monte Rotondo (1973-2002) an soke shi a matsayin Tramola 1 a cikin 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tramola 1 venduta per la demolizione |url=https://www.pianetanavi.it/tramola-1-venduta-per-la-demolizione/ |website=Pianeta Navi |language=IT}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ile De Beaute (1973-1976) an cire shi a cikin [[Chittatong]] Roads [[Bangladesh]] a matsayin ''Sarauniyar'' a shekara ta 2004.
* ''Provence'' (1974-1989) an cire shi a matsayin ''Bel Air'' a Aliağa, [[Turkiyya]] a cikin 1999.
* ''Napoleon'' (1976-2002) an cire shi a matsayin ''Berkane'' a Aliaga, [[Turkiyya]] a cikin 2015.
* L'''Isere'' (1976-1984) An soke shi a cikin 2010.
* L'aude (1978-1997) a matsayin ''Meyra'' tun daga 2011
* ''Cyrnos'' (1979-1990) an cire shi a matsayin Beau a Aliağa, [[Turkiyya]] a cikin 2013.
* Liberte (1980-2002) an cire shi a matsayin ''Biladi'' a Aliaga, [[Turkiyya]] a cikin 2013.
* ''Esterel'' (1981-1997) an cire shi a matsayin ''Mistral Express'' a Aliaga, [[Turkiyya]] a cikin 2016.
* ''Corse'' (1983-2016) a matsayin Grand Ferry tun 2018.
* Monte Cinto (1984-2010) a matsayin Eden tun 2014.
* ''Danielle Casanova'' (1989-2002) a matsayin Mediteranee na Corsica Linea tun daga 2016
* ''Monte D'Oro'' (1991-2016) a matsayin Monte D'Or don Corsica Linea tun 2016
* ''Paglia Orbia'' (1994-2016) a matsayin ''Paglia Orbia'' don Corscica Linea tun 2016
* ''NGV Asco'' (1996-2005) ya nutse a matsayin ''Panagia Parou'' a Algeciras a cikin 2017 kuma ya rushe a Aliaga, [[Turkiyya]] a cikin 2018.
* ''NGV Aliso'' (21996-2004) a matsayin ''Kalli P'' don Lines na Idomeneas tun 2015 an kafa shi a Perama, [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]]
* ''Napoleon Bonaparte'' (1996-2014) a matsayin ''Rhapsody'' ga Grandi Navi Veloci tun 2014.
* ''NGV Liamone'' (2000-2009) an soke shi a matsayin ''Tai Min Star'' a [[Taiwan]] a cikin 2020.
* ''Danielle Casanova'' (2002-2016) a matsayin ''Danielle Casanova'' na Corsica Linea tun daga 2016.
* ''Pascal Paoli'' (2003-2016) a matsayin ''Pascal Paoli'' na Corsica Linea tun daga 2016.
* ''Jean Nicoli'' (2007-2016) a matsayin ''Jean Nicoli'' na Corscica Linea tun 2016.
* ''NGV Liamone II'' (2010-2010) an kafa shi a Perama, [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] a matsayin ''Aelos Kenteris I'' tun 2011.
* Excelsior (2013-2014) a matsayin Excelsior na Grandi Navi Veloci .
* ''''Ya kasance a cikin '' ''Venizelos'''' (2013-2014) a matsayin El. Venizelos don Lines na ANEK

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>89jnv8t7pthq56ddhg69auftj7ar7g0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jirgin Ruwa na El Salam</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158835</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861899</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T10:59:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359429718|El Salam Maritime Transport]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861899</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1204" sha1="nxsjv0abgg7ilsgti7n2ga6vnvkhin1" xml:space="preserve">
[[Fayil:Al_Salam_Carducci_82.JPG|right|thumb|240x240px|''Al Salam Carducci 82'' a Suez]]
El Salam Maritime Transport wani kamfanin jirgin ruwa ne na Masar wanda ke aiki da jiragen ruwa goma sha biyar a kan hanyoyin [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]] tsakanin tashar jiragen ruwa a Masar, [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] da [[Jodan|Jordan]]. Kamfanin yana jigilar fasinjoji sama da miliyan daya a shekara kuma shine mafi girman kamfanin jigilar kayayyaki a Gabas ta Tsakiya.

El Salam ya sami hankalin kafofin watsa labarai a shekara ta 2006 bayan MV al-Salam Boccaccio 98 ya nutse a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 2006 a cikin Bahar Maliya a kan hanyarsa daga Duba, Saudi Arabia, zuwa Safaga a kudancin Masar, tare da asarar rayuka sama da 1000.

Wannan jirgin, da sauransu a cikin wannan aji, ya kamata ya kawo karshen aikinsa a cikin 2010, amma bayan bala'in ''Boccaccio 98'' an sayar da sauran jiragen uku ga wani kayan aikin Indiya (wani ya ƙone kuma ya nutse a cikin 2002).

== Hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su ==

* [[Suez]], Misira - [[Jeddah|Jedda]], Saudi Arabia
* Safaga, Misira - Duba da Jeddah, duka a Saudi Arabia
* [[Nuweiba]], Misira - Aqaba, Jordan
* [[Hurghada]], Misira - Duba, Saudi Arabia

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>nxsjv0abgg7ilsgti7n2ga6vnvkhin1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>861905</id>
      <parentid>861899</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T11:00:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>861905</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1395" sha1="ltvzcmtkvk2jqt2x0l5hklw63ut1u13" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Al_Salam_Carducci_82.JPG|right|thumb|240x240px|''Al Salam Carducci 82'' a Suez]]
El Salam Maritime Transport wani kamfanin jirgin ruwa ne na Masar wanda ke aiki da jiragen ruwa goma sha biyar a kan hanyoyin [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]] tsakanin tashar jiragen ruwa a Masar, [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] da [[Jodan|Jordan]]. Kamfanin yana jigilar fasinjoji sama da miliyan daya a shekara kuma shine mafi girman kamfanin jigilar kayayyaki a Gabas ta Tsakiya.&lt;ref&gt;Mohamed Gad-el-Hak (23 June 2008). Large-Scale Disasters: Prediction, Control, and Mitigation. Cambridge University Press. p. 57. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-139-47229-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

El Salam ya sami hankalin kafofin watsa labarai a shekara ta 2006 bayan MV al-Salam Boccaccio 98 ya nutse a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 2006 a cikin Bahar Maliya a kan hanyarsa daga Duba, Saudi Arabia, zuwa Safaga a kudancin Masar, tare da asarar rayuka sama da 1000.

Wannan jirgin, da sauransu a cikin wannan aji, ya kamata ya kawo karshen aikinsa a cikin 2010, amma bayan bala'in ''Boccaccio 98'' an sayar da sauran jiragen uku ga wani kayan aikin Indiya (wani ya ƙone kuma ya nutse a cikin 2002).

== Hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su ==

* [[Suez]], Misira - [[Jeddah|Jedda]], Saudi Arabia
* Safaga, Misira - Duba da Jeddah, duka a Saudi Arabia
* [[Nuweiba]], Misira - Aqaba, Jordan
* [[Hurghada]], Misira - Duba, Saudi Arabia

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>ltvzcmtkvk2jqt2x0l5hklw63ut1u13</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Manufar Rage Rashin Kasuwancin Carbon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158836</id>
    <redirect title="Manufar Inganta Kasuwancin Carbon" />
    <revision>
      <id>861902</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T10:59:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nnamadee</username>
        <id>31123</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nnamadee moved page [[Manufar Rage Rashin Kasuwancin Carbon]] to [[Manufar Inganta Kasuwancin Carbon]]</comment>
      <origin>861902</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="47" sha1="1a9b5n1ooady8v3jy4fgmfu2bfa4ny1" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Manufar Inganta Kasuwancin Carbon]]</text>
      <sha1>1a9b5n1ooady8v3jy4fgmfu2bfa4ny1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sabon Yankin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158837</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861909</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T11:03:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1205383298|Neoguarea]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861909</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1970" sha1="kwer4mi89dh6g8l07asfywmtzosc9sf" xml:space="preserve">
{{Speciesbox|image=Guarea glomerulata-NMNH-03321940.jpg|status=LC|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=&lt;ref name = iucn&gt;Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) &amp; IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group. 2019. ''[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/118193729/149018408 Neoguarea glomerulata]''. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T118193729A149018408. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T118193729A149018408.en. Accessed on 9 February 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;|genus=Neoguarea|parent_authority=([[Hermann Harms|Harms]]) E.J.M.Koenen &amp; J.J.de Wilde (2012)|species=glomerulata|authority=([[Hermann Harms|Harms]]) E.J.M.Koenen &amp; J.J.de Wilde (2012)|display_parents=3|synonyms=*''Guarea claessensii'' {{small|[[De Wild.]] (1914)}}
*''Guarea glomerulata'' {{small|[[Hermann Harms|Harms]] (1896)}}
*''Guarea glomerulata'' var. ''obanensis'' {{small|[[Baker f.]] (1913)}}|synonyms_ref=&lt;ref name = powo&gt;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77120948-1 ''Neoguarea'' (Harms) E.J.M.Koenen &amp; J.J.de Wilde]. ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 8 February 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

'''''Neoguarea glomerulata''''' nau'in shuka ne na fure a cikin dangin Meliaceae . Itace ko ciyayi ne da aka samo asali daga yankin Afirka mai zafi na yamma, tun daga kudancin [[Najeriya]] har zuwa [[Kamaru]], [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]], [[Gabon]], [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Congo]], da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo]] . Ita ce kadai nau'in da ke cikin nau'in '''''Neoguarea''''' .  Yana girma a cikin dazuzzukan daji na Guineo-Congo . 

An fara sanya wa wannan nau'in suna ''Guarea glomerulata'' ta hannun Hermann Harms a shekarar 1896.  Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2012 ya gano cewa nau'in ''Guarea'' na Afirka ya bambanta da nau'in Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka, kuma an sake sanya ''G. glomerulata'' a matsayin ''Neoguarea glomerulata'' kuma aka sanya shi a cikin nau'in halittarsa. 

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'''Neoguarea glomerulata''''' nau'in shuka ne na fure a cikin dangin Meliaceae . Itace ko ciyayi ne da aka samo asali daga yankin Afirka mai zafi na yamma, tun daga kudancin [[Najeriya]] har zuwa [[Kamaru]], [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]], [[Gabon]], [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Congo]], da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo]] . Ita ce kadai nau'in da ke cikin nau'in '''''Neoguarea''''' .  Yana girma a cikin dazuzzukan daji na Guineo-Congo . 

An fara sanya wa wannan nau'in suna ''Guarea glomerulata'' ta hannun Hermann Harms a shekarar 1896.  Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2012 ya gano cewa nau'in ''Guarea'' na Afirka ya bambanta da nau'in Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka, kuma an sake sanya ''G. glomerulata'' a matsayin ''Neoguarea glomerulata'' kuma aka sanya shi a cikin nau'in halittarsa. 

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  <page>
    <title>1956 Hadarin jirgin ruwa na Masar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158838</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861910</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T11:03:30Z</timestamp>
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        <id>25549</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1300429983|1956 Egypt ferry accident]]&quot;</comment>
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Hadarin jirgin ruwa na Masar na 1956 ya faru da safe a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 1956 kusa da Dekernes a wani karamin kogi na Nilu, a [[Misra|Misira]]. Jirgin fasinja ya rushe, ya kashe yara 22 a makaranta tsakanin shekaru 12 da shekaru 18. 

Jaridar Dutch ''Het Huisgezin'' ta lissafa hadarin a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan bala'o'in kasa da kasa na 1956. 

== Hadari ==
A watan Fabrairun 1956 an rufe gadar ƙafa a kan karamin tashar kusa da Dekernes don gyarawa. Mutanen da suke so su haye tashar dole ne su ɗauki ƙaramin jirgin ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NvhN&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Trouw&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=14 February 1956 |title=Ramp met een pont in Egypte |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010820029:mpeg21:a0154 |language=nl |via=[[Delpher]] |newspaper=[[Trouw]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da safe a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 1956 yara arba'in da biyar sun shiga jirgin ruwa don zuwa makaranta.  Yara sun zama marasa haƙuri bayan jirgin ruwa bai bayyana ba. Yara sun shawo kan tsofaffin fasinjoji su ɗaga igiyar kuma su haye tashar da kansu. Jirgin ya cika da nauyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;FK&quot; /&gt; A cikin jirgin akwai fasinjoji sama da 45 da kuma buffaloes / shanu da jaki. Tsakanin hanya, wani rukuni na buffaloes ya fara yin murya da babbar murya. Yaran makarantar sun firgita kuma sun gudu zuwa wancan gefen jirgin ruwa. Wannan ya sa jirgin ya shiga cikin jerin. Wani kebul da ya tsufa wanda ke haɗa jirgin ruwa zuwa bankunan biyu ya fashe saboda tashin hankali. Jirgin ya rushe.&lt;ref name=&quot;FK&quot; /&gt; Yara ashirin da biyu tsakanin shekaru 12 da shekaru 18 (12 yara maza, 10 mata) sun nitse a cikin ruwa mai laka.&lt;ref name=&quot;FK&quot; /&gt; Yara 23 sun iya yin iyo zuwa wancan gefen.&lt;ref name=&quot;HH&quot; /&gt; Dabbobi sun tsira.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trouw&quot; /&gt;

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Hadarin jirgin ruwa na Masar na 1956 ya faru da safe a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 1956 kusa da Dekernes a wani karamin kogi na Nilu, a [[Misra|Misira]]. Jirgin fasinja ya rushe, ya kashe yara 22 a makaranta tsakanin shekaru 12 da shekaru 18. 

Jaridar Dutch ''Het Huisgezin'' ta lissafa hadarin a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan bala'o'in kasa da kasa na 1956. 

== Hadari ==
A watan Fabrairun 1956 an rufe gadar ƙafa a kan karamin tashar kusa da Dekernes don gyarawa. Mutanen da suke so su haye tashar dole ne su ɗauki ƙaramin jirgin ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NvhN&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Trouw&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=14 February 1956 |title=Ramp met een pont in Egypte |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010820029:mpeg21:a0154 |language=nl |via=[[Delpher]] |newspaper=[[Trouw]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da safe a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 1956 yara arba'in da biyar sun shiga jirgin ruwa don zuwa makaranta.  Yara sun zama marasa haƙuri bayan jirgin ruwa bai bayyana ba. Yara sun shawo kan tsofaffin fasinjoji su ɗaga igiyar kuma su haye tashar da kansu. Jirgin ya cika da nauyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;FK&quot; /&gt; A cikin jirgin akwai fasinjoji sama da 45 da kuma buffaloes / shanu da jaki. Tsakanin hanya, wani rukuni na buffaloes ya fara yin murya da babbar murya. Yaran makarantar sun firgita kuma sun gudu zuwa wancan gefen jirgin ruwa. Wannan ya sa jirgin ya shiga cikin jerin. Wani kebul da ya tsufa wanda ke haɗa jirgin ruwa zuwa bankunan biyu ya fashe saboda tashin hankali. Jirgin ya rushe.&lt;ref name=&quot;FK&quot; /&gt; Yara ashirin da biyu tsakanin shekaru 12 da shekaru 18 (12 yara maza, 10 mata) sun nitse a cikin ruwa mai laka.&lt;ref name=&quot;FK&quot; /&gt; Yara 23 sun iya yin iyo zuwa wancan gefen.&lt;ref name=&quot;HH&quot; /&gt; Dabbobi sun tsira.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trouw&quot; /&gt;

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  <page>
    <title>MS al-Salam Boccaccio 98</title>
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    <id>158839</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861913</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T11:11:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326893931|MS al-Salam Boccaccio 98]]&quot;</comment>
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'''MS ''al-Salam Boccaccio 98''''' jirgin ruwa ne na Masar, wanda El Salam Maritime Transport ke sarrafawa, wanda ya nutse a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 2006 a cikin [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]] a kan hanyar daga Duba, Saudi Arabia, zuwa Safaga a kudancin Masar.

Jirgin yana dauke da fasinjoji da ma'aikata kusan 1,400 . An yi tunanin yawancin su Masarawa ne da ke aiki a Saudi Arabia, amma sun haɗa da [[Aikin Hajji|mahajjata]] da suka dawo daga [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]] a [[Makkah|Makka]]. Jirgin kuma yana dauke da kimanin motoci 220. Babu Mayday da aka ji daga jirgin kuma yanayin yanayi mara kyau ya hana aikin bincike da ceto. An ceto mutane 388.

Dalilin da ya sa ya nutse ya bayyana ya kasance tarin ruwan teku a cikin jirgin, lokacin da masu kashe gobara ke ƙoƙarin kashe wuta a cikin dakin injiniya. Wannan ya haɗu da kuskuren ƙira da ke cikin tasoshin ro / ro, inda ƙananan ambaliyar bene na iya samun saurin ƙarfi saboda tasirin ƙasa kyauta. Lokacin da kyaftin din ya nemi izinin komawa tashar jiragen ruwa, masu mallakar jirgin sun umarce shi ya ci gaba, duk da sanin cewa akwai wuta. An daure masu mallakar a shekara ta 2009 bayan an soke asalin su.

== Tarihin jirgin ruwa ==
[[Fayil:Il_nave_Boccaccio.jpg|left|thumb|MS ''Boccaccio'' a cikin sabis na cikin gida na Italiya kafin sake ginawa, a cikin Tirraniya livery.]]
Kamfanin Italiyanci Italcantieri ne ya gina jirgin  {{Convert|19|kn}} tare da lambar IMO 6921282 kuma an kira shi ''Boccaccio'' a Monfalcone, Italiya, don Tirrenia di Navigazione . Da farko an yi niyyar yin amfani da ita ne don aikin cikin gida na Italiya. Girman ta ya kasance mita 130.99 (429 ft 9 in) tsawon gabaɗaya tare da {{Cvt|23.60|m|ftin}}  ft 5 in) katako da {{Cvt|5.57|m|ftin}}  ft ) rubutun. An kiyasta manyan injunan a kilowatts 16,560 (22,210 ) don matsakaicin saurin 19 knots  km / h; 22 . Jirgin yana da ƙarfin asali na motoci 200 da fasinjoji 1,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maritime Knowledge Centre |title=Information Resources on the Al Salam Boccaccio 98 |url=http://www.imo.org/KnowledgeCentre/InformationResourcesOnCurrentTopics/InformationResourcesOnCurrentTopicsArchives/Documents/AL%20SALAM%20BOCCACCIO%2098%20_January%202010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828024405/http://www.imo.org/KnowledgeCentre/InformationResourcesOnCurrentTopics/InformationResourcesOnCurrentTopicsArchives/Documents/AL%20SALAM%20BOCCACCIO%2098%20_January%202010.pdf |archive-date=28 August 2013 |access-date=18 July 2012 |publisher=International Maritime Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gina jirage 'yan uwa guda biyar.

An sake gina jirgin ruwan a shekarar 1991 ta hannun INMA a La Spezia, inda ya ci gaba da kasancewa a waje ɗaya duk da cewa yana da babban gini, wanda hakan ya canza iskar da ke shiga daga teku zuwa {{Cvt|5.90|m|ftin}} . A lokaci guda, an ƙara ƙarfin motarta zuwa 320 kuma an ƙara ƙarfin fasinjoji zuwa 1,300. Na baya-bayan nan  tan ya kasance 11,799 jimlar tan (GT) .

An sayi ''Boccaccio'' a cikin 1999 ta El  Maritime Transport, hedikwatar ta a [[Kairo|Alkahira]], babbar kamfanin jigilar kayayyaki mai zaman kanta a Misira da Gabas ta Tsakiya, kuma an  masa suna ''al-Salam Boccaccio 98'' (Arabic: عبارة السلام 98, Larabci: سلام,  Salam, lit. &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;); mai rajista shi ne Pacific Sunlight Marine na Panama. An kuma kira ta ''Salam 98''.

== Rashin ruwa ==
Matsayin karshe da aka sani na jirgin ya kasance kilomita 100 (62  daga Duba, lokacin da ya rasa hulɗa da bakin teku a kusan 22:00 EET (20:00 UTC).  Rahotanni na farko  na maganganun da wadanda suka tsira suka nuna cewa hayaki daga dakin injiniya ya biyo bayan wuta wanda ya ci gaba na ɗan lokaci. Har ila yau, akwai rahotanni game da jerin jiragen ruwa ba da daɗewa ba bayan barin tashar jiragen ruwa kuma cewa, bayan ci gaba da wasu sa'o'i, jerin sun zama masu tsanani kuma jirgin ya rushe cikin minti 10 yayin da ma'aikatan suka yi yaƙi da wuta. A cikin wani labari na rediyo na BBC wani mai magana da yawun ministocin Masar ya ce gobarar ta fara ne a wani wurin ajiya, an sarrafa ta, amma ta sake farawa. Muhimmancin gobarar ya goyi bayan maganganun da aka danganta ga ma'aikatan, waɗanda aka ruwaito sun yi iƙirarin cewa &quot;masu kashe gobara sun nutse jirgin lokacin da ruwan teku suka yi amfani da shi don yaƙi da gobarar da aka tattara a cikin jirgin saboda famfo ba su aiki ba. &quot;

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'''MS ''al-Salam Boccaccio 98''''' jirgin ruwa ne na Masar, wanda El Salam Maritime Transport ke sarrafawa, wanda ya nutse a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 2006 a cikin [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]] a kan hanyar daga Duba, Saudi Arabia, zuwa Safaga a kudancin Masar.

Jirgin yana dauke da fasinjoji da ma'aikata kusan 1,400 . An yi tunanin yawancin su Masarawa ne da ke aiki a Saudi Arabia, amma sun haɗa da [[Aikin Hajji|mahajjata]] da suka dawo daga [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]] a [[Makkah|Makka]]. Jirgin kuma yana dauke da kimanin motoci 220. Babu Mayday da aka ji daga jirgin kuma yanayin yanayi mara kyau ya hana aikin bincike da ceto. An ceto mutane 388.

Dalilin da ya sa ya nutse ya bayyana ya kasance tarin ruwan teku a cikin jirgin, lokacin da masu kashe gobara ke ƙoƙarin kashe wuta a cikin dakin injiniya. Wannan ya haɗu da kuskuren ƙira da ke cikin tasoshin ro / ro, inda ƙananan ambaliyar bene na iya samun saurin ƙarfi saboda tasirin ƙasa kyauta. Lokacin da kyaftin din ya nemi izinin komawa tashar jiragen ruwa, masu mallakar jirgin sun umarce shi ya ci gaba, duk da sanin cewa akwai wuta. An daure masu mallakar a shekara ta 2009 bayan an soke asalin su.

== Tarihin jirgin ruwa ==
[[Fayil:Il_nave_Boccaccio.jpg|left|thumb|MS ''Boccaccio'' a cikin sabis na cikin gida na Italiya kafin sake ginawa, a cikin Tirraniya livery.]]
Kamfanin Italiyanci Italcantieri ne ya gina jirgin  {{Convert|19|kn}} tare da lambar IMO 6921282 kuma an kira shi ''Boccaccio'' a Monfalcone, Italiya, don Tirrenia di Navigazione . Da farko an yi niyyar yin amfani da ita ne don aikin cikin gida na Italiya. Girman ta ya kasance mita 130.99 (429 ft 9 in) tsawon gabaɗaya tare da {{Cvt|23.60|m|ftin}}  ft 5 in) katako da {{Cvt|5.57|m|ftin}}  ft ) rubutun. An kiyasta manyan injunan a kilowatts 16,560 (22,210 ) don matsakaicin saurin 19 knots  km / h; 22 . Jirgin yana da ƙarfin asali na motoci 200 da fasinjoji 1,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maritime Knowledge Centre |title=Information Resources on the Al Salam Boccaccio 98 |url=http://www.imo.org/KnowledgeCentre/InformationResourcesOnCurrentTopics/InformationResourcesOnCurrentTopicsArchives/Documents/AL%20SALAM%20BOCCACCIO%2098%20_January%202010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828024405/http://www.imo.org/KnowledgeCentre/InformationResourcesOnCurrentTopics/InformationResourcesOnCurrentTopicsArchives/Documents/AL%20SALAM%20BOCCACCIO%2098%20_January%202010.pdf |archive-date=28 August 2013 |access-date=18 July 2012 |publisher=International Maritime Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gina jirage 'yan uwa guda biyar.

An sake gina jirgin ruwan a shekarar 1991 ta hannun INMA a La Spezia, inda ya ci gaba da kasancewa a waje ɗaya duk da cewa yana da babban gini, wanda hakan ya canza iskar da ke shiga daga teku zuwa {{Cvt|5.90|m|ftin}} . A lokaci guda, an ƙara ƙarfin motarta zuwa 320 kuma an ƙara ƙarfin fasinjoji zuwa 1,300. Na baya-bayan nan  tan ya kasance 11,799 jimlar tan (GT) .

An sayi ''Boccaccio'' a cikin 1999 ta El  Maritime Transport, hedikwatar ta a [[Kairo|Alkahira]], babbar kamfanin jigilar kayayyaki mai zaman kanta a Misira da Gabas ta Tsakiya, kuma an  masa suna ''al-Salam Boccaccio 98'' (Arabic: عبارة السلام 98, Larabci: سلام,  Salam, lit. &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;); mai rajista shi ne Pacific Sunlight Marine na Panama. An kuma kira ta ''Salam 98''.

== Rashin ruwa ==
Matsayin karshe da aka sani na jirgin ya kasance kilomita 100 (62  daga Duba, lokacin da ya rasa hulɗa da bakin teku a kusan 22:00 EET (20:00 UTC).  Rahotanni na farko  na maganganun da wadanda suka tsira suka nuna cewa hayaki daga dakin injiniya ya biyo bayan wuta wanda ya ci gaba na ɗan lokaci. Har ila yau, akwai rahotanni game da jerin jiragen ruwa ba da daɗewa ba bayan barin tashar jiragen ruwa kuma cewa, bayan ci gaba da wasu sa'o'i, jerin sun zama masu tsanani kuma jirgin ya rushe cikin minti 10 yayin da ma'aikatan suka yi yaƙi da wuta. A cikin wani labari na rediyo na BBC wani mai magana da yawun ministocin Masar ya ce gobarar ta fara ne a wani wurin ajiya, an sarrafa ta, amma ta sake farawa. Muhimmancin gobarar ya goyi bayan maganganun da aka danganta ga ma'aikatan, waɗanda aka ruwaito sun yi iƙirarin cewa &quot;masu kashe gobara sun nutse jirgin lokacin da ruwan teku suka yi amfani da shi don yaƙi da gobarar da aka tattara a cikin jirgin saboda famfo ba su aiki ba. &quot;

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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Olifants (Western Cape)</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: '''Kogin Olifants''' (Afrikaans: Olifantsrivier) kogi ne a yankin arewa maso yamma na lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu. Babban yanki na kogin Olifants yana kusa da Ceres da tsaunukan Cederberg. Madatsun ruwa na Clanwilliam da Bulshoek suna kan kogin kuma suna samar da ruwa ga garuruwa da gonakin da ke bakin kogin. Tsawon kogin yana da kusan kilomita 285 tare da yanki mai fadin kilomita 46,220. Yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika a Papendorp, kilomita 250 daga arewacin Cape T...</comment>
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      <text bytes="1429" sha1="f1ztfdqyypssnj238n9usoc5ywjfj6u" xml:space="preserve">'''Kogin Olifants''' (Afrikaans: Olifantsrivier) kogi ne a yankin arewa maso yamma na lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu. Babban yanki na kogin Olifants yana kusa da Ceres da tsaunukan Cederberg. Madatsun ruwa na Clanwilliam da Bulshoek suna kan kogin kuma suna samar da ruwa ga garuruwa da gonakin da ke bakin kogin. Tsawon kogin yana da kusan kilomita 285 tare da yanki mai fadin kilomita 46,220. Yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika a Papendorp, kilomita 250 daga arewacin Cape Town.

== Ruwa ==
Kogin Olifants ya tashi a cikin tsaunin Winterhoek a arewacin Ceres. Tsawon babban filin jirgin yana da kusan kilomita 265. Kogin yana gudana zuwa arewa-maso-yamma ta cikin wani kwari mai zurfi, kunkuntar kwari wanda ke fadada kuma ya mamaye cikin wani babban filin ambaliya a karkashin Clanwilliam.

Daga karshe kogin ya ratsa cikin Tekun Atlantika kusa da Papendorp. A bakin kogin Olifants ya rabu biyu ta wani tsibirin da ke baje kolin duwatsu masu ban sha'awa.[1]

== Tafsiri ==
Babban yankinsa shine Kogin Doring, yana canza suna kamar Melkboom/Oudrif kafin ya shiga Olifants. Magudanan ruwa da ke gudana daga gabas, irin su Kogin Thee, Kogin Noordhoek, kogin Boontjies, kogin Rondegat da kogin Jan Dissels yawanci ne na shekara, sai dai kogin Kudu. Wadanda ke gudana daga yamma, kamar kogin Ratel, kogin Elandskloof da kogin Seekoeivlei sun fi ƙanƙanta kuma na yanayi, ba su ba da gudummawa sosai ga kwararar tsarin ba.[2]</text>
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      <text bytes="3307" sha1="srm7ivd15ywnqobfoyhy5898px7ngne" xml:space="preserve">'''Kogin Olifants''' (Afrikaans: Olifantsrivier) kogi ne a yankin arewa maso yamma na lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu. Babban yanki na kogin Olifants yana kusa da Ceres da tsaunukan Cederberg. Madatsun ruwa na Clanwilliam da Bulshoek suna kan kogin kuma suna samar da ruwa ga garuruwa da gonakin da ke bakin kogin. Tsawon kogin yana da kusan kilomita 285 tare da yanki mai fadin kilomita 46,220. Yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika a Papendorp, kilomita 250 daga arewacin Cape Town.

== Ruwa ==
Kogin Olifants ya tashi a cikin tsaunin Winterhoek a arewacin Ceres. Tsawon babban filin jirgin yana da kusan kilomita 265. Kogin yana gudana zuwa arewa-maso-yamma ta cikin wani kwari mai zurfi, kunkuntar kwari wanda ke fadada kuma ya mamaye cikin wani babban filin ambaliya a karkashin Clanwilliam.

Daga karshe kogin ya ratsa cikin Tekun Atlantika kusa da Papendorp. A bakin kogin Olifants ya rabu biyu ta wani tsibirin da ke baje kolin duwatsu masu ban sha'awa.[1]

== Gudana ==
Babban yankinsa shine Kogin Doring, yana canza suna kamar Melkboom/Oudrif kafin ya shiga Olifants. Magudanan ruwa da ke gudana daga gabas, irin su Kogin Thee, Kogin Noordhoek, kogin Boontjies, kogin Rondegat da kogin Jan Dissels yawanci ne na shekara, sai dai kogin Kudu. Wadanda ke gudana daga yamma, kamar kogin Ratel, kogin Elandskloof da kogin Seekoeivlei sun fi ƙanƙanta kuma na yanayi, ba su ba da gudummawa sosai ga kwararar tsarin ba.[2]

== Dams ==
Dams a cikin yankin da aka kama na Kogin Olifants:

* Dam Clanwilliam, tare da damar ajiya na mita 127,000,000 (4.5 × 109 cu ft)
* Dam Bulshoek, tare da damar ajiya na 7,500,000 cubic meters (260,000,000 cu ft)

Manyan garuruwan da ke ƙasa da ruwan kogin Olifants/Doring sun haɗa da Lutzville, Vredendal da Vanrhynsdorp waɗanda ke cikin ƙaramin yanki da Clanwilliam da Citrusdal a tsakiyar wuraren kamawa.

== Ilimin halittu ==
Endemism a cikin kogunan Olifants / Doring basin yana da girma sosai ga Afirka ta Kudu, tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan guda takwas da ke cikin tsarin. Kogin Olifants na sama yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren zama na manya sawfins (Pseudobarbus serra).[3] IUCN ta keɓance wannan cutar ta gida da Hatsari. A halin yanzu yana da wuya a iya yin haɗari ta hanyar angling ko kamun kifi kuma ba za a kashe shi ko kama shi ba; jinsuna mai tsayi da jinkirin girma, yana buƙatar shekaru da yawa don girma ba tare da damuwa ba amma ya kai babba kusan 40 cm bayan shekaru goma. CapeNature ta yi gwaje-gwaje don daidaita shi don kiwo ko kamun kifi, amma wannan yana buƙatar mafi kyawun kiyaye yanayin yanayin kogin. Clanwilliam redfin (&quot;P.&quot; calidus)[4] wani nau'in barazana ne da kuma kariyar da aka samu a cikin Kogin Olifants; yana da yawa[5]

Clanwilliam yellowfish (Labeobarbus seeberi) wani babban cyprinid ne a cikin wannan basin endemic zuwa yankin Western Cape. An gudanar da wani ƙoƙari na kiwo da aka kama kuma hannun jarinsa yana da kyau sosai. Duk da haka, yana iya yiwuwa ya ɓace a cikin kogin Olifants, kuma aƙalla kusan ya ɓace tsakanin Olifants Gorge da Clanwilliam Dam.[6] Ko za a sake dawo da shi ba a sani ba, kamar yadda sawfin da Clanwilliam yellowfish manya tabbas masu fafatawa ne na muhalli, kuma har sai an dawo da kogin Olifants sosai ta hanyar muhalli duka biyun ba za su iya bunƙasa lokaci guda ba.[7]</text>
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      <text bytes="4739" sha1="0inz5mtwr7z82qm7l1oy1kdz6v1mn2m" xml:space="preserve">'''Kogin Olifants''' (Afrikaans: Olifantsrivier) kogi ne a yankin arewa maso yamma na lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu. Babban yanki na kogin Olifants yana kusa da Ceres da tsaunukan Cederberg. Madatsun ruwa na Clanwilliam da Bulshoek suna kan kogin kuma suna samar da ruwa ga garuruwa da gonakin da ke bakin kogin. Tsawon kogin yana da kusan kilomita 285 tare da yanki mai fadin kilomita 46,220. Yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika a Papendorp, kilomita 250 daga arewacin Cape Town.

== Ruwa ==
Kogin Olifants ya tashi a cikin tsaunin Winterhoek a arewacin Ceres. Tsawon babban filin jirgin yana da kusan kilomita 265. Kogin yana gudana zuwa arewa-maso-yamma ta cikin wani kwari mai zurfi, kunkuntar kwari wanda ke fadada kuma ya mamaye cikin wani babban filin ambaliya a karkashin Clanwilliam.

Daga karshe kogin ya ratsa cikin Tekun Atlantika kusa da Papendorp. A bakin kogin Olifants ya rabu biyu ta wani tsibirin da ke baje kolin duwatsu masu ban sha'awa.[1]

== Gudana ==
Babban yankinsa shine Kogin Doring, yana canza suna kamar Melkboom/Oudrif kafin ya shiga Olifants. Magudanan ruwa da ke gudana daga gabas, irin su Kogin Thee, Kogin Noordhoek, kogin Boontjies, kogin Rondegat da kogin Jan Dissels yawanci ne na shekara, sai dai kogin Kudu. Wadanda ke gudana daga yamma, kamar kogin Ratel, kogin Elandskloof da kogin Seekoeivlei sun fi ƙanƙanta kuma na yanayi, ba su ba da gudummawa sosai ga kwararar tsarin ba.[2]

== Dams ==
Dams a cikin yankin da aka kama na Kogin Olifants:

* Dam Clanwilliam, tare da damar ajiya na mita 127,000,000 (4.5 × 109 cu ft)
* Dam Bulshoek, tare da damar ajiya na 7,500,000 cubic meters (260,000,000 cu ft)

Manyan garuruwan da ke ƙasa da ruwan kogin Olifants/Doring sun haɗa da Lutzville, Vredendal da Vanrhynsdorp waɗanda ke cikin ƙaramin yanki da Clanwilliam da Citrusdal a tsakiyar wuraren kamawa.

== Ilimin halittu ==
Endemism a cikin kogunan Olifants / Doring basin yana da girma sosai ga Afirka ta Kudu, tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan guda takwas da ke cikin tsarin. Kogin Olifants na sama yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren zama na manya sawfins (Pseudobarbus serra).[3] IUCN ta keɓance wannan cutar ta gida da Hatsari. A halin yanzu yana da wuya a iya yin haɗari ta hanyar angling ko kamun kifi kuma ba za a kashe shi ko kama shi ba; jinsuna mai tsayi da jinkirin girma, yana buƙatar shekaru da yawa don girma ba tare da damuwa ba amma ya kai babba kusan 40 cm bayan shekaru goma. CapeNature ta yi gwaje-gwaje don daidaita shi don kiwo ko kamun kifi, amma wannan yana buƙatar mafi kyawun kiyaye yanayin yanayin kogin. Clanwilliam redfin (&quot;P.&quot; calidus)[4] wani nau'in barazana ne da kuma kariyar da aka samu a cikin Kogin Olifants; yana da yawa[5]

Clanwilliam yellowfish (Labeobarbus seeberi) wani babban cyprinid ne a cikin wannan basin endemic zuwa yankin Western Cape. An gudanar da wani ƙoƙari na kiwo da aka kama kuma hannun jarinsa yana da kyau sosai. Duk da haka, yana iya yiwuwa ya ɓace a cikin kogin Olifants, kuma aƙalla kusan ya ɓace tsakanin Olifants Gorge da Clanwilliam Dam.[6] Ko za a sake dawo da shi ba a sani ba, kamar yadda sawfin da Clanwilliam yellowfish manya tabbas masu fafatawa ne na muhalli, kuma har sai an dawo da kogin Olifants sosai ta hanyar muhalli duka biyun ba za su iya bunƙasa lokaci guda ba.[7]

Kogin Olifants yana nuna iyakar arewacin Cape galaxias (Galaxias zebratus), nau'in kifi na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke raba wurin zama iri ɗaya da nau'in kifi da aka shigo da su kuma suna zaune a wani yanki tsakanin Olifants da Kogin Keurbooms. Ko da yake a Afirka ta Kudu wannan kifin mai ɗanɗano kaɗan yana kusa da Barazana, a Ostiraliya nau'in jinsi iri ɗaya sun kori su zuwa ga halaka ta hanyar gasa salmonids.[8] Sauran nau'o'in da ke faruwa a cikin tsarin kogin Olifants sun hada da Twee River redfin, (Pseudobarbus erubescens), Fiery redfin (Pseudobarbus phlegethon), Austroglanis barnardi, Clanwilliam rock-catfish (Austroglanis gilli), Chubbyhead barb (Enteromius anoplus), da kuma Clanwilliam yashi.

Mafi tsananin barazanar ilimin halitta ga yanayin kogin shine tabbas Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu). Tun da farko an gabatar da shi don kamun kifi na wasanni, ya zama wani abu na kwaro ta hanyar rage hannun jarin sauran nau'in kifin. An ƙarfafa kawar da shi a ƙarƙashin shirin Cape Action for People and Environment.

Barazanar da ba na halitta ba, galibi ana kawar da ruwan kogi da yawa don ban ruwa, da kuma sakamakon zubar da ruwa mai guba daga gonaki (musamman arume). Ana shuka su ne har zuwa bakin kogi, ba tare da barin isassun ciyayi da za su tace magungunan kashe qwari da taki da kuma dakatar da zaizayar kasa ba, ta haka ne ke haifar da rugujewar kogi da filayen noma na kusa[9].

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin Olifants''' (Afrikaans: Olifantsrivier) kogi ne a yankin arewa maso yamma na lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu. Babban yanki na kogin Olifants yana kusa da Ceres da tsaunukan Cederberg. Madatsun ruwa na Clanwilliam da Bulshoek suna kan kogin kuma suna samar da ruwa ga garuruwa da gonakin da ke bakin kogin. Tsawon kogin yana da kusan kilomita 285 tare da yanki mai fadin kilomita 46,220. Yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika a Papendorp, kilomita 250 daga arewacin Cape Town.

== Ruwa ==
Kogin Olifants ya tashi a cikin tsaunin Winterhoek a arewacin Ceres. Tsawon babban filin jirgin yana da kusan kilomita 265. Kogin yana gudana zuwa arewa-maso-yamma ta cikin wani kwari mai zurfi, kunkuntar kwari wanda ke fadada kuma ya mamaye cikin wani babban filin ambaliya a karkashin Clanwilliam.

Daga karshe kogin ya ratsa cikin Tekun Atlantika kusa da Papendorp. A bakin kogin Olifants ya rabu biyu ta wani tsibirin da ke baje kolin duwatsu masu ban sha'awa.[1]

== Gudana ==
Babban yankinsa shine Kogin Doring, yana canza suna kamar Melkboom/Oudrif kafin ya shiga Olifants. Magudanan ruwa da ke gudana daga gabas, irin su Kogin Thee, Kogin Noordhoek, kogin Boontjies, kogin Rondegat da kogin Jan Dissels yawanci ne na shekara, sai dai kogin Kudu. Wadanda ke gudana daga yamma, kamar kogin Ratel, kogin Elandskloof da kogin Seekoeivlei sun fi ƙanƙanta kuma na yanayi, ba su ba da gudummawa sosai ga kwararar tsarin ba.[2]

== Dams ==
Dams a cikin yankin da aka kama na Kogin Olifants:

* Dam Clanwilliam, tare da damar ajiya na mita 127,000,000 (4.5 × 109 cu ft)
* Dam Bulshoek, tare da damar ajiya na 7,500,000 cubic meters (260,000,000 cu ft)

Manyan garuruwan da ke ƙasa da ruwan kogin Olifants/Doring sun haɗa da Lutzville, Vredendal da Vanrhynsdorp waɗanda ke cikin ƙaramin yanki da Clanwilliam da Citrusdal a tsakiyar wuraren kamawa.

== Ilimin halittu ==
Endemism a cikin kogunan Olifants / Doring basin yana da girma sosai ga Afirka ta Kudu, tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan guda takwas da ke cikin tsarin. Kogin Olifants na sama yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren zama na manya sawfins (Pseudobarbus serra).[3] IUCN ta keɓance wannan cutar ta gida da Hatsari. A halin yanzu yana da wuya a iya yin haɗari ta hanyar angling ko kamun kifi kuma ba za a kashe shi ko kama shi ba; jinsuna mai tsayi da jinkirin girma, yana buƙatar shekaru da yawa don girma ba tare da damuwa ba amma ya kai babba kusan 40 cm bayan shekaru goma. CapeNature ta yi gwaje-gwaje don daidaita shi don kiwo ko kamun kifi, amma wannan yana buƙatar mafi kyawun kiyaye yanayin yanayin kogin. Clanwilliam redfin (&quot;P.&quot; calidus)[4] wani nau'in barazana ne da kuma kariyar da aka samu a cikin Kogin Olifants; yana da yawa[5]

Clanwilliam yellowfish (Labeobarbus seeberi) wani babban cyprinid ne a cikin wannan basin endemic zuwa yankin Western Cape. An gudanar da wani ƙoƙari na kiwo da aka kama kuma hannun jarinsa yana da kyau sosai. Duk da haka, yana iya yiwuwa ya ɓace a cikin kogin Olifants, kuma aƙalla kusan ya ɓace tsakanin Olifants Gorge da Clanwilliam Dam.[6] Ko za a sake dawo da shi ba a sani ba, kamar yadda sawfin da Clanwilliam yellowfish manya tabbas masu fafatawa ne na muhalli, kuma har sai an dawo da kogin Olifants sosai ta hanyar muhalli duka biyun ba za su iya bunƙasa lokaci guda ba.[7]

Kogin Olifants yana nuna iyakar arewacin Cape galaxias (Galaxias zebratus), nau'in kifi na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke raba wurin zama iri ɗaya da nau'in kifi da aka shigo da su kuma suna zaune a wani yanki tsakanin Olifants da Kogin Keurbooms. Ko da yake a Afirka ta Kudu wannan kifin mai ɗanɗano kaɗan yana kusa da Barazana, a Ostiraliya nau'in jinsi iri ɗaya sun kori su zuwa ga halaka ta hanyar gasa salmonids.[8] Sauran nau'o'in da ke faruwa a cikin tsarin kogin Olifants sun hada da Twee River redfin, (Pseudobarbus erubescens), Fiery redfin (Pseudobarbus phlegethon), Austroglanis barnardi, Clanwilliam rock-catfish (Austroglanis gilli), Chubbyhead barb (Enteromius anoplus), da kuma Clanwilliam yashi.

Mafi tsananin barazanar ilimin halitta ga yanayin kogin shine tabbas Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu). Tun da farko an gabatar da shi don kamun kifi na wasanni, ya zama wani abu na kwaro ta hanyar rage hannun jarin sauran nau'in kifin. An ƙarfafa kawar da shi a ƙarƙashin shirin Cape Action for People and Environment.

Barazanar da ba na halitta ba, galibi ana kawar da ruwan kogi da yawa don ban ruwa, da kuma sakamakon zubar da ruwa mai guba daga gonaki (musamman arume). Ana shuka su ne har zuwa bakin kogi, ba tare da barin isassun ciyayi da za su tace magungunan kashe qwari da taki da kuma dakatar da zaizayar kasa ba, ta haka ne ke haifar da rugujewar kogi da filayen noma na kusa[9].

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin Olifants''' (Afrikaans: Olifantsrivier) kogi ne a yankin arewa maso yamma na lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu. Babban yanki na kogin Olifants yana kusa da Ceres da tsaunukan Cederberg. Madatsun ruwa na Clanwilliam da Bulshoek suna kan kogin kuma suna samar da ruwa ga garuruwa da gonakin da ke bakin kogin. Tsawon kogin yana da kusan kilomita 285 tare da yanki mai fadin kilomita 46,220. Yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika a Papendorp, kilomita 250 daga arewacin Cape Town.

== Ruwa ==
Kogin Olifants ya tashi a cikin tsaunin Winterhoek a arewacin Ceres. Tsawon babban filin jirgin yana da kusan kilomita 265. Kogin yana gudana zuwa arewa-maso-yamma ta cikin wani kwari mai zurfi, kunkuntar kwari wanda ke fadada kuma ya mamaye cikin wani babban filin ambaliya a karkashin Clanwilliam.

Daga karshe kogin ya ratsa cikin Tekun Atlantika kusa da Papendorp. A bakin kogin Olifants ya rabu biyu ta wani tsibirin da ke baje kolin duwatsu masu ban sha'awa.&lt;ref&gt;Cornel Truter, ''West Coast tourist guide'', University of Cape Town Press, ISBN 9781919713243&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudana ==
Babban yankinsa shine Kogin Doring, yana canza suna kamar Melkboom/Oudrif kafin ya shiga Olifants. Magudanan ruwa da ke gudana daga gabas, irin su Kogin Thee, Kogin Noordhoek, kogin Boontjies, kogin Rondegat da kogin Jan Dissels yawanci ne na shekara, sai dai kogin Kudu. Wadanda ke gudana daga yamma, kamar kogin Ratel, kogin Elandskloof da kogin Seekoeivlei sun fi ƙanƙanta kuma na yanayi, ba su ba da gudummawa sosai ga kwararar tsarin ba.[2]

== Dams ==
Dams a cikin yankin da aka kama na Kogin Olifants:

* Dam Clanwilliam, tare da damar ajiya na mita 127,000,000 (4.5 × 109 cu ft)
* Dam Bulshoek, tare da damar ajiya na 7,500,000 cubic meters (260,000,000 cu ft)

Manyan garuruwan da ke ƙasa da ruwan kogin Olifants/Doring sun haɗa da Lutzville, Vredendal da Vanrhynsdorp waɗanda ke cikin ƙaramin yanki da Clanwilliam da Citrusdal a tsakiyar wuraren kamawa.

== Ilimin halittu ==
Endemism a cikin kogunan Olifants / Doring basin yana da girma sosai ga Afirka ta Kudu, tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan guda takwas da ke cikin tsarin. Kogin Olifants na sama yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren zama na manya sawfins (Pseudobarbus serra).[3] IUCN ta keɓance wannan cutar ta gida da Hatsari. A halin yanzu yana da wuya a iya yin haɗari ta hanyar angling ko kamun kifi kuma ba za a kashe shi ko kama shi ba; jinsuna mai tsayi da jinkirin girma, yana buƙatar shekaru da yawa don girma ba tare da damuwa ba amma ya kai babba kusan 40 cm bayan shekaru goma. CapeNature ta yi gwaje-gwaje don daidaita shi don kiwo ko kamun kifi, amma wannan yana buƙatar mafi kyawun kiyaye yanayin yanayin kogin. Clanwilliam redfin (&quot;P.&quot; calidus)[4] wani nau'in barazana ne da kuma kariyar da aka samu a cikin Kogin Olifants; yana da yawa[5]

Clanwilliam yellowfish (Labeobarbus seeberi) wani babban cyprinid ne a cikin wannan basin endemic zuwa yankin Western Cape. An gudanar da wani ƙoƙari na kiwo da aka kama kuma hannun jarinsa yana da kyau sosai. Duk da haka, yana iya yiwuwa ya ɓace a cikin kogin Olifants, kuma aƙalla kusan ya ɓace tsakanin Olifants Gorge da Clanwilliam Dam.[6] Ko za a sake dawo da shi ba a sani ba, kamar yadda sawfin da Clanwilliam yellowfish manya tabbas masu fafatawa ne na muhalli, kuma har sai an dawo da kogin Olifants sosai ta hanyar muhalli duka biyun ba za su iya bunƙasa lokaci guda ba.[7]

Kogin Olifants yana nuna iyakar arewacin Cape galaxias (Galaxias zebratus), nau'in kifi na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke raba wurin zama iri ɗaya da nau'in kifi da aka shigo da su kuma suna zaune a wani yanki tsakanin Olifants da Kogin Keurbooms. Ko da yake a Afirka ta Kudu wannan kifin mai ɗanɗano kaɗan yana kusa da Barazana, a Ostiraliya nau'in jinsi iri ɗaya sun kori su zuwa ga halaka ta hanyar gasa salmonids.[8] Sauran nau'o'in da ke faruwa a cikin tsarin kogin Olifants sun hada da Twee River redfin, (Pseudobarbus erubescens), Fiery redfin (Pseudobarbus phlegethon), Austroglanis barnardi, Clanwilliam rock-catfish (Austroglanis gilli), Chubbyhead barb (Enteromius anoplus), da kuma Clanwilliam yashi.

Mafi tsananin barazanar ilimin halitta ga yanayin kogin shine tabbas Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu). Tun da farko an gabatar da shi don kamun kifi na wasanni, ya zama wani abu na kwaro ta hanyar rage hannun jarin sauran nau'in kifin. An ƙarfafa kawar da shi a ƙarƙashin shirin Cape Action for People and Environment.

Barazanar da ba na halitta ba, galibi ana kawar da ruwan kogi da yawa don ban ruwa, da kuma sakamakon zubar da ruwa mai guba daga gonaki (musamman arume). Ana shuka su ne har zuwa bakin kogi, ba tare da barin isassun ciyayi da za su tace magungunan kashe qwari da taki da kuma dakatar da zaizayar kasa ba, ta haka ne ke haifar da rugujewar kogi da filayen noma na kusa[9].

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin Olifants''' (Afrikaans: Olifantsrivier) kogi ne a yankin arewa maso yamma na lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu. Babban yanki na kogin Olifants yana kusa da Ceres da tsaunukan Cederberg. Madatsun ruwa na Clanwilliam da Bulshoek suna kan kogin kuma suna samar da ruwa ga garuruwa da gonakin da ke bakin kogin. Tsawon kogin yana da kusan kilomita 285 tare da yanki mai fadin kilomita 46,220. Yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika a Papendorp, kilomita 250 daga arewacin Cape Town.

== Ruwa ==
Kogin Olifants ya tashi a cikin tsaunin Winterhoek a arewacin Ceres. Tsawon babban filin jirgin yana da kusan kilomita 265. Kogin yana gudana zuwa arewa-maso-yamma ta cikin wani kwari mai zurfi, kunkuntar kwari wanda ke fadada kuma ya mamaye cikin wani babban filin ambaliya a karkashin Clanwilliam.

Daga karshe kogin ya ratsa cikin Tekun Atlantika kusa da Papendorp. A bakin kogin Olifants ya rabu biyu ta wani tsibirin da ke baje kolin duwatsu masu ban sha'awa.&lt;ref&gt;Cornel Truter, ''West Coast tourist guide'', University of Cape Town Press, ISBN 9781919713243&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudana ==
Babban yankinsa shine Kogin Doring, yana canza suna kamar Melkboom/Oudrif kafin ya shiga Olifants. Magudanan ruwa da ke gudana daga gabas, irin su Kogin Thee, Kogin Noordhoek, kogin Boontjies, kogin Rondegat da kogin Jan Dissels yawanci ne na shekara, sai dai kogin Kudu. Wadanda ke gudana daga yamma, kamar kogin Ratel, kogin Elandskloof da kogin Seekoeivlei sun fi ƙanƙanta kuma na yanayi, ba su ba da gudummawa sosai ga kwararar tsarin ba.&lt;ref&gt;Olifants/Doorn WMA 17&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dams ==
Dams a cikin yankin da aka kama na Kogin Olifants:

* Dam Clanwilliam, tare da damar ajiya na mita 127,000,000 (4.5 × 109 cu ft)
* Dam Bulshoek, tare da damar ajiya na 7,500,000 cubic meters (260,000,000 cu ft)

Manyan garuruwan da ke ƙasa da ruwan kogin Olifants/Doring sun haɗa da Lutzville, Vredendal da Vanrhynsdorp waɗanda ke cikin ƙaramin yanki da Clanwilliam da Citrusdal a tsakiyar wuraren kamawa.

== Ilimin halittu ==
Endemism a cikin kogunan Olifants / Doring basin yana da girma sosai ga Afirka ta Kudu, tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan guda takwas da ke cikin tsarin. Kogin Olifants na sama yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren zama na manya sawfins (Pseudobarbus serra).[3] IUCN ta keɓance wannan cutar ta gida da Hatsari. A halin yanzu yana da wuya a iya yin haɗari ta hanyar angling ko kamun kifi kuma ba za a kashe shi ko kama shi ba; jinsuna mai tsayi da jinkirin girma, yana buƙatar shekaru da yawa don girma ba tare da damuwa ba amma ya kai babba kusan 40 cm bayan shekaru goma. CapeNature ta yi gwaje-gwaje don daidaita shi don kiwo ko kamun kifi, amma wannan yana buƙatar mafi kyawun kiyaye yanayin yanayin kogin. Clanwilliam redfin (&quot;P.&quot; calidus)[4] wani nau'in barazana ne da kuma kariyar da aka samu a cikin Kogin Olifants; yana da yawa[5]

Clanwilliam yellowfish (Labeobarbus seeberi) wani babban cyprinid ne a cikin wannan basin endemic zuwa yankin Western Cape. An gudanar da wani ƙoƙari na kiwo da aka kama kuma hannun jarinsa yana da kyau sosai. Duk da haka, yana iya yiwuwa ya ɓace a cikin kogin Olifants, kuma aƙalla kusan ya ɓace tsakanin Olifants Gorge da Clanwilliam Dam.[6] Ko za a sake dawo da shi ba a sani ba, kamar yadda sawfin da Clanwilliam yellowfish manya tabbas masu fafatawa ne na muhalli, kuma har sai an dawo da kogin Olifants sosai ta hanyar muhalli duka biyun ba za su iya bunƙasa lokaci guda ba.[7]

Kogin Olifants yana nuna iyakar arewacin Cape galaxias (Galaxias zebratus), nau'in kifi na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke raba wurin zama iri ɗaya da nau'in kifi da aka shigo da su kuma suna zaune a wani yanki tsakanin Olifants da Kogin Keurbooms. Ko da yake a Afirka ta Kudu wannan kifin mai ɗanɗano kaɗan yana kusa da Barazana, a Ostiraliya nau'in jinsi iri ɗaya sun kori su zuwa ga halaka ta hanyar gasa salmonids.[8] Sauran nau'o'in da ke faruwa a cikin tsarin kogin Olifants sun hada da Twee River redfin, (Pseudobarbus erubescens), Fiery redfin (Pseudobarbus phlegethon), Austroglanis barnardi, Clanwilliam rock-catfish (Austroglanis gilli), Chubbyhead barb (Enteromius anoplus), da kuma Clanwilliam yashi.

Mafi tsananin barazanar ilimin halitta ga yanayin kogin shine tabbas Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu). Tun da farko an gabatar da shi don kamun kifi na wasanni, ya zama wani abu na kwaro ta hanyar rage hannun jarin sauran nau'in kifin. An ƙarfafa kawar da shi a ƙarƙashin shirin Cape Action for People and Environment.

Barazanar da ba na halitta ba, galibi ana kawar da ruwan kogi da yawa don ban ruwa, da kuma sakamakon zubar da ruwa mai guba daga gonaki (musamman arume). Ana shuka su ne har zuwa bakin kogi, ba tare da barin isassun ciyayi da za su tace magungunan kashe qwari da taki da kuma dakatar da zaizayar kasa ba, ta haka ne ke haifar da rugujewar kogi da filayen noma na kusa[9].

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'''Kogin Olifants''' (Afrikaans: Olifantsrivier) kogi ne a yankin arewa maso yamma na lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu. Babban yanki na kogin Olifants yana kusa da Ceres da tsaunukan Cederberg. Madatsun ruwa na Clanwilliam da Bulshoek suna kan kogin kuma suna samar da ruwa ga garuruwa da gonakin da ke bakin kogin. Tsawon kogin yana da kusan kilomita 285 tare da yanki mai fadin kilomita 46,220. Yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika a Papendorp, kilomita 250 daga arewacin Cape Town.

== Ruwa ==
Kogin Olifants ya tashi a cikin tsaunin Winterhoek a arewacin Ceres. Tsawon babban filin jirgin yana da kusan kilomita 265. Kogin yana gudana zuwa arewa-maso-yamma ta cikin wani kwari mai zurfi, kunkuntar kwari wanda ke fadada kuma ya mamaye cikin wani babban filin ambaliya a karkashin Clanwilliam.

Daga karshe kogin ya ratsa cikin Tekun Atlantika kusa da Papendorp. A bakin kogin Olifants ya rabu biyu ta wani tsibirin da ke baje kolin duwatsu masu ban sha'awa.&lt;ref&gt;Cornel Truter, ''West Coast tourist guide'', University of Cape Town Press, ISBN 9781919713243&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudana ==
Babban yankinsa shine Kogin Doring, yana canza suna kamar Melkboom/Oudrif kafin ya shiga Olifants. Magudanan ruwa da ke gudana daga gabas, irin su Kogin Thee, Kogin Noordhoek, kogin Boontjies, kogin Rondegat da kogin Jan Dissels yawanci ne na shekara, sai dai kogin Kudu. Wadanda ke gudana daga yamma, kamar kogin Ratel, kogin Elandskloof da kogin Seekoeivlei sun fi ƙanƙanta kuma na yanayi, ba su ba da gudummawa sosai ga kwararar tsarin ba.&lt;ref&gt;Olifants/Doorn WMA 17&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dams ==
Dams a cikin yankin da aka kama na Kogin Olifants:

* Dam Clanwilliam, tare da damar ajiya na mita 127,000,000 (4.5 × 109 cu ft)
* Dam Bulshoek, tare da damar ajiya na 7,500,000 cubic meters (260,000,000 cu ft)

Manyan garuruwan da ke ƙasa da ruwan kogin Olifants/Doring sun haɗa da Lutzville, Vredendal da Vanrhynsdorp waɗanda ke cikin ƙaramin yanki da Clanwilliam da Citrusdal a tsakiyar wuraren kamawa.

== Ilimin halittu ==
Endemism a cikin kogunan Olifants / Doring basin yana da girma sosai ga Afirka ta Kudu, tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan guda takwas da ke cikin tsarin. Kogin Olifants na sama yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren zama na manya sawfins (Pseudobarbus serra).&lt;ref&gt;Impson, D.; Van der Walt, R.; Jordaan, M. (2017). &quot;''Pseudobarbus serra''&quot;. ''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. '''2017''' e.T2569A100148283. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T2569A100148283.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; IUCN ta keɓance wannan cutar ta gida da Hatsari. A halin yanzu yana da wuya a iya yin haɗari ta hanyar angling ko kamun kifi kuma ba za a kashe shi ko kama shi ba; jinsuna mai tsayi da jinkirin girma, yana buƙatar shekaru da yawa don girma ba tare da damuwa ba amma ya kai babba kusan 40 cm bayan shekaru goma. CapeNature ta yi gwaje-gwaje don daidaita shi don kiwo ko kamun kifi, amma wannan yana buƙatar mafi kyawun kiyaye yanayin yanayin kogin. Clanwilliam redfin (&quot;P.&quot; calidus)[4] wani nau'in barazana ne da kuma kariyar da aka samu a cikin Kogin Olifants; yana da yawa[5]

Clanwilliam yellowfish (Labeobarbus seeberi) wani babban cyprinid ne a cikin wannan basin endemic zuwa yankin Western Cape. An gudanar da wani ƙoƙari na kiwo da aka kama kuma hannun jarinsa yana da kyau sosai. Duk da haka, yana iya yiwuwa ya ɓace a cikin kogin Olifants, kuma aƙalla kusan ya ɓace tsakanin Olifants Gorge da Clanwilliam Dam.[6] Ko za a sake dawo da shi ba a sani ba, kamar yadda sawfin da Clanwilliam yellowfish manya tabbas masu fafatawa ne na muhalli, kuma har sai an dawo da kogin Olifants sosai ta hanyar muhalli duka biyun ba za su iya bunƙasa lokaci guda ba.[7]

Kogin Olifants yana nuna iyakar arewacin Cape galaxias (Galaxias zebratus), nau'in kifi na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke raba wurin zama iri ɗaya da nau'in kifi da aka shigo da su kuma suna zaune a wani yanki tsakanin Olifants da Kogin Keurbooms. Ko da yake a Afirka ta Kudu wannan kifin mai ɗanɗano kaɗan yana kusa da Barazana, a Ostiraliya nau'in jinsi iri ɗaya sun kori su zuwa ga halaka ta hanyar gasa salmonids.[8] Sauran nau'o'in da ke faruwa a cikin tsarin kogin Olifants sun hada da Twee River redfin, (Pseudobarbus erubescens), Fiery redfin (Pseudobarbus phlegethon), Austroglanis barnardi, Clanwilliam rock-catfish (Austroglanis gilli), Chubbyhead barb (Enteromius anoplus), da kuma Clanwilliam yashi.

Mafi tsananin barazanar ilimin halitta ga yanayin kogin shine tabbas Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu). Tun da farko an gabatar da shi don kamun kifi na wasanni, ya zama wani abu na kwaro ta hanyar rage hannun jarin sauran nau'in kifin. An ƙarfafa kawar da shi a ƙarƙashin shirin Cape Action for People and Environment.

Barazanar da ba na halitta ba, galibi ana kawar da ruwan kogi da yawa don ban ruwa, da kuma sakamakon zubar da ruwa mai guba daga gonaki (musamman arume). Ana shuka su ne har zuwa bakin kogi, ba tare da barin isassun ciyayi da za su tace magungunan kashe qwari da taki da kuma dakatar da zaizayar kasa ba, ta haka ne ke haifar da rugujewar kogi da filayen noma na kusa[9].

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin Olifants''' (Afrikaans: Olifantsrivier) kogi ne a yankin arewa maso yamma na lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu. Babban yanki na kogin Olifants yana kusa da Ceres da tsaunukan Cederberg. Madatsun ruwa na Clanwilliam da Bulshoek suna kan kogin kuma suna samar da ruwa ga garuruwa da gonakin da ke bakin kogin. Tsawon kogin yana da kusan kilomita 285 tare da yanki mai fadin kilomita 46,220. Yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika a Papendorp, kilomita 250 daga arewacin Cape Town.

== Ruwa ==
Kogin Olifants ya tashi a cikin tsaunin Winterhoek a arewacin Ceres. Tsawon babban filin jirgin yana da kusan kilomita 265. Kogin yana gudana zuwa arewa-maso-yamma ta cikin wani kwari mai zurfi, kunkuntar kwari wanda ke fadada kuma ya mamaye cikin wani babban filin ambaliya a karkashin Clanwilliam.

Daga karshe kogin ya ratsa cikin Tekun Atlantika kusa da Papendorp. A bakin kogin Olifants ya rabu biyu ta wani tsibirin da ke baje kolin duwatsu masu ban sha'awa.&lt;ref&gt;Cornel Truter, ''West Coast tourist guide'', University of Cape Town Press, ISBN 9781919713243&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudana ==
Babban yankinsa shine Kogin Doring, yana canza suna kamar Melkboom/Oudrif kafin ya shiga Olifants. Magudanan ruwa da ke gudana daga gabas, irin su Kogin Thee, Kogin Noordhoek, kogin Boontjies, kogin Rondegat da kogin Jan Dissels yawanci ne na shekara, sai dai kogin Kudu. Wadanda ke gudana daga yamma, kamar kogin Ratel, kogin Elandskloof da kogin Seekoeivlei sun fi ƙanƙanta kuma na yanayi, ba su ba da gudummawa sosai ga kwararar tsarin ba.&lt;ref&gt;Olifants/Doorn WMA 17&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dams ==
Dams a cikin yankin da aka kama na Kogin Olifants:

* Dam Clanwilliam, tare da damar ajiya na mita 127,000,000 (4.5 × 109 cu ft)
* Dam Bulshoek, tare da damar ajiya na 7,500,000 cubic meters (260,000,000 cu ft)

Manyan garuruwan da ke ƙasa da ruwan kogin Olifants/Doring sun haɗa da Lutzville, Vredendal da Vanrhynsdorp waɗanda ke cikin ƙaramin yanki da Clanwilliam da Citrusdal a tsakiyar wuraren kamawa.

== Ilimin halittu ==
Endemism a cikin kogunan Olifants / Doring basin yana da girma sosai ga Afirka ta Kudu, tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan guda takwas da ke cikin tsarin. Kogin Olifants na sama yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren zama na manya sawfins (Pseudobarbus serra).&lt;ref&gt;Impson, D.; Van der Walt, R.; Jordaan, M. (2017). &quot;''Pseudobarbus serra''&quot;. ''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. '''2017''' e.T2569A100148283. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T2569A100148283.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; IUCN ta keɓance wannan cutar ta gida da Hatsari. A halin yanzu yana da wuya a iya yin haɗari ta hanyar angling ko kamun kifi kuma ba za a kashe shi ko kama shi ba; jinsuna mai tsayi da jinkirin girma, yana buƙatar shekaru da yawa don girma ba tare da damuwa ba amma ya kai babba kusan 40 cm bayan shekaru goma. CapeNature ta yi gwaje-gwaje don daidaita shi don kiwo ko kamun kifi, amma wannan yana buƙatar mafi kyawun kiyaye yanayin yanayin kogin. Clanwilliam redfin (&quot;P.&quot; calidus)&lt;ref&gt;Van der Walt, R.; Jordaan, M.; Impson, D. (2017). &quot;''Pseudobarbus calidus''&quot;. ''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. '''2017''' e.T2562A100139530. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T2562A100139530.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; wani nau'in barazana ne da kuma kariyar da aka samu a cikin Kogin Olifants; yana da yawa[5]

Clanwilliam yellowfish (Labeobarbus seeberi) wani babban cyprinid ne a cikin wannan basin endemic zuwa yankin Western Cape. An gudanar da wani ƙoƙari na kiwo da aka kama kuma hannun jarinsa yana da kyau sosai. Duk da haka, yana iya yiwuwa ya ɓace a cikin kogin Olifants, kuma aƙalla kusan ya ɓace tsakanin Olifants Gorge da Clanwilliam Dam.[6] Ko za a sake dawo da shi ba a sani ba, kamar yadda sawfin da Clanwilliam yellowfish manya tabbas masu fafatawa ne na muhalli, kuma har sai an dawo da kogin Olifants sosai ta hanyar muhalli duka biyun ba za su iya bunƙasa lokaci guda ba.[7]

Kogin Olifants yana nuna iyakar arewacin Cape galaxias (Galaxias zebratus), nau'in kifi na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke raba wurin zama iri ɗaya da nau'in kifi da aka shigo da su kuma suna zaune a wani yanki tsakanin Olifants da Kogin Keurbooms. Ko da yake a Afirka ta Kudu wannan kifin mai ɗanɗano kaɗan yana kusa da Barazana, a Ostiraliya nau'in jinsi iri ɗaya sun kori su zuwa ga halaka ta hanyar gasa salmonids.[8] Sauran nau'o'in da ke faruwa a cikin tsarin kogin Olifants sun hada da Twee River redfin, (Pseudobarbus erubescens), Fiery redfin (Pseudobarbus phlegethon), Austroglanis barnardi, Clanwilliam rock-catfish (Austroglanis gilli), Chubbyhead barb (Enteromius anoplus), da kuma Clanwilliam yashi.

Mafi tsananin barazanar ilimin halitta ga yanayin kogin shine tabbas Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu). Tun da farko an gabatar da shi don kamun kifi na wasanni, ya zama wani abu na kwaro ta hanyar rage hannun jarin sauran nau'in kifin. An ƙarfafa kawar da shi a ƙarƙashin shirin Cape Action for People and Environment.

Barazanar da ba na halitta ba, galibi ana kawar da ruwan kogi da yawa don ban ruwa, da kuma sakamakon zubar da ruwa mai guba daga gonaki (musamman arume). Ana shuka su ne har zuwa bakin kogi, ba tare da barin isassun ciyayi da za su tace magungunan kashe qwari da taki da kuma dakatar da zaizayar kasa ba, ta haka ne ke haifar da rugujewar kogi da filayen noma na kusa[9].

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin Olifants''' (Afrikaans: Olifantsrivier) kogi ne a yankin arewa maso yamma na lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu. Babban yanki na kogin Olifants yana kusa da Ceres da tsaunukan Cederberg. Madatsun ruwa na Clanwilliam da Bulshoek suna kan kogin kuma suna samar da ruwa ga garuruwa da gonakin da ke bakin kogin. Tsawon kogin yana da kusan kilomita 285 tare da yanki mai fadin kilomita 46,220. Yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika a Papendorp, kilomita 250 daga arewacin Cape Town.

== Ruwa ==
Kogin Olifants ya tashi a cikin tsaunin Winterhoek a arewacin Ceres. Tsawon babban filin jirgin yana da kusan kilomita 265. Kogin yana gudana zuwa arewa-maso-yamma ta cikin wani kwari mai zurfi, kunkuntar kwari wanda ke fadada kuma ya mamaye cikin wani babban filin ambaliya a karkashin Clanwilliam.

Daga karshe kogin ya ratsa cikin Tekun Atlantika kusa da Papendorp. A bakin kogin Olifants ya rabu biyu ta wani tsibirin da ke baje kolin duwatsu masu ban sha'awa.&lt;ref&gt;Cornel Truter, ''West Coast tourist guide'', University of Cape Town Press, ISBN 9781919713243&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudana ==
Babban yankinsa shine Kogin Doring, yana canza suna kamar Melkboom/Oudrif kafin ya shiga Olifants. Magudanan ruwa da ke gudana daga gabas, irin su Kogin Thee, Kogin Noordhoek, kogin Boontjies, kogin Rondegat da kogin Jan Dissels yawanci ne na shekara, sai dai kogin Kudu. Wadanda ke gudana daga yamma, kamar kogin Ratel, kogin Elandskloof da kogin Seekoeivlei sun fi ƙanƙanta kuma na yanayi, ba su ba da gudummawa sosai ga kwararar tsarin ba.&lt;ref&gt;Olifants/Doorn WMA 17&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dams ==
Dams a cikin yankin da aka kama na Kogin Olifants:

* Dam Clanwilliam, tare da damar ajiya na mita 127,000,000 (4.5 × 109 cu ft)
* Dam Bulshoek, tare da damar ajiya na 7,500,000 cubic meters (260,000,000 cu ft)

Manyan garuruwan da ke ƙasa da ruwan kogin Olifants/Doring sun haɗa da Lutzville, Vredendal da Vanrhynsdorp waɗanda ke cikin ƙaramin yanki da Clanwilliam da Citrusdal a tsakiyar wuraren kamawa.

== Ilimin halittu ==
Endemism a cikin kogunan Olifants / Doring basin yana da girma sosai ga Afirka ta Kudu, tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan guda takwas da ke cikin tsarin. Kogin Olifants na sama yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren zama na manya sawfins (Pseudobarbus serra).&lt;ref&gt;Impson, D.; Van der Walt, R.; Jordaan, M. (2017). &quot;''Pseudobarbus serra''&quot;. ''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. '''2017''' e.T2569A100148283. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T2569A100148283.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; IUCN ta keɓance wannan cutar ta gida da Hatsari. A halin yanzu yana da wuya a iya yin haɗari ta hanyar angling ko kamun kifi kuma ba za a kashe shi ko kama shi ba; jinsuna mai tsayi da jinkirin girma, yana buƙatar shekaru da yawa don girma ba tare da damuwa ba amma ya kai babba kusan 40 cm bayan shekaru goma. CapeNature ta yi gwaje-gwaje don daidaita shi don kiwo ko kamun kifi, amma wannan yana buƙatar mafi kyawun kiyaye yanayin yanayin kogin. Clanwilliam redfin (&quot;P.&quot; calidus)&lt;ref&gt;Van der Walt, R.; Jordaan, M.; Impson, D. (2017). &quot;''Pseudobarbus calidus''&quot;. ''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. '''2017''' e.T2562A100139530. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T2562A100139530.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; wani nau'in barazana ne da kuma kariyar da aka samu a cikin Kogin Olifants; yana da yawa&lt;ref&gt;Impson &amp; Swartz (2007ab)&lt;/ref&gt;

Clanwilliam yellowfish (Labeobarbus seeberi) wani babban cyprinid ne a cikin wannan basin endemic zuwa yankin Western Cape. An gudanar da wani ƙoƙari na kiwo da aka kama kuma hannun jarinsa yana da kyau sosai. Duk da haka, yana iya yiwuwa ya ɓace a cikin kogin Olifants, kuma aƙalla kusan ya ɓace tsakanin Olifants Gorge da Clanwilliam Dam.[6] Ko za a sake dawo da shi ba a sani ba, kamar yadda sawfin da Clanwilliam yellowfish manya tabbas masu fafatawa ne na muhalli, kuma har sai an dawo da kogin Olifants sosai ta hanyar muhalli duka biyun ba za su iya bunƙasa lokaci guda ba.[7]

Kogin Olifants yana nuna iyakar arewacin Cape galaxias (Galaxias zebratus), nau'in kifi na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke raba wurin zama iri ɗaya da nau'in kifi da aka shigo da su kuma suna zaune a wani yanki tsakanin Olifants da Kogin Keurbooms. Ko da yake a Afirka ta Kudu wannan kifin mai ɗanɗano kaɗan yana kusa da Barazana, a Ostiraliya nau'in jinsi iri ɗaya sun kori su zuwa ga halaka ta hanyar gasa salmonids.[8] Sauran nau'o'in da ke faruwa a cikin tsarin kogin Olifants sun hada da Twee River redfin, (Pseudobarbus erubescens), Fiery redfin (Pseudobarbus phlegethon), Austroglanis barnardi, Clanwilliam rock-catfish (Austroglanis gilli), Chubbyhead barb (Enteromius anoplus), da kuma Clanwilliam yashi.

Mafi tsananin barazanar ilimin halitta ga yanayin kogin shine tabbas Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu). Tun da farko an gabatar da shi don kamun kifi na wasanni, ya zama wani abu na kwaro ta hanyar rage hannun jarin sauran nau'in kifin. An ƙarfafa kawar da shi a ƙarƙashin shirin Cape Action for People and Environment.

Barazanar da ba na halitta ba, galibi ana kawar da ruwan kogi da yawa don ban ruwa, da kuma sakamakon zubar da ruwa mai guba daga gonaki (musamman arume). Ana shuka su ne har zuwa bakin kogi, ba tare da barin isassun ciyayi da za su tace magungunan kashe qwari da taki da kuma dakatar da zaizayar kasa ba, ta haka ne ke haifar da rugujewar kogi da filayen noma na kusa[9].

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'''Kogin Olifants''' (Afrikaans: Olifantsrivier) kogi ne a yankin arewa maso yamma na lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu. Babban yanki na kogin Olifants yana kusa da Ceres da tsaunukan Cederberg. Madatsun ruwa na Clanwilliam da Bulshoek suna kan kogin kuma suna samar da ruwa ga garuruwa da gonakin da ke bakin kogin. Tsawon kogin yana da kusan kilomita 285 tare da yanki mai fadin kilomita 46,220. Yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika a Papendorp, kilomita 250 daga arewacin Cape Town.

== Ruwa ==
Kogin Olifants ya tashi a cikin tsaunin Winterhoek a arewacin Ceres. Tsawon babban filin jirgin yana da kusan kilomita 265. Kogin yana gudana zuwa arewa-maso-yamma ta cikin wani kwari mai zurfi, kunkuntar kwari wanda ke fadada kuma ya mamaye cikin wani babban filin ambaliya a karkashin Clanwilliam.

Daga karshe kogin ya ratsa cikin Tekun Atlantika kusa da Papendorp. A bakin kogin Olifants ya rabu biyu ta wani tsibirin da ke baje kolin duwatsu masu ban sha'awa.&lt;ref&gt;Cornel Truter, ''West Coast tourist guide'', University of Cape Town Press, ISBN 9781919713243&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudana ==
Babban yankinsa shine Kogin Doring, yana canza suna kamar Melkboom/Oudrif kafin ya shiga Olifants. Magudanan ruwa da ke gudana daga gabas, irin su Kogin Thee, Kogin Noordhoek, kogin Boontjies, kogin Rondegat da kogin Jan Dissels yawanci ne na shekara, sai dai kogin Kudu. Wadanda ke gudana daga yamma, kamar kogin Ratel, kogin Elandskloof da kogin Seekoeivlei sun fi ƙanƙanta kuma na yanayi, ba su ba da gudummawa sosai ga kwararar tsarin ba.&lt;ref&gt;Olifants/Doorn WMA 17&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dams ==
Dams a cikin yankin da aka kama na Kogin Olifants:

* Dam Clanwilliam, tare da damar ajiya na mita 127,000,000 (4.5 × 109 cu ft)
* Dam Bulshoek, tare da damar ajiya na 7,500,000 cubic meters (260,000,000 cu ft)

Manyan garuruwan da ke ƙasa da ruwan kogin Olifants/Doring sun haɗa da Lutzville, Vredendal da Vanrhynsdorp waɗanda ke cikin ƙaramin yanki da Clanwilliam da Citrusdal a tsakiyar wuraren kamawa.

== Ilimin halittu ==
Endemism a cikin kogunan Olifants / Doring basin yana da girma sosai ga Afirka ta Kudu, tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan guda takwas da ke cikin tsarin. Kogin Olifants na sama yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren zama na manya sawfins (Pseudobarbus serra).&lt;ref&gt;Impson, D.; Van der Walt, R.; Jordaan, M. (2017). &quot;''Pseudobarbus serra''&quot;. ''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. '''2017''' e.T2569A100148283. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T2569A100148283.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; IUCN ta keɓance wannan cutar ta gida da Hatsari. A halin yanzu yana da wuya a iya yin haɗari ta hanyar angling ko kamun kifi kuma ba za a kashe shi ko kama shi ba; jinsuna mai tsayi da jinkirin girma, yana buƙatar shekaru da yawa don girma ba tare da damuwa ba amma ya kai babba kusan 40 cm bayan shekaru goma. CapeNature ta yi gwaje-gwaje don daidaita shi don kiwo ko kamun kifi, amma wannan yana buƙatar mafi kyawun kiyaye yanayin yanayin kogin. Clanwilliam redfin (&quot;P.&quot; calidus)&lt;ref&gt;Van der Walt, R.; Jordaan, M.; Impson, D. (2017). &quot;''Pseudobarbus calidus''&quot;. ''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. '''2017''' e.T2562A100139530. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T2562A100139530.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; wani nau'in barazana ne da kuma kariyar da aka samu a cikin Kogin Olifants; yana da yawa&lt;ref&gt;Impson &amp; Swartz (2007ab)&lt;/ref&gt;

Clanwilliam yellowfish (Labeobarbus seeberi) wani babban cyprinid ne a cikin wannan basin endemic zuwa yankin Western Cape. An gudanar da wani ƙoƙari na kiwo da aka kama kuma hannun jarinsa yana da kyau sosai. Duk da haka, yana iya yiwuwa ya ɓace a cikin kogin Olifants, kuma aƙalla kusan ya ɓace tsakanin Olifants Gorge da Clanwilliam Dam.&lt;ref&gt;Impson, D.; Van der Walt, R.; Jordaan, M. (2017). &quot;''Labeobarbus seeberi''&quot;. ''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. '''2017''' e.T63290A100163027. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T63290A100163027.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko za a sake dawo da shi ba a sani ba, kamar yadda sawfin da Clanwilliam yellowfish manya tabbas masu fafatawa ne na muhalli, kuma har sai an dawo da kogin Olifants sosai ta hanyar muhalli duka biyun ba za su iya bunƙasa lokaci guda ba.[7]

Kogin Olifants yana nuna iyakar arewacin Cape galaxias (Galaxias zebratus), nau'in kifi na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke raba wurin zama iri ɗaya da nau'in kifi da aka shigo da su kuma suna zaune a wani yanki tsakanin Olifants da Kogin Keurbooms. Ko da yake a Afirka ta Kudu wannan kifin mai ɗanɗano kaɗan yana kusa da Barazana, a Ostiraliya nau'in jinsi iri ɗaya sun kori su zuwa ga halaka ta hanyar gasa salmonids.[8] Sauran nau'o'in da ke faruwa a cikin tsarin kogin Olifants sun hada da Twee River redfin, (Pseudobarbus erubescens), Fiery redfin (Pseudobarbus phlegethon), Austroglanis barnardi, Clanwilliam rock-catfish (Austroglanis gilli), Chubbyhead barb (Enteromius anoplus), da kuma Clanwilliam yashi.

Mafi tsananin barazanar ilimin halitta ga yanayin kogin shine tabbas Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu). Tun da farko an gabatar da shi don kamun kifi na wasanni, ya zama wani abu na kwaro ta hanyar rage hannun jarin sauran nau'in kifin. An ƙarfafa kawar da shi a ƙarƙashin shirin Cape Action for People and Environment.

Barazanar da ba na halitta ba, galibi ana kawar da ruwan kogi da yawa don ban ruwa, da kuma sakamakon zubar da ruwa mai guba daga gonaki (musamman arume). Ana shuka su ne har zuwa bakin kogi, ba tare da barin isassun ciyayi da za su tace magungunan kashe qwari da taki da kuma dakatar da zaizayar kasa ba, ta haka ne ke haifar da rugujewar kogi da filayen noma na kusa[9].

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'''Kogin Olifants''' (Afrikaans: Olifantsrivier) kogi ne a yankin arewa maso yamma na lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu. Babban yanki na kogin Olifants yana kusa da Ceres da tsaunukan Cederberg. Madatsun ruwa na Clanwilliam da Bulshoek suna kan kogin kuma suna samar da ruwa ga garuruwa da gonakin da ke bakin kogin. Tsawon kogin yana da kusan kilomita 285 tare da yanki mai fadin kilomita 46,220. Yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika a Papendorp, kilomita 250 daga arewacin Cape Town.

== Ruwa ==
Kogin Olifants ya tashi a cikin tsaunin Winterhoek a arewacin Ceres. Tsawon babban filin jirgin yana da kusan kilomita 265. Kogin yana gudana zuwa arewa-maso-yamma ta cikin wani kwari mai zurfi, kunkuntar kwari wanda ke fadada kuma ya mamaye cikin wani babban filin ambaliya a karkashin Clanwilliam.

Daga karshe kogin ya ratsa cikin Tekun Atlantika kusa da Papendorp. A bakin kogin Olifants ya rabu biyu ta wani tsibirin da ke baje kolin duwatsu masu ban sha'awa.&lt;ref&gt;Cornel Truter, ''West Coast tourist guide'', University of Cape Town Press, ISBN 9781919713243&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudana ==
Babban yankinsa shine Kogin Doring, yana canza suna kamar Melkboom/Oudrif kafin ya shiga Olifants. Magudanan ruwa da ke gudana daga gabas, irin su Kogin Thee, Kogin Noordhoek, kogin Boontjies, kogin Rondegat da kogin Jan Dissels yawanci ne na shekara, sai dai kogin Kudu. Wadanda ke gudana daga yamma, kamar kogin Ratel, kogin Elandskloof da kogin Seekoeivlei sun fi ƙanƙanta kuma na yanayi, ba su ba da gudummawa sosai ga kwararar tsarin ba.&lt;ref&gt;Olifants/Doorn WMA 17&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dams ==
Dams a cikin yankin da aka kama na Kogin Olifants:

* Dam Clanwilliam, tare da damar ajiya na mita 127,000,000 (4.5 × 109 cu ft)
* Dam Bulshoek, tare da damar ajiya na 7,500,000 cubic meters (260,000,000 cu ft)

Manyan garuruwan da ke ƙasa da ruwan kogin Olifants/Doring sun haɗa da Lutzville, Vredendal da Vanrhynsdorp waɗanda ke cikin ƙaramin yanki da Clanwilliam da Citrusdal a tsakiyar wuraren kamawa.

== Ilimin halittu ==
Endemism a cikin kogunan Olifants / Doring basin yana da girma sosai ga Afirka ta Kudu, tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan guda takwas da ke cikin tsarin. Kogin Olifants na sama yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren zama na manya sawfins (Pseudobarbus serra).&lt;ref&gt;Impson, D.; Van der Walt, R.; Jordaan, M. (2017). &quot;''Pseudobarbus serra''&quot;. ''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. '''2017''' e.T2569A100148283. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T2569A100148283.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; IUCN ta keɓance wannan cutar ta gida da Hatsari. A halin yanzu yana da wuya a iya yin haɗari ta hanyar angling ko kamun kifi kuma ba za a kashe shi ko kama shi ba; jinsuna mai tsayi da jinkirin girma, yana buƙatar shekaru da yawa don girma ba tare da damuwa ba amma ya kai babba kusan 40 cm bayan shekaru goma. CapeNature ta yi gwaje-gwaje don daidaita shi don kiwo ko kamun kifi, amma wannan yana buƙatar mafi kyawun kiyaye yanayin yanayin kogin. Clanwilliam redfin (&quot;P.&quot; calidus)&lt;ref&gt;Van der Walt, R.; Jordaan, M.; Impson, D. (2017). &quot;''Pseudobarbus calidus''&quot;. ''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. '''2017''' e.T2562A100139530. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T2562A100139530.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; wani nau'in barazana ne da kuma kariyar da aka samu a cikin Kogin Olifants; yana da yawa&lt;ref&gt;Impson &amp; Swartz (2007ab)&lt;/ref&gt;

Clanwilliam yellowfish (Labeobarbus seeberi) wani babban cyprinid ne a cikin wannan basin endemic zuwa yankin Western Cape. An gudanar da wani ƙoƙari na kiwo da aka kama kuma hannun jarinsa yana da kyau sosai. Duk da haka, yana iya yiwuwa ya ɓace a cikin kogin Olifants, kuma aƙalla kusan ya ɓace tsakanin Olifants Gorge da Clanwilliam Dam.&lt;ref&gt;Impson, D.; Van der Walt, R.; Jordaan, M. (2017). &quot;''Labeobarbus seeberi''&quot;. ''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. '''2017''' e.T63290A100163027. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T63290A100163027.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko za a sake dawo da shi ba a sani ba, kamar yadda sawfin da Clanwilliam yellowfish manya tabbas masu fafatawa ne na muhalli, kuma har sai an dawo da kogin Olifants sosai ta hanyar muhalli duka biyun ba za su iya bunƙasa lokaci guda ba.&lt;ref&gt;Impson &amp; Swartz (2007b)&lt;/ref&gt;

Kogin Olifants yana nuna iyakar arewacin Cape galaxias (Galaxias zebratus), nau'in kifi na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke raba wurin zama iri ɗaya da nau'in kifi da aka shigo da su kuma suna zaune a wani yanki tsakanin Olifants da Kogin Keurbooms. Ko da yake a Afirka ta Kudu wannan kifin mai ɗanɗano kaɗan yana kusa da Barazana, a Ostiraliya nau'in jinsi iri ɗaya sun kori su zuwa ga halaka ta hanyar gasa salmonids.[8] Sauran nau'o'in da ke faruwa a cikin tsarin kogin Olifants sun hada da Twee River redfin, (Pseudobarbus erubescens), Fiery redfin (Pseudobarbus phlegethon), Austroglanis barnardi, Clanwilliam rock-catfish (Austroglanis gilli), Chubbyhead barb (Enteromius anoplus), da kuma Clanwilliam yashi.

Mafi tsananin barazanar ilimin halitta ga yanayin kogin shine tabbas Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu). Tun da farko an gabatar da shi don kamun kifi na wasanni, ya zama wani abu na kwaro ta hanyar rage hannun jarin sauran nau'in kifin. An ƙarfafa kawar da shi a ƙarƙashin shirin Cape Action for People and Environment.

Barazanar da ba na halitta ba, galibi ana kawar da ruwan kogi da yawa don ban ruwa, da kuma sakamakon zubar da ruwa mai guba daga gonaki (musamman arume). Ana shuka su ne har zuwa bakin kogi, ba tare da barin isassun ciyayi da za su tace magungunan kashe qwari da taki da kuma dakatar da zaizayar kasa ba, ta haka ne ke haifar da rugujewar kogi da filayen noma na kusa[9].

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'''Kogin Olifants''' (Afrikaans: Olifantsrivier) kogi ne a yankin arewa maso yamma na lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu. Babban yanki na kogin Olifants yana kusa da Ceres da tsaunukan Cederberg. Madatsun ruwa na Clanwilliam da Bulshoek suna kan kogin kuma suna samar da ruwa ga garuruwa da gonakin da ke bakin kogin. Tsawon kogin yana da kusan kilomita 285 tare da yanki mai fadin kilomita 46,220. Yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika a Papendorp, kilomita 250 daga arewacin Cape Town.

== Ruwa ==
Kogin Olifants ya tashi a cikin tsaunin Winterhoek a arewacin Ceres. Tsawon babban filin jirgin yana da kusan kilomita 265. Kogin yana gudana zuwa arewa-maso-yamma ta cikin wani kwari mai zurfi, kunkuntar kwari wanda ke fadada kuma ya mamaye cikin wani babban filin ambaliya a karkashin Clanwilliam.

Daga karshe kogin ya ratsa cikin Tekun Atlantika kusa da Papendorp. A bakin kogin Olifants ya rabu biyu ta wani tsibirin da ke baje kolin duwatsu masu ban sha'awa.&lt;ref&gt;Cornel Truter, ''West Coast tourist guide'', University of Cape Town Press, ISBN 9781919713243&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudana ==
Babban yankinsa shine Kogin Doring, yana canza suna kamar Melkboom/Oudrif kafin ya shiga Olifants. Magudanan ruwa da ke gudana daga gabas, irin su Kogin Thee, Kogin Noordhoek, kogin Boontjies, kogin Rondegat da kogin Jan Dissels yawanci ne na shekara, sai dai kogin Kudu. Wadanda ke gudana daga yamma, kamar kogin Ratel, kogin Elandskloof da kogin Seekoeivlei sun fi ƙanƙanta kuma na yanayi, ba su ba da gudummawa sosai ga kwararar tsarin ba.&lt;ref&gt;Olifants/Doorn WMA 17&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dams ==
Dams a cikin yankin da aka kama na Kogin Olifants:

* Dam Clanwilliam, tare da damar ajiya na mita 127,000,000 (4.5 × 109 cu ft)
* Dam Bulshoek, tare da damar ajiya na 7,500,000 cubic meters (260,000,000 cu ft)

Manyan garuruwan da ke ƙasa da ruwan kogin Olifants/Doring sun haɗa da Lutzville, Vredendal da Vanrhynsdorp waɗanda ke cikin ƙaramin yanki da Clanwilliam da Citrusdal a tsakiyar wuraren kamawa.

== Ilimin halittu ==
Endemism a cikin kogunan Olifants / Doring basin yana da girma sosai ga Afirka ta Kudu, tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan guda takwas da ke cikin tsarin. Kogin Olifants na sama yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren zama na manya sawfins (Pseudobarbus serra).&lt;ref&gt;Impson, D.; Van der Walt, R.; Jordaan, M. (2017). &quot;''Pseudobarbus serra''&quot;. ''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. '''2017''' e.T2569A100148283. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T2569A100148283.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; IUCN ta keɓance wannan cutar ta gida da Hatsari. A halin yanzu yana da wuya a iya yin haɗari ta hanyar angling ko kamun kifi kuma ba za a kashe shi ko kama shi ba; jinsuna mai tsayi da jinkirin girma, yana buƙatar shekaru da yawa don girma ba tare da damuwa ba amma ya kai babba kusan 40 cm bayan shekaru goma. CapeNature ta yi gwaje-gwaje don daidaita shi don kiwo ko kamun kifi, amma wannan yana buƙatar mafi kyawun kiyaye yanayin yanayin kogin. Clanwilliam redfin (&quot;P.&quot; calidus)&lt;ref&gt;Van der Walt, R.; Jordaan, M.; Impson, D. (2017). &quot;''Pseudobarbus calidus''&quot;. ''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. '''2017''' e.T2562A100139530. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T2562A100139530.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; wani nau'in barazana ne da kuma kariyar da aka samu a cikin Kogin Olifants; yana da yawa&lt;ref&gt;Impson &amp; Swartz (2007ab)&lt;/ref&gt;

Clanwilliam yellowfish (Labeobarbus seeberi) wani babban cyprinid ne a cikin wannan basin endemic zuwa yankin Western Cape. An gudanar da wani ƙoƙari na kiwo da aka kama kuma hannun jarinsa yana da kyau sosai. Duk da haka, yana iya yiwuwa ya ɓace a cikin kogin Olifants, kuma aƙalla kusan ya ɓace tsakanin Olifants Gorge da Clanwilliam Dam.&lt;ref&gt;Impson, D.; Van der Walt, R.; Jordaan, M. (2017). &quot;''Labeobarbus seeberi''&quot;. ''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. '''2017''' e.T63290A100163027. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T63290A100163027.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko za a sake dawo da shi ba a sani ba, kamar yadda sawfin da Clanwilliam yellowfish manya tabbas masu fafatawa ne na muhalli, kuma har sai an dawo da kogin Olifants sosai ta hanyar muhalli duka biyun ba za su iya bunƙasa lokaci guda ba.&lt;ref&gt;Impson &amp; Swartz (2007b)&lt;/ref&gt;

Kogin Olifants yana nuna iyakar arewacin Cape galaxias (Galaxias zebratus), nau'in kifi na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke raba wurin zama iri ɗaya da nau'in kifi da aka shigo da su kuma suna zaune a wani yanki tsakanin Olifants da Kogin Keurbooms. Ko da yake a Afirka ta Kudu wannan kifin mai ɗanɗano kaɗan yana kusa da Barazana, a Ostiraliya nau'in jinsi iri ɗaya sun kori su zuwa ga halaka ta hanyar gasa salmonids.&lt;ref&gt;Albany Museum - Freshwater Ichthyology&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran nau'o'in da ke faruwa a cikin tsarin kogin Olifants sun hada da Twee River redfin, (Pseudobarbus erubescens), Fiery redfin (Pseudobarbus phlegethon), Austroglanis barnardi, Clanwilliam rock-catfish (Austroglanis gilli), Chubbyhead barb (Enteromius anoplus), da kuma Clanwilliam yashi.

Mafi tsananin barazanar ilimin halitta ga yanayin kogin shine tabbas Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu). Tun da farko an gabatar da shi don kamun kifi na wasanni, ya zama wani abu na kwaro ta hanyar rage hannun jarin sauran nau'in kifin. An ƙarfafa kawar da shi a ƙarƙashin shirin Cape Action for People and Environment.

Barazanar da ba na halitta ba, galibi ana kawar da ruwan kogi da yawa don ban ruwa, da kuma sakamakon zubar da ruwa mai guba daga gonaki (musamman arume). Ana shuka su ne har zuwa bakin kogi, ba tare da barin isassun ciyayi da za su tace magungunan kashe qwari da taki da kuma dakatar da zaizayar kasa ba, ta haka ne ke haifar da rugujewar kogi da filayen noma na kusa[9].

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'''Kogin Olifants''' (Afrikaans: Olifantsrivier) kogi ne a yankin arewa maso yamma na lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu. Babban yanki na kogin Olifants yana kusa da Ceres da tsaunukan Cederberg. Madatsun ruwa na Clanwilliam da Bulshoek suna kan kogin kuma suna samar da ruwa ga garuruwa da gonakin da ke bakin kogin. Tsawon kogin yana da kusan kilomita 285 tare da yanki mai fadin kilomita 46,220. Yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Atlantika a Papendorp, kilomita 250 daga arewacin Cape Town.

== Ruwa ==
Kogin Olifants ya tashi a cikin tsaunin Winterhoek a arewacin Ceres. Tsawon babban filin jirgin yana da kusan kilomita 265. Kogin yana gudana zuwa arewa-maso-yamma ta cikin wani kwari mai zurfi, kunkuntar kwari wanda ke fadada kuma ya mamaye cikin wani babban filin ambaliya a karkashin Clanwilliam.

Daga karshe kogin ya ratsa cikin Tekun Atlantika kusa da Papendorp. A bakin kogin Olifants ya rabu biyu ta wani tsibirin da ke baje kolin duwatsu masu ban sha'awa.&lt;ref&gt;Cornel Truter, ''West Coast tourist guide'', University of Cape Town Press, ISBN 9781919713243&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudana ==
Babban yankinsa shine Kogin Doring, yana canza suna kamar Melkboom/Oudrif kafin ya shiga Olifants. Magudanan ruwa da ke gudana daga gabas, irin su Kogin Thee, Kogin Noordhoek, kogin Boontjies, kogin Rondegat da kogin Jan Dissels yawanci ne na shekara, sai dai kogin Kudu. Wadanda ke gudana daga yamma, kamar kogin Ratel, kogin Elandskloof da kogin Seekoeivlei sun fi ƙanƙanta kuma na yanayi, ba su ba da gudummawa sosai ga kwararar tsarin ba.&lt;ref&gt;Olifants/Doorn WMA 17&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dams ==
Dams a cikin yankin da aka kama na Kogin Olifants:

* Dam Clanwilliam, tare da damar ajiya na mita 127,000,000 (4.5 × 109 cu ft)
* Dam Bulshoek, tare da damar ajiya na 7,500,000 cubic meters (260,000,000 cu ft)

Manyan garuruwan da ke ƙasa da ruwan kogin Olifants/Doring sun haɗa da Lutzville, Vredendal da Vanrhynsdorp waɗanda ke cikin ƙaramin yanki da Clanwilliam da Citrusdal a tsakiyar wuraren kamawa.

== Ilimin halittu ==
Endemism a cikin kogunan Olifants / Doring basin yana da girma sosai ga Afirka ta Kudu, tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan guda takwas da ke cikin tsarin. Kogin Olifants na sama yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren zama na manya sawfins (Pseudobarbus serra).&lt;ref&gt;Impson, D.; Van der Walt, R.; Jordaan, M. (2017). &quot;''Pseudobarbus serra''&quot;. ''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. '''2017''' e.T2569A100148283. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T2569A100148283.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; IUCN ta keɓance wannan cutar ta gida da Hatsari. A halin yanzu yana da wuya a iya yin haɗari ta hanyar angling ko kamun kifi kuma ba za a kashe shi ko kama shi ba; jinsuna mai tsayi da jinkirin girma, yana buƙatar shekaru da yawa don girma ba tare da damuwa ba amma ya kai babba kusan 40 cm bayan shekaru goma. CapeNature ta yi gwaje-gwaje don daidaita shi don kiwo ko kamun kifi, amma wannan yana buƙatar mafi kyawun kiyaye yanayin yanayin kogin. Clanwilliam redfin (&quot;P.&quot; calidus)&lt;ref&gt;Van der Walt, R.; Jordaan, M.; Impson, D. (2017). &quot;''Pseudobarbus calidus''&quot;. ''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. '''2017''' e.T2562A100139530. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T2562A100139530.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; wani nau'in barazana ne da kuma kariyar da aka samu a cikin Kogin Olifants; yana da yawa&lt;ref&gt;Impson &amp; Swartz (2007ab)&lt;/ref&gt;

Clanwilliam yellowfish (Labeobarbus seeberi) wani babban cyprinid ne a cikin wannan basin endemic zuwa yankin Western Cape. An gudanar da wani ƙoƙari na kiwo da aka kama kuma hannun jarinsa yana da kyau sosai. Duk da haka, yana iya yiwuwa ya ɓace a cikin kogin Olifants, kuma aƙalla kusan ya ɓace tsakanin Olifants Gorge da Clanwilliam Dam.&lt;ref&gt;Impson, D.; Van der Walt, R.; Jordaan, M. (2017). &quot;''Labeobarbus seeberi''&quot;. ''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. '''2017''' e.T63290A100163027. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T63290A100163027.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko za a sake dawo da shi ba a sani ba, kamar yadda sawfin da Clanwilliam yellowfish manya tabbas masu fafatawa ne na muhalli, kuma har sai an dawo da kogin Olifants sosai ta hanyar muhalli duka biyun ba za su iya bunƙasa lokaci guda ba.&lt;ref&gt;Impson &amp; Swartz (2007b)&lt;/ref&gt;

Kogin Olifants yana nuna iyakar arewacin Cape galaxias (Galaxias zebratus), nau'in kifi na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke raba wurin zama iri ɗaya da nau'in kifi da aka shigo da su kuma suna zaune a wani yanki tsakanin Olifants da Kogin Keurbooms. Ko da yake a Afirka ta Kudu wannan kifin mai ɗanɗano kaɗan yana kusa da Barazana, a Ostiraliya nau'in jinsi iri ɗaya sun kori su zuwa ga halaka ta hanyar gasa salmonids.&lt;ref&gt;Albany Museum - Freshwater Ichthyology&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran nau'o'in da ke faruwa a cikin tsarin kogin Olifants sun hada da Twee River redfin, (Pseudobarbus erubescens), Fiery redfin (Pseudobarbus phlegethon), Austroglanis barnardi, Clanwilliam rock-catfish (Austroglanis gilli), Chubbyhead barb (Enteromius anoplus), da kuma Clanwilliam yashi.

Mafi tsananin barazanar ilimin halitta ga yanayin kogin shine tabbas Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu). Tun da farko an gabatar da shi don kamun kifi na wasanni, ya zama wani abu na kwaro ta hanyar rage hannun jarin sauran nau'in kifin. An ƙarfafa kawar da shi a ƙarƙashin shirin Cape Action for People and Environment.

Barazanar da ba na halitta ba, galibi ana kawar da ruwan kogi da yawa don ban ruwa, da kuma sakamakon zubar da ruwa mai guba daga gonaki (musamman arume). Ana shuka su ne har zuwa bakin kogi, ba tare da barin isassun ciyayi da za su tace magungunan kashe qwari da taki da kuma dakatar da zaizayar kasa ba, ta haka ne ke haifar da rugujewar kogi da filayen noma na kusa.&lt;ref&gt;Impson &amp; Swartz (2007abc)&lt;/ref&gt;

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'''HMS ''Tynedale''''' aji ne {{Sclass2|Hunt|destroyer}} rukunin farko da suka yi aiki a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . German submarine ya nutsar da ita Jirgin sama mai lamba U-593 a ranar 12 ga Disamba 1943. 

== Gine-gine ==
An ba da umarnin ''Tynedale'' daga Alexander Stephen and Sons a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 1939 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin 1939 kuma an kafa shi a ranar 27 ga Yuli, 1939 a ƙarƙashin lambar yadi J1471. An ƙaddamar da ita a ranar 5 ga Yuni, 1940 kuma aka ba ta aikin a ranar 2 ga Disamba, 1940.  Al'ummar farar hula ta Hexham, Northumberland ta ɗauke ta bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na Makon Tafiya na Yaƙi a watan Fabrairu, 1942. &lt;ref name=&quot;Naval-History&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 August 2011 |editor-last=Gordon Smith |title=HMS Tynedale, escort destroyer |url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DE-Tynedale.htm |website=Naval-History.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sabis da asara ==
Da farko ''Tynedale'' an yi mata aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na First Destroyer Flotilla da ke [[Portsmouth]] . A ranar 11 ga Maris 1941 ta sami rauni wanda ya sa ta kasa aiki na tsawon kwanaki 9 bayan wani [[wiktionary:Air raid|hari ta sama]] da aka kai wa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Portsmouth da Luftwaffe .  A ranar 15 ga Disamba, an mayar da ita zuwa Flotilla ta 15 da ke Plymouth . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HMS Tynedale, escort destroyer |url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DE-Tynedale.htm |website=www.naval-history.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Tynedale'' ta shiga cikin harin St. Nazaire a ranar 27 ga Maris 1942 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masu rakiyar jirgin ruwan yaƙi {{HMS|Campbeltown|I42|2}} da ƙananan jiragen ruwa da za su shiga tashar jiragen ruwa.  Kudu maso yammacin Ushant ta hango jirgin ruwan ''U-593'' kuma ta kai mata hari da farko da ƙarfin zurfin jirgin sannan, lokacin da aka tilasta wa jirgin ruwan yaƙi ya faɗi a saman ruwa, da bindiga . Duk da haka, jirgin ruwan ya sake nutsewa ya tsere. Zai zama jirgin ruwan ƙarƙashin ruwa ''na U-593'' wanda zai nutse ''Tynedale'' a shekara mai zuwa.  Lokacin da suka yi taro da ƙaramin jirgin ruwan da ya tsira daga harin da suka kai a wajen tashar jiragen ruwa ''ta Tynedale'' da wani jirgin ruwan yaƙi, {{HMS|Atherstone|L05|2}} ya yi karo da jiragen ruwan Jamus guda biyar na torpedo na 5th Flotilla. 

''Tynedale'' ta koma Plymouth a ranar 29 ga Maris, tare da sauran ayarin da suka tsira. Ta yi gyare-gyare kuma ta ci gaba da aiki a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, ta ci gaba da rakiyar ayarin a yankin Kudu maso Yammacin Gabar Teku. A ranar 14 ga Mayu, ta haɗu da jirgin ruwan taimakon Jamus Stier, kuma tana cikin rundunar da ta nutsar da ita, duk da cewa kawai a matsayin jirgin tallafi ne. Ta kuma shiga cikin rawar tallafi a nutsewar jirgin ruwan taimakon Jamus Komet a watan Oktoba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Naval-History&quot; /&gt;

=== 1943 ===
An zaɓi ''Tynedale'' don yin aiki a [[Bahar Rum]], kuma a matsayin wani ɓangare na Rukunin Masu Lalata 59 (wanda ta shiga a ranar 8 ga Maris 1943) ta tsare ayarin motoci tsakanin [[Gibraltar]] da [[Aljeriya]] . Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai katse jiragen ruwa a lokacin mamayar da kawance suka yi wa Sicily, kuma ta taimaka wajen ceto fasinjoji 218 daga jirgin ruwan jigilar kaya na Holland ''Felix Jan Van Manix'' wanda aka harba da rokoki kuma ya nutse a watan Oktoba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Naval-History&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 August 2011 |editor-last=Gordon Smith |title=HMS Tynedale, escort destroyer |url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DE-Tynedale.htm |website=Naval-History.net}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGordon_Smith2011&quot;&gt;Gordon Smith, ed. (13 August 2011). [http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DE-Tynedale.htm &quot;HMS Tynedale, escort destroyer&quot;]. ''Naval-History.net''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

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'''HMS ''Tynedale''''' aji ne {{Sclass2|Hunt|destroyer}} rukunin farko da suka yi aiki a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . German submarine ya nutsar da ita Jirgin sama mai lamba U-593 a ranar 12 ga Disamba 1943. 

== Gine-gine ==
An ba da umarnin ''Tynedale'' daga Alexander Stephen and Sons a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 1939 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin 1939 kuma an kafa shi a ranar 27 ga Yuli, 1939 a ƙarƙashin lambar yadi J1471. An ƙaddamar da ita a ranar 5 ga Yuni, 1940 kuma aka ba ta aikin a ranar 2 ga Disamba, 1940.  Al'ummar farar hula ta Hexham, Northumberland ta ɗauke ta bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na Makon Tafiya na Yaƙi a watan Fabrairu, 1942. &lt;ref name=&quot;Naval-History&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 August 2011 |editor-last=Gordon Smith |title=HMS Tynedale, escort destroyer |url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DE-Tynedale.htm |website=Naval-History.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sabis da asara ==
Da farko ''Tynedale'' an yi mata aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na First Destroyer Flotilla da ke [[Portsmouth]] . A ranar 11 ga Maris 1941 ta sami rauni wanda ya sa ta kasa aiki na tsawon kwanaki 9 bayan wani [[wiktionary:Air raid|hari ta sama]] da aka kai wa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Portsmouth da Luftwaffe .  A ranar 15 ga Disamba, an mayar da ita zuwa Flotilla ta 15 da ke Plymouth . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HMS Tynedale, escort destroyer |url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DE-Tynedale.htm |website=www.naval-history.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Tynedale'' ta shiga cikin harin St. Nazaire a ranar 27 ga Maris 1942 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masu rakiyar jirgin ruwan yaƙi {{HMS|Campbeltown|I42|2}} da ƙananan jiragen ruwa da za su shiga tashar jiragen ruwa.  Kudu maso yammacin Ushant ta hango jirgin ruwan ''U-593'' kuma ta kai mata hari da farko da ƙarfin zurfin jirgin sannan, lokacin da aka tilasta wa jirgin ruwan yaƙi ya faɗi a saman ruwa, da bindiga . Duk da haka, jirgin ruwan ya sake nutsewa ya tsere. Zai zama jirgin ruwan ƙarƙashin ruwa ''na U-593'' wanda zai nutse ''Tynedale'' a shekara mai zuwa.  Lokacin da suka yi taro da ƙaramin jirgin ruwan da ya tsira daga harin da suka kai a wajen tashar jiragen ruwa ''ta Tynedale'' da wani jirgin ruwan yaƙi, {{HMS|Atherstone|L05|2}} ya yi karo da jiragen ruwan Jamus guda biyar na torpedo na 5th Flotilla. 

''Tynedale'' ta koma Plymouth a ranar 29 ga Maris, tare da sauran ayarin da suka tsira. Ta yi gyare-gyare kuma ta ci gaba da aiki a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, ta ci gaba da rakiyar ayarin a yankin Kudu maso Yammacin Gabar Teku. A ranar 14 ga Mayu, ta haɗu da jirgin ruwan taimakon Jamus Stier, kuma tana cikin rundunar da ta nutsar da ita, duk da cewa kawai a matsayin jirgin tallafi ne. Ta kuma shiga cikin rawar tallafi a nutsewar jirgin ruwan taimakon Jamus Komet a watan Oktoba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Naval-History&quot; /&gt;

=== 1943 ===
An zaɓi ''Tynedale'' don yin aiki a [[Bahar Rum]], kuma a matsayin wani ɓangare na Rukunin Masu Lalata 59 (wanda ta shiga a ranar 8 ga Maris 1943) ta tsare ayarin motoci tsakanin [[Gibraltar]] da [[Aljeriya]] . Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai katse jiragen ruwa a lokacin mamayar da kawance suka yi wa Sicily, kuma ta taimaka wajen ceto fasinjoji 218 daga jirgin ruwan jigilar kaya na Holland ''Felix Jan Van Manix'' wanda aka harba da rokoki kuma ya nutse a watan Oktoba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Naval-History&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 August 2011 |editor-last=Gordon Smith |title=HMS Tynedale, escort destroyer |url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DE-Tynedale.htm |website=Naval-History.net}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGordon_Smith2011&quot;&gt;Gordon Smith, ed. (13 August 2011). [http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DE-Tynedale.htm &quot;HMS Tynedale, escort destroyer&quot;]. ''Naval-History.net''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Faransanci gargadi La Surprise</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158842</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861920</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T11:20:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326988181|French aviso La Surprise]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="813" sha1="t3b31gwzb29sun8v64f71ymx0loi19v" xml:space="preserve">'''''La Surprise''''' wani ChamoisChamois ne na Sojojin Ruwa na Faransa [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|na Yaƙin Duniya na II]] Arsenal de [[Lorient]] da ke Brittany ya ƙaddamar da ita a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1939. {{Sfn|Le Masson|1969}} kuma an naɗa ta a matsayin ma'aikaci a watan Maris 1940. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=La Surprise |url=https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/6190.html |access-date=4 January 2020 |website=uboat.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1942, jirgin ruwan yaki na Royal Navy {{HMS|Brilliant|H84|6}} ya fara aiki.{{HMS|Brilliant|H84|6}} ya nutsar da ''La Surprise'' da harbin bindiga a kan [[Oran]], {{Sfn|Le Masson|1969}} [[Aljeriya ta Faransa|Faransa Algeria]], a lokacin [[Aikin Torch|Operation Torch]], mamayar da kawancen kawance suka yi wa Faransa a Arewacin Afirka .{{Reflist}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>861925</id>
      <parentid>861920</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T11:27:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <origin>861925</origin>
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      <text bytes="825" sha1="1u85pgla09oo58sp58zu0cq8mzsa69a" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''La Surprise''''' wani ChamoisChamois ne na Sojojin Ruwa na Faransa [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|na Yaƙin Duniya na II]] Arsenal de [[Lorient]] da ke Brittany ya ƙaddamar da ita a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1939. {{Sfn|Le Masson|1969}} kuma an naɗa ta a matsayin ma'aikaci a watan Maris 1940. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=La Surprise |url=https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/6190.html |access-date=4 January 2020 |website=uboat.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1942, jirgin ruwan yaki na Royal Navy {{HMS|Brilliant|H84|6}} ya fara aiki.{{HMS|Brilliant|H84|6}} ya nutsar da ''La Surprise'' da harbin bindiga a kan [[Oran]], {{Sfn|Le Masson|1969}} [[Aljeriya ta Faransa|Faransa Algeria]], a lokacin [[Aikin Torch|Operation Torch]], mamayar da kawancen kawance suka yi wa Faransa a Arewacin Afirka .{{Reflist}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-20T11:25:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>46169</id>
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      <comment>Labarai Da Shawara Ga Marasan Garin MAHUTA Daga ISAN WANKA MAHUTA</comment>
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      <text bytes="328" sha1="5jgj8bvux9casjz1hgmrs98njzjl6ld" xml:space="preserve">Isan Wanka Mahuta Mawakin Hausa Hip-hop Da Kuma Wakokin Soyayya Yana Zaune Agarin Mahuta Dan Dume Yasaki Sabuwar Waƙar sa Mai Suna &quot;Madubin Raina&quot; ARanar 16 Ga watan Jun 2026 Matasine Daya Kasance Haifaffen Garin Mahuta Yana Kira Ga Matasa Ahaɗa Kai Azama Ɗaya Adomin Samun Zaman Lafiya Da cimma Manyan Manufofin 🤝🤝🤝</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>861943</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-20T11:38:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isanwanka</username>
        <id>46169</id>
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      <comment>/* */ Isan Wanka Mahuta</comment>
      <origin>861943</origin>
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      <text bytes="352" sha1="ejc3hwo4j28w74pq8iziinewzwpqjt9" xml:space="preserve">Isan Wanka Mahuta Mawakin Hausa Hip-hop Da Kuma Wakokin Soyayya Yana Zaune Agarin Mahuta Dan Dume Yasaki Sabuwar Waƙar sa Mai Suna &quot;Madubin Raina&quot; ARanar 16 Ga watan Jun 2026 Matasine Daya Kasance Haifaffen Garin Mahuta Yana Kira Ga Matasa Ahaɗa Kai Azama Ɗaya Adomin Samun Zaman Lafiya Da cimma Manyan Manufofin 🤝🤝🤝 Matsa Suna Madubin Gari</text>
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      <id>861953</id>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>46169</id>
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      <comment>Muhada Kai Matasa</comment>
      <origin>861953</origin>
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      <text bytes="358" sha1="qsrrm9fqf1jix2zsztigbu3r5o0ccno" xml:space="preserve">'''Isan Wanka Mahuta Mawakin Hausa Hip-hop Da Kuma Wakokin Soyayya Yana Zaune Agarin Mahuta Dan Dume Yasaki Sabuwar Waƙar sa Mai Suna &quot;Madubin Raina&quot; ARanar 16 Ga watan Jun 2026 Matasine Daya Kasance Haifaffen Garin Mahuta Yana Kira Ga Matasa Ahaɗa Kai Azama Ɗaya Adomin Samun Zaman Lafiya Da cimma Manyan Manufofin 🤝🤝🤝 Matsa Suna Madubin Gari'''</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jirgin ruwa na Faransa Ariane (Q122)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158844</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861928</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T11:29:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327639009|French submarine Ariane (Q122)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Ariane'' (Q122)''' jirgin ruwan sojojin ruwan Faransa ne mai suna Ariane -class An ba da izinin amfani da  a shekarar 1929. A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], ta yi aiki a ɓangaren ƙawancen har zuwa 1940, lokacin da ta zama ɓangare na rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Vichy France . An yi mata tiyata a watan Nuwamba na 1942.

== Gine-gine da kuma aikin gudanarwa ==
An ba da umarnin a ƙarƙashin shirin sojojin ruwa na 1922,  An kwantar da ''Ariane'' tare da jirgin 'yar uwarta Ondine  a Chantiers et Ateliers Augustin Normand a [[Le Havre]], [[Faransa]], a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 1923 tare da lambar jirgin ruwa Q122. &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt; An harba ta a ranar 6 ga Agusta, 1925. &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt; Bayan ta kammala aikin, ta fara gwajin magininta a ranar 15 ga Disamba, 1926 &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt; kuma gwajin amincewa da ita a hukumance a ranar 27 ga Yuli, 1927. &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt; Kayan aikinta na ƙarshe da kayan yaƙinta sun faru ne a Cherbourg, Faransa, daga 1 ga Yuni zuwa 3 ga Yuli, 1929, &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt; kuma an ba ta aikin tare da jirgin 'yar uwarta Eurydice  a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1929. &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt;

=== Vichy Faransa ===
Bayan Faransa ta miƙa wuya, ''Ariane'' ya yi aiki a rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Vichy France . A ranar 3 ga Yuli, 1940, Turawan Birtaniya suka fara [[Harin da aka kai wa Mers-el-Kébir|aikin Operation Catapult]], wanda ya nemi kwace ko kuma ya wargaza jiragen ruwan sojojin ruwa na Faransa don hana Jamusawa amfani da su, kuma ''Ariane'' yana tashar jiragen ruwa a sansanin sojojin ruwa na Faransa da ke Mers El Kébir a Oran a ranar lokacin da wata rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Burtaniya ta isa daga sansanin kuma ta nemi Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Faransa ko dai ta mayar da jiragen da ke can ga hannun Birtaniya ko kuma ta kashe su. Faransawa sun sanya jiragen ruwansu a Oran a shirye,  kuma da ƙarfe 15:00 &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt; ''Ariane'' da ''Danaé'' sun shirya tsaf don yin teku.  Sun [[Anchor|makale]] a tashar jiragen ruwa ta waje da ƙarfe 15:30 &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt; tare da ''Diane'' da ''Eurydice'',  kuma da ƙarfe 17:54 jiragen ruwa huɗu suka sami umarnin yin atisaye. &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt;

Lokacin da jiragen ruwan yaƙin Birtaniya suka buɗe wuta a kan jiragen ruwan Faransa a tashar jiragen ruwa da ƙarfe 17:57,  suka fara [[Harin da aka kai wa Mers-el-Kébir|kai hari a kan Mers-el-Kébir]], ''Ariane'' yana da {{Convert|4|nmi}} yammacin ''Diane'', wanda shi ma {{Convert|3.5|nmi}} yammacin Pointe de l'Aiguille (

Yayin da rundunar sojin ruwan Faransa ke ci gaba da aikin Operation Catapult, sojojin Birtaniya sun kai hari kan rundunar sojojin Faransa a [[Dakar]] da ke [[Senegal]] a ranar 8 ga Yuli, 1940.  Da suka sami labarin harin, hukumomin ruwan Faransa a Oran sun umarci ''Ariane'', ''Diane'', da ''Eurydice'' da su kafa layin sintiri a kusa da [[Cape Falcon, Algeria|Cape Falcon]], Algeria. &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <id>861930</id>
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'''''Ariane'' (Q122)''' jirgin ruwan sojojin ruwan Faransa ne mai suna Ariane -class An ba da izinin amfani da  a shekarar 1929. A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], ta yi aiki a ɓangaren ƙawancen har zuwa 1940, lokacin da ta zama ɓangare na rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Vichy France . An yi mata tiyata a watan Nuwamba na 1942.

== Gine-gine da kuma aikin gudanarwa ==
An ba da umarnin a ƙarƙashin shirin sojojin ruwa na 1922,  An kwantar da ''Ariane'' tare da jirgin 'yar uwarta Ondine  a Chantiers et Ateliers Augustin Normand a [[Le Havre]], [[Faransa]], a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 1923 tare da lambar jirgin ruwa Q122. &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt; An harba ta a ranar 6 ga Agusta, 1925. &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt; Bayan ta kammala aikin, ta fara gwajin magininta a ranar 15 ga Disamba, 1926 &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt; kuma gwajin amincewa da ita a hukumance a ranar 27 ga Yuli, 1927. &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt; Kayan aikinta na ƙarshe da kayan yaƙinta sun faru ne a Cherbourg, Faransa, daga 1 ga Yuni zuwa 3 ga Yuli, 1929, &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt; kuma an ba ta aikin tare da jirgin 'yar uwarta Eurydice  a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1929. &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt;

=== Vichy Faransa ===
Bayan Faransa ta miƙa wuya, ''Ariane'' ya yi aiki a rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Vichy France . A ranar 3 ga Yuli, 1940, Turawan Birtaniya suka fara [[Harin da aka kai wa Mers-el-Kébir|aikin Operation Catapult]], wanda ya nemi kwace ko kuma ya wargaza jiragen ruwan sojojin ruwa na Faransa don hana Jamusawa amfani da su, kuma ''Ariane'' yana tashar jiragen ruwa a sansanin sojojin ruwa na Faransa da ke Mers El Kébir a Oran a ranar lokacin da wata rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Burtaniya ta isa daga sansanin kuma ta nemi Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Faransa ko dai ta mayar da jiragen da ke can ga hannun Birtaniya ko kuma ta kashe su. Faransawa sun sanya jiragen ruwansu a Oran a shirye,  kuma da ƙarfe 15:00 &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt; ''Ariane'' da ''Danaé'' sun shirya tsaf don yin teku.  Sun [[Anchor|makale]] a tashar jiragen ruwa ta waje da ƙarfe 15:30 &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt; tare da ''Diane'' da ''Eurydice'',  kuma da ƙarfe 17:54 jiragen ruwa huɗu suka sami umarnin yin atisaye. &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt;

Lokacin da jiragen ruwan yaƙin Birtaniya suka buɗe wuta a kan jiragen ruwan Faransa a tashar jiragen ruwa da ƙarfe 17:57,  suka fara [[Harin da aka kai wa Mers-el-Kébir|kai hari a kan Mers-el-Kébir]], ''Ariane'' yana da {{Convert|4|nmi}} yammacin ''Diane'', wanda shi ma {{Convert|3.5|nmi}} yammacin Pointe de l'Aiguille (

Yayin da rundunar sojin ruwan Faransa ke ci gaba da aikin Operation Catapult, sojojin Birtaniya sun kai hari kan rundunar sojojin Faransa a [[Dakar]] da ke [[Senegal]] a ranar 8 ga Yuli, 1940.  Da suka sami labarin harin, hukumomin ruwan Faransa a Oran sun umarci ''Ariane'', ''Diane'', da ''Eurydice'' da su kafa layin sintiri a kusa da [[Cape Falcon, Algeria|Cape Falcon]], Algeria. &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt;

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  <page>
    <title>Jirgin yaki na Faransa Bretagne</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158845</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861932</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T11:31:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351726960|French battleship Bretagne]]&quot;</comment>
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'''{{Lang|fr|Bretagne}}''' ita ce babbar jirgin ruwanta na jiragen yaƙi uku masu ban tsoro da aka gina a shekarun 1910 don Sojojin {{Lang|fr|Bretagne}} Faransa . Ta fara aiki a watan Fabrairun 1916, bayan fara [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] . Ta shafe mafi yawan aikinta na kusan shekaru 25 tare da Rundunar Bahar Rum kuma wani lokacin ta kasance babbar ƙungiyar . A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, ta ba da kariya ga Rundunar Otranto da ta toshe Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Austro-Hungary a Tekun Adriatic, amma ba ta ga wani abu da ya faru ba.

An yi wa jirgin kwaskwarima sosai a lokacin yaƙin basasa, kuma lokacin da take aiki, ta gudanar da tafiye-tafiye na lokacin zaman lafiya da kuma motsa jiki a Tekun Bahar Rum da Tekun Atlantika. Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] ya ɓarke a watan Satumba na 1939, {{Lang|fr|Bretagne}} An raka ayarin sojoji kuma an tura su zuwa Tekun Atlantika na ɗan lokaci don neman masu tsaron kan iyaka na Jamus da masu kai hari kan kasuwanci . Jamus ta mamaye Faransa a ranar 10 ga Mayu 1940 kuma Faransawa sun yi saranda makonni shida kacal bayan haka, a lokacin ne aka ajiye jirgin yaƙin a Mers-el-Kébir, [[Aljeriya ta Faransa|Algeria ta Faransa]] . Saboda tsoron cewa Jamusawa za su kama Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Faransa, Birtaniya [[Harin da aka kai wa Mers-el-Kébir|ta kai hari kan jiragen ruwan da ke can]] a ranar 3 ga Janairu.&amp;nbsp;Yulin 1940 bayan Faransa ta ƙi mika wuya ko kuma ta lalata rundunar sojojin {{Lang|fr|Bretagne}} ; An harba jirgin sau huɗu kuma ya fashe, wanda ya kashe yawancin ma'aikatan jirgin. An ceto jirgin a shekarar 1952 kuma aka lalata shi don ya zama tarkace .

== Bayani da Bayani ==
[[Fayil:Bretagne_Brassey's.png|left|thumb|{{Lang|fr|Bretagne}} - ƙirar aji kamar yadda aka nuna ta [[The Naval Annual|Brassey's ''Naval Annual'']] 1915]]
Birnin {{Lang|fr|Bretagne}} An tsara nau'in jiragen yaƙi masu ban tsoro a matsayin ingantaccen sigar CourbetCourbet da ya gabata tare da makamai masu ƙarfi, amma ƙarancin girman jiragen ruwa na Faransa sun tilasta wa hasumiyoyin su kasance kusa da ƙarshen jiragen, wanda hakan ya shafi ƙwarewarsu ta sarrafa jiragen ruwa . 

Jiragen ruwan sun kai tsayin {{Convert|166|m|ftin}} tsawon lokaci gabaɗaya,  yana da haske na {{Convert|27|m|ftin}} da matsakaicin iskar shaka ta {{Convert|9.1|m|ftin}} . Sun kori  {{Convert|23936|t|LT}} (   masu tsayi  a kan nauyin da aka saba da shi da kuma {{Convert|26600|t|LT}} a kan babban kaya . Ma'aikatan jirgin ruwansu sun kai jami'ai 34 da maza 1,159 a matsayin wani jirgin ruwa na sirri kuma sun karu zuwa jami'ai 42 da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa 1,208 lokacin da suke aiki a matsayin tuta. 

Jiragen ruwan sun yi amfani da injinan injin Parsons tururi guda biyu da aka gina da lasisi, kowannensu yana tuka shafts biyu na propeller,  ta amfani da tururin da injinan Niclausse guda ashirin da huɗu suka samar.  An kimanta injinan injinan a jimillar  {{Convert|28000|PS|kW shp|0}}  kuma an tsara su don babban gudu na  {{Convert|21|kn}} , amma babu ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwan da ya wuce {{Convert|20.6|kn}}  ) a lokacin gwajin teku . Sun ɗauki isasshen kwal da man fetur don ba su damar yin tafiyar  {{Convert|4700|nmi}} na ruwa  a gudun {{Convert|10|kn}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;pc3&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="3293" sha1="qv35obgk2het7uztvzjlmiq16kix77e" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''{{Lang|fr|Bretagne}}''' ita ce babbar jirgin ruwanta na jiragen yaƙi uku masu ban tsoro da aka gina a shekarun 1910 don Sojojin {{Lang|fr|Bretagne}} Faransa . Ta fara aiki a watan Fabrairun 1916, bayan fara [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] . Ta shafe mafi yawan aikinta na kusan shekaru 25 tare da Rundunar Bahar Rum kuma wani lokacin ta kasance babbar ƙungiyar . A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, ta ba da kariya ga Rundunar Otranto da ta toshe Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Austro-Hungary a Tekun Adriatic, amma ba ta ga wani abu da ya faru ba.

An yi wa jirgin kwaskwarima sosai a lokacin yaƙin basasa, kuma lokacin da take aiki, ta gudanar da tafiye-tafiye na lokacin zaman lafiya da kuma motsa jiki a Tekun Bahar Rum da Tekun Atlantika. Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] ya ɓarke a watan Satumba na 1939, {{Lang|fr|Bretagne}} An raka ayarin sojoji kuma an tura su zuwa Tekun Atlantika na ɗan lokaci don neman masu tsaron kan iyaka na Jamus da masu kai hari kan kasuwanci . Jamus ta mamaye Faransa a ranar 10 ga Mayu 1940 kuma Faransawa sun yi saranda makonni shida kacal bayan haka, a lokacin ne aka ajiye jirgin yaƙin a Mers-el-Kébir, [[Aljeriya ta Faransa|Algeria ta Faransa]] . Saboda tsoron cewa Jamusawa za su kama Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Faransa, Birtaniya [[Harin da aka kai wa Mers-el-Kébir|ta kai hari kan jiragen ruwan da ke can]] a ranar 3 ga Janairu.&amp;nbsp;Yulin 1940 bayan Faransa ta ƙi mika wuya ko kuma ta lalata rundunar sojojin {{Lang|fr|Bretagne}} ; An harba jirgin sau huɗu kuma ya fashe, wanda ya kashe yawancin ma'aikatan jirgin. An ceto jirgin a shekarar 1952 kuma aka lalata shi don ya zama tarkace .

== Bayani da Bayani ==
[[Fayil:Bretagne_Brassey's.png|left|thumb|{{Lang|fr|Bretagne}} - ƙirar aji kamar yadda aka nuna ta [[The Naval Annual|Brassey's ''Naval Annual'']] 1915]]
Birnin {{Lang|fr|Bretagne}} An tsara nau'in jiragen yaƙi masu ban tsoro a matsayin ingantaccen sigar CourbetCourbet da ya gabata tare da makamai masu ƙarfi, amma ƙarancin girman jiragen ruwa na Faransa sun tilasta wa hasumiyoyin su kasance kusa da ƙarshen jiragen, wanda hakan ya shafi ƙwarewarsu ta sarrafa jiragen ruwa . 

Jiragen ruwan sun kai tsayin {{Convert|166|m|ftin}} tsawon lokaci gabaɗaya,  yana da haske na {{Convert|27|m|ftin}} da matsakaicin iskar shaka ta {{Convert|9.1|m|ftin}} . Sun kori  {{Convert|23936|t|LT}} (   masu tsayi  a kan nauyin da aka saba da shi da kuma {{Convert|26600|t|LT}} a kan babban kaya . Ma'aikatan jirgin ruwansu sun kai jami'ai 34 da maza 1,159 a matsayin wani jirgin ruwa na sirri kuma sun karu zuwa jami'ai 42 da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa 1,208 lokacin da suke aiki a matsayin tuta. 

Jiragen ruwan sun yi amfani da injinan injin Parsons tururi guda biyu da aka gina da lasisi, kowannensu yana tuka shafts biyu na propeller,  ta amfani da tururin da injinan Niclausse guda ashirin da huɗu suka samar.  An kimanta injinan injinan a jimillar  {{Convert|28000|PS|kW shp|0}}  kuma an tsara su don babban gudu na  {{Convert|21|kn}} , amma babu ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwan da ya wuce {{Convert|20.6|kn}}  ) a lokacin gwajin teku . Sun ɗauki isasshen kwal da man fetur don ba su damar yin tafiyar  {{Convert|4700|nmi}} na ruwa  a gudun {{Convert|10|kn}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;pc3&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawa:Ilimin halayyar yara</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>158846</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861937</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T11:35:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Musa Vacho77</username>
        <id>9881</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ingantaccen Fassara */ sabon sashe</comment>
      <origin>861937</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="369" sha1="p47gj2vay0valxrbx0bl21nlqoyryaa" xml:space="preserve">== Ingantaccen Fassara ==

￼Salam, Malama Xynarb barka da wannan lokaci. Sannunki da kokari. Wannan fassarar da kikayi yana buqatan inganci. Saboda akwai sashe wanda duk ba'a gyara suba. Wani ma english ne baima fassaru ba. Ki dauri ki samu lokaci don ki gyara. Nagode [[User:Musa Vacho77|Musa Vacho77]] ([[User talk:Musa Vacho77|talk]]) 11:35, 20 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>SS Cathay (1924)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158847</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861938</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T11:36:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337934723|SS Cathay (1924)]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861938</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7364" sha1="26kva7f20jfravfrf7kaifl30r6tebx" xml:space="preserve">'''SS ''Cathay''''' jirgin ruwa ne na fasinjoji na P&amp;amp;amp;O wanda aka gina a [[Scotland]] a shekarar 1925 kuma ya nutse a [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] a shekarar 1942. A [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu,]] da farko ta kasance jirgin ruwa mai ɗauke da makamai na 'yan kasuwa sannan kuma jirgin sojoji . A shekarar 1942 ta shiga cikin [[Aikin Torch|Operation Torch]], kuma an nutsar da ita a wani harin jiragen sama na Jamus a kusa da [[Béjaïa|Bougie]], [[Aljeriya ta Faransa|Algeria]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|''The Times'', 1 February 1945}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Cathay'' ita ce ta farko a cikin jerin jiragen ruwa uku na teku da aka yi wa P&amp;O, duk an gina su a lokaci guda. Jiragen ruwan 'yan uwanta sune ''Comorin'' da ''Chitral'' .

Wannan shi ne na biyu daga cikin jiragen P&amp;O guda uku da ake kira ''Cathay'' . Na farko jirgin ruwa ne mai tururi wanda aka gina a Scotland a shekarar 1872 kuma aka lalata shi a Japan a shekarar 1903. &lt;ref name=&quot;SBS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cathay |url=http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?ref=1736 |access-date=6 November 2019 |website=Scottish Built Ships |publisher=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na uku jirgin ruwa ne mai tururin tururi wanda P&amp;O ya mallaka tsakanin 1961 da 1976. An gina ta a [[Beljik|Belgium]] a shekarar 1957 a matsayin ''Baudouinville'' . A shekarar 1976 P&amp;O ta sayar da ita ga [[Sin|China]], inda aka sake mata suna zuwa ''Kengshin'' sannan aka sake mata suna zuwa ''Shanghai'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cathay (1957) |url=https://www.poheritage.com/Upload/Mimsy/Media/factsheet/92895CATHAY-1957pdf.pdf |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=P&amp;O Heritage |publisher=P&amp;O SN Co}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gine-gine ==
Har zuwa shekarar 1914, P&amp;O ta ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan layin dogo na yau da kullun tsakanin Birtaniya da [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] a kowane mako. Amma kamfanin ya rasa jiragen ruwa da dama a [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], don haka bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, ya sami damar dawo da sabis na wata-wata kawai a kan hanyar. {{Sfn|Wilson|1956}}

A farkon shekarun 1920, P&amp;O ta yi odar sabbin jiragen fasinja da dama, masu girma dabam-dabam, don hanyoyinta daban-daban. {{Sfn|Wilson|1956}} Ta yi odar ''Cathay'' da 'yan uwanta mata a shekarar 1923. &lt;ref name=&quot;Heritage&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cathay (1925) |url=https://www.poheritage.com/Upload/Mimsy/Media/factsheet/92894CATHAY-1925pdf.pdf |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=P&amp;O Heritage |publisher=P&amp;O SN Co}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chitral (1925) |url=https://www.poheritage.com/Upload/Mimsy/Media/factsheet/92934CHITRAL-1925pdf.pdf |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=P&amp;O Heritage |publisher=P&amp;O SN Co}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Barclay Curle &amp; Company da ke [[Glasgow]] sun gina ''Cathay'' da ''Comorin'', kuma suka ƙaddamar da su a ranar ɗaya, 31 ga Oktoba 1924. Lady Inchcape, matar Shugaban P&amp;O The Earl of Inchcape, ta yi bikin ƙaddamar da ''Cathay'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;SBS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cathay |url=http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?ref=1736 |access-date=6 November 2019 |website=Scottish Built Ships |publisher=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alexander Stephen and Sons sun gina ''Chitral'', suka ƙaddamar da ita a ranar 27 ga Janairu 1925. &lt;ref name=&quot;SBS-Chitral&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chitral |url=http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?ref=17046 |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=Scottish Built Ships |publisher=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Cathay'' ita ce ta farko daga cikin 'yan'uwa mata uku da suka kammala. Ta ci jarrabawarta ta teku a ranar 12 ga Maris 1925. &lt;ref name=&quot;PIH-1924&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cathay – 1924 |url=http://passengersinhistory.sa.gov.au/file/27363 |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Passengers in History |publisher=South Australian Maritime Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kammala ''Comorin'' a watan Afrilu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Comorin |url=http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?ref=1737 |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=Scottish Built Ships |publisher=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma Alexander Stephen &amp; Sons sun kammala ''Chitral'' a watan Yuni. &lt;ref name=&quot;SBS-Chitral&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chitral |url=http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?ref=17046 |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=Scottish Built Ships |publisher=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Cathay'' ya kasance {{Cvt|546.9|ft}} tsayi gaba ɗaya kuma {{Cvt|522.2|ft}} tsakanin madaidaiciyar layuka . &lt;ref name=&quot;Heritage&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cathay (1925) |url=https://www.poheritage.com/Upload/Mimsy/Media/factsheet/92894CATHAY-1925pdf.pdf |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=P&amp;O Heritage |publisher=P&amp;O SN Co}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsawonta da aka yi rijista ya kai {{Convert|523.5|ft}}, tsayin ta ya kai {{Convert|70.2|ft}} kuma zurfinta ya kai {{Convert|42.3|ft}} . Harinta ya kai 15,121 GRT da 8,696 NRT . &lt;ref name=&quot;LR27&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|''LLoyd's Register'', 1927}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Cathay'' da 'yan'uwanta mata kowannensu yana da jirgin ruwa mai saukar ungulu, yayin da jiragen P&amp;O da aka gina kafin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya suna da jiragen ruwa masu ƙarfi .

''Cathay'' tana da sukurori biyu. Kowace sukurori tana amfani da injin tururi mai silinda huɗu mai faɗaɗawa . Tsakanin su, injunan tagwayen nata an ƙiyasta su ne a 1,905 NHP &lt;ref name=&quot;LR27&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|''LLoyd's Register'', 1927}}&lt;/ref&gt; ko 13,437 ihp, &lt;ref name=&quot;Heritage&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cathay (1925) |url=https://www.poheritage.com/Upload/Mimsy/Media/factsheet/92894CATHAY-1925pdf.pdf |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=P&amp;O Heritage |publisher=P&amp;O SN Co}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.poheritage.com/Upload/Mimsy/Media/factsheet/92894CATHAY-1925pdf.pdf &quot;Cathay (1925)&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''P&amp;O Heritage''. P&amp;O SN Co&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 June&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kuma sun ba ta gudun {{Convert|16|kn|km/h}} . {{Sfn|Harnack|1930}} Tana da magudanar ruwa guda biyu. Na bayan ɗaya wawa ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;Heritage&quot; /&gt;

''Cathay'' tana da wurin kwana ga fasinjoji 306: &lt;ref name=&quot;SBS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cathay |url=http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?ref=1736 |access-date=6 November 2019 |website=Scottish Built Ships |publisher=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?ref=1736 &quot;Cathay&quot;]. ''Scottish Built Ships''. Caledonian Maritime Research Trust&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 November&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 203 a aji na farko da 103 a aji na biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Heritage&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cathay (1925) |url=https://www.poheritage.com/Upload/Mimsy/Media/factsheet/92894CATHAY-1925pdf.pdf |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=P&amp;O Heritage |publisher=P&amp;O SN Co}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.poheritage.com/Upload/Mimsy/Media/factsheet/92894CATHAY-1925pdf.pdf &quot;Cathay (1925)&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''P&amp;O Heritage''. P&amp;O SN Co&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 June&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan Inchcape, Honourable Elsie Mackay, ta kula da kayan ado na cikin gidan fasinjojin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Heritage&quot; /&gt; An sanya gidajen ''Cathay'' a cikin firiji, kuma suna da sarari ga {{'}} {{Cvt|196270|cuft}}   na kaya. {{Sfn|''LLoyd's Register'', 1926}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>861940</id>
      <parentid>861938</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T11:36:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <text bytes="7376" sha1="s8xzziuaim9dnux5furu9qm0ip3cwdr" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''SS ''Cathay''''' jirgin ruwa ne na fasinjoji na P&amp;amp;amp;O wanda aka gina a [[Scotland]] a shekarar 1925 kuma ya nutse a [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] a shekarar 1942. A [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu,]] da farko ta kasance jirgin ruwa mai ɗauke da makamai na 'yan kasuwa sannan kuma jirgin sojoji . A shekarar 1942 ta shiga cikin [[Aikin Torch|Operation Torch]], kuma an nutsar da ita a wani harin jiragen sama na Jamus a kusa da [[Béjaïa|Bougie]], [[Aljeriya ta Faransa|Algeria]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|''The Times'', 1 February 1945}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Cathay'' ita ce ta farko a cikin jerin jiragen ruwa uku na teku da aka yi wa P&amp;O, duk an gina su a lokaci guda. Jiragen ruwan 'yan uwanta sune ''Comorin'' da ''Chitral'' .

Wannan shi ne na biyu daga cikin jiragen P&amp;O guda uku da ake kira ''Cathay'' . Na farko jirgin ruwa ne mai tururi wanda aka gina a Scotland a shekarar 1872 kuma aka lalata shi a Japan a shekarar 1903. &lt;ref name=&quot;SBS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cathay |url=http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?ref=1736 |access-date=6 November 2019 |website=Scottish Built Ships |publisher=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na uku jirgin ruwa ne mai tururin tururi wanda P&amp;O ya mallaka tsakanin 1961 da 1976. An gina ta a [[Beljik|Belgium]] a shekarar 1957 a matsayin ''Baudouinville'' . A shekarar 1976 P&amp;O ta sayar da ita ga [[Sin|China]], inda aka sake mata suna zuwa ''Kengshin'' sannan aka sake mata suna zuwa ''Shanghai'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cathay (1957) |url=https://www.poheritage.com/Upload/Mimsy/Media/factsheet/92895CATHAY-1957pdf.pdf |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=P&amp;O Heritage |publisher=P&amp;O SN Co}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gine-gine ==
Har zuwa shekarar 1914, P&amp;O ta ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan layin dogo na yau da kullun tsakanin Birtaniya da [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] a kowane mako. Amma kamfanin ya rasa jiragen ruwa da dama a [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], don haka bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, ya sami damar dawo da sabis na wata-wata kawai a kan hanyar. {{Sfn|Wilson|1956}}

A farkon shekarun 1920, P&amp;O ta yi odar sabbin jiragen fasinja da dama, masu girma dabam-dabam, don hanyoyinta daban-daban. {{Sfn|Wilson|1956}} Ta yi odar ''Cathay'' da 'yan uwanta mata a shekarar 1923. &lt;ref name=&quot;Heritage&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cathay (1925) |url=https://www.poheritage.com/Upload/Mimsy/Media/factsheet/92894CATHAY-1925pdf.pdf |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=P&amp;O Heritage |publisher=P&amp;O SN Co}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chitral (1925) |url=https://www.poheritage.com/Upload/Mimsy/Media/factsheet/92934CHITRAL-1925pdf.pdf |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=P&amp;O Heritage |publisher=P&amp;O SN Co}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Barclay Curle &amp; Company da ke [[Glasgow]] sun gina ''Cathay'' da ''Comorin'', kuma suka ƙaddamar da su a ranar ɗaya, 31 ga Oktoba 1924. Lady Inchcape, matar Shugaban P&amp;O The Earl of Inchcape, ta yi bikin ƙaddamar da ''Cathay'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;SBS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cathay |url=http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?ref=1736 |access-date=6 November 2019 |website=Scottish Built Ships |publisher=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alexander Stephen and Sons sun gina ''Chitral'', suka ƙaddamar da ita a ranar 27 ga Janairu 1925. &lt;ref name=&quot;SBS-Chitral&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chitral |url=http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?ref=17046 |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=Scottish Built Ships |publisher=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Cathay'' ita ce ta farko daga cikin 'yan'uwa mata uku da suka kammala. Ta ci jarrabawarta ta teku a ranar 12 ga Maris 1925. &lt;ref name=&quot;PIH-1924&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cathay – 1924 |url=http://passengersinhistory.sa.gov.au/file/27363 |access-date=6 July 2016 |website=Passengers in History |publisher=South Australian Maritime Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kammala ''Comorin'' a watan Afrilu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Comorin |url=http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?ref=1737 |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=Scottish Built Ships |publisher=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma Alexander Stephen &amp; Sons sun kammala ''Chitral'' a watan Yuni. &lt;ref name=&quot;SBS-Chitral&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chitral |url=http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?ref=17046 |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=Scottish Built Ships |publisher=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Cathay'' ya kasance {{Cvt|546.9|ft}} tsayi gaba ɗaya kuma {{Cvt|522.2|ft}} tsakanin madaidaiciyar layuka . &lt;ref name=&quot;Heritage&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cathay (1925) |url=https://www.poheritage.com/Upload/Mimsy/Media/factsheet/92894CATHAY-1925pdf.pdf |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=P&amp;O Heritage |publisher=P&amp;O SN Co}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsawonta da aka yi rijista ya kai {{Convert|523.5|ft}}, tsayin ta ya kai {{Convert|70.2|ft}} kuma zurfinta ya kai {{Convert|42.3|ft}} . Harinta ya kai 15,121 GRT da 8,696 NRT . &lt;ref name=&quot;LR27&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|''LLoyd's Register'', 1927}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Cathay'' da 'yan'uwanta mata kowannensu yana da jirgin ruwa mai saukar ungulu, yayin da jiragen P&amp;O da aka gina kafin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya suna da jiragen ruwa masu ƙarfi .

''Cathay'' tana da sukurori biyu. Kowace sukurori tana amfani da injin tururi mai silinda huɗu mai faɗaɗawa . Tsakanin su, injunan tagwayen nata an ƙiyasta su ne a 1,905 NHP &lt;ref name=&quot;LR27&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|''LLoyd's Register'', 1927}}&lt;/ref&gt; ko 13,437 ihp, &lt;ref name=&quot;Heritage&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cathay (1925) |url=https://www.poheritage.com/Upload/Mimsy/Media/factsheet/92894CATHAY-1925pdf.pdf |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=P&amp;O Heritage |publisher=P&amp;O SN Co}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.poheritage.com/Upload/Mimsy/Media/factsheet/92894CATHAY-1925pdf.pdf &quot;Cathay (1925)&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''P&amp;O Heritage''. P&amp;O SN Co&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 June&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kuma sun ba ta gudun {{Convert|16|kn|km/h}} . {{Sfn|Harnack|1930}} Tana da magudanar ruwa guda biyu. Na bayan ɗaya wawa ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;Heritage&quot; /&gt;

''Cathay'' tana da wurin kwana ga fasinjoji 306: &lt;ref name=&quot;SBS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cathay |url=http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?ref=1736 |access-date=6 November 2019 |website=Scottish Built Ships |publisher=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?ref=1736 &quot;Cathay&quot;]. ''Scottish Built Ships''. Caledonian Maritime Research Trust&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 November&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 203 a aji na farko da 103 a aji na biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Heritage&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cathay (1925) |url=https://www.poheritage.com/Upload/Mimsy/Media/factsheet/92894CATHAY-1925pdf.pdf |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=P&amp;O Heritage |publisher=P&amp;O SN Co}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.poheritage.com/Upload/Mimsy/Media/factsheet/92894CATHAY-1925pdf.pdf &quot;Cathay (1925)&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''P&amp;O Heritage''. P&amp;O SN Co&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 June&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan Inchcape, Honourable Elsie Mackay, ta kula da kayan ado na cikin gidan fasinjojin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Heritage&quot; /&gt; An sanya gidajen ''Cathay'' a cikin firiji, kuma suna da sarari ga {{'}} {{Cvt|196270|cuft}}   na kaya. {{Sfn|''LLoyd's Register'', 1926}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gidan Jaridar Katsina Post</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158848</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861939</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T11:36:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fateema777</username>
        <id>31445</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kirkirar mukala</comment>
      <origin>861939</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="94" sha1="5x999vnp33dl3of8kytira53xnf9wo9" xml:space="preserve">Katsina Post gidan Jaridane wanda yake bada labarai akan jahar katsina da kuma labaran Nigeria</text>
      <sha1>5x999vnp33dl3of8kytira53xnf9wo9</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>861946</id>
      <parentid>861939</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T11:41:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fateema777</username>
        <id>31445</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>saka manazarta</comment>
      <origin>861946</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="191" sha1="mc279kkk5280a515kodbcxfaxqmql68" xml:space="preserve">Katsina Post gidan Jaridane wanda yake bada labarai akan jahar katsina da kuma labaran Nigeria &lt;ref&gt;https://blueprint.ng/constructive-and-unbiased-journalism-tribute-to-katsina-post-10/&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>mc279kkk5280a515kodbcxfaxqmql68</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>861948</id>
      <parentid>861946</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T11:41:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fateema777</username>
        <id>31445</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>saka sashe</comment>
      <origin>861948</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="208" sha1="3ulxd4euasitmtgkf70uyksju2ahr23" xml:space="preserve">Katsina Post gidan Jaridane wanda yake bada labarai akan jahar katsina da kuma labaran Nigeria &lt;ref&gt;https://blueprint.ng/constructive-and-unbiased-journalism-tribute-to-katsina-post-10/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>3ulxd4euasitmtgkf70uyksju2ahr23</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>861949</id>
      <parentid>861948</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T11:43:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fateema777</username>
        <id>31445</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>saka sashe</comment>
      <origin>861949</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="222" sha1="fnkpt5wf9fhkjqvc5qi4mml18itvzgu" xml:space="preserve">Katsina Post gidan Jaridane wanda yake bada labarai akan jahar katsina da kuma labaran Nigeria &lt;ref&gt;https://blueprint.ng/constructive-and-unbiased-journalism-tribute-to-katsina-post-10/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>fnkpt5wf9fhkjqvc5qi4mml18itvzgu</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>861952</id>
      <parentid>861949</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T11:43:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fateema777</username>
        <id>31445</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tarihi */ saka bayanai</comment>
      <origin>861952</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="240" sha1="el45cyvcie8nbnrgjc4n51sb6pk2qct" xml:space="preserve">Katsina Post gidan Jaridane wanda yake bada labarai akan jahar katsina da kuma labaran Nigeria &lt;ref&gt;https://blueprint.ng/constructive-and-unbiased-journalism-tribute-to-katsina-post-10/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==


== Ayyukansu ==

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>861955</id>
      <parentid>861952</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T11:44:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fateema777</username>
        <id>31445</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ayyukansu */ saka bayanai</comment>
      <origin>861955</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="260" sha1="srqemns6oy57kk0bzozekbtfgbkk2ss" xml:space="preserve">Katsina Post gidan Jaridane wanda yake bada labarai akan jahar katsina da kuma labaran Nigeria &lt;ref&gt;https://blueprint.ng/constructive-and-unbiased-journalism-tribute-to-katsina-post-10/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==


== Ayyukansu ==


== Maaikatansu ==

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jirgin ruwa na Faransa Danaé</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158849</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861942</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T11:38:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348007350|French submarine Danaé]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861942</origin>
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'''''Danaé'' (Q131)''' jirgin ruwan sojojin ruwan Faransa ne mai suna Ariane -class An ba da izinin amfani da  a shekarar 1929. A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], ta yi aiki a ɓangaren ƙawancen har zuwa 1940, lokacin da ta zama ɓangare na rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Vichy France . An yi mata tiyata a watan Nuwamba na 1942.

== Gine-gine da kuma aikin gudanarwa ==
An ba ''Danaé'' umarnin a ƙarƙashin shirin sojojin ruwa na 1923,  an ajiye jirgin ruwan Danaé tare da 'yar uwarta Eurydice  a Chantiers et Ateliers Augustin Normand da ke [[Le Havre]], [[Faransa]], a ranar 3 ga Yuli, 1923 tare da lambar jirgin ruwa Q131. &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt; An ƙaddamar da ita a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 1927. &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt; Bayan ta kammala karatunta, ta fara gwajin magininta a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1927 &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt; kuma gwajin amincewa da ita a hukumance a ranar 3 ga Janairu, 1928, &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt; ta isa Le Havre don gwaji a ranar 14 ga Janairu, 1928. &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt; Ta yi nutsewa ta farko ba tare da wani sharaɗi ba a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 1928. &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt; Kayan aikinta na ƙarshe da kayan yaƙinta sun faru ne a Cherbourg, Faransa, daga 1 ga Agusta, 1928 zuwa 1 ga Oktoba, 1929, &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt; a lokacin da ta fara gwaje-gwaje a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 1928, &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt; kuma aka ba ta aikin a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1929. &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>861945</id>
      <parentid>861942</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T11:40:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <origin>861945</origin>
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      <text bytes="1459" sha1="4ki0mgvyld6viqjrtoza9ms4ukv999e" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Danaé'' (Q131)''' jirgin ruwan sojojin ruwan Faransa ne mai suna Ariane -class An ba da izinin amfani da  a shekarar 1929. A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], ta yi aiki a ɓangaren ƙawancen har zuwa 1940, lokacin da ta zama ɓangare na rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Vichy France . An yi mata tiyata a watan Nuwamba na 1942.

== Gine-gine da kuma aikin gudanarwa ==
An ba ''Danaé'' umarnin a ƙarƙashin shirin sojojin ruwa na 1923,  an ajiye jirgin ruwan Danaé tare da 'yar uwarta Eurydice  a Chantiers et Ateliers Augustin Normand da ke [[Le Havre]], [[Faransa]], a ranar 3 ga Yuli, 1923 tare da lambar jirgin ruwa Q131. &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt; An ƙaddamar da ita a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 1927. &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt; Bayan ta kammala karatunta, ta fara gwajin magininta a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1927 &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt; kuma gwajin amincewa da ita a hukumance a ranar 3 ga Janairu, 1928, &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt; ta isa Le Havre don gwaji a ranar 14 ga Janairu, 1928. &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt; Ta yi nutsewa ta farko ba tare da wani sharaɗi ba a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 1928. &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt; Kayan aikinta na ƙarshe da kayan yaƙinta sun faru ne a Cherbourg, Faransa, daga 1 ga Agusta, 1928 zuwa 1 ga Oktoba, 1929, &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt; a lokacin da ta fara gwaje-gwaje a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 1928, &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt; kuma aka ba ta aikin a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1929. &lt;ref name=&quot;ubootefr&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jirgin ruwa na Dellys</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158850</id>
    <revision>
      <id>861956</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-20T11:45:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358650874|Shipwreck of Dellys]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>861956</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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'''Hatsarin Jirgin Ruwa na Dellys''' ya faru ne a watan Mayu na shekarar 1830, lokacin da [[Cin nasarar Faransa a Aljeriya|Faransa ta mamaye Aljeriya]] . Ya ƙunshi sojojin Faransa 'yan mulkin mallaka, ƙarƙashin kyaftin Félix-Ariel d'Assigny (1794–1846) da Armand Joseph Bruat (1796–1855), waɗanda ' yan ƙabilar Bedouin masu dauke da makamai na garin Dellys suka kama. 

== Yanayin tarihi ==
A ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 1827, Hussein Dey ya bugi Pierre Deval, Babban Jami'in Jakadancin Masarautar Faransa, da wani wushi mai ƙura a [[Casbah na Algiers]], a cikin abin da ya zama sananne a matsayin abin da ya faru na ƙura mai ƙura . Bayan wannan lamarin, Sarki Charles na X na Faransa ya ba da umarnin shirya wani yaƙi na hukunci a kan Gwamnatin Algiers a farkon 1830. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=1853 |title=Histoire générale de la marine: Comprenant les naufrages célèbres, les voyages autour du monde |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yuRGAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA268}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga nan Faransa ta sanya shingen tare da kwashe ma'aikatan diflomasiyyarta daga birnin [[Aljir|Algiers]] don ramawa, kuma gwamnatin Faransa ta Jules de Polignac ta yanke shawara a ranar 31 ga Janairu 1830 don shirya saukar sojojin ruwa a Algiers a ƙarƙashin babban kwamandan Admiral Emmanuel Halgan . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gréhan |first=Amédée |year=1837 |title=La France maritime |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4QRfykBtU2cC&amp;pg=PA225}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sarki Charles X ya naɗa Janar Victor de Bourmont a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 1830 a matsayin shugaban rundunar sojojin ruwan Faransa da ke jagorantar Algiers. 

Laftanar Armand Joseph Bruat ya nemi Admiral Halgan ya shiga wannan balaguron, wanda shirye-shiryensa suka ci gaba da ƙaruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nettement |first=Alfred |year=1867 |title=Histoire de la conquête d'Alger écrite sur des documents inédits et authentiques |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_lUAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA170}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan Bruat ya rubuta wa Admiral Halgan wasiƙa mai kwanan wata 3 ga Maris 1830, yana mai dagewa kan sha'awarsa ta shiga cikin wannan balaguron, an cika masa burinsa, kuma ya sauka daga jirgin Le Breslau a ranar 8 ga Maris. Ya karɓi umarnin jirgin Le Sylène a ranar 18 ga Maris. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=texte |first=Les Dernières nouvelles d'Alsace (Périodique) Auteur du |date=August 21, 1930 |title=La Vie en Alsace : revue mensuelle illustrée |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96234961 |website=Gallica}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Guguwar teku ==
A daren 15 ga Mayu 1830, Laftanar Bruat, a kan Le Sylène, ya dawo daga Mahón a tsibirin Menorca, yana kawo wa kwamandan rundunar tsaro ta Victor de Bourmont saƙonni game da rundunar da ke shirin sauka a Algiers. Ya haɗu da brig L'Aventure kusa da {{Interlanguage link|Cape Bengut|fr|Phare de Cap Bengut}} a Dellys, ba da nisa da bakin [[Kogin Sebaou|Oued Sebaou]] da kuma tsaunukan Khachna ba, kimanin mil 36 na ruwan teku a gabashin Cape Caxine . 

Jirgin ruwan L'Aventure ya kasance a wannan daren yana leƙen asirin gabar tekun ƙabilun Kabyle na Issers da Amraoua, kuma Laftanar Félix-Ariel d'Assigny ne ya jagorance shi, wanda ya girmi Laftanar Bruat a matsayi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 19, 1855 |title=Le Constitutionnel : journal du commerce, politique et littéraire |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6706574 |website=Gallica}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le Sylène, wanda Bruat ya jagoranta, ya fara tafiya tare da L'Aventure, wanda d'Assigny ya jagoranta. Iska mai ƙarfi ta arewa maso yamma tana busawa, wadda ta wargaza jiragen biyu, kuma ba su iya sake haɗuwa ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 19, 1830 |title=Journal du Gard : politique, administratif et littéraire [&quot;puis&quot; administratif, judiciaire, commercial, d'agriculture, sciences et arts] |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1476438r |website=Gallica}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tafiya zuwa Algiers da kama ma'aikatan ==
Da suka tattara ma'aikatan biyu, jami'an biyu d'Assigny da Bruat suka tattara abinci suka yanke shawarar tafiya yamma da sojojinsu zuwa birnin [[Aljir|Algiers]] a cikin filin Mitidja ta hanyar bin hanyoyin ƙananan Kabylia, farawa da ƙarfe 4:00 na safe na ranar 16 ga Mayu 1837.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Galibert |first=Léon |year=1884 |title=L'Algérie, ancienne et moderne depuis les premiers éstablissements des Carthaginois jusqu'à l'expédition du Général Randon en 1853: Vignettes par Raffet et Rouargue frères |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fdNRAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA278}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'aikatan jirgin biyu sun yi tafiya mai tsawon kilomita ɗaya a kan hanyar zuwa Algiers a ranar 16 ga Mayu, suna wucewa da filayen Issers da [[Thénia|Col des Beni Aïcha]], lokacin da wani babban rukuni na 'yan ƙabilar Makiyaya suka kai musu hari.  Wani ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa na Malta daga jirgin ruwa Le Sylène ya yi ƙoƙarin yin shawarwari da 'yan Aljeriya saboda yana jin Larabci sosai. Ya yi ƙoƙarin barin abokan aikinsa a matsayin fasinjojin Ingila kuma ya sami nasarar ceton su na ɗan lokaci daga mutuwa. 

Bayan sun dawo daga kuskurensu game da asalin masu zanga-zangar da ba a san ko su waye ba, mutanen Badawiyya sun dawo suka kama waɗannan 'yan ƙasashen waje suka kuma tsare su a gidan yari. 

Daga nan Laftanar Bruat ya nemi a gurfanar da waɗanda suka azabtar da shi a gaban ɗaya daga cikin shugabanninsu mafi kusa da Algeria. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=1877 |title=La Revue maritime |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18fPfEwiLNsC&amp;pg=PA670}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kai shi shi kaɗai kuma kusan tsirara aka ja shi a gaban gwamnan Dellys. Na ƙarshen ya nemi ya kama shi ta hanyar barazanar da tashin hankalin da aka samu game da niyya da ƙarfin rundunar sojojin Faransa da suka tashi daga gabar tekun Algiers. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 19, 1830 |title=Journal du Gard : politique, administratif et littéraire [&quot;puis&quot; administratif, judiciaire, commercial, d'agriculture, sciences et arts] |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1476438r |website=Gallica}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Hatsarin Jirgin Ruwa na Dellys''' ya faru ne a watan Mayu na shekarar 1830, lokacin da [[Cin nasarar Faransa a Aljeriya|Faransa ta mamaye Aljeriya]] . Ya ƙunshi sojojin Faransa 'yan mulkin mallaka, ƙarƙashin kyaftin Félix-Ariel d'Assigny (1794–1846) da Armand Joseph Bruat (1796–1855), waɗanda ' yan ƙabilar Bedouin masu dauke da makamai na garin Dellys suka kama. 

== Yanayin tarihi ==
A ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 1827, Hussein Dey ya bugi Pierre Deval, Babban Jami'in Jakadancin Masarautar Faransa, da wani wushi mai ƙura a [[Casbah na Algiers]], a cikin abin da ya zama sananne a matsayin abin da ya faru na ƙura mai ƙura . Bayan wannan lamarin, Sarki Charles na X na Faransa ya ba da umarnin shirya wani yaƙi na hukunci a kan Gwamnatin Algiers a farkon 1830. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=1853 |title=Histoire générale de la marine: Comprenant les naufrages célèbres, les voyages autour du monde |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yuRGAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA268}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga nan Faransa ta sanya shingen tare da kwashe ma'aikatan diflomasiyyarta daga birnin [[Aljir|Algiers]] don ramawa, kuma gwamnatin Faransa ta Jules de Polignac ta yanke shawara a ranar 31 ga Janairu 1830 don shirya saukar sojojin ruwa a Algiers a ƙarƙashin babban kwamandan Admiral Emmanuel Halgan . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gréhan |first=Amédée |year=1837 |title=La France maritime |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4QRfykBtU2cC&amp;pg=PA225}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sarki Charles X ya naɗa Janar Victor de Bourmont a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 1830 a matsayin shugaban rundunar sojojin ruwan Faransa da ke jagorantar Algiers. 

Laftanar Armand Joseph Bruat ya nemi Admiral Halgan ya shiga wannan balaguron, wanda shirye-shiryensa suka ci gaba da ƙaruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nettement |first=Alfred |year=1867 |title=Histoire de la conquête d'Alger écrite sur des documents inédits et authentiques |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_lUAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA170}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan Bruat ya rubuta wa Admiral Halgan wasiƙa mai kwanan wata 3 ga Maris 1830, yana mai dagewa kan sha'awarsa ta shiga cikin wannan balaguron, an cika masa burinsa, kuma ya sauka daga jirgin Le Breslau a ranar 8 ga Maris. Ya karɓi umarnin jirgin Le Sylène a ranar 18 ga Maris. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=texte |first=Les Dernières nouvelles d'Alsace (Périodique) Auteur du |date=August 21, 1930 |title=La Vie en Alsace : revue mensuelle illustrée |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96234961 |website=Gallica}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Guguwar teku ==
A daren 15 ga Mayu 1830, Laftanar Bruat, a kan Le Sylène, ya dawo daga Mahón a tsibirin Menorca, yana kawo wa kwamandan rundunar tsaro ta Victor de Bourmont saƙonni game da rundunar da ke shirin sauka a Algiers. Ya haɗu da brig L'Aventure kusa da {{Interlanguage link|Cape Bengut|fr|Phare de Cap Bengut}} a Dellys, ba da nisa da bakin [[Kogin Sebaou|Oued Sebaou]] da kuma tsaunukan Khachna ba, kimanin mil 36 na ruwan teku a gabashin Cape Caxine . 

Jirgin ruwan L'Aventure ya kasance a wannan daren yana leƙen asirin gabar tekun ƙabilun Kabyle na Issers da Amraoua, kuma Laftanar Félix-Ariel d'Assigny ne ya jagorance shi, wanda ya girmi Laftanar Bruat a matsayi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 19, 1855 |title=Le Constitutionnel : journal du commerce, politique et littéraire |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6706574 |website=Gallica}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le Sylène, wanda Bruat ya jagoranta, ya fara tafiya tare da L'Aventure, wanda d'Assigny ya jagoranta. Iska mai ƙarfi ta arewa maso yamma tana busawa, wadda ta wargaza jiragen biyu, kuma ba su iya sake haɗuwa ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 19, 1830 |title=Journal du Gard : politique, administratif et littéraire [&quot;puis&quot; administratif, judiciaire, commercial, d'agriculture, sciences et arts] |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1476438r |website=Gallica}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tafiya zuwa Algiers da kama ma'aikatan ==
Da suka tattara ma'aikatan biyu, jami'an biyu d'Assigny da Bruat suka tattara abinci suka yanke shawarar tafiya yamma da sojojinsu zuwa birnin [[Aljir|Algiers]] a cikin filin Mitidja ta hanyar bin hanyoyin ƙananan Kabylia, farawa da ƙarfe 4:00 na safe na ranar 16 ga Mayu 1837.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Galibert |first=Léon |year=1884 |title=L'Algérie, ancienne et moderne depuis les premiers éstablissements des Carthaginois jusqu'à l'expédition du Général Randon en 1853: Vignettes par Raffet et Rouargue frères |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fdNRAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA278}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'aikatan jirgin biyu sun yi tafiya mai tsawon kilomita ɗaya a kan hanyar zuwa Algiers a ranar 16 ga Mayu, suna wucewa da filayen Issers da [[Thénia|Col des Beni Aïcha]], lokacin da wani babban rukuni na 'yan ƙabilar Makiyaya suka kai musu hari.  Wani ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa na Malta daga jirgin ruwa Le Sylène ya yi ƙoƙarin yin shawarwari da 'yan Aljeriya saboda yana jin Larabci sosai. Ya yi ƙoƙarin barin abokan aikinsa a matsayin fasinjojin Ingila kuma ya sami nasarar ceton su na ɗan lokaci daga mutuwa. 

Bayan sun dawo daga kuskurensu game da asalin masu zanga-zangar da ba a san ko su waye ba, mutanen Badawiyya sun dawo suka kama waɗannan 'yan ƙasashen waje suka kuma tsare su a gidan yari. 

Daga nan Laftanar Bruat ya nemi a gurfanar da waɗanda suka azabtar da shi a gaban ɗaya daga cikin shugabanninsu mafi kusa da Algeria. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=1877 |title=La Revue maritime |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18fPfEwiLNsC&amp;pg=PA670}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kai shi shi kaɗai kuma kusan tsirara aka ja shi a gaban gwamnan Dellys. Na ƙarshen ya nemi ya kama shi ta hanyar barazanar da tashin hankalin da aka samu game da niyya da ƙarfin rundunar sojojin Faransa da suka tashi daga gabar tekun Algiers. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 19, 1830 |title=Journal du Gard : politique, administratif et littéraire [&quot;puis&quot; administratif, judiciaire, commercial, d'agriculture, sciences et arts] |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1476438r |website=Gallica}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jirgin ruwa na Faransa Diane (NN4)</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356366876|French submarine Diane (NN4)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Diane''''' ta kasance DianeDiane na rundunar sojojin ruwan FaransaAn ba da umarnin  a shekarar 1932, wanda shi ne babban jirgin ruwan ajin ta. A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], ta yi aiki a ɓangaren ƙawancen har zuwa 1940, lokacin da ta zama ɓangare na rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Vichy France . An yi mata tiyata a watan Nuwamba na 1942.

== Gine-gine da kuma aikin gudanarwa ==
An ba da umarnin a shekarar 1926 a ƙarƙashin Shirin Sojan Ruwa mai lamba 75,  An kwantar da ''Diane'' a Chantiers et Ateliers Augustin Normand da ke [[Le Havre]], [[Faransa]], a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1927. &lt;ref name=&quot;sousmarinesdianedisparus&quot; /&gt; An ƙaddamar da ita a ranar 13 ga Mayu 1930. &lt;ref name=&quot;sousmarinesdianedisparus&quot; /&gt; Bayan ta kammala horo, an ba ta izinin yin gwaje-gwaje a ranar 15 ga Yuli 1930. &lt;ref name=&quot;sousmarinesdianedisparus&quot; /&gt; An fara gwajinta a hukumance a ranar 2 ga Janairu 1931, &lt;ref name=&quot;sousmarinesdianedisparus&quot; /&gt; kuma an yi mata kayan aiki da makamai na ƙarshe a Cherbourg, Faransa, &lt;ref name=&quot;sousmarinesdianedisparus&quot; /&gt; daga 1 ga Afrilu 1931 &lt;ref name=&quot;sousmarinesdianedisparus&quot; /&gt; zuwa 30 ga Janairu 1932. &lt;ref name=&quot;sousmarinesdianedisparus&quot; /&gt; An ba ta cikakken aiki a ranar 1 ga Satumba 1932. &lt;ref name=&quot;sousmarinesdianedisparus&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihin sabis ==

=== Kafin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ===
''Diane'' ta rasa wani memba na ma'aikatanta a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1937,  a lokacin ziyarar da ta kai Bénodet, Faransa, wacce ta nutse yayin da take ƙoƙarin yin iyo kimanin {{Convert|300|m|yd}} daga bakin teku zuwa ''Diane'' .  Lamarin ya faru ne bayan shi da wasu ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa uku sun koma bakin teku. Lokacin da jirgin ruwan da suke ƙoƙarin amfani da shi don isa ''Diane'' ya fara cika da ruwa, uku daga cikin mutanen sun yanke shawarar yin iyo zuwa ''Diane'' . Ɗaya daga cikinsu bai isa ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;ouesteclair19370526&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''''Diane''''' ta kasance DianeDiane na rundunar sojojin ruwan FaransaAn ba da umarnin  a shekarar 1932, wanda shi ne babban jirgin ruwan ajin ta. A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], ta yi aiki a ɓangaren ƙawancen har zuwa 1940, lokacin da ta zama ɓangare na rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Vichy France . An yi mata tiyata a watan Nuwamba na 1942.

== Gine-gine da kuma aikin gudanarwa ==
An ba da umarnin a shekarar 1926 a ƙarƙashin Shirin Sojan Ruwa mai lamba 75,  An kwantar da ''Diane'' a Chantiers et Ateliers Augustin Normand da ke [[Le Havre]], [[Faransa]], a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1927. &lt;ref name=&quot;sousmarinesdianedisparus&quot; /&gt; An ƙaddamar da ita a ranar 13 ga Mayu 1930. &lt;ref name=&quot;sousmarinesdianedisparus&quot; /&gt; Bayan ta kammala horo, an ba ta izinin yin gwaje-gwaje a ranar 15 ga Yuli 1930. &lt;ref name=&quot;sousmarinesdianedisparus&quot; /&gt; An fara gwajinta a hukumance a ranar 2 ga Janairu 1931, &lt;ref name=&quot;sousmarinesdianedisparus&quot; /&gt; kuma an yi mata kayan aiki da makamai na ƙarshe a Cherbourg, Faransa, &lt;ref name=&quot;sousmarinesdianedisparus&quot; /&gt; daga 1 ga Afrilu 1931 &lt;ref name=&quot;sousmarinesdianedisparus&quot; /&gt; zuwa 30 ga Janairu 1932. &lt;ref name=&quot;sousmarinesdianedisparus&quot; /&gt; An ba ta cikakken aiki a ranar 1 ga Satumba 1932. &lt;ref name=&quot;sousmarinesdianedisparus&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihin sabis ==

=== Kafin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ===
''Diane'' ta rasa wani memba na ma'aikatanta a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1937,  a lokacin ziyarar da ta kai Bénodet, Faransa, wacce ta nutse yayin da take ƙoƙarin yin iyo kimanin {{Convert|300|m|yd}} daga bakin teku zuwa ''Diane'' .  Lamarin ya faru ne bayan shi da wasu ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa uku sun koma bakin teku. Lokacin da jirgin ruwan da suke ƙoƙarin amfani da shi don isa ''Diane'' ya fara cika da ruwa, uku daga cikin mutanen sun yanke shawarar yin iyo zuwa ''Diane'' . Ɗaya daga cikinsu bai isa ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;ouesteclair19370526&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>MS Marnix van Sint Aldegonde</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334779167|MS Marnix van Sint Aldegonde]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2003" sha1="llimjh3hxy9agtph4w1xkc9nmhf97a0" xml:space="preserve">'''MS ''Marnix van Sint Aldegonde''''' jirgin ruwan fasinja ne mai tsada da kuma jigilar kaya na Netherland Line wanda aka gina a shekarar 1930 don hidima tsakanin [[Amsterdam]] da [[Jakarta]] . Ta yi aiki daga [[Surabaya]] daga ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1940, kuma an tilasta mata ta zama jirgin ruwa a [[Singafora|Singapore]] a watan Mayu na 1941 don jigilar sojojin Australiya daga [[Melbourne]] zuwa Asiya da Afirka, da kuma kawo fursunonin yaƙi na Italiya 1,000 daga [[Misra|Masar]] zuwa [[Mumbai]] . Ta bar Tekun Indiya a shekarar 1942, sannan ta ɗauki sojojin kawance don [[Aikin Torch|Operation Torch]], Operation Husky, da Operation Avalanche . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=9 January 1930 |title=MS Marnix van Sint Aldegonde PFVA 10 september 1930 – 7 november 1943 |url=http://www.stoomvaartmaatschappijnederland.nl/ms-marnix-van-sint-aldegonde-pfva-1930-1943/ |access-date=7 October 2017 |website=Stoomvaart Maatschappij Nederland |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba wa Jagorarta, HW Hettema, lambar yabo ta Distinguished Service Cross a watan Janairun 1943 bayan jirginsa ya lalata jiragen sama biyu masu kai hari a Arewacin Afirka a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 1942.

''Marnix van Sint Aldegonde'' ta yi tafiya da ayarin motoci mai lamba KMF 25 a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 1943. Jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu na Kampfgeschwader 26 Dornier 217 sun kai mata hari bayan ta shiga Bahar Rum; kuma wani torpedo ya buge ta wanda ya mamaye ɗakin injin a daren 6 ga Nuwamba, 1943. Wasu jiragen ruwa sun ceto dukkan ma'aikata, kuma an kama ''Marnix van Sint Aldegonde'' . Grace Liner ''Santa Elena'' ma ta samu nakasa sakamakon wani torpedo a wannan harin; kuma an kama ta. Jiragen ruwa biyu sun yi karo yayin da suke cikin ja, kuma dukkansu sun nutse sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa da ta ci gaba da yi washegari da yamma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lettens |first=Jan |title=MV Marnix van St. Aldegonde |url=http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?37258 |access-date=7 October 2017 |website=wrecksite.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''MS ''Marnix van Sint Aldegonde''''' jirgin ruwan fasinja ne mai tsada da kuma jigilar kaya na Netherland Line wanda aka gina a shekarar 1930 don hidima tsakanin [[Amsterdam]] da [[Jakarta]] . Ta yi aiki daga [[Surabaya]] daga ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1940, kuma an tilasta mata ta zama jirgin ruwa a [[Singafora|Singapore]] a watan Mayu na 1941 don jigilar sojojin Australiya daga [[Melbourne]] zuwa Asiya da Afirka, da kuma kawo fursunonin yaƙi na Italiya 1,000 daga [[Misra|Masar]] zuwa [[Mumbai]] . Ta bar Tekun Indiya a shekarar 1942, sannan ta ɗauki sojojin kawance don [[Aikin Torch|Operation Torch]], Operation Husky, da Operation Avalanche . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=9 January 1930 |title=MS Marnix van Sint Aldegonde PFVA 10 september 1930 – 7 november 1943 |url=http://www.stoomvaartmaatschappijnederland.nl/ms-marnix-van-sint-aldegonde-pfva-1930-1943/ |access-date=7 October 2017 |website=Stoomvaart Maatschappij Nederland |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba wa Jagorarta, HW Hettema, lambar yabo ta Distinguished Service Cross a watan Janairun 1943 bayan jirginsa ya lalata jiragen sama biyu masu kai hari a Arewacin Afirka a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 1942.

''Marnix van Sint Aldegonde'' ta yi tafiya da ayarin motoci mai lamba KMF 25 a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 1943. Jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu na Kampfgeschwader 26 Dornier 217 sun kai mata hari bayan ta shiga Bahar Rum; kuma wani torpedo ya buge ta wanda ya mamaye ɗakin injin a daren 6 ga Nuwamba, 1943. Wasu jiragen ruwa sun ceto dukkan ma'aikata, kuma an kama ''Marnix van Sint Aldegonde'' . Grace Liner ''Santa Elena'' ma ta samu nakasa sakamakon wani torpedo a wannan harin; kuma an kama ta. Jiragen ruwa biyu sun yi karo yayin da suke cikin ja, kuma dukkansu sun nutse sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa da ta ci gaba da yi washegari da yamma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lettens |first=Jan |title=MV Marnix van St. Aldegonde |url=http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?37258 |access-date=7 October 2017 |website=wrecksite.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <comment>/* */ karamin gyara</comment>
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'''MS ''Marnix van Sint Aldegonde''''' jirgin ruwan fasinja ne mai tsada da kuma jigilar kaya na Netherland Line wanda aka kera a shekarar 1930 don hidima tsakanin [[Amsterdam]] da [[Jakarta]] . Ta yi aiki daga [[Surabaya]] daga ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1940, kuma an tilasta mata ta zama jirgin ruwa a [[Singafora|Singapore]] a watan Mayu na 1941 don jigilar sojojin Australiya daga [[Melbourne]] zuwa Asiya da Afirka, da kuma kawo fursunonin yaƙi na Italiya 1,000 daga [[Misra|Masar]] zuwa [[Mumbai]] . Ta bar Tekun Indiya a shekarar 1942, sannan ta ɗauki sojojin kawance don [[Aikin Torch|Operation Torch]], Operation Husky, da Operation Avalanche . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=9 January 1930 |title=MS Marnix van Sint Aldegonde PFVA 10 september 1930 – 7 november 1943 |url=http://www.stoomvaartmaatschappijnederland.nl/ms-marnix-van-sint-aldegonde-pfva-1930-1943/ |access-date=7 October 2017 |website=Stoomvaart Maatschappij Nederland |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba wa Jagorarta, HW Hettema, lambar yabo ta Distinguished Service Cross a watan Janairun 1943 bayan jirginsa ya lalata jiragen sama biyu masu kai hari a Arewacin Afirka a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 1942.

''Marnix van Sint Aldegonde'' ta yi tafiya da ayarin motoci mai lamba KMF 25 a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 1943. Jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu na Kampfgeschwader 26 Dornier 217 sun kai mata hari bayan ta shiga Bahar Rum; kuma wani torpedo ya buge ta wanda ya mamaye ɗakin injin a daren 6 ga Nuwamba, 1943. Wasu jiragen ruwa sun ceto dukkan ma'aikata, kuma an kama ''Marnix van Sint Aldegonde'' . Grace Liner ''Santa Elena'' ma ta samu nakasa sakamakon wani torpedo a wannan harin; kuma an kama ta. Jiragen ruwa biyu sun yi karo yayin da suke cikin ja, kuma dukkansu sun nutse sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa da ta ci gaba da yi washegari da yamma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lettens |first=Jan |title=MV Marnix van St. Aldegonde |url=http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?37258 |access-date=7 October 2017 |website=wrecksite.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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